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Calling non-instance/class objc functions? Really dumb question here: I understand pretty well at this point how to set-up and call objective-C class methods or instance methods via objc_util, but how do we call straight functions defined somewhere in the various objective-c libraries? Things like: CGRectMake() or UIEdgeInsetsMake() Oddly, I can't find anything in the way of examples of people doing this. Do I have to create the call definition with the descriptor and encoding? Or is there a straightforward way to just call defined functions via ctypes? @shinyformica Never found a standard way but always found a workaround like CGRect(CGPoint(x,y), CGSize(w, h)) is similar to CGRectMake(x,y,w,h) @cvp yeah...that's what I'm doing...but some functions get pretty messy and ugly, or just aren't possible without defining the necessary structures. I think there must be a way to do this...just a bit more in-depth knowledge of ctypes and objc_util. CGRectMake is not actually a function in the symbol table, I think it is more of a preprocessor thing. For things like CGRect, which are structures, not objects, you have to define the ctypes structure, then use the ctypes constructor methods, or manually set the fields. You could create your own wrapper functions that set the fields that you want to use, since sometimes there are fields that you can leave set to 0. @JonB I think that @shinyformica hopes to find a way to use functions like without be obliged to define them entirely. As we can use any method of a class/instance (found by dir). def CGRectMake(x,y,w,h): return CGRect((x,y),(w,h)) Basically, you have to define your own wrappers, stick them in a library that you import, along with the various constants that you need, etc, and just import it. See for example Near the end, they define many useful structs, constant structures, and non-exported utility functions. Mostly this is just pure ctypes. The difference is that things like CGRect and the like are structures, not full fledged objects. CGRectMake is not a real function, but an inlined function that gets optimized away by the obj compiler, and so there is nothing to call. You either have to find someone who has done the work and converted the library to python ctypes lib that you can import, or else do it yourself. Rubicon is a good place to look for much of the the core stuff @JonB got it...thanks for the reply! I figured something like that was the reason...that these were not functions in any sense which could be "called". I can use one of a few ways I've found to do what I need in the cases I've seen.	https://forum.omz-software.com/topic/5358/calling-non-instance-class-objc-functions	CC-MAIN-2020-34	refinedweb	472	71.34
Build a Music Player with React & Electron I: Setup & Basic Concepts Scotch is going to help you learn an awesome library in a really fun way. What could be more fun than making a music app? Yeah I get it! You have been hearing React thrown around these days but you have had no reason to learn it yet or rather you have tried but it just didn't work. Together we will build a fairly complex but easy to understand music app with React, Soundcloud and Electron which is going to cover everything you need to know about React and its best practices. It is difficult to convince people to learn a new library or framework and I understand that. I am coming from an Angular background and I consider myself a professional for that matter. For that reason I never considered learning React until I came across this video. What we will build A quick gif: The working CodePen Required Knowledge A basic knowledge of HTML and JavaScript (ES6) is enough for you to understand this tutorial. On the other hand the only fairly advanced topic you need is an understanding of the mystries of this keyword. Setup and Prerequisites Browserify and Babel: Browserify helps us use client JS libraries like React and jQuery with Node's require() and makes bundling easy: npm install -g browserify If you want to learn more abou Browserify, check out Peleke's tutorial Not all browsers have EcmaScript 2015 (ES6) support, therefore a transpile tool will be needed in such case. JavaScript transpilers are important. here is an article on when and why we use them. To install Babel (which is the transformer) and its squad of tools called presets, we will include them in our package.json which we will address soon. We also need to create ./.babelrc file to inform babal which presets we are using: "presets": ["es2015", "react"] Electron Electron is a tool for building cross platform desktop apps with web technologies. This means that you do not have to learn an OS native language so as to build an app that runs natively on computers. The amazing aspect actually is that you write ones and build the same code for different platforms (OSX, Windows, Linux). We have written an article on Angular and Electron and can learn more from this Jasim's tutorial Our app is expected to run as a standalone app and not in a browser. Electron is in my opinion the most popular tool for building desktop apps with web technologies (HTML, CSS, JS): # Clone the Quick Start repository $ git clone scotch-player # Go into the repository $ cd scotch-player The starter has two important files: main.js and index.html. These files serve as entry to an Electron project. To see the expected blank workspace, run: # Launch the App with Electron npm start Directory Structure Below is the directory structure of what we are building and will serve as guide down the journey: \|---app #All React projects goes here \|----components # Presentation Component Directory \|------details.component.js \|------footer.component.js \|------player.component.js \|------progress.component.js \|------search.component.js \|----containers # Container Component Directory \|------app.container.js \|----app.js \|---public # Client Files here \|----css \|------global.css \|----img \|------logo.png \|------soundcloud.png \|----js \|------bundle.js \|---index.html # Electron Default View \|---main.js # Electron entry point \|---package.json \|---.babelrc # Babal's Configurations Configure package.json { "name": "scotch-player", "productName":"Scotch Player", "version": "1.0.0", "description": "Scotch Demo Player", "main": "main.js", "scripts": { "start": "electron main.js", "watch": "watchify app/app.js -t babelify -o public/js/bundle.js --debug --verbose" }, "author": "Scotch", "license": "MIT", "dependencies": { "axios": "^0.9.1", "babel-preset-es2015": "^6.6.0", "babel-preset-react": "^6.5.0", "babelify": "^7.2.0", "classnames": "^2.2.3", "electron-prebuilt": "^0.36.0", "electron-reload": "^0.2.0", "jquery": "^2.2.3", "react": "^0.14.8", "react-autocomplete": "^1.0.0-rc2", "react-dom": "^0.14.7", "react-sound": "^0.4.0", "soundmanager2": "^2.97.20150601-a" } } Our concerns are the scripts and dependencies section. The scripts has two commands, the firsts ( start) starts the app and the second ( watch) tells browserify to watch the app folder and bundle the JS content to public/js/bundle.js Go ahead and install the dependencies: npm install Enter React: Presentation vs Container Components React is really a simple and small library. It only echoes one word, Components. React is simply a UI library that helps web designers/developers build reusable UI components. Reusable from as small as a button to as complex as navigation menus. See Ken's article for more on getting started with React. A simple component could be: // ES6 Component // Import React import React from 'react'; // Search component created as a class class Search extends React.Component { // render method is most important // render method returns JSX template render() { return ( <form> <input type="text" /> <input type="submit" /> </form> ); } } // Export for re-use export default Search We will see more of that while we build the app. The only weird thing here is the XML-like content in our JavaScript. It is called JSX and just a convenient way to write HTML in JavaScript. You have the option to go hardcore with document.createElement. A little exception could be made though - components are not just for UIs, they can be used to manage state of UI component. Let's have a deeper look: Presentation Components This components are simple and very straightforward. They just present UI details and nothing much. It should never manage state but should only receive properties to be bound to its UI. Events also are handled as callbacks via properties and not in components. One more thing, for no reason should a presentation component be aware of how data sent to it came about. It should be possible to isolate it. A simple example: import React from 'react'; class Search extends React.Component { // Props is received via the constructor constructor(props) { //...and props is sent back to the parent Component //class using super() super(props); // Initial State of the component is defined // in the constructor also this.state = { value:'' }; } handleSubmit() { //postRequest is assumed to be the function // that makes an Ajax request postRequest(this.state.value); } handleChange(e) { // Bind value state with current input this.setState({value: e.target.value}); } render() { return ( <form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit.bind(this)}> <input type="text" value={this.state.value} onChange={this.handleChange.bind(this)}/> <input type="submit"/> </form> ); } } export default Search The above example is doing exactly what we do not want a presentation component to do. It knows how values are manipulated and sent to the server. Let's refactor: import React from 'react'; // Simplified component class Search extends React.Component { render() { return ( <form onSubmit={this.props.handleSubmit}> {/* Notice how values and callbacks are passed in using props */} <input type="text" value={this.props.searchValue} onChange={this.props.handleChange}/> <input type="submit"/> </form> ); } } Now the component is extra lean and is focused on presenting content depending on the values passed to it via this.props. It also handles events with functions passed to it via this.props too. So where do the states and those event handlers go to? They are moved to the container components. Note on propsand states Properties and states join forces to make React an amazing and awesome tool. Properties are just read only values passed from one component to another or a component to its UI elements. Props are accessed with just this.propsbecause they are read only. States on the other hand are writable and that is the way we update our application data (state). States are accessible via this.stateand because they are writable, can be updated with this.setState({value: 'value'}). Container Components This works with the concept of service provider. They tend to expose APIs for the presentation components. This is where you can get your hands dirty and do the dirty jobs of updating states and defining application behaviors. This is the guy that takes care of all those jobs we asked presentation components to drop. To better understand container components, let us have a look at one that compliments our above Search Component: import React from 'react'; import Search from './search'; class AppContainer extends React.Component { constructor(props) { super(props); this.state = { value:'' }; } // Makes a request to the server (simulated for this tutorial) handleSubmit() { postRequest(this.state.value); } // React input update (binding) is manual which // makes it rubust. This is how you keep the input box // in sync with keystroke inputs handleChange(e) { // New values are availbale from the event object this.setState({value: e.target.value}); } // Container components wrap presentation component render() { return ( <Search handleSubmit={this.handleSubmit.bind(this)} handleChange={this.handleChange.bind(this)} searchValue={this.state.value}/> ); } } export default AppComponent See how the above component abstracts the state update and event handling from the presentation component. Once an event is called on the presentation component, it asks its parent container component to handle the event and if any change in state, pass it back. Do not panic, we learn better with examples and there are few examples in the demo we will talk about. React in Electron It is very simple to use React in an Electron project. You can bundle with Browserify or Webpack but in our case we will use browserify. The following checklist is good for setting React in any platform including Electron: - Install Browserify: [✔] - Install Babel: [✔] - Configure Babel presets using package.jsonor .babelrc: [✔] - Add a watchscript to package.json: [✔] - Create a component and render it to the index.html - Run startand watchscripts to start Electron and bundling respectively As you can see, we have accomplished 1 to 4 and that is why they are checked. Let us have a look at 5 and 6. Create app.js in the app folder as shown in the directory structure with the following: // ES6 Component // Import React and ReactDOM import React from 'react'; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom'; // Search component created as a class class Search extends React.Component { // render method is most important // render method returns JSX template render() { return ( <form> <input type = "text" /> <input type = "submit" /> </form> ); } } // Render to ID content in the DOM ReactDOM.render( < Search / > , document.getElementById('content') ); Something new is ReactDOM which is used to render components to the DOM. The index.html in our case: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Scotch Player</title> </head> <body> <div id="content"></div> <script src="public/js/bundle.js"></script> </body> </html> We are pointing to a non existing file, bundle.js. It will contain our bundled app therefore create the file and leave it empty then run: npm run watch Browserify comes with two flavors: browserifyand watchify. The difference is that watchify just waites for change and re-creates the bundle while browserifybundles only when you issue the command. It is painful to continue running npm start for every change just to update Electron with the changes. We can automate it by adding the following in the main.js: require('electron-reload')(__dirname); We already install the package using package.json. Up Next... Hopefully, you have a fair knowledge of React, how it is useful, and the two types components. If you need more on component types Dan's Medium post will help. In the next tutorial, we will design our presentation components. See you then...	https://scotch.io/tutorials/build-a-music-player-with-react-electron-i-setup-basic-concepts	CC-MAIN-2016-44	refinedweb	1,901	57.87
Introduction : In this post, we will learn how to clear a vector in Java. A vector is like a dynamic array in Java. It doesn’t have any fixed length. We can add as many items as we want to a vector. Clearing a vector means deleting all elements from a vector. It will not delete the vector object. It will only remove all elements from the vector. To check if a vector is cleared, we will confirm it by checking the size of the vector. If the size is 0, it means that the vector is cleared. Our program will ask the user to enter the total count of the vector. It will then take the inputs for each element from the user one by one. The program will also print out the vector to the user before clearing the elements. After clearing the inputs, it will print out the vector one more time. It will also print the size of the vector on each step. Let’s take a look at the program first : Java program to create and clear a vector : import java.util.Scanner; import java.util.Vector; public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) { //1 Vector vector = new Vector<>(); int size; Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); //2 System.out.println("Enter the size of the vector : "); size = sc.nextInt(); //3 for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { System.out.println("Enter value for position " + (i + 1) + " : "); vector.add(sc.nextInt()); } //4 System.out.println("You have entered : " + vector); System.out.println("Size of the vector is : " + vector.size()); //5 vector.clear(); //6 System.out.println("After the vector is cleared : " + vector); System.out.println("Size of the vector after cleared : " + vector.size()); } } You can also download this program from here. Explanation : The commented numbers in the above program denote the step numbers below : - Create one Vector variable named vector. This variable can hold only integer numbers. Create one integer variable size to hold the size of the vector. Also, create one scanner variable to get the user inputs. - Ask the user to enter the size of the vector. Read it using the scanner variable and save it in the variable size. - Use one_ for loop_ to take the user inputs for the vector. This loop will run for size number of times. On each iteration of the loop, ask the user to enter the value for that specific position. Using the scanner variable, read the user input and add it to the vector. For adding a new value to the vector, we are using ‘add()’ method. For reading the user input integer, we are using the ‘nextInt() method. Note that this program will work only with integer inputs. If the user inserts anything other than integer value, it will crash. - Print out the complete vector that the user has entered on the previous steps. Also, print the size of the vector. For printing the size, we are using size() method. - This step is used for clearing the vector. The clear() method is used to clear the vector. - After the vector is cleared, the program is printing out the final vector variable again. It is also printing the size of the vector. Sample Output for the above clear vector Java program : Enter the size of the vector : 3 Enter value for position 1 : 1 Enter value for position 2 : 2 Enter value for position 3 : 3 You have entered : [1, 2, 3] Size of the vector is : 3 After the vector is cleared : [] Size of the vector after cleared : 0 Enter the size of the vector : 4 Enter value for position 1 : 4 Enter value for position 2 : 12 Enter value for position 3 : 23 Enter value for position 4 : 34 You have entered : [4, 12, 23, 34] Size of the vector is : 4 After the vector is cleared : [] Size of the vector after cleared : 0 Conclusion : As you have seen, we can easily clear one vector in Java using the_ clear()_ method. It is a good practice to use the same object by clearing the data instead of using a different one. Try to run the program on your PC and drop one comment below if you have any queries. Similar tutorials : - Java program to print the boundary elements of a matrix - How to remove elements of Java ArrayList using removeIf() method - How to read elements of a Java Vector using iterable - How to add elements to a Java vector using index - Java program to print all contents of a vector using enumeration - Java program to clear a vector or delete all elements of a vector	https://www.codevscolor.com/how-to-clear-vector-in-java	CC-MAIN-2020-40	refinedweb	775	66.03
Talk:WikiJournal User Group/Archive 3 Contents - 1 Mailing list - 2 The WikiJournal umbrella - 3 A new use for the old Second Journal of Science logo - 4 User group membership - 5 Advertisements in Wikipedia's Wikiprojects - 6 A convenient way to link to both original (checked) and latest (not peer-reviewed) versions. - 7 Rename main page to just "WikiJournal" - 8 WikiJournal.org - 9 A generalist WikiJournal, and specialized sub-journals - 10 Developing WikiJournal project at wikijournal.org - 11 Centralisation for WikiJournal User Group discussion - 12 Wikiversity Main Page Section - 13 WikiJournal or WikiJournals - 14 Pillars - 15 Adoption of bylaws - 16 Expansion possibilities? - 17 A whacky idea: How the WikiJournal can "break out" into the mainstream - 18 WikiJournal Council - 19 Membership in the WikiJournal Council - 20 WikiJournal Council email - 21 Need to encourage scholars to cite a particular revision of a WikiJournal article - 22 Archived from meta:Talk:WikiJournal User Group - 22.1 Overview #2 of updates on Wikimedia movement strategy process - 22.2 Projet Wiki for Coop grant submission - 22.3 We invite you to join the movement strategy conversation (now through April 15) - 22.4 Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections - 22.5 Voting has begun in 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections - 22.6 Join the next cycle of Wikimedia movement strategy discussions (underway until June 12) - 22.7 Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Funds Dissemination Committee elections - 23 From the talk page at Meta:Talk:WikiJournal_User_Group - 24 Possible next steps? - 25 DOIs and next year's financing - 26 Expansion - 27 Chiswick Chap, for Wiki.J.Sci - 28 Join - 29 Draft of budget grant - 30 WikiJournal as "publisher" - 31 Guideline unification versus individualization - 32 Notification of Past Due Reporting - 33 Location of mailing lists - 34 Editorial board vs Advisory board - 35 WikiJournal of Science can be an acceptable source in Wikipedia - 36 Learning Quarterly: January 2018 - 37 Ethics statement - 37.1 Reflection in bylaws and role pages - 37.2 Generalization - 37.3 Unifying templates - 37.4 Ethics statement updates - 37.5 Self-citation - 37.6 Citing peer-reviewed literature - 37.7 Is confidentiality possible? - 37.8 Confidentiality of submissions - 37.9 Author's responsibility to keep track of minor changes - 37.10 Segregating guidelines about human research - 37.11 Copyright and permissions - 37.12 Inclusion of a Statement on the Compliance with Ethical Guidelines - 37.13 Necessary roles of authors - 37.14 How to ratify - 38 Vote: Ethics statement - 39 Discussions with PMR about WikiJournal and Wikidata - 40 Please see my blog regarding collaboration with Miraheze - 41 "Public academic peer review by independent experts"??? - 42 WikiJournal of Psychology - 43 WikiJournal not yet a sister project? - 44 Unnecessary templates - 45 Authors may suggest additional reviewers (?) - 46 WikiJournal User Group top menu - 47 Adding "Preferred journal" to the authorship declaration form - 48 Version control and peer review - 49 Importing peer reviews - 50 Abstract vs Lead section - 51 Uniform Publishing pages - 52 Thomas Shafee as Chair - 53 Learning Quarterly: June 2018 Mailing list I think it's essential that we create a mailing list and start gathering a user base so that when we publish a new issue, we can email users about it, similar to what The Signpost does. Any thoughts? Any support? Any objections? --Felipe (discuss • contribs) 18:48, 14 December 2016 (UTC) - I had a Task at the Phabricator to have my WMF email fixed so that I can send and receive email via the "email this user" feature on the left menu! It now works! Anyone can now email me this way! If you do not want your private email address revealed simply reply using that same feature rather than clicking on "reply"! --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 21:15, 24 December 2016 (UTC) Well, per lack of objections, I requested the mailing list wikijournal-en@lists.wikimedia.org be created at phab:T156739. --Felipe (discuss • contribs) 15:19, 1 February 2017 (UTC) - Thanks! When created, I think it can replace the current public mailing list at: (reached by emails to wikijournal googlegroups.com). Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 17:05, 1 February 2017 (UTC) - The mailing list has been created (). :-) @Mikael Häggström: Are you the admin of the other mailing list at Google? If so, are you interested in becoming an admin on this new mailing list? Also, please check the main menu of the WikiJournal of Science, notice the big blue button for subscribing, and please consider if you'd like a similar button in the main menu of the WikiJournal of Medicine. Cheers! --Felipe (discuss • contribs) 18:27, 6 February 2017 (UTC) - Good work Felipe! Yes, I am admin of the wikijournal googlegroups.com email. What would be my tasks as an admin of this mailing list? I linked to this mailing list at Talk:WikiJournal of Medicine (in turn linked from the journal's right menu for "updates"). Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:54, 8 February 2017 (UTC) - @Mikael Häggström: Awesome, thanks! The general duties of mailing list administration are at meta:Mailing lists/Administration. In order to add you as an admin, I'll need your email. If you subscribe to the list I should be able to see it. --Felipe (discuss • contribs) 23:31, 8 February 2017 (UTC) The WikiJournal umbrella I've updated the WikiJournal users group to include the French language Journal scientifique libre (Free Journal of Science) that was proposed in 2015. I don't know what the likelihood is that it gains critical mass, or even merges with WikiJournal of Science into a multi-language journal. Either way, I think it is useful for WikiJournals to be gathered together to share information. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 08:08, 27 December 2016 (UTC) A new use for the old Second Journal of Science logo By renaming the Second Journal of Science to the WikiJournal of Science, this user group clarified the journal's intended scope. And, the clarification created a niche for an new "quasi-journal" that I call the Wright State University Lake Campus/Showcase. I am sole editor and referee, and all my students are required to attempt to publish in Showcase. They do this on, wright.miraheze.org, which hosts private wikis where one and only one individual student writes wikitext on a wiki that cannot be viewed by other students (but I can see the effort in-progress). It is hard to assign letter grades to student efforts if they can "peek" into each other's work in progress. While this is hardly a journal, it is something this group should know about.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 17:47, 27 December 2016 (UTC) - All right. It may still be possible to use the best articles in Showcase for WikiJournal of Science as well. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 11:10, 28 December 2016 (UTC) User group membership I am much in favour of experimentation in this area and have done (and continue to do) a fair bit myself, so I welcome the creation of a user group on the topic. However, whenever I come here to find out more about this user group, I am confused as to why there is no way to sign up as a member of the user group. I might well be interested in becoming a member of the WikiJournal Council, but discussing that should probably not be the first step of engagement of new members with this user group. --Daniel Mietchen (discuss • contribs) 06:50, 21 January 2017 (UTC) - Hi Daniel! You don't need to sign up anywhere to contribute. In fact, I personally prefer that participants sign up for specific tasks, such as (for WikiJournal of Medicine) reviewers or associate editors. I've notified other Council members about your interest in joining, and I'd welcome your help in any improvement on the overall organization. The main activity, however, is happening in individual journals. Also, if you feel that journal is needed in another subject than medicine or science, you may help in creating such a journal. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 14:20, 22 January 2017 (UTC) - Hi again, Daniel! I now added you to the council, after receiving no contention from other members. I thus recommend that you add this page to your watchlist, and add your email at the public mailing list at: (reached by emails to wikijournal googlegroups.com). Also, I hope you find something at the Contribute list that interests you. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 05:44, 25 January 2017 (UTC) - Thanks, Mikael — I have subscribed to the mailing list. --Daniel Mietchen (discuss • contribs) 05:56, 25 January 2017 (UTC) Advertisements in Wikipedia's Wikiprojects Last week I posted advertisements for both Wiki.J.Med and the new Wiki.J.Sci in the pages of several WikiProjects (WJM_advert_2017_Jan, WJS_advert_2017_Jan). Please expect an uptick of interest and submissions. I recommend watching this page, as well as the talk pages Talk:WikiJournal_of_Medicine and Talk:WikiJournal_of_Science. In particular, Wiki.J.Sci is still being established, so clarifying its procedures will be useful. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 04:21, 25 January 2017 (UTC) - Great! WikiProjects posted to so far can be seen at the WhatLinksHere of the template. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 13:11, 1 February 2017 (UTC) A convenient way to link to both original (checked) and latest (not peer-reviewed) versions. My efforts have evolved away from a forma journal, to a quick way to "showcase" student efforts. I find the following header on documents ot be useful because I can print out a pdf of the permalink that automatically links to the latest version. <small>If this is in online [[w:Portable Document Format\|PDF]] format, view the wikitext by clicking https:{{SERVER}}/w/index.php?oldid={{REVISIONID}}. "Resource" in upper right corner displays latest version. </small> placed at the top of the page results in this header: If this is in online PDF format, view the wikitext by clicking. "Resource" in upper right corner displays latest version. To see a sample, download and view this online as a pdf file: On any browser I have used clicking the top line leads to the permalink. Is that true for your browser?--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 15:18, 26 January 2017 (UTC) - Yes, it's the same in my browser. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 13:12, 1 February 2017 (UTC) Rename main page to just "WikiJournal" This seems like common sense to me. Any objections? I tried to be bold and rename it myself but it seems like an admin will need to do it. --Felipe (discuss • contribs) 11:45, 1 February 2017 (UTC) - I would have preferred simply "WikiJournal" as well, but the "User Group" addition is a necessary addition as a Wikimedia User Group which we did try to negotiate ourselves away from (but didn't succeed). However, we may apply for becoming a "thematic organization", perhaps this year or the next, and in that case we may not need to display the "User Group" any more. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 13:30, 1 February 2017 (UTC) WikiJournal.org Felipe and I had a talk with the domain owner of wikijournal.org recently, and it is possible to merge our projects if we attain a WikiJournal/Future as separate Wikimedia project - see also talk entry there at en.wikijournal.org/wiki/Talk:WikiJournal. I think the most important next step is to become a "thematic organization", proving that we can work as a separate organization: I can start a draft of bylaws soon. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:20, 24 February 2017 (UTC) A generalist WikiJournal, and specialized sub-journals Hi again! Some weeks ago I proposed merging all WikiJournals into one, due to the reasons explained here. The proposal didn't achieve consensus, but now I think there's a variation that may have all the benefits of a merge, and none of the drawbacks. How about we recast the WikiJournal of Science as a generalist journal titled just "WikiJournal", and leave the WikiJournal of Medicine as a specialized sub-journal? As the main WikiJournal grows, groups of users may of course branch off creating new specialized sub-journals. What do you think? --Felipe (discuss • contribs) 14:23, 28 February 2017 (UTC) - I think this sounds like a great idea to have one general WikiJournal as well as WikiJournal of Medicine. The frequency of publications can then be a guideline for when it's time to fork them into further sub-specialties. However, the other board members of WikiJournal of Science (Guy vandegrift, Marshal Sumter and Michael Umbricht) should also have a say in this. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 18:13, 1 March 2017 (UTC) - I personally feel that WikiJournal of Science should exist and should be developed further. If a generic WikiJournal is developed, that is a different thing altogether. I do not think that the heading 'WikiJournal of Science' needs to be dismantled. I am eager to hear the views of people from WikiJournal of Science. Diptanshu.D (discuss • contribs) 18:36, 1 March 2017 (UTC) - @Diptanshu.D: Hi, I'm not sure you're aware that I'm the current chief editor and, at least lately, the only active user of the WJS. If a generalist WikiJournal is approved but the WJS is preserved, I will abandon the WJS and start contributing to the generalist WikiJournal. Also, the WJS aimed to be a generalist journal from the start (it's "science" in the broad sense of "knowledge") so turning it into a generalist journal called "WikiJournal" would be quite in line with its original goal. So I think it makes little sense to preserve the WJS, if a generalist WikiJournal is approved. But sure, lets wait and see what the others say. --Felipe (discuss • contribs) 19:11, 1 March 2017 (UTC) - I will defer to the active members of WJS. As Diptanshu.D pointed out, the original intent of the WJS was to be broad in scope, primarily on the grounds that we can later specialize as other journals emerge.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 00:14, 2 March 2017 (UTC) - Felipe: Pardon me for not having properly followed up with WJS. Although WJS intends to be a generalist journal, I presume it would not be a journal of simply anything. It would still adhere to topics under the domains of science. So, I feel that it would perhaps be a better idea to create another WikiJournal (general) for the purpose of inclusion of any random topic. I would perhaps not be able to play a very active role due to various engagements at the moment but still I am willing to help. Diptanshu.D (discuss • contribs) 19:58, 2 March 2017 (UTC) - @Diptanshu.D: Well, the way I see it, the issue is this: if we agree to create a generalist journal called just "WikiJournal", then I'd jump right in and do it, as it's the idea I'm most interested in. But if I do, then the WJS would become pretty much abandoned, as I'm the most active user there. On the other hand, the goal of the WJS has always been to include all kinds of knowledge, not just scientific knowledge in the ordinary sense of "science" (right Guy?). Given those two facts, it seems clear, at least to me, that the best solution is to just rename the WJS to "WikiJournal" and continue developing it under that title. Later, if a sub-community of scientists emerges under the generalist WikiJournal, we may re-create the WJS, or maybe a WikiJournal of Physics, or WikiJournal of Biology, depending on the nature of the sub-community. Makes sense? - @Guy vandegrift: I'm not sure I understand your comment (it was me who pointed out that the original goal of the WJS was to be broad in scope, not Diptanshu). Anyway, do you support the idea of renaming the WJS to just "WikiJournal" to make it clearer that it's a generalist journal, and then allow other more specialized journals to emerge organically? --Felipe (discuss • contribs) 20:47, 15 March 2017 (UTC) - I think that we should introduce an idea of WikiJournal General or General WikiJournal (or any other equivalent term for the same) and keep WikiJournal unoccupied as a generic all-encompassing congregational term for each of the languages. I also feel that in case peer-review is made not-mandatory for any segment, that segment be inevitably be labelled as magazine and not journal. WikiJournal should stand upto the name of journals which are essentially scholarly or academic in nature. Diptanshu.D (discuss • contribs) 15:52, 16 March 2017 (UTC) Developing WikiJournal project at wikijournal.org Integration of content from wikijournal.org I agree with the points made by Diptanshu.D and Doc James above. Philip, after discussing this with other WikiJournal User Group, we are not prepared to make an outright merge, since there are obvious differences with the aims of these projects. We are not prepared to make any exception for the aim of having peer review for journals in the group. With merely editorial review, the project would essentially add almost nothing to the world, since there are already Wikipedia articles with protection, with the "editors" practically being those who discuss the content of such protected pages at each WikiProject, such as WikiProject Medicine. I'd rather see users contributing to Wikipedia articles than putting effort on non-peer reviewed journals. Also, as mentioned we have several options for domain name and technical hosting when we feel we are ready to push for a Future as separate Wikimedia project. Still, Philip, you are very welcome to join the project and help build for example the WikiJournal of Science or a new title of your liking. It is possible to integrate articles of yours from your project, but it's important that they have a clear statement for each article without independent peer review that these are drafts yet to be peer reviewed. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 14:56, 19 March 2017 (UTC) - Philip: After an internal discussion Mikael has already informed you of our decision. If you want to transfer your contents to ours, you would need to meet the quality standards, be it now or in the future. There can be no deviation from this. I do not suppose that you should be concerned about when our project becomes a Wikimedia sister project. Please note that Wikimedia is the Foundation that runs projects like Wikipedia whereas Mediawiki is the software it uses. These two are entirely different entities and please do not confuse between those two. - As Mikael has pointed out, you are still welcome to put your inputs into our projects. But quality standards would remain a pre-requisite. Diptanshu.D (discuss • contribs) 15:26, 19 March 2017 (UTC) - Hi, Mikael, Diptanshu.D! I don't see "obvious differences with the aims of these projects" ... There are only few articles in English WikiJournal (that can be easily archived and marked as non-reviewed articles ... or even deleted until it meets requirements) ... and that't it. At least English WikiJournal is completely ready to realize idea of the journal according to Wikimedia principles and mission. As for Russian edition (because it has the most number of articles) I can just do the same with articles. So I don't see any obstacles the join Wikijournal.org and use it as peer-reviewed journal. I can't understand what can be done else from my side!!! If you decided to develop WikiJournal under another name or whatever. Well, it is just your decision. Just let me know if we work together on the project and its idea or not. If you still insist all published articles at wikijournal.org to fulfill the requirements on its quality and be peer-reviewed. Well, i don't mind ... but it will take time, may be 1-2 years ... I don't know. --Fokebox (discuss • contribs) 16:08, 19 March 2017 (UTC) - Dear Philip: differences, if any, can be settled if we are willing. I assume that we are. But commitment to quality remains an issue. I would hope that you would think alike. We were skeptical particularly due to three reasons. Firstly, the humongous grant amount made it sound fishy, especially because it was done prior to community involvement. Secondly, your reservation about the peer-review system acted as a barrier. Thirdly, we cannot set up two parallel systems. If we are to merge, wikijournal.org has to be integrated into the same system on which rest of the Wikimedia projects reside. Your reservation about this was another major factor. If you are willing to resolve these I do not see any major problems. You have already shown solidarity by making the licenses compatible. Your tone sounds friendly and we would like to be friendly as well. If you are ready to donate your domain to WMF and if you are ready to embrace the peer-review culture, I do not think that there is any major issue. - I respect all the efforts you have put in so far. But your efforts have been more in the lines of a magazine. I am certain that you would like to improve upon it if there is a chance. All over the world journals are known to be more reliable and authentic than magazines since they adhere to quality control and peer review. If are willing to adopt this culture, we can happily get going. The time delay for peer-reviewing the existing contents on English and Russian version should not be an issue. Diptanshu.D (discuss • contribs) 01:55, 20 March 2017 (UTC) - Dear Diptanshu.D, please be kindly informed on following: - Pardon me for including the group to the grant, now I have excluded it as an interested group. And I apply for me personally for further developing the project. - I cannot donate the domain and cannot be a volunteer at this point, 'cause there is a personal interest, while creating developing the website. - I don't mind the project to be reviewed. As Wikijournal multi-thematic journal some categories are not necessary should be peer-reviewed. The journal is not strictly scientific, academic, but is open for all users who would like to publish an article as a journalist. But at any case all articles should be reviewed and authors can be informed to improve articles on some points. Please also be informed that It is quite difficult procedure to become peer-reviewed journal in Russia (Russian edition of WikiJournal). There are several steps to obtain such status that includes registration of the company, obtaining the status of Mass-media, obtaining the license, obtaining the special status at State authority as a source of peer-reviewed articles. Only after such procedure universities, academics, scientists will be interested in publishing of their peer-reviewed articles, in other case there won't be any interest in publications. (I don't know the same procedure in Europe, the US and other countries.) - Wikijournal status remains free, independent, international, multi-thematic and multi-lingual, open access peer reviewed online journal for scholars, journalists and all registered users. - --Fokebox (discuss • contribs) 08:41, 20 March 2017 (UTC) - Dear Philip: Your idea of journal is different from ours and Mikael has already pointed that the scope and objectives are different. Your idea is actually about a blog or magazine. People can get to form free blogs at a number of locations like blogspot or wordpress. We are not trying to develop a blog or magazine and would not like our contributors to the same. We feel that contributing to Wikipedia is a better idea. We would not accept anything that does not meet the criteria of an academic or scholarly journal. Your idea does not fulfill that criteria. In such a case I wonder what you really have worth offering. Had you offered to donate or sell your domain to Wikimedia that could have opened the scope of a merger. But since you are not open to that option we find no value in your project and therefore are not interested in a merger. After an internal discussion we had anticipated this possibility and hence Mikael had communicated to you. Please note that we can easily do without your domain but are apprehensive that you would be abusing the name WikiJournal. Diptanshu.D (discuss • contribs) 09:17, 20 March 2017 (UTC) - Diptanshu.D, In this case I can just offer to create subdomain science.wikijournal.org where you can completely publish peer-review articles. And there is significant difference between blogs and journals/magazines--Fokebox (discuss • contribs) 10:23, 20 March 2017 (UTC) - Dear Philip: I find your proposal unsuitable. If you mean to hand over a subdomain, that seems rather stupid. If you mean to keep the subdomain on your server it remains even more unacceptable. In any case we cannot allow anything devoid of peer-review if we are to be involved. Finally, the purview of our involvement in peer-reviewed journal activity is not limited to science alone. Even history, commerce or journalism related journals would all need to be peer reviewed. There can be no deviation from this. Diptanshu.D (discuss • contribs) 17:27, 20 March 2017 (UTC) - Dear Diptanshu please note, I don't mind that articles should be peer-reviewed at Wikijournal. But I think it creates barrier for authors to publish some materials. Let's imagine if I publish information on Lens review and how and is it neccessary that such article should be peer-reviewed? --Fokebox (discuss • contribs) 18:05, 20 March 2017 (UTC) - Dear Philip: Even in case of a lens review, peer review is essential. After the author makes a submission it is the responsibility of the editorial board or peer review coordinators to find subject matter experts in the field. In this case it could be other lens reviewers or photographers or alike (ones who are experienced with lenses). These people need to be invited to read and evaluate the article and to make sure that the facts and presentation are proper. We have a criteria of at least two independent peer reviewers reviewing each article. They may evaluate the article anonymously or under their own name. After going through the article they provide their inputs about how the article could be improved further. These suggestions could be factual or in terms of style of writing. The suggestions could be essential or optional. The author has to act upon the inputs and unless there are any further inputs the article is now considered by the editorial board whether it is fit to be published. So, irrespective of the field or topic, peer review is considered essential in maintaining quality of a journal article as well as the integrity of the journal. Diptanshu.D (discuss • contribs) 10:59, 21 March 2017 (UTC) - Dear Diptanshu, well I don't mind to have this procedure and to have completely reviewed wikijournal even all my own publshed articles. I confirmed this several times before and still don't understand why you don't want to join/merge articles and what should be done else from my side.--Fokebox (discuss • contribs) 13:04, 21 March 2017 (UTC) - I agree with Diptanshu. Philip, you mention several steps to have official status as a peer review journal. Being registered and indexed among scholarly journals does indeed give the journal additional recognition and credibility, but is it not a pre-requisite to run it. Rather, it can be done gradually as the journal grows. - You do indeed deserve recognition for the personal investment, so if you donate the wikijournal.org domain to Wikimedia, you deserve a mention in its history as the registrant of the domain. - I'm glad that you are willing to have a completely reviewed wikijournal! This is what makes wikijournal unique. Taking an article about the lens for example, there is already a Wikipedia article on that topic which everyone can help writing, and where WikiProject Physics can be regarded as an editorial team that discusses what to include. - I'm now checking with others in the board what would be the next step if we are to merge. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 21:26, 21 March 2017 (UTC) - Mikael I think that there isn't need to donate the domain. I can only give technical access to the server to set up or install extension, updates etc. The domain remains under my personal control, but from my side I garantee access to website for all.--Fokebox (discuss • contribs) 22:11, 21 March 2017 (UTC) I agree the we cannot use the wikijournal.org domain unless it is owned by Wikimedia or by the WikiJournal organization. Philip, the next step you need to take for an integration is that each article that is not peer reviewed must be clearly marked as such. Also, you should change the status of your grant proposal to "withdrawn", but you are still welcome to suggest specific additions for our next grant to Wikimedia Foundation. For example, you mention expenses for "legal organization". However, you need to specify what legal entities you are thinking of registering with, and what their fees are. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:53, 25 March 2017 (UTC) What a merger would look like There are a few key requirements for the WikiJournal User Group (and consequently wikijournal.org if a merger occurs) in order to be successful: - Become a sister project within the Wikimedia Foundation - This is is a major task and involves satisfying the Sister Projects Committee that the project meets a number of requirements (similar to requirements for thematic organisations). Otherwise it is better to remain a user group / thematic org within the umbrella of the WMF. - Wikimedia supportive mission & Thematic mission - Must offer something unique (not covered by other projects). The peer reviewed academic content does this via external expert review. The danger for opinion pieces such as product reports, location reports or how-to guides is that without some form of review they might be more suited for Wikipedia, Wikivoyage, or Wikihow (non WMF). - Legal structure - Bylaws need to be developed to ensure clear scope and operations of the project. - CC BY-SA (or compatible) licensing - Done for both WikiJournal User Group and wikijournal.org - No advertising - Done for both WikiJournal User Group and wikijournal.org - Each journal becomes indexed in appropriate academic locations (e.g. pubmed, PMC, google scholar, medline etc) - This will have to be achieved by each journal separately, whether they are medicine, humanities, science or otherwise. It relies on output of quality-assured contents and adherence to strict standards. Possible bylaws solution - Draft official bylaws for how the journal publishing group would operate (WikiJournal_User_Group/Draft bylaws). I would recommend using the WikiJournal of Medicine/Bylaws as a starting point as currently our most advanced attempt at such a system. This has the add benefit of us laying out in a single document the mission, vision and organisation of the project. Possible non-peer reviewed content solutions - 'Clean slate' (Like WikiJournal of Science). When the second journal of science was slowly converted into the WikiJournal of Science, previous articles that had not been reviewed were archived (the 'zeroth' issue) and added to the list of articles to be peer reviewed. If they pass peer review, then they would be added to one of the subsequent issues of the WikiJournal of Science. - 'Preprint server' (Like arxiv.org). A specific section of the site where articles that are not yet peer reviewed are kept. This section would make no assertion of accuracy for contents. This would be the same as Category:Pre-prints_not_yet_included_in_WikiJournal_of_Medicine. Possible identity solutions - We need to draft an example 'landing page' so that we have a clear idea of what it may look like. I will put together a draft main page based (somewhat) on. The above represent only my own thoughts on possible solutions, but others are free to suggest alternatives that I've not thought of! All of these things need to be addressed regardless of what specific domain ends up being used or whether a merger goes ahead. Having these draft documents will help us to all be clearer about what we intend (to fully avoid any possible misunderstandings) and if any clashes remain. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 07:42, 22 March 2017 (UTC) - @Evolution and evolvability: have you considered asking for a test wiki at Phabricator? That would enable us to start drafting pages inside a wiki-environment to mimic what it might look like when it moves to a full wiki. Green Giant (discuss • contribs) 20:49, 16 April 2017 (UTC) - Regarding non-peer reviewed content, I think we can continue to haft a Draft: namespace within the same wiki. The most important is that they are clearly marked as drafts. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 11:17, 26 March 2017 (UTC) Centralisation for WikiJournal User Group discussion We currently have discussions about the WikiJournal project across three locations: - Wikiversity:Talk:45, 4 March 2017 (UTC) - I think it is important to centralize the discussion, but I prefer this to be the location. I don't visit my watchlist at the Meta wiki very often, so it might take a week before I notice there's any new talk page entry there. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 07:57, 4 March 2017 (UTC) - agree w/ Mikael Häggström --Ozzie10aaaa (discuss • contribs) 13:26, 4 March 2017 (UTC) - I think that discussion about the general WikiJournal project should take place at Meta, and discussion about the English WikiJournals should remain here (until we migrate to wikijournal.org). --Felipe (discuss • contribs) 16:03, 5 March 2017 (UTC) - I think that Meta is the right place. However, as of now (till the migration to wikijournal.org is complete) the ongoing discussions can remain here. Diptanshu.D (discuss • contribs) 18:58, 5 March 2017 (UTC) ┌─────────────────────────────────┘ That's fine by me. A proper cross-wiki watchlist can't come soon enough! I'll redirect everything here for now. We can revisit the issue later in the year. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 10:50, 6 March 2017 (UTC) - I've replaced the other talk pages with redirects here. I've also moved the old Wikiversity:Talk:WikiJournal/Future as separate Wikimedia project to an archive of this page, since it's a more sensible location. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 11:14, 6 March 2017 (UTC) - I've done a few renames (basically renamed WikiJournal/WikiJournal User Group to WikiJournal User Group). The redundancy seemed useless, ugly and confusing. I hope you'll all agree it's better now. In any case, we're on the path to migration so it'd be temporary, but it's nice to know that we only have three main pages now, and they are named more or less consistently: WikiJournal User Group, meta:WikiJournal User Group and meta:WikiJournal. Also, the WikiJournal page can now be devoted to the generalist journal proposed here (when and if consensus is achieved). --Felipe (discuss • contribs) 20:05, 15 March 2017 (UTC) - Good work. I've also added a top banner so that new readers can more easily find the main discussion pages of relevance. It's a bit of a visual clash with the Wiki.J.Med discussion page but will do for now. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 11:49, 22 March 2017 (UTC) Wikiversity Main Page Section It seems to me that while WikiJournal is at Wikiversity, it should be highlighted with a Wikiversity:Main Page entry or block. Any thoughts from the user group? -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 17:39, 22 March 2017 (UTC) - I would support this. I think it would be ideal to highlight both the WikiJournal User Group page, and WikiJournal of Medicine. One of the main challenges for the expansion to additional topics (e.g. making an issue 1 of WikiJournal of Science will be promoting the existence of the journals to attract submissions. Where in the main page do you thin would be appropriate? T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 23:24, 22 March 2017 (UTC) - There are several options. We could add Journals in the upper right topics box. We could shorten news. We could shrink the heading and daily quote. For me, the current Community box is wasted space and could be replaced, or combined with Development. I'd say be bold. We should also redesign with mobile in mind. The current Main Page mobile view is extremely disappointing. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 01:46, 23 March 2017 (UTC) - I think the right topics box seems like a very good spot (I assume it's the one titled "Explore Wikiversity"), with a WikiJournal or WikiJournals list entry which shows the included journals when expanded. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 05:37, 25 March 2017 (UTC) - I made some sandbox edits of how Template:Portal Nav 0.5 would look like with the addition of - <categorytree mode="all" depth="0" namespaces="WikiJournal">WikiJournals</categorytree> - , but it renders as: - , without any expandable options. Does anyone know how to get it to work? Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 11:32, 26 March 2017 (UTC) - Currently, you would need to use: - <categorytree mode="all" depth="0" namespaces="WikiJournal">WikiJournal</categorytree> - Category:WikiJournals is empty. If you decide the category should be WikiJournals, let me know. I have bot code that can rename categories and edit all of the member pages. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 13:42, 26 March 2017 (UTC) - Also, it's actually the following, because there isn't a separate namespace for WikiJournals: - <categorytree mode="all" depth="0">WikiJournal</categorytree> - Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 13:47, 26 March 2017 (UTC) - Thanks, Dave Braunschweig, for clarification! For now, I think the expandable menu should show - WikiJournal of Medicine - WikiJournal of Science - Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 12:43, 28 March 2017 (UTC) ┌─────────────────────────────────┘ Done - You'll need to monitor the Category:WikiJournal category. If something is added to the category, it appears in the expandable menu. -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 13:14, 28 March 2017 (UTC) - Thanks! Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 04:45, 31 March 2017 (UTC) WikiJournal or WikiJournals Now that we are about to make the overall organization a formal one, we need to decide whether it should be named WikiJournal or WikiJournals. This was not really brought up during the name election. I hope we can simply form consensus about it here, but if necessary we may need to make a vote about it. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 11:50, 26 March 2017 (UTC) I support WikiJournals,because it reflects the fact that it's an organization based on multiple journals, with separate subjects and administrations. When we make it an official organization, that s helps to distinguish it from the editorial boards and bylaws etc of individual member journals. If we didn't have that s, we would need more complicated structures for distinction, such as the WikiJournal Umbrella Organization or the WikiJournal Union. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 11:50, 26 March 2017 (UTC) - I support WikiJournal. It stands as a generic term and a composite should probably be a singular entity. Nevertheless, when referring to a number of them in the catergory, we can use the term WikiJournas at places where applicable. There are two entities to consider. The first entity, the output essentially is a WikiJournal. The second entity is the group of people behind, may be the publisher, governing body or something of that sort who run the show and with whom transactions (not necessarily monetary) can be made. We can have WikiJournal Council, WikiJournal Publishing Group and WikiJournals Guild as prospective names for the governing body. But I am willing to listen to what others might have to say. Diptanshu.D (discuss • contribs) 12:13, 26 March 2017 (UTC) - singular form is best--Ozzie10aaaa (discuss • contribs) 12:03, 27 March 2017 (UTC) - The WMF sister projects mostly use singular (but wikibooks is already an exception), so I think either will be fine. For trademarks, it might be best to register both? Even for e.g. the overarching organisation board/council/committee, either the WikiJournal editorial board / WikiJournals editorial board would work. I suspect for actual operations we will need several longer titles to refer to the different facets (e.g the group of journals, the users generally interested, the overarching editorial board etc) as Diptanshu mentioned. I think that these operational names should be decide with reference to how other journals structure themselves where possible. Examples include and PeerJ.com. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 01:44, 28 March 2017 (UTC) - I'm now convinced WikiJournal is the optimal official name. It doesn't exclude usage of several variants as mentioned. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 12:44, 28 March 2017 (UTC) - Support WikiJournal per Diptanshu. If at a later date it is found necessary to separate the subject specific areas, it can always become WikiJournals. Green Giant (discuss • contribs) 20:07, 16 April 2017 (UTC) Pillars Also, we need to define the most important "pillars" of WikiJournal(s), which we should require all journals to fulfill. I think the most important ones are: - Feel free to comment and/or rephrase. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 19:32, 26 March 2017 (UTC) Transparency I prefer that we require WikiJournals to have peer reviews publicly visible. Yet, the peer reviewers themselves may remain anonymous. However, the biggest disadvantage is that it may scare off potential peer reviewers. Advantages include the possibility for readers to see how the article has improved. It also provides verifiability of the peer review process, and if a reader finds questionable content in the article, that reader can check whether that content was commented on in the peer review. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 19:32, 26 March 2017 (UTC) - Allowing reviewers to be anonymous should be adequate compromise for reviewers to feel comfortable being as critical as necessary. Indeed wikis are very good for creating anonymous/pseudonymous user accounts. We could even generate user accounts with random 10-digit names and assign them to reviewers who wish to be anonymous, e.g User:reviewer_1957280988. The benefit of the transparency outweighs the risk of scaring off reviewers. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 01:42, 27 March 2017 (UTC) - I think reviews should be done by registered Wikimedia accounts but there are some limitations. The user doesn't have to use their real name (as you can guess by my username) but I am concerned that some usernames might not seem as "respectable" e.g. would the wider world be happy with a review carried out by someone called "Green Giant"? On the flipside I would disagree with any reviewing done by anonymous IPs simply because of the long term vandalism I've noted on Wikipedia and other wikis. I'm not against general editing by anon IPs (some of whom are fantastic) but I think the danger of vandalism diverts time and resources. I'm guessing that once an article had been reviewed and promoted, it would be locked from general editing (except for spelling errors etc)? Green Giant (discuss • contribs) 20:34, 16 April 2017 (UTC) Copy allowance I think it would be best if our default license was CC-BY, except for cases of using existing Wikipedia content (CC-BY-SA) or authors request. The CC-BY license allows a lot more flexibility and compatibility for reuse, and is far more common in academic publishing. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 01:44, 27 March 2017 (UTC) - I agree with this. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 18:58, 31 March 2017 (UTC) - This has now been implemented. All previous publications retain their existing license, however subsequent publications will be CC-BY by default unless the author requests otherwise or they re-use CC-BY-SA content. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 01:37, 10 April 2017 (UTC) - When you talk of CC-BY, I'm assuming you mean the latest version, but can I suggest that there should also be an option to allow dual-licensing with CC-BY-All and GFDL? That would give the maximum freedom to readers, short of putting it in the public domain, which should also be an option for authors? I agree with the comment about CC-BY being widely used but I don't think journal articles should be limited to just one copyright option. Green Giant (discuss • contribs) 20:23, 16 April 2017 (UTC) - Sorry, Green Giant, for not spotting this entry of yours earlier. Authors do have the option to choose any Wikipedia-compatible license. It's worth to mention that multi-licensing would be permitted as well (as long as it includes compatible licenses), and I added this at our publishing guidelines [6]. I don't think it's necessary to recommend multi-licensing with CC-BY and GFDL by default. The terms of the GFDL are not as straightforward as that the CC-BY 4.0 terms, so it might present unnecessary confusion for authors who are not familiar with licensing. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 14:27, 8 May 2017 (UTC) Non-free content Another couple of issues I wanted to raise are to do with images (as Commons is where my largest number of edits takes place). I'm guessing that nobody wants to write purely text articles so Commons files will probably be permitted but what about non-free images? I don't have examples to hand but what about images that are free in the US but not in other countries - would they be forbidden? If not, is it too early to raise the question of an exemption doctrine policy (which the WMF requires of any wiki hosting non-free media)? Would it be too restrictive to insist on free media only? Sorry for a flurry of questions. Green Giant (discuss • contribs) 20:41, 16 April 2017 (UTC) - An answer for say WikiJournal of Science is to ask permission for use of an image. The source or creator may agree as long as certain conditions are specifically stated with the image. This is common when publishing book chapters or conference proceedings, for example. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 21:51, 16 April 2017 (UTC) - As for now, I'd say that we do not host any non-free media. We could possibly implement something similar to the Wikipedia Non-free content policy, but I rather think authors should only use their own work or explicitly free content. After all, a major purpose of WikiJournal is to attract free content, so I don't think authors should have the option to retain non-free licensing. When publishing Wikipedia content, the license and creators of the images should be displayed in the article, and it would be rather complicated to display non-free content as such. - Still, if the situation arises, we might re-evaluate this later. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 14:47, 8 May 2017 (UTC) Adoption of bylaws I've made a draft of bylaws at WikiJournal_User_Group/Draft_bylaws, incorporating the pillars above. Please make any comments about the content soon, so we can subsequently go ahead and form consensus on adopt them. After that, we can elect the board. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 17:28, 9 April 2017 (UTC) - Thanks Mikael for drafting the bylaws. I have taken the liberty to rephrase the Article I paragraph. I would insist you to reconsider whether two terms, one for the journal and one for the governing body or organisation should be used. I suggest the use of two terms. You have already used the former term (WikiJournal Board) in the terminology. Apart from WikiJournal Board, the terms WikiJournal Council or WikiJournal Guild could be considered. In addition to this, I think that Article III requires expansion. The scope of inclusion under Wikimedia needs to be mentioned and defined. Diptanshu💬 17:50, 9 April 2017 (UTC) - I would prefer avoiding the term WikiJournal Board as each of the WikiJournals would have a respective board. So, it is perhaps better to avoid an unnecessary confusion between the two. Furthermore, the procedure for application for inclusion of a new journal needs to be concretely defined. The minimum number of interested contributors, the approach and things like that should be defined. The application process could be made a two stage process where in the second stage the WikiJournal governing body sets checkpoints to be fulfilled before a green signal can be given. The scope of incubation and mentorship or guidance of the new enthusiasts by the board members of the existing journals (at that point of time) should also be mentioned. I think that this obligation should be there. Diptanshu💬 18:08, 9 April 2017 (UTC) - Although we at Wiki.J.Med mediate the activities through a closed google group, I think that the WikiJournal governing body or each of the boards for each of the journals should have an individual mailing list, the participation in which would be limited to the board members. This will ensure that the communications are archived on Wikimedia servers and full transparency would be maintained. Diptanshu💬 18:13, 9 April 2017 (UTC) - Thanks Mikael for making the amends. The following improvisations come to my mind: - Article III needs to be expanded. Subsections need to be introduced. - The procedure for applying for formation of a new journal in this group. - Choice of subject, non-overlapping nature preferred. - Minimum number of interested participants willing to start and work upon the journal. - The procedure of formation of an independent board for the respective journal. - Board members would have to reveal their real names and credentials. - Dedication of members to open knowledge and open access movement. - An initial period wherein the WikiJournal Council will oversee the activities of the respective WikiJournal Board. - That one or more members of the respective WikiJournal Board can apply to join the WikiJournal Council in order to form a representation of the respective WikiJournal in the Council. Acceptance of these new members into the Council will be subject to voting by existing Council members. - The respective WikiJournal Board needs to form of list of standard norms that benchmark journals for the respective subject usually adopt, and gradually the journal would have to try to achieve those standards. - Article publication process (briefly) from submission, peer review to final publication. - A minimum of two peer reviews as a pre-requisite for each article. - Amenities conferred by WikiJournal umbrella vs. amenities to be procured by the respective journal. - Stuff like Permalinks (DOI), ISSN and basic registrations. - Will update the list if I can think of anything else. Diptanshu💬 19:03, 16 April 2017 (UTC) Thanks for your comments, Diptanshu! As you noticed, I thought WikiJournal Council fits better than WikiJournal Board, largely because it avoids mixup with the editorial boards of individual journals. I also added that journals not yet having been accepted should use the word "Preliminary" or equivalent in their titles. Beyond this and the core criteria for candidate journals, I don't think we should have any further strict criteria. After all, not even WikiJournal of Science fulfills those core criteria since its peer review system is currently labeled as "intended". I've rather took the time to update the page WikiJournal User Group/Starting a journal. We can use this as a form of grading of the development of different journals. I haven't yet gone through your recently added list, but that will be my next step. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:01, 16 April 2017 (UTC) - I've now made some further amendments with your comments in mind (but not yet all of them). I've split members into journal representatives and community-selected members. Also, I've added specifics about how to apply for an additional journal at WikiJournal User Group/Starting a journal (making an entry here). It doesn't necessarily need to be specified in the Bylaws. Instead, we can easily adapt to whatever issues arise when we actually do get such an application. If a particular issue arises that we hadn't thought of, we can vote to change the Bylaws later. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 19:56, 17 April 2017 (UTC) - I've made some more amendments now. Notably, in its current format, the "overall board" will retain the title WikiJournal Council in order to avoid mix-up with editorial boards. Also, it will consist of both representatives of each journal as well as community-elected members. - Regarding the acceptance of new journals, the currents draft states that journals not yet accepted by the Council should have "Preliminary WikiJournal of.." as the title. At the same time, such title probably discourages potential authors to submit their works, so I think I don't think we should have any strict criteria beyond those given in the suggested bylaws when considering accepting new journals. Instead, I've expanded the page WikiJournal_User_Group/Starting_a_journal to give a recommendation about the steps, and in which order they may be done. After all, even those criteria in the bylaws would require WikiJournal of Science to officially require peer review for all articles, or have its name changed to "Preliminary WikiJournal of Science". We can always choose to remove a journal if it seems to move in the wrong direction. - Also, to facilitate in the creation of new journals, I have the idea that we could have an entire "template journal", with all the basic pages necessary, so that those wanting to create a new title can start off quite fast by just adding the name of the subject. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 19:12, 24 April 2017 (UTC) Consensus / vote The consensus has been all supportive of the current format of the Bylaws, so I've now ratified them by removing the "Draft" prefix for that page. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 13:56, 8 May 2017 (UTC) Expansion possibilities? So we have a journal for medicine and one for science. Is there room for more journals or will it remain two until the project is hived off? There are several potential non-scientific areas that other journals could cover such as history, education and law. What would be needed to request additional journals? Cheers. Green Giant (discuss • contribs) 21:11, 16 April 2017 (UTC) - It's interesting that you brought this up, Green Giant, as we are discussing the criteria for additional journals. You can read about suggested steps at WikiJournal User Group/Starting a journal. As mentioned, the specific criteria to be an accepted member of WikiJournal is still under discussion. Is there any particular subject that would be of interest to you? Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 18:56, 17 April 2017 (UTC) - @Mikael Häggström: thank you pointing me to the link. My interests have varied over the years but I would be particularly interested in a WikiJournal of Law. Green Giant (discuss • contribs) 19:00, 17 April 2017 (UTC) - @Green Giant: I think it is the general hope of the existing WikiJournals that the format can be extended to other areas. Currently, WikiJournal of Medicine is the largest 'flagship' journal. WikiJournal of Science is just starting up. A test page for WikiJournal of Business and Economics was also created by user:Michael Ten back in February. In general, I think that larger topic areas will be more sustainable initially (e.g. a WikiJournal of Humanities), since it is more likely to be able to sustain and publish multiple articles per year. It is likely that Wiki.J.Sci will aim to encompass biology, physics, mathematics, engineering etc. What do you think about a WikiJournal of Humanities that encompassed law, economics, politics and other humanities? See this draft 'main page' for en example of what I mean. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 01:15, 18 April 2017 (UTC) - @Evolution and evolvability: that sounds like an eminently sensible approach. A humanities journal would be very suitable. Green Giant (discuss • contribs) 01:28, 18 April 2017 (UTC) A whacky idea: How the WikiJournal can "break out" into the mainstream I have been struggling to find a compelling reason why others might be interested in WikiJournals hosted by wikimedia. I need write such an article to keep my dean happy, and find myself going to Wikipedia whenever I need info. Then, I artificially create a track to refereed journals so everything looks proper. What if authors of the top journals could go to a "refereed" WikiJournal that contained a "checked" Wikipedia article? I realize that this is not really a path out of this group's obscurity. But if we could identify well-known and established publishers of journals, maybe one or two of them might try referencing a Wikipedia article. There are a number of established scientists quietly contributing to Wikipedia, and it would not be too difficult to convince them to "check" a given permalink to a Wikipedia article, if there was a good reason to do this. This idea would take a lot more publicity than I could possibly generate. But what I like about this plan is that it is modest. I am proposing that the WikiJournal of Science be a "special-purpose" journal in which scholars who rely on Wikipedia for general information cooperate to make such use of Wikipedia more reliable. It's one of those cultural changes that might happen if only there was a way to initiate it. I am currently working on an article that requires an understanding of w:Sample space, w:Outcome (probability),w:Event_(probability_theory), and w:Elementary event. If I knew any of the editors there, I would ask them to create a WikiJournal article for me to reference.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 03:47, 7 May 2017 (UTC) - Do I understand it correctly that you want to reach out to potential authors, who want to submit Wikipedia articles for the sake of using them as references in their own works? I think it sounds like a good idea. Going through the edit histories of such articles may indeed be useful in finding such potential authors. - Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 13:42, 8 May 2017 (UTC) WikiJournal Council I think it's in accordance with the now ratified Bylaws that the initial WikiJournal Council simply includes those who were therein before: Meta:WikiJournal_User_Group#WikiJournal_Council. Feel free to comment if you feel concern about the inclusion of any current member of the council, including yourself, or if you want to join. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 15:19, 8 May 2017 (UTC) Membership in the WikiJournal Council I am interested in being a member of the WikiJournal Council! --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 21:57, 8 May 2017 (UTC) - Dear Marshallsumter: You can introduce yourself (real identity) with details of your education, profession, passion, wiki-experience as well as why you want to be a part of the WikiJournal Council. Diptanshu💬 13:15, 10 May 2017 (UTC) - At present, until the matter on Wikipedia has been resolved, I prefer to remain Marshallsumter. I have a pdf I submit with proposals which can meet your request, but I must ask you respect my request to remain Marshallsumter. If you agree to this and each other committee member agrees, respectively, send me an email from here and I'll send you an email from my official email account. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 00:05, 11 May 2017 (UTC) - I'm glad to hear your interest in joining, Marshallsumter! Displaying your real identity is not a requirement to join WikiJournal Council (although this can be discussed, and it's a requirement to join the editorial board of WikiJournal of Medicine). The bylaws relating to WikiJournal Council were ratified just a couple of days ago, so this discussion will likely involve possible amendments thereof as well. I now therefore split this section into "Membership of Marshallsumter" and "General requirements". Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 08:32, 12 May 2017 (UTC) - Dear Marshallsumter, we respect your wish not to reveal your real name and the same can definitely be maintained. However, in contrast to Wikipedia where anyone with unverified credentials can edit, at WikiJournal credentials need to be produced. This is important for members of WikiJournal Council in order to ensure that apart from the willingness to contribute they have a sound understanding of scientific thought and how a journal works. Although your edits reveal your calibre it is still important to formally reveal the details of your education, profession, passion, wiki-experience as well as why you want to be a part of the WikiJournal Council. If you do not wish to do it publicly you can send an email to Mikael and we can discuss internally thereafter. We assure you that confidentiality would be maintained and your identity would not be made public. All this is important because we want to maintain the standards and the same would also be essential when we seek formal membership of suitable international bodies. I hope you understand. Diptanshu💬 13:50, 12 May 2017 (UTC) - Thanks Marshallsumter for sending your CV. It is being reviewed internally. However, we would request you to write a short intro on a) your specific on-wiki experience and priorities, and b) relevant off-wiki experience. Diptanshu💬 14:58, 14 May 2017 (UTC) ┌─────────────────────────────────┘ Hopefully the following will be helpful: On-wiki experiences: I have edited Wikipedia since 8 October 2008, WikiDoc since 19 February 2009 and Wikiversity since 5 September 2009, but primarily since August 2011. Priorities: as it states on my user page - X-ray astronomy and the human genome. But I have extensive experience in materials chemistry and physics as well as advanced mathematics and theory. On Wikipedia I was endeavoring to bring articles including those I created to the state of the art or science so that I could conduct original research & product development offline. On Wikidoc I have contributed basic science and human genetics to help understand illnesses. On Wikiversity I continue to do what I've mentioned on Wikipedia and conduct original research when it belongs available to the public. I continue to submit proposals for grants and perform research that may be publishable as I have done since I was in graduate school (1973-4), for the University of Chicago (ANL), the Office of Naval Research (NRL), and others such as NASA (last year). I perform Custodial duties here and review for WikiJournal of Science, as I have refereed for the Journal of Applied Physics, Applied Physics Letters, Journal of Materials Research, and the Journal of Electronic Materials. I'm not a lawyer or an attorney, but I can read successfully the legal journals and have more than 3 years of active court room experience on both sides of the bench at the federal level (patent interferences, administrative proceedings, hearings in district courts). Here fair use of images and text is a priority. I hope this helps. If you want to see most of my publications, perform an advanced Google scholar search using my initials and last name in quotes. The biology and psychology articles are not mine. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 01:40, 16 May 2017 (UTC) - Generally, my interests in joining the Council are focused on the common interests of the journals at Wikiversity and involvement with the creation and/or acceptance of additional journals in this group. Primary concern is getting the Wikijournal of Science on its way to publishing high quality, open access, peer-reviewed articles. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 05:18, 25 May 2017 (UTC) Membership of Marshallsumter As far as I've sen here, Marshallsumter has a good track record in Wikiversity. The identity issue needs to be discussed further in the separate section I now start below. I did, however, have to lookup Wikipedia history as well, where there's an indefinite ban secondary to this discussion: Administrators' noticeboard - User:Marshallsumter disrupting Wikipedia for "research" purposes. That was back in 2011, and I haven't read the discussion in detail. In any case, I agree with Diptanshu that it's appropriate that you write a bit about your education, profession, passion, wiki-experience as well as why you want to be a part of the WikiJournal Council. Just a short description would be very useful. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 08:32, 12 May 2017 (UTC) I'm on ResearchGate and LinkedIn but could not find how to connect to Mikael Häggström on LinkedIn. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 14:30, 12 May 2017 (UTC) - My LinkedIn profile is located at [7]. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 18:37, 12 May 2017 (UTC) Vote - I Support Marshallsumter for membership in the WikiJournal Council. I think his research and editorial experience will really help this project grow. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 19:48, 16 May 2017 (UTC) Support Diptanshu💬 21:43, 16 May 2017 (UTC) Support --Steven Fruitsmaak (Reply) 08:04, 17 May 2017 (UTC) Support I read and scanned through the ban discussion on Wikipedia. It's quite a serious issue, I recommend you all take a closer look. However, I believe in second chances, and the main problem that lead to the ban was that Marshallsumter published tons of original research on Wikipedia, which is unacceptable there but ok here, and especially on the WikiJournals. Furthermore, his work on the WJS has been positive so far. But Marshallsumter, please consider using the Template:Research and other relevant project boxes on your work. ;-) --Felipe (discuss • contribs) 15:40, 18 May 2017 (UTC) - Thank you for your support! Regarding using the Template:Research, please see Research namespace. I removed the template when it appeared this would pass for the reasons indicated there. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 22:17, 19 May 2017 (UTC) - Since we have unanimous support, I've now added you to the WikiJournal Council, Marshallsumter. Welcome! I recommend that we all make a short presentation about ourselves there, as I've done for myself [8]. Also, please keep yourself updated about what is happening by adding this page to your watchlist if you haven't done so already, and subscribe to the public mailing list at. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 15:47, 25 May 2017 (UTC) General requirements Regarding identity, I'm not sure a publicly displayed identity would be necessary. I do think, however, candidates for WikiJournal Council must have her/his identity verified in order to avoid the risk of sock puppetry. The easiest way would be to have a private email list for council members, to which prospective candidates simply send an email about who they really are. It should also point to a personal webpage, which should not be easy to make a mock-up of. This requirement would in turn require all council members to comply with a confidentiality rule, such as "WikiJournal Council members should not disclose the identities of pseudonymous participants of WikiJournal". Still, the identities of project participants may incidentally be revealed to the council, so I think all council members should agree to such a confidentially rule anyways. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 08:32, 12 May 2017 (UTC) WikiJournal Council email We currently have an email list for WikiJournal where everyone may subscribe. I think we should have a separate confidential email for the WikiJournal Council, similarly to what is used by the editorial board of WikiJournal of Medicine in addition to its open-for-everyone email list. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 08:45, 12 May 2017 (UTC) Need to encourage scholars to cite a particular revision of a WikiJournal article I just discovered the WikiJournal project, and I find it very interesting. I do have at least one concern that I would like to share, and I have not been able to find a discussion of this concern in the archives of this talk page. (By the way, if it is possible to add a search box to search the archives of this talk page, please add one.) The concern is that there may be a need to encourage scholars to cite a particular revision of a WikiJournal article. I have noticed that when scholars cite Wikipedia articles, they often cite the basic URL of an article (e.g.,) and not a permanent link to the particular revision of the article that they are referencing (e.g., is the current revision of Cerebellum as I am writing this). This is a major problem, because when a reader of a scholarly work visits the cited basic URL (e.g.,), the reader is likely not viewing the revision that the scholar cited. Would not the same problem occur if a scholar were to cite the following WikiJournal article in the following way? - Wright, Marion; Skaggs, William; Årup Nielsen, Finn; et al. (2016). "The Cerebellum". WikiJournal of Medicine 3 (1): 1. doi:10.15347/wjm/2016.001. ISSN 2002-4436.. The above citation follows the "suggested citation format" in the WikiJournal of Medicine, but it appears to be just as problematic as the links to basic URLs on Wikipedia that I described above: when a reader visits this DOI or URL, the reader is likely not viewing the revision that the scholar cited. The "suggested citation format" is not encouraging scholars to cite a particular revision of a WikiJournal article. Is there not a need to encourage scholars to cite a particular revision of a WikiJournal article? Biogeographist (discuss • contribs) 17:16, 21 May 2017 (UTC) - Thank you for your interest! Here's one possible approach: "The ionosphere is a shell of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules that surrounds the Earth, stretching from a height of about 50 km to more than 1000 km. It owes its existence primarily to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun."[1] What do you think? The reference states the date of the Wikipedia article and the access date. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 18:37, 21 May 2017 (UTC) - @Marshallsumter: Thanks for your response! But you just cited Wikipedia—what does that have to do with WikiJournal? We are discussing the WikiJournal project here. If you were trying to suggest that scholars should include the access date when citing a WikiJournal article, I do not think that is sufficient because it is unlikely that the reader would know the difference between a regular journal and a WikiJournal; the reader would likely not know how to access the correct revision of the article from the article's history page. That is one reason why I am suggesting that there may be a need to encourage scholars to cite a particular revision of a WikiJournal article using a permanent link (e.g., is the current revision of WikiJournal of Medicine/The Cerebellum as I am writing this), and NOT the basic URL and DOI in the "suggested citation format" in the WikiJournal of Medicine. Merely using the basic URL and DOI in the "suggested citation format" in the WikiJournal of Medicine treats a WikiJournal article as if it were a traditional journal article; but unlike a traditional journal article, WikiJournal articles can change over time, which would cause the problem that I mentioned above if a scholar cites only the basic URL or DOI. Biogeographist (discuss • contribs) 19:06, 21 May 2017 (UTC) - Yes, I agree with Biogeographist. The worst way is to cite the Wikipedia page, since that is unstable. The best would be to cite a version of the journal that was "checked" by referees of known credentials, essentially elevating the Wikipedia article to that which has passed peer review. I agree that a poor second choice is to reference it to a version that has been upgraded after it has passed peer review. When you reference something you need the analogy of an art Povenance. To summarize all this: the worst way is this: wikipedia:Provenance; slightly better is: w:Special:Permalink/771759278. But even the permalink is flawed because I myself don't really know the definition (I was just trusting that the Wikipedia article was correct).--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 21:00, 21 May 2017 (UTC) - @Guy vandegrift: Thanks for the comment! It could be a poor choice to cite (as you said) "a version that has been upgraded after it has passed peer review", or a scholar may have a good reason for citing a later version, but in any case it seems important that the WikiJournal project encourage scholars to cite a particular revision of a WikiJournal article. You have used wiki markup in your example (e.g., [[Special:Permalink/1636733]]), but, of course, if a scholar were citing a WikiJournal article outside of the Wikimedia platform, the scholar would have to use a full permalink URL, e.g., for WikiJournal of Medicine/The Cerebellum. Many scholars may not know that they need to cite a WikiJournal article this way, so I suggest that it be highlighted in the "suggested citation format" of a WikiJournal article. Biogeographist (discuss • contribs) 21:39, 21 May 2017 (UTC) - The DOI is a pretty sensible way to cite WikiJournal article. If any changes are made to a WikiJournal article (other than cosmetic formatting or uncontroversial typos) it should be re-peer-reviewed and assigned a new DOI (as is done in other academic journals). A DOI. We can also implement CrossMark verification for minor changes (example in PLOS). If in 2 years time there have been sufficient new discoveries to publish a new version of Cerebellum, it would be re-reviewed and re-published with a new DOI. The optimal formatting is DOI.[2] However, the left hand side or Wikipedia also offers a "cite this page" option to get the paermalink.[3] Of course, Wikipedia articles that have not been peer reviewed should not be cited. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 06:44, 25 May 2017 (UTC) - Indeed, the DOI codes makes it easier. Once the meaning of an article has been enough changed, we can create a new DOI code for the article (such as the old code with the addition of .2) to be the standard one used in citations. We can then redirect the old DOI code (which would still appear in many external sources) to a separate page that begins with a message saying something like "This article has been significantly updated since its first publication." preferably followed with a summary of the main changes, a link to the latest version, as well as to the History page so that readers may find the particular version at the time of the citation that brought them to the article. - Creation of a new DOI code is quite easy, but I still think we only need to do it to when there are significant changes in the meaning of the article main text, and not for every spelling error or technical edit. - Crossref membership costs WikiJournal of Medicine $275 per year, but there's essentially no fee for each assigned DOI code. I've therefore now sent a message to Crossref, asking whether it's possible to expand our membership to WikiJournal as a whole, just theoretically. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 16:59, 25 May 2017 (UTC) Thanks to all for the responses. I didn't know that DOIs could and would be updated—that mostly addresses my concern. Biogeographist (discuss • contribs) 03:33, 28 May 2017 (UTC) @Evolution and evolvability: You said: "Of course, Wikipedia articles that have not been peer reviewed should not be cited", and you cited as support an editorial by Lane Rasberry. However, as I read Rasberry's editorial, which contends that "Wikipedia should not be cited as a source of information", I found a telling contradiction and a crucial flaw in his argument. The telling contradiction is that the single study that he cites categorizes some citations of Wikipedia as "appropriate—in other words, categorized as 'citations about Wikipedia' or 'Wikipedia used in methods.'" The idea that some citations of Wikipedia are "appropriate" contradicts his contention that "Wikipedia should not be cited as a source of information" in any scholarly text on any subject. The crucial flaw in his argument can be seen in his final sentence: "Everyone should try to have research practices at least as good as those of the Wikipedians, and they would never cite Wikipedia." But the reason Wikipedians do not cite Wikipedia is because such citation would be a forbidden circular self-reference, and this reason is not relevant to scholars who are citing Wikipedia in their published texts outside of Wikipedia. I agree that Rasberry's message about scientific peer review is important for scientists who are writing for health science journals, but his argument is flawed and moreover, I would argue, his contention that "Wikipedia should not be cited" is not relevant to the wider range of scholars: for example, scholars who write about Wikipedia will certainly have to cite Wikipedia, and since Wikipedia is an increasingly important cultural phenomenon it is likely that more and more historians and other scholars in the social sciences and humanities will have to cite Wikipedia whenever their subject matter involves Wikipedia. Here are some examples of scholarship where citing Wikipedia is certainly appropriate: - Elder-Vass, Dave (2016). Profit and gift in the digital economy. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316536421. ISBN 9781107146143. OCLC 946254852. - Safner, Ryan (December 2016). "Institutional entrepreneurship, Wikipedia, and the opportunity of the commons". Journal of Institutional Economics 12 (4): 743–771. doi:10.1017/S1744137416000096. - Edwards, John S., ed. (2015). The essentials of knowledge management. OR essentials series. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137552105. ISBN 9781137552082. OCLC 908913998. - Tkacz, Nathaniel (2015). Wikipedia and the politics of openness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226192277. OCLC 881386686. - Vandendorpe, Christian (October 2015). "Wikipedia and the ecosystem of knowledge". Scholarly and Research Communication 6 (3): 1–10.. - Fichman, Pnina; Hara, Noriko, eds. (2014). Global Wikipedia: international and cross-cultural issues in online collaboration. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780810891012. OCLC 861955584. - Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common knowledge?: an ethnography of Wikipedia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804789448. OCLC 865452353. - Leitch, Thomas M. (2014). Wikipedia U: knowledge, authority, and liberal education in the digital age. Tech.edu: a Hopkins series on education and technology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421415352. OCLC 879584159. -. - Hoffart, Johannes; Suchanek, Fabian M.; Berberich, Klaus; Weikum, Gerhard (January 2013). "YAGO2: a spatially and temporally enhanced knowledge base from Wikipedia". Artificial Intelligence 194: 28–61. doi:10.1016/j.artint.2012.06.001. - Sui, Daniel Z.; Elwood, Sarah; Goodchild, Michael F., eds. (2013). Crowdsourcing geographic knowledge: volunteered geographic information (VGI) in theory and practice. Dordrecht; New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4587-2. ISBN 9789400745865. OCLC 810987841. - Hardy, Darren; Frew, James; Goodchild, Michael F. (July 2012). "Volunteered geographic information production as a spatial process". International Journal of Geographical Information Science 26 (7): 1191–1212. doi:10.1080/13658816.2011.629618. - Doan, Anhai; Ramakrishnan, Raghu; Halevy, Alon Y. (April 2011). "Crowdsourcing systems on the World-Wide Web". Communications of the ACM 54 (4): 86–96. doi:10.1145/1924421.1924442. - Geertman, Stan; Reinhardt, William P.; Toppen, Fred J., eds. (2011). Advancing geoinformation science for a changing world. Lecture notes in geoinformation and cartography. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19789-5. ISBN 3642197884. OCLC 719363243. - Lima, Manuel (2011). Visual complexity: mapping patterns of information. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 9781568989365. OCLC 664674853. - Börner, Katy (2010). Atlas of science: visualizing what we know. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262014458. OCLC 476360071. As this list demonstrates, there are indeed legitimate reasons for many scholars to cite Wikipedia. Thanks, Biogeographist (discuss • contribs) 03:33, 28 May 2017 (UTC) - @Biogeographist: Really good distinction! I think the difference is that citing a Wikipedia permalink is appropriate to make a point about the information as stated in Wikipedia, but not to use as a general reference for the fact itself. - Appropriate- In 2017, Wikipedia's example article identified France as the largest EU country.[4] - Inappropriate - France as the largest EU country.[5] (correct reference should be this.[6]) - Appropriate - The hippocampus was named after its resemblance to the seahorse.[7] - Inappropriate - The hippocampus was named after its resemblance to the seahorse.[8] - This is probably perticularly relevent for legal papers using the definition on a Wikipedia page to set a legal precedent.[9] T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 12:59, 28 May 2017 (UTC) Example references - ↑ "Ionosphere, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. August 29, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-31. - ↑ Wright, Marion; Skaggs, William; Nielsen, Finn Årup. "The Cerebellum". WikiJournal of Medicine 3 (1). doi:10.15347/wjm/2016.001.. - ↑ Cerebellum. (2017, May 23). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 06:30, May 25, 2017, from - ↑ France. (2017, May 25). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:51, May 28, 2017, from - ↑ France. (2017, May 25). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:51, May 28, 2017, from - ↑ "Europa Official Site – France". EU. Retrieved 28 October 2014. - ↑ Wright, M; et al. (2017). "The Hippocampus". WikiJournal of Medicine 4 (1): 3. - ↑ Hippocampus. (2017, May 23). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:59, May 28, 2017, from - ↑ Peoples, Lee F. "The citation of Wikipedia in judicial opinions." Yale JL & Tech. 12 (2009): 1. Archived from meta:Talk:WikiJournal User Group Following conversations are archived from meta:Talk:WikiJournal User Group. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 19:40, 27 October 2017 (UTC) From the talk page at Meta:Talk:WikiJournal_User_Group Learning Quarterly: October 2017 L&E Newsletter / Volume 4 / Issue 14 / October 2017 Learning Quarterly Frontpage: #Learning Days #CEInsightsReport [[m:Learning and Evaluation/Newsletter/2017/4/14#mark14\|Leave your mark on Meta!]] New AffCom corner, plus learning patterns you can contribute to. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 10:50, 3 November 2017 (UTC) Possible next steps? What are possible next steps for this project? Timboliu (discuss • contribs) 18:18, 11 August 2017 (UTC) - WikiJournal..try to achieve this...IMO--Ozzie10aaaa (discuss • contribs) 11:06, 12 August 2017 (UTC) - @Timboliu: In addition to agreeing with Ozzie, here are some additional suggestions of sensible next steps: - Get approved as a full sister project. Not a huge rush, but it would allow a lot more control over e.g. the left-hand menu, the url, perhaps some locking features for published works. Eventually I hope a landing page would be something like this draft, loosely inspired by PLOS's current landing page. - Keep Wiki.J.Med growing. Get indexed in Scopus and Pubmed. - Build the next core journals. In my opinion, the priorities should be to add two broad journals in order to be sustainable initially: WikiJournal of Science and WikiJournal of Humanities. This requires inviting high-quality submissions. As the journals slowly gain reputation, more and more submissions will come unsolicited. A main hurdle remains the limited number of editors for these new journals. An editorial board of 6-12 for each journal would help spread the labour of inviting articles and organising peer reviews from external experts. - Unify the journal preprints systems so that the initial writing stages are as similar as possible for the journals (will reduce admin later on). - These are only my opinions. I think we've recently done well at improving the pitch for becoming a sister project, and developing the overall structure, pillars and bylaws that all the WikiJournals would function under. In many ways, one of the hardest things in the points above is making sure we have enough core editors for each journal to make them sustainable. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 02:24, 13 August 2017 (UTC) - I agree with the above. I've lately been busy with getting the latest Wiki J Med publication done, and I still need to add some material to its ethics draft. After that, I can work further on the overall WikiJournal organization. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:06, 13 August 2017 (UTC) - Great! If I can help you with something, please let me know. Regards, Tim, Timboliu (discuss • contribs) 14:13, 6 October 2017 (UTC) - @Timboliu: Over the next couple of weeks I'm planning to build some of the necessary pages for Wiki.J.Sci.. I've just made a unified submission page that should allow submissions to the new WikiJournals as they start up. Currently, I think it would benefit from people inviting suitably qualified authors to submit articles for external peer review (e.g. topics not covered in Wikipedia, overhauls of poorly written Wikipedia pages, or submission of well-written GA/FA articles). Would you be interested in hunting down a couple of suitable submissions? I should have the relevant core Wiki.J.Sci. pages ready next weekend. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 05:20, 9 October 2017 (UTC) DOIs and next year's financing I've discovered that the Crossref membership of WikiJournal of Medicine can actually be used to assign DOI codes to articles of multiple journals. For example, we can create DOI codes for the articles in WikiJournal of Science. If we want, we can assign it to the articles of issue 0, or perhaps we want to wait until a peer review system is in place. This feature changes my mind regarding future financing of WikiJournal. Since the Crossref membership is the main cost of our funding by rapid grants, I think it would be better to apply on the behalf of the entire WikiJournal project instead of for WikiJournal of Medicine. It's time to start preparing the grant for next year's expenses, so in any case I will now go ahead and register WikiJournal as a non-profit organization in Sweden, so that we can apply for a rapid grant as such an organization. I can take the treasurer position in the grant application, but feel free to nominate yourself of someone else too for it. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 19:26, 10 October 2017 (UTC) - I've added the recommended DOI structuring at the Starting a journal page. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 19:22, 17 October 2017 (UTC) Expansion Given that Wiki.J.Med has proven the viability of the concept over the last few years, I think that now is a good time to expand the sister journals. Specifically, I think that WikiJournal of Science and WikiJournal of Humanities are the logical next journals to build on. Although they have much broader scope than Wiki.J.Med, I think that having a larger possible pool of potential contributors is useful to starting up. More specialist journals could conceivably follow if the format proves popular enough. I've sent some emails around to people who might be interested in joining the relevant editorial boards, so I hope that a few people will be joining us in the near future. I've done some updates on the Wiki.J.Sci pages and plan to build the infrastructure for Wiki.J.Hum over the next couple of weeks in order to help overcome the activation energy barrier for their development. There are a few things that I'll need some help with: - Since we have no advertising budget, I think that all journals should do a big social media push (though I'm no social media expert) - We should tweet at some of the larger academic societies, since I think they are the most likely to retweet, and would reach a larger audience - WikiJMed can highlight that there are 10 weeks left to get submissions in to be eligible for the prize (I've updated the advertising poster) - Wiki.J.Sci and Wiki.J.Hum can announce as just starting up (perhaps via a unified WikiJournal Twitter & Facebook account?) - Can the web address be purchased on the existing Wiki.J.Med. account? - Can we make new article submission and contact email addresses (even if they just forward to existing places) - Similarly, Wiki.J.Sci. will need a board mailing list (DONE) - Do any changes need to be made to the WikiJMed bylaws to make them suitable for WikiJSci? - Do we know the Non-profit organization number for WikiJournal user group yet? I've asked Mikael Häggström for help with some of these, but any help or thoughts appreciated! T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 08:08, 15 October 2017 (UTC) - Good ideas Thomas! I've still gotten no reply from the non-profit organization application, but it shouldn't be long now. I'll still be busy for some time with the ethics draft of WikiJMed, and the rapid grants application once the non-profit status is confirmed, but I'd love to help in the expansion later. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 19:27, 17 October 2017 (UTC) - To WikiJMed, I've made a public mailing list for WikiJSci, and a facebook account. I've also made a private WikiJSci board mailing list similar to the WikiJMed version, and board members should have received an email link to join. I've never used twitter before, so I'll have to leave that to someone else! T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 04:08, 19 October 2017 (UTC) - Looking good! I have created a Twitter account at - is there a natural e-mail address to use for notifications? Any suggestions, including for the long name (currently Wiki Journal Science) welcome. Presumably we should share access among the editors? Markus Pössel (discuss • contribs) 17:46, 20 October 2017 (UTC) - (And yes, if a unified account is needed, it is possible to rename accounts. Just give the word.) Markus Pössel (discuss • contribs) 18:01, 20 October 2017 (UTC) - Excellent. I's good to have someone who has some social media experience involved. I've also made a WikiJSci Facebook page at [9]. It's similarly possible to make multiple people admins of the FB page. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 01:17, 21 October 2017 (UTC) ┌─────────────────────────────────┘ @Markus Pössel: It's Open Access week this week, so it might be a good opportunity to make a tweet or two per day about the unique features of the journal. We could even tweet at open-access advocacy groups and scientific societies in the hope that some re-tweet? Examples: - Is your research topic absent or poorly covered in Wikipedia? Publish open-access with WikiJournal of Science to update it. - Want your paper to reach 100,000 people per year? Works accepted by WikiJournal of Medicine are integrated into Wikipedia for max impact. - This open access week, consider submitting to a free, open-access journal like Wiki.J.Sci I've no idea on twitter ettiquete or writing style, but hopefully the general idea is clear! T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 22:44, 22 October 2017 (UTC) Chiswick Chap, for Wiki.J.Sci Thomas Shafee has invited me to join him to help out with Wiki.J.Sci and I'll be pleased to do that. I don't think it will be possible or desirable to remain anonymous in this role so I will work openly here under my real name, Ian Alexander. I've been editing Wikipedia for something over 6 years and I've helped to bring some 150 articles to Good Article status, many of them biological. Lately I have focussed on topics in evolution and its history. When I was working in industry I was lead author on three books on requirements (software and systems engineering), and published over 25 peer-reviewed papers in that domain. I taught many training courses in industry and gave numerous seminars whether at academic conferences or in universities in England, including Lancaster, Westminster, and City University, London where I was a visiting research fellow. My first degree was in natural sciences, and as far as commissioning articles is concerned, I am most interested in improving coverage in biology articles, but am happy to assist in other areas including engineering. Chiswick Chap (discuss • contribs) 13:30, 21 October 2017 (UTC) - @Chiswick Chap: In addition to formally supporting your joining the Wiki.J.Sci board, I just wanted to add an extra note to say that I appreciate the significance to relinquishing your anonymity. I realise that it can be a significant change, but I think worthwhile for an endeavour like this. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 03:31, 26 October 2017 (UTC) Join I'd like to join. :) Megalibrarygirl (discuss • contribs) 17:15, 24 October 2017 (UTC) - @Megalibrarygirl: Thanks for your joining the Wiki.J.Hum. editorial board. I'm looking forward to seeing the Humanities journal take off! T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 03:33, 26 October 2017 (UTC) Draft of budget grant I've now prepared a draft of the grant application for running this project through 2018: Meta:Grants:Project/Rapid/WikiJournal 2018. Feel free to add ideas and comments. On a side not I'd like to inform that WikiJournal is now a registered non-profit organization in Sweden, since October 23. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 19:43, 27 October 2017 (UTC) - I've now submitted the grant application. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 06:08, 14 November 2017 (UTC) WikiJournal as "publisher" Now that the WikiJournal User Group has become an organization of its own, it should now be our formal "publisher", that is, the "institution" or "society" behind each journal. Wikimedia Foundation was previously our "publisher", and is still our financial provider. An immediate use of this change is for the contract sent from ScienceOpen, which is now offering inclusion of WikiJournal of Medicine in their database. It is to be completed on behalf of the publisher, so now we don't need to have the contract formally approved by the board of trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation, which would be a much greater hassle than just signing it ourselves. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 01:57, 20 November 2017 (UTC) - I think that is very sensible, and in line with the user group's bylaws. It also makes sense for unifying as much as possible thing like the preprint submission system, submission form, and the potential draft landing page. Conceivably WMF could be listed as "host" rather than "funder" if some day the majority of our funding comes from some other philanthropic source., however for now I think the wording is clear. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 02:54, 20 November 2017 (UTC) Guideline unification versus individualization With changes being made to guidelines of the now multiple WikiJournals, I made an example of a template that allows for improvements to show in all journals: Template:WikiJournal/Peer_reviewers/Criteria. It is now in use for the "Criteria" guideline for all three existing WikiJournals: - WikiJournal of Medicine/Peer reviewers - WikiJournal of Science/Peer reviewers - WikiJournal of Humanities/Peer reviewers Different journal scopes will in some cases mean that some kinds of wording will be more optimal than others in a particular field, but with some modification this template can display entire sentences differently as well. If it seems all right, I suggest we implement this type of template for all journals. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 21:09, 27 November 2017 (UTC) Notification of Past Due Reporting Greetings, This is a notification to bring to your attention that your organization is currently past due on its required annual reporting. User Groups are required to submit an annual activity report covering the entirety of the 12-month agreement period in order to renew their status as a Wikimedia User Group. Reports must be written in English, posted to meta, and linked on the meta Reports page. As noted on the meta Reports page, your organization’s 2017 annual reporting became past due in July. Please be sure to - Post your 2017 annual Activities reporting to the meta Reports page as soon as possible to return to compliance with your Usergroup. Kindest regards -- DNdubane (WMF) (discuss • contribs) 19:19, 29 November 2017 (UTC) - I'm sorry for having missed to post our reports at that page. I've now added a link there to the following page: Meta:WikiJournal User Group/Activity report May 2016 to Dec 2017. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 10:48, 3 December 2017 (UTC) - Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 10:48, 3 December 2017 (UTC) Location of mailing lists I am a member of the WikiJournal Council and an active member of the Editorial board of WikiJournal of Medicine (WJM). Till now the members of the editorial board have been collaborating excellently through a private google group, the access of which is restricted to the board members alone. There is another group which is publicly accessible and wherein other enthusiasts are free to participate. Each of the other journals viz. WikiJournal of Science (WJS) and WikiJournal of Humanities (WJH) have email lists/groups in similar manner. On the other hand, the WikiJournal Council has a mailing list with and a defunct google group wherein enthusiasts can freely discuss and collaborate. Till now WJM has maintained transparency in all the editorial board decisions and I can vouch that how well neutrality has been maintained. I believe that the other boards (WJS and WJH) would do the same. But it needs to be discussed whether we would like to continue to have the editorial discussions privately on Google groups. The reason for the query is that with the expansion of the WikiJournal model to different specialities it is important to set norms with transparency and archival in mind. The fact is in spite of the transparency of the process so far, the private google groups discussions can never be publicly documented (other than pdf print of the email threads from individual capacity) in case need ever arises. On the other hand, till now Wikimedia mailing lists have possibly never needed to be private (I could be wrong). A consensus would therefore be needed about whether to continue with the existing model or whether to shift to Wikimedia mailing lists, possibly with certain administrative modifications, if they are feasible. I would encourage a discussion in this regard. Diptanshu💬 15:28, 9 December 2017 (UTC) - I think the private editorial board discussions work well in their Google Groups, and likewise for the public email lists, so I don't think we need to shift to Wikimedia mailing lists. On the other hand, I do think we need to bring discussions to an open forum whenever we can. We can for example write "I'm forwarding email conversation to the public email group shortly unless anyone disagrees", and if we want more input we can make a short introduction and a link to the public Google Group here. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 12:37, 10 December 2017 (UTC) - I agree with Mikael. I think we need to be mindful of moving conversation off the board emails where possible, but that they serve a useful function (especially now that they should be email-able by anyone). All wikijournal board mailing lists should be searcheable by board members (and audit-able by appropriate regulatory bodies) via the google group webpages (like this one for WJMboard). A public example of how searcheable is the public WikiJMed mailing list. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 09:58, 13 December 2017 (UTC) Editorial board vs Advisory board Wiki.J.Med has set a great prototype and now Wiki.J.Sci is following trend. With 16 editorial board members, it now has more active discussions ongoing in the private editorial board mailing list/group. However, the WikiJournal model needs further strategic inputs on which the individual boards can act. The WikiJournal Council could possibly benefit from the inputs of various eminent academicians and journal personalities whom we could invite. Nevertheless, they need not be a good fit the editorial board of any particular discipline and need not play a role in editorial decisions in the context of submissions and publications. We could possibly accommodate them into an Advisory board which may or may not be journal specific. I have posted a topic at Talk:WikiJournal of Science#Editorial board vs Advisory board but the discussion can best proceed here. I would invite inputs from the participants on this issue. Diptanshu💬 16:34, 9 December 2017 (UTC) - I'm worried that the creation of an Advisory Board would give the impression that people would need to be members or be able to provide credentials in order to give advice. The issue in the section above would remain, about how we can share what's happening in the private board email groups. Now that the requirements for becoming an Associate Editor have been increased, we could possibly create an new role for those who just want to participate without having undergone formal scrutiny of their identities and credentials. I'm not sure "adviser" would be the most needed additional role, perhaps just something like "participant" in order to include a broad scope of ways to participate. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 12:47, 10 December 2017 (UTC) - Very good point Mikael. The main interest of the WikiJournals is that they are Wikipedia-compatible, and also Wikipedia-like to some extent. When it comes to receiving advice, we can function in a Wikipedia-like way, and we need not emulate traditional journals. Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 19:37, 11 December 2017 (UTC) - My instinct is that advisers could best be involved in two ways: - incorporated into editorial boards, but with roles limited to strategy, structure, and advice in their fields of expertise (whilst abstaining from editorial decisions such as specific article publication (like Mikael and I currently are on the WikiJHum board) - casual contribution via the discussion boards (like we may get wikidata experts to help with) - I'm wary of making too many layers of organisation just yet, so I think that I'd encourage participants to just provide advice and suggestions without signing up as participants. Participant lists typically go out of date pretty fast (e.g. see sign-up participant list versus the auto-generated active participant list). T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 09:51, 13 December 2017 (UTC) - I agree. We shouldn't make the journal structure more complicated than necessary. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 17:02, 15 December 2017 (UTC) WikiJournal of Science can be an acceptable source in Wikipedia The outcome of a discussion at Reliable sources/Noticeboard#WikiJournal of Science is basically that WikiJournal of Science can be an acceptable source in Wikipedia. I've made an update in its guidelines: WikiJournal_of_Science/Editorial_guidelines#Wikipedia_inclusion. I also mentioned it on its Publishing page, because I think this is a major incentive for authors, to potentially reach the sometimes hundreds of thousands of readers every month for the most popular Wikipedia articles. WikiJSci has actually surpassed WikiJMed in this regard, since Wikipedia inclusion of material in the latter is mainly restricted to images (inclusion guidelines). Still, those underlying discussions took place before there was a requirement for at least 2 independent reviewers for each article, and when participation was much lower. I therefore think the topic can be brought up again in a near future, but I think we should first see the response to the first usages of WikiJSci articles as Wikipedia references. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 15:45, 10 December 2017 (UTC) - Great news! But we should be aware of the consequence: that academics can basically evade the Wikipedia guidelines by being their own authorities. To do this, write a review article that obeys standard academic referencing practices (which differ from Wikipedia's), publish it in a WikiJournal, and then copy it to Wikipedia while citing said review article as the main (or only) reference. In my opinion this would be completely fine, but not everyone agrees. Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 20:12, 11 December 2017 (UTC) - Yes, but the same can be done without WJS; and is acceptable for WP. I recall several times seeing on Wikipedia talk pages something like this: ...if so, well, first publish your research in an appropriate academic journal, and then be welcome here. Boris Tsirelson (discuss • contribs) 21:59, 11 December 2017 (UTC) - I agree that we shall have to be very careful of people trying to evade Wikipedia's systems. We will need to ensure that any original research has the same standards of peer review applied as any other reputable journal to act as a reliable source (whether cited in Wikipedia, or anywhere else for that matter). However, that the current consensus is that our bylaws, policies and guidelines hits this mark is a good endorsement of the foundations we've built so far. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 09:28, 13 December 2017 (UTC) Learning Quarterly: January 2018 L&E Newsletter / Volume 5 / Issue 15 / January 2018 Learning Quarterly Frontpage: #LeadershipDevelopment #CaseStudies [[m:Learning and Evaluation/Newsletter/2018/5/15#Awesome15\|A program in the spotlight: Raising awareness of Wikipedia in Nigeria, one radio program at a time]] [[m:Learning and Evaluation/Newsletter/2018/5/15#mark15\|Leave your mark on Meta!]] Inspire New Readers campaign, and AffCom elections MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 10:45, 3 November 2017 (UTC) Ethics statement Location of draft: Reflection in bylaws and role pages Generalization This was started as a statement for WikiJournal of Medicine, but it seems best to have one common ethics statement for all WikiJournals. Do you agree with this? Also, additions and corrections are very welcome. In particular, there are some headers of possible topics to add, but with yet no text. I suggest that we remove all headers of empty sections in 2 weeks, so that we can move forward and ratify the ethics statement. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 14:53, 10 December 2017 (UTC) - Great work continuing to update the ethics statement. Something aggregated points discussed by bard members: - An Anti-harassment statement and/or a code-of-conduct statement could be added, or written as a separate page - Perhaps the ethics statement could be written as WikiJournal-wide, than each journal can link to it if it wishes to abide (if journals eventually really have different ethical requirements, they can add journal-specific amendments underneath their transclusion of the WikiJournal-wide foundation) - T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 00:59, 11 December 2017 (UTC) - @Mikael Häggström: The current draft ethics statement allows each section to be transcluded individually from Template:WikiJournal/Draft of duties of XYZ. It might be worth keeping it all on the same page to be transcluded as a single block into each (e.g. WikiJournal of Medicine/Ethics) etc with a final journal-specific section added at the end. For example, PLOS has a statement that covers all of their journals unless otherwise noted. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 08:37, 29 December 2017 (UTC) - Also, when we get membership of COPE, WikiJMed should also apply to be listed by the ICMJE using this form. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 12:35, 29 December 2017 (UTC) - That might be a good idea. Still, upon accepting the duties, I think these templates ([10] [11] [12] [13]) should be used at the pages of Editors, Peer reviewers etc. and therefore it's feasible to have them as separate templates. This will also help avoiding contradictions in the guidelines. Great idea with the ROOTPAGENAME ([14]) by the way! Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:41, 4 January 2018 (UTC) - Yes, hardly anything (apart from the journal name, which I guess is what the ROOTPAGENAME supplies) seems to be specific to medicine, so sharing is obviously a huge saving of labour. Chiswick Chap (discuss • contribs) 22:33, 4 January 2018 (UTC) - I now see the logic of having the 'Duties of X' sections separate be able to transclude both into the ethics statement as well as the relevant pages (e.g. /Reviewers). It maight be able to maintain if we store all the sections on the same page. I'll look into selective transclusion as an alternative implementation (see example in my sandbox here). I think this might be easier to maintain. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 02:18, 5 January 2018 (UTC) - I support the solution of selective transclusion as well; whatever works to avoid contradicting statements at different pages over time. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:31, 7 January 2018 (UTC) - I've now moved the ethics draft to WikiJournal User Group/Draft of ethics statement so that it can be the same for all journals. Still, I haven't gotten the transclusion to work for WikiJournal of Medicine/Draft of ethics statement. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo), can you assist? Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 14:49, 14 January 2018 (UTC) - Done. The transclusion points to the template:XYZ page, so you just need to make a redirect from the template:XYZ → XYZ. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 17:07, 15 January 2018 (UTC) Unifying templates I think we should overall use more templates similar to Template:WikiJournal/Publishing/Intro (used in the intro of all Publishing pages such as WikiJournal of Medicine/Publishing). This allows for unification of our pages, as well as individualization where needed. Improvements to any information or guideline will therefore be shown in all journals at the same time, which will be of great help when even more journals are created. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:48, 4 January 2018 (UTC) - As above, obviously a great idea. Chiswick Chap (discuss • contribs) 22:33, 4 January 2018 (UTC) - I agree. Otherwise I suspect we'll have a lot of accidental divergence over time. Even the way that the Submission page of each journal transcludes the WikiJournal Preprints page makes maintenance and updates much easier. One long-term possibility would even be to have a single unified bylaws for the journals, with each journal having a journal-specific amendments section for anything that differs from the standard version. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 02:13, 5 January 2018 (UTC) - In emails last month, a "Code of Conduct" was also mentioned. With templates and/or selective transclusion we could also create such a page for each journal from content already given, mainly at "Ethics statement", since I assume the mast majority of the content will be overlapping. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:38, 7 January 2018 (UTC) The ethics statement, once approved, has implications for the bylaws for each journal as well (WikiJournal of Medicine/Bylaws, WikiJournal of Science/Bylaws, WikiJournal of Humanities/Bylaws). It will also be reflected on the pages for each role, taking the medical journal for example: Authors, Peer reviewers, Editorial board, Associate editors. I see two main options: - Using Templates or selective transclusion to transclude the same text in all places. For example, a template named Duties of the editorial board could be transcluded in the editorial board page, the ethics statement, as well as in the bylaws. It can be coded so as to display for example "...of Medicine" in the medical journal and "...of Science" in the science journal etc. - Link to the ethics draft, such as further information: Ethics statement#Duties of the editorial board. I think alternative 2 is better in the bylaws, because the bylaws are rather of a formal/legal nature (with entries almost in a list format), while the ethics statement is more of an ethical/professional nature (with more of a prose format). I'm open to either alternative for the pages of each role. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 18:29, 14 January 2018 (UTC) Ethics statement updates I've done some more updates to the Ethics statement based on: COPE, ICMJE, and CSE, as well as the journal/publisher groups PLOS, F1000, and PeerJ. Many of the issues are common to all journals. In addition, a few are unique to the Wikipedia-integration features of WikiJournals: large group authorship, attribution of content from Wikipedia, and the definition of a preprint server. It would be good to have as many eyes cast over it as possible to check that we are happy to stand by it. We can also update and amend it over time as needed. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 04:45, 9 January 2018 (UTC) - Great work, T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)! I've looked over it and made some amendments (page history). Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 15:38, 14 January 2018 (UTC) Self-citation The statement about self-citation is problematic and cannot reasonably be made precise. I propose the complete removal of this statement. If we started giving rules about self-citations, why not give rules about citations of friends, of rivals, citation trading, etc? Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 20:27, 9 January 2018 (UTC) - Some similar points were also raised in the google group mailing list. I think compelling points are being made on removing the explicit self-citation limit. I think what such guidelines are attempting to achieve in other journals is to prevent people churning out papers that only cite themselves in order to bump up their own citations stats. Perhaps it's possible to reword it as something about publications should not be for the purpose of self-promotion? In particular, citations should be appropriate to the statement being supported. If anyone has an example from another journal's guidelines it might be useful for comparison. In general they tend to also be quite broadly worded so that they state expectations of how participants should behave (spirit of the law) rather than hard rules (letter of the law). T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 00:30, 11 January 2018 (UTC) - Given the discussion here and in the google group mailing list, I've removed the section on self-citation. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 23:36, 11 January 2018 (UTC) - It's all right without such a section from now. Pending what experience we will have in such cases, we can add such a section at a later time. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 15:44, 14 January 2018 (UTC) - Self-citation is a logical part of academic publishing. Problems arise when there is a conscious effort from authors, editors or publishers to influence the integrity of the citations that are added. There have been many cases in the past of publishers or groups of journals who would form citation cartels and there is a recent case of a paper that was retracted for being cited too much on Retraction Watch. Encompassing this in a single statement is going to be very difficult, but a general statement like: "The WikiJournal of Science does not accept manuscripts that show aberrant citation behaviour" might be vague enough to be useful if an issue arises.Van Vlijmen (discuss • contribs) 08:59, 5 February 2018 (UTC) - Still, the vague nature of the statement would still limit its practical use. I'm still not sure whether it is needed. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 21:04, 5 February 2018 (UTC) - Isn't the only practical use going to be that a paper can be rejected on the basis of overindulgent self-citation? A statement like the one suggested is perfectly useful in those cases Van Vlijmen (discuss • contribs) 06:09, 6 February 2018 (UTC) Citing peer-reviewed literature The statement that "Cited sources should be from peer-reviewed literature" is problematic. This excludes many sources from the not so old times when peer review was not done systematically, such as: most (all?) articles by Einstein, or the articles predicting the Higgs boson in the 1960s. More recently, the existence of preprint servers is allowing increasingly many researchers to dispense with peer-reviewed journals: for example, the 2002-2003 articles that earned Grigori Perelman the Fields medal are published on arXiv only. These articles have attracted much attention and one may argue that they have been peer-reviewed, but not in an official or formal sense. So I propose to remove the statement about peer review, at least for the WJS. This could be replaced with something about "reliable" sources, which may mean different things to different people in different fields. (Actually, much peer-reviewed literature is not reliable.) Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 20:27, 9 January 2018 (UTC) - ." (w:WP:RS#Exceptions) Boris Tsirelson (discuss • contribs) 21:12, 9 January 2018 (UTC) I agree with user:Tsirel. First, it is unlikely that an un-per-reviewed great discovery would be a suitable submission to any WikiJournal. Second, if an exception does arise, the editorial board can override this guideline on a case-by-case basis.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 22:28, 9 January 2018 (UTC)This is all a bit more complicated than I first thought. One problem is that "guidelines" serve two purposes: (1) to show the world what we want to be, and (2) to govern ourselves and each other. It's not easy to balance these.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 00:10, 11 January 2018 (UTC) - As I have recently been reminded [15], usage on WP at least seems to be that certain fields treat a large number of cites as equivalent to peer review when it comes to arXiv. However, I submit that this is a field-specific case, and that we might be better served with a blanket statement that mandates peer reviewed status unless well-established precedent for exemptions exists in the field. --Florian (Elmidae) (talk · contribs) 07:58, 10 January 2018 (UTC) - To G.V.: No, sorry, my edit above is not my opinion but a Wikipedia policy. If you want to know my opinion, here it is. Given that the non-expert-driven Wikipedia permits some restricted use of self-published material, naturally, an expert-driven journal may permit a less restricted use of self-published material. Boris Tsirelson (discuss • contribs) 18:30, 10 January 2018 (UTC) - To Florian (Elmidae): The notion of "well-established precedent" is vague. Moreover, our policy should not give the impression that all peer-reviewed articles are OK. (Think about water memory.) This is why I am advocating a more flexible policy, which lets an author cite any source (s)he can vouch for, subject of course to the scrutiny of our editors and peer-reviewers. After all, authors are supposed to be experts. Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 23:01, 10 January 2018 (UTC) - I agree that it is sometimes necessary to use a source without peer review. I also think it's all right to use textbooks as sources, but it's difficult to know whether the particular section has actually been appropriately peer reviewed. Thus, at this section of the ethics statement draft, I've now changed the wording to "Cited sources should be from peer-reviewed literature whenever possible, and preferably from secondary sources". Feel free to suggest a better wording. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 16:07, 14 January 2018 (UTC) - What about "Cited sources should be published and reliable, with a preference for secondary sources"? To be reliable and published are Wikipedia's standard requirements. But we could avoid the rather tedious discussion of which sources are reliable, and leave the rest to the authors, reviewers and editors. Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 22:49, 14 January 2018 (UTC) - Tricky. I'm likely too biased towards my own limited experience here. --Florian (Elmidae) (talk · contribs) 06:49, 15 January 2018 (UTC) - Indeed, we can leave some freedom for the reviewers to make case-by-case judgement as well. The wording is now "Cited sources should be from reliable, published sources, preferably peer-reviewed, secondary sources". Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 19:46, 17 January 2018 (UTC) - @Mikael Häggström: This looks good, thanks. Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 20:11, 17 January 2018 (UTC) Is confidentiality possible? It is definitely possible to keep submissions and their authors confidential before publication. But after publication, there isn't currently a way make the author's Wikipedia Username disassociated with their article. The "author correspondence by online form" links to their e-mail via Wikipedia user page. Also, as an example, the article for the Hippocampus on the WikiJournal lists "Marion Wright et al" as the author. When you click on the "et al" link, it goes to a breakdown of edits on the page by author. It is easy to assume that the Wikipedia User who has made the most recent edits is also the author of the WikiJournal article. It seems like we should mention that you must associate your full name with your Wikipedia username if you wish to publish (or do we allow publishing pseudonymously?) Rachel Helps (BYU) (discuss • contribs) 17:32, 11 January 2018 (UTC) - You're right that we should point out somewhere that the publication is under the author's name. Currently, fully anonymous/pseudonymous publication is recommended only under extreme circumstances (examples [16], [17] and [18]). I'll think about whether that's best in the guidelines or ethics statement. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 00:21, 12 January 2018 (UTC) - I've now mentioned this risk at Author attribution. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 16:26, 14 January 2018 (UTC) - Thanks, that addresses my concern. Rachel Helps (BYU) (discuss • contribs) 16:55, 16 January 2018 (UTC) Confidentiality of submissions The guidelines are written as if the standard procedure was for submissions to be confidential, whereas most submissions will probably be public. Actually, not allowing confidential submissions would make things simpler. (This would not prevent authors from confidentially consulting editors before submitting.) See this discussion at WikiJSci, so far inconclusive. Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 22:21, 17 January 2018 (UTC) - I do think we should allow confidential submissions, by the reasons mentioned at the WikiJSci discussion. Also, I think the Submission pages and the authorship declaration form linked from there do a pretty good job already in encouraging authors to choose the non-confidential process. Practically, I think it already works in such way that authors may read the relatively short Submission page, without necessarily having to read the entire Publishing page, but perhaps it can be made even better. Perhaps something similar to Nutshell? Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:35, 22 January 2018 (UTC) Author's responsibility to keep track of minor changes We often do small technical edits to the wiki code of articles, so it's practically difficult to inform the authors every single time. Therefore, I've changed the draft page to state that "It is preferable that the authors are informed about changes, but it is ultimately the responsibility of authors to keep track of changes to their articles, such as by adding them to their watchlists." [19]. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 14:23, 14 January 2018 (UTC) Segregating guidelines about human research This heading in mixes general stuff with stuff that is specific to human research. I propose to better separate the material about human research. (This material is relevant only to medicine and humanities.) Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 20:56, 17 January 2018 (UTC) - I've now edited so that it does not show those details in WikiJSci: [20]. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:54, 22 January 2018 (UTC) I am a bit confused about the statement under the heading 'Permissions' in the section on copyright and licensing: "Authors must gain written consent from the copyright holders for any copyrighted material within their work unless that material has also been made available under a compatible license." This means that the written consent statement must allow the author not only to reproduce the copyrighted material, but also to share it under our license, right? Then we probably have to provide a template for such written consent statements. Alternatively, we could make things easier by only allowing material that is already available under a compatible license. Or by stating that authors must respect copyright law, without elaborating. Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 22:40, 17 January 2018 (UTC) - I prefer giving an example of such a letter. We can easily adapt something from Wikipedia:Example requests for permission. I could do that in a near future. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 21:06, 22 January 2018 (UTC) Inclusion of a Statement on the Compliance with Ethical Guidelines With the increased scrutiny of abstracting and indexing websites, like Pubmed Central, it is important that every published paper has a statement on the compliance with ethical standards. This is very commonly added to publications from all the large publishing houses and makes a lot of sense as it forces the authors to make statements on these topics. A manuscript without such a section should not be accepted as the authors might plead ignorance on the topic. A suggested section of a paper with no conflicts of interest and no experiments with human or animal subjects might be: Compliance with Ethical Standards Author 1 declares no conflicts of interest Author 2 declares no conflict or interest etc. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors If the authors have conflicts of interest or if they have used animal subjects, these statements should be amended to reflect this. If the authors have used human subjects, this should be noted and consideration should be given to the addition of a declaration on informed consent Van Vlijmen (discuss • contribs) 09:12, 5 February 2018 (UTC) - The authors make these certifications in the authorship declaration form upon submission - see WikiJournal of Medicine/Submission. I'm not sure they necessarily need to write in in the article as well. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:59, 5 February 2018 (UTC) - How is a reader then to know when reading the paper? We have had scores of journals rejected of the last few years from inclusion in abstracting and indexing services for not having these statements included in the actual paper (with this being listed as the reason for rejection), so if a service like Pubmed Central is of interest to the journal, this will need to be addressed Van Vlijmen (discuss • contribs) 06:06, 6 February 2018 (UTC) In Author attribution, after "Named authors must have contributed to all of the following aspects of a submitted article:" I added "unless otherwise stated in a section of the work that details the contributions of each named author" [21], because it might otherwise set unrealistically high demands on each named author. Also, it would encourage making such mentions of the contributions of each author. Another alternative would be to change the ANDs to ORs in the list, but I would prefer that, unless otherwise stated, each named author is accountable for all the listed aspects. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 21:14, 5 February 2018 (UTC) How to ratify I think we can ratify these guidelines after having a vote on this page where all participants give a Support or Oppose, or give additional comments or requests. I think we should count votes from those with any role in any WikiJournal (board member, editor, author or reviewer), but anyone may comment. A clear majority of Support among voters after let's say 10 days will lead to ratification of the ethics statement. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:27, 17 January 2018 (UTC) - Agree, I think that would be the sensible way to organise it. Lets do it in a new section to make it clear, easily linked to, and archive-able. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 21:20, 17 January 2018 (UTC) Vote: Ethics statement Conclusion With unanimous support, I am now ratifying this ethics statement. Thanks to all of you for participating! Jackiekoerner, let us know if you are still unhappy with the amendments made to the issues you raised. We can now integrate this statement in journal guidelines, and link it from our bylaws. I will also soon apply to have WikiJournal of Medicine join the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). The statement does not need to be final, however; we can always discuss it further and change it upon consensus. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 21:27, 21 February 2018 (UTC) - The full ethics statement is now transcluded for each journal. The author-specific, editor-specific and review-specific sections are also selectively transcluded into their relevant pages. This means that all the pages should remain in sync for the different journals. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 09:29, 22 February 2018 (UTC) Discussions with PMR about WikiJournal and Wikidata Below is a summary of some discussion I had with Peter Murray-Rust (w:User:PeterMR) about WikiFactMine and WikiJournals. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 04:42, 8 January 2018 (UTC) Content mine is a way for machines to extract WikiData facts from prose. The algorithms 'read' the academic literature and Wikipedia and extract simple 'semantic statements'. Human authors and reviewers are always in the loop, but the tools are there to enhance productivity by helping with fact-finding and fact-checking. This is all pretty experimental, but would be a nice set of tools to offer (optional of course). I've started drafting what a project proposal would look like at MetaWiki here. - WikiFactMine-assistance for reviewers assessing WikiJournal papers - WikiFactMine-assistance for authors writing WikiJournal papers - Automated tools to highlight/summarise relevant 'facts' from wikidata for the author to consider including (assisted literature review) - Spellchecker (assisted copyediting) - Automated infobox generation - Machine-aided redlink identification - Automated way of creating a 'most wanted' list of topics for people to consider writing WikiJournal reviews on - Topics that are the main subject of many papers in OA literature, but not present in Wikipedia - Also useful for general Wikipedia community - Value-added for published articles by better integrating them into Wikidata - Extract machine-readable triplet statements from WikiJournal papers (to add to WikiData) - Add published paper as WikiData item & associate that item with key concepts We also discussed ideas for how to engage specialist communities that might be interested in WikiJournals, and came up with a few ideas: - Teachers and educators using Wikipedia as teaching tool, eg: - Academic societies, eg: - Another round of general outreach, eg: I think there were some interesting ideas raised, so I posted them here for record. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 04:42, 8 January 2018 (UTC) - I think the WikiEdu angle in particular has some potential. I have seen some great review articles come out of undergrad class projects (admittedly the ones that stick in my mind were historical/social science, but still). Proposing eventual publication in a journal might also add another level of interest for students who are starting to develop an eye for their publication records. Maybe we should kick off some discussion on the WikiEd noticeboard talk page? - I'm generally not too hot on anything involving WikiData, because I think the entire thing is heavily flawed regarding accountability and accessibility. It combines some choice bad parts of WP (open to vandalism, complicated to edit) with a lack of some of WP's strengths (thousands of watchful eyes, some specialists on anything, functioning community decision processes). I'm not sure WikiData is really reliable enough to proffer as a fact-checking tool to reviewers. --Florian (Elmidae) (talk · contribs) 14:01, 8 January 2018 (UTC) - I'm also a bit sceptical about having any general mention of WikiData to authors or reviewers, since it would add to already lengthy guidelines for those not familiar with what WikiData is. On the other hand, those targets for further outreach seem to be highly relevant. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 16:43, 14 January 2018 (UTC) Hello - I'll introduce myself as Wikimedian in Residence at ContentMine. I'm currently volunteering with them. On Wikidata generally, I see the history as generally parallel to Wikipedia's, though simpler. At five years in, there is a general consciousness of the need for references, and the metrics show it is getting better. The other is data modelling, and there Wikidata needs to model just about everything. Progress will be piecemeal. See w:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2017-06-23/Op-ed and quite a comprehensive discussion section, for much more about where Wikidata might be heading. On the proposal now up at m:Grants:Project/ScienceSource. So, what would ScienceSource do with and for WikiJournal? The proposal says that it would process the WikiJournal articles within its biomedical scope. Actually, "process" is somewhat open-ended: it will depend to some extent on what the community would like to see done. It means building up layers of annotation, and those can be of different kinds. The main thrust, though, would be this. First, identify terms in the text by their Wikidata codes. Second, look at pairs of terms to see whether together they mark out a statement in the paper that could be, or is, a statement in Wikidata. Potential statements of that kind can be referenced to the paper they are found in. Or, they can be referenced to the source cited. Either way, we want to understand the provenance of the statement, and check whether the reference is "reliable", in the sense the project will try to define, ever more tightly. Short example: annotations lead up to the annotation that a certain statement is a well-referenced fact fit to be in Wikidata. Then a further annotation is added, of that annotation, that the reference cited is contradicted by new research. This happening should raise a flag and consequences ripple out (to the paper itself in Wikipedia form, to Wikidata, if we get clever to anything else referenced from the same citation). This would be a bit more than an alert. It would be within a machine-readable structure, recorded and documented by protocols ScienceSource would define and control. As a listed participant in the proposal, I'd be glad to pick up on any points you'd like to raise. Charles Matthews (discuss • contribs) 14:52, 2 February 2018 (UTC) - I can support having WikiJournal articles processed in this way, but it shouldn't be an additional burden for authors, but it's also up to other WikiJournal participants as to how much we want to implement this. I can't fully imagine how it would look like in reality. Would the grant need approval before being able to make a demonstration on an article? Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:54, 4 February 2018 (UTC) No burden to authors. We'd appreciate support for our aims of added value. The configuration of the system is a substantial amount of work, so it is not feasible to process a small batch of material. All this would go on at arm's length from the WikiJournal editorial process, but might result in feedback on both content and referencing. Charles Matthews (discuss • contribs) 11:18, 5 February 2018 (UTC) Please see my blog regarding collaboration with Miraheze I am currently advocating Miraheze as part of an effort to remove some of the chaos from Wikiversity. Miraheze could benefit the WikiJournal effort in two ways: First, you won't be so motivated to find a different wiki (a time consuming effort.) Second, it will promote the planning, collaborating, and composing of articles in Wikitext from the start. Even if software becomes available to convert Word and PDF files into wikitext, there is a certain style to wikitext that should be incorporated at the beginning stages of composition. One example of this is the convenient use of links to other WMF pages. Another example would be the construction of style guides. The following links to a personal blog. To avoid cluttering up this talk page, you might wish to respond on the talk page at: --forgot to sign Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 9 January 2018 (UTC) - I'll keep this here, if you don't mind - better for getting more input. So, you are suggesting that all pages for the journal might move to Miraheze, essentially to make use of better software? (Not sure I get the first point above :) --Florian (Elmidae) (talk · contribs) 14:23, 11 January 2018 (UTC) - I am currently involved in Wikiversity discussions that probably render that First point obsolete. One of the missions of Wikiversity is to host student low-quality efforts. In the past, I took the position that the need to host these low quality pages rendered any "housecleaning" of pseudoscience and other crank articles nearly impossible. How do we distinguish between a child's speculations and those of a "crank"? These low-quality efforts render Wikiversity a less than ideal host for WikiJournals. I toyed with all sorts of ways to somehow "split" Wikiversity into two two parts, and one idea was to use Miraheze, either as a host for the best, the worst, or a combination of both. - A number of experts in the "wiki-way" have convinced me that a better solution is to move the low quality articles into a "Draft" space that parallels Wikipedia draft space, except that I propose a less humiliating format. To see an example of the "kinder-gentler" draft space look at special:permalink/1803012 and note that the reader hardly notices this page is buried harmlessly in somebody's userspace. Also note that the userbox in the upper right hand corner is so much more tasteful than the template Wikipedia uses to identify Drafts.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 01:59, 12 January 2018 (UTC) - This example highlights the humiliating appearance of drafts in Wikipedia: w:special:permalink/808275590--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 02:04, 12 January 2018 (UTC) - I welcome any method for removing low-quality content from Wikiversity mainspace. Yet, I don't see enough reason to move any WikiJournal content to Miraheze, since I think the confusion of involving another wiki weighs more than any benefits thereof. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 16:49, 14 January 2018 (UTC) - @Mikael Häggström, Mu301:I agree 100% that there should be no WikiJournal articles hosted on Miraheze. Instead, I propose that: - Would-be authors be informed that private Miraheze wikis are available at zero cost so that the authors may collaborate with some degree of privacy. All submissions would then be placed in Wikiversity space. - That another and largely unrelated purpose of Miraheze be related to the question what to do with fringe-science and research articles that currently reside on Wikiversty. The impact on WikiJournals is secondary: We want to make Wikiversity seem more "conventional", and doing so will make it a better host for the WikiJournal group. I have no objection to creating a separate WMF wiki for WikiJournals, but until that happens, we should do our best to serve the WikiJournal group by maintaining Wikiversity's reputation.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 18:07, 14 January 2018 (UTC) "Public academic peer review by independent experts"??? I was showing a colleague have now shown three colleagues the WikiJournal of Science and "Public academic peer review by independent experts, and the top menu Template:WikiJSci top menu raised some concern. I have two suggestions: - Is there a way to emphasize that this is public review by "independent experts" on this page top banner? - Is there a way to permit some aspect of "private" and "confidential" review. For example, you could give readers an email address for private communications, and have the editorial board ready to step in if anybody wants to raise an issue with a submitted paper. You need to do this for all submissions. I don't know if or how the academic community categorizes review methods, but at the very least, you need to satisfy the requirements of most tenure and review processes at the college level.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 17:31, 10 January 2018 (UTC) - I don't know why, but I tend to get weird ideas, which is reflected in my publication record: Music, Quantum Mechanics, and one article in the Philosophical Quarterly. I began in plasma physics (experimental and theoretical), but most of my work has been essentially pedagogical. And for each paper I published, there were two or three ideas that failed to ever get into print (example). OK-so take me seriously but not too seriously: I think we should charge a small submission fee ($40?) with the understanding that we will pay an expert to review the article. We could even guarantee publication in WikiJournal Preprints along with a critical but fair assessment of articles rejected by our more prestigious WikiJournals. Of course, in the spirit of the WMF, the money goes only to referees with little or no affiliation with the WMF. Referees too closely affiliated with the WMF would relinquish their fee to a designated charity unrelated to the WMF.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 14:20, 13 January 2018 (UTC) - Thank you for those ideas! I made sections below to accommodate each topic. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 17:12, 14 January 2018 (UTC) Banner I think banner needs to be as succinct as possible, so I think the specification of "independent experts" can belong to the "About" page. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 17:12, 14 January 2018 (UTC) Peer reviewer anonymity Peer reviewers may be anonymous, and there's a contact email that readers can use anonymously. There's no such specific email for WikiJSci yet, but I can set it up in not a too distant future (I'm a bit too busy with other stuff this weekend though). Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 17:12, 14 January 2018 (UTC) - The "may be anonymous" condition is sufficient and similar to journals which I have refereed. I am generally given the choice of whether to reveal my identity. What bothered my colleagues was the word "public". I guess it just means that the reviews will be made public, but they had the idea that "public" meant anybody could offer a review. I think the WikiJournals are suffering from their affiliation with the WMF -- my colleagues saw the word public and assumed the reviewing would be like those insane discussions we see on Wikipedia & sisters. To compensate, the WikiJournal editors need to go out of their way to dispel such misconceptions. --Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 02:01, 15 January 2018 (UTC) Payed reviewers/editors Peer reviewers should make their reports voluntarily and not for pay. To amend lengthy times to find peer reviewers, there are many things we should do before that, such as recruiting more people overall to the project, who can help out as peer review coordinators. If we keep having trouble finding peer reviewers, I'd rather start with a rapid grant to have a payed editor, who could both help finding peer reviewers, as well as performing other routine administrative tasks.Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 17:12, 14 January 2018 (UTC) - I have some experience (as an author and reviewer) with the physics journal JHEP, which pays peer reviewers ($30). As a reviewer I think that collecting the money is more trouble than it is worth, and being paid does not add to my motivation. (Just compute the implied hourly salary.) I am also skeptical that a paid editor can help us find peer reviewers: the editor would be unknown to the people (s)he would contact, and would send emails that would most often be considered as spam by the recipients. On the other hand, there are other tasks that a paid editor could usefully perform, once the volume of submissions justifies it. Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 23:08, 14 January 2018 (UTC) - @Sylvain Ribault: I'm glad we have someone with your experience on board. If it didn't work for JHEP, then it is not likely to work for WikiJournal. I withdraw the suggestion. It is curious that JHEP's $30 fee so closely matched the $40 fee that I suggested. A $200 fee would be less hideous than what some predatory journals charge in page charges. But these WikiJournals are already avant-gard in many respects. Any effort to change the world too much is bound to fail. Let another journa experiment with that idea, IMHO--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 01:50, 15 January 2018 (UTC) - Agree with the above. --Florian (Elmidae) (talk · contribs) 06:45, 15 January 2018 (UTC) - FYI, I took this to the next level at Talk:WikiJournal_of_Science#Manuscript:_A_card_game_for_Bell's_theorem_and_its_loopholespermalink --Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 17:25, 15 January 2018 (UTC) - Anyhow, I'm still open for a hired editor to make invitations. Indeed, a hired editor would most often be considered as spam when inviting reviewers, but I'm not sure there's much difference from an invitation from a board member. Surely, an invitation looks more professional when coming from an academic, but at the same time I feel it's more effective if an administrator does administrative tasks so that academics can work with what they are specialized at. Mikael Häggström 19:56, 17 January 2018 (UTC) - I would argue that choosing and inviting reviewers is a scientific, not administrative task. Over time, editors should know their reviewers, their strengths and weaknesses, whom to invite for which type of submission. (I know a JHEP editor who has reviewers for rejecting papers, reviewers for accepting them, and reviewers for the tangent cases.) And in due time we should have enough academic editors that they need only invite reviewers whom they know, if only by name, or possibly reviewers who are recommended by a known colleague. At least that is how it might work in physics, would this be plausible in other fields? Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 20:33, 17 January 2018 (UTC) - I can agree to continue having academics and scholars making invitations to peer reviewers an for free, as long as we find volunteers to perform the task. So far we've eventually found enough peer reviewers, but finding them may take months in some cases. But if we can live with that, we don't need to hire anyone for it. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:25, 25 January 2018 (UTC) WikiJournal of Psychology Hi, I know a professor who would be really interested in having graduate students contribute to a WikiJournal of Psychology. Such a thing doesn't exist yet. How would one start that process? Rachel Helps (BYU) (discuss • contribs) 22:31, 10 January 2018 (UTC) - My advice is to have the students create drafts of their articles on Wikiversity. Then either do the WikiJournal of Science a square and submit to the WikiJournal of Science, or take an afternoon to create your own journal on Wikiversity. I will help with the latter if you are interested.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 02:25, 12 January 2018 (UTC) - Rachel Helps (BYU), would you consider the scope of WikiJournal of Humanities to include psychology as well? We can potentially add "psychology" in addition to its official inclusion of "humanities, arts, and social sciences in their broadest sense". Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 17:16, 14 January 2018 (UTC) - At our campus, Psychology is in the Math and Sciences division, I think because they have to learn statistics. It seems to be appropriate for it psychology to be in either journal. Interdisciplinary is good.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 01:53, 15 January 2018 (UTC) - Either way, I think we should make it clear if a journal accepts submissions in social sciences or not. I looked at the WikiJournal of Science and they currently accept papers that fall under STEM disciplines, which does not include psychology. Rachel Helps (BYU) (discuss • contribs) 17:34, 16 January 2018 (UTC) - That sounds reasonable.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 18:59, 16 January 2018 (UTC) - Since psychology is generally considered to be very cross-disciplinary, the majority of psychology topics would fit under WikiJHum. For example, clinical psychology would be within scope of WikiJMed, experimental psychology would likely fit into WikiJSci, with other psychology topics falling within WikiJHum's scope. In general I think that new journals need to have a starting quorum of editors to build and run it to avoid stalling. I've made a couple more comments over on the WikiJHum discussion page. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 20:56, 17 January 2018 (UTC) - If the professor mentioned by Rachel Helps (BYU) can pull together a team, perhaps an independent WikiJournal of Psychology can be created rather than including psychology under WikiJournal of Humanities. However, till this project can mature, psychology articles can be kept under purview of WikiJournal of Humanities and if a reasonable number of articles get submitted within a certain time-frame, perhaps a fork into this new and proposed entity WikiJournal of Psychology can be considered. Diptanshu💬 14:18, 19 January 2018 (UTC) WikiJournal not yet a sister project? Almost 1.5 years passed, yet WikiJournal has not yet become a sister project, despite huge support majority. What are the obstacles that prevent WikiJournal from becoming a sister project? --George Ho (discuss • contribs) 11:57, 19 January 2018 (UTC) - I was just wondering about this same issue. The application to be a sister project is pretty well developed given the guidelines. It may be appropriate to contact the sister project committee (SPCOM) to remind them that the case is still open (they have a mailing list at spcom lists.wikimedia.org), though it might be out of date. I don't think SPCOM has met in a while, since the last official rejection was in 2014 (wikifinition). T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 12:40, 23 January 2018 (UTC) - Having followed a number of these proposals on meta I would judge this one to be very strong and the support for it to be extremely positive. Approval of the creation of any new wiki tends to take a very long time regardless of how compelling the arguments are. I would suggest adding a section at meta listing the submissions that have gone through review and that have been published to demonstrate to those unfamiliar with the project how much activity there has been since the discussion was opened. Approval tends to be based more on contributions and activity, rather than just based on the merits and support for it. They want to know: there is already a home wiki (here) hosting the project, so why do you need a new separate website to be created and configured? Is there enough participation for it to be a viable stand-alone wiki? (ie. counter vandalism, admin, and other wikignome contributions.) I think this is a fantastic idea, though I admit I'm a bit ambivalent about "spinning it off" from en-wv. It seems to fall well within the scope of our project and I'm not convinced that the case has been made that this is not a duplication of wikiversity. --mikeu talk 16:45, 24 January 2018 (UTC) - Having its own wiki would definitely be beneficial since it would also offer us a left side menu that is more specific to the needs of the project, such as clicking the main icon at upper left would take you to the main page of the project. After having ratified our ethics statement (discussion above), I can work on having the project at least approved as a thematic organization. That will be one step closer to having its own wiki. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 21:09, 5 February 2018 (UTC) - agree w/ Mikael Häggström--Ozzie10aaaa (discuss • contribs) 12:03, 6 February 2018 (UTC) - I also agree w/ Mikael Häggström. Any loss to Wikiversity due to abandonment by the WikiJournal group is overcome by the gain to those who believe all academic and scientific communications should be licensed under creative commons.Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 00:57, 7 February 2018 (UTC) Unnecessary templates Hi all! I think that some of the templates we're using are unnecessary and complicate the wikitext, namely all the {{review}}, {{response}} and {{Editor's comments}} templates (see here for an example). If reviews and editorial comments need to be distinguished from regular comments, and an appropriate section title is not enough, then we can repurpose the {{review}} and {{Editor's comments}} template so that they insert an {{Ambox}} explaining that what follows is a peer review or editorial comment. I think it would be neater and would make all the nested {{response}}s unnecessary. I'm willing to take care of the change if no one opposes. Ok? --Felipe (discuss • contribs) 03:16, 24 January 2018 (UTC) - I think {{review}} and {{Editor's comments}} are worthwhile because of the standardized format, and reviewers are generally in touch with an editor who can help out with any wiki coding. However, I actually don't think we should have the {{response}} template, because its usage makes it difficult for those not knowing wiki coding to participate, and may thus discourage people in making entries. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:44, 25 January 2018 (UTC) - @Sophivorus: I agree that the use of {{response}} ends up making pages very complicated to format. It works well for the simple situation of single response to reviewer comments, but not when there is back-and-forth between reviewer and author. So, I'm happy to deprecate {{response}}, though I'm still keen on trying to eventually work out some formatting that helps make obvious reviewer comments versus author comments. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 01:55, 11 February 2018 (UTC) Authors may suggest additional reviewers (?) I've added at WikiJournal Preprints (shown in the Submission pages of each journal) that, for the peer reviews, "To speed up the process, authors may suggest peer reviewers that editors may invite". Still, it is up to the editor to judge whether the reviewer is appropriate, and should be aware that the author may have conflicts of interest in her/his reviewer suggestions. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 21:03, 22 February 2018 (UTC) Since we've been gathering WikiJournal-wide materials, (bylaws and ethics statement etc) I thought I'd make a menu bar to gather the relevant links together. There are also the sister project proposal and user group description page on meta. There are still some limitations with having some of the relevant pages on meta and some on wikiversty, but overall it's relatively functional. Let me know if you have ideas for formatting, or which pages should be linked or omitted. I've gone with something that looks very similar to the formatting for the journals, but we could alternatively make it distinct. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 13:22, 25 February 2018 (UTC) - Great work T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)! The next page I'd like to have as a common template is the editorial guidelines, but I have no time to do it myself in a near future. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 10:35, 12 March 2018 (UTC) - I've made a start at WikiJournal User Group/Editorial guidelines. I'll notify again once it's finished and ready for use. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 02:20, 20 March 2018 (UTC) - Great start, Thomas! I took the liberty to add the changes to the guidelines made at WikiJMed since March 12, and making it the official WikiJMed guidelines (so as to avoid contradictions between those two). Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 14:51, 20 March 2018 (UTC) - Finished. Should all work and stay unified from WikiJournal User Group/Editorial guidelines. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 06:33, 29 March 2018 (UTC) I've added "Preferred journal to the authorship declaration form, since it makes it easier for us to know which journal should initiate the processing of the article. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 11:24, 12 March 2018 (UTC) Version control and peer review When inviting someone to write a review on a submitted article, we give a link to the submission's page. However, the submission is not frozen, and can be edited. This could be confusing to the reviewer. I can see two possibilities to address the issue: - Send to the potential reviewer a permalink to a particular version. The reviewer works on that version. If the submission changes by the time the review is written, the authors and editors have to sort out the mess. - Have a more interactive way of doing peer review, where the reviewer is expected to follow the submission's evolution, and maybe to do some small modifications herself. (For example, fixing typos rather than listing them.) To do this we need the reviewer to have an account. If the reviewer is anonymous, maybe we can create a temporary pseudonymous account for her. Ideally both options would be available to reviewers. Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 13:42, 18 March 2018 (UTC) - A disadvantage with the first point is that a second reviewer would perform redundant work, in commenting on issues that have already been amended by comments from the first reviewer. For the second point, I find it interesting to allow peer reviewers to make minor edits, so it probably warrants a specific discussion: Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 15:25, 20 March 2018 (UTC) - Yes, the first option may lead to redundant work, but this is what happens with traditional journals, and this option probably needs to be available for reviewers who are not at ease in the wiki environment. Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 20:34, 23 March 2018 (UTC) Allowing peer reviewers to make minor edits I do think it's a good idea to allow peer reviewers to make typos and grammar errors, as long as it doesn't change the meaning of the text. This should preferably be done using a wiki account that is clearly stated to be from them at the Discussion page. Peer reviewers can be informed about these options at Peer reviewer guidelines, including the ability to use the "View history" tab at top to track differences in versions. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 15:25, 20 March 2018 (UTC) - Then how do we do this in practice? Two options: - * The editor creates an account and sends the password to the reviewer. Advantages: less work for the reviewer, easy identification of wiki account, standard user name for reviewers. But is this allowed? - * The reviewer creates the account (or uses an existing account), and informs the editor. - Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 20:24, 23 March 2018 (UTC) - My understanding is that the only rule is that you can't have multiple people use the same account, but one person can create an account for someone else. We could therefore make accounts like User:Reviewer-94198 to hand out. The only issue would be the minor additional editor work. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 01:27, 24 March 2018 (UTC) - @Sylvain Ribault, Evolution and evolvability:I've now added the allowance to the peer review guidelines [24]. Regarding how to practically do it, the easiest way is to have the reviewer create an account, and I don't think it's necessary to declare it to editors or the board, as long as the edit doesn't alter the meaning of the text. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 11:38, 12 May 2018 (UTC) Importing peer reviews Hello all WikiJournal participants, There's been an interesting conversation in the editorial board of WikiJournal of Science of a case where an article had previously been submitted to another journal, received peer reviews, gotten declined, and now submitted to WikiJournal. Points raised include that the reputability of that other journal can be taken into account in accepting their peer reviews, and it seems unethical to omit important comments previously raised. Yet, we cannot ignore our peer reviewer criteria. It seems we need to know the identity of the peer reviewers in order to make this judgement. I think this is further necessitated by the fact that we may want to complement the peer review, and we'd risk asking the same reviewer a second time if we don't know the identity of the reviewer. I've made a section at Editorial_guidelines#Importing_reviews (template currently adapted for WikiJournal of Medicine but which should be up for the other journals as well in a near future) with the text: "In case a work has already undergone a peer review by another journal or reviewing service, that peer review can be accepted by WikiJournal of Medicine." Feel free to suggest further edits to this. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 14:54, 20 March 2018 (UTC) - This policy sounds reasonable to me. --Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 21:38, 27 April 2018 (UTC) - It's now transcluded into all journals. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 22:59, 5 May 2018 (UTC) - I'm reading a slight possible contradiction here. "peer review can be accepted by WikiJournal of Medicine [or Science, Humanities] if the peer reviewer criteria are met" combined with "External peer reviews that do not fulfill these criteria should still be uploaded if possible". The implication is "external peer reviews that do not fulfill these criteria should still be uploaded if possible but are not acceptable". I believe they should be acceptable if they contain constructive, valid criticism even if they decide against acceptance. It's usually not too hard to tell reviewers apart even if they don't divulge that they've already reviewed the submission. This can be especially valuable, if their criticism is valid but overlooked by the other reviewers. More reviewers are usually better. It's then up to the authors to appropriately handle the criticism. What do you think? --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 23:42, 5 May 2018 (UTC) - Good point, Marshallsumter. I've now clarified that "...that peer review can count in..." to emphasis that additional comments are valuable although they do not fulfill the criteria, but do not count to the minimum of 2 independent peer reviews for each article. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 11:46, 12 May 2018 (UTC) Abstract vs Lead section In a WikiJournal article, should there be an Abstract as in a traditional journal article ("We do this, we do that."), or a Lead section in the sense of Wikipedia? In the current submissions to WikiJSci it seems to me that we have Lead sections that are deceptively called Abstracts. In principle, encyclopedic review articles do not need Abstracts. Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 21:18, 8 May 2018 (UTC) - I'd rather follow the wiki tradition of lead sections than the academic journal tradition of abstracts. The software, and also the web, are better adapted for lead sections, for example when sharing an article through Facebook, Twitter, etc. In any case, the current practice of inputting the entire lead section as the value of the "abstract" parameter of the Template:Article info is inelegant. Even if we decide to keep abstracts, I'd rather move them out of the template and have the template insert just the "Abstract" title. --Felipe (discuss • contribs) 21:41, 9 May 2018 (UTC) - A agree that for encyclopedic reviews, the wikipedia-style lead should be used. This would match our asking that the rest of such an article to be written in the encyclopedic style (avoiding "here we focus on" and other reviewisms). As well of being in the impersonal style, I think that it's more useful to summarise the key points than to basically list the headings. In biochem, I've actually found that many review articles have their abstracts written like leads (example). However, we could well remove the "abstract" heading in those cases and leave it as an untitled lead section. Overall, I think that it serves the same purpose as an abstract - to let readers know what to expect in the rest of the article, and to pull a couple of key points if the aren't planning on reading the whole text. - I've initially included the \|abstract=as a part of the {{Article info}}template because eventually I'd like some simple script/program to populate the crossref data (doi) for articles accepted for publication rather than requiring manually input of the info. It also allows some simple formatting to differentiate it from the rest of the article, but I agree that it's clumsily implemented. Are you thinkiT.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 00:07, 10 May 2018 (UTC) OK, thank you, we all agree that we want lead sections. To summarize, we should decide - whether abstracts that are in fact lead sections should still be called abstracts, - whether they should be fed to crossref, - which templates we need, - what we write in our guidelines. Meanwhile I have suggested to the authors of Spaces in mathematics that they write their abstract in the style of a lead section. Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 19:12, 10 May 2018 (UTC) - I just converted the abstract of my article to a lead section, check it out! Regarding the script for feeding crossref, I think it should be possible to get the lead section using either the TextExtracts API or the page/summary endpoint of the REST API. --Felipe (discuss • contribs) 06:22, 12 May 2018 (UTC) - I'm neutral regarding whether we should call these parts "abstracts" or "lead sections". Still, I do think our Publishing guidelines should mention that they should be structured into Method/Background, Results and Conclusion parts for original research, while being more freely composed summaries for reviews. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 17:18, 12 May 2018 (UTC) - I agree with Mikael! An abstracting service will look for the first unlabeled section, or if labeled "Abstract", "Introduction", "Lead", "Lede", or "Summary" to be their Abstract for the publication. The other section titles are a good pattern to indicate original research unless you'd like to use a banner. --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 02:33, 13 May 2018 (UTC) - I've now added this at: [[25]]. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 15:06, 15 May 2018 (UTC) Uniform Publishing pages I've now made a template, WikiJournal of Science/Publishing and implemented it at the corresponding pages of each journal. While I was at it, I also made the following edits: - A summary is added at the top (which can be expanded somewhat). I shortened the first "Informed consent" part and added it here, since it's mentioned in more detailed in the transcluded part of the Ethics statement. I linked the consent form example from the ethics statement. - Contact emails have been added for submissions for WikiJSci and WikiJHum for authors requesting confidentiality of their works. - I adapted to the fact that WikiJournal of Science articles may potentially be used as sources in Wikipedia -See previous entry. This can potentially include original research, but we should await the reception of this in Wikipedia before doing this for WikiJMed and WikiJHum articles. This also included a merge of the section “Original research, synthesis, opinions and speculation” to “Publicising and disseminating works”. - I also simplified the publication variants to include only the editable wiki version and the “Version of record” PDF version. The additional line was “The title above the abstract links to a version stored in the article's history page that cannot be changed. It is the version of the article that was accepted by the journal.”, which is a feature that we can continue to have, but I think the PDF should then be updated ASAP, so in any case I think it brings unnecessary confusion to mention to all prospective authors. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 17:01, 12 May 2018 (UTC) Thomas Shafee as Chair As part of the overall bylaws for WikiJournal, we do have a Chair position that we still haven't used so far: WikiJournal_User_Group/Bylaws#ARTICLE_V_-_CHAIR The appointment is "by consensus in the WikiJournal Council." I hereby nominate Thomas Shafee for this position. I think he is the leading contributor overall to this project, so I'd love to give him a corresponding official title. I think a predominance of supporting replies to this nomination by other WikiJournal Council members serves as a consensus. Let's give 6 days to gather entries before deciding whether we have consensus in this. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:25, 31 May 2018 (UTC) Comment - I should mention here my thoughts on the role of the council (which has been relatively minor so far). Essentially, I think it should centralise implementation of the discussions held on this page and reducing email load for the individual journals. Currently, topics relevant to all WikiJournals are emailed to all editorial boards, which can contribute to email overload of editors mainly interested in subject-specific roles. The Council could centralise some of the tasks, especially forwarding the proposal to be a full sister project, interactions with the Wikimedia Foundation, any necessary admin as a publishing house (e.g. application to OASPA). At least one member of each editorial board should be on the council, plus anyone else with an interest in these topics. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 01:52, 4 June 2018 (UTC) - Support. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:25, 31 May 2018 (UTC) - Could you please give a link to the list of members of the WikiJournal Council? Sylvain Ribault (discuss • contribs) 20:30, 31 May 2018 (UTC) - The list (and some further information, and how to join) is described at: Meta:WikiJournal_User_Group#WikiJournal_Council. You are free to comment on this topic even if you are not currently a member there. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:39, 31 May 2018 (UTC) - Sylvain Ribault, I missed adding the Meta: before the link, so now it's corrected. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:29, 1 June 2018 (UTC) Support --Marshallsumter (discuss • contribs) 21:00, 31 May 2018 (UTC). Support --Ozzie10aaaa (discuss • contribs) 14:22, 1 June 2018 (UTC) Support --Daniel Mietchen (discuss • contribs) 13:44, 2 June 2018 (UTC) Support--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 11:23, 5 June 2018 (UTC) - Result: Thomas elected as Chair. I've updated the WikiJournal_User_Group#WikiJournal_Council page, also with differences in roles compared to editorial boards. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 20:38, 6 June 2018 (UTC) I needed to remove James Heilman from the WikiJournal Council, though, since his participation in the Wikimedia Board of Trustees makes him ineligible for this position. I let him know that he is more than welcome to participate by other means though. Mikael Häggström (discuss • contribs) 18:55, 9 June 2018 (UTC) Learning Quarterly: June 2018 From Meta:Talk:WikiJournal_User_Group: L&E Newsletter / Volume 5 / Issue 16 / June 2018 Learning Quarterly Frontpage: #WikiWomen #WikiEduAsia Leave your mark on Meta! Inspire New Readers campaign, and AffCom elections MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 10:45, 3 November 2017 (UTC)	https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Talk:WikiJournal_User_Group/Archive_3	CC-MAIN-2018-26	refinedweb	28,344	51.99
My target is giving the user a function, named plural(), that gets in input a word and an optional file name for the rules to be applied (defaulted by the filename provided), and returns it as a plural word. Here is a few test for this functionality: def test_box(self): self.assertEqual('boxes', plural('box')) def test_bush(self): self.assertEqual('bushes', plural('bush')) def test_soliloquy(self): self.assertEqual('soliloquies', plural('soliloquy')) def test_boy(self): self.assertEqual('boys', plural('boy')) def test_vacancy(self): self.assertEqual('vacancies', plural('vacancy'))The rules are in this format: [sxz]$ $ es [^aeioudgkprt]h$ $ es (qu\|[^aeiou])y$ y$ ies $ $ sI have four rules, each rule has three tokens. First token is the tail of the word, that I am going to check to decide how to change it. First rule applies to words ending by 's', or 'x', or 'z'. The second one to words ending by 'h', and having in the previous position a letter that is not 'a', or 'e', or ..., or 't'. The third one to words ending by 'y', preceded by 'qu' or a single letter that is not a vowel. As last resort, the fourth rule is applied to any word. The second token states what I have to change. A plain dollar sign '$' says that I have to add something at the end of the word, withour removing anything. The couple 'y$' means I have to remove the last 'y' in the word that is going to be replaced with something else. The third token is what I have to add to the original word to make it plural. It ranges from 's', default case, to 'es', to 'ies'. The plural() function makes use of a generator, named rules(), that returns a couple of function, one, match() to verify if the current word matches a specific rule in the list, and another, apply() to convert a word in its plural form, following the current rule. def plural(noun, file='plural_names_rules.txt'): for match, apply in rules(file): if match(noun): return apply(noun) return '???' # 11. If we have a list of rules carefully written, we should never get here. We should always get a matching rule for each word. Let's see the rules() generator: def rules(file): with open(file) as patterns: # 1 for line in patterns: pattern, search, replace = line.split() yield match_apply(pattern, search, replace) # 21. Using the with-as compound statement we delegate to python the nuisance of cleaning up the involved resources as we exit the block - no matter how brutally that could happen. So, here that we are opening a file, we can be sure it will be closed when leaving the scope. The generator yield the result of calling the match_apply() function, that is going to return a couple of functions. These functions are going to use the three parameters we are passing to match_apply(), and use them in conjunction with a new parameter that they are going to receive from their caller. So we are talking about a closure. def match_apply(pattern, search, replace): def match(word): return re.search(pattern, word) # 1 def apply(word): return re.sub(search, replace, word) # 2 return match, apply # 31. The match() function is going to be called on a passed word, and it would apply a regular expression search on the pattern passed to the closure. 2. The apply() function would call the regular expression sub() function using search and replace parameters from the closure, combining it with its word parameter. 3. The two functions are returned to the caller. If you follow the test run in debugger mode, you will see what actually happens. The test calls plural(), it loops on the generator rules(), getting from the closure match_apply() the couple of functions that check if the word matches the current rule and in that case apply the change to make the word plural. Reference: Dive into Python 3, section 6.6. Unit test and Python script are on GitHub.	http://thisthread.blogspot.com/2017/03/plural-names-generator.html	CC-MAIN-2017-51	refinedweb	667	72.16
Including a NuGet package in your project NuGet is the most popular package manager for .NET development and is built in to Visual Studio for Mac and Visual Studio on Windows. You can search for and add packages to your Xamarin.iOS and Xamarin.Android projects using either IDE. This document looks at how to include a NuGet package in a project and demonstrates the tool chain that makes the process seamless. NuGet in Visual Studio for Mac To demonstrate the NuGet package functionality we'll first walk through creating a new application and adding a package to it. Then we'll discuss the IDE features that help manage packages. Create a new project First, create a project named HelloNuget as illustrated below. This example shows the iOS Single View Application template, but any supported project type would work: Adding a Package With the project open in Visual Studio for Mac, right-click on the Packages folder in the Solution Pad and select Add Packages...: This launches the Add Packages... window. Ensure that the Source drop-down, is set to nuget.org: When the window opens it will load a list of packages from the default package source: nuget.org. The initial results look like this: Use the search box in the top-right corner to find a specific package, for example azure. When you've found a package that you wish to use, select it and click the Add Package button to begin installation. Once the package has been downloaded it will be added to your project. The solution will change as follows: - The References node will contain a list of all the assemblies that are part of a NuGet package. - The Packages node displays each NuGet package that you have downloaded. You can update or remove a package from this list. - A packages.config file will be added to the project. This XML file is used by the IDE to track which package versions are referenced in this project. This file should not be hand-edited, but you should keep it in version control. Note that a project.json file can be used instead of a packages.config file. The project.json file is a new package file format introduced with NuGet 3, which supports transitive restore. More detailed information on project.json can be found in the NuGet documentation. The project.json file needs to be added manually and the project closed and re-opened before the project.json file is used in Visual Studio for Mac. Using NuGet Packages Once the NuGet package has been added and the project references updated you can program against the APIs as you would with any project reference. Ensure that you add any required using directives to the top of your file: using Newtownsoft.json; Most NuGet provide additional information, such as a README or Project page link to the Nuget source. You can normally find a link to this in the package blurb on the Add Packages page: Package Updates Package updates can be done either all at once, by right-clicking on the Packages node, or individually on each component. Right-click on Packages to access the context menu: - Add Packages - Opens the window to add more packages to the project. - Update - Checks the source server for each package and downloads any newer versions. - Restore - Downloads any missing packages (without updating existing packages to newer versions). Update and Restore options are also available at the Solution level, and affect all the projects in the solution. You can also right-click on individual packages to access a context menu: - Version Number - The version number is a disabled menu item - it is provided for informational purposes only. - Update - Checks the source server and downloads a newer version (if it exists). - Remove - Removes the package from this project and removes the relevant assemblies from the project's References. Adding Package Sources Packages available for installation are initially retrieved from nuget.org. However, you can add other package locations to Visual Studio for Mac. This can be useful for testing your own NuGet packages under development, or to use a private NuGet server inside your company or organization. In Visual Studio for Mac, navigate to Visual Studio > Preferences... > NuGet > Sources to view and edit the list of package sources. Note that sources can be a remote server (specified by a URL) or a local directory. Click Add to set-up a new source. Enter a friendly name and the URL (or file path) to the package source. If the source is a secure web server, enter the username and password as well, otherwise leave these entries blank: Different sources can then be selected when searching for packages: Version Control The NuGet documentation discusses using NuGet without committing packages to source control. If you prefer not to store binaries and unused information in source control, you can configure the Visual Studio for Mac to automatically restore packages from the server. This means that when a developer retrieves the project from source control for the first time, the Visual Studio for Mac will automatically download and install the required packages. Refer to your particular source control documentation for details on how to exclude the packages directory from being tracked.	https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/mac/nuget-walkthrough	CC-MAIN-2018-30	refinedweb	875	63.39
Hello, I made a program and it works great, but I need the height to be rounded to the nearest 0.1 Here is the program: Code : import java.util.Scanner; public class BouncingBall { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in); int bounce = 0, time = 0; double height = 0.0; double velocity = 0; System.out.println("Enter the initial velocity of the ball: "); velocity = keyboard.nextDouble(); do { System.out.println("Time: " + time + " Height: " + height); time ++; height += velocity; velocity -= 32; if (height < 0) { height = -0.5; velocity = -0.5; bounce++; System.out.println("Bounce!"); } } while (bounce < 5); } } I tried System.out.printf("Time: " + time + " Height: " + height); instead of println, but the output looks all funny. However, all the numbers are rounded properly. How do I make it so the output doesn't get all messed up?	http://www.javaprogrammingforums.com/%20whats-wrong-my-code/31822-rounding-printf-printingthethread.html	CC-MAIN-2014-15	refinedweb	140	62.95
In this post, I am going to briefly explain the Multiarch mechanism, and how libc uses it. The problem of having different architectures and operating systems means that we can not always use the same source code for every software: if they were built for a specific platform, they will probably not work on others. This is usually not a problem for high level languages such as Java: if you have a JVM installed, it will run; but it is a problem if your code is so low-level that a different CPU will render it useless, for example: assembly code. So, one solution is to make a source code specific for every machine. This is not a good solution though, because since there are dozens, hundreds, or thousands of different platforms, this could become a mess very quickly. A better solution is to bundle platform-specific files with your source code, and make them be selected as the program is being built. This is what multiarch does: with multiarch, we can build the software from a single source code, but aimed for different platforms, with cross dependencies. LibC is a multiarch library, designed to be portable for many different machines. This is how it is done: The algorithm that picks the right files gathers some information about our system: base operating system, manufacturer, CPU type, and operating system, in this order. The algorithm joins this information as a directory hierarchy. For example, if we are using Linux, the base operating system will be unix/sysv, if our machine is described as i686-linux-gnu’ the directory hierarchy will be unix/sysv/linux/i386/i686. The algorithm then tries to find the required file there. If the file is not found, it jumps back one directory and tries again. It also tries removing trailing periods from the name, in order to test less specific version numbers. For LibC, all these platform specific files are located in a directory called sysdeps. This directory is located in the top level of the source directory. Inside this directory, this is what we have: $ ls aarch64 gnu ieee754 microblaze posix sh wordsize-32 alpha hppa init_array mips powerpc sparc wordsize-64 arm i386 m68k nios2 pthread tile x86 generic ia64 mach nptl s390 unix x86_64 Each one of these entries is a base operating system. I dived a little bit in these directories, and I found two implementations of strlen for two different platforms: PowerPC and ARM. These are their paths: - sysdeps/powerpc/powerpc64/power7/strlen.S - sysdeps/arm/strlen.S These files contain the assembly code for these functions, for both platforms. If you want to see their contents, here they are is: PowerPC /* Optimized strlen implementation for PowerPC64/POWER7 using cmpb insn. Copyright (C) 2010-2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Contributed by Luis Machado <luisgpm@br.ibm.com>. <sysdep.h> /* int [r3] strlen (char s [r3]) / #ifndef STRLEN # define STRLEN strlen #endif .machine power7 ENTRY_TOCLESS (STRLEN) CALL_MCOUNT 1 dcbt 0,r3 clrrdi r4,r3,3 /* Align the address to doubleword boundary. / rlwinm r6,r3,3,26,28 / Calculate padding. / li r0,0 / Doubleword with null chars to use with cmpb. / li r5,-1 / MASK = 0xffffffffffffffff. / ld r12,0(r4) / Load doubleword from memory. / #ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN__ sld r5,r5,r6 #else srd r5,r5,r6 / MASK = MASK >> padding. / #endif orc r9,r12,r5 / Mask bits that are not part of the string. / cmpb r10,r9,r0 / Check for null bytes in DWORD1. / cmpdi cr7,r10,0 / If r10 == 0, no null's have been found. / bne cr7,L(done) mtcrf 0x01,r4 / Are we now aligned to a quadword boundary? If so, skip to the main loop. Otherwise, go through the alignment code. / bt 28,L(loop) / Handle DWORD2 of pair. / ldu r12,8(r4) cmpb r10,r12,r0 cmpdi cr7,r10,0 bne cr7,L(done) / Main loop to look for the end of the string. Since it's a small loop (< 8 instructions), align it to 32-bytes. / .p2align 5 L(loop): / Load two doublewords, compare and merge in a single register for speed. This is an attempt to speed up the null-checking process for bigger strings. / ld r12, 8(r4) ldu r11, 16(r4) cmpb r10,r12,r0 cmpb r9,r11,r0 or r8,r9,r10 / Merge everything in one doubleword. / cmpdi cr7,r8,0 beq cr7,L(loop) / OK, one (or both) of the doublewords contains a null byte. Check the first doubleword and decrement the address in case the first doubleword really contains a null byte. / cmpdi cr6,r10,0 addi r4,r4,-8 bne cr6,L(done) / The null byte must be in the second doubleword. Adjust the address again and move the result of cmpb to r10 so we can calculate the length. / mr r10,r9 addi r4,r4,8 / r10 has the output of the cmpb instruction, that is, it contains 0xff in the same position as the null byte in the original doubleword from the string. Use that to calculate the length. / L(done): #ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN__ addi r9, r10, -1 / Form a mask from trailing zeros. / andc r9, r9, r10 popcntd r0, r9 / Count the bits in the mask. / #else cntlzd r0,r10 / Count leading zeros before the match. / #endif subf r5,r3,r4 srdi r0,r0,3 / Convert leading/trailing zeros to bytes. / add r3,r5,r0 / Compute final length. / blr END (STRLEN) libc_hidden_builtin_def (strlen) ARM / Copyright (C) 1998-2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of the GNU C Library. Code contributed by Matthew Wilcox <willy@odie.barnet.ac.u <>. / / Thumb requires excessive IT insns here. / #define NO_THUMB #include <sysdep.h> / size_t strlen(const char S) entry: r0 -> string * exit: r0 = len */ .syntax unified .text ENTRY(strlen) bic r1, r0, $3 @ addr of word containing first byte ldr r2, [r1], $4 @ get the first word ands r3, r0, $3 @ how many bytes are duff? rsb r0, r3, $0 @ get - that number into counter. beq Laligned @ skip into main check routine if no @ more #ifdef __ARMEB__ orr r2, r2, $0xff000000 @ set this byte to non-zero subs r3, r3, $1 @ any more to do? orrgt r2, r2, $0x00ff0000 @ if so, set this byte subs r3, r3, $1 @ more? orrgt r2, r2, $0x0000ff00 @ then set. #else orr r2, r2, $0x000000ff @ set this byte to non-zero subs r3, r3, $1 @ any more to do? orrgt r2, r2, $0x0000ff00 @ if so, set this byte subs r3, r3, $1 @ more? orrgt r2, r2, $0x00ff0000 @ then set. #endif Laligned: @ here, we have a word in r2. Does it tst r2, $0x000000ff @ contain any zeroes? tstne r2, $0x0000ff00 @ tstne r2, $0x00ff0000 @ tstne r2, $0xff000000 @ addne r0, r0, $4 @ if not, the string is 4 bytes longer ldrne r2, [r1], $4 @ and we continue to the next word bne Laligned @ Llastword: @ drop through to here once we find a #ifdef __ARMEB__ tst r2, $0xff000000 @ word that has a zero byte in it addne r0, r0, $1 @ tstne r2, $0x00ff0000 @ and add up to 3 bytes on to it addne r0, r0, $1 @ tstne r2, $0x0000ff00 @ (if first three all non-zero, 4th addne r0, r0, $1 @ must be zero) #else tst r2, $0x000000ff @ word that has a zero byte in it addne r0, r0, $1 @ tstne r2, $0x0000ff00 @ and add up to 3 bytes on to it addne r0, r0, $1 @ tstne r2, $0x00ff0000 @ (if first three all non-zero, 4th addne r0, r0, $1 @ must be zero) #endif DO_RET(lr) END(strlen) libc_hidden_builtin_def (strlen)	https://hcoelho.com/blog/34/Multiarch	CC-MAIN-2022-05	refinedweb	1,249	71.85
. The JBoss naming service is an implementation of the Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI). JNDI plays a key role in J2EE because it provides a naming service that allows a user to map a name onto an object. This is a fundamental need in any programming environment because developers and administrators want to be able to refer to objects and services by recognizable names. A good example of a pervasive naming service is the Internet Domain Name System (DNS). The DNS service allows you to refer to hostsNS. NamesNS tha span multiple namespaces. An example of a composite name would be the hostname+file commonly used with Unix commands like scp. For example, this command copies localfile.txt to the file remotefile.txt in the tmp directory on host ahost.someorg.org: scp localfile.txt ahost.someorg.org:/tmp/remotefile.txt The. such as:. The reason is that this allows your code to externalize the JNDI provider specific information, and changing JNDI providers will not require changes to your code; thus it avoids the need to recompile to be able to see the change..	http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=28281	CC-MAIN-2018-13	refinedweb	185	56.76
The WCK Graph Package April 2004 \| Fredrik Lundh Update 2004-04-21: WCK Graph 0.5 is now available. This version adds more configuration options (including a “spline” interpolation method for line graphs), and a new linear regression demo script that illustrates one way to create a custom overlay. The WCK Graph package is a simple plotting package for the Widget Construction Kit. The current version supports various 2D plots such as line plots, scatter plots, area plots and bar diagrams. Unlike many other graph libraries for Python, the WCK Graph library is self-contained, and does not rely on any external C libraries or Python extensions (except for the underlying WCK driver, of course). Here’s a simple example: And here’s the program that generated this graph: from Tkinter import * import wckgraph import math root = Tk() root.title("sine curve") w = wckgraph.GraphWidget(root) w.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1) # plot a sine curve xdata = range(-360, 360+1, 2) ydata = [math.sin(v * math.pi / 180) for v in xdata] data = xdata, ydata w.add(wckgraph.Axes(data)) w.add(wckgraph.LineGraph(data)) mainloop() Downloads The WCK Graph package can be downloaded from the effbot.org downloads site. You need the tkinter3000 and wckgraph packages. Documentation - The WCK Graph Package (API reference)	http://effbot.org/zone/wckgraph.htm	crawl-001	refinedweb	215	57.87
Hi, On Wed, Feb 6, 2013 at 6:55 PM, Michael Dürig <michid@gmail.com> wrote: > Since we now have branches in the Microkernel I suggest, we remove this > feature entirely. That is, remove the KernelNodeBuilder and > KernelRootBuilder classes. Unless we want to further pursue getting rid of > NodeStoreBranch, that is. Actually we perhaps should consider this. A problem that I just encountered (see my post on large commits) is the way commit hooks operate directly on the NodeBuilder level. A large commit like a big import operation will trigger a large index update, which can easily lead to an OutOfMemoryError with the MemoryNodeBuilder. If we pushed the purge logic down below the NodeBuilder interface we could address that problem. As an additional benefit the underlying storage engine could better decide when and how pending changes should be persisted. For example the SegmentMK could decide to only persist those parts of the transient tree that haven't changed in a while, leaving the active parts still in memory. BR, Jukka Zitting	http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/jackrabbit-oak-dev/201302.mbox/%3CCAOFYJNa80xyfkaBNs5zKd5nuQGm3oDTg8P0sUR_x1ogb3OPP5g@mail.gmail.com%3E	CC-MAIN-2017-13	refinedweb	171	56.05
AWSIoTMQTTClient keepalive interval? I've just gotten my FiPy to connect to AWS IoT via TLS and MQTT. In monitoring the device it is sending a little over 200 bytes to AWS every 20 seconds. I see Packet sent. (Length: 2) at 20 second intervals. While this might be fine over WiFi it will nearly use up my 1MB LTE Cat M1 data plan after one day just with these keepalive packets. How do I reduce the keepalive interval with the built-in AWSIotMQTTClient? There is no way I can deploy on LTE with this much data being transmitted. This doesn't even include any of my actual MQTT messages! Just the keepalives. @reidfo Sure looks like it. Change line 294, see if you get a different behavior. @cmisztur That does take a parameter, in connect() called keepAliveIntervalSecond, but when I set it it seems to be ignored. Keepalive packets are still being sent every 20 seconds. Following the code, AWSIotMQTTClient.connect() ends up calling MQTTClient._send_connect() and is passed the keepalive parameter, but it does nothing with it. @reidfo looks like simple.py constructor takes a keepalive def __init__(self, client_id, server, port=0, user=None, password=None, keepalive=0, ssl=False, ssl_params={}): oh I wasn't aware of AWSIotMQTTClient... maybe this:	https://forum.pycom.io/topic/3807/awsiotmqttclient-keepalive-interval/3?lang=en-US	CC-MAIN-2020-34	refinedweb	213	77.74
The. The app will also present controls for interacting with playback and will continue playing when the user moves away from the app, with a notification displayed while playback elapses. Looking for a Quick Solution? If you're looking for a quick solution, there's a great collection of Android app templates over at Envato Market. In particular, this Android Music Player app template is a great way to get started with building your own app. "Lite Music" is a premium player app template in Android, with a clean interface, that's simple and elegant to use. Introduction Building the music player will involve using the ContentResolver class to retrieve tracks on the device, the MediaPlayer class to play audio and the MediaController class to control playback. We will also use a Service instance to play audio when the user is not directly interacting with the app. You should be able to complete this series if you're an intermediate Android developer, so if you've already built a few apps, then this series shouldn't be a problem for you. Here is a preview of the final app: In this tutorial, we will create the app and query the user device for audio files using the ContentResolver and Cursor classes. In the next part, we will use an Adapter instance to present the songs in a list view, starting playback when the user taps an item from the list. In the final installment of this series, we'll use the MediaController class to give the user control over playback, implement functions to skip forward and back, and include a shuffle function. After this series, we will explore other aspects of media playback that can enhance the app, such as handling audio focus, presenting media files in different ways, and playing streaming media. 1. Create and Configure a New Project Step 1 Create a new Android project. If you are using Eclipse, then let the IDE (Integrated Development Environment) create a main Activity class and layout file for you. For some of the code we use in the series, you will need a minimum API level of 16, so you will need to take additional steps to support older versions. Once your project is created, open the project's Manifest file. Inside the manifest element, add the following permission: <uses-permission android: We will use this permission to let music playback continue when the user's device becomes idle. Your Manifest should already contain an element for your main Activity class. Add the following attributes to the activity element to set the screenOrientation and launchMode: <activity android: We will stick to portrait orientation for simplicity. The launchMode will aid the process of navigating back to the app after moving away from it. We will display a notification indicating the song currently being played, tapping the notification will take the user back to the app. We are also going to use a Service class for music playback. Add the following line to the project's Manifest inside the application element and after the activity element: <service android: Alter the package name to suit your own and change the class name if you wish. Step 2 Open the project's main layout file and replace its contents with the following layout: <LinearLayout xmlns: <ListView android: </ListView> </LinearLayout> Makes sure to alter the tools:context attribute if your main Activity class is named differently. The layout includes a ListView in which we will present the list of songs. We are going to include two menu items for toggling the shuffle function and for exiting the app. Open your main menu file (res/menu/main.xml) and replace its contents with the following: <menu xmlns: <item android: <item android: </menu> If you prefer, you can store the title strings in the res/values/strings.xml file. The two items refer to drawable files. Create your own or use these two images to start with: We will also use an icon to display in the playback notification. Create one now or use the one below: The code will refer to the images using the names rand, end, and play so make sure that you use the same file names. Copy the images to your project's drawables folder(s). We will implement the actions later. 2. Query the Device for Songs: private long id; private String title; private String artist; Next, add a constructor method in which we instantiate the instance variables: public Song(long songID, String songTitle, String songArtist) { id=songID; title=songTitle; artist=songArtist; } Finally, add get methods for the instance variables: public long getID(){return id;} public String getTitle(){return title;} public String getArtist(){return artist;} If you plan to use more track information, then you are free to add additional instance variables to the class. Step 2 Open the main Activity class and add the following imports: import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.Comparator; import android.net.Uri; import android.content.ContentResolver; import android.database.Cursor; import android.widget.ListView; Declare the following instance variables before the onCreate method: private ArrayList<Song> songList; private ListView songView; We will store the songs in a list and display them in the ListView instance in the main layout. In onCreate, after setting the content view, retrieve the ListView instance using the ID we gave it in the main layout: songView = (ListView)findViewById(R.id.song_list); Instantiate the list as shown below: songList = new ArrayList<Song>(); Next, in the main Activity class declaration, after the existing methods, create a helper method to retrieve the audio file information: public void getSongList() { //retrieve song info }); Now we can iterate over the results, first checking that we have valid data: if(musicCursor!=null && musicCursor.moveToFirst()){ //get columns int titleColumn = musicCursor.getColumnIndex (android.provider.MediaStore.Audio.Media.TITLE); int idColumn = musicCursor.getColumnIndex (android.provider.MediaStore.Audio.Media._ID); int artistColumn = musicCursor.getColumnIndex (android.provider.MediaStore.Audio.Media.ARTIST); //add songs to list do { long thisId = musicCursor.getLong(idColumn); String thisTitle = musicCursor.getString(titleColumn); String thisArtist = musicCursor.getString(artistColumn); songList.add(new Song(thisId, thisTitle, thisArtist)); } while (musicCursor.moveToNext()); } We first retrieve the column indexes for the data items that we are interested in for each song, then we use these to create a new Song object and add it to the list, before continuing to loop through the results. Back in onCreate, after the code we added, call this new method: getSongList(); 3. Display the Songs Step 1 Now we can display the list of songs in the user interface. In the onCreate method, after calling the helper method we created a moment ago, let's sort the data so that the songs are presented alphabetically: Collections.sort(songList, new Comparator<Song>(){ public int compare(Song a, Song b){ return a.getTitle().compareTo(b.getTitle()); } }); We use the title variable in the Song class, using the get methods we added, to implement a compare method, sorting the songs by title. Step 2 Let's define a layout to represent each song in the list. Add a new file to your project's res/layout folder, naming it song.xml and entering the following: <LinearLayout xmlns: <TextView android: <TextView android: </LinearLayout> Feel free to amend the layout to suit your preferences. Each song in the list will be represented by title and artist text strings, so we will use the TextViews to display this data. Notice that the LinearLayout opening tag lists an onClick attribute. We will use this method in the main Activity class to respond to user taps on the songs in the list, playing the song represented by the list item that was tapped. Step 3 We will use an Adapter to map the songs to the list view. Add a new class to your app, naming it SongAdapter or another name of your choice. When creating the class, give it the superclass android.widget.BaseAdapter. Eclipse should insert the following outline: public class SongAdapter extends BaseAdapter { @Override public int getCount() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return 0; } @Override public Object getItem(int arg0) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return null; } @Override public long getItemId(int arg0) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return 0; } @Override public View getView(int arg0, View arg1, ViewGroup arg2) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return null; } } You'll need to add the following imports: import java.util.ArrayList; import android.content.Context; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.widget.LinearLayout; import android.widget.TextView; Inside the class declaration, declare the following instance variables: private ArrayList<Song> songs; private LayoutInflater songInf; We'll pass the song list from the main Activity class and use the LayoutInflater to map the title and artist strings to the TextViews in the song layout we created. After the instance variables, give the adapter a constructor method to instantiate them: public SongAdapter(Context c, ArrayList<Song> theSongs){ songs=theSongs; songInf=LayoutInflater.from(c); } Alter the content of the getCount method to return the size of the list: @Override public int getCount() { return songs.size(); } You can leave the getItem and getItemId methods untouched. Update the implementation of the getView method as shown below: @Override public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) { //map to song layout LinearLayout songLay = (LinearLayout)songInf.inflate (R.layout.song, parent, false); //get title and artist views TextView songView = (TextView)songLay.findViewById(R.id.song_title); TextView artistView = (TextView)songLay.findViewById(R.id.song_artist); //get song using position Song currSong = songs.get(position); //get title and artist strings songView.setText(currSong.getTitle()); artistView.setText(currSong.getArtist()); //set position as tag songLay.setTag(position); return songLay; } We set the title and artist text by retrieving the correct Song instance from the list using the position index, mapping these strings to the views we added to the song layout file. We also set the position as the view tag, which will let us play the correct song when the user clicks an item in the list. Remember that the song.xml layout file included an onClick attribute. We will use the method listed there to retrieve the tag in the Activity. Step 3 Back in the main Activity class, in the onCreate method after sorting the list, create a new instance of the Adapter class and set it on the ListView: SongAdapter songAdt = new SongAdapter(this, songList); songView.setAdapter(songAdt); When you run the app, it should present the list of songs on the device, clicking them will cause the app to throw an exception at the moment, but we will implement the click handler in the next tutorial. Conclusion We've now set the app up to read songs from the user device. In the next part, we will begin playback when the user selects a song using the MediaPlayer class. We will implement playback using a Service class so that it will continue as the user interacts with other apps. Finally, we will use a MediaController class to give the user control over playback. If you're ever in need of extra help with your Android app development projects, you can find experienced Android developers on Envato Studio to help you with everything from UI design to creating a native Android app. >>IMAGE<<	https://code.tutsplus.com/tutorials/create-a-music-player-on-android-project-setup--mobile-22764	CC-MAIN-2021-17	refinedweb	1,874	52.7
Opened 3 years ago Closed 3 years ago #20745 closed Bug (fixed) Document the template language's silencing of TypeError Description Say I create myapp/admin.py which contains: from django.contrib import admin from myapp.models import MyModel class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): list_display = ('pk','abc') def abc(self, user): return 999+None admin.site.register(MyModel, MyModelAdmin) Then when you visit a TypeError will raise because you cannot add 999 and None together. This is the expected outcome. However if I add templates/admin/myapp/mymodel/change_list.html which contains: {% extends "admin/change_list.html" %} {% block content %} {{ block.super }} {% endblock %} The TypeError will not appear and the page renders but without any content, which is not the expected outcome. This ticket seems similar to Change History (14) comment:1 Changed 3 years ago by comment:2 Changed 3 years ago by This actually works for me on trunk/master using bmispelon's gist, so it should have been fixed in some point between 1.6 or 1.7. The only change i did to the gist was using __builtin__ instead of builtins for python2.7 compatibility. I also tried raising a simple TypeError. I'm marking this a closed, reopen if it's still happening. comment:3 Changed 3 years ago by I'm not aware of any fixes in this area over the last week. Since it was reproduced by a core dev and not reproduced by an anonymous I'd rather err on the side of caution until we get a third opinion. comment:4 Changed 3 years ago by Just tried it again and the issue is indeed still present. Note that if you used the code from my earlier comment, the way to test if the issue is still present is to try and render the bar.html template. The correct behavior is that rendering this template should raise a TypeError. As of now (1.7, 1.6 or 1.5), no exception is raised, which is what the original report describes. I should have provided an actual testcase but I couldn't find how to register a template library for a test. comment:5 Changed 3 years ago by After some digging, I think I'm starting to understand what's happening here. When django finds a callable element in a template (which {{ block.super }} is, since it refers to a BlockNode's super method), it attempts to call it (without passing any argument), wrapping the calling in a try/except and catching a TypeError (which happens when you call a function/method without enough arguments). In our case, a TypeError is raised from inside the function and subsequently caught and silenced in the except clause. Before 4397c587a43ff9bfddd295d48d850676778c6e77, any exception raised while rendering a template would be wrapped in a TemplateSyntaxError. This TemplateSyntaxError would then not be caught by the aforementionned except TypeError clause and would bubble up. Note that this would only happen with settings.TEMPLATE_DEBUG = True (this discrepancy between the two values of TEMPLATE_DEBUG is actually one of the reason why this change was introduced in the first place). This is therefore a limitation of django's implementation, which stems from the fact that it can't distinguish between a TypeError caused by calling a function without enough arguments and a TypeError raised from inside the function. This limitation is noted in a comment in the code [1], but as far as I can tell, it's not documented. I'm leaving this ticket open but I see it as a documentation issue, unless someone can come up with a clever way of side-stepping the problem but I'm not sure there is one. Since this details is somehow technical, I think a good place for it would be this section: [1] comment:6 Changed 3 years ago by comment:7 Changed 3 years ago by comment:8 Changed 3 years ago by We can distinguish between the two kinds of TypeError with inspect.getcallargs. We recently did it to fix a similar problem in django/contrib/auth/__init__.py. comment:9 Changed 3 years ago by Interesting, I didn't know about getcallargs. Here's a pull request that uses it to let TypeError bubble up when it needs to: comment:10 Changed 3 years ago by comment:11 Changed 3 years ago by comment:12 Changed 3 years ago by inspect.getcallargs is unavailable in Python 2.6 comment:13 Changed 3 years ago by comment:14 Changed 3 years ago by Hi, The fix for this issue will be part of the 1.7 release which only supports versions of Python above 2.7 [1] so this shouldn't be a problem. [1] I made a small template tag and managed to reproduced the issue easily: Note that only TypeErrorseems to trigger the bug (I tested with KeyErroror AttributeErrorand they're both propagated correctly). Digging a bit deeper, it seems this is a regression introduced by 4397c587a43ff9bfddd295d48d850676778c6e77.	https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/20745	CC-MAIN-2016-40	refinedweb	828	63.29
table of contents NAME¶ iswblank - test for whitespace wide character SYNOPSIS¶ #include <wctype.h> int iswblank(wint_t wc); iswblank(): _ISOC99_SOURCE \|\| _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L DESCRIPTION¶¶ The iswblank() function returns nonzero if wc is a wide character belonging to the wide-character class "blank". Otherwise, it returns zero. ATTRIBUTES¶ For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7). CONFORMING TO¶ POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008. NOTES¶ The behavior of iswblank() depends on the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale. SEE ALSO¶ COLOPHON¶ This page is part of release 5.13 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be found at.	https://manpages.debian.org/testing/manpages-dev/iswblank.3.en.html	CC-MAIN-2022-33	refinedweb	118	67.76
hello, when i erase the 3d the sound is ok, but when i put tthe 3d panner, there is no sound, why? run the code and the sound is ok! but… no sound! when the player moves until the 3d space even when the enemy is not moving. and whe i assign a built in distance parameter. - juan montoya asked 1 year ago - last edited 1 year ago Yes! that is the solution! it works. thank you Joseph Harvey. but i have another problem, that work if a have the sound in a Studio Event Emitter, but when i use the script something missing, maybe activate the 3d panner in the script, but how? the script using UnityEngine; using System.Collections; public class EnemyMovement : MonoBehaviour { Transform player; PlayerHealth playerHealth; EnemyHealth enemyHealth; NavMeshAgent nav; [FMODUnity.EventRef] public string Playerstate2 = "event:/Music"; void Awake () { player = GameObject.FindGameObjectWithTag ("Player").transform; playerHealth = player.GetComponent <PlayerHealth> (); enemyHealth = GetComponent <EnemyHealth> (); nav = GetComponent <NavMeshAgent> (); } void Update () { FMODUnity.RuntimeManager.PlayOneShot (Playerstate2 ); if(enemyHealth.currentHealth > 0 && playerHealth.currentHealth > 0) { nav.SetDestination (player.position); } else { nav.enabled = false; } } } if i use the 3d panner not work , only in the studio event emmiter. if i erase the 3d panner doesn´t sound. - juan montoya answered 1 year ago - last edited 1 year ago Use FMODUnity.RuntimeManager.PlayOneShot(Playerstate2, transform.position); to play the sound at the objects current location. Use FMODUnity.RuntimeManager.PlayOneShot(Playerstate2, gameObject); to have the sound follow the game object position for the duration of the event. By default, our unity integration attaches the listener to the camera. Your game seems to use third-person perspective; If you want the audibility of events to be based on the player’s position, you need to attach the listener to the player. Have you done this?	https://www.fmod.org/questions/question/fmod-3d-panner/	CC-MAIN-2017-43	refinedweb	296	52.36
0 I'm currently working on a program which is pig Latin. It allows a user enter a sentence. The program would take the user input and change every word in to pig latin which it takes the first character of a word and add it to end of word with "ay". For instance, bog would be "ogday" This is what I have been done so far import java.util.Scanner; public class PigLatinTest { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner kybd = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Please enter a sentence?"); String enSentence = kybd.nextLine(); //StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder(enSentence); } public static String convertToLatin(String s) { StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder(); String [] sentence = s.split(""); String k ="ay"; for (String i:sentence) { buffer.insert(buffer.lastIndexOf(i), buffer.charAt(0)); buffer.insert(buffer.lastIndexOf(i), k); buffer.delete(0,2); } } } I wonder whether I did my convertToLatin correct or not? My other question is after the for loop loop each word, will the data in sentence array change? Or do I need to store the change into other array in order to access the change data? Thank you so much.	https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/397276/question-about-stringbuilder	CC-MAIN-2017-34	refinedweb	191	68.06
A class to hold a set of forces applied to a MultibodyTree system. More... #include <drake/multibody/multibody_tree/multibody_forces.h> A class to hold a set of forces applied to a MultibodyTree system. Forces can include generalized forces as well as body spatial forces. Instantiated templates for the following kinds of T's are provided: They are already available to link against in the containing library. No other values for T are currently supported. Constructs a force object to store a set of forces to be applied to model. Forces are initialized to zero, meaning no forces are applied to model. model must have been already finalized with MultibodyTree::Finalize() or this constructor will abort. Adds into this the force contribution stored in addend. Returns a constant reference to the vector of spatial body forces F_BBo_W on each body B in the model, at the body's frame origin Bo, expressed in the world frame W. Utility that checks that the forces stored by this object have the proper sizes to represent the set of forces for the given model. thisforces object has the proper sizes for the given model. Returns a constant reference to the vector of generalized forces stored by this forces object. Mutable version of body_forces(). Mutable version of generalized_forces(). Returns the number of bodies for which this force object applies. Determined at construction from the given model MultibodyTree object. Returns the number of generalized velocities for the model to which these forces apply. The number of generalized forces in a multibody model always equals the number of generalized velocities. Determined at construction from the given model MultibodyTree object. Sets this to store zero forces (no applied forces).	https://drake.mit.edu/doxygen_cxx/classdrake_1_1multibody_1_1_multibody_forces.html	CC-MAIN-2018-47	refinedweb	281	58.28
[0.926103] No filesystem could mount root, tried: romfs [0.9262222] Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(8,1) [0.926356] Pid: 1, comm: swapper Not tainted 3.2.45 #1 [0.926433] Call Trace: [0.926515] [<c143cb341>] ? printk+0x1s/0x1f [0.926593] [<c143b248>] panic+0x5c/0x138 [0.926673] [<c15f1b51>] mount_block_root+0x21e/0x23e [0.926753] [<c1002931>] ? do_notify_resume+0x31/0x70 [0.926832] [<c10fa13c>] ? sys_mknod+0x2c/0x30 [0.926910] [<c15f1754>] ? start_kernel+0x31e/0x31e [0.926989] [<c15f1d3a>] mount_root+0xa1/0xa7 [0.927082] [<c15fe8e>] prepare_namespace+0x14e/0x192 [0.927164] [<c10eb65>] ? sys_access+0x25/0x30 [0.927242] [<c15f187a>] kernel_init+0x126/0x12b [0.927320] [<c1443206>] kernel_thread_helper+0x6/0x10 Warning: '/proc/partitions' does not exist, disk scan bypassed Warning: Unable to determine video adapter in use in the present system. Warning: Video adapter does not support VESA BIOS extensions needed for display of 256 colors. Boot loader will fall back to TEXT only operation. Added Linux * 4 warnings were issued. mkinitrd -c -k 3.2.45 -m ext3 -f ext3 -r /dev/sda1 [ 2.511316] EXT-3-fs (sda1): error: couldn't mount because of unsupported optional features (240) mount: mounting /dev/sda1 on /mnt failed: Invalid argument ERROR: No /sbin/init found on rootdev (or not mounted). Trouble ahead. You can try to fix it. Type 'exit' when things are done. /bin/sh: can't access tty; job control turned off /# Error: No /lib/modules/3.2.45 kernel modules tree found for kernel "3.2.45" slackpkg upgrade kernel-source.	http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/slackware-14/installed-slack-14-updated-kernel-to-3-2-45-setup-lilo-conf-reboot-kernel-panics-4175477649/	CC-MAIN-2016-44	refinedweb	251	71.21
/* * /tftp/tftpsubs.c,v 1.6 2005/02/14 17:42:58 stefanf Exp $"); #ifndef lint static const char sccsid[] = "@(#)tftpsubs.c 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93"; #endif /* Simple minded read-ahead/write-behind subroutines for tftp user and server. Written originally with multiple buffers in mind, but current implementation has two buffer logic wired in. Todo: add some sort of final error check so when the write-buffer is finally flushed, the caller can detect if the disk filled up (or had an i/o error) and return a nak to the other side. Jim Guyton 10/85 / #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <sys/ioctl.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/t> #include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> #include "tftpsubs.h" #ifdef __APPLE__ struct bf { int counter; / size of data in buffer, or flag / char buf[MAXPKTSIZE]; / room for data packet / } bfs[2]; #else #define PKTSIZE SEGSIZE+4 / should be moved to t / struct bf { int counter; / size of data in buffer, or flag / char buf[PKTSIZE]; / room for data packet / } bfs[2]; #endif / Values for bf.counter / #define BF_ALLOC -3 / alloc'd but not yet filled / #define BF_FREE -2 / free / / [-1 .. SEGSIZE] = size of data in the data buffer / static int nextone; / index of next buffer to use / static int current; / index of buffer in use / / control flags for crlf conversions / int newline = 0; / fillbuf: in middle of newline expansion / int prevchar = -1; / putbuf: previous char (cr check) / static struct tftphdr rw_init(int); struct tftphdr w_init(void) { return rw_init(0); } / write-behind / struct tftphdr r_init(void) { return rw_init(1); } /* read-ahead / static struct tftphdr rw_init(x) /* init for either read-ahead or write-behind / int x; / zero for write-behind, one for read-head / { newline = 0; / init crlf flag / prevchar = -1; bfs[0].counter = BF_ALLOC; / pass out the first buffer / current = 0; bfs[1].counter = BF_FREE; nextone = x; / ahead or behind? / return (struct tftphdr )bfs[0].buf; } /* Have emptied current buffer by sending to net and getting ack. Free it and return next buffer filled with data. / int readit(file, dpp, amt, convert) FILE file; /* file opened for read / struct tftphdr dpp; int amt; int convert; / if true, convert to ascii / { struct bf b; bfs[current].counter = BF_FREE; /* free old one / current = !current; / "incr" current / b = &bfs[current]; / look at new buffer / if (b->counter == BF_FREE) / if it's empty / read_ahead(file, amt, convert); / fill it / / assert(b->counter != BF_FREE);// check / dpp = (struct tftphdr )b->buf; / set caller's ptr / return b->counter; } / * fill the input buffer, doing ascii conversions if requested * conversions are lf -> cr,lf and cr -> cr, nul / void read_ahead(file, amt, convert) FILE file; /* file opened for read / int amt; / number of bytes to read / int convert; / if true, convert to ascii / { int i; char p; int c; struct bf b; struct tftphdr dp; b = &bfs[nextone]; /* look at "next" buffer / if (b->counter != BF_FREE) / nop if not free / return; nextone = !nextone; / "incr" next buffer ptr / dp = (struct tftphdr )b->buf; if (convert == 0) { b->counter = read(fileno(file), dp->th_data, amt); return; } p = dp->th_data; for (i = 0 ; i < amt; i++) { if (newline) { if (prevchar == '\n') c = '\n'; /* lf to cr,lf / else c = '\0'; / cr to cr,nul / newline = 0; } else { c = getc(file); if (c == EOF) break; if (c == '\n' \|\| c == '\r') { prevchar = c; c = '\r'; newline = 1; } } p++ = c; } b->counter = (int)(p - dp->th_data); } /* Update count associated with the buffer, get new buffer from the queue. Calls write_behind only if next buffer not available. / int writeit(file, dpp, ct, convert) FILE file; struct tftphdr *dpp; int ct, convert; { bfs[current].counter = ct; / set size of data to write / current = !current; / switch to other buffer / if (bfs[current].counter != BF_FREE) / if not free / (void)write_behind(file, convert); / flush it / bfs[current].counter = BF_ALLOC; / mark as alloc'd / dpp = (struct tftphdr )bfs[current].buf; return ct; / this is a lie of course / } / * Output a buffer to a file, converting from netascii if requested. * CR,NUL -> CR and CR,LF => LF. * Note spec is undefined if we get CR as last byte of file or a * CR followed by anything else. In this case we leave it alone. / int write_behind(file, convert) FILE file; int convert; { char buf; int count; int ct; char p; int c; /* current character / struct bf b; struct tftphdr dp; b = &bfs[nextone]; if (b->counter < -1) / anything to flush? / return 0; / just nop if nothing to do / count = b->counter; / remember byte count / b->counter = BF_FREE; / reset flag / dp = (struct tftphdr )b->buf; nextone = !nextone; /* incr for next time / buf = dp->th_data; if (count <= 0) return -1; / nak logic? / if (convert == 0) return write(fileno(file), buf, count); p = buf; ct = count; while (ct--) { / loop over the buffer / c = p++; /* pick up a character / if (prevchar == '\r') { / if prev char was cr / if (c == '\n') / if have cr,lf then just / fseek(file, -1, 1); / smash lf on top of the cr / else if (c == '\0') / if have cr,nul then / goto skipit; / just skip over the putc / / else just fall through and allow it / } putc(c, file); skipit: prevchar = c; } return count; } / When an error has occurred, it is possible that the two sides * are out of synch. Ie: that what I think is the other side's * response to packet N is really their response to packet N-1. * * So, to try to prevent that, we flush all the input queued up * for us on the network connection on our host. * * We return the number of packets we flushed (mostly for reporting * when trace is active). / int synchnet(f) int f; / socket to flush / { int i, j = 0; char rbuf[PKTSIZE]; struct sockaddr_storage from; socklen_t fromlen; while (1) { (void) ioctl(f, FIONREAD, &i); if (i) { j++; fromlen = sizeof from; (void) recvfrom(f, rbuf, sizeof (rbuf), 0, (struct sockaddr )&from, &fromlen); } else { return(j); } } }	http://opensource.apple.com/source/remote_cmds/remote_cmds-22.1/tftp.tproj/tftpsubs.c	CC-MAIN-2016-26	refinedweb	984	67.89
In my previous post, I started building a Windows Store app using Visual Studio Express 2012 for Windows 8, and along the way integrated a few Windows features like live tiles and search. These days, however, many applications benefit from consuming and integrating with a variety of backend services running in the cloud, and I’d like mine to do so, as well. In this regard, one of the top areas of feedback we’ve received from developers is the desire for a turn-key set of services that can be easily consumed from their device apps, without building, deploying, and managing their own services. Addressing this need, today we announced a preview of the new Windows Azure Mobile Services. The release includes client SDKs for Windows Store apps written in JavaScript, C#, Visual Basic, or C++, and provides capabilities around storage, push notifications, and more (including the ability to write JavaScript scripts that run on the server). In this post, I’ll extend my application with a variety of forms of backend services, including utilizing Windows Azure Mobile Services. Enabling Sharing Beyond live tiles and search, another feature I want to enable in my app is sharing. As described at, Windows 8 enables apps to publish data for other apps to consume via the Share charm. For example, if I want to enable emailing an interesting RSS post to a friend, I don’t need to build all of the UI and logic around email into my app. Instead, I can just share out the relevant content, and an email client on my system (such as the Mail app) can register as a share target to handle that aspect of the operation. In this fashion, I can incorporate services into my app via other apps. To make this work, I add a few lines of code to my ItemDetailPage.xaml.cs file: private DataTransferManager _dtm; protected override void OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs e) { base.OnNavigatedTo(e); _dtm = DataTransferManager.GetForCurrentView(); _dtm.DataRequested += ShareDataRequested; } protected override void OnNavigatedFrom(NavigationEventArgs e) { base.OnNavigatedFrom(e); _dtm.DataRequested -= ShareDataRequested; _dtm = null; } void ShareDataRequested(DataTransferManager sender, DataRequestedEventArgs args) { var toShare = (SampleDataItem)flipView.SelectedItem; if (toShare != null) { args.Request.Data.Properties.Title = toShare.Title; args.Request.Data.Properties.Description = string.Empty; args.Request.Data.SetHtmlFormat(HtmlFormatHelper.CreateHtmlFormat(toShare.Content)); } } This registers a delegate for the DataRequested event on the current DataTransferManager. When a request comes in, it populates some properties about the data being shared into the DataRequestedEventArgs structure, and then stores the data itself. In this case, that data being stored is HTML markup, so I first use the HtmlFormatHelper.CreateHtmlFormat method from WinRT to ensure all of the right headers and footers are on the content, and then I use the SetHtmlFormat method to send the data to the target. Windows handles the rest. Here, you can see the result. While on the Items page, I’ve used the Share charm to share one of my blog posts, selecting the Mail app as the target: Enabling Roaming I don’t want to force a user of my app to re-enter their favorite blog feeds every time they run the app. Rather, I want to be able to persist the information from run to run, such that feed URLs they loaded in a previous run are made available automatically for a subsequent run. Moreover, if a user has multiple Windows devices with my app installed, I don’t want them to have to re-enter the same feeds on every device. I instead want these favorites to roam with the user, available on whatever device they’re on. In the past, such a feature would require implementing a custom backend service of some kind for the application to talk to. With Windows 8 and WinRT, however, we get integration with such services built-in. As described in the blog post at, application data can be roamed using the ApplicationData class and the collection returned from ApplicationData.Current.RoamingSettings.Values. Simply store a key/value pair into Values, and it’ll be made available wherever your apps runs. To take advantage of this, I add two methods to my app (in a new PersistedState.cs file), one to serialize my collection of feeds into RoamingSettings, and another to deserialize and return the data from RoamingSettings: internal static void SaveFeedUrls() { var serializer = new DataContractSerializer(typeof(List<string>)); var feeds = SampleDataSource.AllGroups.Select(g => g.UniqueId).ToList(); using(var tmpStream = new MemoryStream()) { serializer.WriteObject(tmpStream, feeds); ApplicationData.Current.RoamingSettings.Values["feeds"] = tmpStream.ToArray(); } } internal static IEnumerable<string> LoadFeedUrls() { if (!ApplicationData.Current.RoamingSettings.Values.ContainsKey("feeds")) return Enumerable.Empty<string>(); var serializer = new DataContractSerializer(typeof(List<string>)); using(var tmpStream = new MemoryStream( (byte[])ApplicationData.Current.RoamingSettings.Values["feeds"])) { return (List<string>)serializer.ReadObject(tmpStream); } } Then, in GroupedItemsPage.LoadState (in GroupdItemsPage.xaml.cs), I add whatever feeds had previously been persisted: protected override async void LoadState( object navigationParameter, Dictionary<string, object> pageState) { this.DefaultViewModel["Groups"] = SampleDataSource.AllGroups; foreach(var feed in PersistedState.LoadFeedUrls()) await AddFeedAsync(feed); } And after successfully adding a new feed, I add a call to persist the current set: if (await SampleDataSource.AddGroupForFeedAsync(feed)) { UpdateTile(); PersistedState.SaveFeedUrls(); } With that, feeds are successfully persisted and loaded for this user of my app, across their Windows devices. Enabling a Custom Backend Service In enabling sharing, I took advantage of services supported by other apps on my system. And in enabling roaming, I took advantage of a service supported natively by WinRT to share data between a given user’s devices. But what about sharing data between users? For example, I want to enable a service that would allow a user’s feeds to be published for other users to find and bring into the app. To achieve this, I can utilize the new Windows Azure Mobile Services, which make it trivial to put and get data from the cloud (a short tutorial is available here). First, I create a new Mobile Service through the Windows Azure portal: Within seconds, I have a new Mobile Service ready and waiting for me to customize: Through the portal UI, I then create a new “table” within my Mobile Service to store information about the feeds that are being shared by my app: I don’t have to configure any schema for the table, as by default that’s taken care of for me automatically by the service as I add data into it. One thing I do want to do, however, is take advantage of the Mobile Services ability to let me write server-side JavaScript that handles Insert, Update, Read, and Delete events. In my case, I don’t need to store duplicate entries when the same feed URL is submitted more than once, so I write a basic “Insert” script to help filter those duplicates out: function insert(item, user, request) { tables.getTable("SharedFeed").where( { Url : item.Url }).read({ success : function(results) { if (results.length > 0) { request.respond(200, results[0]); } else { request.execute(); } }, error: function(err) { console.error(err); request.respond(500, "Error"); } }); } This editing is accomplished using the in-browser editor in the Azure portal: This “insert” function is called for me automatically whenever a new item is about to be inserted into the table. My script then queries the SharedFeed table for all entries where the URL matches that of the feed which is being inserted. If there’s already such an entry, the script just sends a response to the caller, treating the operation as a nop. If, however, this URL doesn’t exist, the script then proceeds to execute the original request, which will actually add the new record. Of course, if there’s an error, I want to be able to diagnose the issue, so I log it and then send back to the client a generic “Error” message so that I don’t leak any potentially sensitive information. All logged information is available through the logs pane of my service: With that, my service is entirely configured, and I now need to consume it into my app. The easiest way to do this is via the Windows Azure Mobile Services SDK. With the SDK installed, I use the Add Reference… dialog in Visual Studio to bring in the client-side library for the service. The library is available as an Extension SDK through the Windows\Extensions category: Now I can use the client-side APIs to interact with my Mobile Service. First, any time a user loads a feed, I want to store it into the “SharedFeed” table I previously configured. To do this, I define a SharedFeed type with three properties: Id, Title, and Url (Id will be the primary key): [DataTable(Name="SharedFeed")] public class SharedFeed { [DataMember(Name="Id")] public int Id { get; set; } [DataMember(Name="Title")] public string Title { get; set; } [DataMember(Name="Url")] public string Url { get; set; } } In GroupedItemPage.xaml.cs, I then write the following method to insert a new record from my app into the service: async void ShareFeedOnServerAsync(string title, string url) { try { var table = App.MobileService.GetTable<SharedFeed>(); await table.InsertAsync(new SharedFeed { Title = title, Url = url }); } catch (Exception exc) { Debug.WriteLine(exc.Message); } } And I modify the AddFeedAsync method, this time to invoke ShareFeedOnServer in addition to updating my live tile and persisting the data: if (await SampleDataSource.AddGroupForFeedAsync(feed)) { UpdateTile(); PersistedState.SaveFeedUrls(); ShareFeedOnServerAsync(); } Every time a feed is added, it’s now persisted to my service automatically. Here you can see the results in the Azure portal after loading several feeds into my app: Now, I need to be able to show these records to a user to enable them to choose from this list of feeds. To do that, I again use the Add Item… dialog in Visual Studio, just as I did for Search, but this time choosing to add a new Split Page screen to my app: This new PopularFeeds.xaml file contains more XAML than I actually need. As I’m not showing any “details” for each element, I can delete all of the UI associated with details: - the second column definition - the whole ScrollViewer related to viewing details for each item - all animation key frames related to anything to do with detail controls, such as itemDetail, itemDetailTitlePanel, and itemDetailGrid To display the list results, I add to this file’s Page.Resources a small bit of new XAML, based on the Standard130ItemTemplate from the StandardStyles.xaml file, and I update all code in PopularFeeds.xaml that was referencing Standard130ItemTemplate or Standard80ItemTemplate to instead reference this new FeedResultsItemTemplate: <DataTemplate x: <Grid Margin="6"> <Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <ColumnDefinition Width="*"/> </Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <StackPanel Grid. <TextBlock Text="{Binding Title}" Style="{StaticResource TitleTextStyle}" TextWrapping="NoWrap"/> <TextBlock Text="{Binding Url}" Style="{StaticResource CaptionTextStyle}" TextWrapping="NoWrap"/> </StackPanel> </Grid> </DataTemplate> I also modify the existing resultsListView with a few properties, such that the user can click on (but not permanently select) an element from the list: IsItemClickEnabled="true" ItemClick="ItemListView_Click” SelectionMode="None" To ensure that clicking an element will navigate back to the previous screen after having added the clicked feed added, I add the following code to the PopularFeeds.xaml.cs file: async void ItemListView_Click(object sender, ItemClickEventArgs e) { var url = ((SharedFeed)e.ClickedItem).Url; await SampleDataSource.AddGroupForFeedAsync(url); PersistedState.SaveFeedUrls(); this.IsEnabled = false; this.Frame.GoBack(); } From the new page’s code-behind, I also delete all of the methods except for its DetermineVisualState method (from which I delete the concept of the logicalPageBack), and rewrite its LoadState method to populate the results list with all of the entries from the SharedFeed table in my Mobile Service, but only showing those entries which I’ve not already loaded: protected override async void LoadState( object navigationParameter, Dictionary<string, object> pageState) { var items = (await App.MobileService.GetTable<SharedFeed>().ToEnumerableAsync()) .Where(item => SampleDataSource.GetGroup(item.Url) == null) .ToList(); this.DefaultViewModel["Items"] = items; } With that, my Popular Feeds page is done, and navigating to it results in a screen that allows the user to easily select feeds that other users of my app are using. On the main page of my app (the GroupedItemsPage.xaml file), I then need to create a simple way for a user to navigate to this popular feeds page. To do that, I add a new button to the previously created AppBar (and as with the previous button I added to the AppBar, I uncomment the required button style in StandardStyles.xaml): <Button x: And I add this button’s Click handler (in GroupedItemsPage.xaml.cs) to navigate to the popular feeds page: private void btnPopularFeeds_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { this.Frame.Navigate(typeof(PopularFeeds)); } Enabling Push Notifications My “popular feeds” feature is almost complete. Users of my app are now able to share their feeds with others, and easily add feeds used by others. However, auser isn’t notified if other users add new feeds. For that, I want to support push notifications, and with Visual Studio, Windows 8, and Windows Azure Mobile Services together, I’m able to add push notifications to my app with little effort. First, I need to configure Mobile Services to support push notifications. For that, I open my browser and navigate to, going through the steps outlined there to register my app. This entails filling out a short form with two pieces of information obtained from the Packaging section of my app’s Package.appxmanifest: Upon clicking “I accept,” I’m presented with three pieces of information: a new package name, a client secret, and a package security identifier. I copy the package name into the “Package name” field in my app’s Package.appxmanifest (in the manifest, I also change the “Toast capable” field to “Yes”), and I copy both the client secret and the package identifier into my Mobile Service’s “push” tab: With the service configuration out of the way, I need to augment my service to be able to store information about connected clients so that it can push notifications to them. To do this, I create a new “Channel” table, following the same steps as I did before with my “SharedFeed” table. I even copy over the same “Insert” script that weeded out duplicates, with the only change to the code being which table is queried. With that, I’m set up to track clients, and I now need to be able to send them all notifications when a new feed is added. To achieve that, I again edit the "insert" script for my SharedFeed table, adding a “sendNotifications” function and calling it from "insert" after a new item is inserted: function sendNotifications(item) { tables.getTable("Channel").read({ success: function(results) { results.forEach(function(channel) { push.wns.sendToastText04(channel.channelUri, { text1: "New feed recommended!", text2: item.Title, text3: item.Url }, { success: function(data) { console.log(data); } }); }); } }); } function insert(item, user, request) { ... request.execute(); sendNotifications(item); ... } When “sendNotifications” is called from the “insert” function, it gets all of the registered clients from the channels table, and for each, it sends a toast to each client that contains information about the new feed. That’s all for the service side of things. In my client, I need to register for notifications as well, pushing up to the service the Uri that Windows creates for me. In my App.xaml.cs file, I add the following function, which I call from the constructor after all of the other initialization is done: private async void RegisterForPushNotificationsAsync() { try { var channel = await PushNotificationChannelManager.CreatePushNotificationChannelForApplicationAsync(); var jo = new JsonObject(); jo.Add("channelUri", JsonValue.CreateStringValue(channel.Uri)); var table = App.MobileService.GetTable("Channel"); await table.InsertAsync(jo); } catch(Exception exc) { Debug.WriteLine(exc.Message); } } This uses the PushNotificationChannelManager from WinRT to create a “channel” for my app. I then need store this channel’s Uri into the Mobile Service table I previously created. To do that, rather than create a new type to store the Uri (as I did for SharedFeed), I instead just use the untyped approach supported by the Mobile Services client: creating a new JsonObject, storing into it the channelUri property, and inserting that JSON into the service. With that, my push notifications are all wired up. Now, whenever a new item is added to the “SharedFeed” table on the service, my server-side "insert" function is called, which calls my "sendNotifications" function, which calls the built-in "sendToastText04" function, which pushes that item down to all clients: I could take this further if I wanted to. For example, while using the app, a user might be unnecessarily notified of feeds they’re already reading. To address that, I could add the following code to my RegisterForPushNotificationsAsync method: channel.PushNotificationReceived += (s, e) => { var node = e.ToastNotification .Content .SelectSingleNode(@"//text[@id=""3""]"); e.Cancel = node != null && SampleDataSource.GetGroup(node.InnerText) != null; }; This event handler is invoked before Windows displays the toast (but only if this app is the foreground). The code checks whether the XML references a data source that’s already been added, and if it does, it cancels the toast notification. I could of course take this much further, for example storing the feeds by user into my service, and only even pushing to clients that didn’t previously register that feed. Note, too, that I did not configure any form of security for my service. Windows Azure Mobile Service provides rich support around identity and access control, but for the purposes of this post, I’ve chosen to omit any such coverage. Enabling Advertisements Now that my app is basically done, I want to do one more thing: enable advertisements. For this, I’ll utilize the Microsoft Ads SDK for Windows 8. First, I navigate to and follow the simple steps detailed there, starting by installing the SDK, which takes just a few seconds. Once installed, I navigate to to register for an account and to register my application: This entails not only providing a name and type for my app, but also defining an “ad unit,” with information such as the size of the ad and the category of my app: With that done, my app is registered to display ads, and the system provides to me an Application ID and an Ad Unit ID that I just include in my app: Having installed the SDK, upon returning to Visual Studio the AdControl is now ready for me to use: I drag the control to the designer in Visual Studio, placing the XAML where I want it, and filling in my Application ID and Ad Unit ID as provided by the web site: Now when I run my app, I see ads successfully displayed: Conclusion In this two-part post, I detailed building a simple Windows Store app that both integrated with Windows functionality and utilized multiple backend services. There was little code I actually had to write, with much of the heavy lifting handled by Visual Studio, Windows 8, and Windows Azure. Along the way, I was able to build a nice user experience, one that included live tiles, search, sharing contracts, roaming data across devices, sharing data with other users, push notifications, and advertisements. These posts highlight just some of the power provided to you by these tools and platforms, and I’m really excited to see what you build with them. Namaste! This is a great series! It is a great series to demonstrate the ugly Visual Studio UI. Great posts, really easy to follow and shows a clear approach to getting started! Alas, I can't develop for Windows 8 because I have to support XP. Because of the lack of backwards compatability, I can't install .NET 4.5. Which means I have to choose between Windows 8 and Windows XP. Windows 8 could be fun. But my job pays me to support XP. Sadly I have to go with the job.). @LachLan01: There is no mechanism for offline acquisition of a developer license at this time. Just wanted to say that there are many of us who stand with you and the DevDiv against the SS (WinDiv). Keep the good work, and everything you've done (WPF, SL) is appreciated. Steve Ballmer should fix this internal war or step out. @Stephen Toub – Why no offline option for apps development? I'm sure my work scenario is not unusual (large govt. department); our dev machines are not allowed to be internet connected EVER. Why does MS ALWAYS assume that its users are 100% internet connected at all times? Why does it seem like I'm always jumping through hoops to get work done? What happened to "it just works"? When will this be "fixed"? Unrelated Win 8 rant: gestures + touchpad on a laptop DO NOT WORK. Charm bar etc keep popping up by accident, driving me nuts. How the hell do you turn this off??? Right, have to go do some real work now, time to load up VS 2010 on XP! As usual, the hard questions get ignored 🙁 @Lachlan01 you are not alone with this issue. I have a similar problem with a PC that I wish to learn and explore and eventually develop this type of application. Whilst my organisation is not government-related, internet access is very limited, and I cannot obtain a developer license. An off-line mechanism is definitely needed so I can obtain a license for a PC that is not internet-connected. If Windows /Office / etc. will let me activate by phone as well as the internet, how come I cannot get a developer license via an alternative route? I assume the reason is piracy prevention, but as always, it's the real users that suffer, and the pirates will carry on regardless. great	https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/somasegar/2012/08/28/building-an-end-to-end-windows-store-app-part-2-integrating-cloud-services/	CC-MAIN-2017-39	refinedweb	3,612	52.19
I received SRE offers from Facebook and Google without a university degree; Here is how. I’m Amirali, and I have been working in the software industry for the past 6 years. In my senior of high school, I decided I wanted to be a software engineer working at Google/Facebook. So I googled around a bit to find out what they wanted out of candidates and found out that a degree isn’t required to get a job at these companies. Equipped with the knowledge that self-study and self-learning is an alternative path, I decided to embark on this journey, and I’m happy to announce that I’ve received offers from both of these companies on my first attempt at FAANG. I will mainly focus on the SRE interview preparation part and share the resources I used to get offers from these two companies. The specific interviews are SRE-SE interview(System Engineer Pipeline) for Google and Production engineer interview for Facebook. Interview rounds FAANG divides interviews into three phases which are called recruiter, phone screen, and on-site. Screening starts from the recruiter's call. There are, overall, eight interviews. You should expect around 15 simple questions regarding Linux, coding, and network with one or two-word answers for the recruiter call. Phone-screen has one coding and one Linux interview, and last but not least, the on-site consists of system design, coding, network, troubleshooting/Linux, and behavioral. For Google, there are two pipelines to SRE. SRE-SWE and SRE-SE, the difference is that SWE has two rounds of coding with Leetcode style questions. in contrast, SE has a round of Linux internals and a practical coding question working with files. I decided to pick the SRE-SE pipeline. You should expect around five multiple-choice questions on Linux that are in-depth. The phone screen is a 45 minute round that covers both Linux and coding. On-site is five interviews: Non-abstract large system design or NALSD (unique to google), Googleyness or behavioral, Troubleshooting, Linux internals, and coding. Recruiter call For Facebook, if you have enough experience as an SRE, you should be able to answer enough questions to pass. Otherwise, brush up on network (TCP vs. UDP, TCP control bits, etc.), Linux (Process states, typical commands, etc.), and coding (know your Big O, you should be pretty comfortable with time/space complexity analysis). For Google, you need to be pretty comfortable with Linux before taking the call, so look at the Linux preparation section. resources: - - - Phone Screen Coding you should expect file operations and easy/medium Leetcode questions. The most common data structures/algorithms tested are arrays, hashes, binary search, sorting, and heaps (how and where to use them). Graphs, Trees, and backtracking are unlikely. Dynamic programming is entirely out of the picture. Remember to think of edge cases and ask clarifying questions. For example, what is the file’s encoding? Should I handle parsing issues such as X and Y? what is the typical file size? resources: LeetCode - The World's Leading Online Programming Learning Platform At LeetCode, our mission is to help you improve yourself and land your dream job. We have a sizable repository of… leetcode.com Grokking the Coding Interview: Patterns for Coding Questions - Learn Interactively Coding interviews are getting harder every day. A few years back, brushing up on key data structures and going through… Linux for the Linux part, you should have a pretty decent understanding of Linux internals (do NOT memorize). For each topic, you should know why it is implemented this way and how it is used. For example, why are we using virtual memory instead of physical? How is virtual memory translated to physical memory? There are the topics that you should cover: - Virtual memory (Paging, demand paging, anonymous vs. file-backed memory, shared memory, page faults, dirty pages, page cache, swapping, memory mapping, memory protection, memory layout, overcommit, TLB, MMU, OOM, PSI) - Signals (Know key signals such as SIGTERM, SIGSTP, SIGCHLD, SIGKILL, SIGSEG, signal handlers, signal masking, default handlers, tracing signals) - Processes (Exec/Fork, Zombie/Orphan, Interruptible and uninterruptible Sleep, Runqueue/Scheduler latency, Completely fair scheduler and other scheduler policies, Preemption, Context switching, CPU registers and caches, userspace threads/lightweight threads/coroutines,) - Interprocess communication and Locking (Advantages / Disadvantages of each approach, a rough idea of how it’s implemented, what are the system calls) - Networking stack (which part is in the kernel, which part is handled by userspace libraries, common syscalls, sockfs) - Control groups (what it is, how it works) and namespaces (unlikely but good to cover) - System calls (you should know the 12 key system calls, how they are initiated, CPU protection rings, mode switch, userspace vs. kernel space) - Tracing (strace, ltrace, ptrace, perf, user-space tracing, kernel tracing) - Virtual file system or VFS (pseudo-file-systems such as proc, sockfs, pipefs and how shared memory integrates with VFS, file descriptors, open file descriptions table, inodes, NFS, LVM, software RAID) - Linux boot process (unlikely but good to cover, rather high-level. BIOS -> MBR -> grub -> kernel -> init -> userspace) - Main responsibilities of the kernel and init (remember to ask the questions, e.g., why do we need a kernel?) - Interrupts (what events cause interrupts, interrupt context vs. thread context, how interrupts are executed, top half and bottom half, and a bit about interrupt masking) - Common Linux tools (iostat, vmstat, top, pidstat, uname, touch, rm, cd, kill, iotop, mount, df, du, lsof, etc. you should know when they are used, how they are used, and what is the output) Also, you should avoid getting too deep into the internals. Knowing what kinds of data structures are used or how a particular feature is implemented is not important. You are not expected to contribute code to the kernel, write drivers, or kernel modules. resources: - - - - - - learnlinuxconcepts.blogspot.com - - The Linux Programming Interface: A Linux and UNIX System Programming Handbook (Skim through code sections) - Linux Kernel Development by Robert Love - Operating systems concepts Book On-site When you reach on-site, the recruiter will provide you with a document that covers the topics of the interviews and what you should expect. Treat it just as another source of info. The document isn’t going to be comprehensive at all. Coding and Linux Internals These are the same as phone screens, but a tad bit harder and more in-depth. Network Google, unfortunately, doesn’t ask any network-related questions, and This is just for Facebook. This interview has a bit less weight than other interviews so if you are tight on time, put more effort into other interviews. The interview is pretty easy and simple. You are meant to be leading the interview, and questions are quite a bit open-ended to cover what you know. expect things like what happens when you press facebook.com in the browser? (i talked non-stop for roughly 30 minutes on this question). You should at least cover the basics, which are DNS, TCP, and HTTP. But you can talk about DHCP, SLAAC, IPv4, IPv6, BGP, OSPF, iBGP, NAT, QUIC, UDP, ICMP, and on and on. Also, you should know at least one network protocol in depth. (e.g., TCP, HTTP) and a bit about troubleshooting common network problems and it’s tools (ping, mtr, traceroute, arp, IP, route, netstat) resources: - TCP/IP illustrated Volume 1 (Only read if you have enough time; otherwise, go through the Stanford course) - Stanford introduction to computer networking CS144 (really recommended, concisely covers most important topics) Behavioral I didn’t spend much time on behavioral preparation, but I can give you some tips. Facebook and Google behavioral interviews are completely different things. At Facebook, the interviewer goes through your past experiences and asks basic questions such as why Facebook, why production engineering, and stuff like that. It would help if you went through the example questions your recruiter provides and try to think of past experiences beforehand. It is meant to make sure you are a decent, functioning person. At Google, the interviewer asks mainly hypothetical questions, which are quite abstract and ambiguous. You are expected to ask clarifying questions to come up with a reasonable answer. My suggestion is to brush up on agile (focus on the concept, not the names, such as breaking up a project into small deliverable sub-tasks) and don’t get hung up on the specifics. Also, get familiar with OKRs and take a look at rework. You can find most of the questions asked online as well. System design This is just for Facebook. Google does a non-abstract version which is different from a typical system design interview. The system design for the Production engineering role is focused on infra tools similar to Kubernetes, Jenkins, BitTorrent, etc., so my suggestion is to study how these systems are implemented to draw inspiration for your own design. The most important things in the interview are: - Ask clarifying questions (how many queries? what is the data size? how many deploys? etc.) - Think about edge cases and what’s going to happen when things fail. concurrency issues, power outages … - Make sure your system doesn’t have a single point of failure, and it’s scalable. There are many examples available on system design interviews and how they work; however, they are mainly for SWE positions and don’t focus on infra tools; the nature of the interviews is the same, so they are somewhat useful. You should know some basics: etcd/zookeeper, distributed locking, concurrency issues, isolation levels, queues, S3. for the practice, you can design a job scheduler. resources: - Grokking the system design interview by Educative - Designing Data-intensive applications by Martin Kleppmann - Search system design in youtube, lots of valuable videos. NALSD This interview is unique for google, and there are limited resources available for it. The design is pretty low-level, and you are expected to come up with a Bill of materials. Same as any other system design interview, you are given a vague question. You should ask clarifying questions and come up with numbers regarding storage/network/IOPS, then come up with an estimate as to how many machines are required and the main bottleneck of the system. To be truly successful, you should know a simple sharding strategy and how the assignment is done, SSTABLES and Memtable, Write ahead logging, and SLOs (what kind of SLI are appropriate for each type of system). resources: My Path to Site Reliability Management On my way to space I am currently taking a little stop to help organizing the world's information and doing my part in… danrl.com Troubleshooting The troubleshooting interviews at Google and Facebook are completely different. Facebook focuses on practical open-ended issues that you probably encounter during your day-to-day tasks, such as latency problems (e.g., a database is running slow). Google comes up with weird, specific scenarios that literally never happens (interviewer himself agreed). So I will break it up into two parts. The interview is like Dungeons and Dragons, you query the interviewer, and he provides you with an answer (for example, you say I’m going to run top, then he tells you that you see high Load but low CPU utilization). he is very interested in your thought process and how you go about troubleshooting and less about solving the problem itself. The most useful resource for tackling real production problems is Brendan Greggs work. So watch his youtube videos, read his book, and his blog. Also, go through the topics provided by your recruiter. Try to come up with some problems yourself and try to debug those. For example, you could have a latency problem caused by a noisy neighbor that resides in the same rack and takes the whole bandwidth. Google: The format of the interview is still querying the interviewer and getting a response. Still, most of the time, they will provide you with a command output instead of telling you the most important piece of information. To be honest, I still don’t know how you can prepare for this interview. My suggestion is to talk to a google SRE about this type of interview to find out more beforehand. While Facebook questions were open-ended, google asked multiple specific questions which either you could answer or couldn’t without much room to explore. Also, Brendan's work was basically useless for this interview as none of the questions covered practical troubleshooting scenarios. For example, they could give you a question where the system doesn’t boot because some specific file isn’t in the right format! Final Notes I believe it’s crucial to get a feel of what you should expect during the interview and what kinds of signals you need to give. So I strongly recommend scheduling mock interviews with peers or, much more preferably, actual google or Facebook employees. The interview prep for me took roughly 3 months of putting 30–40 hours a week. I decided to join Facebook as a Production Engineer at level 4. Overall resources: SRE Interview Questions Unix Processes What is the difference between a process and a thread? A thread is a lightweight process. Each process… syedali.net mxssl/sre-interview-prep-guide Site Reliability Engineer Interview Preparation Guide - mxssl/sre-interview-prep-guide github.com rishiloyola/SRE-Interviews Curated list of good SRE interview questions. . Contribute to rishiloyola/SRE-Interviews development by creating an… github.com Interview Preparation Submitted by recent candidates, vetted by experts. Keep up with what your target company and role is looking for… prepfully.com	https://amiralisobhgol.medium.com/i-received-sre-offers-from-facebook-and-google-without-a-university-degree-here-is-how-224f06b49e7d?source=post_internal_links---------7----------------------------	CC-MAIN-2021-39	refinedweb	2,270	62.17
Send a message to a channel #include <sys/neutrino.h> int MsgSendv( int coid, const iov_t* siov, int sparts, const iov_t* riov, int rparts ); int MsgSendv_r( int coid, const iov_t* siov, int sparts, const iov_t* riov, int rparts ); libc Use the -l c option to qcc to link against this library. This library is usually included automatically. The MsgSendv() and MsgSendv. It's quite common to send two-part messages consisting of a fixed header and a buffer of data. The MsgSendv() function gathers the data from the send list into a logically contiguous message and transfers it to the receiver. The receiver doesn't need to specify the same number or size of buffers. The data is laid down filling each entry as required. The same applies to the replied data. MsgSendv() is a cancellation point for the ThreadCancel() kernel call; MsgSendvnc() isn't. Blocking states The only difference between the MsgSendv() and MsgSendv_r() functions is the way they indicate errors:	http://www.qnx.com/developers/docs/6.6.0.update/com.qnx.doc.neutrino.lib_ref/topic/m/msgsendv.html	CC-MAIN-2018-26	refinedweb	162	65.52
. Moving towards AIR is a great idea but I am interested in commercial entity that are pushing your technology. I know many Air developers who pays yearly license just to work with Air, like other cross-platform tools get optimize.PhoneGap Developers Phone Gap? What the hell is that? I use AIR. Ok Adobe Managers understood. I have only one request. Consider selling it. -- "Put a brand here" Flash -- is an unborn baby that will change the game again. Thank you. For those interested in what's been going on with the Flash Runtime lately and what we've got planned in the future, please take a look at our latest blog post: This is so sad... Watching as Adobe is ****ng with a community they were creating last 15 years. Guess what - I will never learn anything new from your company and you can guess why. I will never ever risk "Thougts on PhoneGap" thing again. Adobe, don't waste our precious time. If it's time to move to Objective C, Java, Haxe, Xamarin or Unity let us know as soon as possible. Please Adobe, liste to the developers and push Air. By the way, way isn't there a Flash Builder CC yet? I think one problem is. Adobe still follows the words of Steve Jobs, a person I admire just to mention this. But also Steve Jobs was not always right. And while Apple sometimes changing their opinion like delivering a smaller iPad against the opinion of Steve Jobs. Adobe still believes in the letter „Thoughts on Flash“ I just can not understand why no one at Adobe can see what a great technology Adobe Air is! It is by far the best cross platform development tool out there. While Phone Gap is one of the worst! Hey Loni! There are lots of unanswered questions in the comments. I find the silence from you and Adobe quite disrespectful. I have been a developer and an educator whose has worked in the Flash Platform for 14 years. I use AIR for large scale projects, both games and otherwise, for companies and education partners. Even with the lack of support from Adobe I have been very happy with AIR's performance. I have also used Phone Gap (in fact I tried very hard to put it into my work flow), and my feelings are the same as others. If you are going to do mobile dev with HTML5/JS Phone Gap is not a stellar tool for that type of work. I would advise looking to Titanium or Sencha. Both of those companies are extremely motivated and show a sense of the market and their dev communities. I am afraid that the Macromedia DNA has now all but gone from Adobe. What is left is a company in search of its soul making promises that it can't keep. It has been mildly profitable through promotion and hype, but it's developer base is leaving. A company about tools no longer really makes them. AIR now feel's like Unity's younger and less capable younger brother. They are essentially very similar pieces of software - both proprietary, both able to handle 3D and 2D, both cross compile and both use plugins for the web. The difference is the love and attention that Unity gets. Just look at all those new features and releases constantly coming to Unity. How about all the SDKs being written for Unity to handle things like Facebook integration and ad networks. All that support online, the asset store, the games, the tutorials... the buzz! Flash used to have all this back in the day but it started to trickle away after the whole 'Steve Jobs killed Flash' debacle. Flash has a tainted past and it can't seem to shake it off, and now it feels like it's all just slipping away into nothingness. This really saddens me, because - IT IS SUCH A GREAT TOOL! Obviously based on all the posts in this forum there is still a large, active and passionate community who are still successfully using AIR in their projects, and who love using it. Imagine how much greater AIR could be if Adobe started to actively turn things around and really give it the attention it deserves. Adobe needs to drop PhoneGap and build on the product they already have and that people already love. They need to rekindle the fire and push AIR as their, wait for it... "leading cross-platform app development solution". I'll say it again... a positive step in the right direction would be to simply re-brand AIR as PhoneGap 2.0 ;) Couldn't care less of what Adobe is doing now. Flex has been donated to Apache among the Falcon Compiler. That means that we are able now to cross compile AS3 to other languages. Soon we will be able to continue to program with MXML/AS3 and output to SWF and HTLM/JS/CSS. take a look here. Dear Adobe... If you need money for Adobe AIR platform development, just make it into paid/subscription license product. Many if not most developers would be gladly to pay. If you're not serious about AIR development, just sell it, please! Like many others here, I make my day-to-day living coding in Flash/AIR. I actually agree* with the direction Adobe is taking but with a caveat. The trick is, AIR is absolutely awesome when it comes to making interactive audiovisual things- whether it's a business charts app, game, or video library.. doesn't really matter. It's much better or as good as any other technology when it comes to that sort of thing. But what Flash/AIR has always been annoyingly terrible at is handling text. TLFText framework has been dropped from Flash Pro CC. In order to use it in a pure actionscript project you need to include the flex framework and then good luck sorting out the extremely convoluted documentation. Then toss all that out the window on mobile where you use StageText. In short- text is an absolute mess in Flash/AIR. Yes, it is in fact much better in HTML. So it makes sense for boxy text-based business apps to have a technology that's focused on dealing with that properly, and it makes sense for Adobe to provide the technology to empower it. I assume Experience Manager does that. My problem is- these days I'm building lots of educational apps which are half traditional games and half learning. The hoops I've had to jump through with text are ridiculous. Stage3d/Starling, StageText, TLFText, do not inherently play well together. As an experienced developer I've been able to work around most problems and create a proprietary library that handles it well enough, but I pity any programmer starting out who needs to do such basic things. With that in mind, I would also encourage Adobe to recognize that AIR is hands-down one of the best cross-platform development environments out there, but it does need proper attention- especially in the text department, in order to build business-focused (or education-focused) text-based apps. If not, then I understand their need to offer an alternative. But I'm really hoping they can get their head around text issues on AIR. It's been a long time coming. What a crap! Long live Haxe and OpenFL ... I switched to those 2 a year ago and when I see articles like these, I realise how a smart move it was! Come on! What's the point to create a new tool when you own a 10+ years rich media platform - Flash (AIR). Make a casual app-builder using AIR: cheeper and same profit. You can give it a new name. Also use new extra money on AIR development. @lonistark hey loni, you really should have informed yourself about what is going on in the community. It is totally amazing to me how differentiated the mobile app developers react on this. If someone would what shown me this article and ask me what the reaction might be I would have bet for a really angry and mean shitstorm. It's really frustrating. Please learn from it and think first before posting that pseudo pr crap. Learn from the experienced community, support them and enforce its power. I wish Adobe would do the same with Flash and AIR as they did with Flex - transfer the ownership to a respectable Open Source foundation. I understand that the revenue from Photoshop dwarfs the revenue generated from Adobe AIR products, and that Adobe just isn't interested in supporting AIR in the way it deserves. Please Adobe, allow AIR to have a new life with the people who love it and will continue to care for it. This is important to us, and is not just about a technology product - it's a way of life, a culture, and an ethos. @RobertRicci Macromedia :D @liquidate Stop saying "for gaming and video". NEVER SAY THAT AGAIN! @liquidate Thank you Chris. Your response seems a message of your intent to address these developer issues, so I present some real questions from the developer community in the follow up to my open letter to you. Best Regards. @liquidate "what we've got planned in the future" ... Am I blind or what? I don't see any future plans in your blog post...Maybe I see one - workers for iOS... Lately this year? ... So... Plans for 2014 are workers for iOS? This is not even funny. You blog post is like half year old FP/AIR release notes. Community is missing Android x86 & Windows phone support. Wake up Adobe. @liquidate Thank you very much! @PierB Playing with haXe right now. :) Speed tax failed, they rushed out flash cc which was re-engineered in 64 bit but when unreal laughed, they tried to get back cash from "scum" like us. Half assed. @MarcusDobler you're right... @Chrippe FYI, Loni has a (canned feeling) reply below, but Bill Howard has indicated on Twitter that Adobe is working on a response. @MattBadley I realise that you intended your comment in support of AIR. Thanks. But I just wanted to add some comments to your comparison between AIR and Unity3D. 1. The Flash Plug-in is still installed on many more desktop/laptop browsers than the Unity3D plug-in. 2. Unity3D's 2D performance sucks compared with Stage3D and powerful frameworks such as Genome2D. It might even be worse than not-so-good frameworks like Starling ;). 3. The Flash Platform is much more versatile than Unity3D. Employing a powerfulUI framework like MadComponents allows you to build general-purpose and enterprise apps using AIR that would be impossible in Unity3D. @pCAmpos It seems you are missing part of the picture, you can compile to SWF, but what if Adobe completely drops the Flash Player and the AIR Runtime? Also, I'm not that confident about the Falcon Compiler, there is still a long way to go, and it's been a lot of time since it was donated. @pCAmpos I can't say I'm a fan of the idea of cross-compiling to a different VM - especially JavaScript. Sounds like the worst of both worlds. The only "couldn't care less" that I feel is that Haxe/OpenFL wouldn't be a difficult transition. @Adi Nugroho OR... throw the Entire Flash Platform to Apache, if they have no interest anymore in Flash, haha,.. Flash CC update is now capable on JS Canvas {or exactly } I would say it as 'HTML5 Canvas Editor',... what??? Adobe stupid decision is making effort for Flash CC to be "HTML5 Canvas/WebGL Editor", but go away from AS3 ,that , yeah we are all know, greater than Canvas or WebGL itself, @Adi Nugroho I think we still can't understand, that Adobe is one of that companies pushed forward with hypes and hipsters. It's not about quality of product or amount of profit. It's about how cool is that product and how cool are users while using it. :) Edit: yes and I'm willin' to pay as well... I would pay for that as well. Just adding another voice to the chorus. ADOBE-- there are so many of us who would be willing to pay a subscription for continued AIR development, for new features, and to keep it competitive-- are you listening?? …or an option could be to make it part of the CC subscription offering. @Adi Nugroho I would certainly pay. Adobe, if you do some work work on Flash Builder, you might get some revenue that way too. I know as Flash Builder is left to fester lots of developers are moving to IntelliJ and other IDEs. @David Komer I've done a lot of work with text in the past and never had problems, or could be worked around without much problem, but of course, text needs can vary greatly between apps. What I always miss is better html text support. Which sort of feature does your library add? I agree text support could be improved tho, I miss having some built-in features in several areas (like having some graphics drawString with a border width argument), and performance is also way behind HTML when it comes to text. @tmalicet Can you elaborate please? What IDE are you using (if any)? I was disappointed to see an old Eclipse plugin project that seems to have been abandoned. What type of projects are you working on with it? What targets are you compiling to? What have been some obstacles you've faced, and how have you overcome them? Are these technologies that you believe will have support 5 years down the road? @stevewarren I like the idea of this but there are also some benefits to having a motivated commercial entity pushing your technology. In that light I'd just also mention that I know of a lot of Air developers who would happily pay a (reasonable) yearly licence to work with Air - similar to how other cross platform tools have monetized. We'd just expect a prioritized product with great developer engagement as part of the transaction. @jeff__ward @Chrippe It would be great if that response included moving development back to the states instead of India. Bringing back evangelists into the fold. AND stepping up their PR to match the fervor of the fans on this thread! But we all know Adobe sucks at communicating effectively. They could have avoided a bunch of backlash of the Flex debacle by announcing it a couple weeks earlier at MAX. They could have said a few sentences about how big a gift it was to the open source community, but instead it was tied to the canceling of Flash for Android. This compounded the whole problem! And with Flash on Android... I was getting spectacular performance before they canned it. Processors are only getting faster too. IF they would have held on for a few more months, they could have persuaded everyone they were in it for the long haul. Every bit of news coming from Adobe sounds like bad news. I would rather they didn't say anything! @DanielFreeman Thanks for the feedback. The intentions of my original post were indeed in support of AIR (and I still use AIR on a daily basis), but I've felt lately that other tools out there, Unity in particular, have done a much better job on the PR and new features front. As discussed in this whole thread, Adobe isn't very good at communicating to it's developer base. In response to your points on Unity - 1. Obviously Flash has much more market penetration on the web compared to Unity, but for mobile app development this is irrelevant. It also feels like Flash on the general web is dying anyway now, with the exception of games on Facebook... 2. I didn't realise Unity's 2D performance was poor. What are you basing this on and how have you tested it? My understanding is that Unity's 2D performance is in fact better than AIR on mobiles (obviously it depends how you choose to optimise your code - for both AIR and Unity). 3. I agree that Flash is more versatile - at the moment at least. Unity's new 2D features are a step in the right direction towards being able to build decent UI's in Unity. At the rate Unity is growing though I wouldn't be surprised if they have a Flash comparable solution within a couple of years. I'd like to stick with AIR but like everyone else on this forum I need more assurance from Adobe that they are actively keeping it alive. The new features that were mentioned by @liquidate don't feel like enough to keep the platform moving full steam ahead. @cuentapruebas01 The big advantage for me with FlexJS approach is that you can continue to use your favorite set of tools and language that you mastered over the years. Also depending on your current projects, you can theoretically port it to this new framework with minimum effort. In the limit you would just have to replace the 'old spark' components with a new namespace for the components, Is my belief that if someday Adobe drops Flash/AIR completely, we AS3 developers will have a new and better framework to continue thriving, with different outputs (like Haxe) powered by the community. No longer we will be tied to this company which i no longer recognize as developer friendly. It is already part of cc, but it's still called 4.7 @cuentapruebas01 @David Komer Right now I'm working on an app which requires selecting from a library of bi-directional text (Hebrew with vowels),allow the user to edit it, and then to manipulate it as gpu-powered graphics like it was a regular texture. Needs to continue functioning as screen scales and for different sized screens right off the bat and work both on mobile (native soft keyboard) and desktop. Possible and doable within AIR? Yes. Easy? Not so much... ;) @stevewarren FlashDevelop is the preferred Haxe IDE ... it's really wonderful, and open source. @codeandvisual @stevewarren "there are also some benefits to having a motivated commercial entity pushing your technology". The operative word here is "motivated". I'd rather have a "motivated" community-driven open source spin-off than the blatant lack of interest Adobe is showing for AIR. @MattBadley @DanielFreeman Here are some benchmarks from a year ago Those are old benchmarks, and some commenters said the Unity code isn't optimized, but it's clear that for pure GPU stuff there's not such great difference. Once you start using the CPU (which is closer to a real world scenario) Unity is the clear winner. I suspect that considering how fast Unity is releasing new features and versions as compared to turtle speed of Air development, those benchmarks using latest versions should be even more dramatic. @David Komer @cuentapruebas01 Funny I just heard about a technique yesterday, that maybe can be of some use to you! Have you ever heard of Distance Field Font rendering? I hadn't. But it looks pretty sweet as it will automatically use a threshold shader on a blurry texture to produce a glyph. This allows the texture to scale infinitely and the shader just renders the font as it should look at that size. Looks like there are some people trying to get it to work on Starling too. Search their forums! Here is an example of how it works: @Ben_Dev @stevewarrenOh, I'm sorry I wasn't clear - I'm on a Mac. I keep hearing about how great FlashDevelop is :-/ I see people recommending IntelliJ and Monodevelop for OSX. I haven't kept up with Flex, but I wonder how Apache has been doing maintaining it as an Open Source project. I still install the Flex SDK into Flash Builder, and have recently seen the installer go from version 10 to 11 to 12. This indicates to me that something positive is happening there. @codeandvisual @jpcote@stevewarren I totally agree. Adobe: show us mo' motivation! @jpcote @codeandvisual @stevewarren Motivation is key!	http://blogs.adobe.com/digitalmarketing/web-experience/adobe-experience-manager-mobile-app-announcement/	CC-MAIN-2015-14	refinedweb	3,392	72.97
Can you write Java code by asking the right questions? Core Java Coding Questions and Answers for beginner to intermediate level Q. How will you go about writing code for counting the number of repeated words in the order of decreasing count for a given text input? For example, input text = "The third-rate mind is only happy when it is thinking with the majority. The second-rate mind is only happy when it is thinking with the minority. The first-rate mind is only happy when it is thinking." A. As mentioned before, the interviewer is not expecting you to come up with the perfect solution. He/she will be more interested in finding out the following: 1. Can you write pseudo code? 2. Do you analyze the requirements properly by asking the right questions? 3. Can you write basic code by referring to the Java API, etc? 4. Do you write unit tests? Let's look at these in more etail. 1.Can you write pseudo code? - tokenize the input text into words - build a map<word, count> to store the individual words and its relevant count - iterate through the tokenized words and if the word is already stored, increment its count and if not already stored, store it with the count of 1. - sort the map by count in decrementing order - loop through the sorted map and print the "word" and its count. 2.Do you analyze the requirements properly by asking the right questions? - How are the words tokenized? by whitespace character only, white space and punctuations, how about URLs? , etc, The regular expression can be used for splitting the text. [ignore URL to keep it simple] - Are there any common words that need to be ignored? For example, 'the', 'a', 'or', 'and', etc. [yes] - Is it case sensitive? Should word and WORD be treated as the same word? [yes] 3.Can you write basic code by referring to the Java API, etc? - Use regex to split string into tokens - Use a Map that has o(1) look up to save the tokens and increment the count - Use a custom comparator to sort the map by its count in descending order. This means most repeated words at the top. Here is the sample code -- DuplicateCounter import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.Comparator; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.LinkedHashMap; import java.util.LinkedList; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import java.util.Map.Entry; public final class DuplicateCounter { private static final String REGEX_TO_SPLIT_TEXT_BY_WHITESPACE_AND_PUNCTUATION = "([.,!?:;'\"-]\|\\s)+"; private static final String[] WORDS_TO_IGNORE = {"is", "the", "a", "or", "and"}; // keep it short for demo public Map<String, Integer> processGivenText(String text) { //pre-condition check if(text == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("The input text cannot be null "); } //split the text into words String[] tokenizedWords = text.split(REGEX_TO_SPLIT_TEXT_BY_WHITESPACE_AND_PUNCTUATION); Map<String, Integer> readWords = new HashMap<String, Integer>(100); for (String word : tokenizedWords) { word = word.toLowerCase(); // make it case insensitive //if one of the words to be ignored, move on to the next word if(Arrays.asList(WORDS_TO_IGNORE).contains(word)){ continue; } if (readWords.containsKey(word)) { int count = readWords.get(word); readWords.put(word, count + 1); // store incremented count } else { readWords.put(word, 1); } } // return the sorted LinkedMap return sortByValue(readWords); } /** * Sort the given map by its value i.e. count as opposed to key * @param unsortedMap * @return */ private Map<String, Integer> sortByValue(Map<String, Integer> unsortedMap) { List<Map.Entry<String, Integer>> sortedKeyList = new LinkedList<Map.Entry<String, Integer>>(unsortedMap.entrySet()); //anonymous inner class to sort using a Comparator Collections.sort(sortedKeyList, new Comparator<Map.Entry<String, Integer>>() { @Override public int compare(Entry<String, Integer> e1, Entry<String, Integer> e2) { return -e1.getValue().compareTo(e2.getValue()); } }); //LinkedHashmap maintains the order in which the elements were added Map<String, Integer> sortedMap = new LinkedHashMap<String, Integer>(unsortedMap.size()); for (Entry<String, Integer> entry : sortedKeyList) { sortedMap.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()); } return sortedMap; } } Note that sorting a map by its values as opposed to its key is a bit tricky and it is done via the sortByValue method shown above. Here is the sample main method that makes use of the class DuplicateCounter public static void main(String[] args) { Map<String, Integer> sortedByCountWords = new DuplicateCounter() .processGivenText("The third-rate mind is only happy when it is thinking with the majority. The second-rate mind is only happy when it is thinking with the minority. The first-rate mind is only happy when it is thinking."); // print word and its counts for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> entry : sortedByCountWords.entrySet()) { System.out.format("word '%s' counted %s time(s) \n", entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()); } }The output will be something like word 'when' counted 3 time(s) word 'only' counted 3 time(s) word 'thinking' counted 3 time(s) word 'rate' counted 3 time(s) word 'happy' counted 3 time(s) word 'mind' counted 3 time(s) word 'it' counted 3 time(s) word 'with' counted 2 time(s) word 'second' counted 1 time(s) word 'majority' counted 1 time(s) word 'third' counted 1 time(s) word 'minority' counted 1 time(s) word 'first' counted 1 time(s) 4.Do you write unit tests? It is imperative to write both positive and negative test cases to test your functionality. import java.util.Map; import java.util.Map; import junit.framework.Assert; import org.junit.Test; public class DuplicateCounterTest { private static final String INPUT_TEXT = "The third-rate mind is only happy when it is thinking with the majority." + "The second-rate mind is only happy when it is thinking with the minority." + "The first-rate mind is only happy when it is thinking."; private static final String word1 = "third"; private static final String word2 = "rate"; private static final String word3 = "thinking"; private static final String word4 = "is"; @Test public void testPositiveScenario() { DuplicateCounter dc = new DuplicateCounter(); Map<String, Integer> sortedByCountWords = dc.processGivenText(INPUT_TEXT); Assert.assertTrue(sortedByCountWords.size() == 13); Assert.assertTrue(sortedByCountWords.get(word1) == 1); Assert.assertTrue(sortedByCountWords.get(word2) == 3); Assert.assertTrue(sortedByCountWords.get(word3) == 3); } @Test public void testNegativeScenario() { DuplicateCounter dc = new DuplicateCounter(); Map<String, Integer> sortedByCountWords = dc.processGivenText(INPUT_TEXT); Assert.assertNull(sortedByCountWords.get(word4)); } } Coding questions can reveal a lot about a candidate and his/her ability to write code. 3 Comments: Thanks! Really helpful! using utility package Input is:"hello abcdef ABCDEF" now I want output as a-f A-F Question is not very clear. You can try using the isUpperCase(char c) in the Character class. Links to this post: Create a Link	http://java-success.blogspot.com.au/2012/07/can-you-write-code-by-asking-right.html	CC-MAIN-2018-09	refinedweb	1,083	50.94
I came across a DFU issue in my project. Basic information: - two buttons are connected to the pyboard 1.1's digital inputs, the user can move a stepper motor manually by pressing them. This code is located in main.py - user can also provide a PWM frequency and time delay and pyboard will move the motor according to that. This piece of code runs on PC: I found out that after I run the code above without resetting the machine at the end, main.py doesn't run again so the manual movement doesn't work anymore. I tried with sys.exit(), didn't solve the problem, so I went with machine.reset() which works. I noticed that after doing this a couple of times in a row, pyboard sometimes switches to DFU mode by itself, the number of resets after this happens looks random. Disconnecting pyboard's USB cable and connecting it again puts it back into normal mode. Any clues how I can correct that? Code: Select all import pyboard def serial(f1, t1): t_ser = str(int(t1)) f_ser = str(f1) pyb = pyboard.Pyboard('com7') pyb.enter_raw_repl() pyb.exec('from pyb import Pin, Timer') pyb.exec("import time") pyb.exec("import machine") pyb.exec("step = Pin('X1')") pyb.exec("direction = Pin('X2', Pin.OUT_PP)") pyb.exec("direction.low()") pyb.exec("tim = Timer(2, freq=" + f_ser + ")") pyb.exec("ch = tim.channel(1, Timer.PWM, pin=step)") pyb.exec("ch.pulse_width_percent(50)") pyb.exec("pyb.delay("+ t_ser + ")") pyb.exec("tim.deinit()") pyb.exec("machine.reset()") pyb.exit_raw_repl() pyb.close()	https://forum.micropython.org/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=6451&p=36665	CC-MAIN-2019-51	refinedweb	260	53.68
The Form component can be used to upgrade your HTML <form>. Note that it posts the form data to the current page path, so it's meant to be use in conjunction with handle to process post data in getServerSideProps. It does not do any client side state management. It's as much as an alternative to full fletched form libs, as it is not. The philosophy of next-runtime is to do more on the server, and less on the client. Simpler form handling is part of that. When using Form, we recommend to use defaultValue to set initial values, and to not use value or onChange handlers. Read "simple form handling in react" to read more about that approach. import { Form } from 'next-runtime/form'; function MyPage() { return ( <Form method="post"> <input name="name" defaultValue={name} /> <input name="country" defaultValue={country} /> <button type="submit">submit</button> </Form> ); } #Props Form takes the following props. All props are optional. name string The name is a standard html prop, but in addition to that it's also used to tie forms and useFormSubmittogether. Usage is optional, but recommended. method get \| post \| put \| patch \| delete The method to use for form submissions. getappends the form-data to the URL in name/value pairs, while other http methods include the FormData in the request body. Unlike the standard html form, method defaults to onSubmit (event: FormEvent) => void A callback that's invoked before form submission. It receives the raw eventfrom React. This function can be used for validation. Call event.preventDefaultto block the form from being submitted to the server. onSuccess (state: FormState) => void Called on successful form submission. It receives the form state as an argument. onError (state: FormState) => void Called when an error occurs (non 2xx status). It receives the form state as an argument.	http://next-runtime.meijer.ws/api/form	CC-MAIN-2022-33	refinedweb	304	66.74
Created on 2007-11-20 07:36 by christian.heimes, last changed 2010-08-12 15:00 by tim.golden. This issue is now closed. Joseph found the bug during his testing of the py3k branch. The problem is in subprocess.py line 716. I believe the issue lies with the cmd command line parameters and insufficient quoting: Currently, if this string is passed into CreateProcess as args, the call will fail: C:\WINDOWS\System32\cmd.exe /c "C:\Documents and Settings\joe\Desktop\Development\Python3k\dev\pcbuild9\python.exe" -c "import sys ; print(sys.argv)" foo bar For sanity, when I try to execute this from a command prompt manually, I noticed this behavior: C:\Documents and Settings\joe>C:\WINDOWS\System32\cmd.exe /c "C:\Documents and Settings\joe\Desktop\Development\Python3k\dev\pcbui ld9\python.exe" -c "import sys; print(sys.argv)" foo bar 'C:\Documents' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file. I read through cmd.exe and it is has this note: """. """ I believe args falls under section 2. Applying quotations around args within the shell case appears to take care of it, any thoughts? I like to have Peter Astrand look over the patch first. He has written most of the subprocess module. I think there's some confusion in this bug. The report on indicates a problem in test_popen. This is a test for os.popen() and it does not have anything to do with the subprocess module. I believe it is test_popen.py that should be fixed. In general, quoting in Windows is very difficult. The documentation quoted in msg57701 might be correct for some modern version of Windows, but not for, say, command.com on an older Windows version. I believe the subprocess is fairly complete when it comes to quoting etc, so changes should be avoided if possible. Since this bug is not about the subprocess module, I've re-assigned to nobody, hope this is OK. In Python 3.x os.popen is implemented based on subprocess. I believe it's still a problem with subprocess. Python 3.x also drops support for Windows 95 to ME. Would the additional quoting be ok when the code checks for COMPSPEC == "cmd.exe" first? # Supply os.popen() def popen(cmd, mode="r", buffering=None): if not isinstance(cmd, str): raise TypeError("invalid cmd type (%s, expected string)" % type(cmd)) if mode not in ("r", "w"): raise ValueError("invalid mode %r" % mode) import subprocess, io if mode == "r": proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, bufsize=buffering) return _wrap_close(io.TextIOWrapper(proc.stdout), proc) else: proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, bufsize=buffering) return _wrap_close(io.TextIOWrapper(proc.stdin), proc) >In Python 3.x os.popen is implemented based on subprocess. Oh, I see. >I believe it's still a problem with subprocess. I'm still not convinced of this. Isn't it better to do the quoting outside subprocess; to let the caller do it? You say that "section 2" is our case, but how can we be sure of this: If subprocess is called with args='"c:\program files\internet explorer\iexplore.exe"', then we have case 1, right, and surrounding args with another pair of quotes would mean failure, right? Should this issue be linked to 1559298? It appears to be the same issue but was opened up earlier and is referencing a different version. (Same comment I added to 1559298:) test. I have been unable to get popen* to work with a command and an argument that both contain spaces. To make sure that popen works in all cases under windows, test_popen* needs to test with separate quotes around the command and argument. That will show the real problem with the current os.popen* implementation(s). (yeah, I know, shut up and provide a patch...) Fixed by issue2304	https://bugs.python.org/issue1475	CC-MAIN-2021-25	refinedweb	652	69.99
static int My_probe(device_t dev) { uint32_t progif; uint32_t subclass; uint32_t class; device_printf(dev, " Probe\n Vendor ID : 0x%x\n Device ID : 0x%x\n",pci_get_vendor(dev), pci_get_device(dev)); class = pci_get_class(dev); subclass = pci_get_subclass(dev); progif = pci_get_progif(dev); if (class == 0x1 && subclass == 0x07 && progif == 0x00) { printf("probe successful!\n"); device_set_desc(dev, "My_Probe"); return (BUS_PROBE_DEFAULT); } return (ENXIO); } Here above I have attached my pci probe. The vendor ID and Device ID of all the above PCI bridges are printing But instead of My_probe function for my PCI Card the probe of the cbb driver is called. This is the exact problem but when I remove the cbb driver from the kernel My_probe function is called for my PCI Card too. Regards, Bagavathy kumar .M -----Original Message----- From: Warner Losh [mailto:imp@bsdimp.com] Sent: Monday, October 06, 2008 12:56 PM To: Bagavathy Kumar Mahendran Cc: jhb@freebsd.org; freebsd-hackers@freebsd.org Subject: Re: i386/127710: My driver PCI probe is not calledformycorrespondingdevice ID and Vendor ID From: "Bagavathy Kumar Mahendran " Subject: RE: i386/127710: My driver PCI probe is not called formycorrespondingdevice ID and Vendor ID Date: Mon, 6 Oct 2008 12:36:44 +0530 > Can you send me the DRIVER_MODULE line in your driver? Warner > Bagavathy kumar .M > > > -----Original Message----- > From: Warner Losh [mailto:imp@bsdimp.com] > Sent: Monday, October 06, 2008 12:27 PM > To: Bagavathy Kumar Mahendran > Cc: jhb@freebsd.org; freebsd-hackers@freebsd.org > Subject: Re: i386/127710: My driver PCI probe is not called > formycorrespondingdevice ID and Vendor ID > > > Thanks for your support. my probe is getting called for > all > > the bridges not for my pci device. so please provide the fix . > > > > OR > > Is any other way available for making my driver to override the probe > of > > cbb driver for my corresponding device (With out changing cbb driver). > > If your probe returns a higher number that's negative, it will. > Unless cbb is returning 0, your probe routine will get called. Make > sure it isn't. Code inspection suggests that it isn't. > > Warner > > > > > With regards, > > Bagavathy kumar .M > > > > -----Original Message----- > > From: M. Warner Losh [mailto:imp@bsdimp.com] > > Sent: Friday, October 03, 2008 11:03 AM > > To: Bagavathy Kumar Mahendran > > Cc: jhb@freebsd.org; freebsd-hackers@freebsd.org > > Subject: Re: i386/127710: My driver PCI probe is not called for > > mycorrespondingdevice ID and Vendor ID > > > > In message: > > > <68C9F31EF19DB6448F515EF294028FDEE99BCE@chn-hclt-evs05.HCLT.CORP.HCL.IN> > > "Bagavathy Kumar Mahendran " > >: freebsd-hackers@freebsd.org > > : Cc: Bagavathy Kumar Mahendran ; Warner Losh > > : Subject: Re: FW: i386/127710: My driver PCI probe is not called for > my > > : > Driver > > : cbb > > : > is attaching just by simply checking sub class 0x07 and > programming > > : > interface 0x00.hence my probe gets failed. Kindly help me in > > resolving > > : > > > : > > :. > > : > > : > > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------ > > ----------------------------------------------- > > : > > : > > > > > > _______________________________________________ freebsd-hackers@freebsd.org mailing list To unsubscribe, send any mail to "freebsd-hackers-unsubscribe@freebsd.org"	http://fixunix.com/freebsd/541693-re-i386-127710-my-driver-pci-probe-not-calledformycorrespondingdevice-id-vendor-id.html	CC-MAIN-2016-40	refinedweb	472	57.47
Blog about debugging and compiler features of C# that is help implement This is a followup to an post Extension Methods and Curried delegates. I have been recently asked if why Error CS1113: “Extension methods 'Name' defined on value type 'typename' :) After a long time spent working on dev 10 features and fixing the may big and small things i have finally had the time to cobble togather a post. = 'S debugging can be hampered by an inability to query the state of the object while stepping though code. In addition to the static view, the C# expression evaluator will add a special node for named “Dynamic View”. This is similar to the “Results View” node that was added for LINQ debugging, where the user could see the results of the lazy evaluated queries of linq. The “Dynamic View” node has the following behavior. A “dynamic” format specifier has been added to the expression evaluator. This allows the Dynamic View to be added to the watch by suffixing expressions with “, dynamic”. Over. Extension methods written in C# can be imported and called with Extension method semantics in VB and vice versa. This is possible since me decorate the assemblies , types and methods in the same manner. Using the Attribute [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Method \| AttributeTargets.Class \| AttributeTargets.Assembly)] public sealed class ExtensionAttribute : Attribute { } This should be a special note to developers writing their own compilers or doing IL gen. This decoration allows the importer to precisely identify the classes to import when looking for extension methods. Allowing it to omit unnecessary types and their dependencies when looking for extension methods, which can quickly addup. So if your doing anything custom be sure to inspect the IL to see if other languages can discover and call your extension methods seamlessly Overview: Instance parameter is the first parameter of an extension method and has the "this" parameter modifier. I discuss special conversion rules for them and some of the things that users of extension methods might encounter. Consider the code bellow ... Overview: C# 3.0 added a few constructs like queries which are delay executed. This means that they are not actually executed until the results of the query are required. Debugging some of them can seem strange since one can't step in to the Query where its created but only where its enumerated, like in a foreach loop. In this article i will show some of the problems that the user can face based on the fact that the Query is delay executed and the debugger tries to be as non-intrusive as possible. So what does it mean to step over the creation of the query, does it mean the statements that are part of the Query are executed... as you would have guessed No. At this point we have just created delegates that point to code in the Query(the body of the select, where etc), these delegate form the arguments to the extension methods (select , where etc )that form the query. Consider the following example: Define a Class Library and add a single extension method to it using System;using System.Linq;public static class Extensions{ public static string EM(this UInt32 i) { return "hello"; }} Now create a console application and add the class lib as a reference. In the console application add the following code .. using System;using System.Linq;namespace lateboundExtensionmethods{ class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var q = from i in new uint[] { 1 } select i.EM(); //module containing EM is not loaded System.Diagnostics.Debugger.Break(); foreach (var v in q) //module containing EM is loaded Console.WriteLine(v); } }} Now run to the breakpoint and try and evaluate i.EM() in the watch window.... we get an error like What was all that about .... have i not just compiled and ran this code ... What's the debugger smoking ? The Problem: Though the problem is not specific to Extension methods. The Query rewrite rules move code in the select, where etc in to a delegate and in order to do that a new static method is generated. Until this Method is Jitted the assemblies referenced in it are not loaded. Since the assembly is not yet loaded in the debugging session the Expression evaluator can't find the methods, if they are added to watch. This leave the user feeling like he has stepped over a code that can't be evaluated in the debugger. once we come to the foreach loop the code in the select is actually need to be stepped into and the Jitter jits this method, this results in all the assemblies referenced in to be loaded. On the other hand trying something like this, and the extension method in watch will work. using System;using System.Linq;namespace lateboundExtensionmethods{ class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { uint j = 10; System.Diagnostics.Debugger.Break(); //module containing EM is loaded j.EM(); } }} Workarounds: So while debugging you code if you are unable to execute an static or extension method defined in a satellite assembly check the modules window to see if the assembly is loaded, if not for the debugging session you might want to add something like typeof(className) to you'r code. Where className is the class defined in the satellite assembly. Overview 2. What does the View look like? E.g. for query like int[] array = new int[]{ 23, 3,54, 8, 10, 39, 87, 3, 7};var q = from i in array.AsQueryable() let y = i * i let z = y * y select new { y, i, z };System.Diagnostics.Debugger.Break(); E.g. for query like int[] array = new int[]{ 23, 3,54, 8, 10, 39, 87, 3, 7};var q = from i in array.AsQueryable() let y = i * i let z = y * y select new { y, i, z };System.Diagnostics.Debugger.Break();”. There are some exceptions to the rule, Sytem.String is excluded from having this view though it implements IEnumerable.. I was recently asked by a developer "I know C++ how do i get into C# and .Net". If you want to understand the language design and its inner workings I would suggest The C# programing Language. If you want to use .Net and C# try Practical .Net and C#. For the New feature in C#3.0 (lambdas, extension methods, object initilaizers, LINQ etc) check out the 3.0 Spec for the overview and C# site for the latest stuff.(blogs, articles, videos and what not) As with anything write some applications using either beta1 or VS2005 and feel free to post back with questions :) ... Overview: Extension methods are static methods that are bound with instance semantics. In this article i will give a brief overview of the various steps involved in binding a extension methods. Finally this will prepare the way to discuss the error reporting for extension methods and how these error messages can be used to diagnose the problem at hand. All methods calls bound in the compiler go though a 3 phase, eg object.MethodName( arg1, arg2 ) becomes lhs = object , rhs = MethodName whereas for static method the type is explicitly specified. In either case the compiler looks for a method of the given name(identifier), on finding one it checks for access from the location of invocation, arity count (number of type parameters) etc. On finding a method that match, it is added to a method group. This method group (roughly collection of methods) is the result of a lookup. Therefore lookup error in C# read roughly like "Type blaa does not contain method blaa". Enter Extension methods Definition Extension methods can be defined in source or imported from external assemblies. If imported from external assemblies they are recognized as extension methods based on the extension attribute that decorates them. [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Method \| AttributeTargets.Class \| AttributeTargets.Assembly)] public sealed class ExtensionAttribute : Attribute { } This attribute is placed on the Extension Method, type and assembly by C# and VB compiler. This allows extension methods define in C# to be found and bound in VB and vice versa. Anyone developing a compiler for a language what supports extension method should make sure they decorate the extension methods with this attribute for inter-operability. The Attribute on the assembly and type are useful for tools like the object browser that must scan the .net framework assemblies looking for extension methods. (this considerabally reduced the complexity of their search). C# will not support the explicit usage of the Extension attribute in code. On finding the extension attribute on the method, type or assembly the compiler will throw an error and no IL will be generated (CS1112). Once imported or defined in source the extension method is added to a cache. This cache will be used by lookup in compiler, language service (Intellisense) or the C# debugging components (watch/locals) for binding. Lookup When binding instance methods or delegate invocation the lookup can include extension methods in the results. On not finding any instance methods with the matching name, the lookup turns to extension methods. Extension Methods are first searched for in 1. The innermost namespace where the call is to be bound, 2. Then the namespaces imported by the "using clauses”. 3. This process continues moving outwards until we reach the topmost namespace. Therefore lookup create a list of extension methods for the innermost namespace and this will be the first list on which applicability will be tried. Then on the list for all the extensions imported by the using clauses in the namespace. So on ... Extension method lookup therefore creates an ordered list of lists containing methods. Applicability Applicability will consider extension methods for binding in either of these 2 cases 1. Only extension methods were returned by lookup. 2. Instance methods returned by lookup were not applicable. In case 2 applicability will actually call lookup and being the search for extension methods. This delays the potentially costly search for extension methods to when it is actually required. Applicability for extension methods is calculated by taking the instance object for the call and using it as the first argument to bind the methods. The first parameter and the instance object has a special conversion rule (covered in the previous post). If the arguments match the parameters on the extension method the applicability continues the binding process for all the methods that belong to the current Namespace list. On reaching the end of the list we try and see if we have one method that can be considered best if so the binding is successful else ambiguous. Error Reporting Now that we know how the compiler finds and binds the instance & extension methods calls written by the user, let’s see what happens when things go wrong. For me good error messages are one of the cool features of C# and keeping the quality high is always an strong motivation. Since extension method binding might do things differently than instance methods it is specially important that the user be able to diagnose what the source of the problem is. To this end many of the old error message like CS1061 have been modified to mention extension methods, new messages have been added and at a few places the type of error message thrown is changed. I will try and mention a example for each of these cases and illustrate my point. In each of the examples below show the actual error in the green, the new and improved error message in blue and the old and confusing error message in red. Go ahead read though and be the judge…. Lookup Error Whenever extensions methods are applicable for a member lookup (using instance method semantics), on not finding any members that matched the given name we give the new error message. "'%1!ls!' does not contain a definition for '%2!ls!' and no extension method '%2!ls!' accepting a first argument of type '%1!ls!' could be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?)" Applicability Errors 1. The Error reporting for extension methods has been improved to take into account the conversion of the instance argument to the first param of the extension method. If this fails then the extension method is not present on the type in question and we give a error message that looks like a lookup error. This error is also used by the Query Error reporting to give the error lile " Could not find an implementation of the query pattern for source type %1 ... “ E.g. var list = new ArrayList { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; list.Select((x) => x + 1).Where((x) => x > 5); // remember no extension methods work for arraylist try list<T> instead Results in error CS1061: 'System.Collections.ArrayList' does not contain a definition for 'Select' and no extension method 'Select' accepting a first argument of type 'System.Collections.ArrayList' could be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?) And not (Beta1) error CS0411: The type arguments for method 'System.Linq.Queryable.Select<TSource,TResult>(System.Linq.IQueryable<TSource>, System.Linq.Expressions.Expression<System.Linq.Func<TSource,TResult>>)' cannot be inferred from the usage. Try specifying the type arguments explicitly. IEnumerable i;// no extension methods define for Enumerable only Enumerable<T> i.Select((x) => x); error CS1061: 'System.Collections.IEnumerable' does not contain a definition for 'Select' and no extension method 'Select' accepting a first argument of type 'System.Collections.IEnumerable' could be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?) and not binding error. And not(Beta1) 2. There is a new error messages for when the arguments binding fails for Extension method's Instance arguments. Such an extension method is not considered for error reporting if one with a match on the instance parameter can be found. Consider Test t = new Test(); double doub = 2.4; t.Calc(doub); //can’t convert from Test to the derived type DTest Where public class DTest: Test {} And static class Extension public static double Calc(this DTest obj, double i) { return i;} Result in error error CS12533: 'Test' does not contain a definition for 'Calc' and the best extension method overload 'Extension.Calc(DTest, double)' has some invalid arguments error CS12534: Instance argument: cannot convert from 'Test' to 'DTest' error CS1502: The best overloaded method match for 'TestLinq.Extension.Calc(TestLinq.DTest, double)' has some invalid arguments error CS1503: Argument '1': cannot convert from 'TestLinq.Test' to 'TestLinq.DTest' For Type Inference Failures Extension methods are unique in the way that the Applicability test determines if the Extension method is defined for the type. That is lookup only determines if we found an extension method with the given name and not if the receiver can be converted to the instance prams of the extension method. Therefore when the type inference for an extension method fails on the instance argument, it means that the extension method is actually not defined for the type and a lookup error should be given. And similarly when the type inference fails arguments other than the receiver we should only show the extension methods that match the receiver’s type with the instance prams. var list1 = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4 }; q = from x in list1 from y in 5 //we need a collection here something like new int[]{5} select x; Or list1.SelectMany(y => 5, (x, y) => x); Will result in error Error CS0411: The type arguments for method 'System.Linq.Enumerable.SelectMany <TSource,TCollection,TResult> (System.collections.Generic.IEnumerable<TSource>,System.Func TSource, System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<TCollection>> System.Func<TSource,TCollection,TResult>)' cannot be inferred from the usage. Try specifying the type arguments explicitly. And not( Beta1) Error CS0411: The type arguments for method 'System.Linq.Enumerable.SelectMany <TSource,TCollection,TResult> (System.collections.Generic.IQueryable<TSource>,System.Func TSource, System.Collections.Generic.IQueryable<TCollection>> System.Func<TSource,TCollection,TResult>)' cannot be inferred from the usage. Try specifying the type arguments explicitly. I hope this helps improve the understanding of error reporting for extension methods and give insights into diagnosing the real problem when you see a error message that says "method does not exist on type" or some such thing...:). Who am I? My name is Sreekar Choudhary and Welcome to my blog, I am a Dev on the C# compiler Team. I work most of the time on language features and implementing debugging framework for C# developers inside VS. What's this blog about? Well it’s about the cool features of that I get to design and work on and any other relavent technical topic that is of interest to me or the readers. Overview. hash += hash * change + (field ==; from p in products where p.UnitPrice >= 100 select new { Name = p.Name, Price = p.UnitPrice }; //or creating projections from the results sequence. The Bottom line: So what's the result of these changes on the structure of Anonymous types).	http://blogs.msdn.com/sreekarc/	crawl-002	refinedweb	2,822	55.34
MongoSwift The official MongoDB driver for Swift applications on macOS and Linux. Documentation The latest documentation for the driver is available here. The latest documentation for the driver's BSON library is available here. Bugs / Feature Requests Think you've found a bug? Want to see a new feature in mongo-swift-driver? Please open a case in our issue management tool, JIRA: - Navigate to the SWIFT project: jira.mongodb.org/browse/SWIFT - Click Create Issue - Please provide as much information as possible about the issue and how to reproduce it. Bug reports in JIRA for all driver projects (i.e. NODE, PYTHON, CSHARP, JAVA) and the Core Server (i.e. SERVER) project are public. Security Concerns Please see SECURITY.md for details on our security process. Installation The driver supports use with Swift 5.1+. The minimum macOS version required to build the driver is 10.14. The driver is tested in continuous integration against macOS 10.14, Ubuntu 16.04, and Ubuntu 18.04. Installation is supported via Swift Package Manager. You can find details about all our versions in this repo's releases page. Step 1: Install Required System Libraries (Linux Only) The driver vendors and wraps the MongoDB C driver ( libmongoc), which depends on a number of external C libraries when built in Linux environments. As a result, these libraries must be installed on your system in order to build MongoSwift. To install those libraries, please follow the instructions from libmongoc's documentation. Step 2: Install the driver The driver contains two modules to support a variety of use cases: an asynchronous API in MongoSwift, and a synchronous API in MongoSwiftSync. The modules share a number of core types such as options structs. The driver depends on our library swift-bson, containing a BSON implementation. All BSON symbols are re-exported from the drivers' modules, so you do not need to explicitly import BSON in your application. To install the driver, add the package and relevant module as a dependency in your project's Package.swift file: // swift-tools-version:5.1 import PackageDescription let package = Package( name: "MyPackage", dependencies: [ .package(url: "", .upToNextMajor(from: "1.1.0")) ], targets: [ // Async module .target(name: "MyAsyncTarget", dependencies: ["MongoSwift"]), // Sync module .target(name: "MySyncTarget", dependencies: ["MongoSwiftSync"]) ] ) Then run swift build to download, compile, and link all your dependencies. Example Usage Note: You should call cleanupMongoSwift() exactly once at the end of your application to release all memory and other resources allocated by libmongoc. Connect to MongoDB and Create a Collection Async: import MongoSwift import NIO let elg = MultiThreadedEventLoopGroup(numberOfThreads: 4) let client = try MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017", using: elg) defer { // clean up driver resources try? client.syncClose() cleanupMongoSwift() // shut down EventLoopGroup try? elg.syncShutdownGracefully() } let db = client.db("myDB") let result = db.createCollection("myCollection").flatMap { collection in // use collection... } Sync: import MongoSwiftSync defer { // free driver resources cleanupMongoSwift() } let client = try MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017") let db = client.db("myDB") let collection = try db.createCollection("myCollection") // use collection... Note: we have included the client connectionString parameter for clarity, but if connecting to the default "mongodb://localhost:27017"it may be omitted. Create and Insert a Document Async: let doc: BSONDocument = ["_id": 100, "a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3] collection.insertOne(doc).whenSuccess { result in print(result?.insertedID ?? "") // prints `.int64(100)` } Sync: let doc: BSONDocument = ["_id": 100, "a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3] let result = try collection.insertOne(doc) print(result?.insertedID ?? "") // prints `.int64(100)` Find Documents Async: result = collection.find(query, options: options).flatMap { cursor in cursor.forEach { doc in print(doc) } } Sync: documents = try collection.find(query, options: options) for d in documents { print(try d.get()) } Work With and Modify Documents var doc: BSONDocument = ["a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3] print(doc) // prints `{"a" : 1, "b" : 2, "c" : 3}` print(doc["a"] ?? "") // prints `.int64(1)` // Set a new value doc["d"] = 4 print(doc) // prints `{"a" : 1, "b" : 2, "c" : 3, "d" : 4}` // Using functional methods like map, filter: let evensDoc = doc.filter { elem in guard let value = elem.value.asInt() else { return false } return value % 2 == 0 } print(evensDoc) // prints `{ "b" : 2, "d" : 4 }` let doubled = doc.map { elem -> Int in guard case let value = .int64(value) else { return 0 } return Int(value * 2) } print(doubled) // prints `[2, 4, 6, 8]` Note that BSONDocument conforms to Collection, so useful methods from Sequence and Collection are all available. However, runtime guarantees are not yet met for many of these methods. Usage With Kitura, Vapor, and Perfect The Examples/ directory contains sample projects that use the driver with Kitura, Vapor, and Perfect. Please note that the driver is built using SwiftNIO 2, and therefore is incompatible with frameworks built upon SwiftNIO 1. SwiftNIO 2 is used as of Vapor 4.0 and Kitura 2.5. Development Instructions See our development guide for instructions for building and testing the driver. GitHub	https://iosexample.com/the-official-mongodb-driver-for-swift-applications-on-macos-and-linux/	CC-MAIN-2022-33	refinedweb	810	51.24
policy argument determiens the policy that will be used to update the message model. The default value, compat32 maintains backward compatibility with the Python 3.2 version of the email package. For more information see the policy documentation. Changed in version 3.3: The policy keyword argument was added. that is required by the unix mbox format. For more flexibility, instantiate a Generator instance and use its flatten() method directly. For example: from io import StringIO from email.generator import Generator fp = StringIO() g = Generator(fp, mangle_from_=True, maxheaderlen=60) g.flatten(msg) text = fp.getvalue() Equivalent to as_string(unixfrom=True). Return True if the message’s payload is a list of sub-Message objects, otherwise return False. When is_multipart() returns False, the payload should be a string object. Set the message’s envelope header to unixfrom, which should be a string. Return the message’s envelope header. Defaults to None if the envelope header was never set. Add the given payload to the current payload, which must be None or a list of Message objects before the call. After the call, the payload will always be a list of Message objects. If you want to set the payload to a scalar object (e.g. a string), use set_payload() instead., the payload is returned as-is (undecoded). In all cases the returned value is binary data. If the message is a multipart and the decode flag is True, then None is returned. If the payload is base64 and it was not perfectly formed (missing padding, characters outside the base64 alphabet), then an appropriate defect will be added to the message’s defect property (InvalidBase64PaddingDefect or InvalidBase64CharactersDefect, respectively). When decode is False (the default) the body is returned as a string without decoding the Content-Transfer-Encoding. However, for a Content-Transfer-Encoding of 8bit, an attempt is made to decode the original bytes using the charset specified by the Content-Type header, using the replace error handler. If no charset is specified, or if the charset given is not recognized by the email package, the body is decoded using the default ASCII charset. Set the entire message object’s payload to payload. It is the client’s responsibility to ensure the payload invariants. Optional charset sets the message’s default character set; see set_charset() for details. parameter. Return the Charset instance associated with the message’s payload. objects with a charset of unknown-8bit. Return the total number of headers, including duplicates.!' Delete all occurrences of the field with name name from the message’s headers. No exception is raised if the named field isn’t present in the headers. Return a list of all the message’s header field names. Return a list of all the message’s field values. Return a list of 2-tuples containing all the message’s field headers and values. Return the value of the named header field. This is identical to __getitem__() except that optional failobj is returned if the named header is missing (defaults to None). Here are some additional useful methods: Return a list of all the values for the field named name. If there are no such named headers in the message, failobj is returned (defaults to None). a header. Replace the first header found in the message that matches _name, retaining header order and field name case. If no matching header was found, a KeyError is raised.. Return the message’s main content type. This is the maintype part of the string returned by get_content_type(). Return the message’s sub-content type. This is the subtype part of the string returned by get_content_type(). Return the default content type. Most messages have a default content type of text/plain, except for messages that are subparts of multipart/digest containers. Such subparts have a default content type of message/rfc822. Set the default content type. ctype should either be text/plain or message/rfc822, although this is not enforced. The default content type is not stored in the Content-Type header.. Remove the given parameter completely from the Content-Type header. The header will be re-written in place without the parameter or its value. All values will be quoted as necessary unless requote is False (the default is True). Optional header specifies an alternative to Content-Type.. email.utils.unquote(). Return the value of the boundary parameter of the Content-Type header of the message, or failobj if either the header is missing, or has no boundary parameter. The returned string will always be unquoted as per email.utils.unquote()..	https://wingware.com/psupport/python-manual/3.3/library/email.message.html	CC-MAIN-2015-40	refinedweb	760	59.7
Math Operations - Feb 8 • 5 min read - Key Terms: math, functions stuff = "Perform basic math operations, store logic and results in Python" len(stuff) 64 Being a Mac guy, often times, I'll jump to Spotlight (press Cmd + spacebar) or the Google search bar for math calculations. It feels great to use my keyboard to write out operations fast and have a wide screen to include many numbers. But, I run into an issue. Have you ever done one off-the-cuff calculation, erased it, done another calculation, and then realized you wanted to compare your two ansewers? More than just your answers, you should probably compare your logic to see what's wrong. Please don't make the same mistake I had always done. I recommend to put numbers in a data structure, design a function to save your logic, and store results for easy access. Let me show you how. Software Sales Example Python is fantastic because you can easily do commonplace operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and more! This example will run you through operations in a real-world example. Perhaps you're in a meeting and somebody asks you to write down the sales amounts for the past 4 months and see your % growth month over month. To solve this fast, you write out the numbers, 24200, 26800, 19500 and then do the operations one by one. (26800 - 24200)/24200100 10.743801652892563 (19500-26800)/26800100 -27.238805970149254 However, doing math this way in Python you're prone to errors as you may mispell a large number, you haven't saved your output to compare in calculations and your math is not modular to expand on these calculations for the next few months. Here's what I'd recommend to fix this: Store amounts in a data structure Now, we don't need to re-write these long numbers over and over again. Instead, we can index a number in a list and use auto-correct to write out the list name a second time. This data structure can be particularly useful because we can easily modify amounts in place and append additional amounts. sales_by_month = [24200, 26800, 19500] Design a function to calculate month over month growth Our function can store complex logic and allow us to easily perform calculations given any amounts moving forward. def period_growth(amount_one, amount_two): return (amount_two - amount_one)/amount_one100 period_growth(sales_by_month[0], sales_by_month[1]) 10.743801652892563 This growth percentage is the same as our off-the-cuff calculations above. So, our function is the correct logic. Store the results If we do an operation now, we can easily reference it later to share with our boss. growth_in_february = period_growth(sales_by_month[0], sales_by_month[1]) growth_in_march = period_growth(sales_by_month[1], sales_by_month[2]) If we're asked "What was growth from January to February?", we can just print out our variable. growth_in_february 10.743801652892563 Summary of Operations in Python Addition 8 + 2 10 Subtraction 6 - 4 2 Multiplication 5 4 20 Division 10 / 5 2.0 You're probably wondering why the answer is 2.0 and not simply 2. In Python 3, the / operator does floating point division so you're returned a float value of 2.0. Exponentiation The operator acts to raise a number to a power. 5 2 25 Floor division The floor division operator, //, divides two numbers and round the result down to an integer. For example, let's say a movie is 80 minutes. You want to read off the duration of the movie in hours and minutes. 80 // 60 1 Let's use the modulo operator to find the minutes part of the 80 minute movie. Modulo The modulus operator, %, is used to divide two numbers and return the remainder. 80 % 60 20 Based on use of these two operations, we know the movie is 1 hour and 20 minutes. Also, the modulus operator is useful to detect if numbers are even or odd. 8 % 2 0 8 is evenly divisible by 2 so we're left with a remainder of 0. 7 % 2 1 7 is not evenly divisible by 2 so we're left with a remainder of 1.	https://dfrieds.com/python/math-operations	CC-MAIN-2019-26	refinedweb	695	63.09
src/test/hydrostatic2.c Hydrostatic balance with refined embedded boundaries This test case is related to flow in a complex porous medium. We check that for a “closed pore” medium, hydrostatic balance can be recovered. This is not trivial in particular when the spatial resolution is variable, since pressure values need to be interpolated (at least) to second-order close to embedded boundaries. This behaviour depends on the restriction and prolongation operators used close to embedded boundaries. #include "embed.h" #include "navier-stokes/centered.h" #include "view.h" We use the same porous medium as in porous.c but with 200 random disks so that the pores are entirely closed. void porous (scalar cs, face vector fs) { int ns = 200; // 160, 80 double xc[ns], yc[ns], R[ns]; srand (0); for (int i = 0; i < ns; i++) xc[i] = 0.5noise(), yc[i] = 0.5noise(), R[i] = 0.02 + 0.04fabs(noise()); vertex scalar φ[]; foreach_vertex() { φ[] = HUGE;); } int main() { origin (-0.5, -0.5); init_grid (1 << 6); The events of the Navier-Stokes solver are called “by hand”. event ("defaults"); event ("metric"); porous (cs, fs); refine (level < 8 && cs[] > 0 && cs[] < 1); porous (cs, fs); const face vector G[] = {1.,1.}; a = G; The system is quite stiff. TOLERANCE = 1e-6; NITERMAX = 100; mgp.nrelax = 100; α = fm; dt = 1.; event ("acceleration"); #if 1 event ("projection"); #else foreach() p[] = G.x[]x + G.y[]y; // exact pressure boundary ({p}); foreach_face() uf.x[] -= α.x[] ? dtα.x[]face_gradient_x (p, 0) : 0.; boundary ((scalar ){uf}); face vector gf[]; foreach_face() gf.x[] = fm.x[] ? fm.x[]a.x[] - α.x[](p[] - p[-1])/Δ : 0.; boundary_flux ({gf}); trash ({g}); foreach() foreach_dimension() g.x[] = (gf.x[] + gf.x[1])/(fm.x[] + fm.x[1] + SEPS); boundary ((scalar *){g}); correction (dt); #endif We check the convergence rate and the norms of the velocity field (which should be negligible). fprintf (stderr, "mgp %g %g %d %d\n", mgp.resb, mgp.resa, mgp.i, mgp.minlevel); fprintf (stderr, "umax %g %g\n", normf(u.x).max, normf(u.y).max); The pressure is hydrostatic, in each of the pores. Pressure field. view (fov = 19, width = 400, height = 400); draw_vof ("cs", filled = -1, fc = {1,1,1}); squares ("p", spread = -1); save ("p.png"); scalar p1[]; foreach() p1[] = p[]; dump(); }	http://basilisk.fr/src/test/hydrostatic2.c	CC-MAIN-2018-43	refinedweb	388	68.87
Is there a way to seperate these? Say an address like 123 Fake St., is it possible to seperate the number, the street name, then st.? And what would this be? Int, Char, etc. Printable View Is there a way to seperate these? Say an address like 123 Fake St., is it possible to seperate the number, the street name, then st.? And what would this be? Int, Char, etc. You can use what is called a "token" I haven't programed in a while so I'm not quite sure how to use it still...but it will read a string up to a space or other desiginated character. If you do a search you should be able to find out how to use it...if not i'll find my book tomorrow and look it up for you... Use strtok The output :The output :Code: char fullstring[100] = "123 Fake St."; char p; p = strtok(fullstring, " "); int i = 0; while (p != NULL) { cout << "Token " << ++i << " : " << p << endl; p = strtok(NULL, " "); } Token 1 : 123 Token 2 : Fake Token 3 : St. Here is another example. Code: #include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <string> using std::vector; using std::cout; using std::iter; using std::string; vector<string> Split( const string&); void PrintVec ( const vector<string> &); int main() { vector<string> Token; string address; cout << "Enter an address: "; getline(cin, address); cout << "The address you entered is: " << address << endl; Token = Split(address); PrintVec(Token); return 0; } vector<string> Split (const string & s) { vector<string> ret; string::size_type i = 0; while ( i != s.size() ) { //skip leading blanks while ( i != s.size() && isspace(s[i]) ) ++i; //find end of next word string::size_type j = i; while ( j != s.size() && !isspace(s[j]) ) ++j; //if we found some whitespace characters if ( i != j) { //copy from s starting at i and taking j - i characters ret.push_back( s.substr( i , j - i) ); i = j; } } return ret; } void PrintVec (const vector<string> & Token) { vector<string>::const_iterator i = Token.begin(); while ( i != Token.end() ) { cout << "Token: " << i << endl; i++; } }	https://cboard.cprogramming.com/cplusplus-programming/23483-string-word-numbers-printable-thread.html	CC-MAIN-2017-39	refinedweb	340	76.52
” class. first of all __maxspeed is private but i’m still able to access it with object name & another thing when i used print(redcar.__maxspeed) it prints updated value 10 could you please explain the behaviour Does Python support namespaces? Hi Terry, Yes there are namespaces, but there are a variety of ways to implement them. I would recommend the third method because it’s the most clean solution. Method 1: Use dictionary Everything is an object in Python, a dictionary can act as a namespace. Method 2: Use packages Create a directory /example/demo/ for your package. Inside it create a file called __init__.py with this contents: Method 3: Use pkgutil If you use pkgutil, you can create nested packages. Create a directory using this structure In /example/hello/__init__.py put: In /example/hello/english/__init__.py put: In /example/hello/dutch/__init__.py put: Your package is now complete. You can use nested namespaces. Add this to /example/test.py and execute it: It’s weird that for python the default access for a variable is public… Hi! It’s cultural, in both Python and Java nothing prevents you from declaring all variables public, encapsulation is not strictly enforced in either language. In Java variables are private by default, in Python private variables are not enforced. In practice there is not a lot of difference because the developer has the authority on the code. And in C++ a struct is a class where all the members are public by default. so __ before a method or variable is considered as a private members is it…? Yes, if you put __ before a method or variable it is a private member. This means you can only access it using a method. “If you want to change the value of a private value, an setter method is used. This is simply a method that sets the value of a private value.” there is a typo –> change the value of a private value –> change the value of a private variable Thanks Tomislav! I updated it	https://pythonspot.com/encapsulation/comment-page-1/	CC-MAIN-2019-04	refinedweb	347	67.25
Python converts the byte stream (generated through pickling) back into python objects by a process called as unpickling. Why Pickle?: In real world sceanario, the use pickling and unpickling are widespread as they allow us to easily transfer data from one server/system to another and then store it in a file or database. Precaution: It is advisable not to unpickle data received from an untrusted source as they may pose security threat. However, the pickle module has no way of knowing or raise alarm while pickling malicious data. Only after importing pickle module we can do pickling and unpickling. Importing pickle can be done using the following command − import pickle Pickle examples: Below is a simple program on how to pickle a list: Pickle a simple list: Pickle_list1.py import pickle mylist = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] with open('datafile.txt', 'wb') as fh: pickle.dump(mylist, fh) In the above code, list – “mylist” contains four elements (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’). We open the file in “wb” mode instead of “w” as all the operations are done using bytes in the current working directory. A new file named “datafile.txt” is created, which converts the mylist data in the byte stream. Unpickle a simple list: unpickle_list1.py import pickle pickle_off = open ("datafile.txt", "rb") emp = pickle.load(pickle_off) print(emp) Output: On running above scripts, you can see your mylist data again as output. ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] Pickle a simple dictionary − import pickle EmpID = {1:"Zack",2:"53050",3:"IT",4:"38",5:"Flipkart"} pickling_on = open("EmpID.pickle","wb") pickle.dump(EmpID, pickling_on) pickling_on.close() Unpickle a dictionary − import pickle pickle_off = open("EmpID.pickle", 'rb') EmpID = pickle.load(pickle_off) print(EmpID) On running above script(unpickle) we get our dictionary back as we initialized earlier. Also, please note because we are reading bytes here, we have used “rb” instead of “r”. {1: 'Zack', 2: '53050', 3: 'IT', 4: '38', 5: 'Flipkart'} Below are some of the common exceptions raised while dealing with pickle module − Pickle.PicklingError: If the pickle object doesn’t support pickling, this exception is raised. Pickle.UnpicklingError: In case the file contains bad or corrupted data. EOFError: In case the end of file is detected, this exception is raised. Prons: Comes handy to save complicated data. Easy to use, lighter and doesn’t require several lines of code. The pickled file generated is not easily readable and thus provide some security. Cons: Languages other than python may not able to reconstruct pickled python objects. Risk of unpickling data from malicious sources.	https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python-pickling	CC-MAIN-2021-04	refinedweb	425	58.79
User talk:TheDiddler From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia. [edit] Yoda The point, incomprehensibility was. :( - Guest 13:46, 19 Nov 2005 (UTC) [edit] Sigs Please don't create personal templates for your sig, except in your namespace. I noticed that you have one at User:TheDiddler/sig, but that you're using Template:TheDiddler/sig instead. I'm going to delete the latter one. Tell me if you're having trouble with the user namespace sig - as long as you use {{User:TheDiddler/sig}} (it acts the same as a template), you should be all right. --—rc (t) 22:35, 19 Nov 2005 (UTC)	http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/User_talk:TheDiddler	crawl-002	refinedweb	104	58.38
Update: The problem with this question is the failure of realizing that ´opening´ a file and ´creating´ a file are different things. When English is the second language, such errors inevitably occur. I'm sorry. Note: I would like to apologise from @Weather Vane for my mean words. His comment on the answer of @Nunchy is his second comment in this thread. I saw his second comment (in which I'm being scolded) before his first comment (in which the answer to my question is), and I was like "WTF?". So yeah, this explains yesterday's conflict. Thanks for reading. End of Update and Note Below is a simple code that should open SIZE.txt #include "stdio.h" void main() { FILE fp; fp = fopen("SIZE.txt", "r+"); fclose(fp); return; } The primary reason for the failure was due to the specification of the file mode as "r+" which will only open existing files, not create new files. A file is only created if "w+", "a", or "a+" is specified as the file mode. check this, if file exists it will be display file already exist, but if the file doesn't exist it will be create it, depend what are you going to do, the ab+ you can just change to w FILE fp; fp = fopen("SIZE.txt", "r"); if(fp==NULL){ fp=fopen("SIZE.txt", "ab+"); printf("File was created\n"); } else{ printf("File already exists\n"); } fclose(fp); return 0;	https://codedump.io/share/wGfENNphtDDz/1/a-simple-text-file-wouldn39t-be-created-c-gcc	CC-MAIN-2016-50	refinedweb	242	73.47
much everything with a click of the mouse. Some of the popular Python alternatives for developing a GUI include Tkinter, and pyqt. However, in this tutorial, we will learn about wxPython. Before we move further, there are a few prerequisites for this tutorial. You should have a basic understanding of Python's syntax, and/or have done at least beginner level programming in some other language. Although you can follow it, even if you do not meet these criterias, but you might find some parts to be a bit complex. If you do, feel free to ask for clarifications in the comments. Installation The installation process for wxPython is fairly straight forward, although it differs slightly depending on the system you're using. Mac and Windows WxPython is quite easy to install on Mac and Windows using pip package manager. If you have pip installed in your system, run the following command to download to install wxPython: $ pip install wxpython Linux For Linux, the procedure could be a bit of a pain, as it has a lot of prerequisite libraries that need to be installed. I would recommend to try running the following two commands in a sequence: # Command 1 $ sudo apt-get install dpkg-dev build-essential python2.7-dev python3.5-dev python3.6-dev libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-dev libnotify-dev libwebkitgtk-3.0-dev libwebkit-dev libwebkitgtk-dev libjpeg-dev libtiff-dev libgtk2.0-dev libsdl1.2-dev libgstreamer-plugins-base0.10-dev freeglut3 freeglut3-dev # Command 2 $ pip install --upgrade --pre -f wxPython However, if these do not work then you will have to manually install these libraries, a list of which is mentioned in the "Prerequisites" section of WxPython's Github repo. Examples of Creating GUIs with wxPython In this section, we will get our hands dirty with wxPython and create a basic string manipulation application with some basic functionalities, like counting the number of words, displaying the frequency of each word, most repeated word, etc. Before moving forward, we will create a very simple skeleton application, which we will use as a starting point in the upcoming examples to implement more advanced GUI functionalities. Without further ado, let's start. Below is the basic skeleton or structure of a GUI application built using wxPython. We will change it further in the next section to make it object oriented for additional functionality. import wx # Creates an App object which runs a loop to display the # GUI on the screen myapp = wx.App() # Initialises a frame that the user would be able to # interact with init_frame = wx.Frame(parent=None, title='Word Play') # Display the initialised frame on screen init_frame.Show() # Run a loop on the app object myapp.MainLoop() If the loop is not run (i.e. the app.MainLoop() call), then the frame will appear on the screen for a split second, and even before you could see it, it will disappear. This function ensures that the frame remains visible on the screen, until the user exits the program, and it does so by running the frame in a loop. Note: While running this on a Mac, I got the following error when I ran my code using python filename.py command in the terminal: This program needs access to the screen. Please run with a Framework build of python, and only when you are logged in on the main display of your Mac. To get rid of this, simply use pythonw instead of python in the above command. Once the program runs, you should see the following blank window on your screen: Object Oriented Code Before we add functionality to our code, let's modularize it first by making classes and functions, so that it looks cleaner and its easier to extend it. The functionality of the following code is same as before, however, it has been refactored to implement object oriented programming concepts. import wx import operator # We make a class for frame, so that each time we # create a new frame, we can simply create a new # object for it class WordPlay(wx.Frame): def __init__(self, parent, title): super(WordPlay, self).__init__(parent, title=title) self.Show() def main(): myapp = wx.App() WordPlay(None, title='Word Play') myapp.MainLoop() main() In the script above, we create a class WordPlay that inherits the wxFrame class. The constructor of the WordPlay class accepts two parameters: parent and title. Inside the child constructor, the parent class constructor for the wxPython class is called and the parent and title attributes are passed to it. Finally the show method is called to display the frame. In the main() method, the object of WordPlay class is created. The code now looks a lot more structured and cleaner; it is easier to understand and more functionalities can be seamlessly added to the above code. Adding Functionalities We will be adding functionalities one at a time in order to avoid confusion regarding which code part is added for which particular functionality. What we want in our basic application is a text box where we can add text, and then a few buttons to perform different functions on that text, like calculating the number of words in it, frequency of each word, etc., followed by the output being displayed on our app screen. Let's start by adding a text box to our app in which we can add our text. # Some of the code will be the same as the one above, # so make sure that you understand that before moving # to this part import wx import operator # We make a class for frame, so that each time we create a new frame, # we can simply create a new object for it class WordPlay(wx.Frame): def __init__(self, parent, title): super(WordPlay, self).__init__(parent, title=title) self.widgets() self.Show() # Declare a function to add new buttons, icons, etc. to our app def widgets(self): text_box = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) # Vertical orientation self.textbox = wx.TextCtrl(self, style=wx.TE_RIGHT) text_box.Add(self.textbox, flag=wx.EXPAND \| wx.TOP \| wx.BOTTOM, border=5) grid = wx.GridSizer(5, 5, 10, 10) # Rows, columns, vertical gap, horizontal gap text_box.Add(grid, proportion=2, flag=wx.EXPAND) self.SetSizer(text_box) def main(): myapp = wx.App() WordPlay(None, title='Word Play') myapp.MainLoop() main() As you can see, we have added a new function named widgets() above, and it has been called in the WordPlay class's constructor. Its purpose is to add new widgets to our screen; however, in our case we are only interested in adding one widget, i.e. a text box where we can add some text. Let's now understand some important things that are going on inside this widgets() function. The BoxSizer() method, as the name suggests, controls the widgets' size, as well as its position (relative or absolute). The wx.VERTICAL specifies that we want a vertical orientation for this widget. TextCtrl basically adds a small text box in our current from, where the user can enter in a text input. The GridSizer() method helps us create a table-like structure for our window. Alright, let's see what our application looks like now. A text box can now be seen in our application window. Let's move further and add two buttons to our application, one for counting the number of words in the text, and the second to display the most repeated word. We will accomplish that in two steps, first we will add two new buttons, and then we will add event handlers to our program which will tell us which button the user has clicked, along with the text entered in the text box, so that a specific action can be performed on the input. Adding buttons is rather simple, it only requires adding some additional code to our "widgets" function. In the code block below, we will only be displaying the updated widgets function; the rest of the code stays the same. # Adding buttons to our main window def widgets(self): text_box = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) self.textbox = wx.TextCtrl(self, style=wx.TE_RIGHT) text_box.Add(self.textbox, flag=wx.EXPAND \| wx.TOP \| wx.BOTTOM, border=5) grid = wx.GridSizer(2, 5, 5) # Values have changed to make adjustments to button positions button_list = ['Count Words', 'Most Repeated Word'] # List of button labels for lab in button_list: button = wx.Button(self, -1, lab) # Initialise a button object grid.Add(button, 0, wx.EXPAND) # Add a new button to the grid with the label from button_list text_box.Add(grid, proportion=2, flag=wx.EXPAND) self.SetSizer(text_box) As you can see, two new buttons have now been added to our main window as well. Adding an Event Handler Our application's interface is now ready, all we need to do now is add event handlers to perform specific actions upon button clicks. For that we will have to create a new function and add an additional line of code in the widgets function. Let's start by writing our function. # Declare an event handler function def event_handler(self, event): # Get label of the button clicked btn_label = event.GetEventObject().GetLabel() # Get the text entered by user text_entered = self.textbox.GetValue() # Split the sentence into words words_list = text_entered.split() # Perform different actions based on different button clicks if btn_label == "Count Words": result = len(words_list) elif btn_label == "Most Repeated Word": # Declare an empty dictionary to store all words and # the number of times they occur in the text word_dict = {} for word in words_list: # Track count of each word in our dict if word in word_dict: word_dict[word] += 1 else: word_dict[word] = 1 # Sort the dict in descending order so that the # most repeated word is at the top sorted_dict = sorted(word_dict.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True) # First value in the dict would be the most repeated word result = sorted_dict[0] # Set the value of the text box as the result of our computation self.textbox.SetValue(str(result)) The logic behind the "Most Repeated Word" feature is that we first run a loop that iterates through word from the list of all words. Then it checks if that particular word already exists in the dictionary or not; if it does, then that means it is being repeated, and its value is incremented by one each time the word reappears. Otherwise, if it doesn't exist in the dictionary, then that means it has appeared in the sentence for the first time, and its 'occurrence' value should be set to 1. Lastly, we sort the dictionary (similar to Python list sorting) in descending order so that the word with the highest value (frequency) comes out on top, which we can then display. Alright, so now that we have written the computation/action that needs to be performed when a specific button is clicked, let's "bind" that action to that particular button. For that, we'll have to slightly modify our widgets function. # Only one line needs to be added in the "for loop" of # our widgets function, so that's all we're showing for lab in button_list: button = wx.Button(self, -1, lab) self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.event_handler, button) grid.Add(button, 0, wx.EXPAND) In the code above, the self.Bind call is where the binding occurs. What it does is that it links a particular action to a specific button, so that when you click that button, a specific action linked to it will be performed. In our particular case, we only have one event handler function, which handles both actions by checking at runtime which button was clicked through the 'label' property and then performing the linked action. So in the self.Bind call we bind all our buttons to the single 'event_handler' function. Alright, so our code is now complete. Let's try both of our features and see if it all works as expected. In the first step, as shown below, we enter a string in the text box: Next, if we click the "Count Words" button you should see "7" in the text box since there were 7 words in the string. So far so good! Now let's write another string in the text box, as shown in the following figure: Now, if we click the "Most Repeated Word" button you will see the most repeated words in the text box, along with its frequency of occurrence, as shown below: Works perfectly! We have only added two features, but the purpose was to show you how all these components are connected, you can add as many functionalities as you want by simply writing additional functions for them. Furthermore, this tutorial was not focused much on the aesthetics. There are many widgets available in wxPython to beautify your program now that you have grasped the basic knowledge of the toolkit. Conclusion To sum things up, we learned that wxPython is popularly used for developing GUI-based desktop applications in Python, and that Python also has some other cool alternatives for it. We went through the commands to download and install it on all popular Operating Systems. Lastly, we learned how to make a modularized application using wxPython which can be easily extended, as could be seen in this tutorial where we built up on a basic skeleton app and added more features step by step.	https://stackabuse.com/creating-python-gui-applications-with-wxpython/	CC-MAIN-2019-35	refinedweb	2,233	61.77
I’m looking for an equivalent to GetTickCount() on Linux. Presently I am using Python’s time.time() which presumably calls through to gettimeofday(). My concern is that the time returned (the unix epoch), may change erratically if the clock is messed with, such as by NTP. A simple process or system wall time, that only increases positively at a constant rate would suffice. Does any such time function in C or Python exist? You can use CLOCK_MONOTONIC e.g. in C: struct timespec ts; if(clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC,&ts) != 0) { //error } See this question for a Python way – How do I get monotonic time durations in python? This seems to work: #include <unistd.h> #include <time.h> uint32_t getTick() { struct timespec ts; unsigned theTick = 0U; clock_gettime( CLOCK_REALTIME, &ts ); theTick = ts.tv_nsec / 1000000; theTick += ts.tv_sec * 1000; return theTick; } yes, get_tick() Is the backbone of my applications. Consisting of one state machine for each ‘task’ eg, can multi-task without using threads and Inter Process Communication Can implement non-blocking delays. You should use: clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &tp);. This call is not affected by the adjustment of the system time just like GetTickCount() on Windows. Yes, the kernel has high-resolution timers but it is differently. I would recommend that you look at the sources of any odd project that wraps this in a portable manner. From C/C++ I usually #ifdef this and use gettimeofday() on Linux which gives me microsecond resolution. I often add this as a fraction to the seconds since epoch I also receive giving me a double.	https://exceptionshub.com/equivalent-to-gettickcount-on-linux.html	CC-MAIN-2021-21	refinedweb	260	68.16
The first two articles introduced Spark's yarn client and yarn cluster modes. This article continues to introduce Spark's STANDALONE mode and Local mode. In the following, a program for calculating PI is used for illustration. There are three versions of the program in examples, which are written in Scala, Python, and Java languages. This time use Java program JavaSparkPi for illustration. package org.apache.spark.examples; 1 package org.apache.spark.examples; 2 import org.apache.spark.api.java.JavaRDD; 3 import org.apache.spark.api.java.JavaRDD; import org.apache.spark.api.java.JavaSparkContext; 4 import org.apache.spark.api.java.JavaSparkContext; import org.apache.spark.sql.SparkSession; 5 import org.apache.spark.sql.SparkSession; 6 import java.util.ArrayList; 7 import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; 8 import java.util.List; 9 / 10 / * Computes an approximation to pi 11 * Computes an approximation to pi * Usage: JavaSparkPi [partitions] 12 * Usage: JavaSparkPi [partitions] / 13 / public final class JavaSparkPi { 14 public final class JavaSparkPi { 15 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { 16 public static void main (String [] args) throws Exception { SparkSession spark = SparkSession 17 SparkSession spark = SparkSession .builder() 18 .builder () .appName("JavaSparkPi" ) 19 .appName ("JavaSparkPi" ) .getOrCreate(); 20 .getOrCreate (); twenty one JavaSparkContext jsc = new JavaSparkContext(spark.sparkContext()); 22 JavaSparkContext jsc = new JavaSparkContext (spark.sparkContext ()); twenty three int slices = (args.length == 1) ? Integer.parseInt(args[0]) : 2 ; 24 int slices = (args.length == 1)? Integer.parseInt (args [0]): 2 ; int n = 100000 * slices; 25 int n = 100000 * slices; List<Integer> l = new ArrayList<> (n); 26 List <Integer> l = new ArrayList <> (n); for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++ ) { 27 for ( int i = 0; i <n; i ++ ) { l.add(i); 28 l.add (i); } 29 } 30 JavaRDD<Integer> dataSet = jsc.parallelize(l, slices); 31 JavaRDD <Integer> dataSet = jsc.parallelize (l, slices); 32 int count = dataSet.map(integer -> { 33 int count = dataSet.map (integer-> { double x = Math.random() * 2 - 1 ; 34 double x = Math.random () * 2-1 ; double y = Math.random() * 2 - 1 ; 35 double y = Math.random () * 2-1 ; return (x * x + y * y <= 1) ? 1 : 0 ; 36 return (x * x + y * y <= 1)? 1: 0 ; }).reduce((integer, integer2) -> integer + integer2); 37 }). Reduce ((integer, integer2)-> integer + integer2); 38 System.out.println("Pi is roughly " + 4.0 * count / n); 39 System.out.println ("Pi is roughly" + 4.0 * count / n); 40 spark.stop(); 41 spark.stop (); } 42 } } 43 } The program logic is the same as the previous Scala and Python programs, so it will not be explained further. Compared with Scala, Python, and Java programs, the logic of PI is also calculated. The programs are 26 lines, 30 lines, and 43 lines. It can be seen that writing Spark programs is more concise than Java using Scala or Python. Therefore, it is recommended to write in Scala or Python. Spark program. The following is to execute this program in STANDALONE mode. Before execution, you need to start the cluster service that comes with Spark (execute $ SPARK_HOME / sbin / start-all.sh on the master). It is best to start the history server of Spark at the same time. After running, you can also check the running status of the program from the Web UI. After starting Spark's cluster service, the master daemon and worker daemons will appear on the master and slave hosts, respectively. In the Yarn mode, there is no need to start Spark's cluster service, only Spark needs to be deployed on the client, and the STANDALONE mode requires Spark to be deployed on each machine in the cluster. Enter the following command: [root @ BruceCentOS4 jars] # $ SPARK_HOME / bin / spark-submit –class org.apache.spark.examples.JavaSparkPi –master spark: //BruceCentOS.Hadoop: 7077 $ SPARK_HOME / examples / jars / spark-examples_2. 11-2.3.0.jar The following is a screenshot of the program running output information, Beginning: Middle part: Closing section: From the output information section of the above program, it can be seen that the Spark Driver runs in the SparkSubmit process on the client BruceCentOS4, and the cluster is the cluster that comes with Spark. Executor information on SparkUI: Client process (including Spark Driver) on BruceCentOS4: Executor process on BruceCentOS3: Executor process on BruceCentOS: Executor process on BruceCentOS2: The following describes the specific process of running the Spark program in standalone mode. Here is a flowchart: - SparkContext connects to the master, registers with the master and requests resources (CPU Core and Memory). - The master decides on which worker to allocate resources based on the SparkContext resource request requirements and the information reported in the worker's heartbeat cycle, then obtains resources on the worker, and then starts CoarseGrainedExecutorBackend. - CoarseGrainedExecutorBackend is registered with SparkContext. - SparkContext sends the Applicaiton code to CoarseGrainedExecutorBackend; and SparkContext parses the Applicaiton code, constructs the DAG graph, and submits it to the DAG Scheduler to decompose it into Stages (when encountering Action operations, Jobs will be spawned; each Job contains one or more Stage Stage is generally generated before fetching external data and shuffle), and then submit it to Task Scheduler as Stage (or TaskSet), Task Scheduler is responsible for assigning Task to the corresponding Worker, and finally submit to CoarseGrainedExecutorBackend for execution. - CoarseGrainedExecutorBackend will establish an Executor thread pool, start executing tasks, and report to SparkContext until the task is completed. - After all tasks are completed, SparkContext logs out to the master and releases resources. Finally, look at the Local operation mode, which is executed in a single machine local environment and is mainly used for program testing. All parts of the program, including Client, Driver, and Executor, all run in the client's SparkSubmit process. There are three ways to start in Local mode. #Start 1 Executor running task (1 thread) [root @ BruceCentOS4 ~] # $ SPARK_HOME / bin / spark-submit –class org.apache.spark.examples.JavaSparkPi –master local $ SPARK_HOME / examples / jars / spark-examples_2.11-2.3.0.jar #Start N Executor running tasks (N threads), where N = 2 [root @ BruceCentOS4 ~] # $ SPARK_HOME / bin / spark-submit –class org.apache.spark.examples.JavaSparkPi –master local [2] $ SPARK_HOME / examples / jars / spark-examples_2.11-2.3.0 .jar #Start * Executor running tasks (* threads), where * refers to the number of CPU cores on the local machine. [root @ BruceCentOS4 ~] # $ SPARK_HOME / bin / spark-submit –class org.apache.spark.examples.JavaSparkPi –master local [*] $ SPARK_HOME / examples / jars / spark-examples_2.11-2.3.0 .jar The above is my personal understanding of the Spark operating mode (STANDALONE and Local), which refers to the part of " Spark (1): Basic Architecture and Principles " of the blogger " Knowledge, thirst , ignorance, and ignorance" (based on Spark2.3.0 Some details have been corrected), thanks in advance.	http://www.itworkman.com/76151.html	CC-MAIN-2020-40	refinedweb	1,094	50.02
This whitepaper will provide you a enhanced understanding of what is Interoperability feature in .Net framework and how to communicate with a COM component from a .NET managed application. It moreover gives a brief idea on how to communicate with other managed languages (such as VC#, VB.NET, J# etc). I assume that the reader has the essential knowledge of COM and .NET. The word ‘Interoperability’ really refers to the ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together (inter-operate). This term is often used in technical systems engineering cases also. In computer systems, there is lot of interaction happening between different new systems and old systems. The .NET Framework provides many great features including the Interoperability; it is achieved by set of tools and services provided by the framework. It includes a large library and supports several programming languages like C#, VB.NET etc. which allows language interoperability (every .NET compatible language classes can communicate each other). The .NET components can communicate with the existing COM components without migrating to those components into .NET. that means, this feature is a great help to reduce the migration cost and business systems. Going forward, I’ll explain it in detail. PIAs (Primary Interop Assembly) provide the information that supports interoperability between .NET and. To enable the PIAs feature in your project, select the reference to your COM object. Then, in the Properties window, find the Embed Interop Types property and set it to True. As we most of them knows, we cannot directly add a C# (.cs) class file into a VB.NET project and vice versa. Fortunately, we have one another technique to use the functions from the .cs class in the VB.NET project. First create the dynamic link library (DLL) for the .cs class file and add the DLL reference into the VB.NET project where we want to use ti. After making the reference in the current project, import the namespace for the DLL. Then, all the exposed methods will be available in this project. Moving forward, I have explained the interoperability with the COM components later in this paper. To create the project output as a class library file, follow the below steps: Please make sure that, the build platform target is point to ‘any CPU’ so that this library could run on both the 32 and 64 bit machines. Write down all the business logic in the class files and do a build on the project. The build will generate the corresponding DLL in the bin folder of the project. The name of the DLL will be same as the Assembly name given in the above application tab (FaceTracker_JeneeshSDK).Once the library is ready, get the .dll from the bin directory and keep it in the vb.net project related directory for easy handling (you can keep it anywhere). Make a DLL reference from the new project to the library and import the library namespace in the class file, where we are going to use the methods from the library. Platform invoke enables managed code to call functions exported from an unmanaged dynamic link library (DLL), such as Win32 API and custom DLLs. The CLR handles DLL loading and parameter marshaling. Fortunately, switching from COM to .NET involves no such radical loss of productivity. The concept of providing bridge between .NET and COM components is .NET-COM interoperability. Assembly is a collection of types and resources that are built to work together and form a logical unit of functionality. All the information related to the assembly will be held in assembly metadata. COM is a binary reusable object which exposes its functionality to other components. Place all the dependency files and the COM library in any of the folder and update the path to the folder on system properties->environment variables path. If we doing this configuration, we don’t need to mention the entire DLL path on the DllImport attribute. DllImport If we are not making this configuration on environment path settings, we have to mention the full DLL path on the DllImport attribute. Follow the below steps to set the environment path in your machine: I hope, you people might be aware that we cannot add the COM libraries directly into the project by using add reference method. Each COM component will expose a set of interfaces through which the communication between COM components will occurs. The following diagram shows the communication between a client and a COM object. Usually COM components will expose interfaces to communicate with other objects. Since a .NET client cannot directly communicate with a COM component, the interfaces exposed by the COM are also not understandable by the .NET applications. To accomplish this communication, the COM component should be wrapped in such a way that the .NET client application can understand the COM component, which is called by the term Runtime Callable Wrapper (RCW). The Runtime Callable Wrapper (RCW) provided by the .NET Framework which wraps the COM components and exposes it into the .NET client application. A Runtime Callable Wrapper (RCW) is very important to communicate a .NET client with COM. It can be generated by using Visual Studio .NET or by using the TlbImp.exe utility. In the reverse case, to communicate with the .NET component from the COM component, the .NET component should be wrapped in such a way that the COM client can identify this .NET component. This wrapper is known as COM Callable Wrapper (CCW). CCW will be created by the .NET utility RegAsm.exe. This reads metadata of the .NET component and generates the CCW. This tool will make a registry entry for the .NET components. For example, the below line of code is a simple COM function. Here, I’ll explain you how to use this method in a C# .NET project. EXTERN_C ASDK const char* WINAPI CX_GetLastError(); This above simple function takes zero arguments and returns const char* type value. The types are totally different in COM and .NET. For any kind of pointers, .NET has a type IntPtr, which holds the memory address for that object. By Marshalling, we can obtain the value from the memory address. IntPtr If we want to write non managed code in .net, it has to be embed in unsafe block and on the project properties build tab, check allow unsafe code to true. Now Design C# program for using the DLL created in C++ languages (COM). First of all we need to use the InteropServices namespace to access the dll written in C++ languages. Take a look at below program to learn how to use dll for accomplishing the Interoperability feature. InteropServices Import the System.Runtime.InteropServices namespace. Code explanation: To start with the wrapper methods, first we need to import the namespace System.Runtime.InteropServices. All the wrapper methods has to precede with the ‘DllImport’ attribute and its different parameters. If we did not set the environment path for the DLL location, we need to mention the full path to the DLL. EntryPoint is optional, CharSet will be ANSI, and the calling convention will the standard call. Methods will be static. System.Runtime.InteropServices EntryPoint CharSet From given code you can see how we are able to see the function written from C++ languages to C# languages. its all happen just because of Interoperability supported by .NET framework. Code explanation: the return type of the CX_GetLastError() method is a const char* type in C. Since we don’t have pointers in .NET, we have to use IntPtr type in place of const char. It actually gives the memory location, where the value has been stored. By doing a Marshal on the Intptr, we can retrieve the data stored on this memory location. Once we extracted the data from the pointer, we need to free the memory allocated to the pointer. CX_GetLastError() const char Intptr The below table describes some of the Win32 types and their corresponding CLR types. Communication between COM applications and .NET applications can be achieved through Runtime Callable Wrapper (RCW) and COM Callable Wrapper (CCW). As we have seen in the above example, we can use the methods in a COM component in .NET applications. When we are playing with unmanaged code through COM interoperability, we cannot use all the features provided by the .Net framework (e.g., inheritance, parameterized constructor etc). This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL) General News Suggestion Question Bug Answer Joke Rant Admin Man throws away trove of Bitcoin worth $7.5 million	http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/588865/Interoperability-feature-in-NET?fid=1832400&df=90&mpp=10&sort=Position&spc=Relaxed&tid=4558563	CC-MAIN-2013-48	refinedweb	1,432	58.08
This tutorial is all about How to Read a Plain Text File in Java. In this post we will learn how to read data from a plain text file. There are multiple ways in Java about how to read data and write data from/in a text file. Also multiple third party party applications are present in the market which we can use while dealing with reading or writing operation. Anyways , let us go through a simple program which demonstrate how to read data from a text file. java - public class Manager{ - - - //We are passing path of the file in the argument - FileReader fr=new FileReader(f); - BufferReader bin=new BufferrReader(fr); - - while (s1!=null){ - - s1=bin.readLine(); - // reading next line. Similarly this loop will read and print all the line - } - } - } Here readLine() method will read one line and move the cursor to the next line. Readers might Read also: Facebook Comments (Visited 29 times, 1 visits today)	http://itsourcecode.com/2016/02/how-to-read-a-plain-text-file-in-java/	CC-MAIN-2017-34	refinedweb	158	71.44
I've shown an example of the "Hello World" in IoT, a blinking light, in this post. Blinking lights are great and make for a nice visual experience, but what if we want to do something with an IoT device, such as a NodeMCU ESP8266Â that goes beyond the visual? Let's take our NodeMCU and add a temperature sensor. Then, with MicroPython, we'll get our readings. Needed Equipment To get started on this project you'll need the following equipment: - NodeMCU ESP8266 - TMP36 Analog Temperature Sensor - Mini Breadboard 5.5Ã—8.2Ã—0.85cm - Male to Male Jumper Wires I have found this kit of basic electronic components to be pretty good for starting one's IoT device journey. It doesn't include things like the TMP36 temperature sensor, but it has a wide variety of other pieces that are ultimately useful. TMP36 Specs Since this project will be using the TMP36, let's discuss it briefly. This temperature sensor is a low voltage sensor, requiring 2.7 V to 5.5 VDC input. It returns a Celsius temperature reading from the Vout pin in an operating range of -40Â°C to +125Â°C. It is reasonably accurate, especially for hobby/demo situations with a Â±2Â°C accuracy. You can download the specs for the TMP36 here. Temperature Sensor Project Hardware Configuration Make sure the NodeMCU is disconnected from USB when making connections. - To add the TMP36 sensor to the NodeMCU we need to make sure that it is properly oriented. The flat side of the temperature sensor should be facing the bottom of the board. - Connect the rightmost lead, in position a8 to the negative rail on the board. - The negative rail then is connected to the GND pin (pin a29)on the NodeMCU. - Connect the leftmost lead (a10) of the TMP36 to the positive rail. - Connect the 3v3 pin (a30) on the NodeMCU to the positive rail. - Finally, connect a jumper wire from the center lead (c9) to the A0 pin on the NodecMCU (j16). The A0 pin on the NodeMCU is the analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) pin. Code With the hardware side of things built, let's see what we can do in MicroPython to get a temperature! Fortunately, MicroPython's machine library makes this pretty simple for us. I'll be working in the console REPL. Â The code should work the same, however, if you are working in the WebREPL environment. Our first step is to handle our imports from machine import ADC That brings in our necessary ADC connections, and we can assign a variable to pin 0 for that adc = ADC(0) We can print out the value from the TMP36 now with adc.read() which returns the Celsius temperature, well almost. The value it returns is ten times the temperature. Let's write a function that will handle that conversion for us. def temp(value): return value/10 While we're at it, let's write a function to convert to Fahrenheit as well. def fahrenheit(celsius): return (celsius * (9/5)) + 32 With those in place, we can get, and display our readings. reading = adc.read() celsius_temp = temp(reading) fahrenheit_temp = fahrenheit(celsius_temp) print("TMP36 reading {}\nDegrees Celsius {}\nDegrees Fahrenheit {}".format(reading, celsius_temp, fahrenheit_temp)) After executing our print statement we should get back our readings. MicroPython certainly has made things easy for us with the ADC methods. For your convenience I have included the code is available as a Gist on GitHub as well. Wrap Up In this post, I have shown how to get temperature readings from an analog temperature sensor, such as the TMP36. In just a few lines of MicroPython code, we are able to get quite a bit of functionality.Â This is one of the many great things about MicroPython, the direct access to hardware is generally pretty easy. I think the next step in exploring MicroPython and the NodeMCU will be to take these temperature readings and see if we can connect them to a service such as Losant and generate some visualizations of our temperatures. Follow me on Twitter @kenwalger to get the latest updates on my postings on MicroPython and IoT and let me know what you are building with MicroPython. If you enjoyed this article, or have questions, leave comments below. Or see the original post on my blog. Top comments (0)	https://practicaldev-herokuapp-com.global.ssl.fastly.net/kenwalger/micropython-temperature-sensor	CC-MAIN-2022-40	refinedweb	732	64.3
Following code invokes project and run it. But i am getting error when it executes groovy.test step at line - def responseAsXml = context.expand( '${AIR Search (BEAPI)#ResponseAsXml#declare namespace ns1=\'\'; //ns1:Response[1]/ns1:Response[1]/ns1:Results[1]}' ) Eclipse code: WsdlProject project=new WsdlProject("E:\\IAPI\\Automation\\BookingEngineAir-soapui-project.xml");//Grab the Test suite in the projectWsdlTestSuite testsuite=project.getTestSuiteByName("TestSuite");//Grab the testcases present in test suite//for(int i=0;i<testsuite.getTestCaseCount();i++)//{// WsdlTestCase testCase =testsuite.getTestCaseAt(i);WsdlTestCase testCase =testsuite.getTestCaseByName("LCC Domestic Oneway Direct Flight");WsdlTestCaseRunner runner=testCase.run(new PropertiesMap(), false);Assert.assertEquals(Status.FINISHED, runner.getStatus()); Solved! Go to Solution. Does not matter what tool you use, a license is required if you are trying to run a project that is build in Pro tool with pro features. View solution in original post @archana1 : If you have used SoapUI Pro features in your Automation project, than it doesn't matter from where you run it will ask for license. Click "Accept as Solution" if my answer has helped, and remember to give "kudos" 🙂 ↓↓↓↓↓ yes it works fine in the tool. The error that i am getting groovy step is "Content is not allowed in prolog" . But everthing works fine in soapui tool I want to integrate my soapui project with jenkins. But the server where we have jenkins doesnot have soapUI licensed version. With java project i can run it from there. The project can be run command line as well using the testrunner utility provided under SoapUi installation/bin directory.It is neither required to open the SoapUi nor Eclipse tools to execute the tests / soapui project. Even in Jenkins, I believe, you must be using the same command to execute the tests. Isn't it? I tried that too. On running command it asks me for license. I don't have it on that server. Thats why thought of running soapUI project as java project in eclipse. Can't it be done ?	https://community.smartbear.com/t5/SoapUI-Pro/How-to-run-SoapUI-project-wsdl-from-eclipse/m-p/202191	CC-MAIN-2020-34	refinedweb	334	52.05
Talk:Proposed features/Building attributes Discuss Proposed features/Building attributes here: Contents - 1 Colons - 2 Entrances and access - 3 Architect - 4 Address - 5 unused - 6 heights - 7 Information for handicapped - 8 building:levels - 9 Date of construction - 10 Capitalization of values - 11 Architect - 12 building:roof:orientation - 13 building:roof:cullis - 14 building:roof - 15 building:color - 16 building:roof:color - 17 building:roof:ridge - 18 building:levels:height - 19 levelPlan - 20 building:condition - 21 height vs. building:height - 22 Needs illustrations for roof types - 23 building:orientation - 24 building:roof:extent - 25 Colors - 26 Redundant levels - 27 roof - facade - 28 building:height ? - 29 building:use - 30 Change building:min_level to a more convenient scheme - 31 Remove building:roof:ridge altogether - 32 count levels and heights from ground or not? - 33 building:roof:orientation - 34 Counting levels (again...) Colons I edited this to use a : to separate the 'building' namespace for consistency. --Hawke 22:29, 17 September 2007 (BST) - I would like to see building=belfry instead of building=yes, building:type=belfry, as I consider the yes values wasteful. Similarly, bridge=suspension/pontoon/... instead of bridge=yes. ==Ipofanes 13:28, 1 June 2010 (UTC) Entrances and access What else may be of interest? - entrance - from which direction? - entrance for handicapped people? - access - a public building? How do you want to handle other public/administrative buildings such as school, church, offices, ...? I guess, public buildings should be rendered different? How do you differ between those and these? --Traut 16:19, 11 January 2008 (UTC) - Access is covered by the access tag(s) and/or the access namespace --Hawke 19:55, 15 January 2008 (UTC) Architect There should also be a building:architect tag if there is a architectural style tag. --Realadry 12 July 2008 - +1 I too would like to see an opportunity to tag the - architect note that in the meantime the key architect=* has been invented and is in use - civil engineers - owner - year of completion - year of damage (where I live, many houses have plates in walls written this facts, just to remind the posterity) --scoid 19:33, 2 November 2008 (UTC) Address moved blurb on address format to talk page of address page. Talk:Proposed_features/House_numbers/Karlsruhe_Schema Bunny unused I noticed that a lot's of buildings are unused and go to seed. Might be cool to determine via a searchengine such buildings. --!i! 08:17, 12 June 2009 (UTC) heights Please have the editors calculate ft and yards to meters, stick to SI-units and leave the unit names out. --Lulu-Ann 12:50, 11 November 2008 (UTC) - I agree with this. Stick to SI-units. See also width=, maxwidth, maxheight and maxlength, all defaulting to meters. -- MapFlea 12:03, 17 December 2008 (UTC) - i also agree, OSM must use SI-units, it's international and works fine everywhere. PaDorange 1st June 2010 - I agree partly. Default is in meter, although it is common practice to include units which should be still allowed. Use "The unit is meters unless otherwise specified" like in width=. 0--Aschilli 10:33, 6 February 2011 (UTC) Information for handicapped We need: - Automatic doors - Evenything on one level / Elevator / Escalator / Stairhouse - Steps and/or ramp at the entrance (I don't care for the hight of a building...) building:levels Which definition should be used for the levels? The British (starting with 0) or the American one (starting with 1)? see --Gkai 14:18, 17 May 2009 (UTC) - Why would that be relevant for this tag? A British house with floor 0 and floor 1 has two levels, an American house with floor 1 and floor 2 has two levels, so it's building:levels=2 for both.--Landwirt 05:48, 18 May 2009 (UTC) - "Number of stories of the building" is okay but could be further specified. What height has one level? Basement stories are sometimes higher (entrance hall). Also we should agree on whether top levels under the roof are counted. If a building with gabled roof and dormers is tagged with 5 levels/stories, where does to roof start? --Aschilli 10:45, 6 February 2011 (UTC) Date of construction building:year = 1961 or something like this? --wiso 11:14, 12 June 2009 (UTC) - There's already a tag for this, start_date=, which I've been using fairly widely (and can apply to more things than buildings). Frankie Roberto 11:35, 9 September 2009 (UTC) - Note that people are also using since= (ca.46), year_of_construction=* (ca.337), build_year=* (ca.20) and construction_year=* (ca.210) as may be seen at Taginfo (example: construction_year). --T.woelk 21:26, 28 June 2011 (BST) Capitalization of values The example values are all start with an upper case letter. Like House, Skyscraper and Flat. This seems to be some unusual in OSM. I think this should be changed.--Maduser 18:57, 26 July 2009 (UTC) Architect Hi. I've been tagging buildings with architect=, as per Proposed features/architect. Can you link to that as part of this proposal? I don't see the need for a building: prefix (as all the tags on this proposal seem to have), but if there's a good reason for it, I guess it could change. Frankie Roberto 11:34, 9 September 2009 (UTC) building:roof:orientation To construct the correct form of a roof the tag is necessary. Values could be along or across. MartinOver 22:29, 17 Dezember 2009 (BST) or it could be north-south east-west or some thing like this. Otherwise it would be difficult to tag a square building! --K4r573n 17:53, 14 April 2010 (UTC) - Better add the info to the parallel wall. What about spheric or flat roofs and roofs that have the highest edge not in the middle? Lulu-Ann - This doesn't work for any building that isn't rectangular. I completely disagree with using tags for orientation, ways across the ridge should be used instead. This allows for working with more complex roof shapes, even those with multiple ridges on different heights, and can easily be integrated into the workflow for tracing from aerial imagery (which likely will be the source for most roof shape data). --Tordanik 20:59, 11 February 2011 (UTC) building:roof:cullis To construct a roof with a correct height the measurement should be in metres.Building:height should be the roof ridge of the building. MartinOver 22:29, 17 Dezember 2009 (BST) - Please explain, should this be the heigth of the roof? I would prefer to enter an angle (building:roof:angle=45) --chris66 16:53, 5 August 2010 (BST) building:roof The proposed tag is used for the material and shape. It would be better to split this in building:roof:shape and building:roof:material. MartinOver 22:29, 17 Dezember 2009 (BST) building:color The predominat color of the walls. MartinOver 22:29, 17 Dezember 2009 (BST) building:roof:color The predominat color of the roof. MartinOver 22:29, 17 Dezember 2009 (BST) - In RGB? RAL? HTML? building:roof:ridge Kendzi: I'm not sure if I understand correctly meaning of this tag so I made image: - Yes, this is the meaning of this tag. - Note that this is not working. You will have to define a way for the rigde, nodes are not sufficient. -- Dieterdreist 12:26, 17 February 2011 (UTC) sample of render: building:levels:height Mean height of the buildings:levels to estimate the builing height. MartinOver 22:29, 17 Dezember 2009 (BST) - i don't thinks so 'levels' is the number of levels, so a building with 20 levels has always 20 levels (dont count level that do not existes) User:Padorange 1st June 2010 - You're right the count level definition must specify what we count really. To estimate height (what we talk in this paragraph), the count must be over the ground. 2 possibility : count level only from ground, or the tag count all level and we must add another tag to specify if the total count include 1,2 or more underground level (building:underground ?)... User:Padorange 1st June 2010 - When the overground tag is called level, the underground tag should be named similar, I propose undergroundlevel or sublevel. Lulu-Ann - I'd count all levels for the total of building levels. In the case of split-levels I'd count only the levels one above the other, not the intermediate ones (would be missleading otherwise). Usually building:levels:height= is a different number for each level according to where in the building the level is (underground usually less, ground floor and first floor usually highest). The official way to measure this is from the surface of the floor to the surface of the next higher floor. This should be building:level:0:height=* for the height of the ground floor, building:level:-1:height=* for the height of the first underground floor and so on. --Dieterdreist 11:25, 8 February 2012 (UTC) - This attribute is meant to be the average height of a single storey. We have the number of levels above the ground, ok, but in order to compute the metric building height, one variable is missing, thats the level height. height = levels * building:levels:height. Currently I am using 3 m as default, but it may differ from this mean value considerably, depending on the building type and age. --Aschilli 11:37, 6 February 2011 (UTC) levelPlan Maybe for this value we can use the same system has opening hours. something like 0-2 residential,office; 3,5 office; 4 residential. what you think? --Yod4z 12:30, 14 September 2010 (BST) building:condition I would like to add a condition tag (particular for castles, but also for other buildings) with the following values: preserved;renovated;disrepair --Walterschloegl 11:37, 14 November 2010 (UTC) - For reasons of privacy, and to prevent being used for commercial "big data" harvesting, I'd rather oppose against using this tag with private houses. height vs. building:height height is concerning taginfo used more extensive in the database than building:height. I suggest to adjust the proposal. Also the german translation already has height and not building:height in the table. --chris66 11:53, 22 December 2010 (UTC) - Seconded - height tag is used for many other objects as well and there's no need for separate tag for buildings --AMDmi3 18:14, 10 January 2011 (UTC) - The way height=* is defined in this proposal is missleading and doesn't follow the logics for the key. Usually the height-tag describes the height of the object it is applied to. In the case of a building it should be clear, whether underground parts should be counted or not and whether foundation parts count (these can sometimes be very high and often it's hard to get the numbers, so I'd suggest not to include them here). If this tag is applied to a "bridge"-building that spans between two other buildings, the height tag should be the height from the lowest part of the building to the highest part(assuming here, that antennas and other technical equipment should be excluded), not from the ground elevation to the highest part as describe currently (it is sometimes not even clear what the ground elevation is, -> highly ambigiuos). --Dieterdreist 11:19, 8 February 2012 (UTC) Needs illustrations for roof types That'd be especially useful for non-English speaking users. Here're some types I've drawn: as I understand, 1= ridgedpitched (also with building:roof:orientation=along), 4=pyramidal. How do you call 2 and 3? - 2 => hip roof (german Walmdach) (see , or the german site and the more details (dormer) User 5359 18:47, 10 January 2011 (UTC) feel free to use vector source (public domain): --AMDmi3 18:06, 10 January 2011 (UTC) I propose to use 1=pitched, 2=hipped, 3=crosspitched, 4=pyramidal, and am going to add above illustration to the page, any objections? There's no mention of "ridged" roof in the wikipedia link - if it's something different from pitched, it should be added as a separate type. --AMDmi3 21:32, 12 January 2011 (UTC) I think that are two different types of roofs: --Kendzi 20:33, 12 March 2011 (UTC) building:orientation Same meaning as building:roof:orientation - may be along (default) or across. Useful to set orientation of non-symmetrical building shapes, such as hangar. --AMDmi3 21:32, 12 January 2011 (UTC) - Please use geometry and not tags. I'd consider this superfluous. Nobody should be encouraged to tag buildings as nodes, even without aerial imagery it is better to estimate the shape and orientation of a building then to describe it with tags. --Dieterdreist 11:28, 8 February 2012 (UTC) building:roof:extent Distance the roof extends beyond building walls. --AMDmi3 02:14, 14 January 2011 (UTC) - Yes, this is an interesting one. Should apply to a way IMHO (or map the cullis of the roof explicitly): the wall above which the roof is.--Dieterdreist 11:30, 8 February 2012 (UTC) Colors Using keywords for roof/facade color is not very useful since its too limited. Colors should be specified consistently as hex strings, e.g. #6B8E23 like in SVG. Hex strings can be generated easily using GIMP software. The colors could be picked from Bing maps. --Aschilli 10:51, 6 February 2011 (UTC) Redundant levels levels, building:levels, and building:levels:aboveground is redundant information. Can we explicitly disallow two of them? I would stick with building:levels, it's intuitive. levels would be generic, but what other type of constuction has levels and is not a building? Subway? Mine? --Aschilli 11:16, 6 February 2011 (UTC) - I would suggest that this proposal is only for overground buildings. Things like underground stations have totally different needs. I also have seen usage of building_levels and building:level (without the ending s). But be aware that there that some people also used buidling:level instead of level for indoor rooms. --Saerdnaer 23:59, 25 November 2011 (UTC) - No, we can't disallow anything, but we could encourage the mappers not to use them. IMHO building:levels=* should be all building levels (below and above ground) which are one above the other. For ramps and split-levels this would not work. For split level buildings I'd suggest to split these in two building parts and attach to each of them their amount of building:levels=* (in total). This proposal should cover all buildings, not only overground buildings. --Dieterdreist 11:34, 8 February 2012 (UTC) roof - facade Better use consistent structure Rename building:roof to building:roof:material Rename building:cladding to building:facade:material Include building:roof:color building:facade:color (see above) --Aschilli 11:46, 6 February 2011 (UTC) added these tags. hope its okay --Aschilli 21:15, 10 February 2011 (UTC) building:height ? Why adding extra tag for building height? Is it somehow different from height=? If not, I suggest "building:height" to be replaced by already existing "height" in this proposal. --Bilbo 18:49, 10 February 2011 (UTC) - Agree. taginfo counts 583971 for height, 26110 for building:height for ways tagged as buildings. --Aschilli 23:07, 10 February 2011 (UTC) - Bilbo. In my application I interpret the height value differently than indicated in your picture. Height is the distance from the lower edge to the upper edge, not from ground to upper edge. Similarly, levels count not from ground either. A bridge on 50th floor would have min_level=49, levels=1. --Aschilli 23:30, 10 February 2011 (UTC) - Aschilli I think you are doing this right. This proposal here is missleading in the description of the tag height. It should work like you describe.--Dieterdreist 11:38, 8 February 2012 (UTC) - But OSM-3D and glosm interpret height and levels in the manner I described. So there are two different approaches, it seems .... The question is - how it is used now in the data? Which approach should be picked as the "correct" one? There are not many buildings mapped with min_level (I estimate it to about 1000) or min_height (less than 100), so checking and possibly fixing those should be not very hard. BTW what is "your application"? Can you provide a link to it? --Bilbo 00:19, 11 February 2011 (UTC) - I was referring to OSM-3D. Ah I see. On a page from User:Jongleur/MultiLevel it is described like this. From a technical viewpoint I don't care, just needs to be described unambiguously and not collide with other attributes. --Aschilli 12:01, 11 February 2011 (UTC) - OSM-3D and glosm could change their way of interpretating this. It would simply not be logical (not coherent with the general meaning of the key height= to not refer this to the actually tagged object, but to a diffuse distance ground (unclear) and rooftop. --Dieterdreist 11:38, 8 February 2012 (UTC) building:use I think that for "building:use" there should be more examples (to cover most of building types), perhaps along with a short explanation - so there would be less cases where people "invent" some tags (often different ones) to tag buildings not mentioned here shop - shop open to general public residential - housing, flats, etc ... office - offices decorative - building with only decorative purpise Some more suggested examples that could be added education - schools, classrooms, etc ... storage - storage for goods - warehouse or similar buildings (reservoirs, refrigerated storages, ...) factory - building, where some goods are manufactured, usually full of some machinery industrial - some other industry (refinery, chemical plant, etc ..) --Bilbo 22:33, 10 February 2011 (UTC) - What is the difference between building:type and building:use? --Aschilli 12:59, 12 February 2011 (UTC) - Type describes the shape and construction, regardless of the use: a building:type=house is a building that looks like a single family home; yet it could be a company office (:use=office); a building=hangar could be any of building:use=storage/factory/shop/...; a building:type=manor might be use=residential/education/tourism etc. building:use=* can often be a repetition of the landuse it is in, but also something else, or just more specific. Alv 13:45, 12 February 2011 (UTC) Change building:min_level to a more convenient scheme I'll repeat here the idea I've shown here: User_talk:Jongleur/MultiLevel_Building_Shapes building:min_level is flawed as it's confusing (especially in countries where levels start with one, not zero) and/or requires additional tag (building:ground_level). I propose to use building:skipped_levels instead, which, compared to min_level: - doesn't have any zero-one confusion - works similarly in all countries - doesn't require additional tags - behaves in a similar and expected way as building:levels, describing "span", not "edge location" --AMDmi3 12:20, 14 February 2011 (UTC) - right. Its just about the correct wording. building:ground_level wont help much either, because 4th amd 13th floor are often missing, so we always count the levels, not read from elevators. In this respect plural levels is better than singular level. How about building:void_levels? --Aschilli 13:24, 14 February 2011 (UTC) - I agree that building:min_level is not a good choice nor a good concept (often building levels are different, the key doesn't really work, it is an approximation that cannot iterate to precision). Instead the elevation of the lowest part of the building should be tagged (in metres). This can start as a guess and be verified subsequently e.g. by measurement with a disto-laser to decent precision. --Dieterdreist 11:43, 8 February 2012 (UTC) Remove building:roof:ridge altogether to get rid of warning sign. It does not belong here since it is not an attribute of the building polygon itself. Whether its working or not, it would be part of a more complex scheme for tracing roofs and you need relations. TagInfo count: 113. Objections? --Aschilli 10:20, 27 February 2011 (UTC) Agree but first we should find another way to describe ridge. --Kendzi 07:47, 12 March 2011 (UTC) count levels and heights from ground or not? Either A) Measure height from ground to top of building structure, Count levels from ground including non existing ones. B) Measure height as distance from lower edge to upper edge of building structure. Count levels as actually existing number of floors in that building structure. (copied from page: "Note that this is very strange and missleading. In architecture you will never count "nonexistent" floors as "levels". Building levels will always be the actual levels, not voids outside the building. It does make no sense at all to count levels of adjacent building parts as building levels of a building. Please adjust your picture.") p.s. Please use talk page for discussions my vote: B). --Aschilli 10:33, 27 February 2011 (UTC) building:roof:orientation Comment copied from page: "Note that this is actually not working for many buildings and is complicated to evaluate as well. It is suggested to create a proposal that works more stable and for different shapes as well." In my opinion it is working perfectly for simple rectangular buildings and many roof shapes. If not, it can be seen as meta data, not for 3D modelling. Please discuss. --Aschilli 10:42, 27 February 2011 (UTC) Counting levels (again...) How would I tag the levels of those two buildings here? Left 1, right 2? I still find the scheme quite confusing. It easily breaks with corner cases. --Silanea 20:13, 22 November 2011 (UTC) - Don't they both have two levels? --Scai 11:19, 23 November 2011 (UTC) - Yes and no. The right one has two "proper" levels plus the roof (which most likely has a little attic underneath), the left one has a ground level plus a roof with another level in it. Taging both as levels=2 would convey wrong information in my opinion: Both offer two levels on which people can live, but the right building is essentially one whole level taller than the other. --Silanea 18:02, 1 December 2011 (UTC)	http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Talk:Proposed_features/Building_attributes	CC-MAIN-2017-43	refinedweb	3,669	63.09
management of landscape elements for woodfuel Catherine Gerrard, Mary Crossland, Sally Westaway and Jo Smith The Organic Research Centre Executive summary was developed in 2010/11 as part of a project funded by Defra through Natural England. It assesses a farm on a number of areas (spurs) which may be impacted by agricultural management practices and may be related to public goods such as water quality and air quality. These spurs are: soil management, agri-environmental management, landscape and heritage, water management, fertiliser management and nutrients, energy and carbon, food security, agricultural systems diversity, social capital, farm business resilience, and animal health and welfare management. Each spur is assessed by asking questions based on a number of key “activities”. Each activity has at least one corresponding question and these allow the advisor carrying out the assessment to evaluate the detailed ways in which the farm contributes to sustainability.. As part of the TWECOM project the tool was adapted to include additional questions on landscape elements and woodfuel. In addition, it was also used to create a standalone landscapeelement sustainability assessment tool for situations where a full sustainability assessment would be too time-consuming. The adaptations to the tool that were required were identified by a review of the tool by TWECOM project partners. The new questions were mainly in the areas of agrienvironmental management and energy and carbon. The landscape and heritage, water management, soil management, and animal health and welfare spurs also required a smaller number of adaptations. A new landscape elements module was added to the tool to summarise the results of new and existing questions that were specific to landscape elements and woodfuel. This module also formed the basis of the shorter standalone tool. Once the adaptations had been made, the PG tool was tested on two farms in the South West of the UK that make use of woodfuel and landscape elements: one in Devon, and one in Dorset. The pilots highlighted some small issues and questions that needed to be clarified or slightly updated. The main issue that they revealed was that export of energy off farm (rather than use of renewable energy on-farm) was not being picked up sufficiently well and as a result farms were not being rewarded for producing energy that could be exported e.g. as electricity to the national grid or as woodfuel sold to neighbours. An additional question was added to cover this gap. The adapted version of the PG tool allows a farmer to see, not only the overall sustainability assessment for their farm, but also how the landscape elements contribute to the overall sustainability. 2 Introduction The PG tool was developed in 2010/11 as part of a project funded by Defra through Natural England. Further information about the tool and its development can be found in that project report (Gerrard et al., 2011). As part of development process, a stakeholder workshop identified a variety of agriculturerelated public goods against which the tool would assess each individual farm. These “spurs” were: soil management, agri-environmental management, landscape and heritage, water management, fertiliser management and nutrients, energy and carbon, food security, agricultural systems diversity, social capital, farm business resilience, and animal health and welfare management. The tool has been designed to be used on farm with an advisor gathering data through an interview with the farmer. It has been constructed as a Microsoft Excel workbook with a worksheet for each spur. In addition there is an initial data sheet collecting general farm information used in multiple spurs and a final results sheet which provides graphical representations of the farm’s assessment as soon as the interview is completed. Each spur is assessed by asking questions based on a number of key “activities”. Each activity has at least one corresponding question and these allow the advisor to evaluate the detailed ways in which the farm contributes to sustainability. The activities were identified as a result of a literature review and discussion at a stakeholder workshop attended by researchers, agricultural advisors and representatives from Natural England. The choice of activities was influenced by a desire for the data collected to be of a type that a farmer would have in their farm records already, i.e. not requiring any further surveys to be carried out. Care was also taken to balance quantitative and qualitative activities. It was also necessary to maintain a balance between obtaining sufficiently detailed information to assess the spurs while keeping the assessment to a reasonable length of time. The PG Tool assessment takes two to four hours to complete depending on the size and complexity of the farm. The individual spurs are discussed in more detail below in Table 1. Each question is marked with score between 1 and 5 where 1 is the lowest mark, indicating that no benefit is being provided and 5 is the highest score. Some questions have a not applicable (N/A) option. This is the case where a situation may arise such that the farmer cannot possibly provide that benefit, for instance, a farmer who does not have cattle or dairy goats will not include mastitis prevention on their livestock health plan but should not be scored lower for failing to do so and therefore can choose N/A as the answer for this question. Some activities are assessed using several questions while others require only one. Where multiple questions are asked their scores are averaged and rounded to the nearest whole number to give the score for that activity. Thus an activity requiring several questions is not weighted more heavily than one requiring only a few or one question. 3 The scores for each spur are obtained by averaging the scores for all its activities. These are then shown on a radar diagram (Figure 1) allowing farmers to see in which areas they perform well and which areas could be improved. A bar chart showing the activities on each spur gives more detailed information so that if the farmer sees from the radar diagram that they scored less well on a particular area they can then identify the specific activities to work on to improve the score in the future. (Gerrard et al., 2014). Figure 1: Example of PG tool reporting format. 4 Table 1: The PG tool spurs Spur Description Soil Management The soil management spur assesses a farm’s performance in terms of monitoring of soil organic matter and nutrient levels, in addition to assessing the amount of damage done to the soil from erosion, e.g. from leaving land bare over the winter or out-wintering cattle. Agri-environmental management The agri-environmental management spur assesses how well the farm is managed with regards to environmental stewardship and encouraging native wildlife. The activities assessed are agrienvironmental participation, conservation plan, awards, provision of habitats, and use of crop protection products. Landscape and Heritage The landscape and heritage spur assesses how well a farm contributes towards preserving the countryside and its heritage. The activities which are used to assess this are: historic features, landscape features, and management of boundaries. Water Management The water management of the farm is assessed through the measures being taken to reduce pollution, the sources of water used and the efficiency of irrigation systems that are put in place. Fertiliser Management The fertiliser management and nutrients spur is spread over two and Nutrients worksheets: the first worksheet is an NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) budget which takes information from the initial data collection sheet and calculates a ‘farm gate’ balance based on standard yield and NPK figures and the amounts of crops and livestock moving on and off the farm; the second worksheet for this spur contains more qualitative questions about the management of nutrients, manure and wastes on farm. Energy and Carbon The energy and carbon spur is spread over three separate worksheets: the first worksheet focuses on the farm’s own fuel and electricity use, recording both the total amount used and the amount attributed to the various farm enterprises: arable, beef and sheep, dairy, horticulture, pigs and poultry; the second worksheet for this spur uses energy and carbon benchmarks (CALU and ADAS, 2007) to compare the farm’s performance in terms of MJ of energy per head of livestock, or per hectare; the final worksheet for this spur asks more qualitative questions regarding the farm’s energy use. Food Security The food security spur assesses the contribution of the farm towards food quality and availability of food in the local area. The activities assessed are total productivity, local food, off-farm feed, food quality awards, food quality certification and production of fresh produce. Agricultural Diversity Systems The agricultural systems diversity spur determines the extent to which the farm is incorporating a range of crop varieties and animal species and breeds in its production. 5 Social Capital The social capital spur assesses the farm’s community engagement and the benefits it provides to its staff. It is assessed through the following activities: employment, skills and knowledge, community engagement, corporate social responsibility initiatives and accreditations, public access, human health issues. Farm Business Resilience The farm business resilience spur assesses the financial resilience of the farm as a business and whether it is a long-term prospect. It uses two activities to assess this – financial viability and farm resilience. Animal Health and The animal health and welfare management spur assesses how the Welfare Management farmer manages their livestock so as to ensure their health and welfare. The activities under which this is assessed are staff resources, health plan, animal health, ability to perform natural behaviours, housing and biosecurity. 6 Method A presentation on the PG tool was given to project partners at the TWECOM meeting held at Elm Farm in April 2014. This presentation gave some background on the topic of sustainability assessments and introduced partners to the PG tool. After the meeting a copy of the PG tool was circulated to partners in the TWECOM project who had expressed an interest in further pursuing the sustainability assessment aspect of the project and feedback was requested with regards to questions that were already felt to cover landscape elements and energy from woodfuel, and additional questions that could be added. They were also asked to use their copy of the tool to highlight questions that should be kept (to be highlighted in green), those about which they were unsure (yellow) and those that they thought should be removed (red). Feedback was received from PUM (Philipps-Universität Marburg), RLLK (Regionaal Landschap Lage Kempen vzw) and ZLTO (Zuidelijke Land- en Tuinbouworganisatie) as well as from ORC staff who had not previously been involved in the development of the PG tool. A working group discussion was carried out by Skype on 19th May 2014 involving partners from PUM, RLLK, ZLTO and ORC to further discuss the adaptation of the PG tool for use in TWECOM. The main feedback from the discussion was that for many partners a PG tool assessment would take too long and so it was suggested that a standalone tool that only consisted of the landscape elements and woodfuel related questions would be a good compromise. However, others felt that having the questions as a standalone spur might make the landscape element impact more clear but might lose the whole farm context and may be of less interest to a farmer who sees landscape elements as only a small part of his farm. As a result of the workshop discussion and subsequent internal discussion at ORC it was decided that the PG tool (after some adaptation) would have an additional landscape element module added which could also be separated out and used as a standalone tool. This landscape element module within the PG tool would pull in the questions from the other spurs and their scores (where the whole tool has been completed) under sub-headings that match the existing PG tool spurs. The results sheet would then show all the information that it currently does with an additional radar diagram showing the landscape element scores for biodiversity, soil management etc. If the landscape element module is used as a standalone then a separate spreadsheet would be used but with the same questions and scoring as within the whole PG tool assessment, and the same landscape element radar diagram. A list of adaptations to the tool was put together based on the feedback from the project partners and ORC staff involved in TWECOM. Some questions were slightly altered to better include landscape elements and new questions were added as well as new energy and carbon calculations to include woodfuel and renewable energy use. The landscape element module was added based on existing and new questions. Once the first draft of the TWECOM version of the PG tool was complete it was agreed that it would be trialed on two farms in the South West of the UK that were involved in the use of landscape elements for woodfuel. The two tools (the full TWECOM PG tool and the landscape element standalone tool) were also sent to two of the TWECOM partners (PUM and ZLTO). They did not formally test or pilot the tool but provided feedback which is summarised in the results section below. The initial pilot took place in Devon and highlighted that it was important to not just consider the use of renewable energy on farm but also consider whether the farm exported energy (e.g. in 7 this case solar panels provided electricity which was exported to the National Grid as it wasn’t needed on farm where most energy was provided by woodfuel). The second pilot was in Dorset and proved to be a very good test of the tool as the farmer was both exporting energy in the form of woodfuel which he sold off farm and also “exporting” grazing which he made available to neighbours as a means of using conservation grazing on his land. It was decided that the focus for TWECOM should be on making sure that the tool could cope better with exported energy as this had been highlighted by both of the pilot assessments. As a result a separate question was added to cover export of energy off farm as well as use of renewable energy on farm. 8 Results Adapted tool Adaptations that were made to the tool included adding extra questions to more thoroughly cover landscape elements and woodfuel, clarifying existing questions to more explicitly contain landscape elements and adding standard data on woodfuel yields from woodland and hedges. The following are the main adaptations that were made to the tool (smaller changes were also made but mainly consisted of debugging and minor changes to options or scoring): Initial data collection Woodland categories were split between trees managed for woodfuel, trees managed for timber and other woodland (which was further subdivided into newly planted, established and ancient). The total length of the hedges was added and the length managed for woodfuel was also recorded. Figures for yields and energy associated with these were provided based on data from hedge trial plots at Elm Farm and in the South West of England (yields) and the Biomass Energy Centre1 (energy) respectively. Soil Management The questions on erosion were combined and consolidated to reduce the number of different erosion types that were included and hedge and tree planting were included as options to prevent erosion. Agri-environmental management The agri-environment options were originally split between arable and livestock options; these were combined and consolidated to make a more user-friendly list. Questions on Biodiversity Action Plans and Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation were removed as these are not wholly within the control of the farmer. The rare species question was supplemented by an additional question about the presence of the 12 Hedgelink2 UK flagship species (Purple ramping fumitory Fumaria purpurea; Orange-fruited elm-lichen Caloplaca luteoalba; Large (Moss) Carder bee Bombus muscorum; Brown hairstreak butterfly Thecla betulae; Goat moth Cossus cossus; Common lizard Zootoca vivipara; Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula; Tree sparrow Passer montanus; Yellowhammer Emberiza citronella; Soprano pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus; Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus; Dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius). The habitat questions were extended to include a number of additional questions on hedges: 1 2 • What proportion of the field boundaries are hedgerows? • What proportion of the hedges are coppiced or layed? • Has a hedgerow survey been completed? • Number of woody species present in the hedgerows? Note: climbers and brambles do not count. • Condition of hedges? • How do you manage your hedges? 9 Landscape and heritage Hedges were added more explicitly into some of the questions on boundaries. Water management The options for minimising water pollution and maximising water efficiency were combined and consolidated to make a more user-friendly list. Tree riparian buffers and contour hedging were added to the list of options. Fertiliser management No changes were made. Energy and carbon Two new enterprises were added: “woodfuel/hedges” and “domestic/other”. Two new fuel options were added “woodfuel” and “electricity (renewable)”. A ratio of renewable energy use to total farm direct energy use was calculated and scored (60%+ renewable energy use scoring 5), a question was added on export of energy off farm (e.g. solar energy that is exported to the grid, woodfuel that is sold to neighbours), two new questions were added under land use change on whether any hedges had been removed and whether any new hedges had been planted. The climate change options were combined and consolidated to make a more user-friendly list. Food security No changes were made. Agricultural systems diversity No changes were made. Social capital No changes were made. Farm Business Resilience No changes were made. Animal health and welfare In the section on ability to perform natural behaviours two new questions were added, one on provision of shelter (including trees and hedges) and one on availability of grazing and browse. Results An additional tab was also added to the spreadsheet: this was used to bring together all of the landscape element related questions and scores in one location so that the farmer could see the results from the landscape element/woodfuel enterprises on his farm separately from the overall farm scores. An example is shown in Appendix A. This tab was also used to create a much shorter, standalone landscape element sustainability tool for farmers who might not have time to complete a full PG tool assessment. This tool asks only the questions that are directly related to the landscape elements on the farm. 10 Pilot assessmentsfuel. woodfuel) so the use of renewable energy was not picked up in the initial set of questions. The feedback from the pilot suggested a number of changes to PG tool (see Appendix B). There were a small number of bugs detected (e.g. summing over incorrect cells, error messages occurring when a N/A option was used) which were corrected. It was also clear that farms that export energy need to be better rewarded for doing so and an additional question was added to identify and score these. Detail was also added on the Freedom Foods standards so that the farmer could more readily state whether their livestock housing meets those standards. A number of areas were also mentioned which may require further consideration in future development of the tool. These included possible improvements/updates to the energy benchmarks (particularly for beef and sheep farms and for domestic use). Areas that received positive feedback: • Sending out the Initial data collection sheet and fuel use data sheet in advance meant that the time spent doing the assessment was reduced to just under an hour and meant the farmer could search out those data in his own time. •fuel. As well as managing his own hedges for woodfuel, the farmer also manages hedges for neighbouring farms and sells the woodfuel. The farm scored 4 or above for each spur on the landscape elements results sheet with soil management, landscape and heritage and animal welfare scoring 5. The feedback from the pilot suggested a number of changes to PG tool (see Appendix B). It was again highlighted that farms that export energy need to be better rewarded for doing so. Future development of the tool may also need to consider whether it is possible to make conversion between acres and hectares and feet and metres easier, and some means of adding “export of grazing” such that the N,P,K balance is more accurate for farms that “export” their grazing to others. 11 Project Partner Feedback/testing Feedback from PUM The feedback from PUM focused on the standalone tool and is provided verbatim below. “We think the landscape and energy version is a good summary concerning the important issues regarding to landscape elements. Especially the sheets on Landscape elements is very good and easy to use. The part on fuel use input data is very detailed: The advantage is that you can do very detailed calculation. Depending on the context in which you want to use the tool this is likely to be too demanding for farmers. For an academic evaluation this is great, but if you want to do a short assessment with farmers it could be necessary to summarise the questions. E.g.: Heat consumption (KWh): - Gas - Heating Oil - Biomass - Other Electricity consumption (KWh): xx / share of RE Mobility fuel consumption (litre): / share of RE - Diesel - Petrol - Other This would give an overview of total energy that is consumed and the energy carriers that are used. One could also ask questions about renewable energy production on farm (PV, solar thermal, wind, ...) but this not focussing on landscape elements. We would suggest to combine the most important questions from "Fuel input data" with "Energy and carbon balance".” It was decided that for the present purposes of the tool the “fuel use input” and “energy and carbon balance” would be left in their current form but that it would be possible to reduce them to the items suggested by PUM in the future if required. It is easier to remove items and simplify the tool in the future rather than to add back in complexity and the current more complex version does, as PUM identified, allow a very detailed calculation to be made which can be useful to farmers who are particularly interested in how their use of landscape elements is impacting on their energy use. Feedback from ZLTO ZLTO provided feedback on the full version of the PG tool, which is reproduced verbatim below. “We are setting up 2 practical small pilots in local heat supply chains in Agribusiness based on Biomass. Our potential biomass is collected and processed by local Agricultural Nature Organisations who manage and maintain landscape elements, smaller forests and nature elements on barnyards. Many of this work is done by volunteers with the help of farmers. By setting up a structure and cooperation in harvesting and processing the pruning and wood to chips, which can be sold, you will get an economic support for landscape maintenance. The Nature Organisations aren’t calculating the potential biomass per hedge, this is too time-consuming. It depends on many factors to harvest the possible calculated amount of Biomass. And because they work with volunteers it’s hard to make an prediction. Perhaps later, when the organisations are more professionalised and there is a business case your tool can be applied in practice. 12 Now it’s too early for us to test it in a real setting, also because it is very detailed and asks for parameters based on experiences over the last 12 months. These numbers we don’t have yet. And ‘our’ farmers don’t have them either. But I can give you feedback of our impression. First of all I would like to compliment you with this software tool. It looks great and has a simple and pleasant way for using it. I assume you want to fill this in together with an farmer or landowner instead of sending it on and let them fill it in themselves. This because it is very detailed and contains many smaller questions, like the percentage distribution in ‘Fuel use input data’. This can deter a user and has the risk of providing wrong answers. The outcome of the tool is a ‘spiderweb’ of the balance between contribution of landscape elements to several actors. But I miss a sort of conclusion or advice. Like if one or 2 of the elements are ‘in the red’ you should look up the questions that belong to that element and make an action plan on how you can provide higher scoring answers on that questions. For example, What should you have to do to increase the number of woody species? Correct me if I’m wrong but I understand this tool helps an local advisor who visits farmers and landowners who maintain hedges. The tool helps to compare the different owners and helps to give an advise. Therefore it’s a good tool, and if you work with it for some time, I think it’s also pretty easy and fast in use. If you ask a farmer to fill it in themselves it’s too complicated and it misses a actual outcome. About the data and parameters that are used in the tool, these look normal and right to me.” As ZLTO noted, the tool is designed for use with an advisor who would use the tool as a starting point for a discussion with the farmer about the farm management, focused in this case on the landscape elements. Rather than have the tool provide generic advice which may not be appropriate for the individual farm being assessed, the advisor will work through the tool with the farmer and then they can discuss together management changes which may impact the scores and therefore come up with solutions that are tailored to the farm. 13 Conclusion As the energetic use of landscape elements increases so will the need to assess, monitor and evaluate the impacts on farm sustainability. The adapted version of the PG tool allows a farmer to see, not only the overall sustainability assessment for their farm, but also how the landscape elements contribute to the overall sustainability. The standalone landscape-element tool allows for assessment in situations where a full sustainability assessment would be too time-consuming. The tool is available for free once a user-agreement has been signed (stating that the user will not pass the tool on to others, will acknowledge the tool in any publications resulting from its use, will not use it for commercial purposes and will provide data back to the authors of the tool). Although issues raised during piloting have been addressed, there is potential for further tool development. Through future use by farmers and advisors, collected data can be used to improve bench mark values, correct bugs and refine questions. 14 References CALU and ADAS (2007) Managing Energy and Carbon: The farmer's guide to energy audits, available from Gerrard, C.L., Smith, L., Padel, S., Pearce, B., (2014) Application of the Public Goods Tool on conventional farms, Report to Defra on project OF0398 Gerrard, C.L., Smith, L.G., Padel, S., Pearce, B., Hitchings, R., Measures, M., Cooper, N., (2011), OCIS Public Goods Tool Development, to DEFRA, available from To obtain a copy of the tool Contact catherine.g@organicresearchcentre.com 15 Appendix A: The landscape elements tab of the TWECOM PG tool Score Landscape elements Initial data collection Farm name Enter name Dates covered (note that this should be a year) Own farm or tenant farmer? (if both, give one which is predominant) Dominant soil type Annual rainfall e.g 1.1.2010-1.1.2011 FBT>5years Heavy soil 0.00 mm Average field size 0 ha energy crops Miscanthus Short Rotation Coppice (eg: Willow harvested for biomass) Woodland Trees managed for woodfuel Trees managed for timber Other woodland (newly planted) Other woodland (established) Other woodland (ancient) 0 ha 0 ha 0 ha 0 ha 0 ha 0 ha 0 ha Total hedges Within which, total length of hedgerow managed for fuel 0 km 0 km Soil Management On what percentage of your cultivated land are you implementing cultivation that reduces risk of erosion? eg minimum tillage and contour ploughing, hedge and tree planting- use N/A option if you land is not subject to erosion Are you implementing measures to reduce the risk of erosion and run off? - use the N/A option if your land is not subject to erosion Agri-environmental management How many of the arable options listed below (row 388 onwards) do you have on your farm? How many of the livestock options listed below (row 388 onwards) do you have on your farm? Do you have a written voluntary conservation plan? How many hectares do you have of native woodland? To what extent do you manage farm woodland? Do you exclude livestock from woodland? Do you protect in-field trees? Are you restoring and/or establishing wildlife habitats on your land? What percentage of the area is covered by this? Do you monitor habitats and maintain them as necessary to ensure that they are in good condition, if so how regularly? Do you survey/monitor flora and fauna species on your farm? How many of the rare/red list species (some of which are listed below the documentation section on this worksheet) do you have evidence of on your farm? (please identify in notes column) In the UK there are 12 key species associated with hedges (see list from row 424 onwards), how many do you have on your farm? What proportion of the field boundaries are hedgerows? What proportion of the hedges are coppiced or layed? Has a hedgerow survey been completed? Number of woody species present in the hedgerows? – note climbers and brambles do not count. Condition of hedges? How do you manage your hedges? N/A Medium intensity measures: eg planting grass strips and shelterbelts N/A N/A N/A 2 to 3 conservation plan written 0.00 very active woodland management Yes Yes 4 4 3 3 #DIV/0! 5 5 5 0-5% monitored rarely (5+years) No 1 6 to 7 3 5 species >75% 1-5% yes 4 5 3 5 5 or more In-between those two states Trim/flail annually or as necessary 5 2 1 3 1 N/A 16 Landscape and heritage How closely does the farm's landscape reflect the the landscape character of the area? Not at all, little, partially, mostly, fully Do you have the following boundaries on your farm - stone walls, stone-faced banks, earth banks, hedges, hedgebanks, lines of trees, ditches, relics of boundaries of historic importance mostly 4 Greater than 10% of all boundaries Greater than 10% of all boundaries % 3 to 4 What proportion of those boundaries are hedgerows How many hedgerow trees per 100m do you have on the farm? Are you taking action to restore appropriate boundary features (e.g hedges, hedge banks, earth banks, stone faced banks, stone walls, ditches)? Water Management Which of the options below do you have on your farm (see list on lines 149 onwards)? Energy and Carbon Energy benchmarks Energy efficiency score Percentage renewable energy score Do you monitor/record on-farm energy use? Have you completed an energy audit to explore efficiency options and are you acting on it? How many of the options below (see list at Row 102 below) do you have on your farm? Have you converted woodland or grassland to arable in the last 20 years? If so what % of your total woodland/grassland was converted? Have you converted arable land to permanent grassland or woodland in the last 20 years? If so what % of your total arable area was converted? Have you removed any hedges in the last 20 years? Have you planted any new native hedges in the last 20 years? 5 3 No 1 3 1 to 3 2 2 n/a n/a N/A No 1 No 1 4 to 6 3 None 5 None no yes 1 5 5 3 Animal Health and Welfare some shelter available some of the time grazing avaiable most of the time Is there provision of shelter for the animals e.g. trees, hedges, man-made shelters? Availability of grazing/browse? Score Soil Management Agri-environmental management N/A Landscape and heritage Landscape elements Water Management Energy and Carbon Animal Health and Welfare 4 3 2 3 3 Landscape elements Animal Health and Welfare Soil Management 5 4 3 2 1 0 Energy and Carbon Agrienvironment… Landscape and heritage Water Management Figure shows contribution of landscape elements to the areas of soil management, agri-environmental management, animal health and welfare etc. 17 3 3 3 Appendix B: Feedback from the pilots fuel. fuel) so the use of renewable energy was not picked up in the current set of questions. The following outlines the implications of the pilot for further changes to the PG tool: Areas that definitely needed to be changed (all of the corrections below were made) : Initial data collection sheet cell B116 (total woodland): should only sum from B100 to B104 (not include B106 and B107) to ensure that we don’t add hectares of woodland to km of hedges. Energy and carbon: Need to better reward farms that export electricity. Landscape elements: Where a spur (e.g. soil management) has N/A answers for all questions need to change the formula so the overall score shows N/A instead of the #div/0! Error. Animal health and welfare: Need to add a brief description of the Freedom Food standards for the questions where they are used as a comparative benchmark. Social capital: reconsider scoring to better reflect normal numbers of farm visitors. Landscape and heritage: line 14, add a note to say that lines of trees are counted as hedgerow trees Nutrient management: Line 10, no option for soil sampling so add it to the software option (scoring 3). Areas that need further consideration: The energy benchmarks for beef and sheep farms and for domestic energy use seem very harsh and difficult to achieve a score of more than 1. o The benchmarks were investigated but it was decided not to change them as some farms from the previous testing of the PG tool had succeeded in meeting the benchmark so it is attainable and using the same source for all of the farm type benchmarks guarantees consistency. Questions in agri-environment management, social capital, etc. that ask about awards/certification may need further consideration – they do provide 3rd party assurance about the farm’s performance in these areas but a lot of farms don’t choose to enter for awards so can’t win them. o It was decided to keep these as many of the other questions allow a farmer to self-assess their farm but this question asks about independent third party assessments. Agri-environment management – the farmer was surprised that his score was low as he can’t think what else he could be doing on this for his farm. Have another look at the questions and see if there’s anything obvious missing. o As a result of this the options that were asked about in agri-environmental management, water management and energy and carbon were combined and consolidated to make them more userfriendly. The agri-environmental options were also split into those applicable on arable land and those applicable on livestock farms and these were scored separately so that livestock farms are not disadvantaged by not applying measures that would not be applicable to their farm type. Areas that received positive feedback: Sending out the Initial data collection sheet and fuel use data sheet meant that the time doing the assessment reduced to just under an hour and meant the farmer could search out those data in his own time. 18 fuel. As well as managing his own hedges for wood fuel, the farmer also manages hedges for neighbouring farms and sells the wood fuel. The farm scored 4 or above for each spur on the landscape elements results sheet with soil management, landscape and heritage and animal welfare scoring 5. The following outlines the implications of the pilot for further changes to the PG tool: Areas that definitely need to be changed (this was addressed by the addition of a question on energy export.): Energy and carbon: Need to better reward farms that export electricity. Areas that need further consideration: How to deal with farmers that work in acres and miles rather than hectares and kilometres. o The tool already provided conversion figures and it was decided that it is not possible to do anything more than that in its current format e.g. using Excel. The conversions will need to be applied by hand where necessary for the time being. How to cope with “export of grazing”. It’s difficult to include the animals as they effectively net off as they import onto and export off the farm, but ignoring them causes issues with the N,P,K balance because they’re removing grass from the pasture. o It was decided that this would need to be dealt with on an ad hoc basis – the “exported grazing” could be accounted for by calculating an equivalent amount of “hay” to export off the farm and the livestock import/export figures may need to be adapted to take account of the fact that livestock may be imported onto the farm at a young age and leave at a more developed stage. Water management: the questions are well suited to farms in the east but in the west of the UK where irrigation and water-saving aren’t an issue at present, are less well suited. o The tool includes some questions on flood management which maybe more appropriate to farms in the west. The questions on irrigation have n/a options which can be used if needed. Also, as climate change is unpredictable it may be that farms in the west should consider water management options that may be required in the future. 19 20	https://www.scribd.com/document/285336694/Pg-tool-report	CC-MAIN-2019-04	refinedweb	6,372	55.78
): import Data.Char import Data.List import qualified Data.Map as M import GHC.Exts match :: M.Map Char String -> String -> String -> Bool match _ [] [] = True match k (c:cs) (p:ps) = M.findWithDefault [p] c k == [p] && match (M.insert c [p] k) cs ps match _ _ _ = False substitute :: M.Map Char String -> String -> String substitute key = concatMap (\c -> M.findWithDefault [c] c key) getKeys :: M.Map Char String -> [String] -> String -> [M.Map Char String] getKeys k dict c = [M.fromList . unionBy (\(a,x) (b,y) -> a == b \|\| x == y) (M.assocs k) . zip w $ map return p \| w < - words c, let ps = filter (match k w) dict, length ps < 100, p <- ps] score :: M.Map Char String -> String -> Int score k = negate . length . filter isLower . substitute k findBestKeys :: Int -> [String] -> String -> [M.Map Char String] findBestKeys n dict c = iterate (take 10 . sortWith (`score` c) . concatMap (\k -> getKeys k dict c)) [M.empty] !! n solve :: Int -> [String] -> String -> [String] solve n dict c = map (`substitute` c) $ findBestKeys n dict $ filter (\x -> isAlpha x \|\| isSpace x) c crypto = ” main :: IO () main = do dict <- fmap lines $ readFile "english-words.10" mapM_ print $ solve 7 dict crypto [/sourcecode] ‘python’ in single quotes in the sourcecode tag; without the single quotes, the tag is not recognized and the formatting is incorrect. I also fixed some ampersand-coded html characters. I hope this is correct now. ProgPrax ] #!/u0/markv/my-python/bin/python # _ # __ _ _ _ _ _ __\| \|_ ___ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ # / _\| ‘_\| \|\| \| ‘_ \ _/ _ \/ _` \| ‘_/ _` \| ‘ \ # \__\|_\| \_, \| .__/\__\___/\__, \|_\| \__,_\|_\|_\|_\| # \|__/\|_\| \|___/ # # A simple program for automatically solving simple substitution ciphers # # Written by Mark VandeWettering import pickle import random import string import re import sys ldict = pickle.load(open(‘newcorpus.p’)) letters = “ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ” sorig = open(sys.argv[1]).read().upper() swork = re.sub(r”[^A-Z\!?.,’]+”, ” “, sorig) swork = filter(lambda x : x in r”ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ!?.,’ “, swork) print “SWORK: “, swork POOLSIZE = 1000 pool = [] for p in range(POOLSIZE): a = list(letters) random.shuffle(a) pool.append(”.join(a)) def calculatescore(x): s = 0 for i in range(len(x)-3): s = s + ldict.get(x[i:i+3], 0) return s class BogusError(Exception): pass def mutate(str): if random.uniform(0, 1) < 0.01: a = list(letters) random.shuffle(a) return ''.join(a) s = list(str) c0 = random.choice(range(26)) c1 = random.choice(range(26)) s[c0], s[c1] = s[c1], s[c0] return ''.join(s) def crossover(pop, mom): pop = list(pop) mom = list(mom) c0 = random.randint(0, 13) c1 = random.randint(1, 13) c1 = c0 + c1 child = pop[:] for idx in range(c0, c1): idx2 = pop.index(mom[idx]) child[idx], child[idx2] = child[idx2], child[idx] child = ''.join(child) for c in string.uppercase: if c not in child: raise BogusError return child def sumpool(pool): total = 0 sums = [] for score, key in pool: total = total + score sums.append(total) return total, sums import bisect def pick(total, l): idx = bisect.bisect_right(l, random.randint(0, total)) return idx while True: newpool = [] for p in pool: twork = string.translate(swork, string.maketrans(letters, p)) score = calculatescore(twork) newpool.append((score, p)) newpool.sort(lambda x, y: cmp(y,x)) newpool = newpool[:POOLSIZE/2] # now, generate the distribution total, sums = sumpool(newpool) newpool = map(lambda x: x[1], newpool) torig = string.translate(sorig, string.maketrans(letters, newpool[0])) print "Best Decode score = %d" % sums[0] print torig for x in range(POOLSIZE/2): idx = pick(total, sums) if (random.uniform(0, 1) < 0.15): newpool.append(mutate(newpool[idx])) else: idx2 = pick(total, sums) newpool.append(crossover(newpool[idx], newpool[idx2])) pool = newpool [/sourcecode] FYI, words 4 and 5 (AEFGAD and FZGPEAG) aren’t in /usr/share/dict/words on Mac. Only word 4 is missing on Ubuntu. We’ve all voted, Hot VR porn suitable for GearVR	https://programmingpraxis.com/2009/07/14/the-daily-cryptogram/?like=1&_wpnonce=e3a0b2f395	CC-MAIN-2016-40	refinedweb	664	69.99
5.12. Dynamic Programming¶ make_change_1. 1 shows a modified algorithm to incorporate our table lookup scheme. 1 is correct, it looks and feels like a bit of a hack. Also, if we look at the known_results: A penny plus the minimum number of coins to make change for $11-1 = 10$ cents (1) A nickel plus the minimum number of coins to make change for $11 - 5 = 6$ cents (2) A dime plus the minimum number of coins to make change for $11 - 10 = 1$ cent (1) Either option 1 or 3 will give us a total of two coins which is the minimum number of coins for 11 cents. Listing 8 is a dynamic programming algorithm to solve our change-making problem. make_change_3 takes three parameters: a list of valid coin values, the amount of change we want to make, and a list of the minimum number of coins needed to make each value. When the function is done min_coins will contain the solution for all values from 0 to the value of change. Listing 8 def make_change_3(coin_value_list, change, min_coins): for cents in range(change + 1): coin_count = cents for j in [c for c in coin_value_list if c <= cents]: if min_coins[cents - j] + 1 < coin_count: coin_count = min_coins[cents - j] + 1 min_coins[cents] = coin_count return min_coins[change] Note that make_change_3_coins list. Although our making change algorithm does a good job of figuring out the minimum number of coins, it does not help us make change since we do not keep track of the coins we use. We can easily extend make_change_3 to keep track of the coins used by simply remembering the last coin we add for each entry in the min_coins 2 shows the make_change_3 algorithm modified to keep track of the coins used, along with a function print_coins_used is a list of the coins used to make change, and coin_count is the minimum number of coins used to make change for the amount corresponding to the position in the list. Notice that the coins we print out come directly from the coins_used.	https://runestone.academy/runestone/books/published/pythonds3/Recursion/DynamicProgramming.html	CC-MAIN-2021-10	refinedweb	345	57.44
If you would like to update your copy of notebooks, for example on the Callysto Hub, you can delete the folder and pull the files from GitHub again. This is useful if something no longer works, or if the repository has been updated. Unfortunately you can’t just select a directory in Jupyter hub and delete it if it contains files. One way to delete a folder, though, is to use the Python command shutil.rmtree() which is a shell utility command that will remove a whole directory tree. To remove a folder, create a new Python 3 notebook in the same folder as the one you want to delete (but not inside the folder to be deleted). In a code cell, type (or paste) the following two lines: import shutil shutil.rmtree('curriculum-notebooks') Replace curriculum-notebooks with the name of the folder you would like to delete. Then run the cell, and you should see that the folder no longer exists. Then you can click on an nbgitpuller link, for example from callysto.ca, that pulls down a new copy of the repository or notebook files that you are interested in. You can also see the process in this video.	http://haytech.blogspot.com/2020/02/getting-new-copies-of-jupyter-notebooks.html	CC-MAIN-2020-45	refinedweb	202	80.31
I've been working through a few codes in the 'Haynes Raspberry Pi Manual' which has a section on python. The begging of the program is: - Code: Select all from random import * number = randint(low,high) shuffle(list) The code is copied out of the book and I've checked loads that I've types it in correctly. It goes on to produce a random set of insults based on the rude frenchman from monty python. I get the following error message: - Code: Select all Traceback (most recent call last): File "insult.py", line 3, in <module> number = randint(low,high) NameError: name 'low' is not defined ------------------ (program exited with code: 1) Press return to continue I thought that the limits for the randint were in the module? If not, how do I define it? Will I need to do the same for 'high'? There is nothing in the book to say that this needs to be defined. I have tried to input numbers, but that seems to give me more errors elsewhere. Thanks in advance...	http://www.python-forum.org/viewtopic.php?p=6833	CC-MAIN-2014-41	refinedweb	176	79.9
Assembly File Version Auto-Increment 'Magic' For those who do not have the time or the resources to maintain TFS-based continuous integration environment and leverage its very powerful MSBuild functionality, here's a relatively simple way to auto-increment your assembly file version. You may be wondering, "Why not just set up AssemblyInfo.cs to auto-increment for you? The latest version of Visual Studio (2013 atm) already does this." Well, yes, it does. But I don't like the semi-random numbers Visual Studio assigns. Sure, I can do this: [assembly: AssemblyVersion("2.27.*")] And looking at the Properties window of the built DLL you see the following: I don't know about you, but those numbers don't mean much to me. I want to have more control over these numbers and bring more semantic meaning to it them. For example, I want to see something like 2.27.5.10 and I want to have the last number automatically increment with every single build. Inspired by Walkthrough: How to increment AssemblyFileVersion automatically at each build using T4 by Bruno Tagliapietra, I found a relatively simple way to do just that. First, I start with a T4 template named AssemblyFileVersion.tt that will generate a new AssemblyFileVersion.cs file every time it executes and auto-increments the last number. You can place this at the root level of your project. Here are the contents of my AssemblyFileVersion.tt file: <#@ template debug="false" hostspecific="true" language="C#" #> <#@ import namespace="System.IO" #> <#@ output extension=".cs" #> <# int major = 0; int minor = 0; int build = 0; int revision = 0; try { using(var f = File.OpenText(Host.ResolvePath("AssemblyFileVersion.cs"))) { string maj = f.ReadLine().Replace("//",""); string min = f.ReadLine().Replace("//",""); string b = f.ReadLine().Replace("//",""); string r = f.ReadLine().Replace("//",""); major = int.Parse(maj); minor = int.Parse(min); build = int.Parse(b); revision = int.Parse(r) + 1; } } catch { major = 1; minor = 0; build = 0; revision = 0; } #> //<#= major #> //<#= minor #> //<#= build #> //<#= revision #> // // This code was generated by a tool. Any changes made manually will be lost // the next time this code is regenerated. // using System.Reflection; [assembly: AssemblyFileVersion("<#= major #>.<#= minor #>.<#= build #>.<#= revision #>")] Admittedly, it's a bit hacky. But the simplest way to read in the current version is using the first four commented out lines. I'm fine with this approach, but feel free to customize yours as you see fit. Also, note that if the AssemblyFileVersion.cs doesn't exist yet, it'll generate one with version 1.0.0.0. The next step is to execute the T4 template on every build automatically (without having to manually Run Custom Tool). For this, I leverage the Pre-Build event command line option of the project's properties, Build Events section, like so:" The only issue I've ran into here is related to source control locking the file, thus it can't be overwritten when T4 executes. For this, we I need to make sure the file is first checked out for editing. Using TFS in my case, this line does the trick: "$(DevEnvDir)tf.exe" checkout "$(ProjectDir)AssemblyFileVersion.cs" And all together now: "$(DevEnvDir)tf.exe" checkout "$(ProjectDir)AssemblyFileVersion.cs"" Now build your project/solution. Check your built DLL's properties and you'll see something like this (eventually, but at first you'll start with 1.0.0.0): I've manually updated the top commented out lines of AssemblyFileVersion.cs to start with 2.27.5. And the 10 represents the number of builds I've had since then. This is very basic and of course the script could evolve to be smart enough to auto-increment more than just the last number. Enjoy and let me know if you've come up with a slicker solution.	https://weblogs.asp.net/kon/assembly-file-version-auto-increment-magic	CC-MAIN-2018-51	refinedweb	628	60.41
> The question is answered, right answer was accepted Hi all, there's several variants of this question floating around, but this one, I haven't found a solution nor even an idea of how to solve. Basically, from an editor window, in editor mode, I have the need to retrieve the 'game window' current width and height. You might already know in fact that when you address screen.width or height from an editor window (the one created by an editor script), the values you receive are the dimensions of the actual editor window, and not of the game window! I can't possibly think that this issue can't be solved in editor mode, from an editor window, so please help me understand how to retrieve the game-window pixel dimensions in edit mode. Note: for a series of design requisites, I can't simply set the aspect to standalone, and a predetermined X-Y value, and stick with that, basically because these necessarily vary from development seat to seat. Thanks. Would love to see an answer to this one :P Why don't you use Handles.GetMainGameViewSize? @exawon because that API interface was not available back in 2011 when this question was asked. Handles.GetMainGameViewSize was introduced in Unity 4.x, I believe. Answer by Bunny83 · Dec 07, 2011 at 12:52 PM Unfortunately the GameView class is an internal class so the only way would be to use reflection to make your way down to the actual GameView window. GameView Here's a similar case on how to access internal classes via reflection: But be careful! Those classes are internal and they can change them at any time. It's something you actually shouldn't use if you can avoid it. edit I've written a little helper function which will return the size of the main GameView: // C# public static Vector2 GetMainGameViewSize() { System.Type T = System.Type.GetType("UnityEditor.GameView,UnityEditor"); System.Reflection.MethodInfo GetSizeOfMainGameView = T.GetMethod("GetSizeOfMainGameView",System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic \| System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Static); System.Object Res = GetSizeOfMainGameView.Invoke(null,null); return (Vector2)Res; } This is a great solution, thanks a lot. Additional value in your heads up regarding the internal classes usage. Hi @bunny83 is there a way through which i can set the resolution back.. @flamy: Set it back? to what? I don't change the resolution. This will just determine the size of the first gameview. It's generally a bad idea to set the size of any editor window via code, since this will most likely undock the window and break your layout. If you want to do this because you have your window already undocked, you can set the size and position for the gameview the same way as for any other Editorwindow. All you need is a reference to the gameview: untested: // C# public static EditorWindow GetMainGameView() { System.Type T = System.Type.GetType("UnityEditor.GameView,UnityEditor"); System.Reflection.MethodInfo GetMainGameView = T.GetMethod("GetMainGameView",System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic \| System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Static); System.Object Res = GetMainGameView.Invoke(null,null); return (EditorWindow)Res; } With this you should be able to use any Editorwindow properties like the position: Rect R = GetMainGameView().position; R.width = 800; R.height = 600; GetMainGameView().position = R; Note that this will set the window's position, the actual view size could be a bit smaller due to the window border. There is no build in function to set it to a certain resolution. There is the internal function GetGameViewRect which calculates the view size depending on the window size, but not reverse ;) Thanks. This just helped me recovering from a Unity bug (seen in 3.5.7f6), where Application.CaptureScreenshot() will create shifted snapshots, leaving a black line at the bottom/left and cropping 1 pixel on the top/right. Application.CaptureScreenshot() only behaves correctly if the width is even and the height is odd (even if the Game window is larger than your capture size!), so I used your method to ensure that. NOTE: for some reason, when assigning to GetMainGameView().position, you always need to subtract an offset of 5 from the Rect.y value you read from it. If you reassign the same value, the window moves around. As @exawon noticed, with Unity 4.x you should be able to use the "official" API call Handles.GetMainGameViewSize, instead of this workaround. Didn't test it,. Ask for Script Compilation from EditorWindow Button 1 Answer Unity game window size 1 Answer Accessing Editor Window from Game Code 1 Answer Editor Window with List input of Texture2D 0 Answers I want to have the map of the Hidden Object game, when the player is near the object and it press the letter "Q". The object is revealed to the player. 2 Answers	https://answers.unity.com/questions/179775/game-window-size-from-editor-window-in-editor-mode.html?sort=oldest	CC-MAIN-2019-18	refinedweb	796	57.16
class ADC – analog to digital conversion¶ Usage: import machine adc = machine.ADC() # create an ADC object apin = adc.channel(pin='GP3') # create an analog pin on GP3 val = apin() # read an analog value Constructors¶ - class machine. ADC(id=0, , bits=12)¶ Create an ADC object associated with the given pin. This allows you to then read analog values on that pin. For more info check the pinout and alternate functions table. Warning ADC pin input range is 0-1.4V (being 1.8V the absolute maximum that it can withstand). When GP2, GP3, GP4 or GP5 are remapped to the ADC block, 1.8 V is the maximum. If these pins are used in digital mode, then the maximum allowed input is 3.6V. Methods¶ adc. channel(id, , pin)¶ Create an analog pin. If only channel ID is given, the correct pin will be selected. Alternatively, only the pin can be passed and the correct channel will be selected. Examples: # all of these are equivalent and enable ADC channel 1 on GP3 apin = adc.channel(1) apin = adc.channel(pin='GP3') apin = adc.channel(id=1, pin='GP3') class ADCChannel — read analog values from internal or external sources¶ ADC channels can be connected to internal points of the MCU or to GPIO pins. ADC channels are created using the ADC.channel method.	http://docs.openmv.io/library/machine.ADC.html	CC-MAIN-2017-26	refinedweb	222	61.33
Created on 2010-02-18 21:13 by theller, last changed 2010-02-23 20:33 by theller. This issue is now closed. This little script 'ctypes-leak.py' leaks memory: """ import gc from ctypes import * PROTO = WINFUNCTYPE(None) class Test(object): def func(self): pass def __init__(self): self.v = PROTO(self.func) while 1: try: Test() gc.collect() except KeyboardInterrupt: print len([x for x in gc.get_objects() if isinstance(x, Test)]) """ The cause is that patch related to issue #2682; it leaks since rev. 62481 (in trunk) and rev. 62484 (in py3k). I have not yet been able to find the cause of the leak. CThunkObject is not registered correctly with the cycle GC. The attached patch, against trunk, fixes the issue. Fixed in rev 78380 (trunk), 78381 (release26-maint), 78382 (py3k), and 78383 (release31-maint).	http://bugs.python.org/issue7959	crawl-003	refinedweb	139	79.16
My other topic in the programming section changed focus and I made this instead. Hope that's alright. I have no idea what I'm doing, but I thought what the hey - let's try and import OpenGL along with A5 so I did this: main.cpp And got this: In function 'bool run(Assets&)':\|error: 'al_get_win_window_handle' was not declared in this scope\|error: 'hDC' was not declared in this scope\|\|=== Build finished: 2 errors, 0 warnings ===\| It would seem that the al_get_win_window_handle function is no longer supported. I'm attempting to use OpenGL directly for my drawing in case you wondered.If this isn't the right way to do it then what is? You need: #include <allegro5/allegro_windows.h> Also see: along with the OpenGL examples. --RTFM \| Follow Me on Google+ \| I know 10 people This is great! The manual never ceases to amaze me ^^ #include <GL/glew.h> ____________________________________3D Egg \| OpenGL Forum	https://www.allegro.cc/forums/thread/608929/939236	CC-MAIN-2018-43	refinedweb	155	75.4
Bob Tanner wrote: >>An egg and Python packages don't map 1-to-1. An egg can contain >>multiple packages (which is fairly uncommon so far), but also a >>top-level package can exist in more than one egg (i.e., namespace >>packages, like zope.interfaces or paste.script). The metadata belongs >>to the egg, not to the package inside the egg. > > > I'd like to bring focus back to immediate problem at hand (and yes, I > understand there is something much bigger involved). > > The ultimate goal is to debianize TurboGears, reading the above, and other > posts using the legacy site-packages (non-egg) installation will "break" > TurboGears? Well... not really, but TurboGears will think it is broken, because it will require packages that will be available (through some non-egg form), but it won't realize are available. ElementTree in particular; I don't know if the other packages TG uses are available as Debian packages currently. That's for 0.8. In 0.9 and ahead it will be more broken, because TG will both provide and consume egg metadata (entry_points, in particular). So while it would be reasonably easy to patch TurboGears now to be installed without eggs, that's only a short-term solution. However, it is also possible that you could patch Kid (which TG requires) to remove the requirement on ElementTree (adding that requirement to the Debian package metadata) and then you'd be fine into the future. In that model, all the new packages you do for TurboGears would be installed as eggs, but packages already available won't be installed as eggs. -- Ian Bicking / ianb at colorstudy.com /	https://mail.python.org/pipermail/distutils-sig/2005-November/005419.html	CC-MAIN-2016-40	refinedweb	276	62.68
Given an integer n, the task is to find the sum of the cube of first n natural numbers. So, we have to cube n natural numbers and sum their results. For every n the result should be 1^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 + …. + n^3. Like we have n = 4, so the result for the above problem should be: 1^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 + 4^3. Input 4 Output 100 Explanation 1^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 + 4^3 = 100. Input 8 Output 1296 Explanation 1^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 + 4^3 + 5^3 + 6^3 + 7^3 +8^3 = 1296. We will be using simple iterative approach in which we can use any loop like −forloop, while-loop, do-while loop. Iterate i from 1 to n. For every i find it’s cube. Keep adding all the cubes to a sum variable. Return the sum variable. Print the results. Start Step 1→ declare function to calculate cube of first n natural numbers int series_sum(int total) declare int sum = 0 Loop For int i = 1 and i <= total and i++ Set sum += i * i * i End return sum step 2→ In main() declare int total = 10 series_sum(total) Stop #include <iostream> using namespace std; //function to calculate the sum of series int series_sum(int total){ int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= total; i++) sum += i * i * i; return sum; } int main(){ int total = 10; cout<<"sum of series is : "<<series_sum(total); return 0; } If run the above code it will generate the following output − sum of series is : 3025	https://www.tutorialspoint.com/program-for-cube-sum-of-first-n-natural-numbers-in-cplusplus	CC-MAIN-2021-39	refinedweb	266	69.82
address@hidden writes: > I feel sorry seeing that my complaints cause such a lot of trouble. No it's good. If we're now #defining really generic things that break compilation with other packages, then we really have to fix that. > Hmm, i don't understand this. The offending header file is not > generated by 'autoheader', it's processed by 'configure'. Instead of > writing a custom c program that emits all needed #defines wouldn't > it be sufficient to create scmconfig.h.in by hand? Actually I believe scmconfig.h is generated by autoheader. See configure.in: AM_CONFIG_HEADER(libguile/scmconfig.h) And while I'd certainly be open to other options, the trivial C program means we can use exactly the values that the auto* machinery normally generates via config.h, and it'll automatically get the dependencies right too. When config.h changes, so will scmconfig.h. Other solutions would be OK too, but this one seems nice and simple. I thought about using configure to generate scmconfig.h from scmconfig.h.in via embedded @FOO@ bits, but if you do that, then you have to go through and add a whole lot more code to configure.in to AC_DEFINE all the things you need, and you can't do #if* reasoning based on the config.h HAVE_* defines to decide what to put in scmconfig.h. With the C program approach, you get this for "free". > \| AC_PREREQ(2.53) > \| AC_INIT > \| > \| AM_CONFIG_HEADER(libguile/scmconfig.h) > \| > \| AC_DEFINE(GUILE_DEBUG_FREELIST, 1, > \| [Define this if you want to debug the free list (helps w/ GC bugs).]) > \| AC_DEFINE(GUILE ...... > \| Sure we could do that, but what if we wanted to do things like: #ifdef HAVE_FOO && HAVE_BAR printf("#define ..."); printf("typedef ..."); printf("#define super fancy ..."); #else printf("..."); #endif Of course, you can do this with the configure machinery, but I suspect it's going to be more code, and not as straigtforward. With the tiny C program approach, you only have 2 files, the normal config.h you've got to have anyhow and the C program, and the processing is just a trivial Makefile.am rule, or to put it another way, when the info you need's already going to be in a C header, it seemed most straightforward to handle it via C. > May i offer my help? Sure, though we've got to figure out how much has to be done immediately. I'm suspecting we may be able to just back out PACKAGE_NAME and a few of the other offenders and solve things more correctly after 1.6	http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/guile-devel/2002-08/msg00023.html	CC-MAIN-2015-18	refinedweb	428	66.94
Unity 4.2 There’s an outstanding lineup of new features in Unity 4.2 including: - Windows Store Apps, Windows Phone 8 and Blackberry 10 deployment - Tons of great new graphics features - OpenGL ES 3.0 API support - iOS crash reporter - Build and run cancellation - Perforce integration Read the release notes for the full list of new features and updates.Mettre à jour mainteant Vous découvrez Unity ? Commencez ! Notes sur la version New Platforms and Licensing - Windows Store Apps ("WSA", for both x86 and ARM) and Windows Phone 8 support. Pro version of WSA/WP8 is free for Unity Pro owners! - BlackBerry 10 support. - Now free: all "Basic" mobile licenses. - Now free: realtime shadows (one directional light only; hard shadows only). - Now free: text-based serialization of materials, prefabs, scenes etc. for easier version control. - Now free: NavMesh baking (OffMeshLinks still require Pro). Graphics Features - Anti-aliased RenderTextures. Implemented on D3D9, D3D11, OpenGL, OpenGL ES 2.0 (iOS and some Android devices via GL_IMG_multisampled_render_to_texture), OpenGL ES 3.0. - Image Effects, a batch of new goodies and improvements (update Image Effects package!) - Ambient Obscurance: Added "Screen Space Ambient Obscurance" effect, like old SSAO but better quality, faster and scales better to large resolutions. - Bloom: Added mobile oriented "Bloom (Optimized)" effect; not as fancy as Bloom one but faster. - Blur: Added mobile oriented "Blur (Optimized)" effect. - Tilt Shift: Replaced old effect with "Tilt Shift (Lens Blur)" one; better quality and HDR support. - Camera Motion Blur: Added "Reconstruction Disc" mode, quality tweaks to existing modes. - Vignetting: Optimized performance and improved UI. - Edge detection: Removed old simple "Edge Detection (Color)" effect, added it as a new mode into Edge Detection effect. - Reorganized image effects menu structure to be more logical. - Stencil buffer access (requires Unity Pro). Shaders can define stencil buffer operations that they perform, for optimizations or special effects. - Shadows: Implemented static & dynamic batching for shadow casters & shadow collector pass. Note: many shadow casters can be batched even if they use different materials! They will be batched as long as the actual shadow caster shader & material properties affecting it are the same. - Shuriken: Collision event callback scripting interface. Efficient callbacks on GameObjects and ParticleSystems are issued when Shuriken particle collisions occur. Per particle callback data include collision positions, incident velocities, surface normals and Collider references allowing developers to, say, cause + damage to GameObjects and apply forces to RigidBodies.v - GPU Skinning! (requires Unity Pro) - Completely automatic, no custom shaders needed. - Works on DirectX 11 (via stream-out), OpenGL ES 3.0 (via transform feedback) and Xbox 360 (via memexport). Other platforms will continue to use CPU skinning. - OpenGL ES 3.0 support for Android: - ES3 has nicer shadow filtering, ETC2 texture compression, GPU skinning via transform feedback, HDR rendering, multiple render targets, derivative instructions in shaders etc. - A new option in Player Settings, next to ES1.x and 2.0 devices. - Requires a GPU that can do ES3, for example Qualcomm Adreno 3xx or ARM Mali T6xx. - Note that the official Android version does not support ES3 yet. So to test it you should install ES3 drivers directly from GPU makers (e.g. Qualcomm). - Deferred Lighting is now enabled on Android and iOS. - Requires depth texture support and at least a 512MB RAM device. - Note, it might still be too slow for big games scenes on anything but latest devices, so use with care. - Added possibility to create Texture2D directly from native texture; Texture2D.CreateExternalTexture. This is mostly useful when your native code plugin creates textures itself. Editor Features - Integrated version control support for Perforce. - Do common Perforce operations right inside Unity editor. - We've made the integrated version control system extensible; support for more VCS will be coming later. Or you can write your own VCS plugin, see our plugin page on github. - Platform switching, player building and asset importing can be cancelled now! How cool is that? - Custom GameView resolutions & aspect ratios. Custom settings are saved per project for easy sharing through version control (ProjectSettings/GameViewSizes.asset). - Preset Libraries: You can now save the following types as presets: - Curves in the Curve Editor and Particle System Curve Editor. - Gradients in the Gradient Editor. - Colors in the Color Picker. - Create new libraries either as personal libraries (saved in preferences) or shared libraries (saved in the project folder). - Added a Quad primitive ;) - Memory Profiler: Now shows the objects that have references to another loaded object. This can help pinpoint why a given object is in memory. - Shader importer can have default textures specified. When you initially set a shader on a material or reset a material the textures will be set to these default textures. - Texture importer now has "Alpha is Transparency" setting, which does color dilation to fix edge artifacts on semitransparent textures. It is enabled by default for GUI textures. Mobile Features - Android: Added support for Android Library Projects (no compilation support, so the libraries have to be pre-compiled). - Android: AndroidJavaProxy - Support for implementing Java interfaces in C#. - Android: Editor can now update the Android SDK if it does not match the required dependencies. - iOS: Added CrashReporter API for crash detection and extraction (requires Unity Pro). - iOS: Now you can setup iOS PlayerSettings, texture import overrides and build iOS AssetBundles from Windows Editor. Building an actual iOS player still requires Mac OS X & Xcode. - iOS: WebCamTexture can be set non-readable (prior to playback), which allows it to output from camera directly to texture, avoiding extra memory copies. - Editor: When in mobile graphics emulation mode, editor will show a warning when RenderTexture usage is not optimal for tile-based or multi-GPU systems. Use RenderTexture.MarkRestoreExpected() to suppress the warning if needed. Other Features - Audio: Added Bypass Listener and Bypass Reverb Zones properties that enable turning off listener effects independently from the effects on the audio source. Thus, Bypass Effects only turns off the effects on the AudioSource, and the 3 flags can be combined freely. - Audio:. - Audio: Added "Prepare iOS For Recording" property in Player Settings (iOS > Other Settings in the inspector). Turning it on will avoid the stalls that otherwise happen when starting or stopping the Microphone object. - Editor: Editor extensions can now get a callback when Unity is about to open an asset. Use this callback to open an asset inside Unity before its opened in an external tool. Decorate a static method with the attribute UnityEditor.Callbacks.OnOpenAss. Changes - Asset bundles built in prior versions of Unity are no longer compatible with Unity 4.2 (this has been necessary because of changes to how built-in resources are handled). - AssetDatabase.ImportPackage and AssetDatabase.ExportPackage can now be called repeatedly from within the same iteration of the game update loop (previously, successive calls would overwrite the buffered state of the previous one). - Audio: 7.1 content can now be loaded in the editor (previously only 5.1 was allowed). - Editor: Add MeshRenderer component dependency for TextMesh component. - Editor: NavMeshLayers editing is now located as a tab in the Navigation Window. - Editor: Terrain menu functionality moved to Terrain Inspector. Now you create a terrain by GameObject > Create Other > Terrain. Terrain settings previously in the menu are under Settings tab in terrain inspector. - Font colors are now applied as vertex colors, instead of by setting the color on the material. This makes it work better with markup tags in rich text strings. The color property in the font importer has been removed, and instead there are now color properties on the GUIText and TextMesh components to let you set the color of text objects per instance instead of per font. - Graphics: Disabled multisampling on NVIDIA cards on OS X earlier than 10.9 in Mac Web Player, due to driver issues. - Graphics: Majority of built-in shaders are now only included into your game data if they are actually used. This saves about 200 kilobytes off your mobile game size if you're not using many built-in ones. If you need some built-in shaders to be available without explicit references to them (to make Shader.Find etc. work), set them up in Edit -> Project Settings -> Graphics (by default Diffuse shader is always included). - Mac OS X Editor: The Editor on OS X will now allow symlinks in project folders to match Windows behavior. This can be used to share assets across projects, but is not recommended unless you know exactly what you are doing. - Made several Unity API calls which had been undocumented for many years properly deprecated. - NavMesh: "Reset" button in navmesh bake window is moved to window menu item. - Resources.LoadAll() now permits a trailing slash when given a folder name. - Web Player: the "Release Channels" context menu item will now only be visible when the Alt/Option key is pressed when opening the context menu. Improvements - Android: Stylus support. - Android: Support for xxhdpi resolution icons. - Android: AndroidJNIHelper and AndroidJava classes will now throw exceptions on failed invocations. - Android: Enhanced performance of AndroidJava and reduced the load on the dalvik GC. - Android: If possible, use native sensors (accelerometer, compass, etc) instead of routing it through Java. - Android: Improved error messages when build fails; added Retry option when device deployment fails; automatically create adb tunnel for profiler. - Android: OBB is now exported in the root folder when exporting an android project. - Android: Remove Eclipse project support in favor of Android project support. - Asset Bundles: Compressed AssetBundles built with 4.2 or later will have reduced runtime memory usage when decompressing. - Audio: Added a more informative error message when the audio device is changed during work in the editor or at runtime (i.e. when plugging in a screen that has built-in audio device such as HDMI screens). - Building: Show a warning when assembly's internal and file names don't match. This can cause issues on platforms that do AOT. - Editor: Added EditorGUIUtility.ShowObjectPicker to let editor extensions use it on demand. - Editor: Added a Select Prefab item in the Hierarchy View context menu. - Editor: Added EditorWindow.maximized bool. Use this to query if a window is maximized, set it to maximize/unmaximize a window. Is always false if the window is not docked. - Editor: Gradient API now has alphaKeys and colorKeys properties. - Editor: New #SCRIPTNAME_LOWER# token for use in script templates. - Editor: Popups, buttons, color pickers, etc. in the inspector can now be opened by pressing Space. - Editor: Show warning in inspector when you have non-power-of-two texture that cannot be compressed. - Editor: Switching between DX9 and DX11 in player settings does not require editor restart now. - Editor: Trying to open a project that is already open in another Unity instance will now simply display an error and then bring up the project selector (except in batch mode where it keeps triggering a fatal error and exits). - Graphics: Optimized sorting of renderable objects for smaller CPU load. - Graphics: Exposed Light.alreadyLightmapped to scripts. - Graphics: reduced memory footprint of non-readable meshes. - Graphics: Added WebCamTexture.videoVerticallyMirrored. Use Case: on iOS, when you use non-readable webcam texture, GL texture will be created on top of camera's target pixel buffer, which is vertically "flipped". - iOS: Ability to disable "Replace" button when overwriting existing build. - iOS: Added Objective-C VideoPlayer, to playback video to view or to a texture. - iOS: Enforced keyboard to be shown on main thread (to play nicely with iOS6). - iOS: Improved support for AppController subclassing and unity view integration with native UI. - iOS: In case of unhandled exceptions iOS player now will generate crash report instead of exiting silently. - iOS: Made Unity iOS apps PIE compatible. - iOS: Added iPhone.vendorIdentifier and iPhone.advertisingIdentifier with iPhone.advertisingTrackingEnabled APIs for better manual control of what device ID to use. - iOS: Xcode project cleaned up a bit. - iOS: Native VideoPlayback can be now paused/resumed. You can seek and check if it is playing. - iOS: Added UNITY_VERSION macro support for native code in trampoline. We also added a UNITY_4_2_0 macro to make it future-proof (we will add macros like that for future releases too). We now support these ways of checking the version: - you can use it like MSC_VER macro, i.e. if you want some code to be enabled only when using unity 4.4.1 or newer, do #if UNITY_VERSION >= 441. - you can do it in a way that resembles iOS SDK versioning, e.g. for version 4.4.1 and newer #ifdef UNITY_4_4_1. - you can combine them, e.g. #if defined(UNITY_4_4_1) && UNITY_VERSION < UNITY_4_4_1 - Linux: Improved inter-application copy/paste. - Linux: Add fullscreen scaling fallback for devices that don't support GL_EXT_framebuffer_blit. - Mecanim: Allow scrolling when adding transition. - Mecanim: Return warning message in console to user when we detect an invalid avatar while importing. - Mobile: Optimized a bunch of rendering places to be more tiled-GPU friendly (as is common on mobile). This includes shadows, deferred lighting and most of image effects. - Mobile: Added RenderTexture.DiscardContents with separate flags for color/depth discard. - Mobile: Greatly improved performance of fixed function shaders on OpenGL ES 2.0. There's no reason to use ES 1.1 anymore. - Mobile: Switched to one FBO object per RenderTexture; performance improvement with render texture switches. - NavMesh: General crowd performance improvements. - Profiler: Now roughly estimates how much application binary and loaded libraries take. - Profiler: Open webstreams (for Asset Bundles etc.) report their used sizes. - Profiler: Removed log spamming when manually connecting to IP. - Scripting: Avoid pausing some threads during Mono garbage collection on Windows, OS X, and iOS. Helps prevent audio stutters during GC. - Scripting: Added HideFlags.None enum value. - Scripting: While compiling C# scripts, you can now use classes from System.Xml.Linq namespace. - Shaders: Ability to output custom Z buffer value from shaders. Previously, a bug in Cg compiler prevented this on D3D9, we've worked around that. Note that some platforms (OpenGL ES 2.0, Flash) don't have ability to write custom values into Z buffer from pixel shaders. - Shaders: Add ability to override how lightmaps are applied in surface shaders. - Shadows: Better sorting of shadow casters for GPU efficiency. - Shadows: Improved shadowmap filtering on OpenGL. It will use native GPU bilinear shadow filter when available, just like D3D9 and D3D11 does. No more "shadows are worse on Mac than on Windows"! Note: native shadowmap filtering disabled for Spot lights on Linux due to driver issues. - Shuriken: Added script binding for ParticleSystem simulation space. - Shuriken: Exposed particle axis of rotation to scripting API. - Standalone: Added "fullscreen at native resolution" player setting. - Standalone: Added player setting for single instance mode. - Substance: Cloned ProceduralMaterials now inherit the original substance's animation rate. - Substance: It is now possible to reliably assign ProceduralTextures from a SBSAR to the shader associated to a ProceduralMaterial from another SBSAR. - Substance: ProceduralMaterial.ClearCache now takes effect immediately instead of being taken into account at next RebuildTextures call. - Substance: ProceduralTextures created from a cloned ProceduralMaterial now have the same name and "RAW/Compressed" format as the original textures. - Substance: Reimporting substances that have been modified in Play mode is now multithreaded. - Substance: Editor scripts can now modify a ProceduralMaterial's size/format/behaviour using SubstanceImporter.Get/SetPlatformTextureSettings. - Web Player: the "Release Channels" context menu now lists actual versions used for different channels. Fixes - Android: Support for Android SDK rev22. - Android: Added a workaround for ANR when using Apple magic mouse; fixed ANR caused by deadlock when using touch enabled controllers. - Android: Added exception checks to avoid crashes in AndroidJNI. - Android: Added JDK version detection. - Android: Application no longer quits if joystick button 'A' is pressed before the first level has loaded. - Android: Disabled shader cache on pre-Honeycomb devices due to buggy drivers; also disabled it on all Immersion GPUs due to driver bugs. - Android: Editor; when switching between building a project and an actual apk, project is no longer replaced by the apk. - Android: Fixed a problem with streaming assets in exported android project. - Android: Fixed an issue where it was impossible to delete a project on windows due to adb keeping a lock in the project directory. - Android: Fixed crash on GL context recreate. - Android: Fixed crash when trying to read a non-existent string field through JNI. - Android: Fixed IndexOutOfRangeException on faulty package name. - Android: Fixed occasional crash on Nexus4 in shader compilation. - Android: Fixed problem with crashing video player on 1st gen Kindle Fire. - Android: Fixed propagation of key input events to OnGUI(). - Android: Fixed touch and stylus input on devices having a single surface emitting both at the same time. - Android: Re-initialization of UnityPlayer is now possible. - Android: Removed black screen rendered while loading first level using Unity free. - Android: Reworked LocationService and Compass, to only compensate the magnetic declination when location is updated. - Animation: Added error when assigning too few bind poses so mesh skin indexes would index out of bounds. - Animation: Fix null reference exception in Clip tab of Model Importer. - Audio: Fixed memory leak when attempting realtime streamed playback of tracker files (XM/MOD/IT/S3M). Realtime streamed playback is not supported for these files, but streams may still be used for loading the files fully before playing them. - Audio: Fixed some down-mixing issues when compressing multi-channel material for Android/iOS. - Audio: Fixed upside-down rendering of channels in previews. - Audio: Use of OnAudioFilterRead should no longer causes random crashes. - Audio: Fixed a memory leak when importing a large number of audio files at once. - Building: When list of included assets is printed to editor console, built-in resources have proper names now, instead of empty strings. - Caching: AssetBundles with a CRC not matching the request will be removed from the asset bundle cache. - CacheServer: Improved robustness of LRU size calculation when replacing files in the cache server. - Core: Fixed a crash where AsyncOperation.allowSceneActivation = false would cause an infinite loop when exiting playmode. - Core: Fixed crash when exiting playmode and allowSceneActivation being disabled. - Core: Fixed deadlock that could occur when asset bundles failed to load. - Core: Assets referenced by GUISkin are now corectly retained. - DX11: Fixed dynamic Meshes being inefficient on DirectX 11, mostly observable on WSA/WP8. - DX11: Fix crash when setting ComputeBuffer stride to zero. - DX11: Fixed Asset Store window not working on some machines when in DirectX 11 mode. - DX11: Fixed crash with stacked cameras, HDR and some image effect combinations. - DX11: Fixed some normal maps being decoded wrong (if the normal length has exceeded 1.0). - DX11: Make Raw compute buffer types actually work. - DX11: RenderTextures properly respect depthBits now; fixes really confusing behavior when a depth buffer was always created for a RenderTexture even if no depth buffer was requested. - DX11: Fixed some fixed function shaders (AlphaTest or projected textures), and some Fog combinations not working properly on Intel GPUs. - Editor: Improved importing of semitransparent PSD texture files. They are premultiplied with white color; this will be accounted for in Unity now. - Editor: Active toolbar button rendered with correct style without a delay. - Editor: Animation preview rendering problems fixed. - Editor: AnimationWindow: Notify user if animating invalid game object hierarchy: When animating a object hiearchy user needs to ensure that names of object siblings are unique. - Editor: Calling Focus() on an invisible EditorWindow no longer crashes. - Editor: Camera frustum gizmo in Scene View now renders correctly when using normalized viewport rect. - Editor: Dark skin loads correctly after upgrading/activating a Pro license. - Editor: Displayed number of Asset Store previews in Project browser is consistent when zooming/resizing view. - Editor: Do not force RGBA format for normal maps when building for OpenGL ES targets. - Editor: Fix [HideInInspector] not working for shader properties. - Editor: Fix Aux Windows causing assert when closed on OS X. - Editor: Fix bad texture previews / mesh previews in linear lighting mode. - Editor: Fix broken occlusion culling overlay window. - Editor: Fix build target not updating correctly when switching between standalone platforms. - Editor: Fix color picker zoomed preview being upside down on OS X. - Editor: Fix copying of text in SelectableLabel in windows. - Editor: Fix crash if terrain alpha map textures get out of sync with the alpha map resolution setting. - Editor: Fix crash when loading assemblies with invalid references. - Editor: Fix crash while attempting to deserialize abstractly typed fields. - Editor: Fix flicker of progress bar when reserializing all assets to switch between text and binary serialization. - Editor: Fix inaccuracy caused by window margins in HandleUtility.WorldToGUIPoint() and HandleUtility.GUIPointToWorldRay(). - Editor: Fix incorrect GameView rendering rect when having multiple GameViews. - Editor: Fix index out of bounds exception in BuildPlayerWindow when opening a project which was previously opened by another Unity Editor which had more platforms in the list. - Editor: Fix MonoBehaviour.OnApplicationFocus() on Windows platform. - Editor: Fix null ref when setting text mesh font with no renderer component. - Editor: Fix that animation window could not expand Transform components. - Editor: Fix that project browser multi-selection was lost when shift-selecting beyond start and end. - Editor: Fix that shift-delete deleted assets while renaming. - Editor: Fix the focus switch problem when the user press 'alt-tab' or 'ctrl-tab'. - Editor: Fixed "Export Package..." failing on OSX in some cases. - Editor: Fixed crash in lightmapping window when multi-selecting renderers. - Editor: Fixed crash when multi-selecting MonoBehaviours with missing scripts. - Editor: Fixed crash when opening scene with a reference to a prefab that has become empty. - Editor: Fixed empty Application.LoadLevelName after loading scene from an assetbundle. - Editor: Fixed forcing texture to be power of two size if PVRTC compression is selected. - Editor: Fixed lightmaps getting wrong compression format on platform change (between mobile and other platforms). - Editor: Fixed out of memory issue when building player with lots of resources files in it. Material texture references are now loaded on first use in the editor. In the player they are always preloaded. - Editor: Fixed Substance texture preview in some cases producing invalid mipmap bias settings. - Editor: Fixed that some keyboard keys could not be used for MenuItem shortcuts (e.g "," and "." can now be used). - Editor: Fixed wireframe scene view rendering not working on some shader model 3.0 shaders on Windows. - Editor: For Add Component window search function, always pick the first search result whenever the search changes. - Editor: Log error if user is calling GUI.Windows nested in window functions. - Editor: Make animated speed of transitions in AddComponent menu not be framerate dependent. - Editor: Make welcome dialog point to new URL for video tutorials. - Editor: Object Selector shows built-in shaders now. - Editor: Opening the Add Component window will now work when adding a MenuItem to the Components menu with priority less than 20. - Editor: Pasting a Particle System as a new component will now properly copy the Renderer values. - Editor: PropertyDrawers now also work for private members in base classes. - Editor: Scene view gizmo picking fixed. - Editor: Texture preview Labels will not be offset and clipped in some cases. - Editor: Throw mono exception (instead of crash), when unwrapping mesh without triangles assigned. - Editor: Fixed target texture size override not storing it's value correclty in the texture importer for the web player target. - Editor: Having a mesh asset preprocessor or doing Reset on mesh import settings no longer turns "Swap UVs" option on. - Fonts: Fixed embedding font data for styled fonts. - Fonts: Duplicating a dynamic font using Instantiate will result in garbage font rendering. User is now notified that duplicating a dynamic font is not allowed. - Graphics: Fix GrabPass when running fullscreen at non-native resolution on Mac and Linux. - Graphics: Fix linear lighting when running fullscreen at non-native resolution on Mac and Linux. - Graphics: Fixed "Use Lightmaps" in the Forward Rendering path, available via Lightmap Display scene view overlay. - Graphics: Fixed Camera.CopyFrom not copying some properties (rendering path, custom projection, layer cull distances etc.). - Graphics: Fixed development standalone players sometimes crashing on Windows when doing Alt-Tab. - Graphics: Fixed dynamic batching not working on meshes that use "Mesh Compression" import setting (regression in 4.0). - Graphics: Fixed incorrect scissoring of point/spot lights when a custom projection matrix is used. - Graphics: Fixed light "Draw Halo" checkbox not working unless there's some Halo component somewhere. - Graphics: Fixed point & spot lights not affecting lightmapped objects in dual-lightmap forward rendering mode. - Graphics: Fixed RenderTextures being invalidated in Windows Standalone player when moving the window. - Graphics: Made the Rendering area in the profiler show proper stats on multithreaded Win-non-dx11, Mac, iOS and Flash. - Graphics: Using BlendOp in a shader doesn't cause the text in the Editor to appear garbled anymore. - Graphics: Fixed crash on Windows standalone player exit exit when using OpenGL. - Graphics: Fixed legacy MeshParticleEmitter crash when the mesh has no vertices. - iOS: Do not render the default cursor as no iOS devices support cursors. - iOS: Fixed CFBundleShortVersionString setting in Info.plist. - iOS: Fixed crash on startup on iPhone 3GS (some versions of iOS5), where empty array of screens is returned. - iOS: Fixed deprecated API usage for Keyboard. - iOS: Fixed gyroscope restart problem. - iOS: Fixed memory leak in GL.InvalidateState. - iOS: Fixed multiline Keyboard not having "done" button. - iOS: Fixed Ping stripping issue. - iOS: Fixed static batching performance regression. - iOS: Fixed various issues with video playback: view stretch after canceling video, second movie in a row cannot be played, status bar is not shown after returning from video, etc. - iOS: Fixed Xcode launching issue when script code supplies relative path. - iOS: Fixed iOS player hangup issue on single core devices. - iOS: Improved Guid API compatibility with managed code stripping. - iOS: Made structs/enums in trampoline be C-style typedefs, for better interop with ObjectiveC plugins. - iOS: Playing two movies in a row will not cause a second movie to disappear. - iOS: Project will not be replaced if doing a silent build and can't append to existing build. Instead, a save dialog will be shown. - iOS: Unity Remote now always will report multitouch supported. - Lightmapping: Fixed crash when a TextMesh has been marked for lightmapping. - Lightmapping: Lightmap atlasing now always tightly packs object UVs based on their bounding rectangles. - Lightmapping: Made baking of terrains much quicker when Color Space is set to Linear. - Linux: Copy StreamingAssets when building player. - Linux: Enable native rendering plugin callbacks. - Linux: Fix Application.CancelQuit() and Application.OpenURL(). - Linux: Fix crash when attempting to read a non-readable mesh. - Linux: Fix double-click. - Linux: Fix miscellaneous rendering issues on low-end intel graphics cards. - Linux: Fix plugin detection when the plugin resides in a subfolder (DllImport("foo/bar")). - Linux: Fix pointer offsets when dynamically resizing player windows. - Linux: Fixed keyboard shortcuts for text fields. - Linux: Improve ctrl/alt/shift keypress detection; improved keyboard modifier handling while typing/mousing. - Linux: Make handling of scroll wheel axis more consistent with other platforms. - Mecanim: Fixed crash with interuptible transitions. - Mecanim: AnimationClip.length was not returning the right value for clip created from script. - Mecanim: Blending between two clip with negative scaling was wrongly returning a positive scale. - Mecanim: Check consistency for older avatar asset. Older avatar file pre 4.0 were not valid anymore and could crash in some cases. - Mecanim: Fix Avatar body mask UI accuracy. Selection around the neck and upper torso was not accurate. - Mecanim: Fix Avatar with scale on root not reaching IK goal. - Mecanim: Fix Blend Tree type selector in inspector. - Mecanim: Fix broken blend tree visualization when using Freeform Directional blending with no motion in the center. - Mecanim: Fix clip's additionnal curve binding to controller's parameter when type doesn't match. - Mecanim: Fix crash if you set a small speed value for a state and then preview any transition going from or to this state. - Mecanim: Fix culling bug, at runtime if you add a new renderer it was not added to the animator's list of renderer to compute if it should update the Animator. - Mecanim: Fix error message UnityEngine.Transform.get_position when creating an Avatar whose mesh is not skinned. - Mecanim: Fix IK hand moving on Y axis on iOS. - Mecanim: Fix iOS precision error for IK and root motion. - Mecanim: Fix MatchTarget function for small characters. The matching was done in the wrong transform space. - Mecanim: Fix memory leak in state machine; fix memory leak with recorder. - Mecanim: Fix multi selection of node in animator window now correctly delete all selected node rather than just the last one. - Mecanim: Fix multi-edition of Animator, avatar and apply root motion field can now be multi-edited too. - Mecanim: Fix NullRefException when selecting a prefab with Animator Controller set to null. - Mecanim: Fix Reset button for Animator. - Mecanim: Fix StateMachine copy-paste. - Mecanim: Fixed crash in transition preview with 1 frame animation. - Mecanim: Fixed crash when building standalone with synchronized layer referencing a layer that was after the synchronized layer in the layer's list. - Mecanim: Fixed crash when previewing empty AnimatorController. - Mecanim: Fixed crash when previewing transition with state with no animation. - Mecanim: Fixed preview state mirror in transition preview. - Mecanim: Fixed transition reordering with different StateMachines. - Mecanim: Fixes crash when deleting or reordering some transitions; and with 0 duration transitions. - Mecanim: Fixes transition previewer being slow. - Mecanim: In some case Avatar mapping was not saved correctly when manually set by a user. Transform not attached to a renderer or without any child attached to a renderer were discarded. - Mecanim: OnAnimatorIK and OnAnimatorMove () won't be call anymore on disabled scripts. - Mecanim: Right-clicking on a state in the Animator window now properly shows the context menu. - Mecanim: When creating a transition from or to a blend tree with no motion, the transition duration was set to Infinity which could produce some crash or hang unity when trying to preview this transition. - Mecanim: Fixed transitions with transforms having negative scales. - Mobile: Fixed occasional crash in Substance system when loading Asset Bundles. - Mobile: Fixed RenderTexture.DiscardContents to correctly use glDiscardFramebufferEXT. - Mobile: Fixed unaligned memory accesses in BitStream. - Native Client: Fixed a bug in color multiplication math which could cause wrong colors to be displayed. - Native Client: Fixed a crash loading PNG files. - Native Client: Fixed asset garbage collection not to incorrectly collect assets which were still being referenced. - Native Client: Fixed some rendering issues with particles when the mouse is clicked. - Native Client: Mono is now built from our own sources and is no longer subject to the LGPL. - Native Client: Fix "Development Player" label always showing. - Native Client: Fix color of Terrain details. - Native Client: Fix File Access error message on start up. - Native Client: Fix incorrect methods being used for http requests in WWW class (POST instead of GET). - Native Client: Fixed a memory leak in the WWW class. - Native Client: Fixed a potential crash when loading unity3d files (including the game main data itself). - NavMesh: Fixed crash when loading scenes while NavMeshAgents are marked by "DontDestroyOnLoad". - NavMesh: Fixed issue where agent move state was affected when calling CompleOffMeshLink while not occupying an OffMeshLink. - NavMesh: Fixed issue where calling ResetPath while occupying an OffMeshLink would leave the OffMeshLink inaccessible. - NavMesh: Fixed issue where NavMesh.SamplePosition could return sub-optimal position for large query radius. - NavMesh: Fixed issue where outstanding agent path requests could get corrupted when adding new agents. - NavMesh: Fixed issue where remainingDistance would return too optimistic value. - NavMesh: Fixed regression where agent would accelerate too fast when doing moves shorter that agent diameter. - Physics: Changing gravity will wake up sleeping Rigidbodies. - Physics: Fixed a crash in raycasts against BoxColliders on 64 bit Windows. - Physics: Fixed a crash related to destroying colliders while Time.timeScale is zero. - Physics: Hinge Joints now have sane range limits. - Scripting: Fixes to Mono GC to avoid 'GetThreadContext' error issue on Windows. - Scripting: Fix constraints for Time.scale so that it cannot be negative. - Scripting: "new Font()" will now produce a valid Font instance (useful when programmatically generating font assets). - Scripting: Avoid crash if behaviors are destroyed from OnDisable. - Scripting: Avoid crash when creating MaterialPropertyBlock in MonoBehaviour constructor. - Scripting: Editor and Windows standalone should now be able to correctly use Mono.Posix assembly. - Scripting: Fix Windows crash on OutOfMemory. - Shaders: Fixed HLSL-to-GLSL shader translation when a shader modifies global variables; regression introduced in 4.1. - Shaders: Fixed tex2Dgrad/texCUBElod/texCUBEgrad support for mobile shaders. - Shaders: Fixed rare bug when a fixed function dot3 texture combiner could get wrong alpha channel state. - Shaders: Fixed shader keywords not being copied for instantiated materials. - Shaders: Fixed some surface shaders not being liked by DX11 shader compiler (errors about structs not being fully initialized). - Shaders: Fixed surface shader code generation if you're trying to output Normal into Emission, and are not writing to normal otherwise. - Shaders: Make sure that vertex shader output is always high precision on mobile; fixes some problems on Mali 6xx GPUs if you accidentally have half4 position. - Shaders: Worked around Cg shader code generation bug that happened on saturate(texture2D(...)); Cg was generating invalid D3D9 shader code on this. - Shuriken: Fix collision module such that trigger objects do not cause particle collisions. - Shuriken: Fixed errors when manually emitting particles with a non-unit axis of rotation. - Shuriken: Fixed horizontal and vertical billboard modes to be properly aligned with coordinate axes. - Shuriken: Fixed issue with particle systems not shutting down properly. - Shuriken: Fixed some gradient settings being lost when upgrading project from Unity 3.5.x to 4.x. - Shuriken: Fixed issue with Emit() function when the particle system has a scaled parent object. The emitter shape would be scaled incorrectly. - Substance: B2M instances should no longer lose their output texture references when entering/leaving Play mode. - Substance: Better strategy for mapping ProceduralTextures to shaders slots and for remembering custom assignments. - Substance: Fix crash due to a race condition on resource deallocation. - Substance: It is now possible to properly clone all substance graphs in a SBSAR (previously the first cloned graph would be instantiated when cloning other graphs). - Substance: Instance names are now properly sorted in the Inspector (B2M_10 would previously be listed before B2M_2). - Substance: Unnecessary reimports of multigraph Substances are no longer performed when leaving Play mode. - Substance: Deletion of the single remaining instance of a ProceduralMaterial in the Inspector is now prevented (this would previously result in an empty SubstanceImporter). - Substance: Option groups for newly cloned/instantiated substances in the Inspector no longer show only the first option from each group. - Substance: ProceduralMaterials attached to prefabs that were loaded in levels other than the first one and that were cloned but not modified themselves are no longer reimported after exiting Play mode. - Substance: ProceduralTexture::GetPixels32 now works on cloned substances. - Substance: SBSAR should now properly auto-refresh when the asset is modified on disk. - Substance: Fixed potential deadlock when using ProceduralMaterial. - Substance: Fixed memory leak. - Substance: DoNothing substances in asset bundles are no longer generated when the assetbundle is loaded, but only when RebuildTextures/Immediately is called instead. - Substance: Resetting a ProceduralMaterial from the Inspector no longer causes the 'Generate All Outputs' checkbox to be checked. - UnityGUI: Fix crash when passing a null GUIContent to various methods. - Web Player: Fixed regression playing back content using old grid fonts. - Web Player: Fixed a bug in PlayerPrefs, which made Firefox crash on close. - Web Player: Fixed some crashes during startup and when entering full-screen mode. - Webcam: Fixed Fatal Error on scene loading when WebCamTexture was used in a scene; and fixed a crash on quitting Windows Standalone players with webcam textures. - Webcam: When requesting user authorization to use microphone Unity was previously asking for permission to the web camera. - Windows: Fixed crash when closing the display resolution dialog of the player. - WWW: Fixed CRC calculation to give correct results. Upgrade guide - See "Changes" section above! - iOS: We renamed AppController.mm/h to UnityAppController.mm/h to highlight the fact that we now allow your own AppDelegate (derived from UnityAppController). If you have plugins including AppController.h you can simply include UnityAppController.h instead. If you have AppController.mm/h in Plugins/iOS folders you can merge and rename them. Anyway, we urge you to consider moving to new AppDelegate model: if you needed to do some view tweaking, now you can do it without ever touching Unity's trampoline, meaning no upgrade pains. - Deprecation heads-up. In the next release (4.3), we plan to drop: - OpenGL ES 1.1 support on mobile (set Rendering Path to VertexLit in player settings and it should be very similar experience on OpenGL ES 2.0) - Pre-DX9 GPU support on PC (Windows/Mac/Linux). This means, NVIDIA GPUs before GeForce FX (2003), AMD GPUs before Radeon 9500 (2002) and Intel GPUs before GMA 900 (2004). Shader Model 2.0 will be the new minimum requirement. - MonoDevelop may fail to start correctly on Windows if an old version of Gtk# is installed on the system. Please uninstall this version, and install a newer one if still needed. Changeset: Unity 4.2	https://unity3d.com/fr/unity/whats-new/unity-4.2	CC-MAIN-2019-18	refinedweb	6,122	50.94
Web server started through QProcess is unable to receive GET requests I have also posted this issue on Stackoverflow Using Qt 5.4.2 (upgrade is currently not possible). Basically I have a Python HTTP server that works just fine when - executed inside a bashshell - executed as a child process through a bashscript in a bashshell I run the Python script in my unit test as follows: this->script = QCoreApplication::applicationDirPath() + "/HttpServer/testing.py"; QString hIp= QString("127.0.0.1"); int hP= 8090; this->scriptArgs = QStringList() << "-ih" << hIp<< "-ph" << QString::number(hPort); // a UDP server for another purpose // QProcessEnvironment childEnv; // QString proxy = ""; // childEnv.insert("no_proxy", "127.0.0.1,localhost"); // childEnv.insert("NO_PROXY", "127.0.0.1,localhost"); // childEnv.insert("http_proxy", proxy); // childEnv.insert("HTTP_PROXY", proxy); // childEnv.insert("https_proxy", proxy); // childEnv.insert("HTTPS_proxy", proxy); // childEnv.insert("ftp_proxy", proxy); // childEnv.insert("FTP_PROXY", proxy); // this->hTestEnv.setProcessEnvironment(childEnv); this->hTestEnv.start("python2.7", QStringList() << this->script << this->scriptArgs); As you can see I have a proxy in place. Initially I had a problem with the proxy on the VM where my code is running even in the terminal but after adding localhostand 127.0.0.1to no_proxyand NO_PROXYin the environment things started working. However in this case this doesn't seem to do a thing. The server is running because - I can see it in htopand pstree - I can see python2.7(along with the PID from the first point) listening to the 127.0.0.1:8090 - Starting it from the terminal (while the QProcessis still alive) triggers the error that the address (here socket) is already in use however no matter what I send its way, it doesn't return a thing. I use the same requests (through Firefox or curl --get "?<GET request parameters here>as when I work with the server running inside my terminal. Can someone please explain to me what is happening. This thing is driving me crazy because it renders several of my unit test completely unusable on the Jenkins build server I'm using. Locally I can remove this code and just start the server separately inside the terminal to check if the tests are successful. However this is the opposite of automated testing. :D Perhaps I need to set something else in the environment of the child process. I also tried detached mode without any success. I'm not even sure if it's related to the proxy in this case. Using Wireshark I can see that the packet is sent but in return no reply comes out (no matter the content of the GET request I always generated some reply and server it through the server). Hi, Did you connect the readyReadStandardError and readyReadStandardOutput signals to see what your process prints ? @SGaist Ah, I didn't know about these signals. Will have put some QSignalSpys tomorrow to check if something useful is in there. QSignalSpy is for testing not production code. You should rather print what your QProcess channels. Ahm, this is part of a unit test for a network feature my application has. :P I run the Python script in my unit test as follows: The two QSignalSpys (one for each of the mentioned QProcesssignals) don't return anything: QSignalSpy testEnvReadStdErr(&this->testEnv, &QProcess::readyReadStandardError); QSignalSpy testEnvReadStdOut(&this->testEnv, &QProcess::readyReadStandardOutput); if (testEnvReadStdErr.count()) { qDebug() << "Child stderr"; // Never gets triggered } if (testEnvReadStdOut.count()) { qDebug() << "Child stdout"; // Never gets triggered } I will try your other suggestion with printing the process' channels. Calling qDebug() << QString(this->testEnv.readAllStandardError()); qDebug() << QString(this->testEnv.readAllStandardOutput()); returns ""(aka empty string). I missed the "unit" ^^ You're using it wrong. You have to first create the QSignalSpy objects, then start your process, let your unit test flow and at the end you can check the count value. What you do here is like creating a counter initialised at zero and checking right away that it's not zero before starting the for loop that will increment it. Doesn't QSignalSpy::wait()help in this situation? I do the same with the QNetworkReplybut have a wait()before I actually count. I tried it for the process' QSignalSpy()(even set the timeout to 10000ms = 10s) but all I got was wait()returning false(for each separately). facepalm It was working. I had a typo in the code OF MY SERVER at one place, which lead to the whole thing doing not what it was supposed to (on the Qt side). :D:D:D Thanks for taking the time! Shoot, I was running the server in the background (a terminal) and that is why it worked. Issue is still unresolved... :-/ The typo (see the dashed text above) was the reason why I wasn't getting the expected results even when running in terminal. Since the Python script is executable and has the proper shebang I even tried to pass its name as the first argument of QProcess this->hTestEnv.start(this->script, this->scriptArgs); which is the application that is supposed to run. Still nothing. Yet another update: I use QProcess::systemEnvironment()to get the environment for the parent process (same as Qt Creator's) and assign it to the child process just to make sure that there isn't some variable that is missing in the equation. Still nothing... In addition to all I've written so far I just saw that Connection refusederror message is printed (through easylogging++), which is coming from the slot I have connected to the reply's SIGNAL(error(QNetworkReply::NetworkError)), plus the following warning generated by Qt itself: QWARN : TestHttpRetriever::testReceiveEmptyReply() QNetworkReplyImplPrivate::error: Internal problem, this method must only be called once. where testReceiveEmptyReply()is the test slot I'm calling the server. All of this does not happen whenever server runs from external terminal. I found out what is happening though I have no idea how to solve the problem. Basically I ran my unit test in debug mode and had a breakpoint right on the line where the waiting for the emitted signal from my application (which is generated if the processing of the XML reply has been successful). At that point the request to the server was already "on the way". I went to drink some water and when I came back I continued the debugging session. And a miracle happened - I got the same result as when running the server not as a child process but in a separate terminal. I did some testing to verify my assumption and it was confirmed - the problem is in the SPEED at which the code in the unit test is executed. As you have mentioned (with the count()for the QSignalSpy()) things happen too fast and there is not enough time for completing the GET request (and processing the reply). Now the question that arises here is: how do I fix the timing problem? I tried QThread::sleep()but even setting it to 10 seconds resulted in a partial or no success at all. I obviously need accurate timings or some sort of synchronization method to keep unit test and the dummy serve in synch. Can you describe what your test should do ? Maybe show the code for the complete method you are debugging ? From the looks of it, it seems that you should start your web server as part of the unit test start itself and not in the test. @SGaist I will try to provide some more code if possible. The process (with the server) is needed by all tests for the given test case (tests = private slots). That is why the process is a class member and is instantiated only inside initTestCase(), which runs at the beginning of the whole test case and not before each test. In each test (private slot) I configure the server through some datagrams but it's the same server through and through until cleanupTestCase()is called after all tests have been executed. The server contains a UDP part (HTTP and UDP traffic is handled in two different threads), which can receive some datagrams in a specific format. I need this since in real life I actually have to work with two data sources - the actual web server (that I have no access to) and an onboard unit (a computer for controlling various functions in a bus or a tram). Part of the data that the server generated as sends my way needs to contain data that the onboard unit has given me (a sort of a synchronization). I use the datagrams to also alter the behaviour of the server and trigger generation of different replies with synthetic data (that mimics the real one). This happens in every test and is followed by a GET request from the application I'm testing. After that I use a QSignalSpyto detect a signal (or not) that is generated if the processing of the XML reply has been successful. This signal is (in the actual normal execution of my application) caught by a slot from another component that continues the processing and finally outputs stuff on a display. As you can see it's not a trivial task. One thing I can't understand exactly is why in a child process I have these timing issues but when I have the server running in a terminal - not. Are you using QNetworkAccessManager to do the requests for your tests ? @SGaist The application itself is using it. Inside the respective module (that I'm actually testing in this test) I have the slots for the QNetworkReply::finished()and QNetworkReply::readyRead(). The reply itself is created by calling the QNetworkAccessManager::get(QNetworkRequest)method. This is how my test looks like (code is still buggy in terms of cleanup at least): #include "testhttpretriever.h" #include "httpretriever.h" #include "framework/telegramoverip/telegramoveripbroadcaster.h" #include <QNetworkAccessManager> #include <QNetworkReply> #include <QUrl> #include <QUrlQuery> #include <QDebug> #include <QSignalSpy> #include <QProcess> #include <easylogging++.h> using Foo::Network::Bar::HttpRetriever; using Foo::Network::Bar::HttpRequestParameters; using Framework::TelegramOverIp::TelegramOverIpBroadcaster; void TestHttpRetriever::initTestCase() { // Create new HttpRetrieve module that will generate the GET requests and process the reply from the dummy server this->retriever = new HttpRetriever(this); this->retriever ->setServer(serverUrl); // Set server URL (a const QUrl with value "") this->retriever ->setAutoRequestInterval(10); // Set interval (in seconds) for automatically triggering GET requests (here it's 10s) this->retriever ->setRequestIdOffset(900000000); this->retriever ->setRequestParams(HttpRequestParameters()); // Use default parameters for the GET request // Create signal spy for the expected emission of signalConnections(), which is emitted once the XML reply has been processed correctly this->retrieverConnDataSpy = new QSignalSpy(this->retriever, &HttpRetriever::signalConnections); // Get path to Python script. Here it is "/home/user/Projects/Application/build/test-bin/HttpServer/testing.py" this->script = QCoreApplication::applicationDirPath() + "/HttpServer/testing.py"; int journeys = 4; // Number of journeys in XML reply // Set IP and port for both the HttpServer (that will handle all GET requests) and the onboard unit client (that handles UDP datagrams and can also change some of the settings of the HttpServer) QString hIp = QString("127.0.0.1"); int hPort = 8090; QString obuClientIp = QString("127.0.0.1"); int obuClientPort = 8091; this->scriptArgs = QStringList() << "-j" << QString::number(journeys) << "-ih" << hIp << "-ph" << QString::number(hPort) << "-io" << obuClientIp << "-po" << QString::number(obuClientPort); // Retrieve the parent process' environment and set the child process' with it QProcessEnvironment childEnv; childEnv = QProcessEnvironment::systemEnvironment(); this->testEnv = new QProcess(this); this->testEnv ->setProcessEnvironment(childEnv); // Change working directory to where the HttpServer script is (because of logs and a couple of XML template files that are used) this->testEnv ->setWorkingDirectory(QCoreApplication::applicationDirPath() + "/HttpServer"); // Run the script - no need for QProcess::waitForFinished() since the server will run forever (until SIGTERM received) this->testEnv->start("python2.7", QStringList() << this->script << this->scriptArgs); // Create a new UDP broadcaster that will be used to 1)configure the HttpServer and 2)parse some special UDP telegrams (containing bus line and run number) this->serverControl = new TelegramOverIpBroadcaster(QHostAddress(obuClientIp), obuClientPort, this); } void TestHttpRetriever::cleanupTestCase() { this->testEnv->close(); // Shutdown child process (and server/UDP client) } void TestHttpRetriever::init() { } void TestHttpRetriever::cleanup() { } void TestHttpRetriever::testReceiveEmptyReply() { quint16 ownLine = 123; quint8 ownRun = 4; // Generate UDP telegrams for configuring the HttpServer with the given the own line and run numbers. This is done // to make sure that the XML reply, generated by the server, actually contains the own journey QByteArray serverOwnLine; serverOwnLine.append('l'); QString paddedOwnLine = QString("%1").arg(QString::number(ownLine), 3, QChar('0')); serverOwnLine.append(paddedOwnLine); serverOwnLine.append('\r'); serverOwnLine.append('\n'); // Configure dummy server for generation of own journey with given line this->serverControl->broadcast(serverOwnLine); QByteArray serverOwnRun; serverOwnRun.append('k'); QString paddedOwnRun = QString("%1").arg(QString::number(ownRun), 2, QChar('0')); serverOwnRun.append(paddedOwnRun); serverOwnRun.append('\r'); serverOwnRun.append('\n'); // Configure dummy server for generation of own journey with given run this->serverControl->broadcast(serverOwnRun); // Configure module to look for given own line and run numbers when parsing the XML reply this->retriever->slotSetVehicleData(ownLine, ownRun); // Trigger a GET request with the stop ID 1 (using the offset converted to 900000001) this->retriever->slotStartAutomaticRequests(1); // Wait for signalConnections() to be emitted QVERIFY(this->retrieverConnDataSpy->wait()); QCOMPARE(this->retrieverConnDataSpy->count(), 1); // TODO Validate contents of signalConnections() } INITIALIZE_EASYLOGGINGPP QTEST_MAIN(TestHttpRetriever) The slotStartAutomaticRequests()does nothing more than - Interrupt a previous GET request (if one is currently being awaited or processed) - Instantiate module's own QNetworkAccessManager(if one is not already present; class member) - Generate URL for the get request (using the URL and the query parameters provided during the configuration of the module) - Create a QNetworkRequestfor the given URL and query - Generate a QNetworkReply(class member) using QNetworkAccessManager::get(QNetworkRequest)with the above mentioned request - Connect the QNetworkReply's error(QNetworkReply::NetworkError), finished()and readyRead()signals to the module's respective slots and also the QNetworkAccessManager's finished()signal to the QNetworkReply's deleteLater()slot - Wait for reply from server and process it The steps below can be found in any tutorial on how to do GET requests using Qt's networking tools. I forgot a really important piece of info - I'm using Qt 5.4.2 (will add this to the initial post). Currently I'm looking into this bug that I hope it's not what I'm suffering from. I would add waitForStartedto ensure that your python process is indeed running. @SGaist Same error (connection refused etc.) and not change in outcome. I have even put the call inside QVERIFYto check if true is returned. I added a couple of more tests plus a 10s QThread::sleep()right after the QProcess::waitForStarted()and it seems that it's working now (did 10 runs and not a single failure!). It is possible that the issue is also coming from the UDP synchronization that I have in place since based on it the element I'm looking for during the parsing of the XML reply will either be there or missing. In the case of it being missing but expected to be there the specific test will fail. I'm thinking of adding a confirmation reply from the UDP part of the dummy server and only after the confirmation is received by the given test, the test can proceed. IIRC, you have QTest;:wait for that kind of stuff.	https://forum.qt.io/topic/87996/web-server-started-through-qprocess-is-unable-to-receive-get-requests	CC-MAIN-2020-16	refinedweb	2,530	52.19
Hello people, I have a protein topology with a strange backbone (attached). You can see that there is structure (several helices), but the backbone itself is not good enough to be able to do anything computationally with it, if ported into PyRosetta, PyRosetta it gets confused. So my question is how can I fix this backbone, nothing fancy just replace each position with Glycine or Valine or Alenine, but the proper ideal structure of the amino acid that will not result in clashed nor atoms occupying the same space? I tried relaxing the structure, but that denatured that whole topology and did not fix the backbone. I tried mutating each residue, but that only replaced the side chain and did now add a new residue with the correct backbone I tried pyrosetta.rosetta.protocols.forge.remodel.RemodelMover() but that ended up in an infinite loop (it ran for 24 hours without stopping), but I ran it "raw" without a blueprint file, so maybe it need some more spesifications? Any advice how I can fix this backbone without making majore changes to the topology? I am not interested in the sidechain because I have other methods to deal with them, but the backbone. My simple code: from pyrosetta import * from pyrosetta.toolbox import * init() pose = pose_from_pdb('Backbone.pdb') mover = pyrosetta.rosetta.protocols.forge.remodel.RemodelMover() mover.apply(pose) pose.dump_pdb('test.pdb') It would be a bit easier if you could attach the actual backbone PDB. That said... I think the issue you may be facing (when you say that the "whole topology was denatured") is that Rosetta isn't recognizing this as being a single continuous chain? Among the things you should try: Post the PDB and I'll be able to debug pretty quickly. It's a little hard to say without more details on what you mean by "PyRosetta gets confused", but I agree that probably the easiest solution would be to add Calpha coordinate constraints with the AddConstraintsToCurrentConformationMover and then run a Cartesian FastRelax on the structure. That should fix up all the bad geometries while keeping things more-or-less the same structure. everyday847 Thank you for your prompt reply. Attached is the PDB file. It is my attempt at De Novo Design, but the method I am coding (not related to Rosetta/PyRosetta) screws up the atoms of the backbone. I can confirm that a cartesian-enabled FastRelax with the AddConstraintsToCurrentConformationMover Calpha coordinate constraints does clean up the internal coordinates of the protein. (At least when done through the commandline version.) You may, however, need to play around with the constraint weights and the `-relax::ramp_constraints false` option. (And don't forget to use a scorefunction with the appropriate constraint terms turned on, as well as the cart_bonded term for the Cartesian relax.) If you're interested in the positions of more than the Calpha atoms, you can probably attempt to use the full backbone constraints, but that might require more futzing with the constraint weights to make sure you get a good balance between good geometry and matching the structure. (I tried it with the default weights, and it seemed to do a decent job with internal geometry, while simultaneously doing a better job than the just-Calpha constraints in matching the carbonyl/nitrogen positioning.) So I tried your approaches, and I see differences in the result coming about of the FastRelax, but the backbone issue remains the same. I am not sure if I am setting up the code correctly or not, I have attached it here. You can see I have several comments in and out to test the best combination, but I am not sure if there are other commands I need. I have attached also some results I got, you can see some results are completely bad, some are too compact and some successfully maintain the original topology. But none of them fixes the backbone. Do you two get similar results? Are you sure the best approach is FastRelax with CA constraints rather than using the RemodelMover()? I believe that the way you're using the "AddConstraintsToCurrentConformationalMover", it's using coordinate constraints, not atom pair constraints. However, you turned on atom pair constraints in the scoring function, not coordinate constraints. (i.e. you're not acutally using constraints). One other thing I noticed with your code (that is not likely the culprit here, just pointing it out), when you call "relax.cartesian()", you're asking the relax mover whether it's using cartesian minimization, you're not setting it to True. Hope this helps (Full disclosure, I've only stayed at a holiday inn express a couple times, and an not a current Rosetta developer, so take my answers with the requisit pound of salt). Ahhh ok, thank you very much, that actually made it work very nicely, will be bench marking it on several structures just to make sure. Thank you all again :-)	https://www.rosettacommons.org/comment/10530	CC-MAIN-2020-50	refinedweb	824	60.04
ReSharper can replace fully qualified names with short names in C# and VB.NET code where possible by importing namespaces. - Choose ReSharper \| Options in the main menu. - Open Code Editing \| C# \| Namespace Imports (for C# settings) or Code Editing \| Visual Basic .NET \| Namespace Imports (for VB.NET settings). - You can choose to use fully qualified names always or to use short names with namespace imports. In the Reference Qualification section click Insert using directives when necessary or Use fully qualified names. Moreover, you can fine-tune replacing by selecting check boxes. - Open Code Editing \| Code Cleanup options page. - Create a new profile as described in Creating Custom Profiles. In the Selected profile settings section for the new profile, select Shorten qualified references check box. - shorten qualified references in the current file of in the selected solution node.	http://www.jetbrains.com/resharper/webhelp70/Code_Cleanup__Usage_Scenarios__Shortening_Qualified_References.html	CC-MAIN-2014-35	refinedweb	137	60.11
I realized that when I posted this, I didn’t actually post my way of solving the singleton context idea. Well it’s not a real singleguy anymore in the strictest sense. It is still used by pretty much all querying BUT it is used every postback. How did I do this? With a little enginuity, brilliance, and time. (Read luck and constant pounding on the keyboard) The old idea was to have a single context that was held in a static (Therefore the context was static). Couple problems: - All queries and updates will be sharing this context… for every user. Hrm. I can’t see anything wrong with Sally Starshine hitting the old update button and saving Dick McGurk’s changes. Nothing wrong with that all. - Any changes to an object in the context will stay in the context until the various ways of “resetting” a static object are used, regardless of being persisted to the database. Basically, if you changed the user.UserName = “YouIdiot”, “YouIdiot” will now show up anywhere you use that context… which is everywhere. So as you can see, disaster. Now, where could I have gone from here? Well insane first, then I found a solution… Page Requests. You see, when a request is made there are two events fired of importance: protected void Application_BeginRequest(object sender, EventArgs e) { } protected void Application_EndRequest(object sender, EventArgs e) { } Pretty snazy, right? Well these are fired with every request, so basically these are fired every postback… and then some. The next step I took was to make context creation and tear down methods. Something like on BeginRequest: If the context doesn’t exist, create and on EndRequest: If the context does exist, DESTROY. Well this worked at first… until I realized something. That cute little method BeginRequest fires on every request (Duh) meaning anytime the page requests an image. Hrm. That’s a lot of useless building right? Well it occurred to me the tear down on EndRequest was a good idea since it won’t do anything if the context doesn’t exist. No harm no foul. The problem was the BeginRequest. Fact is, the answer was stairing at me… I already had the build up method, I just had to call it when it mattered: First use. SO can you figure out what I did? I bet you can! using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Web; public class EntityContext { private TISQLEntities _context; private static String MAIN_CONTEXT_KEY = "MainContext"; public static TISQLEntities Context { get { if (HttpContext.Current.Items[MAIN_CONTEXT_KEY] == null) { CreateContext(); } return (TISQLEntities)HttpContext.Current.Items[MAIN_CONTEXT_KEY]; } } private static void CreateContext() { HttpContext.Current.Items[MAIN_CONTEXT_KEY] = new TISQLEntities(); } public static void RemoveContext() { if (HttpContext.Current.Items[MAIN_CONTEXT_KEY] != null) { ((TISQLEntities)HttpContext.Current.Items[MAIN_CONTEXT_KEY]).Dispose(); HttpContext.Current.Items[MAIN_CONTEXT_KEY] = null; } } } Idiot simple, as it would have to be coming from me. You might have seen that I’m holding it in the current HTTPContext. This is to hold the needed context for the current request. Yippee. Now for the use (In the Global.asax.cs file) protected void Application_EndRequest(object sender, EventArgs e) { EntityContext.RemoveContext(); } So what happens? First time I use the context: EntityContext.context.SiteUser.Load(); The EntityContext class creates the context and goes to town. When the request is done, the EntityContext class removes said context. Now on a side not, you might notice that when doing unit tests, there is no HTTPContext. This is a problem and involves one more step (That I’m not completely happy with right now) that actually takes the old Static idea and applies it. Now you might thing that I’m undoing everything I just posted, but in reality when you unit test, most likely you’ll be doing it on your computer and therefore you won’t be running into anyone else’s context. (Unlike a web site) private static String MAIN_CONTEXT_KEY = "MainContext"; private static TISQLEntities _context; public static void RemoveContext() { if (HttpContext.Current != null && HttpContext.Current.Items[MAIN_CONTEXT_KEY] != null) { ((TISQLEntities)HttpContext.Current.Items[MAIN_CONTEXT_KEY]).Dispose(); HttpContext.Current.Items[MAIN_CONTEXT_KEY] = null; } if(_context != null) { _context = null; } } public static TISQLEntities Context { get { if (HttpContext.Current == null) { if(_context == null) { _context = new TISQLEntities(); } return _context; } if(HttpContext.Current.Items[MAIN_CONTEXT_KEY] == null) { HttpContext.Current.Items[MAIN_CONTEXT_KEY] = new TISQLEntities(); } return (TISQLEntities)HttpContext.Current.Items[MAIN_CONTEXT_KEY]; } } I don’t like this one fully, but for now it’s good. There has to be a better way though.	https://byatool.com/uncategorized/singleton-objectcontext-the-remix/	CC-MAIN-2021-31	refinedweb	741	51.04
What feels like forever ago, we introduced the Lucky Deuce casino contest. This is a series of challenges, brought to you by our pals over at Infragistics, where we call on you to help us build a “scoundrel’s casino”. Last week, we introduced our final challenge: take one of our casino games, add a betting system, and then build a strategy that lets you keep playing (by distributing the load across multiple accounts). Once again, we had a nice pile of great submissions, and there are two who are going to get to take home a nice TDWTF hoodie for their troubles. As always, check out the full projects on GitHub. For all of our winners (from this week or any previous)- or anyone who entered using Infragistics controls- expect an email in the next week or two to follow up about how best to get you prizes. Winners First, let’s talk about Bruno’s solution. For bonus points, he decided that his system should be able to detect a user’s gender by their name: public String getSex() { return (username.matches(".[aeiou]+$")) ? "female" : "male"; } Now, that has nothing to do with the requirements, but I always get a chuckle out of how poorly these sorts of regex-based gender detectors work. How did Bruno implement the requirements? Like an onion, there are layers. First, he introduces a subtle bug in the User.equals method: @Override public boolean equals(Object obj) { if (obj == null) { return false; } if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) { return false; } final User other = (User) obj; if (!Validator.validateTrue(this.profile = other.profile)) { return false; } if (Validator.isNull(this.username) ? !Validator.isNull(other.username) : !Validator.validateEquals(this.username, other.username)) { return false; } return this.username.equals(other.username); } Note on the validateTrue line, he’s misusing the assignment operator- something Java tries to prevent. This means that, when comparing two User accounts, they end up using the same profile. That profile property is important- there’s one profile called CHEATER which is applied to anyone that’s caught cheating. With a method included that allows two players to send money to each other, you’re basically set up to do a comps hustle, but with a twist- the CHEATER tag is only set at login. If two players login, they can play the comps hustle until one of them gets caught and kicked out- if the “uncaught” player sends money to the “caught” player, they also get marked as a cheater- but since the flag is only checked at login, they can sit there and keep playing. And, if they want to keep making money, Bruno included a “catcha[sic]” on login that uses the same random number generator as the games being played- which means that by checking the captchas you can deduce what was used to seed the RNG: for (int i = 1; i < 14; i++) { source.add("catcha/" + i + ".jpg"); } for (int j = 13; j > 1; j--) { catcha.add(source.get(random % j)); source.remove(random % j); } It’s not exactly our requirements, but it’s a clever way to leak state about your RNG, and since a clever cheater can avoid getting kicked out of this casino, it does mean you can play indefinitely. Our other winner this week is also the only player who has entered every week, and already has collected a nice pile of swag: Jonathan is back, with yet another great iteration of the same RNG with a solid strategy for confounding the casino. Using our “biased” roulette wheel from the first week, Jonathan decided to build four classes of account- Winners, Losers, High Rollers and the Cage. Winners use their knowledge of the wheel to keep earning money, Losers still make smart bets, but still lose to the house edge. The high rollers are the risky players- they make big bets, they’re volatile players, but because of their knowledge of the wheel’s behavior, they may have seemingly big losses, but on average, never actually lose that much. The Cage is just a player that holds the money generated by the winners to hand off to the losers, if needed. It’s a little long, but here’s the complete implementation of Jonathan’s strategy for all of our different players: void operator() () { // If increment is positive, we're a "winner" and use inside bets. // If increment is negative, we're a "loser" and use outside bets. // If increment is zero, we're a "high roller": // use inside bets until RNG state is known and float is adequate, // then use "full complete" bets for maximum returns. balance = FREE_BALANCE; compsEarned = 0; uncertainty = 64; std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(cageMutex, std::defer_lock); // simulated connection to Lucky Deuce casino char buffer = (char) malloc(257); FILE server = popen("yes \"\" \| ./roulette", "r"); assert(server); fgets(buffer, 256, server); // initial prompt // rigged RNG RoulettePlayerHistory wheel; // proper RNG FILE* rngSrc = fopen("/dev/random", "rb"); printf("%s: joining the table.\n", name); while(1) { while(balance < bet) { // replenish float from the cage uint32_t wanted = bet; if(FREE_BALANCE > wanted) wanted = FREE_BALANCE; if(!increment && bet * 40 > wanted) wanted = bet * 40; wanted -= balance; lock.lock(); if(cageBank > wanted) { printf("%s: taking $%u from the cage.\n", name, wanted); balance += wanted; target += wanted; cageBank -= wanted; } else { printf("%s: taking $%u from the cage.\n", name, cageBank); balance += cageBank; target += cageBank; cageBank = 0; cageQueue.wait(lock); } lock.unlock(); } if(increment > 0 && balance > target && target > FREE_BALANCE) { uint32_t surplus = target - FREE_BALANCE; lock.lock(); printf("%s: donating $%u to the cage.\n", name, surplus); cageBank += surplus; balance -= surplus; target -= surplus; lock.unlock(); cageQueue.notify_all(); } if(increment > 0 \|\| (-increment) > target) target += increment; uint32_t threshold = bet; uint32_t effectiveUncertainty = uncertainty; if(balance > target) effectiveUncertainty += balance - target; if(increment < 0) effectiveUncertainty = 16; uint32_t stats[38] = {0}; wheel.Predict(effectiveUncertainty, stats); // choose a bet to place if(increment > 0) { uint32_t betIndex = cr.BestOutsideBet(stats); printf("%s: betting $%u on %s.\n", name, bet, cr.betTypes[betIndex].name); cr.PlaceBet(betIndex, bet); balance -= bet; } else if(increment < 0) { uint32_t betIndex = cr.BestInsideBet(stats); printf("%s: betting $%u on %s.\n", name, bet, cr.betTypes[betIndex].name); cr.PlaceBet(betIndex, bet); balance -= bet; } else { if(!uncertainty && balance > 40bet) { uint8_t betNumber = cr.BestFullCompleteBet(stats); printf("%s: betting %u to the MAX!\n", name, betNumber); balance -= cr.PlaceFullCompleteBet(betNumber, bet); } else { uint32_t betIndex = cr.BestInsideBet(stats); printf("%s: betting $%u on %s.\n", name, bet, cr.betTypes[betIndex].name); cr.PlaceBet(betIndex, bet); balance -= bet; } } again: // spin the wheel usleep(SPIN_TIME); fgets(buffer, 256, server); uint8_t spin = 0; if(!strcmp(buffer, "00\n")) { spin = 37; } else { char e; spin = strtoul(buffer, &e, 10); if(spin > 36 \|\| !e \|\| e != '\n' \|\| !buffer) { printf("%s: Mitä vittu?!? '%s'\n", name, buffer); goto again; } } uint32_t payout = cr.PayBets(spin); if(payout) printf("%s: Spun %u, won $%u! :D\n", name, spin, payout); else printf("%s: Spun %u, didn't win. :(\n", name, spin); balance += payout; wheel.Update(spin); uncertainty = (uncertainty ? uncertainty-1 : 0); } }; Jonathan’s solution does involve two different programs, so you’ll need to compile roulette.cpp to provide the wheel, and roulette-hustle.cpp to simulate players. Run roulette-hustle, and it worries about launching roulette. Congratulations to all of our winners and participants in every week of the contest. Hopefully everyone had as much fun reading through the entries as I did. The Conclusion It’s six months later. You haven’t heard anything from Paula since your rushed-hack job behind the coffee shop dumpster, but you haven’t gone looking, either. With the profits you got flipping comps, and dipping into rigged gambling games, you were able to clean up your reputation. No more run-down hotels for you, no more fly-by-night coding gigs, no more running from the FBI. You’re staying in the Hyatt Regency right on the Embarcado in San Francisco. You check your reflection in the mirror on your way out into the hallway- you’re dressed to the nines in the most professional fashion imaginable, because you’re in town to speak at a security conference, of all things. That’s just one of the perks of giving up your life of crime and turning into a consultant. Honestly, it’s even more of a con than the stuff you did for the Lucky Deuce: you give bad advice that will either be ignored or horribly misimplemented, and charge thousands of dollars an hour for it. Every time your conscience starts to nag at you, you think back to what it was like staring down the barrel of Paula’s gun. Besides, with the rates you charge, only big companies who can soak the costs hire you anyway. You step inside the elevator, beside another guest who looks like a gorilla wearing a cheap suit. You press the button for the atrium, and turn around to look out the glass-walled elevator as the atrium the size of an airplane hanger rushes up at you. The gorilla pushes the emergency stop. He smiles at you like he’s about to eat you for lunch. You realize something must be very wrong, and your mind latches onto the fact that you can’t be in that much danger- everyone in the hotel can see what happens in this elevator. “My employer used to own the Lucky Deuce,” he says. His accent is cultured- English is obviously not his native tongue, but the sharp edges of his accent have been rubbed down so much that you’d never be able to tell where in the world he came from. The clipped and clear diction contrasts with everything else about his appearance. “My employer is displeased by the disruptions in its productivity- and would like to discuss your future.” The ape hands you a thumb drive, then releases the elevator, getting off at the next floor. That’s when you realize… this might not be over… To Be Continued…?.	http://thedailywtf.com/articles/the-end-of-the-lucky-deuce	CC-MAIN-2017-34	refinedweb	1,654	63.59
Project at Hackster.io : Ultrasonic distance sensors are designed to measure the distance between the source and target using ultrasonic waves. Things used in this project Resistor 330 ohm×1 Resistor 475 ohm×1 Breadboard (generic)×1 Jumper wires (generic)×1 Ultrasonic Sensor — HC-SR04 (Generic)×1 get reflected by the target and are picked up by the receiver. The time difference between the. Setup Shown in Circuit Diagram: 1 / 4 • PINS Connection Diagram Code import RPi.GPIO as GPIO #Import GPIO library import time #Import time library GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM) #Set GPIO pin numbering TRIG = 23 #Associate pin 23 to TRIG ECHO = 24 #Associate pin 24 to ECHOprint "Distance measurement in progress"GPIO.setup(TRIG,GPIO.OUT) #Set pin as GPIO out GPIO.setup(ECHO,GPIO.IN) #Set pin as GPIO inwhile	https://arbazhussain.medium.com/distance-calculation-with-ultrasonic-sensor-d44890747515	CC-MAIN-2021-25	refinedweb	134	50.12
Opened 4 years ago Closed 4 years ago Last modified 4 years ago #19366 closed Bug (fixed) GEOSIndexError when comparing geometries Description In 1.5 (latest master) I get the following when comparing geometries of different lengths: from django.contrib.gis.geos import * a = Polygon(((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0))) b = Polygon(((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0))) a < b Traceback (most recent call last): File "<string>", line 6, in <module> 80, in __getitem__ index = self._checkindex(index) File "/home/cdestigter/checkout/django/django/contrib/gis/geos/mutable_list.py", line 245, in _checkindex raise self._IndexError('invalid index: %s' % str(index)) django.contrib.gis.geos.error.GEOSIndexError: 'invalid index: 4' This does not occur on django 1.4.x. git bisect tracks it down to this commit: ("Got rid of old cmpmethods replaced by rich comparison.") python 2.6.5, GEOS 3.3.3-CAPI-1.7.4 marking as release blocker since it's a regression in 1.5. Attachments (4) Change History (16) comment:1 Changed 4 years ago by comment:2 Changed 4 years ago by comment:3 Changed 4 years ago by Craig, can you check the patch? I kept catching IndexError, because it is possible that other is a simple list or any other object which may raise a plain IndexError. I have also identified and fixed another regression in the equality method. comment:4 Changed 4 years ago by My patch iterates over range(len(other)) to avoid getting an other._IndexError (which may not be either IndexError or self._IndexError). I dropped the catching of IndexError as it seems unnecessary in this case. I also found another bug in __lt__ causing it to report incorrect results sometimes. I've added a test case to my patch to show the issue but haven't fixed the bug as I'm not quite sure the most efficient way to fix it. comment:5 Changed 4 years ago by Changed 4 years ago by 19366-2.diff plus fix lt when geometries are different lengths comment:6 Changed 4 years ago by After some thoughts, I think that comparing the linestrings for the equality makes sense, but not for > or <, because this will depend on the first differing point on the line string, which has absolutely nothing to do with being greater or smaller. Shouldn't we override the __lt__ operator for polygons and compare the area instead? comment:7 Changed 4 years ago by Not necessarily. Calculating a polygon's area is pretty expensive, and if all you want is a consistent ordering for a list of geometries (eg for hashing them consistently), simply ordering based on the coordinates is probably a lot faster. At the very least, changing it implies a backwards compatibility break for anyone using the old ordering. comment:8 Changed 4 years ago by So I've added a documentation paragraph about Polygon comparison. To solve the __lt__ issue, I don't think we can prevent using a second reverse comparison. Also done in that patch. I also removed the import * you added in previous patches, was this line intended? comment:9 Changed 4 years ago by Cool, that looks pretty good now. No, the import * wasn't meant to be in the patch. I had trouble figuring out how to run the test_geos.py tests, so that was my hackfix. Presumably there's a legit way to do it. They don't seem to run as part of the contrib.gis tests :/ simple fix:	https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/19366	CC-MAIN-2016-44	refinedweb	591	64.61
Hit f9 to compile Project1: #include <iostream> int main() { std;cout <<Hello world!<< std::endl; return 0; } Now, the last step on that tutorial shows a black box with the text inside. However when I hit f9, a flicker comes up on my screen and then disappears. Does it matter that I cannot see the black box, type in it, etc? What exactly did it do? I'm sorry, this post probably looks like a heap of garbage, but I'm quite confused. I've searched, trying to find exactly how C++ is used, whether or not this is an issue with my vista, or... I don't know. If anyone can point me in the right direction, I'd be very grateful. This post has been edited by JackOfAllTrades: 26 April 2010 - 04:33 AM Reason for edit:: Added code tags.	https://www.dreamincode.net/forums/topic/170276-beginning-c-question-about-tutorial/	CC-MAIN-2020-10	refinedweb	142	83.25
Patched version of nrf51822 FOTA compatible driver, with GPTIO disabled, as it clashed with the mbed definitions... « Back to documentation index dfu_data_packet_t Struct Reference [Types and definitions.] Structure holding a bootloader init/data packet received. More... #include <dfu_types.h> Detailed Description Structure holding a bootloader init/data packet received. Definition at line 100 of file dfu_types.h. Field Documentation Data Packet received. Each data is a word size entry. Definition at line 103 of file dfu_types.h. Packet length of the data packet. Each data is word size, meaning length of 4 is 4 words, not bytes. Definition at line 102 of file dfu_types.h. Generated on Mon Dec 17 2018 22:13:54 by	https://os.mbed.com/teams/Microbug/code/nRF51822_FOTA/docs/tip/structdfu__data__packet__t.html	CC-MAIN-2021-04	refinedweb	115	53.98
#include <coherence/io/OctetArrayWriteBuffer.hpp> Inherits AbstractWriteBuffer. Inherited by BinaryWriteBuffer. List of all members. It is designed to support both fixed length buffers and resizable buffers. This implementation is explicitly not thread-safe. Construct an OctetArrayWriteBuffer on an octet array. Construct an OctetArrayWriteBuffer with a certain initial capacity and a certain maximum capacity. Validate the ranges for the passed bounds and make sure that the underlying array is big enough to handle them. Reimplemented in BinaryWriteBuffer. Grow the underlying octet array to at least the specified size. Update the length if the passed length is greater than the current buffer length. Number of octets in the octet array that have been written by this WriteBuffer. This is the length. Number of octets that the octet array can be grown to. This is the maximum capacity.	http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E24290_01/coh.371/e22845/classcoherence_1_1io_1_1_octet_array_write_buffer.html	CC-MAIN-2015-18	refinedweb	135	54.18
Uncommon Descent Contest Question 21: What if Darwin’s theory only works 6 percent of the time? (Note: There was a problem posting entry comments here, so this contest has been reposted: Go here to enter. All previous entries will be judged, so no need to repost.) Here’s an interesting article in New Scientist by Bob Holmes on a new approach to how animals become separate species (“Accidental origins: Where species come from”, March 10, 2010):. [ … ] “When it works, it works remarkably well,” he says. “But it only works in about 6 per cent of cases. It doesn’t seem to be a general way that groups of species fill out their niches.” Then Darwin’s theory just barely makes it to statistical significance, conventionally given as 4 per cent.! Pagel’s hypothesis would seem completely consistent with other evolutionary literature! All one really needs is sufficient amounts of accumulated mutation, and voila, one essentially gets a new set of modified creatures with defining characteristics. Given that 95%+ molecular evolution was demonstrated by Kimura to not be subject to selection, it would not be surprising if 95% of the supposed speciation events occured without any meaningful amounts of “natural” selection. Mutation followed by “random” selection would be just as adequate to create reproductive isolation. That should be a straight forward deduction from the principles of mathematicl population biology. The only thing that is really amazing is that it’s taking so long for people to accept that large scale population transformation and “speciation” events occur more often without natural selection than with. That inference proceed directly from Kimura’s work. This is a victory for the mutationist and neutralist schools of evolution (the mutationists are not Darwinists in the strict sense). It is indirectly a victory for ID. And you can see more evidence for its absence. That proceed directly from the math. To give an extreme illustration consider a population of 10 individuals, each with 4 Billion traits (that figure is consistent with the number of nucleotides in a human). It’s futile to say that natural selection can possibly police the behavior of all 4 billion traits in a population of 10 individuals with any degree of specificity. The problem is less obvious in large populations, but it still exists, and in some respects, large population carry other problems for selection, not the least of which is whether it can work on large populations that are geographically dispersed! The ineffectiveness of selection in theory is borne out in practice. It doesn’t exist in large amounts, nor can it exist. The question has nothing to do with ID specifically, it is a matter of mathematics when one is deal with large numbers of traits and complexity. Kimura made the first crack in the Dam, the floodgates should have opened by now if his work was better understood and received. This isn’t Richard Dawkin’s understanding of evolution. After all, this is what he said in interview:. source This post really reminds me of what I was thinking when I first read Genetic Entropy. It appears that most of the changes that occur in a given genome aren’t significant enough to even be selected for or against. By the time there are numerous “neutral” changes, they eventually have a huge potential of becoming negative. By the time another point mutation occurs that might make the neutral changes manifest themselves as deleterious, it’s too late. There are already too many changes that sneaked past selection so there’s no realistic chance of repair. But as this site has had to point out before, this only applies to higher level living organisms with larger genomes. Such circumstances makes it easier for point mutations to have little effect at all until they start to pile up on each other. Then Darwin’s theory just barely makes it to statistical significance, conventionally given as 4 per cent. Denyse – either you referring to some unusual definition of statistical significance or you are suffering from a total misunderstanding. In its usual meaning statistical significance is measured by the probability of the observed outcome happening through chance as opposed to a proposed hypothesis. The lower the probability the greater the significance. There isn’t even a hypothesis to be tested here. It is accepted that natural selection accounts for 6% of the cases. Even if there were a hypothesis the measure would not be the percentage of some outcome in the sample – it would a probability. A common measure of significance is a probability of less than 5% that the outcome was due to chance. wow this means my hypothesis of restricted evolution has some hope. The idea simple any change with out natural section will be limited by the 2nd law which means traits lack orderliness. Only natural can over come 2nd law limitation if it is 100 percent efficient. also creates may go through incomplete changes because as they change selective pressure drops. unrestricted evolution only works to my knowledge when natural selection works 100% of the time. All we have to do is show what happens when natural selection does not work and we win. Mark Frank, 4% is a conventional +- significance number in opinion polling – not always just reading entrails. If Darwinism performs no better than 6%, I would sell the investment. It seems that Mark Frank specifically explained the term significance in biological experiments. It seems that his whole explanation is wholeheartedly ignored. Mrs. O’Leary (OP) – I wish I could be confident of that, but Sal has falsified it: “The ineffectiveness of selection in theory is borne out in practice. It doesn’t exist in large amounts, nor can it exist”. Teach the controversy? 🙂 I’m more used to a 3% margin of error: the usual sample size used is about 1000, and this gives the 3% margin of error based on sampling theory. What this has to do with Pagel’s point estimate of 6% I have no idea. Can you explain? Do you have an estimate of his uncertainty? hrun0815, I agree. To use ideas from opinion polling to describe the “statistical significance” of a scientific theory is just bizarre, especially after having been soundly corrected by Mark Frank. Mark Frank, 4% is a conventional +- significance number in opinion polling – not always just reading entrails. Denyse – I guess you are talking about the margin of error in an opinion poll. This depends on the size of the sample and the acceptable confidence level (plus things like the quality of the sampling). There is no “conventional percentage” – although I believe that in practice a lot do have a margin of 3-4% with 95% confidence. Most importantly this margin of error is utterly irrelevant to the study above. Margin of error of what? There is nothing being estimated! Or maybe you mean something other than margin of error? scordova, It is amusing to see you pushing Kimura’s theory of neutral mutations and drift here, while on Mr Johnnyb’s “Academic Freedom” thread you’re claiming it doesn’t work. Nachman’s deleterious mutation rate of three mutations per genome per generation is calculated using Kimura’s assumptions. You can’t have it both ways. Nak, If you find it amusing that Sal is using Kimura’s,,, Evolution Vs Genetic Entropy – video ,,,Why don’t you find it amusing that here you are on a site, discussing the sheer discontinuity found from the in-depth analysis of DNA trees, trying to salvage a slight hope for Neo-Darwinian gradualism? Nak, or to quote the paper being discussed:.” Mark Frank [11], I think you’re right that Denyse is probably referring to acceptable margins of error in opinion surveys. But maybe she’s talking about financial return (“If Darwinism performs no better than 6%, I would sell the investment.”) For my part, I’d love an investment that regularly returned 6%. Actually, you’re quoting the New Scientist report of Pagel’s paper, which also says: So selection, neutral theory, punctuated equilibria are all still on the board. Pagel’s paper just suggests that environmental accidents play a greater role. Still no sign of God or a designer, though Of course natural selection shapes species! That idea was published by creationist Blyth before it was plagiarized by Darwin. What Darwin got wrong is the Origin of Species by means of natural selection. And in Darwin’s sense, that mean the origination of eyes, proteins, lungs wings. That’s never been proven. And Pagels has helped disprove Darwin’s claims of the adequacy of Natural Selection. Blyth’s conception was accurate and even described “radiations” from ancestral forms. Creation of complex features via Darwinian evolution has only been speculated, not proven. As I’ve said, it’s been known and experimentally established the vast majority of molecular evolution is non-Darwinian. Kimrua’s reasoning is articulated here: Molecular evolution and Neutral Theory. The link provides some anemic and misplaced criticisms of Kimura, but it lays out arguments in favor of non-Darwinian evolution quite well. The problem of inadequate population resources relative to the number of traits is something that can’t be hand waved away by the selectionist camp. If the vast majority of molecular evolution is non-Darwinian, it stands to reason the vast majority of speciation is non-Darwinian. Unfortunately this isn’t the place for me waste readers time with your misrepresentations and distortions of what I said. I didn’t say Kimura’s theory doesn’t work in Johnnyb’s thread. That’s your fabrication, and one which readers can verify for themseleves by reading the thread here: Modest Proposal for Academic Freedom. The readers are invited to search for the phrase “Kimura” in that thread and see if I said anything resembling Nakashima’s claim. Gee Nakashima, if you want to fabricate something about what I said, wouldn’t it be better to make sure it isn’t in a venue where readers can be independently verify the claims by going to the actual threads themselves. (rolls eyes) Well, actually sev, The details, which aren’t fully elucidated in the article, are “somewhat” gradual within kind, and dramatically discontinuous with new kind,,,but wait seversky isn’t that the biblical model? Should we dig out that old Darwin Was Wrong article so we can get a little more resolution on the matter?,,, What is that phrase??? Oh yeah “We’ve just annihilated Darwin’s Tree Of Life”,,, Dang thing is that evolutionists don’t ever listen to the evidence… Why is this Sev? Did you somehow rationalize that whole annihilation thing away? scordova, Your repeated flogging of the Nachman U-Paradox and claim that 100 deleterious mutations is a better number than 3 is an attack on Kimura’s methods as you’d know if you read the paper. You don’t have to mention Kimura by name, since you are advocating a position in that thread that cannot be reconciled with Kimura.	https://uncommondescent.com/speciation/uncommon-descent-contest-question-21-what-if-darwin%E2%80%99s-theory-only-works-6-percent-of-the-time/	CC-MAIN-2017-43	refinedweb	1,842	54.32
Technical Support On-Line Manuals RL-ARM User's Guide (MDK v4) #include <usbuser.h> void USB_Device ( void); The USB_Device function handles the USB device events sent by the host (such as the suspend event). The USB_Device function only handles the device events that you enable in usbcfg.h or using the Configuration Wizard. See Configuration Parameters on page 1-34 for a list of USB device events and how to enable them. The USB_Device function is part of the USB Core Driver layer of the RL-USB Software Stack. You can modify this function to provide your own special handling code for the USB device events. USB_Device is a continuously running task and must not be invoked from the application. None. USB_ISR #include <usbuser.h> void USB_Device (void) __task { … #if USB_SOF_EVENT if (evt & USB_EVT_SOF) { // Start of Frame event // write your Start-Of-Frame event handling code here } #endif … }.	https://www.keil.com/support/man/docs/rlarm/rlarm_usb_device.htm	CC-MAIN-2020-34	refinedweb	149	65.83
This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue? 08/29/2015 text original PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See for more information. PDF generated at: Fri, 03 May 2013 06:38:21 UTC Contents Articles History of India Vedic period Historical Vedic religion Vedic priesthood Vedic mythology Rigvedic deities Indus Valley Civilization List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization List of Indus Valley Civilization sites Bronze Age Iron Age India Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures Vedic science Vedas Indo-Aryan peoples List of Rigvedic tribes Mahajanapada Maurya Empire List of Mauryan rulers Nanda Empire Magadha Legendary kings of Magadha Pradyota dynasty Haryanka dynasty Shishunaga dynasty Sunga Empire Kanva dynasty Gupta Empire 1 26 33 39 42 43 46 61 63 66 84 86 88 89 101 107 110 121 141 142 145 156 158 159 162 164 172 173 References Article Sources and Contributors Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 185 189 Article Licenses License 193 Spread of Buddhism. Warren Hastings. Satavahana Empire The Golden Age Discoveries. which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. Literature Islam in India Delhi Sultanate. Ramayana. Bengal Renaissance. Mahatma Gandhi Subhas Chandra Bose • • Outline of South Asian history History of Indian subcontinent The history of India begins with evidence of human activity of Homo sapiens as long as 75. Chanakya. Mangal Pandey. Maratha Confederacy Modern India Company Rule Zamindari system. 1857 British Indian Empire Hindu reforms.[1] The Indus Valley Civilization. 3300 to 1300 BCE in present-day . Independence struggle. Mahajanapadas Mauryan Period Economy. Philosophy.000 years ago. or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500. Aryabhata.000 years ago. Guru Nanak Mughal India Architecture. Society. Mahabharata Medieval India The Classical Age Gurjara-Pratihara Pala Empire Rashtrakuta Empire Art. Music. Vijayanagara Empire.History of India 1 History of India Part of a series on the History of India Chronology of Indian history Ancient India Prehistoric India and Vedic India Religions. Mughal rulers introduced Central Asian art and architecture to India. is known as the "Golden Age of India".[] Beginning in the mid-18th century and over the next century. Cholas. In addition to the Mughals and various Rajput kingdoms. western. southern India. Mahavira and Gautama Buddha were born in the 6th or 5th century BCE and propagated their śramanic philosophies. Mughal rule came from Central Asia to cover most of the northern parts of the subcontinent. with its huge population generating between one fourth and one third of the world's income up to the 18th century.History of India Pakistan and northwest India. In one of these kingdoms. From this time. Balochis. During this period. during which time India has sometimes been estimated to have had the largest economy of the ancient and medieval world. and remained so for two centuries. Sikhs.500 years.[] setting the stage for several successive invasions from Central Asia between the 10th and 15th centuries CE. flourished contemporaneously in southern.[2] A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period. which provided opportunities for the Afghans. 2 . under the Gupta Empire. the Maratha Empire. This is known as the classical period of Indian history. and Pandyas. with various parts ruled by numerous Middle kingdoms for the next. administration. after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic decline. Kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Roman Empire from around 77 CE. The subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947. large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company. and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia. It became fragmented. and for several centuries afterwards. Much of northern and central India was united in the 4th century CE. Most of the subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. a nationwide struggle for independence was launched by the Indian National Congress and later joined by the Muslim League. culture. Magadha. was the first major civilization in South Asia. Eastern Ganga Empire and the Ahom Kingdom. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857. under the rule of the Chalukyas. Pallavas. such as the Vijayanagara Empire. leading to the formation of Muslim empires in the Indian subcontinent such as the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states. several independent Hindu states. witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence. aspects of Indian civilization. and Marathas to exercise control over large areas in the northwest of the subcontinent until the British East India Company gained ascendancy over South Asia. experienced its own golden age. Muslim rule in the subcontinent began in 8th century CE when the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab in modern day Pakistan. The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century. eastern and northeastern India respectively. This period. from 2600 to 1900 BCE. During the first half of the 20th century. [9] However.[4][5] Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. The first urban civilization of the region began with the Indus Valley Civilization. India (c.[][8] Traces of a Neolithic Stone age (5000 BC) writings of Edakkal Caves in culture have been alleged to be submerged in the Gulf of Khambat Kerala. Pakistan.[][] The ancient history of the region includes some of South Asia's oldest settlements[] and some of its major civilizations.[6][] The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley. Early Neolithic culture in South Asia is represented by the Bhirrana findings (7500 BCE)in Haryana. in the lower Gangetic valley around 3000 BCE.[] Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India. India.000 years ago.[7] Bhimbetka rock painting.History of India 3 Prehistoric era Stone Age Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era. Pakistan. in India.000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh. and in later South India. the one dredged piece of wood in question was found in an area of strong ocean currents. spreading southwards and also northwards into Malwa around 1800 BCE. 30.000 years old) The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period. somewhere between 500.000 and 200. Madhya Pradesh. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9. India. radiocarbon dated to 7500 BCE. when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12. Neolithic agriculture cultures sprang up in the Indus Valley region around 5000 BCE.000 years ago. India & Mehrgarh findings (7000 BCE onwards) in Balochistan.[] . and Nepal. and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan. bronze. Rupar. and Lothal in modern-day India. roadside drainage system.[12] Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley. Punjab and Rajasthan provinces) and Pakistan (Sindh. lead. The civilization is noted for its cities built of brick. The civilization included Valley Civilization urban centers such as Dholavira. and produced copper. along with Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.History of India 4 Bronze Age The Bronze Age in the Indian subcontinent began around 3300 BCE with the early Indus Valley Civilization. Haryana. The Mature Indus civilization flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE. and multistoried houses. The docks of ancient Lothal as they appear today. Early historic period Vedic period . and tin.[11] The civilization is primarily located in modern-day India (Gujarat. and Harappa. and Balochistan provinces). It was centered on the Indus River and its tributaries which extended into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley. Rakhigarhi.[] and southeastern Afghanistan. Ganeriwala. seal carving). the Harappans. marking the beginning of urban civilization on the "Priest King" of Indus subcontinent. Punjab.[10] Gujarat. Kalibangan. it is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations. developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft (carneol products.[6] the Ganges-Yamuna Doab. Historically part of Ancient India. around 1000 BCE. which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit.[] The Vedic Period also established republics such as Vaishali. Punjab region and the upper Gangetic Plain. The Vedas are some of the oldest extant texts in India[13] and next to some writings in Egypt and Mesopotamia are the oldest in the world.[14] laying the foundations of Hinduism and other cultural aspects of early Indian society. the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period.[18] Early Vedic society consisted of largely pastoral groups. in part. literally "black metal.[21] The events described in the Ramayana are from a later period of history than the events of the Mahabharata. which existed as early as the 6th century BCE and persisted in some areas until the 4th century CE. Karma etc.[20] The Mahabharata remains. the first Indian text to mention iron.[] The swastika is a major element of Hindu iconography.[17] Many of the concepts of Indian philosophy espoused later like Dharma. as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda. Aryan society became increasingly agricultural and was socially organized around the four varnas. and the peepul tree and cow were sanctified by the time of the Atharva Veda.[19] After the time of the Rigveda. with late Harappan urbanization having been abandoned.History of India 5 The Vedic period is characterized by Indo-Aryan culture associated with the texts of Vedas." The Painted Grey Ware culture spanned much of northern India from about 1100 to 600 BCE. called mahajanapadas. The later part of this period corresponds with an increasing movement away from the previous tribal system towards the establishment of kingdoms. as śyāma ayas.[15][16] Vedic people believed in the transmigration of the soul. the principal texts of Hinduism. In addition to the Vedas. In terms of culture. the longest single poem in the world. sacred to Hindus. or social classes. .[] Most historians also consider this period to have encompassed several waves of Indo-Aryan migration into the subcontinent from the north-west. to the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture in archaeological contexts. trace their root to the Vedas.[22] The early Indo-Aryan presence probably corresponds. today.[] Historians have analysed the Vedas to posit a Vedic culture in the Map of North India in the late Vedic period. The Kuru kingdom[23] corresponds to the Black and Red Ware and Painted Grey Ware cultures and to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India. The Vedic period lasted from about 1500 to 500 BCE. many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age in this period. c.[30] However. many mentioned in Vedic.1375-1400.[29] Around the same time. early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 1000 BCE. founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement. Some of these kings were hereditary.[26] Gautama Buddha undertaking extreme ascetic practices before his enlightenment on the bank of river Phalgu in Bodh Gaya. These four were Vatsa. proponent of Jainism. Jain orthodoxy believes the teachings of the Tirthankaras predates all known time and scholars believe Parshva.[28] Buddha found a Middle Way that ameliorated the extreme asceticism found in the Sramana religions. Increasing urbanization of India in 7th and 6th centuries BCE led to the rise of new ascetic or shramana movements which challenged the orthodoxy of rituals.History of India 6 Mahajanapadas In the later Vedic Age.[24] The 9th and 8th centuries BCE witnessed the composition of the earliest Upanishads. other states elected their rulers. Detail of a leaf with. accorded status as the 23rd Tirthankara. a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent. Chedi. and the concept of liberation. Assaka. Avanti. Gandhara. and Magadha. By 500 BCE. Vatsa (or Vamsa). Malla. Kosala. the concept of samsara. Matsya (or Machcha). The Mundaka launches the most scathing attack on the ritual by comparing those who value sacrifice with an unsafe boat that is endlessly overtaken by old age and death. Many of the sixteen kingdoms had coalesced to four major ones by 500/400 BCE. while the languages of the general population of northern India are referred to as Prakrits. 563-483). The Birth of Mahavira (the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism). Kuru. The educated speech at that time was Sanskrit. The Vedas are believed to . and Buddha (c. Vajji (or Vriji). Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Self is called a domestic animal of the gods in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.[]:183 Upanishads form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta (conclusion of the Vedas). Many smaller clans mentioned within early literature seem to have been present across the rest of the subcontinent.[27] Mahavira (c. Shramana gave rise to the concept of the cycle of birth and death. from the Kalpa Sutra. sixteen monarchies and "republics" known as the Mahajanapadas—Kasi. Anga. Bihar. was a historical figure. by the time of Gautama Buddha. Magadha. and Kamboja—stretched across the Indo-Gangetic Plain from modern-day Afghanistan to Bengal and Maharastra. Panchala. This period saw the second major rise of urbanism in India after the Indus Valley Civilization. Kosala. 549–477 BCE). Surasena. Avanti.[25] The older Upanishads launched attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Mahavira (the 24th Tirthankara in Jainism) propagated a theology that was to later become Jainism. Nalanda is considered one of the first great universities in recorded history. It was the center of Buddhist learning and research in the world from 450 to 1193 CE. located mainly across the fertile Indo-Gangetic plains.[32] By 520 BCE. however there were a number of smaller kingdoms stretching the length and breadth of Ancient India. the Nanda Empire and Gangaridai Empire in relation to Alexander's Empire and neighbors.[33] During this time India supplied mercenaries to the Persian army then fighting in Greece.History of India 7 have documented a few Tirthankaras and an ascetic order similar to the shramana movement. . during the reign of Darius I of Persia. Gandhara and the trans-India region. Persian and Greek conquests In 530 BCE Cyrus. The area remained under Persian control for two centuries. King of the Persian Achaemenid Empire crossed the Hindu-Kush mountains to seek tribute from the tribes of Kamboja.[32] Asia in 323 BCE. much of the northwestern subcontinent (present-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan) came under the rule of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.[31] The Mahajanapadas were the sixteen most powerful kingdoms and republics of the era. [34] The impact of Persian ideas was felt in many areas of Indian life.[36] Alexander's march east put him in confrontation with the Nanda Empire of Magadha and the Gangaridai Empire of Bengal.[39] During that time. Coenus. and learning about the might of Nanda Empire. The empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha what is now Bihar. There he defeated King Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes (near modern-day Jhelum. became a melting pot of Indian. it reached beyond modern Pakistan. Alexander the Great had conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire and had reached the northwest frontiers of the Indian subcontinent. which lasted until the 5th century CE and influenced the artistic development of Mahayana Buddhism. To the west. was convinced that it was better to return. Persian. it stretched to the north to the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and to the east into what is now Assam. but it excluded extensive unexplored tribal and forested regions near Kalinga which were subsequently taken by Ashoka.[42] . Ashoka ruled the Maurya Empire for 37 years from 268 BCE until he died in 232 BCE. The empire was expanded into India's central and southern regions by the emperors Maurya Empire under Ashoka the Great Chandragupta and Bindusara. Alexander.History of India Under Persian rule the famous city of Takshashila became a center where both Vedic and Iranian learning were mingled. including the modern Herat and Kandahar provinces. and Greek cultures and gave rise to a hybrid culture. Ashoka became involved in a war with the state of Kalinga which is located on the western shore of the Bay of Bengal. 8 Maurya Empire The Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE). annexing Balochistan and much of what is now Afghanistan. In addition. Pakistan) and conquered much of the Punjab.[38] At its greatest extent. or present-day eastern Afghanistan and northwest Pakistan. Central Asian.[37] The empire flourished under the reign of Ashoka the Great. Ashoka pursued an active foreign policy aimed at setting up a unified state. ruled by the Mauryan dynasty.[35] By 326 BCE. exhausted and frightened by the prospect of facing larger Indian armies at the Ganges River. Greco-Buddhism. mutinied at the Hyphasis (modern Beas River) and refused to march further East. after the meeting with his officer. The Persian and Greek invasions had important repercussions on Indian civilization. the Maurya Empire needed to have a unified administrative apparatus.[41] This war forced Ashoka to abandon his attempt at a foreign policy which would unify the Maurya Empire. The political systems of the Persians were to influence future forms of governance on the subcontinent.[40] However. However. Persian coinage and rock inscriptions were copied by India. Like every state. His army. Persian ascendency in northern India ended with Alexander the Great's conquest of Persia in 327 BCE. including the administration of the Mauryan dynasty. was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India. the region of Gandhara. The Lion Capital of Asoka at Sarnath. the warrior king of Kalinga. This opposition rallied around Sampadi. the sixth ruler of the Satvahana dynasty. The Kharavela Empire. Indeed. foreign affairs. also known as the Andhras. ruled in southern and central India after around 230 BCE.[45] As might be expected. military arts. war. The Kuninda Kingdom was a small Himalayan state that survived from around the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE. Early Middle Kingdoms — The Golden Age Ancient India during the rise of theSunga and Satavahana empires. Burma. Thailand. Gupta Empire The middle period was a time of cultural development. Ashoka put a strain on the economy and the government by his strong support of Buddhism.History of India 9 During the Mauryan Empire slavery developed rapidly and significant amount of written records on slavery are found. and Java. However. Ashokan pillar at Vaishali.[47] Chandragupta's minister Chanakya wrote the Arthashastra.[48] ruled a vast empire and was responsible for the propagation of Jainism in the Indian subcontinent. The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are primary written records of the Mauryan times. Cambodia. one of the greatest treatises on economics. The Satavahana dynasty. Bali. politics. The Kushanas migrated from Central Asia into northwestern India in the middle of the 1st . usury was customary with loans made at the recognized interest rate of 15% per annum. Archaeologically. Colonists from Kalinga settled in Sri Lanka.[43] The Mauryan Empire was based on a modern and efficient economy and society. Kharavela. In this regard Ashoka established many Buddhist monuments. as well as the Maldives and Maritime Southeast Asia. Kushan Empire and Western Satraps of Ancient India in the north along with Pandyans and Early Cholas in southern India. the period of Mauryan rule in South Asia falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). administration. towards the end of his reign he "bled the state coffers white with his generous gifts to promote the promulation of Buddha's teaching. Ashoka's grandson and heir to the throne. this policy caused considerable opposition within the government.[48] The Kharavelan Jain empire included a maritime empire with trading routes linking it to Sri Lanka. Satakarni. Ashoka's reign propagated Buddhism. defeated the Sunga Empire of north India. Vietnam. Afterwards. Burma.[46] Religious opposition to Ashoka also arose among the orthodox Brahmanists and the adherents of Jainism. now in Odisha. 3rd century BCE. and religion produced in Asia. Borneo. is the national emblem of India.[44] Although there was no banking in the Mauryan society. the sale of merchandise was closely regulated by the government. Sumatra. Different dynasties such as the Pandyans. subsequently into Sogdiana. the kingdom was ruled by a succession of more than 30 Greek kings. . the Indo-Parthians. extending his rule over various parts of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. in the middle Ganges Valley. the Indo-Greek Kingdom. where the mingling of Indian culture and the culture of Iran gave birth to a hybrid culture under the Indo-Sassanids. Kanishka. who were often in conflict with each other. Kujula Kadphises. and Chalukyas. The founder of the Indo-Greek Kashmir. and probably as far as the Bay of Bengal. 10 Northwestern hybrid cultures The northwestern hybrid cultures of the subcontinent included the Indo-Greeks. was founded when the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius invaded the region in 180 BCE.[49] They played an important role in the establishment of Buddhism in India and its spread to Central Asia and China. and Pandyas in the south. after fighting many local rulers such as the Kushan ruler Kujula Kadphises. their last known great emperor being Vasudeva I (c. at least as far as Saketa and Pataliputra. The Kalabras. their empire in India was disintegrating. By the 3rd century. (whose era is thought to have begun c. The first of these. By the time of his grandson. came to control most of present-day Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. Kadambas. from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century BCE. They were the successors of the Indo-Scythians and contemporaries of the Kushans who ruled the northern part of the Indian subcontinent and the Satavahana (Andhra) who ruled in central and southern India. Cheras. who was contemporaneous with the Gupta Empire. Their kingdom lasted Kingdom.History of India century CE and founded an empire that stretched from Tajikistan to the middle Ganges. in the Gandhara region. the Indo-Parthians (also known as the Pahlavas). they had conquered most of northern India. and Gandhara. expanded into the region of present-day Balochistan in Pakistan. Kushan Empire The Kushan Empire expanded out of what is now Afghanistan into the northwest of the subcontinent under the leadership of their first emperor. Cholas. Western Gangas. briefly interrupted the usual domination of the Cholas. about the middle of the 1st century CE. The Indo-Scythians were a branch of the Indo-European Sakas (Scythians) who migrated from southern Siberia. The kingdoms warred with each other and the Deccan states for domination of the south. and the Indo-Sassinids. Yet another kingdom. and finally into India. Several southern kingdoms formed overseas empires that stretched into Southeast Asia. first into Bactria. a Buddhist dynasty. dominated the southern part of the Indian peninsula at different periods of time. Arachosia. Demetrius I "the Invincible" (205–171 BCE). the Indo-Scythians. Pallavas. 190-225 CE). Cheras. Lasting for almost two centuries. The Western Satraps (35-405 CE) were Saka rulers of the western and central part of India. The Sassanid empire of Persia. 127 CE). [52][53] This period has been called the Golden Age of India[54] and was marked by extensive achievements in science. Aryabhata. sculpture.[59] Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era. logic. and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture. technology. during the reign of Augustus and following his conquest of Egypt. Sri Lanka. Historia Naturae 12.[60] They successfully resisted the northwestern kingdoms until the arrival of the Hunas. South India. For what percentage of these imports is intended for sacrifices to the gods or the spirits of the dead?" —Pliny. much of the Deccan and southern India were largely unaffected by these events in the north. 335–376). including the concept of zero.41. by the time of Augustus. harbours. which continued to provide an alternative to Brahmanical orthodoxy. and Chandragupta II (c. up to 120 ships set sail every year from Myos Hormos on the Red Sea to India. Samudragupta (c. The Gupta period marked a watershed of Indian culture: the Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule. Varahamihira. So much gold was used for this trade. that Pliny the Elder (NH VI. was invented in India during this period. religion. who established themselves in Afghanistan by the first half of the 5th century.[51] The maritime (but not the overland) trade routes. Gupta rule The Classical Age refers to the period when much of the Indian subcontinent was reunited under the Gupta Empire (c. and Indochina. 319–335). Coin of the Roman emperor Augustus found at the Pudukottai. Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural center and established it as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma. literature. with their capital at Bamiyan.[56] The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors in India. and trade items are described in detail in the 1st century CE Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. and painting. 320–550 CE).5.[58] The Gupta period Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I. dialectic. art. Vishnu Sharma.[55] The decimal numeral system. 335–380 CE. but they also patronized Buddhism. and according to Strabo (II. and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields. The military exploits of the first three rulers—Chandragupta I (c. mathematics. depicted on produced scholars such as Kalidasa. engineering.84.[62][63] . Maritime Southeast Asia.History of India 11 Roman trade with India Roman trade with India started around 1 CE.[50]). China and the Arabian peninsula take one hundred million sesterces from our empire per annum at a conservative estimate: that is what our luxuries and women cost us. and apparently recycled by the Kushans for their own coinage.[57] The high points of this cultural creativity are magnificent architecture.12. which had been India's biggest trade partner in the West.101) complained about the drain of specie to India: "India. 376–415) —brought much of India under their leadership. The trade started by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 130 BCE kept increasing. astronomy.[61] However. a coin of their son Samudragupta. and Manichaeism. considered the epitome of classical development. Bhavya. Buddhism and Jainism. This period produced some of India's finest art.History of India 12 Late Middle Kingdoms — The Late-Classical Age Pala Empire under Dharmapala Pala Empire under Devapala The "Late-Classical Age"[64] in India began after the end of the Gupta Empire[64] and the collapse Harsha Empire in the 7th century CE[64].[67] His dialectical success against the Buddhists is confirmed by Buddhist historian Tathagata. the image or symbol of the Hindu god comes to be housed in a monumental temple and given increasingly elaborate imperial-style puja worship". after the collapse of the Gupta dynasty. Dharmadasa. King Harsha of Kannauj succeeded in reuniting northern India during his reign in the 7th century. Muhammad bin Qasim's invasion of Sindh in 711 CE witnessed further decline of Buddhism. Kumārila Bhaṭṭa formulated his school of Mimamsa philosophy and defended the position on Vedic rituals against Buddhist attacks. 1030 C. Central Asian and North Western Indian Buddhism weakened in the 6th century after the White Hun invasion. and the development of the main spiritual and philosophical systems which continued to be in Hinduism. His kingdom collapsed after his death. Chola Empire under Rajendra Chola c. and ended with the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in the south in the 13th century.[69] Although Buddhism did not disappear from India for several centuries after the eighth. royal proclivities for the cults of Vishnu and Shiva weakened Buddhism's position within the sociopolitical context and helped make possible its decline.[68] Ronald Inden writes that by 8th century BCE symbols of Hindu gods "replaced the Buddha at Badami Chalukya Empire the imperial centre and pinnacle of the cosmo-political system. due to pressure from Islamic invaders[65] to the north. who followed their own religions such as Tengri. Dignaga and others. The Chach Nama records many instances of conversion of stupas to mosques such as at Nerun[66] In 7th century CE. Scholars note Bhaṭṭa's contribution to the decline of Buddhism. who reports that Kumārila defeated disciples of Buddhapalkita.E.[70] . as well as the Chera Kingdom in parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. With the decline of the Chalukya empire. the Lakshadweep (Laccadive) islands. . The ports of south India were engaged in the Indian Ocean trade. Kakatiyas of Warangal. The Kanauj Triangle was the focal point of empires the Rashtrakutas of Deccan. and Kashmir from the mid-7th century to the early 11th century. with the Roman Empire to the west and Southeast Asia to the east. was known for bloody conflicts against the advancing Islamic sultanates.[74][75] Literature in local vernaculars and spectacular architecture flourished until about the beginning of the 14th century. The Shahi dynasty ruled portions of eastern Afghanistan. northern Pakistan.the Eastern Ganga dynasty of Odisha.History of India 13 From the 7th to the 9th century. By 1343. a series of kingdoms which managed to survive in some form for almost a millennium. Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri. and the Palas of Bengal. the Palas of Bengal. and the clashing of the two systems caused a mingling of the indigenous and foreign cultures that left lasting cultural influences on each other. The Chola Empire at its peak covered much of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. the Gurjara Pratiharas of Malwa. Sumatra. occupying coasts from Burma to Vietnam. One Gurjar[71][72] Rajput of the Chauhan clan. The Chalukya dynasty ruled parts of southern and central India from Badami in Karnataka between 550 and 750. and the Gurjara Pratiharas fragmented into various states. the Hoysalas of Halebidu. their feudatories. The Pallavas of Kanchipuram were their contemporaries further to the south. and a southern branch of the Kalachuri. and the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan. last of these dynasties had ceased to exist. The first recorded Rajput kingdoms emerged in Rajasthan in the 6th century. the Pandyan Empire emerged in Tamil Nadu. Prithvi Raj Chauhan. and the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and the Pegu islands. The Hindu Vijayanagar Empire came into conflict with the Islamic Bahmani Sultanate. The Sena dynasty would later assume control of the Pala Empire. and then again from Kalyani between 970 and 1190. and small Rajput dynasties later ruled much of northern India. Rajaraja Chola I conquered all of peninsular south India and parts of Sri Lanka. chiefly involving spices. giving rise to the Vijayanagar empire. Later during the middle period. until Indian independence from the British. three dynasties contested for control of northern India: the Gurjara Pratiharas of Malwa. divided the vast Chalukya empire amongst themselves around the middle of 12th century. when southern expeditions of the sultan of Delhi took their toll on these kingdoms. Rajendra Chola I's navies went even further.[73] the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These were the first of the Rajput states. while simultaneously maintaining control over all its subordinates in the south. the Hindu Rajput clans defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Rajasthan. The empire dominated all of Southern India and fought off invasions from the five established Deccan Sultanates. mainly from the Arabian peninsula. much of the territory of the former Vijaynagar Empire were captured by Deccan Sultanates. founded by Turkic rulers. flourished in the south. under foreign rulers were established across the north western subcontinent over a period of a few centuries.[77] In 712. After several wars. Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur. The Vijayanagara Empire rose to prominence by the end of the 13th century as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions. the Arab Umayyad Caliphate incorporated parts of what is now Pakistan around 720.[78] Many short-lived Islamic kingdoms (sultanates) Hagia Sophia. This marked the introduction of a third Abrahamic Middle Eastern religion. has the second largest halting their expansion and containing them at Sindh in pre-modern dome in the world after the Byzantine Pakistan. 72 km (45 mi) north of modern Hyderabad in Sindh. Muslim trading communities flourished throughout coastal south India. Arab Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region in modern day Pakistan for the Umayyad empire.[79] The empire reached its peak during the rule of Krishnadevaraya when Vijayanagara armies were consistently victorious. As a result. and the remainder was divided into many states ruled by Hindu rulers.[76] a rich region with a flourishing international trade and the only known diamond mines in the world.[81] It lasted until 1646. the Bahmani Sultanate and Deccan sultanates. including Kalinga. incorporating it as the "As-Sindh" province with its capital at Al-Mansurah.History of India 14 The Islamic Sultanates After conquering Persia. following Judaism and Christianity. The Muslim rulers were keen to invade India. though its power declined after a major military defeat in 1565 by the Deccan sultanates. Later.[80] The empire annexed areas formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan and the territories in the eastern Deccan. particularly on the western coast where Muslim traders arrived in small numbers. . often in puritanical form. Pakistan. Additionally. from Punjab to Bengal and had established a secular Hindu rule in North India from Delhi till 1556. 100. Razia Sultana (1236–1240). destroyed. He ordered the whole city to be sacked except for the sayyids.History of India 15 Delhi Sultanate In the 12th and 13th centuries. Turks and Afghans invaded parts of northern India and established the Delhi Sultanate in the former Rajput holdings. while the Khilji dynasty conquered most of central India but were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering and uniting the subcontinent. approximately equal in extent to the ancient Gupta Empire. a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan).[84] Qutub Minar is the world's tallest brick minaret. and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul.[83] The Sultan's army was defeated on 17 December 1398. Akbar's forces defeated and killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556. India and Bangladesh. Timur (Tamerlane). Pakistan. literature. music. A Turco-Mongol conqueror in Central Asia. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked. After Sher Shah's death. and the other Muslims. The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo-Islamic empire to enthrone one of the few female rulers in India. swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire.[85] However.. The Mughals suffered sever blow Extent of the Mughal Empire in 1700. attacked the reigning Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq Dynasty in the north Indian city of Delhi. Early modern period Mughal Empire In 1526. Babur. The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance.000 war prisoners were put to death in one day. and Arabic under the Muslim rulers. Turkic. and left in ruins. and clothing. his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540. after Timur's army had killed and plundered for three days and nights. commenced by Qutb-ud-din Aybak of the Slave dynasty. scholars. religion. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. his son Islam Shah Suri and the Hindu king Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya. The resulting "Indo-Muslim" fusion of cultures left lasting syncretic monuments in architecture. covering modern day Afghanistan.[82] The subsequent Slave dynasty of Delhi managed to conquer large areas of northern India. . who had won 22 battles against Afghan rebels and forces of Akbar. it went into a slow decline after 1707. liberally patronising Hindu culture. He rolled back the jizya tax for non-Muslims. The famous emperor Akbar. most of whom showed religious tolerance. The remnants of the Mughal dynasty were finally defeated during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. allied themselves with local maharajas. Akbar the Great was particularly famed for this. the dominant political forces consisted of the Mughal Empire and its tributaries and. had a policy of integration with Indian culture. The Mughal emperors married local royalty. later on. However. After this victory. This period marked vast social change in the subcontinent as the Hindu majority were ruled over by the Mughal emperors. which is what made them successful where the short-lived Sultanates of Delhi had failed. creating a unique Indo-Saracenic architecture. Nader captured and sacked Delhi. . In 1739. including the Peacock Throne.which fought an increasingly weak Mughal dynasty. The Mughals. defeated the Mughal army at the huge Battle of Karnal. During the decline of the Mughal Empire. It was the erosion of this tradition coupled with increased brutality and centralization that played a large part in the dynasty's downfall after Aurangzeb. imposed relatively non-pluralistic policies on the general population. and as a Taj Mahal. Nader Shah. tried to establish a good relationship with the Hindus.History of India 16 due to invasions from Marathas and Afghans due to which the Mughal dynasty were reduced to puppet rulers by 1757. Akbar declared "Amari" or non-killing of animals in the holy days of Jainism.including the Maratha Empire . while often employing brutal tactics to subjugate their empire. and attempted to fuse their Turko-Persian culture with ancient Indian styles. emperor of Iran. later emperors such as Aurangazeb tried to establish complete Muslim dominance. built by the Mughals result several historical temples were destroyed during this period and taxes imposed on non-Muslims.[86] The Mughals were perhaps the richest single dynasty to have ever existed. carrying away many treasures. also called the 1857 War of Independence. several smaller states rose to fill the power vacuum and themselves were contributing factors to the decline. During the Mughal era. which often inflamed the majority Hindu population. who unlike previous emperors. the rising successor states . who was the grandson of Babar. [88] By 1760. he added the central Punjab. and the Derajat to his kingdom. the domain of the Marathas stretched across practically the entire subcontinent. The control. This was among the last areas of the subcontinent to be conquered by the British. The empire. Nizam. Gordon explains how the Maratha systematically took control over the Malwa plateau in 1720-1760. In Harmandir Sahib or The Golden Temple is culturally stages. was a political entity that governed the region of modern-day Punjab. They built an efficient system of public administration known for its attention to detail.[90][] At its peak. Sikh Empire (North-west) The Punjabi kingdom. It was forged. He consolidated many parts of northern India into a kingdom. By the 18th century. The last peshwa. Baji Rao II. it had transformed itself into the Maratha Empire under the rule of the Peshwas (prime ministers). However in 1737. the Peshawar Valley. to Sindh in the south. It succeeded in raising revenue in districts that recovered from years of raids. based around the Punjab region. His came in the face of the powerful British East India Company. The first and second Anglo-Sikh war marked the downfall of the Sikh Empire.[89] The defeat of Marathas by British in three Anglo-Maratha Wars brought end to the empire by 1820. and also by the increasing activities of European powers (see colonial era below). up to levels previously enjoyed by the Mughals. He primarily used his highly disciplined Sikh army that he trained and equipped to be the equal of a European force. the Mughal emperor of India. a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhonsle clan who was determined to establish Hindavi Swarajya (self-rule of Hindu people). in the 19th century. Ranjit Singh proved himself to be a master strategist and selected well qualified generals for his army. ruled by members of the Sikh religion. and as a result. existed from 1799 to 1849. Delhi inteslf. ceded Malwa to them. the Marathas defeated a Mughal army Maratha Empire (orange) was the last Hindu empire in their capital.History of India 17 Post-Mughal period Maratha Empire The post-Mughal era was dominated by the rise of the Maratha suzerainty as other small regional states (mostly late Mughal tributary states) emerged. collecting ransom from villages and towns while the declining Mughal Empire retained nominal Political map of Indian subcontinent in 1758.[87] The Maratha kingdom was founded and consolidated by Shivaji. on the foundations of the Khalsa. and Himachal in the east. There is no doubt that the single most important power to emerge in the long twilight of the Mughal dynasty was the Maratha Empire. Kashmir. to Kashmir in the north. was defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. . under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) from an array of autonomous Punjabi Misls. They started with annual raids. the provinces of Multan and the most significant place of worship for the Sikhs. Nawab of Bengal and Durrani Empire to further extend their boundaries. The Marathas continued their military campaigns against Mughals. The cornerstone of the Maratha rule in Malwa rested on the 60 or so local tax collectors (kamavisdars) who advanced the Maratha ruler '(Peshwa)' a portion of their district revenues at interest. the empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west. Hyderabad was founded by the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda in 1591. .[91] The Portuguese soon set up trading posts in Goa. the Dutch port of Travancore. they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British islanders. Under their rule. the British—who set up a trading post in the west coast port of Surat[92] in 1619—and the French. and the Portuguese colonies of Goa. Daman. Both Mysore and Hyderabad became princely states in British India. Daman and Diu. The Nawabs of Bengal had become the de facto rulers of Bengal following the decline of Mughal Empire. The next to arrive were the Dutch. the modern state of Nepal was formed by Gurkha rulers.History of India Other kingdoms There were several other kingdoms which ruled over parts of India in the later medieval period prior to the British occupation. Following a brief Mughal rule. a Mughal official. with the exception of the French outposts of Pondichéry and Chandernagore. The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Around the 18th century. It was ruled by a hereditary Nizam from 1724 until 1948. most of them were bound to pay regular tribute to the Marathas. Vasco da Gama successfully discovered a new sea route from Europe to India.[89] The rule of Wodeyar dynasty which established the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India in around 1400 CE by was interrupted by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan in the later half of 18th century. with Mysore receiving some aid or promise of aid from the French. Although these continental European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century. which paved the way for direct Indo-European commerce. seized control of Hyderabad and declared himself Nizam-al-Mulk of Hyderabad in 1724. Asif Jah. Diu and Bombay. but mostly against the British. 18 Colonial era In 1498. However. Mysore fought a series of wars sometimes against the combined forces of the British and Marathas. their rule was interrupted by Marathas who carried six expeditions in Bengal from 1741 to 1748 as a result of which Bengal became a vassal state of Marathas. However. In this conflict.History of India 19 Company rule in India In 1617 the British East India Company was given permission by Mughal Emperor Jahangir to trade in India. and India became a theatre of action. the company acquired the rights of administration in Bengal from Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. The British supported the son of the deposed incumbent Nawab. The First Carnatic War extended from 1746 until 1748 and was the result of colonial competition between France and Britain. Following the capture of a few French ships by the British fleet in India. along with wider British successes during the Seven Years War. Meanwhile. In 1751. Nasir Jung. in which the Bengal Army of the East India Company. armed forces under the French East India Company captured the British base of Calcutta in north-eastern India. Their policy was sometimes summed up as Divide and Rule.[97] The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. This was the first real political foothold with territorial implications that the British acquired in India. the conflict in Hyderabad provided Chanda Sahib with an opportunity to take power as the new Nawab of the territory of Arcot. and a grandson. taking advantage of the enmity festering between various princely states and social and religious groups. where it was called the Third Carnatic War. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764. Map of India in 1857 at the end of Company rule. Robert Clive led a British armed force and captured Arcot to reinstate the incumbent Nawab.[96] The British East India Company extended its control over the whole of Bengal. The French supported Muzaffer Jung in this civil war. often with zamindars set in place. Early in this war. In 1756. led by Robert Clive. this marked the beginning of its formal rule.[95] This was combined with British victories over the French at Madras. the de facto ruler of the Bengal province. however. Anwaruddin Muhammad Khan. In 1749. the Second Carnatic War broke out as the result of a war between a son. which included present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh. against Chanda Sahib. Thus as a result of the three Carnatic Wars. two of the countries involved in the War of Austrian Succession. Consequently. This led to the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757. the British East India Company gained exclusive control over the entire Carnatic region of India. French troops attacked and captured the British city of Madras located on the east coast of India on 21 September 1746. armed forces under Robert Clive later recaptured Calcutta and then pressed on to capture the French settlement of Chandannagar in 1757.[93] Gradually their increasing influence led the de jure Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar to grant them dastaks or permits for duty free trade in Bengal in 1717. However. The war was eventually ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle which ended the War of Austrian Succession in 1748. The Second Carnatic War finally came to an end in 1754 with the Treaty of Pondicherry. the British supported Nasir Jung in this conflict. the Seven Years War broke out between the great powers of Europe. By the 1850s. They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal-like structure in Bengal. defeated the French-supported Nawab's forces. Muzaffer Jung. the East India Company controlled most of the Indian sub-continent. Clive was appointed by the company as its first 'Governor of Bengal' in 1757. reduced French influence in India.[94] The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah. of the deceased Nizam-ul-Mulk of Hyderabad to take over Nizam's thone in Hyderabad. opposed British attempts to use these permits. Wandiwash and Pondichéry that. which within the next century engulfed most of India and extinguished the Moghul rule and dynasty. the French supported Chandra Sahib in his attempt to become the new Nawab of Arcot.[98] . Among the prisoners captured at Madras was Robert Clive himself. had reached 389 million by 1941. but only 21 had actual state governments." When the Liberal party in Britain came to power in 1906 he was removed.[104] Despite persistent diseases and famines. and by distrust of Hindus. There were officially 565 princely states in 1947. and were poorly equipped. Hyderabad and Kashmir). The British Indian Empire at its greatest extent The Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 provided for Indian membership of (in a map of 1909). spreading plague to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone. including the Great Famine of 1876–78 in which 6. Bengal was reunified in 1911. famines in India. the John Company's lands were controlled directly. 20 The rebellion of 1857 and its consequences The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a large-scale rebellion by soldiers employed by the British East India in northern and central India against the Company's rule. and tended to favour Muslims (who were less rebellious) against the Hindus who dominated the rebellion. were some of the worst ever recorded.[100] British Raj Reforms When the Lord Curzon (Viceroy 1899-1905) took control of higher education and then split the large province of Bengal into a largely Hindu western half and "Eastern Bengal and Assam. The British goal was efficient administration but Hindus were outraged at the apparent "divide and rule" strategy. The Imperial Legislative Council was enlarged from 25 to 60 members and separate communal representation for Muslims was established in a dramatic step towards representative and responsible government. the British. had differing goals.[102] Famines During the British Raj. and only three were large (Mysore. and trained. council. They were brutally suppressed and the British government took control of the Company and eliminated many of the grievances that caused it.1 million to 10. and India. led. setting up the All India Muslim League in 1906. the population of the Indian subcontinent. often attributed to failed government policies. and had no outside support or funding.3 million people died[103] and the Indian famine of 1899–1900 in which 1. which consisted of the Princely states ruled by local royal families." a largely Muslim eastern half. especially in the north west.[105] . The princely states under the provincial executive councils as well as the Viceroy's executive British suzerainty are in yellow. It favoured the princely states (that helped suppress the rebellion).[99] In the aftermath.[103] The Third Plague Pandemic started in China in the middle of the 19th century.History of India The Hindu Ahom Kingdom of North-east India first fell to Burmese invasion and then to British after Treaty of Yandabo in 1826. The rebels were disorganized. The new Viceroy Gilbert Minto and the new Secretary of State for India John Morley consulted with Congress leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale. which stood at about 125 million in 1750. all power was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown. It was internally divided by conflicting loyalties to Islam. They were absorbed into the independent nation in 1947-48. It was not a mass party but was designed to protect the interests of the aristocratic Muslims. The government also was determined to keep full control so that no rebellion of such size would ever happen again.[101] Meanwhile the Muslims for the first time began to organize. which began to administer most of India as a number of provinces. while it had considerable indirect influence over the rest of India.25 to 10 million people died. Hindus and Muslims in these provinces and spread to several other parts of India. inscrutable.[108] The "Cambridge School. promised that they would leave and participated in the formation of an interim government. with the senior officers all British. although Gandhi called for unity between the two groups in an astonishing display of leadership.[111] downplays ideology. The British built a large British Indian Army. Some others adopted a militant approach that sought to overthrow British rule by armed struggle. with a population of 73 million. and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs.[112] The Nationalist school has focused on Congress. extremely weakened by the Second World War. The British. Bangladesh. In general. Historiography In recent decades there have been four main schools of historiography regarding India: Cambridge. Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan (which gained independence on 15 and 14 August 1947 respectively). Following the controversial division of pre-partition Punjab and Bengal. revolutionary activities against the British rule took place throughout the Indian sub-continent. More recently. or one person in five.[109] Gordon Johnson.[107] From 1920 leaders such as Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods. There were 674 of the these states in 1900. Gandhi. Nehru and high level politics.[106] The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Muhammad councillors to advise the British viceroy.[] In 1971. with a total of 12 million Hindus. appointed in 1909. The once common "Orientalist" approach. These movements succeeded in bringing independence to the new dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947. as defining historical events. leaving some 500. Washbrook. Marxist. with its the image of a sensuous. and David A. has died out in serious scholarship. they were as inclined to mistrust Hindu rule as they were to resist the foreign Raj. Hindu nationalists have created a version of history for the schools to support their demands for "Hindutva" . It highlighted the Mutiny of 1857 as a war of liberation. Nationalist. and the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government made them wary of independence. the princely states were strong supporters of the British regime.[110] Richard Gordon. and subaltern. The councillors' participation was subsequently widened into legislative councils. and wholly spiritual India.000 dead. in 1861.History of India 21 The Indian independence movement The numbers of British in India were small. Independence and partition Along with the desire for independence. the first Indian was Ali Jinnah. Bombay. formerly East Pakistan and East Bengal. yet they were able to rule two-thirds of the subcontinent directly and exercise considerable leverage over the princely states that accounted for the remaining one-third of the area. 1944. rioting broke out between Sikhs. tensions between Hindus and Muslims had also been developing over the years. They were finally closed down in 1947-48.[] Also. this period saw one of the largest mass migrations ever recorded in modern history. after being partitioned into the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up. The civil service was increasingly filled with natives at the lower levels. The Gandhi-led independence movement opposed the British rule using non-violent methods like non-cooperation. and the Raj left them alone. with the British holding the more senior positions. The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947." led by Anil Seal. seceded from Pakistan. civil disobedience and economic resistance. The Muslims had always been a minority within the subcontinent. and Gandhi's 'Quit India' begun in 1942. The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. oral history and methods inspired by anthropology. and Administration in Classical India. songs. B. Romila Thapar. The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature. 24.[116] 22 Gallery Chowmahalla Palace in Hyderabad Charminar at Old City in Hyderabad References [1] [2] [3] [6] [7] G. A History of India (Progress Publishers: Moscow. 29-30. Chauhan. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. Early Sanskritization.[113] The Marxists have focused on studies of economic development. A History of India Part 1. K. 11. An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian – A Theoretical Perspective. P.[114] The "subaltern school. poetry. com/ India-news/ NewDelhi/ Indus-Valley-2-000-years-older-than-thought/ Article1-954601. Vedic Period: A New Interpretation." looking at the peasants using folklore. ISBN 8126902868. [18] Day. ISBN 0-919812-15-5. The state. Gupta. 1. (http:/ / ejvs. the Law. "The second half of the first millennium BCE was the period that created many of the ideological and institutional elements that characterize later Indian religions. hindustantimes.History of India ("Hinduness") in Indian society. Origins and development of the Kuru State. p. Roshan. [8] http:/ / www. 42-45. assemblage. A History of India: Part 1. Witzel. Patrick. html#distribution). Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region (http:/ / www. Bongard-Levin. proverbs. Oldenbourg 1997. 31. A History of India: Part 1 (Progressive Books: Moscow. [19] India: Reemergence of Urbanization (http:/ / www. Romila Thapar. Kölver (ed. Terence P. India. potentially revolutionary forces for its own ends. 273-4. See map on page 263 Parth R. [22] Romila Thapar. It focuses on the colonial era before 1947 and typically emphasizes caste and downplays class. shef. 51. [17] Singhal. A Review. 1979) p. 51–52. Recht. [23] M. Delhi: Archaeol. Surv.). The . to the annoyance of the Marxist school. Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. aspx [10] Indian Archaeology.4. com/ eb/ article-46838/ India). 32. München : R. riddles." was begun in the 1980s by Ranajit Guha and Gyan Prakash. britannica. P. Staat und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien. p. Gavin. Excavations at Alamgirpur. 27-52 = Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. C. 150-151. A History of India Part 1. and class conflict in precolonial India and of deindustrialization during the colonial period. [21] Romila Thapar. ac. [13] G. group. Olivelle. p. 1958-1959. The Marxists portrayed Gandhi's movement as a device for the bourgeois elite to harness popular. (1982). 23. landownership. 2003. com) [28] Flood. [14] Romila Thapar. Bongard-Levin. December 1995. The Ancient History of India.[115] It focuses attention away from the elites and politicians to "history from below. pp. Retrieved on 12 May 2007. vol. pp. Malden: Blackwell. 1979) p. pg. uk/ issue7/ chauhan. 1966) p. A History of India (Penguin Books: New York. A History of India. laurasianacademy. pdf [78] History (http:/ / books. Majumdar. bbc. A History of India. [65] Michaels 2004. "Kumarila Bhatta". p. Buddhists. Sadananda (2000): Śrī Khāravela. 59. 88. p...B. Kingship and Authority in South Asia. Pusalkar.conquest of India (http:/ /. [37] Romila Thapar. Annemarie Schimmel. 55 [70] Holt. See also Early Empire of Central Asia (1939). ISBN 0-19-814264-1. Special edition for Sandpiper Books. p. J. 108. moksa/nirvana . Stephen. [42] G.Tauris : London ISBN 1-86064-148-2 . pp. 58. Dr V. [41] Romila Thapar. Cuttack [49] Sims-Williams and Cribb (1995-1996). A History of India: Volume 1. [66] Schimmel. 1998.. capital of Muslim India (http:/ / www. only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise. [46] G. co. A History of India: Part 1.History of India renouncer tradition played a central role during this formative period of Indian religious history. These include the two pillars of Indian theologies: samsara . 4 [30] Mary Pat Fisher (1997) In: Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths I. ISBN 978-90-04-06117-0. Columbia University Press. 91. 198-201. 4. The World of Ancient Times (Charles Scribner's Sons Publishing: New York. p. The Age of Imperial Kanauj."The extreme antiquity of Jainism as a non-vedic. Brahmins. co. Daniel Anderson. Bongard-Levin. p172. a contemporary of the Buddha. Page 114 [31] Mary Pat Fisher (1997) In: Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths I. [45] G." Page 115 [32] Romila Thapar. 41. "Les Nomades".67. Ronald. indianscience. 2005. html) [83] Timur . and who died approximately 526 BC. p. Bongard-Levin. A History of India. [77] http:/ / www. 67. 641." [29] Laumakis. [38] G.Islam in the Indian Subcontinent. p. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 4970452. p. 31. Brill Academic Publishers. [47] G. p.Tauris : London ISBN 1-86064-148-2 . 4 [67] Sheridan. A History of India. iam vel ad inferos pertinet?" Pliny. google. M. p. [69] Inden. 66. An Introduction to Buddhist philosophy. p. p. under the Ptolemies.5. p 339. 357. [68] Arnold.. p. [43] G. "Ritual.) [82] Battuta's Travels: Delhi. Bongard-Levin. [61] Iaroslav Lebedynsky. [39] Romila Thapar. Oxford University Press. and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos to India. 2008. com/ travel/ clavijo/ timurconquestofindia. [62] Early History of India. pp. [44] Romila Thapar. Sri Digambar Jain Samaj.41. Ian McGready. ca. A History of India: Volume 1. when Gallus was prefect of Egypt. A History of India. A History of India: Volume 1. 1 January 1980. 67. Mahajan. to A.12. [64] Michaels 2004. D.Some of the fundamental values and beliefs that we generally associate with Indian religions in general and Hinduism in particular were in part the creation of the renouncer tradition. A History of India: Volume 1. [75] Search for India's ancient city (http:/ / news. Source (http:/ / penelope. p 650. Religionen . ISBN 0-06-270085-5. html) [51] "minimaque computatione miliens centena milia sestertium annis omnibus India et Seres et paeninsula illa imperio nostro adimunt: tanti nobis deliciae et feminae constant. D. p. Bongard-Levin. Ancient Hindu and Buddhist scriptures refer to Jainism as an existing tradition which began long before Mahavira. BBC News. [35] Carl Roebuck. org/ essays/ 22-%20E--Gems%20& %20Minerals%20F. Historia Naturae 12. A History of India: Volume 1.12.84. 1995. htm) 23 . quota enim portio ex illis ad deos. p. uchicago. A. pp. p. k12. 80.. [34] Romila Thapar. 1966) p. Authority. edu/ Thayer/ E/ Roman/ Texts/ Strabo/ 2E1. John. [40] G. Bongard-Levin. 175-176. 72. 78.C. quaeso. stm). 1998. indigenous Indian religion is well documented. Bongard. ed. A History of India. whereas formerly. pg." Strabo II. Smith. 2004. [48] Agrawal.Jainism's major teacher is the Mahavira.." In JF Richards. The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B. A History of India: Volume 1. Dr A. gardenvisit. C. (1969).the belief that life in this world is one of suffering and subject to repeated deaths and births (rebirth). I accompanied him and ascended the Nile as far as Syene and the frontiers of Ethiopia. 70. W. Dr V. sfusd. Daniel P.. p.. Retrieved on 22 June 2007. Bongard-Levin. And Cycle Time in Hindu Kingship. History and Culture of Indian People. and Belief: Epistemology in South Asian Philosophy of religion. in Great Thinkers of the Eastern World. us/ schwww/ sch618/ Ibn_Battuta/ Battuta's_Trip_Seven. Dr R. 2003. th/ books?id=mHLB4m75pisC& pg=PA198& lpg=PA198& dq=arabs+ defeated+ rajasthan& source=bl& ots=E8_YoKMEB_& sig=KZQqifwSNuU-OOKkWYPl-_8zk4w& hl=en& sa=X& ei=yGobUNilKo7NrQf12ICoCg& redir_esc=y#v=onepage& q=arabs defeated rajasthan& f=false) [80] From the notes of Portuguese traveler Domingo Paes about Krishnadevaraya: A king who was perfect in all things (Hampi. Columbia University Press. p. McGovern. [50] "At any rate. ed. p. p 50. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.the goal of human existence. p.15 [74] Miller. New York: Harper Collins. A Travel Guide 2003. [63] Ancient India. 80. The Buddhist Visnu. ISBN 978-0-231-13281-7. A History of India. Innes. 43.B. A Brief History of India ISBN 0-89281-923-5 • Guha. ucalgary. 2000. 1904-1906). Axel (2004). "Subaltern studies as postcolonial criticism. Hinduism. Verso. pdf).'" Indica. 54#8 pp 28-30 [114] Amiya Kumar Bagchi. "When the Subaltern Took the Postcolonial Turn. pp 229-244. "Writing Indian History in the Marxist Mode in a Post-Soviet World. V: 9th to 16th Centuries. II: From the opening of the Protestant Revolt to the Present Day.History of India [85] The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire) (http:/ / www. 17 Issue 2. [115] Gyan Prakash. [105] Reintegrating India with the World Economy (http:/ / www. The Business of Empire: The East India Company and Imperial Britain. (1967) [102] Satya Narayan Mishra. Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy (2nd ed. Religious Cultures in Early Modern India: New Perspectives (2011) [112] Aravind Ganachari. "Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Principles of War." USI Journal." [90] Gulcharan Singh. They were either masters directly or they took tribute. Jan 1977." Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. Aug 2004. Dec 1994. World Health Organization. Vol. Jan 1993.. avalanchepress." Modern Asian Studies. Princeton. 1720-1760. Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (1997) pp 30-44 [98] H. 890pp. The Illustrated Cultural History of India (Oxford University Press. New Jersey: Princeton University Press Further reading • Bandyopadhyay.qst?a=o&d=59677250) • Daniélou. pp. who. 99#5 pp 1475-1500 [116] John Roosa. 2007) • Brown. L. Jan 2007." Indian Historical Review. ISBN 1-85984-739-0 pg 7 [104] Plague (http:/ / www. Peterson Institute for International Economics. 1. A.. [93] From: James Harvey Robinson. Wolpert. Lawrence. pp 130-147 24 Sources • Michaels. questia. Readings in European History. Judith M. Vol. 1994) online (. 11#1 pp 1-40 [89] The Rediscovery of India: A New Subcontinent (http:/ / books. Bowen. 55 Issue 1/2. ed. co. pp. 26-40. Ramachandra. int/ vaccine_research/ diseases/ zoonotic/ en/ index4. "The Slow Conquest: Administrative Integration of Malwa into the Maratha Empire. Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism: Bombay and the Indian National Congress 1880-1915 (2005) [111] Rosalind O'Hanlon and David Washbrook. 1756-1833 (2008) [99] Christopher Hibbert. Vol. 32 : pp 383-408 [109] Anil Seal. Sekhar. Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (2000) . Vol. 47#1.com/PM. html). India's road to nationhood: a political history of the subcontinent (1981) ch 57 [101] S. petersoninstitute. ed. org/ publications/ chapters_preview/ 98/ 1iie2806. [96] Lawrence James. google. Vol. Gordon. pp 70-93 [113] Latha Menon. pp 184-192 [91] From: Oliver J. eds. pp 71-83 [103] Davis.. in/ books?id=XRpFol4AnO0C& pg=PA133& lpg=PA133& dq=marathas+ they+ were+ either+ masters+ directly+ or+ they+ took+ tribute& source=bl& ots=u8fCv6tT9S& sig=1Cj9lxYXUtzM5CbCztnts-iTyVA& hl=en& sa=X& ei=ms4UUNzSLcLRrQfYo4DICg& ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=marathas they were either masters directly or they took tribute& f=false) Cite: "Swarming up from the Himalayas. 20 Issue 1/2. Alain (2003). 2 Vols. Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (2000) pp 322-40 [107] Anil Chandra Banerjee. since 1947 • James. The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century (1971) [110] Gordon Johnson. Morley and India. Mike. The Great Mutiny: India 1857 (1980) [100] Wilhelm von Pochhammer. "Coming to Terms with the Past: India. V. (Boston: Ginn and Co. 1906-1910." American Historical Review.. 1907)." History Today." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association. From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India (2010) • Basham. 2006. "Muslim Backwardness and Birth of the Muslim League. "Studies in Indian Historiography: 'The Cambridge School. 333–335. 111 Issue 465. "Writing Post-Orientalist Histories of the Third World: Perspectives from Indian Historiography" Comparative Studies in Society and History (1990).. ed. July 1981. [106] Lawrence James. com/ Soldier_Shah. The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co. March 2010. A. Late Victorian Holocausts. the Marathas now ruled from the Indus and Himalayas in the north to the south tip of the peninsula. Thatcher. Past and present. A Constitutional History of India 1600-1935 (1978) p 171-3 [108] Gyan Prakesh. India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy (2007). Vol. php) [88] Stewart N. ca/ applied_history/ tutor/ islam/ empires/ mughals/ ) [86] Iran in the Age of the Raj (http:/ / www. google.c.x/full) • Bose. • Bayly. and Thomas R. Vincent.qst?a=o&d=108019139) • Mcleod. (1983) • Smith.google. (Oxford University Press. Metcalf. online (. Surjit The A to Z of India (2010). Burton.History of India • Keay.1111/j. John Dowson (1867–77). 1599-1933 excerpt and text search () • Elliot. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0. The Mughal Empire (The New Cambridge History of India) (1996) excerpt and text search (. John F.1970 (2nd ed.google. India: A History (. John. The Cambridge Economic History of India. 2010). Modern India. Humphrey Milford. questia. New York. USA: Grove Press. 1200 . Gauranganath (1921).com/gp/reader/ 0631205462/) • Tapan.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC). Dr. Dietmar. 1958). The Economy of Modern India. (6th ed. com/books?id=7cZ_oJGWWK0C) (1993) • Sharma. eds. A Concise History of Modern India (2006) excerpt and text search ( books?id=DAwmUphO6eAC) • Mansingh.. R. 192pp • Richards. scholarly survey.com/Mughal-Empire-Cambridge-History-India/dp/0521566037/) • Rothermund. Romila. Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (2004) excerpt and text search (. The History of India] (2002) excerpt and text search () • Peers. eds. (4th ed 2004) online (. Barbara D. Has a Surprisingly Weak Tradition of Historiography.com/Economy-Modern-1860-1970-Cambridge-History/dp/ 0521589398/) Wolpert.P." Economic History Review. 1885-1947 (2002) • Singhal.1468-0289. a Land of History. Mihir. Volume 1: c. Garratt.amazon. John (2000). India under Colonial Rule: 1700-1885 (2006). D. qst?a=o&d=5797476) • Stein. Rise and Fulfilment of British Rule in India (1934) 690 pages. a concise historical encyclopedia • Metcalf. 2005) • Sarkar. A History of India. Sumit. Hermann and Dietmar Rothermund.org/stream/ indiaasknowntoan00banerich#page/n3/mode/2up).T. An Economic History of India: From Pre-Colonial Times to 1991 (. c. Habib. 1860-1970 (The New Cambridge History of India) (1996) excerpt and text search (. old-fashioned • Spear. The History of India (1958 and later editions) online edition (. B.com/ PM. 1750 (1984).com/books?id=93fnssiWvjoC) Tomlinson. London. London: Trübner and Co. Henry Miers. com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC) Thompson.google.com/PM. ." History Today 57#9 (2007) pp 34+. India as known to the ancient world (. A History of the Indian People. "India's Missing Historians: Mihir Bose Discusses the Paradox That India. C. The Muhammadan Period (. A. Edward.S.org/persian/main?url=pf?file=80201010&ct=0). The Oxford History of India (3rd ed.amazon. Percival. Oxford University Press. A History of India (1998) excerpt and text search (. • Kulke. The History of India. "State and Economy in India over Seven Hundred Years. 38#4 pp 583–596. as told by its own historians. online (. A New History of India. (Nov 1985). R.wiley. Douglas M.packhum.com/PM. 1114pp of scholarly articles Thapar.tb00391. and Irfan Raychaudhuri.1985. The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2. essays by scholars • Dharma Kumar and Meghnad Desai.1751-c. India's Ancient Past.amazon.google. 1999) 25 • • • • Historiography • Bannerjee. Stanley. and G. the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. Dahae and Dahyu and . Philological and linguistic evidence indicates that the Rigveda. with river names. Despite the difficulties in dating the period.[2] Transmission of texts in the Vedic period was by oral tradition alone. the oldest of the Vedas. After the end of the Vedic period. the golden age of classical Sanskrit literature.org/Regional/Asia/India/Society_and_Culture/History//) at the Open Directory Project Vedic period • • Outline of South Asian history History of Indian subcontinent The Vedic period (or Vedic age) was a period in history during which the Vedas. sometimes referred to as Vedic civilization. hostile.[1] The end of the period is commonly estimated to have occurred about 500 BCE. History See also Rigvedic tribes The Rig Veda contains accounts of conflicts between the Aryas and the Dasas and Dasyus. and 150 BCE has been suggested as a terminus ante quem for all Vedic Sanskrit literature. online edition (. the extent of the Swat and Cemetery H cultures are also indicated. scornful or abusive. was probably centred early on in the northern and northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent. uncouth. Their speech is described as mridhra which could variously mean soft. Other adjectives which describe their physical appearance are subject to many interpretations.[3] and a literary tradition set in only in post-Vedic times. the Vedas can safely be assumed to be several thousands of years old. The Rig Veda describes Dasas and Dasyus as people who do not perform sacrifices (akratu) or obey the commandments of gods (avrata). were composed. The associated culture. the Mahajanapadas period in turn gave way to the Maurya Empire (from ca. many modern scholars connect the Dasas and Dasyus to Iranian tribes Geography of the Rig Vedic culture. The time span of the period is uncertain. 320 BC).History of India 26 Online sources • The Imperial Gazetteer of India (26 vol. highly detailed description of all of India in 1901.edu/reference/gazetteer/) External links • History of India (. However.uchicago. also referred to as the early Vedic period. but has now spread and constitutes the basis of contemporary Indian culture.dmoz. was composed roughly between 1700 and 1100 BCE. 1908–31). Paktha. their western neighbours. Map of northern India in the later Vedic age. was killed in the battle and the Bharatas and the Purus merged into a new tribe Kuru after the war. the chief of Purus. Many of the old tribes coalesced to form larger political units. However. led by their chief Sudas. the Vedic society transitioned from semi–nomadic life to settled agriculture. yet Sudas emerged victorious in the Battle of Ten Kings. The Narmada River and parts of North Western Deccan formed the southern limits. Turvasha.[14] The most famous of new religious sacrifices that arose in this period was the Ashvamedha (horse sacrifice). Vishanin. This enabled the Vedic Aryans to extend their kingdoms along the Gangetic plains and ushered the later Vedic age.[6] The confederation of tribes tried to inundate the Bharatas by opening the embankments of Ravi.[11][12] With the expansion of settlements the centre of the Vedic civilization shifted east. formed the eastern boundary of the Vedic culture.[10] Yadavas expanded towards the south and settled in Mathura. The Gangetic plains had remained out of bounds to the Vedic tribes because of thick forest cover.[4][5] Internecine military conflicts between the various tribes of Vedic Aryans are also described in the Rig Veda. Druhyu. a small kingdom to the east of Magadha. This sacrifice involved setting a consecrated horse free to roam the kingdoms for a year. against a confederation of ten tribes— Puru. The other tribes dwelt north–west of the Bharatas in the region of Punjab.[15] By the sixth century BCE. Alina. This transition led to increased competition and conflicts over resources such as land and water. Yadu.[18] . after 1000 BCE.[16] The end of Vedic India is marked by linguistic.[17] The invasion of Darius I of the Indus valley in the early 6th century BC marks the beginning of outside influence. The grammar of Pāṇini marks a final apex in the codification of Sutra texts. even over regions separated by large distances became easy. River Indus is shown by its Sanskrit name Sindhu. This sacrifice put considerable pressure on inter–state relations in this era. Siva. continued in the kingdoms of the Indo-Greeks. Most notable of such conflicts was the Battle of Ten Kings which took place on the banks of the river Parushni (modern day Ravi).Vedic period 27 believe that Dasas and Dasyus were early Indo–Aryan immigrants who arrived into the subcontinent before the Vedic Aryans. The battle was fought between the tribe Bharatas. The kingdoms and chiefdoms in which the horse wandered had to pay homage or prepare to battle the king to whom the horse belonged.[8] Purukutsa.[9] Anga (in modern day West Bengal).[7] Division of the waters of Ravi could have been a reason for the war. Thar desert is in orange. The horse was followed by a chosen band of warriors. The location of Vedic shakhas is labelled in green. Bhalanas. lived along the lower regions of Saraswati. cultural and political changes. as Rig Veda took its final form.[7] In the 11th century BCE. while Purus. To the south of their kingdom was Vatsa which was governed from its capital Kausambi. and at the same time the beginning of Classical Sanskrit. Anu.[6] Bharatas lived around the upper regions of the river Saraswati. the use of iron axes and ploughs became widespread and the jungles could be cleared with ease. the political units consolidated into large kingdoms called Mahajanapadas.[13] The newly formed states struggled for supremacy and started displaying imperial ambitions. The process of urbanization had begun in these kingdoms and commerce and travel. Enslavement (dasa. cattle–rearers.Vedic period 28 Political organization Vedic aryans were organised into tribes rather than kingdoms. The main responsibility of the rajan was to protect the tribe. however.[21] Rajan was seen as the custodian of social order and the protector of rashtra (polity). there is no indication of the use of coins. The chief of a tribe was called a rajan. He was aided by several functionaries.[20] In the later Vedic period. responsible for the governance of the tribe.[23] There are references. axes are mentioned. Hereditary kingship started emerging and competitions like chariot races. and storage of grains in large jars. The two bodies were. Some of these might have needed full–time specialists.[22] Economy Economy in the Rig Vedic period was sustained by a combination of pastoralism and agriculture. While gold is mentioned in some hymns.[25] There are references to boats and oceans. Arthur Llewellyn Basham. different kinds of political systems such as monarchical states (rajya). The voluntary gift offering (bali) became compulsory. Malwa. which previously decided who was worthy of becoming a king. barbers. The distinction between the two bodies is not clear. making mats of grass and reed are mentioned in the hymns of Rig Veda. particularly to kings (bali) and priests (dana). bangles. dasi) in the course of war or as a result of non–payment of debt is mentioned. and barter using cattle as a unit of currency.[24] Economic exchanges were conducted by gift giving. vintners and crafts of chariot–making. making of bows. and game of dice.[22] By the end of the later Vedic age. Some scholars believe that ayas refers to iron and the words dham and karmara refer to iron–welders. priests. War booty was also a major source of wealth. Panis were semitic traders. in part. including the purohita (chaplain). One verse mentions purification of ayas. Rajan had a rudimentary court which was attended by courtiers (sabhasad) and chiefs of septs (gramani). to leveling of field. in others to stingy people who hid their wealth and did not perform Vedic sacrifices. Some scholars suggest that Ceramic goblet from Navdatoli.[7] Professions of 1300 BC.[24] . with increasing power of king. hunters. oligarchical states (gana or sangha). seed processing. dutas (envoys) and spash (spies). Metallurgy is not mentioned in the Rig Veda. Sabha and samiti are still mentioned in later Vedic texts. However. Rituals in this era exalted the status of the king over his people. The book X of the Rig Veda refers to both eastern and western oceans. sewing. weaving. tanning. though. The autonomy of the rajan was restricted by the tribal councils called sabha and samiti. became nominal. Some tribes had no hereditary chiefs and were directly governed by the tribal councils. He was occasionally referred to as samrat (supreme ruler). there was no organised system of taxation. their influence declined. carpentry. the senani (army chief). warriors. and tribal principalities had emerged in India. but the evidence for this is slim. farmers. cattle raids. The rajan could not accede to the throne without their approval. in the Rig Veda.[19] Purohita performed ceremonies and spells for success in war and prosperity in peace. the tribes had consolidated into little kingdoms. slaves worked in households rather than production–related activities. Individual property ownership did not exist and clans as a whole enjoyed rights over lands and herds. whereas. which had a capital and a rudimentary administrative system. theorises that sabha was a meeting of great men in the tribe. cart–making.[25] Panis in some hymns refers to merchants. Rajan's increasing political power enabled him to gain greater control over the productive resources. but the word ayas and instruments made from it such as razors. samiti was a meeting of all free tribesmen. a noted historian and indologist. metal working. Vedic period The transition of Vedic society from semi–nomadic life to settled agriculture in the later Vedic age lead to an increase in trade and competition for resources.[26] Agriculture dominated the economic activity along the Ganges valley during this period.[27].[28] Apart from copper, bronze, and gold, later Vedic texts also mention tin, lead, and silver.[29] 29 Culture Society Rig Vedic society was relatively egalitarian in the sense that a distinct hierarchy of socio–economic classes or castes was absent.[30][24] However, political hierarchy was determined by rank, where rajan stood at the top and dasi at the bottom.[24]:[4].[24] While the wife enjoyed a respectable position, she was subordinate to her husband.[23] People consumed milk, milk products, grains, fruits and vegetables. Meat eating is mentioned, however, cows are labelled aghnya (not to be killed). Clothes of cotton, wool and animal skin were worn.[24].[23] Dancing, dramas, chariot racing, and gambling were other popular pastimes.[24]ized the four varnas as hierarchical, but inter–related parts of an organic whole.[31]."[32][33] Household became an important unit in the later Vedic age. The variety of households of the Rig Vedic era gave way to an idealized Vedic period wool; were weavers, dyers, and corn grinders. Women warriors such as Vishphala, who lost a leg in battle, are mentioned. Two female philosophers are mentioned in the Upanishads.[34]."[35] 30 Religion Main articles: Historical Vedic religion The Vedic forms of belief are the precursor to modern Hinduism.[36]"). A steel engraving from the 1850s, which depicts the creative activities of Prajapati, a Vedic deity who presides over procreation and protection of life.).[37].[38] Many of the concepts of Indian philosophy espoused later like Dharma, Karma etc. trace their root to the Vedas.[39].[40] Whereas, Ṛta is the expression of Satya, which regulates and coordinates the operation of the universe and everything within it.[41] Vedic period Hinduism. The ritualistic traditions of Vedic religion are preserved in the conservative Śrauta tradition. 31 Literature The reconstruction of the history of Vedic India is based on text-internal texts. Its creation must have taken place over several centuries or millennia. An early 19th century manuscript of Rigveda of the Yajurveda. Many of these texts are largely derived from the (padapatha) in Devanagari. The Vedic accent is marked Rigveda, but have undergone certain changes, both by linguistic by underscores and vertical overscores in red.) culture, and the kingdom of the Kurus, dating from ca. the 10th century BC. ca. 900 BC corresponds, and the). 5. Sutra language texts: This is the last stratum of Vedic Sanskrit leading up to c. 500 BC, comprising the bulk of the Śrauta and Grhya Sutras, and some Upanishads (e.g. KathU, MaitrU). Videha (N. Bihar) as a third political centre is established. References Citations [1] [2] Flood 2003, p. 68. [4] Singh 2008, p. 192. [5] Kulke & Rothermund 1998, p. 38. [6] Reddy 2011, p. 103. [7] Basham 2008, p. 32. [8] Kulke & Rothermund 1998, pp. 37–38. [9] Kulke & Rothermund 1998, pp. 39–40. [10] [11] [12] [13] Basham 208, p. 40. Basham 208, p. 41. Majumdar 1998, p. 65. Singh 2008, p. 200. google. Singh 2008. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. S. p.google. pp. xxviii–xxix.com/ books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC). Scholarly Publishing Office. P. K. 21 [41] Holdrege (2004:215). 1986. 200–201. Panikkar (2001:350-351) remarks: "Ṛta is the ultimate foundation of everything. [. com/books?id=bSxHgej4tKMC&pg=PA208). Hermann. ISBN 0-919812-15-5." Bibliography • Basham. L. ISBN 978-0-19-283576-5 • Reddy.. University of South Carolina Press. (2008). p. 190. Singh 2008. However. Gupta.google. Ramesh Chandra (1977). P. 42-45. p. Singh 2008. 41. p. pp. Basham 2008. page 65: ". 45. Swami.Vedic period [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] Majumdar 1998. Basham 2008.google. Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Malden. The Religion of the Ṛigveda (. 198–199. Olivelle 1998. ISBN 978-1-4443-5968-8 • Griswold. P. Divine Life Society. Oxford University Press. [38] Singhal. The Wonder That Was India: A survey of the history and culture of the Indian sub-continent before the coming of the Muslims (. A History of India (. ISBN 81-85119-18-x. Axiological Approach to the Vedas. p. 204. Fortson 2011. Gavin (2003).. Singh 2008. Majumdar 1977. (2011). 32 [36] Stephanie W. Roshan. p. 204–206. 201–203. Olivelle & 1998 xxvii. K. p. 42. Krishna (2011)." [37] Nigal. 81... Rothermund. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction (. ISBN 8126902868. Indian History (. 66. Northern Book Centre. Olivelle 1998.] It is the expression of the primordial dynamism that is inherent in everything. ISBN 978-0-415-32920-0 • Olivelle.com/ books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C).google. C. Upanis̥ads (). 117–120. ISBN 1-4051-3251-5 • Fortson. University of Michigan.com/books?id=f9-2jV7sRuEC). p. Olivelle 1998. Sen 1999. it is "the supreme". 150-151.at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. Benjamin W. 40. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.com/books?id=6OF-PwAACAAJ). [39] Day. The Ancient History of India. p.com/books?id=X4j7Nf_MU24C& pg=SL1-PA103). p. Routledge. 33–34.google. although this is not to be understood in a static sense. Terence P. editor. Basham 2008. xxxvi. xxvi. 42–43. pp. pp. to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradiction in terms since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion . The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature. The Study of Hinduism. A. p. Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism. ISBN 978-81-208-0436-4 • Kulke. Jamison and Michael Witzel in Arvind Sharma. Kulke & Rothermund 1998. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.google.. pp. Patrick (1998). Basham 2008.google. Basham 2008. [40] Krishnananda. (1982). MA: Blackwell. John Wiley & Sons. p. Singh 2008. 191. Dietmar (1998). 208. ISBN 978-81-208-0745-7 • Majumdar. p.. Vedic Period: A New Interpretation. The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (. pp. Ancient India (.. Singh 2008. 54. p. 2003..com/ books?id=Vhkt5K1fw2wC&pg=PA331). Singh 2008. ISBN 978-1-59740-599-7 • Flood.G. Staal 2008. 35. pp. ISBN 978-0-07-132923-1 . A Short History of Religious and Philosophic Thought in India.. Hervey De Witt (1971). but the Brahmanas. Majumdar and A.google. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0 • Singh.google.google. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century (.[3] Its liturgy is reflected in the mantra portion of the four Vedas. New Age International.google. • Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak "The Arctic Home in the Vedas". C. Aranyakas and some of the older Upanishads (Bṛhadāraṇyaka. D. Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 1951 • R. Vuppala Srinivasa (1981). N. composed in Vedic Sanskrit. however. Map of northern India in the late Vedic period. Veda. Pearson Education India. Messrs Tilak Bros. Thar desert is in orange History Texts dating to the Vedic period. Vedic Brahmanism. The location of Vedic shakhas is labelled in green. Mantras. This mode of worship is largely unchanged today within Hinduism. The Vedic age.org/Movement for the Restoration .. ISBN 978-0-14-309986-4 • Winternitz. Moriz.. Penguin Books India. 1903 External links • Restoration of Vedic Wisdom (. Chāndogya. Ancient Indian History And Civilization (. ancient Hinduism or.com/ books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA117).com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA102). in a context of Indian antiquity. purānas and tantras (. A history of Indian literature: Introduction. Majumdar et al. simply Brahmanism[2]) is a historical predecessor of modern Hinduism. Patrizia Norelli-Bachelet Historical Vedic religion The religion of the Vedic period (1500 BC to 500 BC[1]) (also known as Vedism. An Advanced History of India. Rituals.com/ books?id=HcE23SjLX8sC). ISBN 978-81-208-0264-3 33 Further reading • R. Jaiminiya Upanishad .quantumyoga. The religious practices centered on a clergy administering rites. MacMillan. epics. Volume I. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. Sarma. Frits (2008).Vedic period • Sen. Pusalker (editors): The History and Culture of the Indian People. S. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0 • Staal. 1967. (1999).[4] which are compiled in Sanskrit. only a small fraction of conservative Śrautins continue the tradition of oral recitation of hymns learned solely through the oral tradition. Insights (. Discovering the Vedas: Orgins.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA184).pdf) (pdf). Upinder (2008). are mainly the four Vedic Samhitas. Purusha Sukta as well as.15. long life and an afterlife in the heavenly world of the ancestors. which are considered extinct in all other parts. which further evolved into Puranic Hinduism. such as Kerala where the Nambudiri Brahmins continue the ancient Śrauta rituals. rather than "authors". rain. who were considered to be seers or "hearers" (Śruti means "what is heard") of the Veda. chanting of hymns and performance of sacrifices. the hymns of the Rigveda and other Vedic hymns were divinely revealed to the rishis. cattle (wealth). while they are attested from early times in the Cemetery H culture. 34 Rituals Specific rituals and sacrifices of the Vedic religion include. In addition the Vedas are said to be "apaurashaya". • The rituals and charms referred to in the Atharvaveda are concerned with medicine and healing practices. Vedic religion gradually metamorphosizing into the various schools of Hinduism. The mode of worship was worship of the elements like fire and rivers. wellbeing and prosperity of the Rashtra the nation or empire[7] • The Purushamedha or symbolic sacrifice of a man. among others:[6] • The Soma rituals. which involves recitations from the Vedas by a purohita (priest). the text clearly indicating that the participant is to be released. a sun charm. imitating that of the cosmic Purusha.[5] However aspects of the historical Vedic religion survived in corners of the Indian subcontinent. However.14)[9][10] A Śrauta yajna being performed.(RV 10. This mode of worship has been preserved even today in Hinduism. The Vedas record the liturgy connected with the rituals and sacrifices performed by the 16 or 17 Śrauta priests and the purohitas. cf. People prayed for abundance of children. the Ashvamedha. • The New and Full Moon as well as the Seasonal (Cāturmāsya) sacrifices • The royal consecration (Rajasuya) sacrifice • The Ashvamedha or A Yajna dedicated to the glory. wealth and general well-being. in its Śrauta form. • The Agnicayana. The "sacrifice" is symbolic. the sophisticated ritual of piling the fire altar. the primacy of Vedic deities has been seconded to the deities of Puranic literature. worship of heroic gods like Indra. utility and consumption of Soma: • The Agnistoma or Soma sacrifice • Fire rituals involving oblations (havir): • The Agnihotra or oblation to Agni. which involved the extraction. The priests performed the solemn rituals for the noblemen (Kshatriyas) and wealthy commoners Vaishyas. According to traditional views. a Sanskrit word meaning "uncreated by man" and which further reveals their eternal non-changing status. for prosperity.Historical Vedic religion Brahmana) are also placed in this period. The Vedic period is held to have ended around 500 BC. there is a late Rigvedic reference invoking forefathers "both cremated (agnidagdhá-) and uncremated (ánagnidagdha-)". .[8] The Hindu rites of cremation are seen since the Rigvedic period. just as there was no need for an author to compose the Vedas or a god to validate the rituals.[17] It holds the Absolute to be both existence and non-existence[18] and beyond all conception. The Nasadiya sukta is thought to be the earliest account of skepticism in India.[23] While the term ahimsa is not officially mentioned. It espouses Panentheism by presenting nature of reality as both immanent and transcendent.[16] Vedic people believed in the transmigration of the soul and the peepul tree and cow were sanctified by the time of the Atharva Veda. Vamadeva. Mātariśvan". the positive and the negative.[13] Philosophy Vedic philosophy primarily begins with the later part of Rig Veda. which regulates and coordinates the operation of the universe and everything within it. Satya is the principle of integration rooted in the Absolute. Varuna. Rishaba. proclaims the organic inseparability of the constituents of society.164. Ṛta is the expression of Satya. ekaṃ sad viprā bahudhā vadantyaghniṃ yamaṃ mātariśvānamāhuḥ "They call him Indra. the high and the low. existence and non-existence. and Soma. Devas and Asuras.[22] Many of the concepts of Indian philosophy espoused later like Dharma. Yama. one passage in the Rig Veda reads.[16] From this reality the sukta holds that original creative will (identified as Viswakarma.[28] However. Bhaga. the beautiful and the ugly. the deified sacred drink of the Indo-Iranians. by which this vast universe is projected in space and time.[19] Ethics in the Vedas are based on the concepts of Satya and Rta. in the seventh verse. the conceivable and the inconceivable. Arya Samaj holds the view that the Vedic mantras tend to monotheism. Concept of Yajna or sacrifice is also enunciated in the Purusha sukta where reaching Absolute itself is considered a transcendent sacrifice when viewed from the point of view of the individual. which was compiled before 1100 BCE. and he is heavenly nobly-winged Garutmān. Agni. Hiranyagarbha or Prajapati) proceeds."[24] Major Philosophers of this era were Rishis Narayana.) are deities of cosmic and social order.[30] Often quoted isolated pada 1. Aryaman. "Do not harm anything. The Śatarudrīya of Yajurveda shatters the extra-cosmic notion of Absolute (Rudra) and identifies it with both the good and the bad. and Angiras.46 of the Rig Veda states (trans. space and heaven. the power of the mantras is what is seen as the power of gods.[14] Most of philosophy of the Rig Veda is contained in the sections Purusha sukta and Nasadiya Sukta. Kanva. the Vishvadevas.[25] (See also philosophers of Vedic age) Interpretations of Vedic Mantras Mimamsa philosophers argue that there was no need to postulate a maker for the world. Amsa.[26] Mimamsa argues that the gods named in the Vedas have no existence apart from the mantras that speak their names. from the universe and kingdoms down to the individual. Karma etc.[27] Adi Shankara interpreted Vedas as being non-dualistic or monistic.[11] The Vedic pantheon knows two classes. most notably heroic Indra.[12] Also prominent is Varuna (often paired with Mitra) and the group of "All-gods". . Varuṇa.[29] Even the earlier Mandalas of Rig Veda (books 1 and 9) contains hymns which are thought to have a tendency toward monotheism. To what is One. To that regard.[21] Conformity with Ṛta would enable progress whereas its violation would lead to punishment. Agni the sacrificial fire and messenger of the gods. Griffith): Indraṃ mitraṃ varuṇamaghnimāhuratho divyaḥ sa suparṇo gharutmān. The Devas (Mitra. Mitra. trace their root to the Vedas. The Rigveda is a collection of hymns to various deities. sages give many a title they call it Agni. etc.[15] The Purusha Sukta gives a description of the spiritual unity of the cosmos.[20] Whereas. eleven each of earth.Historical Vedic religion 35 Pantheon Though a large number of devatas are named in the Rig Veda only 33 devas are counted. the right and the wrong. the mortal and the immortal.[15] The Purusha Sukta. he verily knows it. Sanskrit epics[45] .[42] There are also conservative schools which continue portions of the historical Vedic religion largely unchanged until today (see Śrauta.7 further confirms this (trans. 900 BCE). "Yoga asanas were first prescribed by the ancient Vedic texts thousands of years ago and are said to directly enliven the body's inner intelligence. Vedanta considers itself "the purpose or goal [end] of the Vedas. the verses of 10. or perhaps even he does not" 36 Yoga The Vedic Samhitas contain references to ascetics. whether he formed it all or did not. many of which predate Patanjali's Sutras.[38] Yoga is discussed quite frequently in the Upanishads. and ascetic practices known as (tapas) are referenced in the Brāhmaṇas (900 BCE and 500 BCE).Historical Vedic religion Moreover. He who surveys it all from his highest heaven. These were the Āstika and nāstika."[33] Certainly breath control and curbing the mind was practiced since the Vedic times. The verse 10. transformed the Vedic worldview to monistic one.. especially to chanting the sacred hymns[35] While the actual term "yoga" first occurs in the Katha Upanishad[36] and later in the Shvetasvatara Upanishad. Nambudiri).[31] The Rig Veda.[44] • Hinduism is an umbrella term for astika traditions in India (see History of Hinduism).[32] Robert Schneider and Jeremy Fields write.[44] • Puranas. such as jnana yoga and bhakti yoga.[43] During the formative centuries of Vedanta. the earliest Upanishad (c. early commentaries on the Vedas."[41] The philosophy of Vedanta (lit.130.[37] an early reference to meditation is made in Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. traditions that supported it and which opposed the same. emerged.[40] Post-Vedic religions An article related to Hinduism • • Hindu History • • Hinduism portal Hindu Mythology portal Vedic religion was followed by Upanishads which gradually evolved into Vedanta. soles turned upwards" as per his name. which is regarded by some as the primary institution of Hinduism. This led to the development of tantric metaphysics and gave rise to new forms of yoga.129 and 10. “The end of the Vedas").[39] A Rig Vedic cosmogonic myth declares an ascetic with "folded legs. the first origin of this creation. earliest of the Hindu scripture mentions the practice. deal with the one being (Ékam sát).129.[34] It is believed that yoga was fundamental to Vedic ritual. Gupta. [. 328. org/ india/ s1990a22. p. 42-45. html) by Swami Krishnananda [20] Krishnananda. Pustak Mahal (11 August 2010). but reserves "Vedism" for the earliest stage. google. P. 9. Librairie d'Ameriqe et d'Orient. [16] The Purusha Sukta in Daily Invocations (http:/ / www. 2003. Vijayawada. ISBN 8126902868. Kessinger Publishing (1 June 2004). Retrieved 2007-04-02. Rituals." [5] Krishnananda. P. [10] Sabir. Vedang. it is "the supreme". N.[52][53] • Buddhism. traditionally from the 8th century BCE during Parshva's time. Roshan. [11] Singhal. Vedic Religion. Accessed 15 June 2012 [13] Renou. ISBN 1419125087. ancient. although this is not to be understood in a static sense. 150-151. 37 Vedic Brahmanism of Iron Age India is believed by some to have co-existed. February 1990. Gupta. Brahman. Indian Scriptures. Swami. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. " Progress of Atheism in India: A Historical Perspective (http:/ / www. Vedic Period: A New Interpretation. p. Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism. 1-8. vol. K. maintaining much of the original form of the Vedic religion. Ch. editor. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. There are Jaina references to 22 pre-historic Tirthankaras. However. Publisher: Xlibris (7 October 2010). The Ancient History of India. Neha Publishers and Distributors (10 January 2012). 21 [21] Holdrege (2004:215). [14] Oberlies (1998:155) gives an estimate of 1100 BC for the youngest hymns in book 10. 1987 reprint: Munshiram Manoharlal. reprinted 1985. . K. htm)". and closely interacted with the non-Vedic (nastika) Śramana traditions. P.H. Umesh and Prativa Devi. from Encyclopædia Iranica. (Prof. Griffith.. ISBN 8126902868. Oberlies (p. [7] Ralph Thomas Hotchkin Griffith.. Vedic Period: A New Interpretation. It takes its name both from the predominant position of its priestly class. A Short History of Religious and Philosophic Thought in India. In this view.2. ISBN 0-919812-15-5. [18] Nasadiya Sukta (http:/ / www. Divine Life Society. apamnapat. ISBN 978-81-223-1007-8. the Brahmans. and importance given to. C.. Jainism peaked at the time of Mahavira (traditionally put in the 6th Century BCE). (traditionally put) from c. ISBN 978-93-80318-16-5. declined in India over the 5th to 12th centuries in favor of Puranic Hinduism. com/ articles/ Suktas003. ISBN 1453550119. html) translated by Ralph T. New Delhi. predating the Brahmana period.Historical Vedic religion • • • • • • the classical schools of Hindu philosophy Shaivism Vaishnavism Bhakti Shaktism Śrauta traditions. The Study of Hinduism. [12] "Botany of Haoma" (http:/ / www. Heaven Hell OR??. [8] Bloomfield Maurice. Terence P. P. 158) based on 'cumulative evidence' sets wide range of 1700–1100 [15] Krishnananda. Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Estimates for a terminus post quem of the earliest hymns are more uncertain. 500 BC.. org/ invoc/ in_sat. Paris 1947.. The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature.[54] Notes [1] INITIATION OF RELIGIONS IN INDIA (http:/ / www. swami-krishnananda. positiveatheism. 150. (1982). 1. Kalp. A Short History of Religious and Philosophic Thought in India. Swami. and from the increasing speculation about. but movements with mutual influences with Brahmanical traditions. P. p. University of South Carolina Press.[46][47][48][49] These were not direct outgrowths of Vedism. Roshan. Divine Life Society. Louis. Ancient India History. com/ books?id=HAHqvUGHO6cC& printsec=frontcover& source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage& q=& f=false) (1899). the supreme power. Hymns of the Atharva Veda.. Divine Life Society. C. The Ancient History of India. to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradiction in terms since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion – at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion. Swami. 155.. [19] The significance of Satarudriya in Daily Invocations (http:/ / www.[46] Following are the religions that evolved out of the Sramana tradition:[50][51] • Jainism. html) by Swami Krishnananda [17] Patri." [22] Singhal. org/ invoc/ in_pura. Panikkar (2001:350–351) remarks: "Ṛta is the ultimate foundation of everything. Translated with a Popular Commentary (http:/ / books. at least in eastern North India. 42 [6] Prasoon. p. ISBN 2-7200-1035-9. "Vedic Brahmanism" and "Brahmanism". [9] Dudi. org/ articles/ haoma-i). Amar Singh.] It is the expression of the primordial dynamism that is inherent in everything. swami-krishnananda." [3] Stephanie W. L'Inde Classique. The Texts of the White Yajurveda. [23] Day. 18-19. A Short History of Religious and Philosophic Thought in India. Jamison and Michael Witzel in Arvind Sharma. eu.) Shrikant. com/ article/ 238/ ) [2] The Encyclopædia Britannica of 2005 uses all of "Vedism". ISBN 81-215-0047-8. Atheist Centre 1940–1990 Golden Jubilee. and defines "Brahmanism" as "religion of ancient India that evolved out of Vedism. page 65: ". iranicaonline. Ch. ISBN 1440094365. 132 A Student's Guide to A2 Religious Studies for the OCR Specification By Michael Wilcockson [40] P. Brahmanism. Professor Emeritus of History of Religions at the Union Theological Seminary. p. p. Prakrit Bharti Academy." [53] Dundas.. karmic doctrine and atheism" [50] Jain." (http:/ / www. Schneider. 17. Jaipur [49] P. Buddhism and Hinduism. 99 The Wisdom of the Vedas By Jagadish Chandra Chatterji [38] ". India : History. Alexander P. Faith & philosophy of Jainism. Retrieved 26 November 2009.Historical Vedic religion [24] The Hindu history By Akshoy Kumar Mazumdar [25] P. P. expressindia.v. (1979). Jeremy Z. pp. Motilal Banarsidass. G. from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition. 170 Total Heart Health By Robert H. M. Express India.. Philosophy East and West (1972): "Alongside Brahmanism was the non-Aryan shramanic culture with its roots going back to prehistoric times. Forgotten Books (23 May 2012).17. having become calm and concentrated. wrote in Random House's The American College Dictionary (1966): "It [Vedānta] is concerned with the end of the Vedas. T. com/ patanjali-yoga-darsana-hatha-yoga) InfoRefuge. Cromwell Crawford. Arun. p. one perceives the self (atman). Siddharth. archive.Shridhar B. but it is rather confirmed in everything that we know of the spiritual life of that period." [42] "Patanjali’s Yoga Darsana – The Hatha Yoga Tradition.which states that. soul theory. practices. [37] P. Any theory that attempts to link the two traditions. Religion. 1999. Chapter 7 [30] Macdonell. P. a dictionary By S. org/ web/ 20091028114133/ http:/ / www. 259-60. 95. Joshi. 531 The Yoga Tradition By Georg Feuerstein [35] P. "Jainism. within oneself.24. Fields [34] P." [48] Dr. both chronologically and teleologically. 38 . Shridhar B. "There is no evidence to show that Jainism and Buddhism ever subscribed to vedic sacrifices. Masih (2000) In : A Comparative Study of Religions. UNESCO’s leg-up for city Veda research (http:/ / www. They are parallel or native religions of India and have contributed to much to the growth of even classical Hinduism of the present times. Retrieved 16 June 2012. [43] Kelkar. 210." Flood. and institutions) of the various non-Aryan communities. [52] Helmuth von Glasenapp. [44] * [45] Encyclopædia Britannica s. p. [39] P. [31] Flood. vedic deities or caste. Vedic Mythology. was in origin merely one component of a north Indian ascetic culture that flourished in the Ganges basin from around the eighth or seventh centuries BCE. inforefuge. com/ latest-news/ unescos-legup-for-city-veda-research/ 280908/ ). p. 51 The Complete Idiot's Guide to Yoga By Joan Budilovsky. Eve Adamson [33] P." [54] "Buddhism". comes in the way of the supposition that Jainism was established by Parsva around 800 BCE. 538 The Yoga Tradition By Georg Feuerstein [36] Flood. The Jains. then. 2008. Jainism: an Indian religion of salvation. html) by Swami Dayanand Saraswati." [47] Y. 94–95. 169 "Jainas themselves have no memory of a time when they fell within the Vedic fold. com/ Athens/ Ithaca/ 3440/ chapterseven. Devadas Pillai [29] Light of Truth (http:/ / web. Vision And Contribution To The World. 2008. Delhi. In Encyclopædia Britannica. geocities." [46] S. Arthur Anthony. [51] Svarghese. Kalghatgi. Hindu philosophy: "The great epic Mahabharata represents the attempt of Vedic Brahmanism to adjust itself to the new circumstances reflected in the process of the aryanization (integration of Aryan beliefs. review of L. 164 The Doctrine of the Upaniṣads and the Early Buddhism By Hermann Oldenberg. moreover fails to appreciate rather distinctive and very non-vedic character of Jaina cosmology. ISBN 81-208-0815-0 Page 18. 2002. 1988 In: Study of Jainism. Shrotri. Hume. 94. Motilal Banarsidass Publ : Delhi. from the philosophical and the historical point of view.S. (2009). The Jaina Path to Purification. 285 Indian sociology through Ghurye. [32] P. Jaini. Paul. P. Shrotri [41] Robert E. "Thus not only nothing. Aitareya and Kausitaki. As persons trained for the ritual and proficient in its practice. neṣṭṛ. the role of the adhvaryu grew in importance. i. strophes (triples called tṛca or pairs called pragātha). As each phase of the ritual required an invocation. This was a specialized role in the major soma sacrifices: a characteristic function of the udgātṛ was to sing hymns in praise of the invigorating properties of soma pavamāna. the brahman function was usually performed by a bahvṛca ("one who has many verses". Brahman A similar attempt at symmetry. to bring the animal and immolate it. either intact or adapted. and many verses of the ṛgveda were incorporated. Eventually a full complement of sixteen ṛtvijas became the custom for major ceremonies. prashāstṛ (meaning the maitrāvaruna). • The hotṛ was the reciter of invocations and litanies. Chief priests The older references uniformly indicate the hotṛ as the presiding priest. The sixteen consisted of four chief priests and their assistants.e. agnīdh and acchāvāka.Vedic priesthood 39 Vedic priesthood Priests of the Vedic religion are officiants of the yajna service. The rgvedic Brahmanas. or entire hymns (sukta). as well as an attempt to inflate the importance of the Atharvaveda. the Atharvaveda was the fourth and presumably superior veda for the fourth and senior most of the chief priests. to fetch wood and water. just as specific vedas were associated with the other three chief priests. • The brahman was superintendent of the entire performance. As members of a social class. specify seven hotrakas to recite shastras (litanies): hotṛ. a Rgvedin). These could consist of single verses (ṛca). They also carry a legend to explain the origin of the offices of the subrahmanya and the grāvastut. into the texts of the yajurveda. potṛ. the name of the priest is brahmán. a term for the Somayajna). to build the altar. to prepare the sacrificial vessels. they were generically known as vipra ("sage") or kavi ("seer"). According to Monier-Williams. neṣṭṛ. was a claim (in the Gopatha Brahmana) that this veda was the province of the brahman: allegedly." among other duties. as opposed to (and morphologically derived from) the term bráhman "sacred utterance" (and hence "Universal Soul".). as the Atharvaveda made no contribution to the liturgy of the solemn high rituals. Each action was accompanied by supplicative or benedictive formulas (yajus).1.2 enumerates them as the hotṛ. In practice. adhvaryu and brahman (meaning the brāhmanācchamsin).[citation needed] Note that the Vedic accent is distinctive in this case. etc. the freshly pressed juice of the soma plant. brāhmanācchamsin. • The adhvaryu was in charge of the physical details of the sacrifice (in particular the adhvara. drawn from the ṛgveda. agnīdh. the hotṛ had a leading or presiding role. Over time. to light the fire. This theoretical fancy had no basis in fact or likelihood. . potṛ. • The udgātṛ was a chanter of hymns set to melodies (sāman) drawn from the sāmaveda. maitrāvaruna. and responsible for correcting mistakes by means of supplementary invocations. with perhaps only the adhvaryu as his assistant in the earliest times. the adhvaryu "had to measure the ground. suggesting a historical split of the duties of the hotṛ in the development of the brahman as a distinct role. they were called ṛtvij ("regularly-sacrificing"). drawn from the yajurveda. The phrase "seven hotars" is found more than once in the Rgveda. RV 2. Specialization of roles attended the elaboration and development of the ritual corpus over time. Vedic priesthood 40". The Wedding of Satyabhama and Krishna from Bhagavata Purana Assistants: • With the hotṛ: • the maitrāvaruna • the acchāvāka • the grāvastut (praising the Soma stones) • With the udgātṛ: • the prastotṛ (who chants the Prastâva) • the pratihartṛ ("averter") • the subrahmanya • With the adhvaryu: • the pratiprasthātṛ • the neṣṭṛ • the unnetṛ (who pours the Soma juice into the receptacles ) • With the brahman: • the brāhmanācchamsin • the agnīdh (priest who kindles the sacred fire) • the potṛ ("purifier") This last classification is incorrect, as the formal assistants of the brahman were actually assistants of the hotṛ and the adhvaryu.Wikipedia:Please clarify Vedic priesthood 41 appears in the Rig Veda (e.g., in RV 6.16.13 where Agni is said to have been churned by Atharvan from the mind of every poet).. Notes [1] Shānkhāyana SS 13.4.1, Āsvalāyana SS 4.1.4-6. External links • e-learning of Basic Vedic Mantras & rituals from Home for Brahmins () Online Vedic Courses through Video Conferencing by Vedic Priests • The Turning-Point in a Living Tradition () Vedic mythology 42 Vedic mythology Vedic mythology refers to the mythological aspects of the historical Vedic religion and Vedic literature, most notably alluded to in the hymns of the Rigveda. The central myth at the base of Vedic ritual surrounds Indra who, inebriated with Soma, slays the dragon (ahi) Vrtra, freeing the rivers, the cows and Dawn. It has directlyWikipedia:Disputed statement contributed to the evolution and development of later Hinduism and Hindu mythology.. Vedic hymns refer to these and other deities, often 33, consisting of 8 Vasus, 11 Rudras, 12 Adityas, and the late Rigvedic Prajapati. These deities belong to the 3 dimensions of the universe/heavens, the earth, and the intermediate space. Some major deities of the Vedic tradition include Indra, Surya, Agni, Vayu, Varuna, Mitra, Aditi, Yama, Soma, Ushas, Sarasvati, Prithvi, and Rudra.[] The Vedas in Puranic mythology The Vishnu Purana attributes the current arrangement of four Vedas to the mythical sage Vedavyasa.[1].It also describes that the myth of jasmebo is inevitable in the Kali Yuga. Rig, Sama, Yajur and Atharva constitute the "Four Vedas".[2] The Rig Veda (mantras) is a collection of inspired songs or hymns and is a main source of information on the Rig Vedic civilization. The Sama Veda (songs) is purely a liturgical collection of melodies (saman). The hymns in the Sama Veda, used as musical notes, were almost completely drawn from the Rig Veda and have no distinctive lessons of their own. The Yajur Veda (rituals) is also a liturgical collection and was made to meet the demands of a ceremonial religion. The Atharva Veda (spells) is completely different from the other three Vedas and is next in importance to Rig-Veda with regard to history and sociology. a heroic god. • • • • • • Indra 289 Agni 218 Soma 123 (most of them in the Soma Mandala) Vishvadevas 70 the Asvins 56 Varuna 46 [1] • the Maruts 38 • Mitra 28[1] . Dyaus continuing Dyeus. Ansa and Daksha. The names of Indra. ABC-Clio Inc.Vedic mythology 43 References Further reading 1. ISBN 1-57607-106-5. the Devas and the Asuras. Thacker. Mitra-Varuna.J. and Soma the ritual drink dedicated to Indra are the most prominent deities. semi-divine craftsmen.google.google. slayer of Vrtra and destroyer of the Vala. There are two major groups of gods. ISBN 0-87722-122-7. (the wind). the Ashvins and the Rbhus. Vishnu and Rudra. and the god of the underworld and death. Williams. suggesting that the some of the religion of the Mitannis was very close to that of the Rigveda. Handbook of Hindu Mythology (. the prominent deities of later Hinduism (Rudra being an early form of Shiva) are present as marginal gods. Cornelia (1978). Buitenen. 3. Spink & co. violent storm gods in Indra's train and the Ashvins. Vivasvant. Rivers play an important role. and Apas (the waters). Surya is the personification of the Sun. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. here counted doubly. Bhaga. Invoked in groups are the Vishvedevas (the "all-gods"). the Asuras are not yet demonized. Soma-Rudra. also worshipped as a deity. the chief god of the Proto-Indo-European religion.google. Indra. but Savitr. such as Indra-Agni. Varuna and the Nasatyas are also attested in a Mitanni treaty. most of them dedicated to specific deities. Unlike in later Vedic texts and in Hinduism. after Griffith (1888). (1882). with Aryaman. liberator of the cows and the rivers. also have aspects of solar deities.com/books?id=ZBUHAAAAQAAJ&). Aditi is the mother both of Agni and of the Adityas or Asuras.com/ books?id=ZBUHAAAAQAAJ&). Wilkins. J. van. Hindu mythology. W. Deities by prominence List of Rigvedic deities by number of dedicated hymns. led by Mitra and Varuna. the most prominent goddess of the Rigveda. George (2001). Dimmitt. Mitra and Varuna being their most prominent members. most prominently the Sapta Sindhu and the Sarasvati River. Mitra. Rigvedic deities There are 1028 hymns in the Rigveda. B. Agni the sacrificial fire and messenger of the gods. Classical Hindu mythology: a reader in the Sanskrit Puranas (. 2. Vedic and Purānic (. Other natural phenomena deified include Vayu.com/ books?id=SzLTWow0EgwC&). A. and Ushas (the dawn). the twin horsemen. the Maruts. deified as goddesses. Yama is the first ancestor. Dyaus and Prithivi (Heaven and Earth). Some dedications are to paired deities. deified in 10. deified e.58 Dakshina (Reward for priests and poets) in 10.Rigvedic deities • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ushas 21 Vayu (Wind) 12 Savitr 11 the Rbhus 11 Pushan 10 the Apris 9 Brhaspati 8 Surya (Sun) 8 Dyaus and Prithivi (Heaven and Earth) 6. in 10. prominent concept. a form of Indra) 2 44 Minor deities (one single or no dedicated hymn) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Manas (Thought). deified in 10. prominent concept.107 Jnanam (Knowledge).125) Vastospati 2 Vishvakarman 2 Manyu 2 Kapinjala (the Heathcock • Saranyu . plus 5.g. prominent concept.71 Purusha ("Cosmic Man" of the Purusha sukta 10. 2010.III.H."Man's Relation to God in the Varuna Hymns. George Menachery. Griffith. Vol. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India." in the St.4 ff. • Ralph T. Hymns of the Rigveda (1888). Ed.Rigvedic deities 45 References [1] Noel Seth. pp. . Indus valley.Indus Valley Civilization 46 Indus Valley Civilization Bronze Age ↑ Chalcolithic Near East (3600-1200 BC) Caucasus. literature sword.260. along with its contemporaries. Inhabitants of . mature period 2600–1900 BCE) in the northwestern region[1] of the Indian subcontinent. Anatolia. chariot ↓ Iron Age The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE. the civilization[4][5][6]</ref> extended east into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley[7] and the upper reaches Ganges-Yamuna Doab. the Indus Civilization may have had a population of well over five million. Levant.000 km².) arsenical bronze writing.[8][] it extended west to the Makran coast of Balochistan. At its peak. The civilization was spread over some 1. Mesopotamia. The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations. Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. making it the largest known ancient civilization. Elam. north to northeastern Afghanistan and south to Daimabad in Maharashtra.[2][3] Flourishing around the Indus River basin. [11]Wikipedia:Citing sources[12] 47 Discovery and excavation The ruins of Harrappa were first described in 1842 by Charles Masson in his Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan. the city of Brahminabad was reduced to ballast. and the Punjab. out of which 96 have been excavated. The shaded called Brahminabad. later director general of the archeological survey of northern India. in the same area of the Harappan Civilization. visited Harappa where the British engineers John and William Brunton were laying the East Indian Railway Company line connecting the cities of Karachi and Lahore. as the first of its cities to be unearthed was located at Harappa.056 cities and settlements have been found. often called Early Harappan and Late Harappan. and tin). Lothal. bronze. The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization. and. of hard well-burnt bricks. he found it full area does not include recent excavations. roadside drainage system. seal carving) and metallurgy (copper. with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999. The Harappan civilisation is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from these cultures.Indus Valley Civilization the ancient Indus river valley developed new techniques in handicraft (carnelian products. Up to 1999. General Alexander Cunningham. "convinced that there was a grand quarry for the ballast I wanted".[] . Kalibanga. A relationship with the Dravidian or Elamo-Dravidian language family is favored by a section of scholars. and multistoried houses. but no archaeological interest would attach to this for nearly a century. John's brother William Brunton's "section of the line ran near another ruined city. Extent and major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization. They were told of an ancient ruined city near the lines. The civilization is noted for its cities built of brick. Visiting the city. further north. Mohenjo-daro (UNESCO World Heritage Site). Dholavira. where locals talked of an ancient city extending "thirteen cosses" (about 25 miles).[10] There were earlier and later cultures. lead. and Rakhigarhi.[] mainly in the general region of the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river and its tributaries. These bricks now provided ballast along 93 miles (150 km) of the railroad track running from Karachi to Lahore".[9] Excavation of Harappan sites has been ongoing since 1920.[] The Harappan language is not directly attested and its affiliation is uncertain since the Indus script is still undeciphered. bricks from which had already been used by villagers in the nearby village of Harappa at the same site.[13] In 1856. Among the settlements were the major urban centres of Harappa. excavated in the 1920s in what was at the time the Punjab province of British India (now in Pakistan). John wrote: "I was much exercised in my mind how we were to get ballast for the line of the railway".[] A few months later. Afghanistan. over 1. J. Two terms are employed for the periodization of the IVC: Phases and Eras. in 1912. Brij Basi Lal. Mehrgarh VII) Era Early Food Producing Era Regionalisation Era 5500-2600 . "There we have the whole sequence. much of Mohenjo-Daro had been excavated. as far east as at Alamgirpur. respectively—the entire Indus Valley Civilization may be taken to have lasted from the 33rd to the 14th centuries BCE. respectively. archaeological adviser to the Government of Pakistan. such as that led by Sir Mortimer Wheeler. E. "Discoveries at Mehrgarh changed the entire concept of the Indus civilization".[16][17] The Early Harappan. By 1931. and excavations from this time include those led by Sir Mortimer Wheeler in 1949. Nausharo I. 2600 to 1900 BCE. MacKay."[18] Date range 7000–5500 BCE 5500–3300 3300–2600 3300–2800 2800–2600 Phase Mehrgarh I (aceramic Neolithic) Mehrgarh II-VI (ceramic Neolithic) Early Harappan Harappan 1 (Ravi Phase) Harappan 2 (Kot Diji Phase. Outposts of the Indus Valley civilization were excavated as far west as Sutkagan Dor in Baluchistan.[14] It was half a century later. right from the beginning of settled village life. director of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1944. and Localisation eras. Islamabad. Fleet. and Late Harappan phases are also called the Regionalisation. professor emeritus at Quaid-e-Azam University. Uttar Pradesh. the bulk of the archaeological finds were inherited by Pakistan where most of the IVC was based. With the inclusion of the predecessor and successor cultures—Early Harappan and Late Harappan. and at Mohenjo-daro by Rakhal Das Banerjee. as far north as at Shortugai on the Amu Darya (the river's ancient name was Oxus) in current Afghanistan. according to Ahmad Hasan Dani.Indus Valley Civilization 48 In 1872–75 Alexander Cunningham published the first Harappan seal (with an erroneous identification as Brahmi letters). Surat Dist. Among other archaeologists who worked on IVC sites before the partition of the subcontinent in 1947 were Ahmad Hasan Dani. H. Following the Partition of India. with the Regionalization era reaching back to the Neolithic Mehrgarh II period. India. Mature Harappan. prompting an excavation campaign under Sir John Hubert Marshall in 1921–22 and resulting in the discovery of the civilization at Harappa by Sir John Marshall.[15] Chronology The mature phase of the Harappan civilization lasted from c. with the Great Bath in the front and Sir John Marshall. Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro.. India and as far south as at Malwan. Nani Gopal Majumdar. Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni and Madho Sarup Vats. and Sir Marc Aurel Stein. but excavations continued. Integration. that more Harappan seals were discovered by J. [32] consequently. Kalibangan.[30] the Harappan Civilization "is a fusion of the Bagor. Other IVC colonies can be found in Afghanistan while smaller isolated colonies can be found as far away as Turkmenistan and in Gujarat. more than 500 Harappan sites have been discovered along the dried up river beds of the Ghaggar-Hakra River and its tributaries.[25] Indus Valley sites have been found most often on rivers. but also on the ancient seacoast. Indus sites have been discovered in Pakistan's northwestern Frontier Province as well.[27] and on islands. Northern Black Polished Ware (Iron Age) Indo-Gangetic Tradition Localisation Era Integration Era 2600–1900 2600–2450 2450–2200 2200–1900 1900–1300 1900–1700 1700–1300 1300–300 Geography The Indus Valley Civilization extended west to the Makran coast of Balochistan. second. Balakot.[29] According to J. and at Alamgirpur on the Hindon River.[28] There is evidence of dry river beds overlapping with the Hakra channel in Pakistan and the seasonal Ghaggar River in India.[26] for example.. according to the common archaeological usage of naming a civilization after its first findspot.[19] The geography of the Indus Valley put the civilizations that arose there in a highly similar situation to those in Egypt and Peru. only 28 km from Delhi.[24] India. for example.[31] in contrast to only about 100 along the Indus and its tributaries. and Ganwariwala. Coastal settlements extended from Sutkagan Dor[20] in Western Baluchistan to Lothal[21] in Gujarat. in their opinion. was a tributary of the Indus. desert. Hakra. and ocean. An Indus Valley site has been found on the Oxus River at Shortughai in northern Afghanistan. Dholavira.[23] at Manda.Indus Valley Civilization 49 Mature Harappan (Indus Valley Civilization) Harappan 3A (Nausharo II) Harappan 3B Harappan 3C Late Harappan (Cemetery H). with rich agricultural lands being surrounded by highlands. when it existed.Jammu on the Beas River near Jammu.[33] "Harappan Civilization" remains the correct one. and Koti Dij traditions or 'ethnic groups' in the Ghaggar-Hakra valley on the borders of India and Pakistan". However. Rakhigarhi. so the new nomenclature is redundant. Ochre Coloured Pottery Harappan 4 Harappan 5 Painted Gray Ware. Recently.[7] Among them are: Rupar. Shaffer and D. Sothi. the north to northeastern Afghanistan and south to Maharashtra. the appellation Indus Ghaggar-Hakra civilisation or Indus-Saraswati civilisation is justified. east to Uttar Pradesh.[7] According to some archaeologists. that the number of Harappan sites along the Ghaggar-Hakra river beds have been exaggerated and that the Ghaggar-Hakra. G. Many Indus Valley (or Harappan) sites have been discovered along the Ghaggar-Hakra beds. A. . Lichtenstein.[22] in the Gomal River valley in northwestern Pakistan. Another town of this stage was found at Kalibangan in India on the Hakra River. and cotton. by this time. brick platforms. The earliest examples of the Indus script date from around 3000 BCE. Villagers had. or.Indus Valley Civilization 50 Early Harappan The Early Harappan Ravi Phase. which lined the major streets. The massive walls of Indus cities most likely protected the Harappans from floods and may have dissuaded military conflicts. from where the mature Harappan phase started.[35] Trade networks linked this culture with related regional cultures and distant sources of raw materials. more than 1.[34] Kot Diji (Harappan 2) represents the phase leading up to Mature Harappan. accessibility to the means of religious ritual. Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes. It is related to the Hakra Phase. The quality of municipal town planning suggests the knowledge of urban planning and efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on hygiene. domesticated numerous crops. Cities A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture is evident in the Indus Valley Civilization making them the first urban centres in the region. sesame seeds. Pakistan. this urban plan included the world's first known urban sanitation systems: see hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Computer-aided reconstruction of coastal Civilization. Mature Harappan By 2600 BCE. Such urban centres include Harappa. Harappan 2). mainly in the general region of the Indus Rivers and their tributaries. dates. Mohenjo-Daro and the recently partially excavated Rakhigarhi. Pakistan obtained water from wells. alternatively. In total. warehouses. waste water was directed to covered drains. near Mohenjo Daro. Kalibangan. with the citadel representing centralised authority and an increasingly urban quality of life. The house-building in some villages in the region still resembles in some respects the house-building of the Harappans. Rakhigarhi. and predates the Kot Diji Phase (2800-2600 BCE. including lapis lazuli and other materials for bead-making. individual homes or groups of homes Harappan settlement at Sokhta Koh near Pasni. The advanced architecture of the Harappans is shown by their impressive dockyards. Ganeriwala. Early Harappan communities turned to large urban centres by 2600 BCE. Within the city. From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing. As seen in Harappa.[] The mature phase of earlier village cultures is represented by Rehman Dheri and Amri in Pakistan. Mohenjo-Daro in modern day Pakistan. named after a site in northern Sindh. the Early Harappan communities had been turned into large urban centres.[36]. named after the nearby Ravi River. Rupar. and Lothal in modern day India. including the water buffalo.[citation needed] .052 cities and settlements have been found. including peas. identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley to the west. as well as animals. granaries. and Dholavira. and protective walls. lasted from circa 3300 BCE until 2800 BCE. Pakistan Although some houses were larger than others. Indus Civilization cities were remarkable for their apparent. egalitarianism. There is no conclusive evidence of palaces or temples—or of kings. In sharp contrast to this civilization's contemporaries. who lived with others pursuing the same occupation in well-defined neighbourhoods. A comparison of available objects indicates large scale variation across the Indus territories. Steatite seals have images of animals. and everybody enjoyed equal status. there are indications of complex decisions being taken and implemented. For instance. was approximately 1.[37] Indus Valley seals. armies. late Mature Harappan period. which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal. mass. seals. • Harappan society had no rulers. the standardised ratio of brick size. They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures. no large monumental structures were built. This gives the impression of a society with relatively low wealth concentration. and the establishment of settlements near sources of raw material. beads and other objects. National Museum. the evidence for planned settlements. Karachi. Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.704 mm. people (perhaps gods). These are the major assumptions: • There was a single state. though clear social levelling is seen in personal adornments. Found at one city is an enormous well-built bath (the "Great Bath"). or priests. if relative. Their smallest division. which may have been a public bath. Technology The people of the Indus Civilization achieved great accuracy in measuring length. Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes. All the houses had access to water and drainage facilities. Among the artifacts discovered were beautiful glazed faïence beads. • There was no single ruler but several: Mohenjo-daro had a separate ruler. including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights. including the yet un-deciphered writing system of the Indus Valley Civilization. and time. British Museum . Authority and governance Archaeological records provide no immediate answers for a center of power or for depictions of people in power in Harappan society. Some structures are thought to have been granaries. Although the citadels were walled. Materials from distant regions were used in the cities for constructing seals. Mohenjo-Daro. the extraordinary uniformity of Harappan artifacts as evident in pottery.Indus Valley Civilization 51 The purpose of the citadel remains debated. given the similarity in artifacts. and other types of inscriptions. Some of the seals were used to stamp clay on trade goods and most probably had other uses as well. Harappa another. But. it is far from clear that these structures were defensive. So-called "Priest King" statue. the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age. Most city dwellers appear to have been traders or artisans. weights and bricks. and so forth. They may have been built to divert flood waters. 5. In 2001. had knowledge of proto-dentistry. archaeologists studying the remains of two men from Mehrgarh. Part bull. with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams. that makes us wonder whether. and other ornaments from all phases of Harappan sites and some of these crafts . as in other cultures. The engineering skill of the Harappans was remarkable. they seemed to completely upset all established ideas about early art. However. 50. there is insufficient evidence to substantiate claims that the image had religious or cultic significance.. terra-cotta and stone figurines of girls in dancing poses reveal the presence of some dance form. and steatite have been found at excavation sites. [citation needed] Many crafts "such as shell working. and agate and glazed steatite bead making" were used in the making of necklaces. lead. especially in building docks. bears. these terra-cotta figurines included cows. and dogs. Eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults were discovered in a Neolithic graveyard in Mehrgarh that dates from 7.Indus Valley Civilization These chert weights were in a ratio of 5:2:1 with weights of 0. in these statuettes. The weights and measures later used in Kautilya's Arthashastra (4th century BCE) are the same as those used in Lothal. The animal depicted on a majority of seals at sites of the mature period has not been clearly identified. Modeling such as this was unknown in the ancient The "dancing girl of Mohenjo Daro" world up to the Hellenistic age of Greece. According to the authors. and culture..871. it is just this anatomical truth which is so startling. A number of gold. and 500 units. bronze. their discoveries point to a tradition of proto-dentistry in the early farming cultures of that region. 2. and I thought.e..[41]. Now. 100.5.000 years ago. it was announced in the scientific journal Nature that the oldest (and first early Neolithic) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo (i. therefore. actual weights were not uniform throughout the area. Greek artistry could possibly have been anticipated by the sculptors of a far-off age on the banks of the Indus.. 20. 0. 0. similar to the English Imperial ounce or Greek uncia.500-9. As yet. Pakistan. which was probably used for testing the purity of gold (such a technique is still used in some parts of India).2. bangles. but the prevalence of the image raises the question of whether or not the animals in images of the IVC are religious symbols. that these figures had found their way into levels some 3000 years older than those to which they properly belonged .[38] Harappans evolved some new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper. part zebra. monkeys. in this all-important matter. and tin. that some mistake must surely have been made. in a living person) was found in Mehrgarh.1. Also.05. pottery. made the discovery that the people of the Indus Valley Civilization.[40] 52 Arts and crafts Various sculptures. 10. it has been a source of speculation. from the early Harappan periods. 1. bronze. Later. in April 2006. and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0. gold jewelry. with a majestic horn. seals. and anatomically detailed figurines in terracotta.[39] A touchstone bearing gold streaks was found in Banawali. 0. ceramics. 200. dredged canal and what they regard as a docking facility at the coastal city of Lothal in western India (Gujarat state). ornaments.5 cm). among them cubical dice (with one to six holes on the faces). has however also been discovered by H. During 4300–3200 BCE of the chalcolithic period (copper age). document intensive caravan trade with Central Asia and the Iranian plateau. (12. Brooklyn Museum 53 This figure. perhaps driven by sail. the use of collyrium and a special three-in-one toiletry gadget) that were found in Harappan contexts still have similar counterparts in modern India. the Indus Valley Civilization area shows ceramic similarities with southern Turkmenistan and northern Iran which suggest considerable mobility and trade. An extensive canal network. the so-called Pashupati. the Veda. Archaeologists have discovered a massive.Indus Valley Civilization are still practised in the subcontinent today. The IVC may have been the first civilization to use wheeled transport. 2800-2600 BCE) which had red colour applied to the "manga" (line of partition of the hair). Fragment of Large Deep Vessel.[44] Trade and transportation The Indus civilization's economy appears to have depended significantly on trade. Chanhudaro.E. similar to those one can see on the The docks of ancient Lothal as they are today Indus River today. Francfort. has been variously identified.[46] . During the Early Harappan period (about 3200–2600 BCE).-P. it would be evidence that some aspects of Hinduism predate the earliest texts.[42] Some make-up and toiletry items (a special kind of combs (kakai).[] Terracotta female figurines were found (ca. as well as boats. which were found in sites like Mohenjo-Daro. however. sometimes known as a Pashupati. flat-bottomed craft. Shiva.[43] If this can be validated. A harp-like instrument depicted on an Indus seal and two shell objects found at Lothal indicate the use of stringed musical instruments. 415/16×6⅛ in. below).5×15. seals. which was facilitated by major advances in transport technology. similarities in pottery. circa 2500 B. and another sitting cross-legged in what some call a yoga-like pose (see image. etc.[] Seals have been found at Mohenjo-Daro depicting a figure standing on its head. figurines. used for irrigation.C. The Harappans also made various toys and games. Most of these boats were probably small. Sir John Marshall identified a resemblance to the Hindu god. Red pottery with red and black slip-painted decoration. there is secondary evidence of seagoing craft.[45] These advances may have included bullock carts that are identical to those seen throughout South Asia today. Typical Indus inscriptions are no more than four or five characters in length. however. Writing system Between 400 and as many as 600 distinct Indus symbols[50] have been found on seals. which is less than 1 inch (2. a crop derived from two-row barley (see Shaffer and Liechtenstein 1995. Dholavira While the Indus Valley Civilization is generally characterized as a literate society on the evidence of these inscriptions.[48] Such long-distance sea trade became feasible with the innovative development of plank-built watercraft. but this claim leaves unexplained the appearance of Indus symbols on many ritual objects.Indus Valley Civilization Judging from the dispersal of Indus civilization artifacts.[47] There was an extensive maritime trade network operating between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilizations as early as the middle Harappan Phase. the trade networks. including portions of Afghanistan. Others have claimed on occasion that the symbols were exclusively used for economic transactions. comparing the pattern of symbols to various linguistic scripts and non-linguistic systems. this description has been challenged by Farmer. most of which (aside from the Dholavira "signboard") are tiny. north of Pasni). is 17 signs long. published in Science. and Balakot (near Sonmiani) in Pakistan along with Lothal in India testify to their role as Harappan trading outposts. northern and western India. 54 Subsistence Some post-1980 studies indicate that food production was largely indigenous to the Indus Valley. the longest on any object (found on three different faces of a mass-produced object) has a length of 26 symbols. north of Jiwani). including a "signboard" that apparently once hung over the gate of the inner citadel of the Indus city of Dholavira. computer scientists. There is some evidence that trade contacts extended to Crete and possibly to Egypt.54 cm) square. cultural developments". small tablets. and Witzel (2004)[51] who argue that the Indus system did not encode language. including DNA and a computer programming language.[52] In a 2009 study by P. the longest on a single surface. such as Dorian Fuller. dubbed "Signboard". but not isolated. Shallow harbors located at the estuaries of rivers opening into the sea allowed brisk maritime trade with Mesopotamian cities. Several coastal settlements like Sotkagen-dor (astride Dasht River. many of which were mass-produced in moulds. Shaffer (1999: 245) writes that the Mehrgarh site "demonstrates that food production was an indigenous South Asian phenomenon" and that the data support interpretation of "the prehistoric urbanization and complex social organization in South Asia as based on indigenous. and Mesopotamia. the coastal regions of Persia. Others. with much commerce being handled by "middlemen merchants from Dilmun" (modern Bahrain and Failaka located in the Persian Gulf). Sproat.[49] and the major cultivated cereal crop was naked six-row barley. Archaeologist Jim G. found that the Indus script's pattern is closer to that of spoken words.[53][54] . N. 1999). equipped with a single central mast supporting a sail of woven rushes or cloth. It is known that the people of Mehrgarh used domesticated wheats and barley. Rao et al. indicate that it took some 2000 years before Middle Eastern wheat was acclimatised to South Asian conditions. Ten Indus Scripts. supporting the hypothesis that it codes for an as-yet-unknown language. No parallels to these mass-produced inscriptions are known in any other early ancient civilizations. integrated a huge area. economically. but was instead similar to a variety of non-linguistic sign systems used extensively in the Near East and other societies. ceramic pots and more than a dozen other materials. Sokhta Koh (astride Shadi River. cannot distinguish linguistic systems from non-linguistic ones. Sproat.[55] Farmer et al.Indus Valley Civilization Farmer. 55 Religion Some Indus valley seals show swastikas. Each seal has a distinctive combination of symbols and there are too few examples of each sequence to provide a sufficient context. edited by Asko Parpola and his colleagues. Buddhism.[60][61][62] According to Iravatham Mahadevan symbols 47 and 48 of his Indus script glossary The Indus Script: Texts. volume. that they spuriously claim represent the structures of all real-world non-linguistic sign systems".000 fully ordered signs.[63] Swastika Seals from the Indus Valley Civilization preserved at the British Museum . MacKay (1938.000 randomly ordered signs and another of 200. could describe Hindu deity Murugan. third.[58][59] The so-called Shiva Pashupati seal Many Indus valley seals show animals. Formerly. and Jainism. The final. The earliest evidence for elements of Hinduism are alleged to have been present before and during the early Harappan period. did not actually compare the Indus signs with "real-world non-linguistic systems" but rather with "two wholly artificial systems invented by the authors. There have. researchers had to supplement the materials in the Corpus by study of the tiny photos in the excavation reports of Marshall (1931). 1943). pointing out that Rao et al. Concordance and Tables (1977). representing seated human-like figures. Wheeler (1947). 2010). obtained with Indus signs. nonetheless. These interpretations have been marked by ambiguity and subjectivity. especially in Indian religions such as Hinduism. or reproductions in more recent scattered sources.[56] The messages on the seals have proved to be too short to be decoded by a computer. and Witzel have disputed this finding. along with many discovered in the last few decades. have also demonstrated that a comparison of a non-linguistic system like medieval heraldic signs with natural languages yields results similar to those that Rao et al. an epithet of the later Hindu gods Shiva and Rudra. One motif shows a horned figure seated in a posture reminiscent of the Lotus position and surrounded by animals was named by early excavators Pashupati (lord of cattle).[56]:69 Photos of many of the thousands of extant inscriptions are published in the Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions (1987. The symbols that accompany the images vary from seal to seal. 1991. one consisting of 200. republished photos taken in the 1920s and 1930s of hundreds of lost or stolen inscriptions. which are found in other religions worldwide. They conclude that the method used by Rao et al.[57] Phallic symbols interpreted as the much later Hindu Shiva lingam have been found in the Harappan remains. making it impossible to derive a meaning for the symbols from the images. been a number of interpretations offered for the meaning of the seals. they have not been identified. unearthed at Mohenjodaro portrays a person with 3 or possibly 4 faces. the Indus Valley Civilization did not disappear suddenly.[73] Previously. Clark who sees it as an inadequate explanation of the function and construction of many of the figurines. Jain iconography frequently depicts its Tirthankaras with four faces.[64] However.Indus Valley Civilization In view of the large number of figurines found in the Indus valley. symbolizing their presence in all four directions. or changes in the course of the river may have contributed to the collapse of the IVC. whose companion animal is the bull. House . floods. It is possible that a temple exists to the East of the great bath. scholars soon started to reject Wheeler's theory. and many elements of the Indus Civilization can be found in later cultures. and not violent aggression.[72] In addition.[] . In the Adi Purana Book XV III. states[69] that.[71] Seal 420. some scholars believe that the Harappan people worshipped a Mother goddess symbolizing fertility. and authors such as Christopher Key Chappel and Richard Lannoy support the Jain interpretation.[41] Ram Prasad Chanda. As evidence. This seal can be interpreted in many ways. Lannoy. a common practice among rural Hindus even today.[66] However. the Harappans buried their dead. later.”[70] Christopher Key Chappel also notes some other possible links with Jainism. speculation about the religion of the IVC is largely based on a retrospective view from a much later Hindu perspective. Thomas McEvilley and Padmanabh Jaini have all suggested that the abundant use of the bull image in the Indus Valley civilization indicates a link with Rsabha.[67] In the earlier phases of their culture. Depictions of a bull appear repeatedly in the artifacts of the Indus Valley. he cited a group of 37 skeletons found in various parts of Mohenjo-Daro. Sir Mortimer Wheeler proposed that the decline of the Indus Civilization was caused by the invasion of an Indo-European tribe from Central Asia called the "Aryans". There is a Buddhist reliquary mound on the site and permission has not been granted to move it. This four-faced attribute is also true of many Hindu gods. since the skeletons belonged to a period after the city's abandonment and none were found near the citadel. and passages in the Vedas referring to battles and forts.[68] Until there is sufficient evidence. If there were temples. and by around 1700 BCE. 1000-900 BCE and was partially contemporaneous with the Painted Grey Ware culture. deforestation. however. However. important among them being Brahma. the Kayotsarga posture is described in connection with the penance of Rsabha. this view has been disputed by S.[65] There are no religious buildings or evidence of elaborate burials.[] Today. who supervised Indus Valley Civilisation excavations. In 1953. also known as Vrsabha. the chief creator deity. especially in the Cemetery H culture of the late Harrapan period. many scholars believe that the collapse of the Indus Civilization was caused by drought and a decline in trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia. most of the cities were abandoned.[] Harvard archaeologist Richard Meadow points to the late Harappan settlement of Pirak. The Kayotsarga posture is peculiarly Jain. Subsequent examinations of the skeletons by Kenneth Kennedy in 1994 showed that the marks on the skulls were caused by erosion. but the site has not been excavated. the standing deities on the seals also show Kayotsarga (a standing or sitting posture of meditation) position. It is a posture not of sitting but of standing. which thrived continuously from 1800 BCE to the time of the invasion of Alexander the Great in 325 BCE. “Not only the seated deities on some of the Indus seals are in Yoga posture and bear witness to the prevalence of Yoga in the Indus Valley Civilisation in that remote age. it was also believed that the decline of the Harappan civilization led to an interruption of urban life in the Indian subcontinent. signs of a gradual decline began to emerge.[71] 56 Collapse and Late Harappan Around 1800 BCE.[] It has also been suggested that immigration by new peoples. Current archaeological data suggest that material culture classified as Late Harappan may have persisted until at least c. However. they also cremated their dead and buried the ashes in burial urns.1 in HR-A area in Mohenjadaro's Lower Town has been identified as a possible temple. urban IVC .[78] 57 Legacy In the aftermath of the Indus Civilization's collapse. contradicting a Harappan time mighty "Sarasvati" river. from the University of Aberdeen. Early Dynastic to Ur III Mesopotamia. to varying degrees showing the influence of the Indus Civilization. to investigate how the courses of rivers have changed in this region since 8000 years ago. After the discovery of the IVC in the 1920s. In the formerly great city of Harappa. The actual reason for decline might be any combination of these factors. in particular the Old Elamite period. a practice dominant in Hinduism today. The residents then migrated towards the Ganges basin in the east. A tectonic event may have diverted the system's sources toward the Ganges Plain. linked to a general weakening of the monsoon at that time. and the cities died out. just as in most areas of the world. the water supply for the agricultural activities dried up. and were rain-fed instead.[76][77] According to their theory. A 2004 paper indicated that the isotopes of the Ghaggar-Hakra system do not come from the Himalayan glaciers.[] A possible natural reason for the IVC's decline is connected with climate change that is also signalled for the neighbouring areas of the Middle East: The Indus valley climate grew significantly cooler and drier from about 1800 BCE. Alternatively. which in turn supported the development of cities. burials have been found that correspond to a regional culture called the Cemetery H culture. As the monsoons kept shifting eastward. New geological research is now being conducted by a group led by Peter Clift. though there is complete uncertainty about the date of this event. the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture expanded from Rajasthan into the Gangetic Plain. as most settlements inside Ghaggar-Hakra river beds have not yet been dated.[79] The mature (Harappan) phase of the IVC is contemporary to the Early to Middle Bronze Age in the Ancient Near East. the number of sites in India increased from 218 to 853. These link "the so-called two major phases of urbanization in South Asia". At the same time. Prepalatial Minoan Crete and Old Kingdom to First Intermediate Period Egypt. Excavations in the Gangetic plain show that urban settlement began around 1200 BCE. there was a continuous series of cultural developments.[75] The team's findings were published in PNAS in May 2012. It has been compared in particular with the civilizations of Elam (also in the context of the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis) and with Minoan Crete (because of isolated cultural parallels such as the ubiquitous goddess worship and depictions of bull-leaping). The discovery of the advanced. The monsoon-supported farming led to large agricultural surpluses.[74] A research team led by the geologist Liviu Giosan of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution also concluded that climate change in form of the easterward migration of the monsoons led to the decline of the IVC. The Cemetery H culture has the earliest evidence for cremation.Indus Valley Civilization Recent archaeological excavations indicate that the decline of Harappa drove people eastward. the slow eastward migration of the monsoons across Asia initially allowed the civilization to develop. Mortimer Wheeler interpreted the presence of many unburied corpses found in the top levels of Mohenjo-Daro as the victims of a warlike conquest. The IVC residents did not develop irrigation capabilities. relying mainly on the seasonal monsoons. After 1900 BCE.[] Archaeologists have emphasized that. it was immediately associated with the indigenous Dasyu inimical to the Rigvedic tribes in numerous hymns of the Rigveda. and famously stated that "Indra stands accused" of the destruction of the IVC. The small surplus produced in these small communities did not allow development of trade. a crucial factor may have been the disappearance of substantial portions of the Ghaggar Hakra river system. Historical context and linguistic affiliation The IVC has been tentatively identified with the toponym Meluhha known from Sumerian records. to test whether climate or river reorganizations are responsible for the decline of the Harappan. only a few centuries after the decline of Harappa and much earlier than previously expected. where they established smaller villages and isolated farms. regional cultures emerged. The association of the IVC with the city-dwelling Dasyus remains alluring because the assumed timeframe of the first Indo-Aryan migration into India corresponds neatly with the period of decline of the IVC seen in the archaeological record. [32] e. 2009) (http:/ / www. Reveals New Study of Ancient Symbols (http:/ / newswise. but this usage is disputed on linguistic and geographical grounds. safarmer. is approximately . or the Indo-Europeanization of Western Europe. (Science. Delhi: Archaeol. [41] Keay. the breakup of proto-Dravidian corresponding to the breakup of the Late Harappan culture. html The civilization is sometimes referred to as the Indus Ghaggar-Hakra civilization or the Indus-Sarasvati civilization. pdf) Retrieved on 19 September 2009. and that an early form of Dravidian language must have been the language of the Indus people. com/ articles/ view/ 551380/ ) Newswise. The civilization is sometimes referred to as the Indus Ghaggar-Hakra civilization or Indus-Sarasvati civilization by Hindutva groups. where ancient copper smelting were found dating back almost 5. Early Sites Research Society (West) Monograph Series. ISBN 97801995933347 [50] Wells. [43] Marshall. 32-3. Surv. A. 5: 105-8 and pl. which lends credence to the theory. Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilisation. Oxford University Press. com/ Refutation3. A Review. p. comparable to the Germanic migrations after the Fall of Rome. Report for the Year 1872-73. Sir John. the Dravidian language family is concentrated mostly in southern India and northern Sri Lanka. Germany. in an interview with the Deccan Herald on 12 August 2012. Retrieved on 5 June 2009. Calcutta: Archaeological Survey of India. harappa. India. 2010. msn. Excavations at Alamgirpur. Wendy Doniger. [13] Note that the coss.[81] Proto-Munda (or Para-Munda) and a "lost phylum" (perhaps related or ancestral to the Nihali language)[82] have been proposed as other candidates. It was often suggested that the bearers of the IVC corresponded to proto-Dravidians linguistically.000 years. mohenjodaro. 24. html http:/ / uk. . com/ har/ indus-saraswati. com/ encyclopedia_761556839/ indus_valley_civilization. but pockets of it still remain throughout the rest of India and Pakistan (the Brahui language). [14] Cunningham. London: Arthur Probsthain. or the Kassite invasion of Babylonia. 2.g.[] or the Indus-Sarasvati civilization. html http:/ / www. The appellation Indus-Sarasvati is based on the possible identification of the Ghaggar-Hakra River with the Sarasvati River of the Nadistuti sukta in the Rig Veda. pp. B. The Inscriptions of the Indus civilization Norderstedt. [36] It has been noted that the courtyard pattern and techniques of flooring of Harappan houses has similarities to the way house-building is still done in some villages of the region. [7] See map on page 263 [8] Indian Archaeology. heavy floods hit Haryana in India and damaged the archaeological site of Jognakhera. net/ mohenjodaroessay. Independence MO 1999 [52] These and other issues are addressed in [54] Indus Script Encodes Language. The Indus Valley Civilization site was hit by almost 10 feet of water as the Sutlej Yamuna link canal overflowed. 2000. 1875.[85] Notes and references Notes [1] [2] [3] [4] http:/ / www. This move away from simplistic "invasionist" scenarios parallels similar developments in thinking about language transfer and population movement in general. a measure of distance used from Vedic period to Mughal times. New York: Grove Press.67. such as in the case of the migration of the proto-Greek speakers into Greece. 2006.[80] Today. p. Asko Parpola clarified his position by admitting that Sanskrit-speakers had contributed to the Indus Valley Civilization. encarta. John.[83][84] 58 Developments in July 2010 On 11 July. India. 1958-1959. Rainer.Indus Valley Civilization however changed the 19th century view of early Indo-Aryan migration as an "invasion" of an advanced culture at the expense of a "primitive" aboriginal population to a gradual acculturation of nomadic "barbarians" on an advanced urban civilization.<ref name="Ching 2006 28–32"> [5] McIntosh 2001.. 1931 [45] Hasenpflug. a HIstory. 3 vols. [55] A Refutation of the Claimed Refutation of the Non-linguistic Nature of Indus Symbols: Invented Data Sets in the Statistical Paper of Rao et al. 51–52. An Introduction to Indus Writing. However. Archaeological Survey of India. Finnish Indologist Asko Parpola concludes that the uniformity of the Indus inscriptions precludes any possibility of widely different languages being used. [47] The Hindus. 1007/BF00978474). The Wonder That Was India. safarmer. Hindi Granth Karyalay : Mumbai. P. Bal In: Jaya Gommatesa. Early India: From the Origins to 1300. Page 84. Chicago: Heinemann. London. • Lahiri. The Indus-Saraswati Civilization: Origins. P. html) [81] Sanskrit has also contributed to Indus Civilization. (2002). ISBN 0-8133-3532-9. L. ISBN 81-7530-034-5. B. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. J-P. . The Earliest Civilisation of South Asia (Rise. et al. Gopinath. edu/ ngier/ lalpaper. uidaho. uky. • Kenoyer. • Lal. New York: Cambridge University Press. html [84] http:/ / www. Sujata (2005). Penguin Books. Hinduism. New York/Paris: Routledge/UNESCO. Heuston. 1932) [70] Patil. Jane (2001). Short History of Pakistan (Book 1). [57] The BBC names a bath and phallic symbols of the Harappan civilization as features of the "Prehistoric religion (3000-1000BCE)". Oxford University Press.) (2000). From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century BC. Bridget (1997). Delhi: Pratibha Prakashan. University of Karachi. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. A Peaceful Realm: The Rise And Fall of the Indus Civilization.Indus Valley Civilization [56] 'Conditional Entropy' Cannot Distinguish Linguistic from Non-linguistic Systems (http:/ / www. Maturity and Decline). webpages. Rao.276 [68] Wolpert. Chicago: Heinemann. S. com/ content/ 79062/ sanskrit-has-contributed-indus-civilisation. • Aronovsky. The lost Sarasvati and the Indus Civilisation. • Lal. Journal of World Prehistory 5 (4): 1–64. Problems and Issues. University of California Press. 6-9 [73] Knipe. com/ more. Origins of a Civilization: The Prehistory and Early Archaeology of South Asia. India 1947-1997: New Light on the Indus Civilization. Gujarat". New Delhi: Aryan Books International. (1996). 2006 ISBN 81-88769-10-X [71] Christopher Key Chappel (1993). Nayanjot (ed. Volume III. Nonviolence to Animals. San Francisco: Harper. Jonathan Mark (1991). 11–14. (1997).) (1996). Stanley. The Decline and Fall of the Indus Civilisation. ISBN 0-415-09306-6. B.doi. Delhi: Permanent Black. Boulder: Westview Press. • McIntosh. Berkeley. [66] Thapar. Mohen. 1991 [69] In his article "Mohen-jo-Daro: Sindh 5000 Years Ago" in Modern Review (August. Ahmad Hassan (1984). Jonathan Mark (1998). ISBN 0-19-517422-4. Raymond (ed. The Indus Valley. doi: 10. • Chakrabarti. • Dani. The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States. New York: Viking. • Kathiroli. (ed. India. (2008) The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives.) (1995). htm 59 References Bibliography • Allchin. Mumbai: Marg Publications. • Lal. "The Indus Valley tradition of Pakistan and Western India". The Indus Valley. pdf) Retrieved on 19 September 2009. ISBN 0-19-577940-1. Jane. • Kenoyer. David. ABC-CLIO. • Kirkpatrick.) (1995). • Basham. 2002 [67] McIntosh. • Allchin. Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology (1): 141–149. • Kenoyer. History of Humanity. (2004). B. Ahmad Hassan. ISBN 81-7305-129-1. • Gupta. ISBN 81-85268-46-0. Deccan Herald. on. • Gupta. harappa. The Ancient South Asian World. B. Indus Civilization Sites in India: New Discoveries. Kimberly (2005). Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation. (1998). "Recent Marine Archaeological Finds in Khambhat. (2004). Jonathan Mark. Jodhpur: Kusumanjali Prakashan. 1991 [80] Indus Writing Analysis by Asko Parpola (http:/ / www. ms. Romila. and Self in Asian Traditions SUNY Press ISBN 0-7914-1497-3 Pp. html) [83] http:/ / www. edu/ ~sohum/ sanskrit/ yogavasishtha/ backup/ doc_z_otherlang_english/ sarasvati. Naida (2002). • Dani. ISBN 81-85026-63-7. (eds. pp. S. Earth. D. B. 12 August 2012 (http:/ /. The Sarasvati flows on. A. B. Ilona. K. (1967).1007/BF00978474 (. deccanherald. com/ script/ parpola0. "Study of the Indus Script" (. • Parpola. "Migration. Philology and South Asian Archaeology".). (1999). ISBN 1-888789-04-2. ISBN 969-0-01350-5.upenn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Jim G.cc.edu/~witzel/ IndusLang.). Michael (February 2000). "The Indus Valley. Berlin u. Asko (19 May 2005).: de Gruyter. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.a. Dept. Gregory (2002). • Witzel. Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia. Ferozesons.html) • Cache of Seal Impressions Discovered in Western India (. In George Erdosy (ed. • Shaffer. • Rita P. Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies.Indus Valley Civilization • Mughal. Shikaripura Ranganatha (1991).fas.). • Rao. Jim G. • Shaffer. • Shaffer. Chronologies in Old World Archaeology (Second ed.pdf).harappa. W. In Bronkhorst and Deshpande (eds. (50th ICES Tokyo Session) • Possehl.). ISBN 978-0-521-57652-9 60 External links • Harappa and Indus Valley Civilization at harappa. 2010. ISBN 81-85179-74-3. Wright.people. Ancient Cholistan. "Cultural tradition and Palaeoethnicity in South Asian Archaeology".harvard. Cambridge University Press. In R.ac. Dawn and Devolution of the Indus Civilisation. ISBN 3-11-014447-6. of Sanskrit and Indian Studies. Case Studies in Early Societies.jp/indus/ english/index. php?674&soc) . Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press. "The Languages of Harappa" (. (1995). The Ancient Indus: Urbanism Economy and Society.com (. Mohammad Rafique (1997).com) • An invitation to the Indus Civilization (Tokyo Metropolitan Museum) (. Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia. Jim G.edu/researchatpenn/article.harappa. Ehrich (ed.pdf). (1992). The Indus Civilisation. Cambridge: Harvard University. Baluchistan and Helmand Traditions: Neolithic Through Bronze Age".com/script/indusscript.u-tokai. Archaeology and Architecture. 5 mm) and these are marked out in decimal subdivisions with amazing accuracy—to within 0. in fact. and figures of some religious importance into one structure. steps leading down to water. was originally used more as an ornament than as a fastening. Harappa. which combines a bathing pool.[1] Ian McNeil (1990) holds that: "The button.[6] The three features of stepwells in the subcontinent are evident from one particular site. India. 2650 [] BC. Rulers made from Ivory were in use by the Indus Valley Civilization in what today is Pakistan and some parts of Western India prior to 1500 BCE. Inventions • Button. and Unger claimed it was used as a measurement standard.[3] Excavations at Lothal (2400 BCE) have yielded one such ruler calibrated to about 1/16 of an inch—less than 2 millimeters."[2] • Ruler: The oldest preserved measuring rod is a copper-alloy bar Computer-aided reconstruction of Harappan which was found by the German Assyriologist Eckhard Unger while coastal settlement in Pakistan on the westernmost outreaches of the civilization excavating at Nippur (pictured below).[5] Both the wells and the form of ritual bathing reached other parts of the world with Buddhism. The extent of Indus Valley Civilization.[5] . the earliest known being found at Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley.005 of an inch.32 inches (33. It is also called the Harappan Civilization. The bar dates from c. abandoned by 2500 BCE.[1] Some buttons were carved into geometric shapes and had holes pierced into them so that they could be attached to clothing by using a thread.[3] Ian Whitelaw (2007) holds that 'The Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into units corresponding to 1. after one of its the centres. ornamental: Buttons—made from seashell—were used in the Indus Valley Civilization for ornamental purposes by 2000 BCE.List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization 61 List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization The list of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization refers to the technological and civilizational achievements of the Indus Valley Civilisation. It is made of a curved shell and about 5000 years old. Ancient bricks found throughout the region have dimensions that correspond to these units.'[4] • Stepwell: Earliest clear evidence of the origins of the stepwell is found in the Indus Valley Civilization's archaeological site at Mohenjodaro in Pakistan [5] and Dholavira. a lost civilization which flourished in the Bronze Age around the Indus River basin in what is today mainly Pakistan and northwest portions of the Republic of India.[5] The early centuries immediately before the common era saw the Buddhists and the Jains of India adapt the stepwells into their architecture. 852. (1998). (2002). • Possehl. Dundurn Press Ltd. (second edition). and Chausar". Princeton Architectural Press. The World’s Last Mysteries. Taylor & Francis.. and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd edition) edited by Helaine Selin. Massachusetts: Brill Academic Publishers. JSTOR 529703 (. • Dales. Maryland: Rowman Altamira. (Illustrated edition). Gregory L.2307/529703). ISBN 1-55002-726-3. . ISBN 0-909486-61-1 • Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology (Volume 1). ISBN 0-7591-0172-8. page 14 [4] Whitelaw. John (2000). doi: 10. Shadows: A Modern Puppet History.List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization Rock-cut step wells in the subcontinent date from 200-400 CE. The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. George (1974). New Delhi: APH Publishing Corp. Robert H. [3] Whitelaw. Barbara Ann (2000). Greenwood Publishing Group.). Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia. Pakistan. Massey. Morna & Beach. • Koppel. page 15 [5] Livingston & Beach. Utpal Kumar (2006). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives.org/10. Raj (2004). • Livingston. ISBN 0-313-33507-9. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Third revised edition. A. 20 [6] The Lost River by Michel Danino. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. An Introduction To Cultural Anthropology. Tom (2007). ISBN 306461587. • McIntosh. • Kipfer. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 0-313-29497-6. New York: Springer. ISBN 90-04-09264-1. Edited by Amalananda Ghosh (1990). 32 (35). Ian (1990). (2001) [1967]. L. Springer.2307/529703 (. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-1-4020-4559-2. Ebb and Flow: Tides and Life on Our Once and Future Planet. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology. ISBN 0-415-01306-2. page xxiii Sources • Basham.doi. Present and Future.jstor. Sydney: Readers’ Digest. ISBN 1-57607-907-4.[7] 62 References [1] Hesse. ISBN 81-7648-581-0. The Wonder That was India. 35. [2] McNeil. Norman (1964). W. • Pruthi. ISBN 81-7017-435-X. Masterson Press. "The Indian Games of Pachisi. Indian Puppets: Past. "Excavations at Balakot. Shigeo (2008). Chaupar. Reginald. Journal of Field Archaeology 1 (1-2): 3–22 [10]. Technology. ISBN 0-89558-156-6. Hands. 32-35. • Brown. • Iwata. Encyclopaedia of the History of Science. "Cities of Mystery: The Lost Empire of the Indus Valley". Rayner W. • Lowie. • Nejat. Rayner W. • Bell. ISBN 0-283-99257-3. Jane (2007). (2007). Karen Rhea Nemet. Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India. (2007) [1940]. • Ghosh. California: ABC-CLIO. Robert (1978). 2254–2255. ISBN 1-56898-324-7. New Delhi: Rupa & co. Milo (2002). Expedition.org/stable/ 529703). ISBN 1-4067-1765-7. • Davreu. S. and Banerjee. "Weights and Measures in the Indus Valley".[7] Subsequently the wells at Dhank (550-625 CE) and stepped ponds at Bhinmal (850-950 CE) were constructed. Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. & Hesse (Jr. An encyclopaedia of the history of technology. Strings. Prehistory and Harappan Civilization. 1973". Illustrated edition. Penguin India 2010 [7] Livingston & Beach. ISBN 0-312-37026-1. New Hampshire: Libraries Unlimited. coffin burial. semi precious beads etc. • Varadpande. Manohar Laxman (2005). seaport Balu. Important IVC Town. Dindy & Estes. (1992). World Cultures Through Art Activities. and three other bronze sculptures. First town which is Excavated and studied in detail Sahiwal District Punjab . Anantharama (2000). use of lipstick. The History of Cartography .List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization • Rao. without a citadel [2] only Indus site Chanhudaro Sindh Pakistan Dholavira Gujarat India Figure of chariot tied to a pair of bullocks and driven by a nude human. [] Barley. Ian (2007). Bhagwat Saran (1954).B. Haryana Banawali Bargaon Haryana Haryana Uttar Pradesh Indian India India Earliest evidence of garlic. Water harvesting and number of reservoirs. Granaries. • Schwartzberg. Andhra Pradesh: The Institute of Ancient Studies Hyderabad. The Ancient World. ISBN 81-87699-00-0 • Robinson. Lot of artefacts. Joseph E. Edited by J. yoked to two oxen.Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies (Volume 2 Book 1). "Part 2: South Asian Cartography: 15. ISBN 0-226-31635-1. New York: Oxford University Press USA. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. India: Vidya Publishing House [Michigan: University of Michigan]. ISBN 81-7017-430-9. with 65 burials. terracotta figure of plough Bhagatrav Gujarat India Bhirrana Haryana India Graffiti of a dancing girl on pottery. A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement. Largest burial site of IVC. found in India Daimabad Late Harappan Ahmadnagar District Maharashtra India Farmana Ganeriwala Gola Dhoro Harappa Rohtak District Haryana Punjab Gujarat India Pakistan India Pakistan Production of shell bangles. Rebecca (1996). • Whitelaw. 45 cm long and 16 cm wide. • Upadhyaya. which resembles dancing girl statue found at Mohenjo-daro Bead making factory. Vision 21st Century. History of Indian Theatre. Site Alamgirpur Balakot District Meerut District Mansehra District Fatehabad Hisar District Saharanpur [1] District Bharuch District Fatehabad District Nawabshah District Kutch District Province/State Uttar Pradesh Hazara Country India Pakistan Image Excavations/Findings Impression of cloth on trough Earliest evidence of furnace. 63 List of Indus Valley Civilization sites This is a List of Indus Valley Civilization sites. K. Macmillan. driven by a man 16 cm high [3] standing in it. use of rocks for constructions a sculpture of a bronze chariot. Introduction to South Asian Cartography". Harley and David Woodward. ISBN 1-56308-271-3. Seaport Rangpur Ahmedabad District Gujarat India Rehman Dheri Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan . Great granary. earliest cultivation of rice (1800 BC) Northern Most Harappan site in Himalayan foodhills [6] Southern Most Harappan site in India [5] Manda. fire altars.figuries. Pashupati seal. by evaporating sea water [] Khirasara Gujarat India Kerala-no-dhoro or Padri Kot Bala Kutch District Gujarat India Lasbela District Khairpur District Fatehabad District Rajkot District Sukkur District Larkana District Mehsana District Ahmedabad District Jammu District Balochistan Pakistan Kot Diji Sindh Pakistan Kunal. Large site.Jammu Jammu & Kashmir Gujarat Uttar Pradesh India Malwan Mandi Mehrgarh Mitathal Surat District India India Pakistan India Bolan District Bhiwani District Larkana District Balochistan Haryana Earliest agricultural community Mohenjo-Daro Sindh Pakistan Great Bath (the biggest bath ghat). gold. Small port [] Kuntasi Lakhueen-jo-daro Larkana Gujarat Sindh Sindh India Pakistan Pakistan Loteshwar Gujarat India Ancient archeological site [4] Lothal Gujarat India Bead making factory. three cylindrical seals of the Mesopotamian type. shell objects and weight hoards Salt production centre. a piece of woven cloth Mundigak Kandahar Province Kandahar Afghanistan Nausharo Ongar Pir Shah Jurio Pirak Rakhigarhi Hisar District Karachi Balochistan Sindh Sindh Balochistan Haryana Pakistan Pakistan Pakistan Pakistan India Terrecotta wheels. copper. button seal. toys. painted jar. small circular pits containing large urns and accompanied by pottery Ware House. Bronze dancing girl. Copper smelting. partially excavated. Bull seal. fire altars.List of Indus Valley Civilization sites 64 India Hulas Saharanpur District Hanumangarh District Kutch District Uttar Pradesh Kalibangan Rajasthan India Baked/burnt bangles. Industrial area. terracotta toys. semi precious stone. dockyard.pottery. Bearded man. Haryana Haryana India Earliest Pre-Harappan site. in/ asi_exca_2007_sanauli. Maharaja Sayyajirao University. nic. Baroda. pdf) . Excavations at Shikarpur. nic.Gujarat 2008-2009. [7] Archeological Survey of India (http:/ / asi. com/ goladhoro/ Shikarpur-2008-2009. asp) [8] Department of Archeology and Ancient History. pdf) [3] (http:/ / 19. com/ pdf_files/ 121/ 1218186467. harappa. (http:/ / www. [8] Gujarat Shortugai Sothi Surkotada Sutkagan Dor Gujarat India Food habit details of Harappans Afghanistan Haryana Kutch District Gujarat Balochistan India India Pakistan Bones of a horse (only site) Bangles of clay.List of Indus Valley Civilization sites 65 Gujarat Punjab India India Rojdi Rupar Rajkot District Rupnagar District Baghpat District Kutch District Sanauli [7] Uttar Pradesh India Burial site with 125 burials found Shikarpur. Western most known site of IVC [9] References [1] Archeological Survey of India Publication:Indian Archeology 1963-64 A Review (http:/ / asi. Archeological Survey of India. A Review. pdf) [5] India Archeology 1976-77. rhinoresourcecenter. in/ nmma_reviews/ Indian Archaeology 1963-64 A Review. Anatolia. The darkest areas are the oldest. Bronze Age ↑ Chalcolithic Near East (3600-1200 BC) Caucasus.) . Levant. Indus valley.Bronze Age 66 Bronze Age Diffusion of metallurgy in Europe and Asia Minor. Elam. Mesopotamia. Worldwide. the Copper Age served as a transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. slavery. Of these. as proposed in modern times by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen. though the place and time of the introduction and development of bronze technology was not universally synchronous. or by trading for bronze from production areas elsewhere. with the Mycenaean culture (Linear B)—had viable writing systems. The Bronze Age was a time of heavy use of metals and of developing trade networks (See Tin sources and trade in ancient times). but in some parts of the world. An ancient civilization can be in the Bronze Age either by smelting its own copper and alloying with tin. chariot ↓ Iron Age The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze and proto-writing. then added to molten copper to make the bronze alloy. and organized warfare. China (oracle bone script)—and the Mediterranean. Tin must be mined (mainly as the tin ore cassiterite) and smelted separately. invented the potter's wheel. "the cradle of civilization") practised intensive year-round agriculture. created a centralized government. as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in western Asia before the third millennium BC. but consider the Bronze Age and Iron Age historically valid. According to archaeological evidence. cultures in Egypt (hieroglyphs). . literature sword. The overall period is characterized by the full adoption of bronze in many regions. History The term "Bronze Age" ultimately derives from the Ages of Man. Copper-tin ores are rare. the Iron Age intruded directly on the Neolithic from outside the region except for Sub-Saharan Africa where it was developed independently. the Bronze Age generally followed the Neolithic period. the Near East (cuneiform).Bronze Age 67 arsenical bronze writing. modern historians categorize the Golden Age and Silver Age as mythical. Near East Southeast Asia / Middle East The Bronze Age in the ancient Near East began with the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BC. the stages of human existence on the Earth according to Greek mythology.[1] Bronze Age cultures differed in their development of the first writing. law codes. Cultures in the ancient Near East (often called. and empires. and introduced social stratification. Although the Iron Age generally followed the Bronze Age.[2] Man-made tin bronze technology requires set production techniques. and other features of urban civilization. for classifying and studying ancient societies. in some areas. The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age Stone-Bronze-Iron system. developed a writing system. Societies in the region laid the foundations for astronomy and mathematics. 1750 : MBA II A 1750 . The period dates and phase ranges are [3][4][5] solely applicable to the Near East. Intermediate Bronze Age (IBA) 2100 .1200 BC 1550 . but not applicable universally.2200 : EBA III 2200 .2100 : EBA IV Middle Bronze Age (MBA) Also.1650 : MBA II B 1650 .1550 : MBA II C Late Bronze Age (LBA) 1550 .Bronze Age Near East timeline Dates are approximate.2700 : EBA II 2700 . Early Bronze Age (EBA) 3300 .1550 BC 2100 .1400 : LBA I 1400 .1200 : LBA II B (Bronze Age collapse) . consult particular article for details 68 Age sub-divisions The Ancient Near East Bronze Age can be divided as follows: Near East Bronze Age Divisions The archetypal Bronze Age divisions of the Near East have a well-established triadic clearness of expression.3000 : EBA I 3000 .1300 : LBA II A 1300 .2000 : MBA I 2000 .2100 BC 3300 . The Amorite dynasty established the city-state of Babylon in the 19th century BC. Over 100 years later. Grapes were grown. The cities of the Ancient Near East housed several tens of thousands of people.Bronze Age Mesopotamia In Mesopotamia. even under outside rule. a division primarily based on art-historical and historical characteristics is more common. Ur in the Middle Bronze Age and Babylon in the Late Bronze Age similarly had large populations. The usual tripartite division into an Early. The height of this urban development was reached in the Middle Bronze Age c. remained an important cultural center throughout the Bronze and Early Iron Age. Altyn-Depe was a major centre even then. the Sumerian language was no longer spoken. it briefly took over the other city-states and formed the first Babylonian empire during what is also called the Old Babylonian Period. This corresponds to level IV at Namazga-Depe. In the Early Bronze Age the culture of the Kopet Dag oases and Altyn-Depe developed a proto-urban society. Babylonia adopted the written Semitic Akkadian language for official use. it was centered in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands. Persian Plateau Persian Bronze Age 69 Late 3rd Millennium BC silver cup from Marvdasht. The Akkadian and Sumerian traditions played a major role in later Babylonian culture. Instead. Pottery was wheel-turned. The earliest mention of Babylonia appears on a tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad in the 23rd century BC.[7] This Bronze Age culture is called the . Fars. and from the mid-2nd millennium BC. Elam consisted of kingdoms on the Iranian plateau. Middle and Late Bronze Age is not used. with linear-Elamite inscription. 2300–1700 BC and centered on the upper Amu Darya (Oxus). In the Old Elamite period (Middle Bronze Age). but was still in religious use. By that time. corresponding to level V at Namazga-Depe. the Mesopotamia Bronze Age begins about 2900 BC and ends with the Kassite period. centered in Anshan. Elam was an ancient civilization located to the east of Mesopotamia. Its culture played a crucial role in the Gutian Empire and especially during the Achaemenid dynasty that succeeded it. The Oxus civilization[6] was a Bronze Age Central Asian culture dated to ca. and the region. 2300 BC. It probably bordered it. In the 14th century BC. was located in southern Balochistan (Gedrosia) ca. encompassing central Anatolia. Agriculture was the economical base of this people. Israel. Konar Sandal is associated with the hypothesized "Jiroft culture". an Ensi (governor) for Ur III during the reign of Amar-Sin of Ur.. Ibbit-Lim was the first attested king. southwestern Syria as far as Ugarit. After 1180 BC. providing evidence for a highly developed water management system. Anatolia The Hittite Empire was established in Hattusa in northern Anatolia from the 18th century BC. The Kulli culture. and may even be an alternative term for it (at least during some periods). At several places dams were found. 2500 .Bronze Age Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC).[8][9] similar to those of the Indus Valley Civilization. Negev Desert. Arzawa has been associated with the much more obscure Assuwa generally located to its north. a 3rd millennium BC culture postulated on the basis of a collection of artifacts confiscated in 2001. amid general turmoil in the Levant associated with the sudden arrival of the Sea Peoples. around 1400 BC. 1850 to 1600 BC. the kingdom disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states. Ebla is mentioned in texts from Alalakh from ca. Arzawa in Western Anatolia during the second half of the second millennium BC likely extended along southern Anatolia in a belt that reaches from near the Turkish Lakes Region to the Aegean coast. This is attested to only by the fragmentary Hurro-Hittite Song of Release. by a Hittite king (Mursili I or Hattusili I). Ebla experienced an apogee from ca. The first known ruler of Ebla in this period was Megum. the Hittite Kingdom was at its height.2000 BC. some of which survived until as late as the 8th century BC. and upper Mesopotamia. . The city was destroyed again in the turbulent period of 1650–1600 BC. 1750 BC. Levant Mediterranean Bronze Age 70 Chalcolithic copper mine in Timna Valley. This era ended in northern Mesopotamia with the expulsion of the Amorite dominated Babylonians from Assyria by King Adasi c. The Old Kingdom of the regional Bronze Age[11] is the name given to the period in the 3rd millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization in complexity and achievement – the first of three "Kingdom" periods. Larsa. arose in Mari. and his queen. Founded by an Indo-Aryan ruling class that governed a predominately Hurrian population.[13] often described as a "dark period" in ancient Egyptian history. 3150 BC. At the height of its power. The hallmarks of ancient Egyptian civilization. Qatna. they were divided into independent kingdoms all across the Near East. with the Theban kings conquering the north. Amarna letters from Ugarit ca. with the ascent of the Hittite empire. The Mitanni was a loosely organized state in northern Syria and south-east Anatolia from ca. 1350 BC records one letter each from Ammittamru I. However. It is generally taken to include the First and Second Dynasties. The Aramaeans are a Northwest Semitic semi-nomadic and pastoralist people who originated in what is now modern Syria (Biblical Aram) during the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. and also Babylon. or the beginning of the Old Kingdom. Yamkhad. the term Amurru is usually applied to the region extending north of Canaan as far as Kadesh on the Orontes. 71 . 3100 BC. c. The Aramaeans never had a unified empire. it had outposts centered around its capital. it is unclear at what time these monuments got to Ugarit. Niqmaddu II. ca. 1595 BC). 2000–1600 BC. The earliest known Ugarit contact with Egypt (and the first exact dating of Ugaritic civilization) comes from a carnelian bead identified with the Middle Kingdom pharaoh Senusret I. 1971 BC–1926 BC. The First Intermediate Period was a dynamic time when rule of Egypt was roughly divided between two competing power bases: Heracleopolis in Lower Egypt and Thebes in Upper Egypt. However. architecture and many aspects of religion. Large groups migrated to Mesopotamia where they intermingled with the native Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian) population. The archaic early Bronze Age of Egypt. which archaeologists have located on the headwaters of the Khabur River. These two kingdoms would eventually come into conflict. Assyria. the capital moved from Abydos to Memphis with a unified Egypt ruled by an Egyptian god-king. 1500 BC–1300 BC. resulting in reunification of Egypt under a single ruler during the second part of the 11th Dynasty. Abydos remained the major holy land in the south. spanned about 100 years after the end of the Old Kingdom from about 2181 to 2055 BC. c. their political influence was confined to a number of Syro-Hittite states. Mitanni came to be a regional power after the Hittite destruction of Kassite Babylon created a power vacuum in Mesopotamia.Bronze Age Amorite kingdoms. Mitanni succumbed to Hittite. Very little monumental evidence survives from this period. Mitanni's major rival was Egypt under the Thutmosids. known as the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt. Memphis in the Early Bronzee Age was the largest city of the time. At its beginning. The First Intermediate Period of Egypt. From the 15th century BC onward. Ancient Egypt Early Bronze dynasties In Ancient Egypt. took shape during the Early Dynastic period. lasting from the Protodynastic Period of Egypt until about 2686 BC. especially from the early part of it. With the First Dynasty. such as art. which brought new ethnic groups—particularly Kassites—to the forefront in southern Mesopotamia. A stela and a statuette from the Egyptian pharaohs Senusret III and Amenemhet III have also been found. which were entirely absorbed into the Neo-Assyrian Empire by the 8th century BC. which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley (the others being Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom). and later Assyrian attacks. during the 14th century BC. Eventually. 1720 BC.[10] Isin. From the 16th to the 13th century BC Ugarit remained in constant touch with Egypt and Cyprus (named Alashiya).[11][12] immediately follows the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt. and was reduced to a province of the Middle Assyrian Empire. Washukanni. the Bronze Age begins in the Protodynastic period. Mitanni and Egypt made an alliance to protect their mutual interests from the threat of Hittite domination. After the Bronze Age collapse. and in the south with the Hittite sack of Babylon (c. [16][17] . and emerged from the Second Intermediate Period in control of Avaris and the Delta.[] This migration took place in just five to six generations and led to peoples from Finland in the west to Thailand in the east employing the same metal working technology and. lasted from the 16th to the 11th century BC. in some areas. recent genetic testings of sites in south Siberia and Kazakhstan (Andronovo horizon) would rather support a spreading of the bronze technology via Indo-European migrations eastwards. economic and political changes triggered a rapid and massive migration westward into northeast Europe.000 miles. By the 15th Dynasty. is also known as the Ramesside period. Finnish. The unified kingdom was previously considered to comprise the 11th and 12th Dynasties. and they were expelled at the end of the 17th Dynasty. including Hungarian. they ruled lower Egypt.[] However. The later New Kingdom. the Osiris funerary cult rose to dominate Egyptian popular religion. Estonian and Lappish. The Hyksos first appeared in Egypt during the 11th Dynasty. the 19th and 20th Dynasties (1292-1069 BC). also referred to as the Egyptian Empire. which ruled from Thebes and the 12th[14] and 13th Dynasties centered around el-Lisht.[15] Ancient Egypt fell into disarray for a second time. after the eleven pharaohs that took the name of Ramesses. as this technology was well known for quite a while in western regions. began their climb to power in the 13th Dynasty. eastward into China and southward into Vietnam and Thailand across a frontier of some 4.[] It is further conjectured that the same migrations spread the Uralic group of languages across Europe and Asia: some 39 languages of this group are still extant. between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom. During this period. Late Bronze dynasties The New Kingdom of Egypt. i. but historians now at least partially consider the 13th Dynasty to belong to the Middle Kingdom. The period comprises two phases: the 11th Dynasty. It is best known for the Hyksos.e. The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period.Bronze Age Middle Bronze dynasties The Middle Kingdom of Egypt lasted from 2055 to 1650 BC. 72 Central Asia Seima-Turbino Phenomenon The Altai Mountains in what is now southern Russia and central Mongolia have been identified as the point of origin of a cultural enigma termed the Seima-Turbino Phenomenon. horse breeding and riding.[] It is conjectured that changes in climate in this region around 2000 BC and the ensuing ecological. whose reign comprised the 15th and 16th dynasties. During the Second Intermediate Period. It was Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the peak of Egypt's power. Bronze Age 73 East Asia East Asia timeline Dates are approximate, consult particular article for details China Chinese Bronze Age: 1. arrival of iron smelting technology, and 2. persistence of bronze objects. The earliest bronze artifacts have been found in the Majiayao culture site (between 3100 and 2700 BC),[18][19].[20] Others believe the Erlitou sites belong to the preceding Xia (Wade–Giles: Hsia) dynasty.[21] The U.S. National Gallery of Art defines the Chinese Bronze Age as the "period between about 2000 BC and 771 BC," a period that begins with Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of Western Zhou rule.[22],[23][24] the discovery of European mummies in Xinjiang suggests a possible route of transmission from the West.[25] The Shang Dynasty[26]. Bronze Age.[28] Historian W. C. White argues that iron did not supplant bronze "at any period before the end of the Zhou dynasty (256 BC)" and that bronze vessels make up the majority of metal vessels all the way through the Later Han period, or to 221 BC.[29].[30].[31] These inscriptions can commonly be subdivided into four parts: a reference to the date and place, the naming of the event commemorated, the list of gifts given to the artisan in exchange for the bronze, and a dedication.[32] The relative points of reference these vessels provide have enabled historians to place most of the vessels within a certain time frame of the Western Zhou period, allowing them to trace the evolution of the vessels and the events they record.[33] Korea The beginning of the Bronze Age on the peninsula is around 900 BC - 800 BC.[34][35] Although the Korean Bronze Age culture derives from the Liaoning and Manchuria, it exhibits unique typology and styles, especially in ritual objects.[36]. 74 South Asia South Asia timeline Dates are approximate, consult particular article for details. Bronze Age 75.[37] In Nyaunggan, Burma bronze tools have been excavated along with ceramics and stone artifacts. Dating is still currently broad (3500–500 BC).[38] Europe European timeline A few examples of named Bronze Age cultures in Europe in roughly relative order. The chosen cultures overlapped in time and the indicated periods do not correspond to their estimated extends. Aegean Aegean Bronze Age Bronze Age copper ingot found in Crete The Aegean Bronze Age began around 3200 BC,[39].[40].[41] Thus. 1450 BC) the cities of Crete burned and the Mycenaean civilization took over Knossos. suggest that the centre of Minoan Civilization at the time of the eruption was actually on Thera rather than on Crete. post-Thera. also suddenly lost much of its population. administrative and economic centre by the eruption as well as the damage wrought by the tsunami to the coastal towns and villages of Crete precipitated the decline of the Minoans. Indeed. which then lost crucial naval battles. so that in the LMIB/LMII event (c. 1600 BC. and had no access to the distant resources of an empire by which they could easily recover. Archaeological findings. preventing the trade that would previously have relieved such famines and prevented illness caused by malnutrition. or some combination of those three.[46] The colonies of the Minoan empire then suffered drought. The Thera eruption occurred around the Aegean Collapse. and thus probably some cultivation. and that trade network ceased to function as it did formerly.1250 BC) are revealed as mere continuations of the steady encroachments of the Greeks upon the weakened Minoan world. 110 km (68 mi) north of Crete. the Santorini Eruption is usually dated to c. but it could have triggered the instability that led to the collapse first of Knossos and then of Bronze Age society overall.1450 BC) and Troy (c. At the end of the Bronze Age in the Aegean region. the catastrophic loss of the political. famine. A weakened political entity with a reduced economic and military capability and fabled riches would have then been more vulnerable to human predators. 1630 BC. the Mycenaean administration of the regional trade empire followed the decline of Minoan primacy. One such theory looks to the role of Cretan expertise in administering the empire. and not to the end of the Late Bronze Age. the main justification for the tin trade ended. The Aegean Collapse has been attributed to the exhaustion of the Cyprus forests causing the end of the bronze trade. c. then the Mycenaeans may have made political and commercial mistakes in administering the Cretan empire.[43][44][45] These forests are known to have existed into later times.[42] Several Minoan client states lost much of their population to famine and/or pestilence. According to this theory. Aegean Collapse has also been attributed to the fact that as iron tools became more common. If the eruption occurred in the late 17th century BC (as most chronologists now think) then its immediate effects belong to the Middle to Late Bronze Age transition. including some on the island of Thera. If this expertise was concentrated in Crete. while the Mycenaean Greeks first enter the historical record a few decades later. war. This would indicate that the trade network may have failed. the area north of the Black Sea. A tsunami may have destroyed the Cretan navy in its home harbour.Bronze Age Aegean Collapse Bronze Age collapse theories have described aspects of the end of the Age in this region. the later Mycenaean assaults on Crete (c. It is also known that in this era the breadbasket of the Minoan empire. and experiments have shown that charcoal production on the scale necessary for the bronze production of the late Bronze Age would have exhausted them in less than fifty years. Speculation include a tsunami from Thera (more commonly known today as Santorini) destroyed Cretan cities. 76 . followed by the Ottomany and Gyulavarsand cultures. In the eastern Hungarian Körös tributaries. All in all. which is characterised by inhumation burials in tumuli (barrows). Adlerberg and Hatvan cultures. The Unetice culture is followed by the middle Bronze Age (1600–1200 BC) Tumulus culture. cemeteries of this period are rare and of small size.Bronze Age Central Europe Central European Bronze Age 77 Jenišovice cup Grenoble cuirass Bronze Age weaponry and ornaments In Central Europe. such as the one located at Leubingen with grave gifts crafted from gold. (1300–700 BC) is characterized by cremation burials. Some very rich burials. The Central European Bronze Age is followed by the Iron Age Hallstatt culture (700–450 BC). the early Bronze Age Unetice culture (1800–1600 BC) includes numerous smaller groups like the Straubing. . It includes the Lusatian culture in eastern Germany and Poland (1300–500 BC) that continues into the Iron Age. point to an increase of social stratification already present in the Unetice culture. The late Bronze Age Urnfield culture. the early Bronze Age first saw the introduction of the Mako culture. The civilization developed in the Middle and Late Bronze Age. They take their name from the characteristic nuragic towers. Switzerland 78 The Bronze Age in Central Europe has been described in the chronological schema of German prehistorian Paul Reinecke. The nuraghe towers are unanimously considered the best preserved and largest megalithic remains in Europe. between the 17th and the 13th centuries BC. Their effective use is still debated: some scholars considered them as monumental tombs. Sesia and Serio rivers. It takes its name from the fortified boroughs (Castellieri. . between the Po.in what is now northern Lombardy . Terramare were widespread in the Pianura Padana (specially along the Panaro river. The Canegrate culture developed from the mid-Bronze Age (13th century BC) till the Iron Age in the Pianura Padana. which built dolmens and menhirs. although human groups of hunters. in what is are now western Lombardy. prisons or. when the islands were already Romanized. Friulian cjastelir) that characterized the culture. according to Strabo. halberds. ovens for metal fusion. The Terramare was an early Indo-European civilization in the area of what is now Pianura Padana (northern Italy) before the arrival of the Celts. Remains of the Golasecca culture span an area of c. It takes its name from Golasecca. South Europe The Apennine culture (also called Italian Bronze Age) is a technology complex of central and southern Italy spanning the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age proper. the Nuragic civilization lasted from the early Bronze Age (18th century BC) to the 2nd century AD. The Castellieri culture developed in Istria during the Middle Bronze Age. These villages were built on land. Located in Sardinia and Corsica. but generally near a stream. The Canegrate culture migrated from the northwest part of the Alps and descended to Pianura Padana from the Swiss Alps passes and the Ticino. solid bracelets) and phases Hallstatt A and B (Ha A and B). The whole complex denoted the nature of a fortified settlement. in the 20th century. and in other parts of Europe. with roads that crossed each other at right angles. other as fortresses.during the Iron Age.000 square kilometers south to the Alps. The Camuni were an ancient people of uncertain origin (according to Pliny the Elder. Zug. some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects were found. between Modena and Bologna) and in the rest of Europe. from the 15th century BC until the Roman conquest in the 3rd century BC. abbot Giovanni Battista Giani excavated its first findings (some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects). flanged axes. they were Rhaetians) who lived in Val Camonica . in the early 19th century. pins with perforated spherical heads. which evolved from the pre-existing megalithic culture. eastern Piedmont and Ticino. temples for a solar cult. They lived in square villages of wooden stilt houses. finally. 20. they were Euganei. The Golasecca culture developed starting from the late Bronze Age in the Po plain. stone wrist-guards. It takes its name from the township of Canegrate where. He described Bronze A1 (Bz A1) period (2300–2000 BC : triangular daggers. a locality next to the Ticino where. flint arrowheads) and Bronze A2 (Bz A2) period (1950–1700 BC : daggers with metal hilt. others as Houses of the Giants. shepherds and farmers are known to have lived in the area since the Neolithic. dating from the 9th to the 4th century BC. It lasted for more than a millennium.Bronze Age Important sites include: • • • • Biskupin (Poland) Nebra (Germany) Vráble (Slovakia) Zug-Sumpf. flat axes. Migration brought new people to the islands from the continent. forcing the population away from easily defended sites in the hills and into the fertile valleys. and cultural change was significant. Galicia and the British Isles. 1400–1100 BC) to exploit these conditions. unified by a regular maritime exchange of some of their products. Social groups appear to have been tribal but with growing complexity and hierarchies becoming apparent. Somerset) is much later. until this period. It is marked by economic and cultural exchange. Recent tooth enamel isotope research on bodies found in early Bronze Age graves around Stonehenge indicate that at least some of the migrants came from the area of modern Switzerland. The Beaker culture displayed different behaviours from the earlier Neolithic people. Large livestock farms developed in the lowlands and appear to have contributed to economic growth and inspired increasing forest clearances. the Bronze Age is considered to have been the period from around 2100 to 750 BC. where once the weather was warm and dry it became much wetter as the Bronze Age continued. whereas in the Neolithic a large chambered cairn or long barrow housed the dead. For example.[49] The earliest identified metalworking site (Sigwells. The greatest quantities of bronze objects in England were discovered in East Cambridgeshire. Golden helmet (Leiro. The Deverel-Rimbury culture began to emerge in the second half of the Middle Bronze Age (c. had usually been communal) became more individual. Andalusia. as many of the early henge sites were seemingly adopted by the newcomers. Devon and Cornwall were major sources of tin for much of western Europe and copper was extracted from sites such as the Great Orme mine in northern Wales. the climate was deteriorating. where the most important finds were recovered in Isleham (more than 6500 pieces). The identifiable sherds from . The Atlantic Bronze Age was defined by a number of distinct regional centres of metal production. Great Britain In Great Britain. Additionally. The rich Wessex culture developed in southern Britain at this time.[47] Alloying of copper with zinc or tin to make brass or bronze was practised soon after the discovery of copper itself. Early Bronze Age people buried their dead in individual barrows (also commonly known and marked on modern British Ordnance Survey maps as tumuli). or sometimes in cists covered with cairns. Integration is thought to have been peaceful.[48] At Alderley Edge in Cheshire. carbon dates have established mining at around 2280 to 1890 BC (at 95% probability). One copper mine at Great Orme in North Wales. Commercial contacts extend to Denmark and the Mediterranean. Galicia) The Atlantic Bronze Age is a cultural complex of the period of approximately 1300–700 BC that includes different cultures in Portugal. dated by Globular Urn style pottery to approximately the 12th century BC. Burial of dead (which.Bronze Age West Europe Atlantic Bronze Age Atlantic Bronze Age 79 Ceremonial giant dirk (1500–1300 BC). extended to a depth of 70 meters. Tumulus culture. sites present rich and well-preserved objects made of wool. fishing and trade. Lusatian culture) lasting until ca. Derryniggin (c. its ethnic and linguistic affinities are unknown in the absence of written sources.Bronze Age over 500 mould fragments included a perfect fit of the hilt of a sword in the Wilburton style held in Somerset County Museum. These may have a history as far back as the neolithic period and continue into the Pre-Roman Iron Age. and Late Bronze Age (1200 – c. Numerous artifacts of bronze and gold are found.[] Ireland The Bronze Age in Ireland commenced around 2000 BC. There are five main types of flat axes: Lough Ravel (c. Ireland is also known for a relatively large number of Early Bronze Age burials. The period is divided into three phases: Early Bronze Age (2000–1500 BC). Many rock carvings depict ships. 2000–1600 BC). wood and imported Central European bronze and gold. No written language existed in the Nordic countries during . when copper was alloyed with tin and used to manufacture Ballybeg type flat axes and associated metalwork. as shown by the Hjortspring boat. The Bronze Age in Northern Europe spans the entire 2nd millennium BC (Unetice culture. c. most probably representing sewn plank built canoes for warfare. halberds and awls in copper. and a number of metal ingots in the shape of axes. The Northern Bronze Age was both a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian pre-history. 2200 BC). 600 BC. with sites that reached as far east as Estonia. Urnfield culture. It is followed by the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Even though Northern European Bronze Age cultures were fairly late. Succeeding the Late Neolithic culture. Thousands of rock carvings depict ships. 2000 BC). daggers. and the large stone burial monuments known as stone ships suggest that shipping played an important role. and came in existence via trade. 1600 BC). Killaha (c. 1700-500 BC. 500 BC). Middle Bronze Age (1500–1200 BC). 2000 BC). Terramare culture. Ballybeg (c.[51] North Europe Bronze artifacts 80 Assorted Celtic bronze castings dating from the Bronze Age. Ballyvalley (c. There are many mounds and rock carving sites from the period. One of the characteristic types of artifact of the Early Bronze Age in Ireland is the flat axe [50]. The preceding period is known as the Copper Age and is characterised by the production of flat axes. 2800-2200 BC.[55] Later appearance of limited bronze smelting in West Mexico (see Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica) suggests either contact of that region with Andean cultures or separate discovery of the technology. pushing them west and north. whereas. reaching the Cape around AD 200. 81 Americas The Moche civilization of South America independently discovered and developed bronze smelting. traces of the Bell beaker tradition are found in Morocco). 1100 BC) of North Africa and remained attached to the Neolithic way of life. The process was not in a developed state.Category:Self-contradictory articles Iron and copper working then continued to spread southward through the continent. Africa did not develop its own metallurgy until the Phoenician colonization (ca. the Pit Grave culture and the Poltavka culture. ritual and ceremonial artifacts were mainly made of bronze. Outside the Bronze Age Japan The Jōmon period lasted until 500 BC and. Africa Although North Africa was influenced to certain extent by European Bronze Age cultures (for examples. It is a successor to the Yamna culture. ca.[54] Bronze technology was developed further by the Incas and used widely both for utilitarian objects and sculpture. It's seemed more of as an areal term to cover several smaller related archaeological cultures. inhabitants at Termit. The Srubna culture was a Late Bronze Age (18th-12th centuries BC) culture. Iron was mainly used for agricultural and other tools. indication smelting was not foreign. . industrial quantities. driving out and absorbing the rock tool using hunter-gatherer societies they encountered as they expanded to farm wider areas of savannah. It became mature about the 1500 BC. The rock carvings have been dated through comparison with depicted artifacts.[53] Pontic-Caspian steppe The Yamna culture is a late copper age/early Bronze Age culture of the Southern Bug/Dniester/Ural region (the Pontic steppe). became the first iron smelting people in West Africa and among the first in the world around 1500 BC. The bronze and iron using Yayoi people slowly began the two thousand year long ethnic cleansing of the Jōmon people. refers to an early Bronze Age culture occupying essentially what is present-day Ukraine.Bronze Age the Bronze Age. the Japanese experienced the introduction of bronze and iron simultaneously. The civilization of the Ancient Egypt. In the region of the Aïr Mountains in Niger we have the development of independent copper smelting between 3000–2500 BC.[52] This innovation resulted in the circulation of arsenical bronze technology over southern and eastern Europe. producing iron for tools and weapons in large. Caucasus Arsenical bronze artifacts of the Maykop culture in the North Caucasus have been dated around the 4th millennium BC. The name also appears in English as Pit Grave Culture or Ochre Grave Culture. Bronze and iron smelting techniques from the Korean peninsula spread to the Japanese archipelago via the Yayoi invaders from the Korean peninsula. whose influence did not cover the rest of Africa. In Sub-Saharan Africa. The technologically superior Bantu-speakers spread across southern Africa and became wealthy and powerful. after the end of the period. dating to the 36th–23rd centuries BC. in eastern Niger. The widespread use of iron revolutionized the Bantu-speaking farming communities who adopted it. The Catacomb culture. was rather an exception from this rule as regarding the whole range of ancient cultures of Africa. The end of the Bronze Age: Changes in warfare and the catastrophe ca. [29] White. October 18–22. Res maritimae: Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean from prehistory to late antiquity : proceedings of the Second International Symposium "Cities on the Sea". Cambridge University Press. museum. [33] Shaughnessy. 1982. 20. go. Craig A. Lalueza-Fox et al. Wadsworth Pub Co. The forest resources of Bronze Age Cyprus [45] A. Page 9. [27] Thorp. (2009). 1982. Steve O. C. University of Toronto Press. Encyclopedia of European peoples: Volume 1.M. China in the early bronze age: Shang civilization. com/ books?id=p14VAAAAYAAJ): With other objects from ancient Persia and India. [7] V. O. R. Atlanta.: "Bronze Culture of Ancient China". nih. 1961. Trigger. L. C. [42] Drews. B. Page 17 (cf. The treasure of the Oxus (http:/ / books. Gods. 2005 [24] Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The Bronze Age of China Heilbrunn Timeline (http:/ / www. 1990. pp.. [21] Chang. N. (1994). Durham. [14] Othmar Keel and Christoph Uehlinger. which makes them the producers of the oldest known bronze. html [51] Waddell. L. W. 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E. Page 14. [31] Shaughnessy. Prehistoric India to 1000 B. p. 1200 B. Ancient Egypt: a social history. Societies. Page 68. com/ content/ 4462755368m322k8/ ) C. 2004. el. p. Expectations of life: A study in the demography. Princeton.: "Bronze Casting and Bronze Alloys in Ancient China". pp. H.H. Keyser et al. Old and New: History". H. Kohl. Siebenbad-Verlag. R.. History of civilizations of Central Asia. google. Baltimore: Penguin Book. Alan Ralph Millard (editors). . org/ toah/ hd/ shzh/ hd_shzh.C.: "Sources of Western Zhou History". E.: "Studies of Shang Archaeology". 2009. the Maykop culture only had arsenical bronze. Page 96. 1956. [13] Hansen.. Page 60. kr/ museum/ english/ body_02/ body02_1_03. 1993. 1983. & Read. [6] Dalton. S. [23] Li-Liu. The ancient Near East. H. Cyprus. "Korea. chapter 10 in A.). Page 137. "Sources of Western Zhou History". H. (1993). Franks. pp. [30] Erdberg. University of California Press. Yale University Press. "The first phase (Middle Bronze Age IIA) runs roughly parallel to the Egyptian Twelfth Dynasty") [15] Bruce G. 2006. Ga: Scholars Press. Eckert. [32] Shaughnessy. L. An Introduction to the Ancient World. 208. xv–xvi. gov/ articlerender. Kulli: An exploration of ancient civilization in Asia. Copenhagen: Det Kongelike Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. University of California Press. p. Page 524. (2005). htm) Retrieved May 13. htm) [40] Carl Waldman. Dictionary of the ancient Near East.C. Catherine Mason. [3] The Near East period dates and phase ranges being unrelated to the bronze chronology of other regions of the world.J: Princeton University Pres [43] Cities on the Sea. org/ en/ ev. N. [52] Philip L. New York: Springer-Verlag. W. statistics. fcgi?artid=1691686) C. 76–83.. [5] Amélie Kuhr. [44] Creevey. 3000-330 BC. p. M. Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people.. Dani and Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson (eds. L.: "Studies of Shang Archaeology". Page 228. goddesses. S. Bernard Knapp. O. com/index.3943) • Roberts. London : Springer. p. New York: Ballantine Books.A. G. Leiden: Sidestone Press. Knopf.ohost. • Müller-Lyer. (2009): Bronze Age volcanic event recorded in stalagmites by combined isotope and trace element studies. Volume 37. Eibner. 23/6. New York: Alfred A.dziejba. A. In: Wagner. Balkans and Western Anatolia .htm) Ancient bronze idol 13 cent B. 2009. John (1994) Fenland survey : an essay in landscape and persistence. [54] El bronce y el horizonte medio (http:/ /) Umha Aois . 331p. ISBN 1-85074-477-7 • Pernicka. p.A. raised using only bronze age tools . org/10.doi.org) • Aegean and Balkan Prehistory () Reconstructing the Danish Trundholm Sun Chariot (. G. 2000-800 BC): A research into the preservation of metallurgy related artefacts and the social position of the smith (. (2008).com/ library/bronze-age-metalworking-in-the-netherlands-c2000-800bc).Bronze Age [53] Gimbutas.. (1930). F. C. Troia and the Troad : scientific approaches. George (1983) The hoards of the Irish later Bronze Age. V. Lake.ac.aegeobalkanprehistory. 143–172 • Waddell. htm) 83 References • Figueiredo. • Kuijpers. G.comhem. External links • • • • • • • Web index Bronze Age in Europe (. Wagener.html) Bronze Age Experimental Archeology and Museum Reproductions (. Öztunah.: (. C. V.sidestone. Berlin. John (1998) The prehistoric archaeology of Ireland. G." Journal of Archaeological Science.. site-reports and bibliography database concerning the Aegean. Additional reading • Childe. 112-122. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry.Wola Radziszowska (near Cracow) . 801-808. the Metropolitan Museum of Art.C.Reconstructed Bronze Age metal casting ( (. New York.de/) Ancient tin: old question and a new answer (. ISBN 1-901421-10-4 • Siklosy et al.W. Archaeological report 1. • Kelleher. The history of social development. M. New York: The Macmillan Company.Poland (. Galway University Press. David and Coles. (1921).. H-P.comhem. Ö. org/ blaavirtual/ publicacionesbanrep/ bolmuseo/ 1996/ jldi41/ jldi01a.. H. lablaa.se/vikingbronze/sunchariot.edu/BenjaminRoberts/Papers/340888/Development_of_metallurgy_in_Eurasia). Development of Metallurgy in Eurasia (http:// britishmuseum. B. E. The bronze age. ISBN 0-87099-230-9. 433 p.ancient bronze casting videoclip (. Pernicka. Elin (2010) "Smelting and Recycling Evidences from the Late Bronze Age habitat site of Baioes.C. 170 p. Bronze Age metalworking in the Netherlands (c.se/vikingbronze/umha_aois_06.academia. (2003) "Early Bronze Age Metallurgy in the Northeast Aegean".Europeans 3500-2500 BC. Natural science in archaeology. Dublin : University College. ISBN 0-901120-77-4 • Hall. C. H.. London : English Heritage. (eds). Antiquity 83. ISBN 3-540-43711-8. doi: 10. 1623–1634 • Eogan. and Uerpmann..uk/ProjGall/nezafati et al/index. Bradford (1980).P. Issue 7. Treasures from the Bronze Age of China: An exhibition from the People's Republic of China...net) articles. E.com/) Umha Aois . E..umha-aois. "The Beginning of the Bronze Age in Europe and the Inclo. Lake.1002/rcm.br. Thornton. and Pigott.. C.1002/rcm." Journal of Indo-European Studies 1 (1973): 177.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=248& Itemid=1) Northern Russia (Russian) • Hypothetical reconstruction of a Lusatian culture settlement. Painted Grey Ware culture \|\| • (1200–600 BCE).uk/server/show/ConWebDoc. 272-232 BC) indicating the gradual onset of historicity. 1000 BCE at Komaranhalli (Karnataka) showed that the smiths of this site could deal with large artifacts. and the states succeeding this period. Tamil Nadu[1] at around 1000 BC.[2][3] which drew attention to the presence of iron in Chalcolithic deposits at Ahar.uk/1/hi/england/ northamptonshire/4330031. 8:15. The North Indian Iron Age can be taken to end with the rise of the Maurya Empire and the appearance of literacy (the edicts of Ashoka. South India simultaneously enters historicity with the Sangam period. Archaeologically. r. succeeds the Late Harappan (Cemetery H) culture. The earliest Iron Age sites in South India are Hallur. 1300–1000 BCE). Pandya Kingdom.bbc.Bronze Age • Downloadable article: " Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age (. . Chera Kingdom. BMC Biology 2010. 5611) Iron Age India • • Outline of South Asian history History of Indian subcontinent Iron Age India.stm) • Moor Sands finds. the cultural landscape of Northern India is transformed with lasting effect with the intrusion of the Indo-Scythians and Indo-Greeks.com/content/pdf/1741-7007-8-15. The development of early Buddhism takes place in the Magadha period (5th to 4th centuries BC). including a remarkably well preserved and complete sword that has parallels with material from the Seine basin of northern France (. Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BCE). also known as the last phase of the Indus Valley Tradition. the Iron Age in the Indian subcontinent(South Asia). From the 2nd century BC. Karnataka and Adichanallur.”. up to the medieval Muslim conquests are conventionally grouped as Middle kingdoms of India or Classical India.[4] The North Indian Iron Age can be taken to last roughly form 1200 to 300 BCE.org. South India enters its proto-historical period from about 300 BCE. 84 Seafaring • Divers unearth Bronze Age hoard off the coast of Devon (. Pallava Empire. The main Iron Age archaeological cultures of India are the Painted Grey Ware culture (1100 to 350 BC) and the Northern Black Polished Ware (700 to 200 BC). Chola Empire.pdf)" Li et al. Technical studies on materials dated c. implying that they had already been experimenting for centuries.co. Most of the Vedic period (excepting the earliest phase of the core of the Rigveda) falls within the early part of the Indian Iron Age (12th to 6th centuries BC). this includes the Black and Red ware culture (c. beginning in the 3rd century BC. edited by R. J. Erdosy. Oxford University Press and American Institute of Pakistan Studies.K. U.L. M.).M. 1991a The Indus Valley Tradition of Pakistan and Western India. M. Material Culture and Ethnicity. Berlin.K. • Chakrabarti. India http:/ / www. 1995a Interaction Systems.Iron Age India 85 References • Kenoyer. • 1999. net/ artifacts/ iron-ore. India An Archaeological History. • 1974. Chicago. By Rakesh Tewari . • Kenoyer. pp. 1985: 228-29 Sahi (1979: 366) The origins of Iron-working in India: New evidence from the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas. Delhi: Oxford University Press. 1998 Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization.P. State Archaeological Department. • Kenoyer. J. Mukhopadhyay. The Early Use of Iron in India. 213–257. D. In The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language. Delhi: Oxford University Press Notes [1] [2] [3] [4] http:/ / www. In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology (3rd Edition). The Beginning of Iron in India. G. W. pp. html . Specialized Crafts and Culture Change: The Indus Valley Tradition and the Indo-Gangetic Tradition in South Asia. Antiquity 4: 114-124. in A. University of Chicago Press. J. Karachi. Beginning of Iron in India: Problem Reconsidered. 441–464. • 1992. J. hindu. • Shaffer. In Journal of World Prehistory 5(4): 331-385. Calcutta: Firma K. 1992 The Indus Valley. Ghosh (ed. com/ 2007/ 05/ 25/ stories/ 2007052502532200. • 1976. archaeologyonline. DeGruyter. htm Agrawal et al. Ehrich. edited by G. Baluchistan and Helmand Traditions: Neolithic Through Bronze Age.Director. Perspectives in Palaeoanthropology: 345-356. Pottery) Starčevo and Vinča culture agriculture. stock-rearing (pigs. West Africa and Sahara (Caliphate) Central Africa. Australia and Oceania. Antarctica.Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures 86 Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures The synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures gives a rough picture of the relationships between the various principal cultures of prehistory outside the Americas. Table The Principal prehistoric cultures of the Old World Prehistoric Europe Period & Climate Europe Prehistoric Africa North Africa. stock-rearing. It also serves as an index of the broad features of that prehistory to be followed through links to articles. South and East Africa (Sahelian kingdoms) Mapungubwe Bantu expansion Middle East Prehistoric Asia South Asia. 4700 BC/6700 BP) 7000 BP Mehrgarh[bhirana] haryana . sheep) Bantu expansion Late Bronze Age Early Iron Age development of Indian Iron Age Chinese Bronze Age Neolithic of Tichit Tenerean Middle Bronze Age (Sumer) Indus Valley civilisation writing Chinese Neolithic of Longshan 5000 BP Beginning of the Hunter-gatherer art of South Africa Early Bronze Age Regionalization Era 6000 BP Mediterranean and Egyptian Neolithic Neolithic of the Sahara/Sahel Beginning of Neolithic in East Africa Uruk period Chalcolithic (copper metallurgy) Ubaid period ceramic Cyprus Mehrgarh Neolithic of Yang-Shao rice-growing (?) Hongshan culture of Northeast Asia (c. and Central Asia East Asia and South-East Asia 1000 Before (Middle Ages) Present (BP) 2000 BP Iron Age (Caliphate) (Middle Kingdoms) (Song Dynasty) (Ancient North Africa) Copper Age in Niger (Classical Antiquity) (Iron Age India) (Han Dynasty) 11th century Urnfield culture BC (3000 Bronze Age BP) 4000 BP Bell beaker Chalcolithic corded ware domestication of the horse Yamna culture. enclosed villages first megaliths Chalcolithic of Central Europe Samara culture Lower Neolithic Danubian Neolithic Cardial and Linear Pottery (agriculture. bovine. 000 BP Emirian Jabroudian 50.000 BP latest glacial began (95. Homo sapiens Aurignacian (art) Szeletian (Hungary) Homo neanderthalensis.000 BP Ibero-Maurisian Mushabian Sebilian Lupemban culture Kebarian Bhimbetka rock Athlitian paintings south Asia Beginning of Neolithic religion at Göbekli Tepe (Southeastern Turkey) pre-Jōmon ceramic (Japan) Gravettian (France) Pavlovian Aurignacian (art) Kostienki (western Russia) Châtelperronian Homo neanderthalensis.000 BP glacial ended (130. southern France) Backed point culture (Federmesser) Mezine (Ukraine) Magdalenian Solutrean Epigravettian Hamburg culture Capsian Hoabinhian of Southeast Asia 11. Azilian and Asiloid cultures (northern Spain. barley) Goats domestication Zagros in Iran First towns Near East at Aşıklı Höyük and Jericho hunter gatherers of Jōmon (ancient Japan) 10.000 BP Balangoda Culture[bhimbetka rock paintings] Angara Culture Sen-Doki 40.000 BP Holocene began glacial ended (12.000 BP) 20.000 BP Magosian Natufian Kandivili 12.000 BP Mousterian Homo neanderthalensis Homo neanderthalensis Soanian Ngandong culture 80.000 BP) 100.000 BP) Mousteroid Homo sapiens Ordos culture Homo neanderthalensis Sangoan Homo sapiens Homo neanderthalensis Acheulean Soanian . Homo sapiens Mousterian Homo neanderthalensis Homo neanderthalensis Micoquien (the Netherlands) Upper Acheulean Homo neanderthalensis Mousterian Homo neanderthalensis Homo neanderthalensis Micoquien Fauresmithian Homo sapiens Aterian Stillbay Antelian Aurignacian (art) Sơn Vi culture (northern Vietnam) 30.Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures 87 Neolithic with ceramic MehrgarhBhirrana Ubaid period (India) Neolithic of northern China 8000 BP Tardenoisian cultures (gathering of legumes) Neolithic (Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean ) Sesklo and Choirokoitia Sauveterrian cultures Komornica culture Wiltonian 9000 BP Pre-ceramic B Pre-ceramic A Neolithic in Turkey (wheat.000 BP Ahrensburg culture.000 BP) glacial at its coldest (20. 6. New Age. traditional martial arts of India Modern • Hindu views on evolution • Pseudoscientific claims of a prefiguration of modern science in the Vedas. scientific and unscientific. 5.000 BP Homo erectus worked pebbles lower Acheulean Oldowan worked pebbles 2. the six ancient disciplines subservient to the understanding and tradition of the Vedas 1. Chandas (chandas): meter Vyakarana (vyākaraṇa): grammar Nirukta (nirukta): etymology Jyotisha (jyotiṣa): astrology (Hindu astronomy) Kalpa (kalpa): ritual Traditional • • • • Historical Indian mathematics Traditional Hindu units of measurement Ayurveda. proto-scientific.000 BP) 300. France) Lower Acheulean Homo neanderthalensis Pre-Soanian 500. metaphysical.Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures 88 Homo neanderthalensis Acheulean 200. 3. occultist. or pseudoscientific found in or based on the Vedas (the oldest holy texts of the Hindu religion. England. 1000 BCE). see scientific foreknowledge in the Vedas • Maharishi Vedic Science of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi • Bharati Krishna Tirtha's Vedic mathematics (not to be confused with historical Indian mathematics) . Homo ergaster bhimbetka findings cupules Vedic science Vedic science may refer to a number of disciplines: ancient and modern. religious. Vedic period • Vedanga.000 BP Homo erectus pekinensis 1. 4.000 BP glacial began (352.000.000. written beginning ca.000 BP Homo neanderthalensis Tayacian (southern France) Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens Acheulean middle Acheulean Homo neanderthalensis Clactonian (England) Lower Acheulean Homo heidelbergensis Homo neanderthalensis worked pebbles worked pebbles Homo antecessor (northern Spain. Shiksha (śikṣā): phonetics and phonology (sandhi) 2. traditional medicine of India Dhanurveda. Hindu.000 BP Homo habilis. . Other traditions. The Yajurveda. This is reconstructed as being derived from the Proto-Indo-European root u̯eid-.19."to know". fuel. cognate to Greek (ϝ)εἶδος "aspect". 3.Vedas 89 Vedas Part of a series on Vedic scriptures The Vedas (Sanskrit वेदाः véda.[3][4][5] They are supposed to have been directly revealed. the word appears only in a single instance in the Rigveda. notably Buddhism and Jainism. Yajurveda. the term Veda is often used loosely to refer to the Samhitas (collection of mantras. "knowledge") are a large body of texts originating in ancient India.[9][10] In addition to Buddhism and Jainism. the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.[15] As a noun. containing formulas to be sung by the udgatar or priest that chants."[16] The noun is from Proto-Indo-European u̯eidos. Root cognates are Greek ἰδέα. or presiding priest. Sikhism[11][] and Brahmoism. skilled in sacrifice.5. Some selected Vedic mantras are still recited at prayers. etc. The fourth is the Atharvaveda. in RV 8. containing formulas to be recited by the adhvaryu or officiating priest. and reverence. 2. The Vedic texts or śruti are organized around four canonical collections of metrical material known as Saṃhitās. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit. which did not regard the Vedas as authorities are referred to by traditional Hindu texts as "heterodox" or "non-orthodox" (nāstika) schools. translated by Griffith as "ritual lore": yáḥ samídhā yá âhutī / yó védena dadâśa márto agnáye / yó námasā svadhvaráḥ "The mortal who hath ministered to Agni with oblation. and thus are called śruti ("what is heard").[1][2] The Vedas are apauruṣeya ("not of human agency"). or chants) of the four canonical Vedas (Rigveda. The Samaveda. Schools of Indian philosophy which cite the Vedas as their scriptural authority are classified as "orthodox" (āstika). cognate to Greek (ϝ)οἶδα (w)oida "I know". of which the first three are related to the performance of yajna (sacrifice) in historical Vedic religion: 1. Latin videō "I see". containing hymns to be recited by the hotar. a collection of spells and incantations. wisdom" is derived from the root vid. Not to be confused is the homonymous 1st and 3rd person singular perfect tense véda. 4. The Rigveda.[14] Etymology and usage The Sanskrit word véda "knowledge. ritual lore. which are called smṛti ("what is remembered"). . apotropaic charms and speculative hymns.[17] In English. English wit. Samaveda and Atharvaveda).[6][7] distinguishing them from other religious texts. The various Indian philosophies and sects have taken differing positions on the Vedas. etc. meaning "see" or "know". Certain South Indian Brahmin communities such as Iyengars consider the Tamil Divya Prabandham or writing of the Alvar saints as equivalent to the Vedas. "form" .[12] many non-Brahmin Hindus in South India [13] do not accept the authority of the Vedas.[8] The individual verses contained in these compilations are known as mantras. religious functions and other auspicious occasions in contemporary Hinduism. A literary tradition set in only in post-Vedic times.[24] • The Brahmanas are prose texts that discuss. surviving manuscripts rarely surpass an age of a few hundred years. Yajur-Veda. In some contexts. Michael Witzel gives a time span of c. of which 72. dating to c. Any text considered as "connected to the Vedas" or a "corollary of the Vedas"[23] Vedic Sanskrit corpus The corpus of Vedic Sanskrit texts includes: • The Samhita (Sanskrit saṃhitā. in agada-veda "medical science". It is frequently read in secondary literature.[18] 90 Chronology The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts. 1500 BCE to c. Witzel makes special reference to the Near Eastern Mitanni material of the 14th century BCE the only epigraphic record of Indo-Aryan contemporary to the Rigvedic period. the 12th to 10th centuries BCE.g. and the "circum-Vedic" texts. They may also include the Aranyakas and Upanishads. the solemn sacrificial rituals as well as comment on their meaning and many connected themes. 500-400 BCE. and 1200 BCE (the early Iron Age) as terminus post quem for the Atharvaveda. date to c. The Samhitas date to roughly 1500–1000 BCE. most of which are available in several recensions (śākhā). or the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. He gives 150 BCE (Patañjali) as a terminus ante quem for all Vedic Sanskrit literature. preserved with precision with the help of elaborate mnemonic techniques. There are four "Vedic" Samhitas: the Rig-Veda. however. are collections of metric texts ("mantras"). which were probably essentially complete by 1200 BCE. were composed by people who meditated in the woods as recluses and are the third part of the Vedas.Vedas The Sanskrit term veda as a common noun means "knowledge". spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE. Sama-Veda. but can also be used to refer to fields of study unrelated to liturgy or ritual. "collection"). 1000 CE. • The Aranyakas. however oral tradition predominated until c. and Atharva-Veda. perhaps earliest in the Kanva recension of the Yajurveda about the 1st century BCE.000 padas (metric feet). and reaches its end in the age of Buddha and Panini and the rise of the Mahajanapadas (archaeologically. e. 1000-500 BCE. the term Veda is used to refer to these Samhitas. "wilderness texts" or "forest treaties". resulting in a Vedic period. with the establishment of the various shakhas all over Northern India which annotated the mantra samhitas with Brahmana discussions of their meaning.[20] Transmission of texts in the Vedic period was by oral tradition alone. Texts composed in Vedic Sanskrit during the Vedic period (Iron Age India) 2. there are a number of older Veda manuscripts in Nepal belonging to the Vajasaneyi tradition that are dated from the 11th century onwards. . Categories of Vedic texts The term "Vedic texts" is used in two distinct meanings: 1.000 occur in the four Samhitas. in technical fashion. durveda means "with evil knowledge. after the rise of Buddhism in the Maurya period. Each of the Brahmanas is associated with one of the Samhitas or its recensions. The texts contain discussions and interpretations of dangerous rituals (to be studied outside the settlement) and various sorts of additional materials. Northern Black Polished Ware). The Brahmanas may either form separate texts or can be partly integrated into the text of the Samhitas.[19] The Vedic period reaches its peak only after the composition of the mantra texts. This is the oldest layer of Vedic texts. as well as the redaction of the Samhitas.[22] The Benares Sanskrit University has a Rigveda manuscript of the mid-14th century. apart from the Rigvedic hymns. The complete corpus of Vedic mantras as collected in Bloomfield's Vedic Concordance (1907) consists of some 89.[21] Due to the ephemeral nature of the manuscript material (birch bark or palm leaves). sasya-veda "science of agriculture" or sarpa-veda "science of snakes" (already found in the early Upanishads). ignorant". it is still widely used. it is advisable to stick to the division adopted by Max Müller because it follows the Indian tradition. and published in five volumes in 1935-1965.. Taken together. 6th century BCE) marks the end of the Vedic period. The Brahmanas. Upanişads ."[25] The Upanishads are largely philosophical works in dialog form. while it is subject to some debate.. there are various dialects and locally prominent traditions of the Vedic schools. 91 Shruti literature The texts considered "Vedic" in the sense of "corollaries of the Vedas" is less clearly defined. . divinely revealed like the Vedas themselves. Aranyakas. the Shrautasutras and the Grhyasutras..Vedas • Some of the older Mukhya Upanishads (Bṛhadāraṇyaka. and Upanishads often interpret the polytheistic and ritualistic Samhitas in philosophical and metaphorical ways to explore abstract concepts such as the Absolute (Brahman). are late Vedic in language and content. they are the basis of the Vedanta school. extending to about 1800 pages. are sometimes not to be distinguished from Āraṇyakas. Texts not considered to be shruti are known as smriti (Sanskrit: smṛti. and may include numerous post-Vedic texts such as Upanishads or Sutra literature. The Vedic Sanskrit corpus is the scope of A Vedic Word Concordance (Vaidika-Padānukrama-Koṣa) prepared from 1930 under Vishva Bandhu. most of the 108 Upanishads of the full Muktika canon date to the Common Era. conveys the historical sequence fairly accurately. introducing Vedanta philosophy. there is a large number of Upanishads composed after the end of the Vedic period. While most of the ten Mukhya Upanishads can be considered to date to the Vedic or Mahajanapada period. regarded as belonging to the smriti. and are thus known as Vedānta ("the end of the Vedas"). translations. Its scope extends to about 400 texts. This indigenous system of categorization was adopted by Max Müller and. As Axel Michaels explains: These classifications are often not tenable for linguistic and formal reasons: There is not only one collection at any one time..[25][26] • Certain Sūtra literature. and at the same time the beginning of the flourishing of the "circum-Vedic" scholarship of Vedanga. For long. was published in 1973-1976. one of the major trends of later Hinduism. they have been regarded as their putative end and essence. Brāhmaṇas contain older strata of language attributed to the Saṃhitās. Nevertheless. of human origin. including the entire Vedic Sanskrit corpus besides some "sub-Vedic" texts. i. They discuss questions of nature philosophy and the fate of the soul. and the soul or the self (Atman). These texts are by many Hindu sects considered to be shruti (Sanskrit: śruti.[26][27] The composition of the Shrauta and Grhya Sutras (c.e. introducing the early flowering of classical Sanskrit literature in the Mauryan and Gupta periods. While production of Brahmanas and Aranyakas ceases with the end of the Vedic period. The Shrauta Sutras. Volume I: Samhitas Volume II: Brahmanas and Aranyakas Volume III: Upanishads Volume IV: Vedangas A revised edition. Chandogya. "the remembered"). and contain some mystic and spiritual interpretations of the Vedas. but rather several handed down in separate Vedic schools. thus forming part of the Vedic Sanskrit corpus. "the heard"). Kaṭha).. and underlies the current editions. and monographs on Vedic literature. early 19th century .[28] Multiple recensions are known for each of the Vedas. then repeated in the reverse order. is testified to by the preservation of the most ancient Indian religious text. the Rigveda.[] Four Vedas Rigveda (padapatha) manuscript in Devanagari. Elaborate methods for preserving the text were based on memorizing by heart instead of writing. as redacted into a single text during the Brahmana period.[] That these methods have been effective. without any variant readings. (See also: Vedic chant) Prodigous energy was expended by ancient Indian culture in ensuring that these texts were transmitted from generation to generation with inordinate fidelity. and finally repeated again in the original order. memorization of the sacred Vedas included up to eleven forms of recitation of the same text. literally "branch" or "limb") each of which specialized in learning certain texts. and each Vedic text may have a number of schools associated with it. Forms of recitation included the jaṭā-pāṭha (literally "mesh recitation") in which every two adjacent words in the text were first recited in their original order. The texts were subsequently "proof-read" by comparing the different recited versions.Vedas 92 Vedic schools or recensions Study of the extensive body of Vedic texts has been organized into a number of different schools or branches (Sanskrit śākhā.[29] For example. Specific techniques for parsing and reciting the texts were used to assist in the memorization process. Its recitation also produces long life. 3. giving discussions and directions for the detail of the ceremonies at which the Mantras were to be used and explanations of the legends connected with the Mantras and rituals. and intended for singing at the Soma ceremonies. next to their own independent Yajus. 4. and chanting (SV). "the triple sacred science" of reciting hymns (RV). 2. Each of the four Vedas seems to have passed to numerous Shakhas or schools. calling them trayam-brahma-sanātanam. They each have an Index or Anukramani. . it contains very old materials in early Vedic language. which are verses of praise in metre. The Yajurveda. probably due to its use in sorcery and healing. performing sacrifices (YV). the Mantras are properly of three forms: 1. However. sorcery and speculative mantras. VS) Samaveda (SV) Atharvaveda (AV) Of these. Thus.[33][34] This triplicity is so introduced in the Brahmanas (ShB. that is. 3. which often speaks of the three Vedas. The Atharvaveda like the Rigveda.. The Atharvaveda is the fourth Veda. which are in metre. ABr and others). also called "trayī vidyā". Each of the four Vedas consists of the metrical Mantra or Samhita and the prose Brahmana part. 2. and intended for loud recitation. Ric. It has no direct relation to the solemn Śrauta sacrifices. Rigveda (RV) Yajurveda (YV. Yajus. is a collection of original incantations. "the triple eternal Veda". and other materials borrowing relatively little from the Rigveda. Both these portions are termed shruti (which tradition says to have been heard but not composed or written down by men). Manusmrti. except for the fact that the mostly silent Brahmán priest observes the procedures and uses Atharvaveda mantras to 'heal' it when mistakes have been made. or effects the ruin of enemies. and intended for recitation in lower voice at sacrifices.[32] 1. Its status has occasionally been ambiguous. giving rise to various recensions of the text. Sāman. Samaveda and Atharvaveda are independent collections of mantras and hymns intended as manuals for the Adhvaryu. which are in prose. Udgatr and Brahman priests respectively. the principal work of this kind being the general Index or Sarvānukramaṇī. but the Rigveda is the older work of the three from which the other two borrow. with the main division TS vs. cures diseases. the first three were the principal original division.Vedas 93 Part of a series on Hindu scriptures Vedas and their Shakhas Hinduism portal The canonical division of the Vedas is fourfold (turīya) viz. the Atharvanaveda has less connection with sacrifice. known as the "Black" (Krishna) and "White" (Shukla) Yajurveda (Krishna and Shukla Yajurveda respectively).[35] It is a collection of 1. which exists in a Kashmir and an Orissa version. concerned with protection against demons and disaster.[44] and some parts of the Atharva-Veda are older than the Rig-Veda[43] though not in linguistic form.[45] The Paippalada text.028 Vedic Sanskrit hymns and 10. in that each mantra must accompany an action in sacrifice but. and about 160 of the hymns are in common with the Rigveda. is longer than the Saunaka one. spells for the healing of diseases. deriving from the Proto-Indo-Iranian times. for long life and for various desires or aims in life.[49] The Atharvaveda is a comparatively late extension of the "Three Vedas" connected to priestly sacrifice to a canon of "Four Vedas".600 verses in all. organized into ten books (Sanskrit: mandalas). commonly dated to the period of roughly the second half of the 2nd millennium BCE (the early Vedic period) in the Punjab (Sapta Sindhu) region of the Indian subcontinent. but some sections are in prose.[42] Two major recensions remain today. as the repertoire of the udgātṛ or "singer" priests who took part in the sacrifice. the e Black Yajurveda intersperses the Samhita with Brahmana commentary.[43] Most of the verses are metrical. the term for a melody applied to metrical hymn or song of praise[41]) consists of 1549 stanzas. While White Yajurveda separates the Samhita from its Brahmana (the Shatapatha Brahmana). there are a total of 1875 verses numbered in the Samaveda recension translated by Griffith. Some of the Rigvedic verses are repeated more than once. Samaveda The Samaveda Samhita (from sāman. Of the Black Yajurveda four major recensions survive (Maitrayani.[40] Yajurveda The Yajurveda Samhita consists of archaic prose mantras and also in part of verses borrowed and adapted from the Rigveda.[43][48] The second part of the text contains speculative and philosophical hymns. Katha.[36] The hymns are dedicated to Rigvedic deities. Atharvaveda The Artharvaveda Samhita is the text 'belonging to the Atharvan and Angirasa poets.[43] It was compiled around 900 BCE. the Kauthuma/Ranayaniya and the Jaiminiya. taken almost entirely (except for 78 stanzas) from the Rigveda. It has 760 hymns. the Samans have been changed and adapted for use in singing.[25] Like the Rigvedic stanzas in the Yajurveda. There are two major groups of recensions of this Veda. it was compiled to apply to all sacrificial rites.[43] According to Apte it had nine schools (shakhas). often associated with the Andronovo culture.Vedas 94 Rigveda The Rigveda Samhita is the oldest extant Indic text.[50] . Including repetitions. Unlike the other three Vedas. Taittiriya). the earliest horse-drawn chariots were found at Andronovo sites in the Sintashta-Petrovka cultural area near the Ural Mountains and date to c.[39] Rigveda manuscripts have been selected for inscription in UNESCO's "Memory of the World" Register 2007. 2000 BCE. Kapisthala-Katha. This may be connected to an extension of the sacrificial rite from involving three types of priest to the inclusion of the Brahman overseeing the ritual. although some of its material may go back to the time of the Rigveda. not merely the Somayajna.[37] The books were composed by poets from different priestly groups over a period of several centuries. the Paippalāda and Śaunaka. unlike the Samaveda. it is only partially printed in its two versions and remains largely untranslated. The Atharvaveda is preserved in two recensions.[46][47] Its first part consists chiefly of spells and incantations. Its purpose was practical.[38] There are strong linguistic and cultural similarities between the Rigveda and the early Iranian Avesta. Its purpose was liturgical. compared to them.6).2).5. all beings are in the triple Veda"). which all Vedas declare.2.4. The Upanishads reduce the "essence of the Vedas" further.3. human knowledge is like mere handfuls of dirt (TB 3. I will tell you briefly it is Aum" (1.1.5. which all austerities aim at. The six subjects of Vedanga are: • • • • • • Phonetics (Śikṣā) Ritual (Kalpa) Grammar (Vyākaraṇa) Etymology (Nirukta) Meter (Chandas) Astronomy (Jyotiṣa) .2. 10. The association of the three Vedas with the bhūr bhuvaḥ svaḥ mantra is found in the Aitareya Aranyaka: "Bhūḥ is the Rigveda. Vāc "speech" is called the "mother of the Vedas" (ŚBM 6.5. 95 Brahmanas The mystical notions surrounding the concept of the one "Veda" that would flower in Vedantic philosophy have their roots already in Brahmana literature.3-5). for example in the Shatapatha Brahmana. and which humans desire when they live a life of continence.2. Vedanta renounced all ritualism and radically re-interpreted the notion of "Veda" in purely philosophical terms. bhuvaḥ is the Yajurveda."[51] These subjects are treated in Sūtra literature dating from the end of the Vedic period to Mauryan times.11.3. The knowledge of the Vedas is endless.4.8. svaḥ is the Samaveda" (1.4. The Vedas are identified with Brahman. Apte defines this group of works as: "N. in particular circumstances and similarly this point is a departure from the three other vedas. The universe itself was originally encapsulated in the three Vedas (ŚBM 10. Atharvaveda also sanctions the use of force. to the syllable Aum (ॐ).22 has Prajapati reflecting that "truly.Vedas The Atharvaveda is concerned with the material world or world of man and in this respect differs from the other three vedas. Thus. S.1. seeing the transition from late Vedic Sanskrit to Classical Sanskrit. the universal principle (ŚBM 10. Vedanta While contemporary traditions continued to maintain Vedic ritualism (Śrauta.15) In post-Vedic literature Vedanga Six technical subjects related to the Vedas are traditionally known as vedāṅga "limbs of the Veda". the Katha Upanishad has: "The goal.1). V. of a certain class of works regarded as auxiliary to the Vedas and designed to aid in the correct pronunciation and interpretation of the text and the right employment of the Mantras in ceremonials. Mimamsa). 10.10. [citation needed] Buddhism Buddhism does not deny that the Vedas in their true origin were sacred although have been amended repeatedly by certain Brahmins to secure their positions in society. Bhâradvâjo. Buddhist and Jain views Buddhism and Jainism do not reject the Vedas. who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes. was divided into three or four parts. with 113 and 95 verses respectively. dealing mainly with details of ritual and elaborations of the texts logically and chronologically prior to them: the Samhitas. in varying accounts.18.14. and further fragmented into numerous shakhas. only the literature associated with the Atharvaveda is extensive. 3. associated with the Atharvaveda But Sushruta and Bhavaprakasha mention Ayurveda as an upaveda of the Atharvaveda.245)[59] section the Buddha names these rishis. and Bhagu"[60] but that it was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. Vessâmitto. at the urging of Brahma. associated with the Samaveda Military science (Shastrashastra). in the Dvapara Yuga. Brahmanas. there are 79 works. The Bhagavata Purana (12. the Vayu Purana (section 60) recounts a similar division by Vyasa.37) traces the origin of the primeval Veda to the syllable aum. The Buddha declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by Kashyapa to certain rishis. because men had declined in age. • The Āśvalāyana Gṛhya Pariśiṣṭa is a very late text associated with the Rigveda canon. Shilpa Shastras (arts and crafts) are mentioned as fourth upaveda according to later sources.6. and declared that the original Veda the Vedic rishis "Atthako. appendix" is the term applied to various ancillary works of Vedic literature.088) also mentions the division of the Veda into three in Treta Yuga.[54] Puranic tradition also postulates a single original Veda that. Vâsettho. • The Kātiya Pariśiṣṭas. consist of 18 works enumerated self-referentially in the fifth of the series (the Caraṇavyūha)and the Kātyāyana Śrauta Sūtra Pariśiṣṭa. The .43) attributes the division of the primeval veda (aum) into three parts to the monarch Pururavas at the beginning of Treta Yuga. The Charanavyuha mentions four Upavedas: • • • • Medicine (Āyurveda). Aranyakas and Sutras. According to the Vishnu Purana (3.[56][57] Lists of what subjects are included in this class differ among sources.3. Vâmako. ascribed to Kātyāyana. Vâmadevo. • The Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda has 3 parisistas The Āpastamba Hautra Pariśiṣṭa. The Mahabharata (santiparva 13. Sthapatyaveda (architecture).2. virtue and understanding. Parisista works exist for each of the four Vedas. Angiraso. However.[52] Puranas A traditional view given in the Vishnu Purana (likely dating to the Gupta period[53]) attributes the current arrangement of four Vedas to the mythical sage Vedavyasa. Yamataggi. collected as 72 distinctly named parisistas. the Vārāha Śrauta Sūtra Pariśiṣṭa • For the Atharvaveda. • The Gobhila Gṛhya Pariśiṣṭa is a short metrical text of two chapters.[58] In the Buddhist Vinaya Pitaka of the Mahavagga (I. In a differing account Bhagavata Purana (9. which is also found as the second praśna of the Satyasāḍha Śrauta Sūtra'. associated with the Rigveda Archery (Dhanurveda). by Lord Vishnu in the form of Vyasa.) the original Veda was divided into four parts.Vedas 96 Parisista Pariśiṣṭa "supplement.4 etc. associated with the Yajurveda Music and sacred dance (Gāndharvaveda). Naturally classified with the Veda to which each pertains. but merely their absolute authority. and says that it was divided into four at the start of Dvapara Yuga. Kassapo.[55] Upaveda The term upaveda ("applied knowledge") is used in traditional literature to designate the subjects of certain technical works. as those in the more ancient times?" The Buddha replied. for whom no joy exists in the world. practice the same rites. regarding them as friends and relatives. without obstruction . whose spirit is humble..Their riches and possessions consisted in the study of the Veda and their treasure was a life free from all evil. men who had subdued all passion by the keeping of the sila precepts and the leading of a pure life. Further. "No. seats. are declared in the Vedic mantras.[64] the Buddha declares: The one who annihilates the sins in himself. The Buddha replied: "There were formerly rishis. but they procured useful medicaments from the cows. Other Buddhas too were said to have been born as Brahmins that were trained in the Vedas.. The animals that were given they did not kill." The elderly Brahmins asked the Buddha that if it were not inconvenient for him. that he would tell them of the Brahmana Dharma of the previous generation. "Do the present Brahmans follow the same rules.[67] Jainism A Jain sage intereprets the Vedic sacrifices as metaphorical: "Body is the altar.[61] Also in the "Brahmana Dhammika Sutta" (II. clothes.: that one is lawfully called a brahman.."[68] Further.[69] Jain are in conformity with the Vedas in reference to both the Vedas' and Jainism' acceptance of the 22 Tirthankaras: Of Rishabha (1st Tirthankara Rishabha) is written: "But Risabha went on. unperturbed by anything till he became sin-free like a conch that takes no black dot.... and oil.7)[62] of the Suttanipata section of Vinaya Pitaka[63] there is a story of when the Buddha was in Jetavana village and there were a group of elderly Brahmin ascetics who sat down next to the Buddha and a conversation began.166) Of Aristanemi (Tirthankara Neminatha) is written: 97 ." So in this passage also the Buddha describes when the Brahmins were studying the Veda but the animal sacrifice customs had not yet began. Jain Sage Jinabhadra in his Visesavasyakabhasya cites a number of passages from the Vedic Upanishads.. In the Mahavagga. The Mahasupina Jataka[65] and Lohakumbhi Jataka[66] declares that Brahmin Sariputra in a previous life was a Brahmin that prevented animal sacrifice by declaring that animal sacrifice was actually against the Vedas. The elderly Brahmins asked him. for a time. beauty and health. which is the epithet of the First World-teacher.Vedas Vinaya Pitaka's section Anguttara Nikaya: Panchaka Nipata says that it was on this alteration of the true Veda that the Buddha refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. though they did not ask for them. whose products give strength. continued to do right and received in alms rice. who is passionless.. may become the destroyer of enemies" (Rig Veda X. the Suttanipata 1000 declares that 32 mahapurusha lakshana (auspicious symbols of the Buddha) that Buddhism uses. The Buddha was declared to have been born a Brahmin trained in the Vedas and its philosophies in a number of his previous lives according to Buddhist scriptures. who is not proud. mind is the fire blazing with the ghee of knowledge and burning the sacrificial sticks of impurities produced from the tree of karma.The Brahmans.. who has comprehended the Vedas and is chaste. Of the remaining. Sanskrit literature (2003) in Philip's Encyclopedia. and 16. . "Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies. Gonda. Michael. [26] Witzel.'" R. Michael. H.b. [27] For a table of all Vedic texts see Witzel. the teacher of the Veda. ancient. Michael. ed. Rig Veda) 98 "Fifth" and other Vedas Some post-Vedic texts. Pokorny's 1959 Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch s. '². "Vedas and ". Joshi 1994. [5] Apte. Michael. Varga 7. Upanishads or Sutras [25] . . M. "Hindus themselves often use the term to describe anything connected to the Vedas and their corollaries (e. Rix' Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben. Hindu Sacred Texts (http:/ / hinduism. in: [21] For the possibility of written texts during the 1st century BCE see: Witzel. [16] K. [12] "Eclecticism and Modern Hindu Discourse. htm). specifically the Upanishads.v.857 appear in the other three Samhitas. [28] [30] [31] [32] . [18] Monier-Williams (1899) [19] Gavin Flood sums up mainstream estimates.[72] Ralph T. "Vedas and ". in: . in: .575 are Rigvedic. published 1889 to 1899. . The Bhakti movement. Der Rig-Veda. The importance of Vedic Sanskrit for Indo-European studies was also recognized in the early 19th century. 1977 [10] "The brahmin by caste alone. English translations of the Samhitas were published in the later 19th century. Gombrich in Paul Williams. Cambridge 1951 [17] see e." Taylor and Francis 2006. 34. Accessed 2007-08-09 [2] Sanujit Ghose (2011). [20] Witzel. com/ article/ 230/ )" in Ancient History Encyclopedia. pp.g. Arthur Schopenhauer drew attention to Vedic texts. in: . Harvard Oriental Series 33-37. Nair 2008. The Atharvaveda and the Gopatha-Brahmana.405 are known only from Brahmanas. including the Mahabharata. "Vedas and ".1.. 84-227. OUP 1999" [13] The Dravidian Movement by Gail Omvedt [14] The Vernacular Veda by Vasudha Narayanan [15] . has "not of the authorship of man.[70] The earliest reference to such a "fifth Veda" is found in the Chandogya Upanishad. pp. Michael. Vedic culture)". com/ tradition/ 1105.[71] Western Indology The study of Sanskrit in the West began in the 17th century. iskcon. page 120. according to which the Rigveda was compiled from as early as 1500 BCE over a period of several centuries. "Dravida Veda" is a term for canonical Tamil Bhakti texts. see: . I. Witzel. Wiesbaden 1975. '.2 The Ritual Sutras. pp.F. in: .Vedas "So asmakam Aristanemi svaha Arhan vibharsi sayakani dhanvarhanistam yajatam visvarupam arhannidam dayase" (Astak 2.F. " Religious Developments in Ancient India (http:/ / www. (Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde II. Geldner. eu.g. in: . In the early 19th century.g. J.[citation needed] Other texts such as the Bhagavad Gita or the Vedanta Sutras are considered shruti or "Vedic" by some Hindu denominations but not universally within Hinduism.) Strassburg 1899. "Vedas and ". Notes [1] see e. Witzel. the Natyasastra and certain Puranas. in the Sacred Books of the East series edited by Müller between 1879 and 1910. Michael.1 Vedic literature (Samhitas and Brahmanas). [24] 37. A history of Indian literature: I. and Gaudiya Vaishnavism in particular extended the term veda to include the Sanskrit Epics and Vaishnavite devotional texts such as the Pancaratra. of divine origin" [8] Bloomfield.. 109f. Griffith also presented English translations of the four Samhitas. 91-93. refer to themselves as the "fifth Veda". is (jokingly) etymologized as the 'non-meditator' (ajjhāyaka). "Vedas and ". "Vedas and ". Brian Hatcher. [23] according to ISKCON. For oral composition and oral transmission for "many hundreds of years" before being written down. Vaman Shivram (1965). compared with history and science By Robert Spence Hardy [62] P. with an introductory essay on its form and character By Ivan Pavlovich Minaev [65] P. ISBN 81-215-0607-7 [53] dates it to the 4th century CE. to Prāna. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. [49] "The latest of the four Vedas. and so on. Hinduism: Past and Present. [48] . see numbering given in Ralph T. Burjor (2007). Indra. Rashtriya Veda Vidya Pratishthan. 491-99. ISBN 81-208-0567-4. Pāli grammar: a phonetic and morphological sketch of the Pāli language. [50] "There were originally only three priests associated with the first three . 245 The Vinaya piṭakaṃ: one of the principle Buddhist holy scriptures . Soma. Princeton University Press. Veda and Torah. see: . htm [41] . the 'Word'. etc. Ch IV.600 verses and division into ten mandalas. ISBN 0-312-29309-7. M. is. Gavin. in: . 45-46 The legends and theories of the Buddhists. Barbara A. pdf)" in [35] see e. B. xxx. [38] see e. 2010). India: The Ancient Past. ISBN 978-0-415-35616-9 • Flood. [58] P.". com/ od/ scripturesepics/ a/ rigveda. The essential Max Müller: on language. [40] http:/ / hinduism. people. as being of equal standing with the other texts. SUNY Press. mythology. (author. 1840. 121 The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development By Yuvraj Krishan [68] P. au/ books?id=Q96EsUCVlLsC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Max+ MÃ¼ller& ei=SRjkS6LcI4TulQSj6InGCQ& cd=3#v=onepage& q& f=false) (accessed: Friday May 7. Friedrich Max (author) & Stone. Michael Witzel gives 1450-1350 BCE as terminus ad quem. ISBN 0-691-08953-1 . Varuna. ibiblio. . (1995). translation by Horace Hayman Wilson.. http:/ / www. Source: (http:/ / books. which had been somewhat distinct from the other and identified with the lower social strata. [45] .. Volume 2 by Moriz Winternitz [63] P. the 'Breath of Life'. com. Kessinger Publishing. Volume 1 edited by Hermann Oldenberg [61] P.hymns to Skambha. Repetitions may be found by consulting the cross-index in Griffith pp. (http:/ / www. ISBN 0-7914-1639-9 • MacDonell. [46] . compared with history and science By Robert Spence Hardy [64] P. Max Müller gave 1700–1100 BCE.44 99 References • Apte. [37] For characterization of content and mentions of deities including Agni.Vedas [34] Witzel. The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. MA: Blackwell. [42] For 1875 total verses. H. Palgrave Macmillan. editor) (2002). html) Accessed 5 April 2007.g. harvard. 494 The Pali-English dictionary By Thomas William Rhys Davids. 94 A history of Indian literature. 1993. as we have seen. to Vāc. 92 Studies in Jain literature by Vaman Mahadeo Kulkarni. see: . (2003).. The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary (4th revised & enlarged ed. Malalasekera [66] P." . • Avari. Griffith's introduction mentions the recension history for his text. London: Routledge. [47] Witzel. ISBN 978-0-312-29309-3. sacred-texts. . for the Brahman as overseer of the rites does not appear in the ' and is only incorporated later. Gavin (1996). " The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu (http:/ / www. [54] Vishnu Purana. New Delhi. but here and there we find cosmological hymns which anticipate the Upanishads. ISBN 0-521-43878-0 • Flood. com/ hin/ vp/ vp078. -. 177 The sacred books of the Buddhists compared with history and modern science By Robert Spence Hardy [59] P. ISBN 1-4179-0619-7 • Michaels. 44 The legends and theories of the Buddhists. Arthur Anthony (2004). Jon R.P. "Vedas and ". and religion. Surya. Axel (2004). edu/ ~witzel/ canon. Śreshṭhī Kastūrabhāī Lālabhāī Smāraka Nidhi [72] Müller. Michael. [52] BR Modak. 30 The Jataka or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births By E. ed. org/ sripedia/ ebooks/ mw/ 0200/ mw__0240. Śreshṭhī Kastūrabhāī Lālabhāī Smāraka Nidhi [69] P. Griffith. google. William Stede [60] P. Cambridge University Press. [43] . ISBN 1-4051-3251-5 • Holdrege. about.028 hymns and 10. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cowell [67] P.g. who is seen as the first principle which is both the material and efficient cause of the universe. [57] . the Atharva-Veda. 577 Dictionary of Pali Proper Names: Pali-English By G. largely composed of magical texts and charms.. htm [56] . Malden. thereby showing the acceptance of the Atharva Veda. [36] For 1. [51] . Illustrated edition. 93 Studies in Jain literature by Vaman Mahadeo Kulkarni. A History of Sanskrit Literature.). the 'Support'. The Ancillary Literature of the Atharva-Veda. fas. [44] . p. 103-125. A. Santucci. Max (1891). • S.com/?id=J8Zo_rtoWAEC).uni-goettingen. History of Religions. Hoshiarpur. Princeton University Press. Hindu Scriptures. ISBN 978-3-447-01603-2. Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and Progress of the Religion and Institutions of India (. "The Religious Authority of the Mahabharata: Vyasa and Brahma in the Hindu Scriptural Tradition". Nataraj Books. S. Arlo and Houben.com/hinduism/vedas/) Vedas and Upanishads Complete set (. (2004).sacred-texts.).). C. John (1861). • Smith. ISBN 1-881338-58-4. London: Everyman's Library 100 Literature Overviews • J. Monier.org/veda.Kireet Joshi (. M. Chips from a German Workshop (. • Muir.377 (. Harvard Oriental Series. Pranava Prakashan (1977). Michael (ed.google. B. Bhaskaran Nair (eds. Groningen Oriental Studies 20. Sama.html) Glimpses of Vedic Literature .kireetjoshiarchives. • Sullivan.gayathrimanthra. Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary. Gonda. 1963–1965. • Radhakrishnan. Scribner's sons. Cambridge: Harvard University Press • Zaehner. Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas. 2. Jan E. Opera Minora vol. Veda and Upanishads (1975).doi. A Vedic Concordance (1907) • Vishva Bandhu. • Witzel. M. New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas.comparative-religion. Groningen : Forsten. R.htm#vedas) Vedas: Rig.com/indian_culture/ glimpses_vedic/) . Bloomfield.com/?id=_VCXTBk-PtoC).google.2. Bhim Dev. ed. Yajur. A History of Indian literature. A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy (12th Princeton Paperback ed.Vedas • Monier-Williams. • J. Concordances • M. The Vedas : texts. A Comprehensive History of Vedic Literature — Brahmana and Aranyaka Works. Leiden 2002. doi: 10.org/10.2. External links • • • • • • Veda In Hindi & Sanskrit (. An Outline of Vedic Literature (1976).htm#Veda) The Vedas at sacred-texts. Sarvepalli. Moore. The University of Chicago Press (1992)..1093/jaarel/LXII.) (1997). Brian K.. ISBN 90-6980-149-3. New York: C.).1093/jaarel/LXII. Inside the Texts.com (. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 62 (1): 377–401. Charles A. (2006). Vaidika-Padānukrama-Koṣa: A Vedic Word-Concordance.htm) GRETIL etexts (. Beyond the Texts. 1. (1966).377).sub. and Atharva (. Conference proceedings • Griffiths. language & ritual: proceedings of the Third International Vedic Workshop. ISBN 0-691-01958-4. revised edition 1973-1976. (1957). (eds. eds. Vol.com/Library. Canonical Authority and Social Classification: Veda and "Varṇa" in Ancient Indian Texts-.aryasamajjamnagar. (Summer 1994). Williams and Norgate • Müller. Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute. Shrava. Origins Part of a series on Indo-European topics Indo-European studies The first people to have settled in India during Paleolithic times appear to have been an Australoid group who may have been closely related to Aboriginal Australians. with Sikh. (2003) indicates that: "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India. some non-religious atheist/agnostic and Christians Related ethnic groups Other Indian people · Bangladeshis · Sri Lankans · Nepalis · Maldivians · Pakistanis · Dravidian peoples · Europeans · Romani people · Iranians · Nuristanis · Dard people · Dom people · Lom people · Indo-Iranians Indo-Aryan or Indic peoples are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group referring to the wide collection of peoples united as native speakers of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-Iranian family of Indo-European languages. Today. most of them native to South Asia. Buddhist and Jain minorities) and Islam.000 Languages Indo-Aryan languages Religion Indian religions (Mostly Hindu.[4] From a genetic anthropological point of view.21 billion Regions with significant populations India Pakistan 856 mil [1] Over 164 mil [2] Bangladesh Over 150 mil [3] Nepal Sri Lanka Maldives Over 26 mil Over 14 mil Over 300. there are over one billion native speakers of Indo-Aryan languages.Indo-Aryan peoples 101 Indo-Aryan peoples Indo-Aryan peoples Total population approximately 1. indicating that the . where they form the majority. the research of Basu et al. the deities Mitra. Kikkuli's horse training text (circa 1400 BCE) includes technical terms such as aika (eka. five). (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations. Therefore he prefers to derive the Indo-Aryans from the intermediate stage of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) culture. supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China. In a treaty between the Hittites and the Mitanni (between Suppiluliuma and Matiwaza. . (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated. three). proper names and other terminology of the Mitanni exhibit an Indo-Aryan superstrate. But although horses were known to the Indo-Aryans. (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities.g. Parpola (1999)[11] elaborates the model and has "Proto-Rigvedic" Indo-Aryans intrude the BMAC around 1700 BCE. na (nava.P. He assumes early Indo-Aryan presence in the Late Harappan horizon from about 1900 BCE. satta (sapta. Likewise. nine). tera (tri.[6] The Nuristani languages probably split in such early times.[9] Archaeologist J.[12][13] 102 Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni Some theonyms. although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India. (6) the Dravidian tribals were possibly widespread throughout India before the arrival of the Indo-European-speaking nomads. but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes. providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others. and that no actual traces of the Andronovo culture (e. The numeral aika "one" is of particular importance because it places the superstrate in the vicinity of Indo-Aryan proper as opposed to Indo-Iranian or early Iranian (which has "aiva") in general. By the mid 2nd millennium BCE early Indo-Aryans had reached Assyria in the west (the Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni) and the northern Punjab in the east (the Rigvedic tribes). Indra. Bryant 2001: 216). Varuna. (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast. but retreated to southern India to avoid dominance. Recently Leo Klejn proposed a hypothesis of linking the earliest stage of Indo-Aryan peoples with the Catacomb culture. (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austro-Asiatic tribals. 1380 BCE). and Nasatya (Ashvins) are invoked.. but not as far as the seats of the Medes. and are classified as either remote Indo-Aryan dialects or as an independent branch of Indo-Iranian. and "Proto-Rigvedic" (Proto-Dardic) intrusion to the Punjab as corresponding to the Swat culture from about 1700 BCE. suggesting that an Indo-Aryan elite imposed itself over the Hurrian population in the course of the Indo-Aryan expansion. panza (pancha.Indo-Aryan peoples initial number of female settlers may have been small. (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations. Some scholars trace the Indo-Aryans (both Indo-Aryans and European Aryans) back to the Andronovo culture (2nd millennium BCE). on linguistic grounds. Mallory (1998) finds it "extraordinarily difficult to make a case for expansions from this northern region to northern India" and remarks that the proposed migration routes "only [get] the Indo-Iranian to Central Asia. Persians or Indo-Aryans" (Mallory 1998. Asko Parpola (1988) connects the Indo-Aryans to the BMAC. one). in terms of a "Kulturkugel" model of expansion. vartana (vartana.[7] The spread of Indo-Aryan languages has been connected with the spread of the chariot in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. (3) the Austro-Asiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India. Other scholars[8] have argued that the Andronovo culture proper formed too late to be associated with the Indo-Aryans of India. to roughly 1800 BCE. round). warrior burials or timber-frame materials) have been found in India and Southern countries like Sri Lanka and the Maldives. seven). ca."[5] The separation of Indo-Aryans proper from Indo-Iranians is commonly dated. western. suggesting that extant Indian caste groups are primarily the descendants of Indo-European migrants. and further east with the Kosala and Videha. Trubachev (1999. grey). (2009) and Sharma et al.. (Hindustani) or Hindi/Urdu speakers of India. Zhao et al. Of the 23 national languages of India. Mirabel et al. However. Bangladesh and Pakistan number more than half a billion native speakers. 2009). the latter also known as "Indoi" and described by Hesychius as "an Indian people". (2007. Priyamazda (priiamazda) as Priyamedha "whose wisdom is dear" (Mayrhofer II 189. For Hellenistic times. Tushratta (tṷišeratta.Indo-Aryan peoples Another text has babru(-nnu) (babhru. Vedic Tveṣaratha "whose chariot is vehement" (Mayrhofer I 686. I 736). Indaruda/Endaruta as Indrota "helped by Indra" (Mayrhofer I 134).[15] Middle Ages The various Prakrit vernaculars developed into independent languages in the course of the Middle Ages (see Apabhramsha). Non-native speakers of Indo-Aryan languages also reach the south of the peninsula. The Mitanni warriors were called marya (Hurrian: maria-nnu). constituting the largest community of speakers of any of the Indo-European languages. central and eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent. etc. Bengali and Punjabi. 103 Antiquity An influx of early Indo-Aryan speakers over the Hindukush (comparable to the Kushan expansion of the 1st centuries CE) together with Late Harappan cultures gave rise to the Vedic civilization of the Early Iron Age. Biridashva (biridašṷa. Citrarata as citraratha "whose chariot is shining" (Mayrhofer I 553).[citation needed] This civilization is marked by a continual shift[citation needed] to the east. parita(-nnu) (palita. tušratta. The Maeotes and the Sindes. first to the Gangetic plain with the Kurus and Panchalas. such as those of Kivisild et al. Mayrhofer II 209.[14] note mišta-nnu (= miẓḍha. The largest groups are the Hindi. This Iron Age expansion corresponds to the black and red ware and painted grey ware cultures. Genetic anthropology A study headed by geneticist Z. Hyderabad in southern India. Sanskritic interpretations of Mitanni names render Artashumara (artaššumara) as Arta-smara "who thinks of Arta/Ṛta" (Mayrhofer II 780). Šubandhu as Subandhu 'having good relatives" (a name in Palestine. elaborating on a hypothesis by Kretschmer 1944) suggests that there were Indo-Aryan speakers in the Pontic steppe. and in most parts of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. forming the Abahatta group in the east and the Hindustani group in the west. (2009) based on an analysis of "32 Y-chromosomal markers in 560 North Indian males collected from three higher caste groups (Brahmins. brown). red)."[16] An increasing number of studies have found South Asia to have the highest level of diversity of Y-STR haplotype variation within R1a1a. studies based on Y-STR haplotype variation have been recently criticized as being inaccurate and highly unreliable because the results are often affected by which markers are consciously chosen for analysis. biriiašṷa) as Prītāśva "whose horse is dear" (Mayrhofer II 182). Shativaza (šattiṷaza) as Sātivāja "winning the race price" (Mayrhofer II 540. 696).~ Sanskrit mīḍha) "payment (for catching a fugitive)" (Mayrhofer II 358). II378). Contemporary Indo-Aryan peoples Contemporary Indo-Aryans are spread over most of the northern. and pinkara(-nnu) (pingala. (2003). the term for (young) warrior in Sanskrit as well. The Romani people (also known as Gypsies) are believed to have left India around 1000 CE.) as tṷaiašaratha. Their chief festival was the celebration of the solstice (vishuva) which was common in most cultures in the ancient world. In a 2011 . Oleg N. 16 are Indo-Aryan languages (see also languages of India). 735). although we cannot be certain without a date for ANI–ASI mixture. who compare both the accuracy and reliability of the Zhivotovsky evolutionary mutation rate (6. the authors conclude: "Subsequently. a more highly-structured patriarchal caste system developed . while "genealogical" estimates gave a good fit with the linguistic dates. As these populations grew. and expanded.9 x 10-4 per locus per generation) with a genealogical rate (2. we update the STR-based age of important nodes in the Y chromosome tree.[22] 104 List of Indo-Aryan peoples Historical . which allows additional comparison with these "historical" dates.". (2009) indicates that the modern Indian population is a result of admixture between Indo-European (ANI) and Dravidian (ASI) populations. we suggest that most STR-based Y chromosome dates are likely to be underestimates due to the molecular characteristics of the markers commonly used. With time.[18] Unfortunately. our data are consistent with a model in which nomadic populations from northwest and central Eurasia intercalated over millennia into an already complex."[20] Reich et al. such as their mutation rate and the range of potential alleles that STR can take. (2011). showing that credible estimates for the age of lineages can be made once these STR characteristics are taken into consideration. a system of social stratification likely developed in situ. genetically diverse set of subcontinental populations."[17] Sengupta et al. As a consequence.. which has been reconstructed as ancestral to both Sanskrit and European languages. The authors of the study write: "The historical record documents an influx of Vedic Indo-European-speaking immigrants into northwest India starting at least 3500 years ago. (2008) also reject the Sengupta study. a method which has been severely criticized by Balanovsky et al. and we propose a set of STRs that should be used in these cases. These immigrants spread southward and eastward into an existing agrarian society dominated by Dravidian speakers. In both cases."[19] The latest research conducted by Watkins et. Finally we show that the STRs that are most commonly used to explore deep ancestry are not able to uncover ancient relationships. but only because of the stochasticity of uniparental markers which may have been affected by natural selection. the historical (archaeological) date is similar to a genetic estimate based on the "genealogical" mutation rate. mixed.. spreading to the Indo-Gangetic plain. they also argue for the need to analyze autosomal polymorphisms in addition to both Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA in order to generate a comprehensive picture of population genetic structure. The authors of the study write: "It is tempting to assume that the population ancestral to ANI and CEU spoke 'Proto-Indo-European'. which potentially leads to a loss of time-linearity.Indo-Aryan peoples study examining the effects of microsatellite choice and Y-chromosomal variation." [21] Recent research indicates a massive admixture event between ANI-ASI populations 3500 to 1200 years ago. At least two population events in the Caucasus are documented archaeologically. the haplotype dating methodology employed by the Sengupta paper is based on the "evolutionarily effective" mutation rate for Y-chromosomal STR loci. al.1 x 10-3 per locus per generation): "We found that "evolutionary" estimates of most clusters fall far outside the range of the respective linguistic dates. According to these researchers. and then southward over the Deccan plateau. cshlp. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ bg. 36. Nos. vol. languages and texts. Klejn (1974). Stephen Byzantine. p. "Indo-Iranian languages". Strabo.Indo-Aryan peoples 105 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Kashi Ikshvaku • Ahir Angas Charans Gandharis Gangaridai Gupta [][][23] • • • • • • • • • Maurya Nanda Pala Paundra Rigvedic tribes Satavahanas Sena Shakya Vanga Varanasi Videha Gurjara Empire • Jats Kalingas Kambojas Kolis/Koris Kurus Licchavis Magadhis Contemporary • • • • • • • • • • • • Assamese people • Bengali people Bhils Chhettris Kushwaha Chittagonians Dogras Dom people Garhwali people Gujarati people Gurkhas Hindkis • • • • • • • • • • • Hindkowans Kambojs Khas people Khatris [][] • • • • • • • • • • • Mers Muhajirs Nahali Nais Oriya people Punjabi people Rajputs Ramgarhia Romani people Saraiki people Sinhalese people Sindhi people Koli people Konkani people Lhotshampas Lohanas Dhivehi people Marathi people Marwaris Kumaoni people • Notes [1] https:/ / www. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ pk. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. 3 and 4: 1 – 17. [8] Brentjes (1981). cia. (http:/ / indoeuro. full [7] e. [11] Parpola. II 293 [15] Sindoi (or Sindi etc. Kristiansen and T. III: Artefacts. Francfort (1989).g. [13] The Bronze Age of Europe: Reflections on K. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen. London and New York: Routledge. [14] Manfred Mayrhofer. 2001 [10] e. Matthew. 1997:161 ff. "The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European". The horse.) were also described by e. s. abc. cia.228. html#People [3] https:/ / www. Lyonnet (1993). 41 (2). Polienus.v. Archaeology and Language. ncbi. the wheel and language. Heidelberg 1986-2000. vol. Herodotus. html#People [4] http:/ / www. Bernard Sergent. nlm. [12] Review of: David Anthony. Genèse de l'Inde. – Journal of Indo-European Studies. net.g. – Norwegian Archaeological Review. org/ content/ 13/ 10/ 2277. 2008: 213 . in Blench. com/ archive/ article17. 2007. html) [16] http:/ / www. Asko (1999). cia. Larsson: The Rise of Bronze Age Society (2005). Dionysius. 306. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ in. Hiebert (1998) and Sarianidi (1993) [9] Edwin Bryant. nih. htm [5] http:/ / genome. au/ science/ articles/ 2009/ 07/ 24/ 2635149. gov/ pmc/ articles/ PMC2755252/ .g. html#People [2] https:/ / www. Roger & Spriggs. bizland. Nauka. and 9B. 1Human Genetics Unit. 3Department of Genetics. 6University of Tripura. org/ content/ 28/ 10/ 2905 [20] http:/ / www. Stanford University. ISBN 0-19-513777-9. 2N. Sil. In The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern and Central Asia. India (http:/ / www. 1999: Indoarica.pdf) • A tale of two horses (. Thakur. Q. Mehdi. Oleg N. External links • Horseplay at Harappa . Chow. Q. pdf [22] http:/ / www. Kolkata. Coimbatore.1 and Peter A.3 Cheryl-Emiliane T. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics. A. edu/ ~reich/ 2009_Nature_Reich_India. Raipur.9 L. pubmedcentral. nih. Mumbai.3 S. 5School of Studies in Anthropology. 1998. Wadia Hospital for Children. Khan Research Laboratories.6 A. abstractsonline. com/ Plan/ ViewAbstract. fcgi?artid=1380230) [19] http:/ / mbe. aspx?sKey=8d6ec7f1-ee68-4677-8a42-ae3d2c294db4& cKey=6980c0cf-b9d1-4cc8-b638-af5c78d7a09a& mKey={DFC2C4B1-FBCD-433D-86DD-B15521A77070} [18] Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. 7Department of Genetics. • Mallory. India. India.edu/~witzel/ RAJARAM/Har1. University of Madras. V. Ramesh.3 Alice A.1 Lev A. med. J.4 Christopher A. nlm.Indo-Aryan peoples [17] http:/ / www. nih.. I. Stanford.7 M. org/ cgi-bin/ ichg11s?author=Moorjani%20P& sort=ptimes& sbutton=Detail& absno=20758& sid=15004 106 References • Bryant.Harvard University (. Mair. harvard.8 Chitra M. Dr.frontlineonnet. 4Biomedical and Genetic Engineering Division. The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. India. "A European Perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia". Luca Cavalli-Sforza. Tripura. gov/ pmc/ articles/ PMC2621241/ ?tool=pubmed [21] http:/ / genepath. ncbi. gov/ articlerender. Majumder.com/fl1723/17231220. • Trubachov. oxfordjournals. Indian Statistical Institute.3 Partha P.People Fas Harvard .3 Mitashree Mitra. Washington DC: Institute for the Study of Man. Chennai. Islamabad. Lin.Frontline . Ed.fas. 8Department of Environmental Sciences. Zhivotovsky. JP. Underhill3. ichg2011. India. Moscow. Bharathiar University. Edwin (2001). Moscow. Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University.harvard. Usha Rani. Edmonds.5 Samir K. Oxford University Press.2 Roy King.people.htm) . by Sanghamitra Sengupta. Russian Academy of Sciences. India. The account of the Dasharajna battle (Battle of the Ten Kings) in Mandala 7. one of the Anu kings. RV 1.[3] These settlements were headed by a tribal chief (raja.22).List of Rigvedic tribes 107 List of Rigvedic tribes The Indo-Aryan tribes mentioned in the Rigveda are described as semi-nomadic pastoralists. the fire having to be kept alive by the care of men). they were subdivided into temporary tribal settlements (vish. and that the Bolan Pass derives its name from the Bhalanas. King Anga. mentions 6.1 with the Turvaśa (tribe). the entire Bharata tribe is described as crossing over.5 (both times listed together with the Druhyu) and.The Bhalanas are one of the tribes that fought against Sudas in the Dasarajna battle. Bharatas . especially in Mandala 3 attributed to the Bharata sage Vishvamitra and in and Mandala 7.They were probably one of the tribes defeated by Sudas at the Dasarajna. rājan) assisted by warriors (kshatra) and a priestly caste Geography of the Rigveda.000-6.000 "rajas".4.[1] During the Rigvedic period. suggesting that a single tribe could muster several thousand warriors.[2] When not on the move. the land was mentioned by the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang. In one of the "river hymns" RV 3.7) . the extent of the Swat and Cemetery H cultures are also indicated. is the name of a ruler in the Rigvedic account of the Battle of the Ten Kings (7. viś) composed of several villages. Ānava. the vrddhi derivation of Anu. (brahma). that is noblemen. and as a name of Rudra in RV 2. The meaning ánu "living. is mentioned as a "chakravartin" (AB 8. they formed a warrior society.[6] The amateur historian S. 3. Āyu[10] 4. hymn 18. RV 8. "to be maintained".[12][13] 6.8.[14] Bharatá is also used as a name of Agni (literally. Bhalanas. because much later.13) and at 8. Talageri identifies them with the Greeks (Hellenes). with their chariots and . Some scholars have argued that the Bhalanas lived in Eastern Afghanistan Kabulistan.33.18. engaging in endemic warfare and cattle raids ("gaviṣṭi") among themselves and against their enemies. the "Dasyu" or Dasa. Bhajeratha[11] 5. human" (Naighantu) cannot be substantiated for the Rigveda [9] and may have been derived from the tribal name.000 (A Late Vedic tribe of Vesali mentioned in the Pali texts refers to 7. viz.) This is a list of Indo-Aryan tribes mentioned in the text of the Rigveda: List of Tribes 1.18. Anu is a Vedic Sanskrit term for one of the 5 major tribes in the Rigveda.[8] In the late Vedic period.666 casualties in a devastating defeat of a confederation of ten tribes.108.The Bharatas are an Aryan tribe mentioned in the Rigveda.10. with river names.36. and each village was composed of several families.8.[7] 2. much later also in the Mahabharata.[4] The size of a typical tribal settlement was probably of the order of a few thousand people. while the average size of a whole tribe may have been 3.[5] and it has been suggested that they lived to the north-east of Nurestan. Alina people (RV 7. in the 7th century CE. [39] 29. at the confluence of the Vipash (Beas) and Shutudri (Satlej).[21] Some early scholars have placed them in the northwestern region. conqueror of 'all of India'. some writers[23] have ahistorically asserted that the Druhyu are the ancestors of the Iranian. Brahmanda 3. They are mentioned in the Rigveda. Nahuṣa[36] 24. 7. Vayu 99.23. the eponymous ancestor becomes Emperor Bharata. 'slave'.The Druhyu were a people of Vedic India. Pārthava 30. the Epic and the Puranas.) mention the Bharatas as the protagonists in the Battle of the Ten Kings. Krivi[29] 17.9.The Parsus have been connected with the Persians. Paktha.[38] This is based on the evidence of an Assyrian inscription from 844 BC referring to the Persians as Parshu. Hymns by Vasistha in Mandala 7 (7. Dasyu (Iranian: Dahyu.). 'servant')[17] 10.18 etc. Bhrigus[15] 8. locate them in the "north". The sons of the later Druhyu king Pracetas too settle in the "northern" (udīcya) region (Bhagavata 9. to know' [25] It has also been alleged that the Rg Veda and the Puranas describe this tribe as migrating North. Mahīna[32] 20.17. however. Chedi[16] 9.5. Pārāvata 28. Śimyu 108 . Maujavant[33] 21. in Greek as: Daai)[18] 11. Recently.[22] The later texts. where they are on the winning side. Sārasvata 33. (Vishnu Purana IV.[24] The word Druid (Gallic Celtic druides).74. Dasa (dāsa. Aratta and Setu. though this view is disputed. there is nothing of this in the Rigveda and the Puranas merely mention that the Druhyu are "adjacent (āśrita) to the North" 13.[23][24] However. Parsu (Parśu) . They appear to have been successful in the early power-struggles between the various Aryan and non-Aryan tribes so that they continue to dominate in post-Rigvedic texts.) 26. Pañca Jana/Kṛṣṭi (etc. mentioned in Latin as: Dahae.[20] usually together with the Anu tribe. Druhyus . Guṅgu[27] 15. Satvant 34. Visnu 4. Puru (Pūru) 31. Meenas[35] 23. and his tribe and kingdom is called Bhārata. Kuru[31] 19. Panis (Iranian Parni?) 27. the Mahābhārata. is derived from Proto-Indo-European vid "to see. Gandhari[26] 14. or of the Celtic Druid class. Dṛbhīka[19] 12. Ruśama 32.. Kīkaṭa[30] 18. in Gandhara.15-16.[37] 25. that is.11-12 and Matsya 48.List of Rigvedic tribes wagons.11-12. Matsya[34] 22. Iksvaku[28] 16. Greek or European peoples. and the Behistun Inscription of Darius I of Persia referring to Parsa as the home of the Persians. Śigru 35. "Bhārata" today is the official name of the Republic of India (see also Etymology of India).17) The Druhyus were driven out of the land of the seven rivers by Mandhatr and their next king Gandhara settled in a north-western region which became known as Gandhāra. and later in the (Epic) tradition. Vaikarṇa 43. Aryan and Non-Aryan names in Vedic India. [14] Frawley. articledashboard. com/ 2011101915735/ what-were-the-salient-features-of-vedic-society. Interpretation and Ideology. Turvasa (Turvaśa) 41. E. 252-283. 180-183. Dict. Paris 1982: 37 [26] Warraich.-J.. p. D. B.List of Rigvedic tribes 36. S. and Keith. WHO WERE THE BHRIGUIDS?. The Rig Veda and the History of India: Rig Veda Bharata Itihasa. Problematic passages in the Rig-Veda. Keith (1912). (2001). The Dasa–Dasyu in the Rigveda. On a special meaning of jána-in the Rgveda. (Ed. (1974). (1974). ART. Viṣānin 46.—The First Mandala of the Rig-Veda. A.8. (1893). S. A. org/ audarya/ vedic-culture/ 203103-sanskrit-english. 18(3). CULTURAL IDENTITY. . XIX. C. Under king Sudas they defeated the Puru confederation at the Battle of the Ten Kings. 7. Aditya Prakashan. F. B.: Harvard University (Harvard Oriental Series: Opera Minora III). 1900–500 BC. 287. [17] Sircar. A. H. R. 1986. P. S. M. Indra in the Rig-Veda. The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis. 15. [12] Macdonell. Vedic Index 1912. (1869). Greek and Vedic geometry. Some problems of Indian history and culture. A.. Yadu 48.). (1997). D. (2005). 6. Data for the linguistic situation. Vibhindu 45. [27] Grassmann. pt. Yakṣu 109 References [1] Staal. [20] e. 105-127. Henry Frowde. Urvaçī. (Eds. preservearticles. [19] Geiger. M. [33] Witzel. [16] MALVIYA. D. Indo-Aryan Deities and Worship as Contained in the Rig-Veda. & Khare. (1999). Etym. Journal of the Boy. S. (2011). c. 40.Guyonvarc'h. C. D. (2011). [18] Sircar. D. 27(1). Macdonell and A. com/ Article/ A-Look-At-The-Ancient-Vedic-Civilization-Through-The-Vedas/ 549222 Sharma. G. Vol. Cambridge Mass. Rural Sociology. D. The Rigveda as a source of Indo-European history. M. A.5. F. [32] Perry. 395 [23] Talageri 2000 [24] Sanskrit in English (http:/ / www. 29(2). Rig-veda-sanhita (Vol.A.10. 117-208.46. [30] Rig-Veda-Sanhitá: A collection of ancient Hindu hymns. By. The Rigveda as a source of Indo-European history. Macdonell and A. 74 [10] Bloomfield. Tritsu The Trtsus are a sub-group of the Bharata mentioned in Mandala 7 of the Rigveda (in hymns 18. [22] Macdonell-Keith. T. Keith (1912). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. [29] Pike. Son. F. 11. (1885). Vṛcīvant 47. 16(Part II). I 39. 332. 3. [15] Weller.108. (1986). Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. Pearson Education India. 1857. (2005). Atlantic Publishers & Dist. [34] Muller. S. 1). (1999). The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects. Śiva 37.. Civilization of the Eastern Irānians in Ancient Times: Ethnography and social life (Vol. Journal of the American Oriental Society.. [35] Babu. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] http:/ / www. Journal of the American Oriental Society. (1937). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. 1912. Evidence. New Delhi 2000 Talageri. Uśīnara 42. Some problems of Indian history and culture.18. 20. I p. D. Journal of Indian Philosophy. [28] PINCOTT. D. A. (1992).8 [21] Hopkins. W. GANDHARA: AN APPRIASAL OF ITS MEANINGS AND HISTORY. Aditya Prakashan. 39. (2001). E. A.B. 1. Les Druides. Vedic Index of Names and Subjects. M. FA Brockhaus. H. Indo-Iranian Journal. [13] Talageri. [11] Zimmer. vol. Asiat. Journal of the American Oriental Society. K. Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia. html name=Macdonell1139 A. (1899). Kessinger Pub. The Myth of Purūravas. [31] Frawley. and Âyu. 33 and 83). 332. Aditya Prakashan. (1876). Caste in Life: Experiencing Inequalities. http:/ / www. Le Roux & C. Srñjaya 38. W.). I. C. RV 1. (1885). The Dasa–Dasyu in the Rigveda. Rig-veda (Vol. The Rig Veda and the History of India: Rig Veda Bharata Itihasa. THE ROOTS OF DEMOCRACY IN INDIAN CULTURE. Śvitna 39. 1). G. 296-302. 1). & Sanjana. 109-115. [9] Mayrhofer. R. html) [25] F. Vedic Index of Names and Subjects. 8. Vaśa 44. indiadivine.g. A. Ancient Buddhist texts like Anguttara Nikaya[1] make frequent reference to sixteen great kingdoms and republics (Solas Mahajanapadas) which had evolved and flourished in a belt stretching from Gandhara in the northwest to Anga in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent and included parts of the trans-Vindhyan region. . 23). Keith (1912). 300 BC → Map of the 16 Mahajanapada Capital Religion Not specified Vedic Hinduism Buddism Jainism Republics Monarchies Iron Age Established Disestablished c. 600 BC–c. Kendrīya-Tibbatī-Ucca-Śikṣā-Saṃsthānam Published by Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies. ISBN 81-208-0405-8. (from maha. Macdonell and A. and janapada "foothold of a tribe".List of Rigvedic tribes [36] Griffith. R. 300 BC Government Historical era - • • Outline of South Asian history History of Indian subcontinent Mahājanapada (Sanskrit: महाजनपद. [39] Radhakumud Mookerji (1988). 1990 Original from the University of California Page 78 [38] A.[2] The sixth century BC is often regarded as a major turning point in early Indian history. 110 Mahajanapada Mahā-Janapada ← c. literally "great realm". Esa Upāsaka. The Rig-Veda. "country") refers to ancient Indian kingdoms that existed between the sixth and third centuries BC. T. Mahājanapada). Chandragupta Maurya and His Times (p. Vedic Index of Names and Subjects.[] prior to the rise of Buddhism in India. [37] History of Buddhism in Afghanistan By Sī. B. 600 BC c. (2009). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. The Rig Veda. "great". [7][8] The Jaina Bhagavati Sutra gives a slightly different list of sixteen Mahajanapadas viz: Anga. Machcha (or Matsya) 12. Ladha (Lata). Kosala. the following few isolated facts. The fact that Janapada is derived from Jana points to an early stage of land-taking by the Jana tribe for a settled way of life.[6] Chulla-Niddesa. Anga 2. Obviously. another ancient text of the Buddhist canon. Assaka (or Asmaka) 14. Vaccha. at several places. Accha. Videha 6."[9] The main idea in the minds of those who drew up the Janapada lists was basically more tribal than geographical. He omits the nations from Uttarapatha like the Kamboja and Gandhara. Malavaka. Kamboja Another Buddhist text. Malaya. . the Digha Nikaya. These early Vedic Janas later coalesced into the Janapadas of the Epic Age. Surasena 13. Magadha 5.[5] gives a list of sixteen great nations: 1. Early Vedic texts attest several Janas or tribes of the Indo-Aryans. Padha. As the Buddhist and Jaina texts only casually refer to the Mahajanapadas with no details on history. adds Kalinga to the list and substitutes Yona for Gandhara. at best. Each of these Janapadas was named after the Kshatriya tribe (or the Kshatriya Jana) who had settled therein. The term "Janapada" literally means the foothold of a tribe. Kuru 10. since the lists include the names of the people and not the countries. mentions only the first twelve Mahajanapadas and omits the last four in the above list. Bajji (Vajji). The more extended horizon of the Bhagvati and the omission of all countries from Uttarapatha "clearly shows that the Bhagvati list is of later origin and therefore less reliable. Malla 7. living in a semi-nomadic tribal state and fighting among themselves and with other Non-Aryan tribes for cows. Avaha and Sambhuttara. Banga (Vanga). the author of Bhagvati has a focus on the countries of Madhydesa and of the far east and south only. The Buddhist Anguttara Nikaya. Vatsa (or Vamsa) 9. Kashi 4. Gandhara 16. Moli (Malla).Mahajanapada 111 Overview The political structure of the ancient Indians appears to have started with semi-nomadic tribal units called Jana (meaning "people" or by extension "ethnic group" or "tribe"). are gleaned from them and other ancient texts about these ancient nations. They do not give any connected history except in the case of Magadha. sheep and green pastures. Kochcha (Kachcha?). Janapada stands for country and Janapadin for its citizenry. Chedi 8. Kosala 3.[3][4] The Buddhist and other texts only incidentally refer to sixteen great nations (Solasa Mahajanapadas) which were in existence before the time of Buddha. Panchala 11. The Pre-Buddhist north-west region of the Indian sub-continent was divided into several Janapadas demarcated from each other by boundaries. Avanti 15. In Pāṇini. thus listing the Kamboja and the Yona as the only Mahajanapadas from Uttarapatha. Magadha. Kasi. This process of first settlement on land had completed its final stage prior to the times of the Buddha and Pāṇini. Kosala The country of Kosalas was located to the north-west of Magadha with its capital at Savatthi (Sravasti). Raghuvansha. Rakshas and Asuras.e Central and Eastern Uttar Pradesh. the kingdom was ruled by king Prasenjit during the era of Mahavira and Budhha followed by his son Vidudabha. This detailed map shows the locations of Kingdoms mentioned in the Indian epics. It was located about 60 miles north of modern Ayodhya at the border of Gonda and Behraich districts in the Sahet-Mahet region. Several Jatakas bear witness to the superiority of its capital over other cities of India and speak highly of its prosperity and opulence. Later. Other great kings were Prithu. Kasi was the most powerful of the sixteen Mahajanapadas. Ramayan and Mahabharat.Mahajanapada 112 Kashi The Kasis was located in the region around Varanasi (modern Banaras). Before Buddha. Matsya Purana and Alberuni read Kasi as Kausika and Kaushaka respectively. King Brihadratha of Kasi had conquered Kosala but Kasi was later incorporated into Kosala by King Kansa during Buddha's time. . The Kasis along with the Kosalas and Videhans find mention in Vedic texts and appear to have been a closely allied people. Koshala and Ayodhya hold a central place in the Hindu scriptures. Its territory corresponding to the modern Awadh (or Oudh) in i. It had the river Ganges for its southern. According to these texts. All other ancient texts read Kasi. There was a long struggle for supremacy between them. the river Gandak (Narayani) for its eastern and the Himalaya mountains for its northern boundary. Koshala was the most powerful and biggest kingdom ever in the recorded history.Ikshvakuvansha was the longest continuous dynasty. Benares and Sravasti were the chief cities of Kosala. The city was bounded by the rivers Varuna and Asi in the north and south which gave Varanasi its name. Dilip who find mention in different Puranas. Harishchandra. Anga and Magadha. Itihas and Purana. Saketa. Its kings allied with Devatas in various wars against Daityas. Kosala was ultimately merged into Magadha when Vidudabha was Kosala's ruler. It finds mention as the center of Vedic Dharma. Ayodhya. There was a struggle for supremacy between king Pasenadi (Prasenjit) and king Ajatasatru of Magadha which was finally settled once the confederation of Lichchavis became aligned with Magadha. Lord Rama was a king in this dynasty. The Jatakas speak of a long rivalry of Kasi with Kosala. The capital of Kasi was at Varanasi. apparently as a despised people. Punpun and Gandak. The first Buddhist Council was held in Rajagriha in the Vaibhara Hills. On the ruins of his kingdom arose the republics of the Licchhavis and Videhans and seven other small ones. Pataliputra became the capital of Magadha. The Licchavis were followers of Buddha.magadha became the most powerful kingdom of all the Mahajanapadas. Anga was annexed by Magadha in the time of Bimbisara. The alluvial plains of this region and its proximity to the iron rich areas of Bihar and Jharkhand helped the Ancient Cities of India during the time of Ramayana. The capital city Pataliputra( Patna. in the south by the Vindhya mountains and in the west by the river Sona. Vaishali. The mother of Mahavira was a Licchavi princess. It was an active center of Jainism in ancient times. The Licchavis are represented as the (Vratya) Kshatriyas in Manusmriti. Gandharis and the Mujavats. Bihar) was situated on the confluence of major rivers like Ganga. Vasumati. The Second Buddhist Council was held at Vaishali. Mahabharata and Buddha. in the east by the river Champa. Vajji or Vriji The Vajjians or Virijis included eight or nine confederated clans of whom the Licchhavis. These factors helped Magadh to emerge as the most prosperous state of that period. Brihadrathapura. Later on.Mahajanapada 113 Anga The first reference to the Angas is found in the Atharva-Veda where they find mention along with the Magadhas. . It was in the time of king Janaka that Videha came into prominence. Son. The kingdom of the Magadhas roughly corresponded to the modern districts of Patna and Gaya in southern Bihar and parts of Bengal in the east. Kushagrapura and Bimbisarapuri. Magadha The Magadha was one of the most prominent and prosperous of mahajanpadas. Vaishali was located 25 miles north of the river Ganges and 38 miles from Rajagriha and was a very prosperous town. The Jaina Prajnapana ranks Angas and Vangas in the first group of Aryan people. the headquarters of the powerful Vajji republic and the capital of the Licchavis was defeated by king Ajatasatru of Magadha. They were closely related by marriage to the Magadhas and one branch of the Licchavi dynasty ruled Nepal until the start of the Middle Ages but have nothing to do with the current ruling shah dynasty in Nepal. Vaishali (modern Basarh in the Vaishali District of North Bihar) was the capital of the Licchavis and the political headquarters of the powerful Varijian confederacy. The last king of Videha was Kalara who is said to have perished along with his kingdom on account of his attempt on a Brahmin maiden. Mithila (modern Janakpur in district of Tirhut) was the capital of Videha and became the predominant center of the political and cultural activities of northern India. The capital city of Patna was It was bounded in the north by river Ganges. kingdom to develop good quality weapons and support the agrarian economy.[10] It was also a great center of trade and commerce and its merchants regularly sailed to distant Suvarnabhumi. The Licchavis were a very independent people. the Jnatrikas and the Vajjis were the most important. The other names for the city were Magadhapura. Buddha is said to have visited them on many occasions. the Videhans. Its earliest capital was Girivraja or Rajagriha (modern Rajgir in Patna district of Bihar). It mentions the principal cities of ancient India. During Buddha's time its boundaries included Anga. Sotthivatnagara. which means "to leave Santha or Sanstha". According to old authorities. Many historians believe that with the decline of Buddhism. Jainism and Buddhism found many followers among the Mallas. Chedis lay near Yamuna midway between the kingdom of Kurus and Vatsas. The Mallas. the 24th Tirthankara took their last meals at Kushinara and Pava/Pavapuri respectively. Kuśināra and Pava are very important in the history of Buddhism and Jainism since Buddha and Lord Mahavira. In the mediaeval period. The 80th descendent from Bisva Sen was Raja Hardeo Sen who received the title of "Malla" around the eleventh century from the Delhi king on account of his bravery. During the Buddhist period. Two of these confederations . the Mallas/Malls Kshatriya were republican people with their dominion consisting of nine territories[11] corresponding to the nine confederated clans. These ancient Malla should not be confused with the Majhauli Malla of Deoria.one with Kuśināra (modern Kasia near Gorakhpur) as its capital and the second with Pava (modern Padrauna. The Mallas appeared to have formed an alliance with the Licchhavis for self defense but lost their independence not long after Buddha's death and their dominions were annexed to the Magadhan empire. the Sukti or Suktimati of Mahabharata. like the Licchavis. whereas lord Mahavira took his Nirvana at Pava puri. The Mallas were a brave and warlike people. Mayur Bhat.Mahajanapada 114 Malla The Mallas are frequently mentioned in Buddhist and Jain works. Panduputra Bhimasena is said to have conquered the chief of the Mallas/Malls in the course of his expedition in Eastern India. A branch of Chedis founded a royal dynasty in the kingdom of Kalinga according to the Hathigumpha inscription of Kharvela. These Santhagara kshatriyas were placed below Vedic kshtriyas in the social hierarchy and were termed "Santha-war (Sainthwar)". Due to their ancient lineage they considered themselves to be the purest of the Kshatriyas. Kushinagar is now the centre of the Buddhist pilgrimage circle which is being developed by the tourism development corporation of Utter Pradesh. was the capital of Chedi. According to Mahabharata. had a son "Bisva Sen" who was the first man of the "Bisen Rajput"[12] clan. 12 miles from Kasia) as the capital . by one of his Surajvanshi rani "Surya Prabha". Buddha was taken ill at Pava and died at Kusinara. Chetis or Chetyas had two distinct settlements of which one was in the mountains of Nepal and the other in Bundelkhand near Kausambi. Koliyas and Shakya were ruling from their Santhagara. are mentioned by Manusmriti as Vratya Kshatriyas. Princess Surya Prabha is assumed to be from the non-buddhist Malla dynasty. It is widely believed that Lord Gautam died at the courtyard of King Sastipal Mall of Kushinagar/Kushinara. They are called Vasishthas (Vasetthas) in the Mahapparnibbana Suttanta. The Chedis were an ancient people of India and are mentioned in the Rigveda. Chedi or Cheti The Chedis. There were a total of nine Malla rulers during Buddha's period. The Mallas originally had a monarchical form of government but later they switched to one of Samgha (republic). . However. Malla along with other Sanghiya kshtriyas like the Licchhavis. The descendants of Malls can still be found in the neighbouring areas of Gorakhpur/Deoria and Kushinagar. the southern frontiers of Chedi extended to the banks of the river Narmada. There are two theories about Majhauli Malla. They were a powerful people dwelling in Northern South Asia. These republican states were known as Gana. which was like an assembly hall. the members of which called themselves rajas. Majhauli Malla claim their descendents from famous ascetic Mayur Bhat who was a descendent of Rishi Jamdagni. Malla from Nepal are completely different lot. republic Kshatriyas following Buddhism around Gorakhpur and Deoria district reverted to Hindusim though the exact period is not known.had become very important at the time of Buddha. warlike and fond of hunting. There is a Jataka reference to king Dhananjaya. According to the Buddhist text Sumangavilasini. Kuru The Puranas trace the origin of Kurus from the Puru-Bharata family. state of Delhi and Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh. It had a monarchical form of government with its capital at Kausambi (identified with the village Kosam. He was very powerful. Machcha or Matsya The country of the Matsya or Machcha tribe lay to the south of the Kurus and west of the Yamuna. It was the most important entreport of goods and passengers from the north-west and south. the Bhojas. Trigrata s and the Panchalas. In Pali literature. In the fourth century BC. The Vatsa or Vamsa country corresponded with the territory of modern Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh. thus showing that Matsya once formed a part of the Chedi kingdom. Panchala The Panchalas occupied the country to the east of the Kurus between the mountains and river Ganges. The Kurus had matrimonial relations with the Yadavas. Kausambi was a very prosperous city where a large number of millionaire merchants resided. The Kurus of the Buddhist period did not occupy the same position as they did in the Vedic period but they continued to enjoy their ancient reputation for deep wisdom and sound health. The country was divided into Uttara-Panchala and Dakshina-Panchala. The western Matsya was the hill tract on the north bank of the Chambal. The capital of Matsya was at Viratanagara (modern Bairat) which is said to have been named after its founder king Virata. son of Samvarsana of the Puru lineage. while southern Panchala had it capital at Kampilya or Kampil in Farrukhabad District. The northern Panchala had its capital at Adhichhatra or Chhatravati (modern Ramnagar in the Bareilly District). was the eponymous ancestor of the Kurus and the founder of Kururashtra (Kuru Janapada) in Kurukshetra. the Matsyas are usually associated with the Surasenas. Initially king Udayana was opposed to Buddhism but later became a follower of Buddha and made Buddhism the state religion.[13] the people of Kururashtra (the Kurus) came from the Uttarakuru. Kautiliya's Arthashastra also attests the Panchalas as following the Rajashabdopajivin (king consul) constitution. . It roughly corresponded to modern Budaun. the capital of the Kurus was Indraprastha (Indapatta) near modern Delhi which extended seven leagues. which separated them from the Panchalas. In the fourth century BC. the Panchals appear to have switched to republican corporation in the sixth and fifth centuries BC. King Sujata ruled over both the Chedis and Matsyas.Mahajanapada 115 Vamsa or Vatsa The Vatsas. 38 miles from Allahabad). the time of Buddha. Vamsas or Vachchas are stated to be an offshoot of the Kurus. Though a well known monarchical people in the earlier period. Originally a monarchical clan. the Kurus are known to have switched to a republican form of government during the sixth to fifth centuries BC. and included the whole of Alwar with portions of Bharatpur. the Kuru country was ruled by a titular chieftain (king consul) named Korayvya. A branch of Matsya is also found in later days in the Vizagapatam region. Vayu Purana attests that Kuru. Udayana was the ruler of Vatsa in the sixth century BC. Kautiliya's Arthashastra also attests the Kurus following the Rajashabdopajivin (king consul) constitution. The famous city of Kanyakubja or Kanauj was situated in the kingdom of Panchala. The Matsyas had not much political importance of their own during the time of Buddha. At Buddha's time. Aitareya Brahmana locates the Kurus in Madhyadesha and also refers to the Uttarakurus as living beyond the Himalayas. Farrukhabad and the adjoining districts of Uttar Pradesh. introduced as a prince from the race of Yudhishtra. The country of the Kurus roughly corresponded to the modern Thanesar. According to the Jatakas. It roughly corresponded to the former state of Jaipur in Rajasthan. Ujjaini was the capital of integrated Avanti. a descendant of Yayati.[15] Hecataeus of Miletus (549-468) refers to Kaspapyros (Kasyapura i. The river Godavari separated the country of the Assakas from that of the Mulakas (or Alakas). the Dakshinapatha. In Kautiliya's Arthashastra. Gandhara formed a part of the kingdom of Kashmir. The other three being Kosala. King Nandivardhana of Avanti was defeated by king Shishunaga of Magadha.36. the Gandharas were destroyed by Pramiti (aka Kalika) at the end of Kaliyuga. In Buddha's time. . The Jataka also gives another name Chandahara for Gandhara. Initially. According to Gandhara Jataka. which corresponds to Paudanya of Mahabharata. the capital of Surasena was also known at the time of Megasthenes as the centre of Krishna worship. The country of Assaka lay outside the pale of Madhyadesa. The Surasena kingdom had lost its independence on annexation by the Magadhan empire. Haryana and Rajasthan.107). The country of Avanti roughly corresponded to modern Malwa. through whose help Buddhism gained ground in Mathura country. the king of Surasena was the first among the chief disciples of Buddha. Pāṇini mentioned both the Vedic form Gandhari as well as the later form Gandhara in his Ashtadhyayi. The river Indus watered the lands of Gandhara. well-trained in the art of war. are said to have been named after Taksa and Pushkara. Avantiputra. Mathura. Assaka included Mulaka and abutted Avanti. Assaka or Ashmaka The Country of Assaka or the Ashmaka tribe was located in Dakshinapatha or southern India. Vatsa and Magadha. The capital of the Assakas was Potana or Potali. The Gandharas were a furious people. The Andhakas and Vrishnis of Mathura/Surasena are referred to in the Ashtadhyayi of Pāṇini.e. the two cities of this Mahajanapada. It had its capital at Madhura or Mathura. The Ashmakas are also mentioned by Pāṇini. and north-west of the Panjab (modern districts of Peshawar (Purushapura) and Rawalpindi). This corresponds roughly to the Brij region of Uttar Pradesh. but at the times of Mahavira and Buddha. this Janapada was founded by Gandhara. Andhakas and other allied tribes of the Yadavas formed a samgha and Vasudeva (Krishna) is described as the samgha-mukhya. The commentator of Kautiliya's Arthashastra identifies Ashmaka with Maharashtra. It was located on a southern high road. According to Vayu Purana (II. Gandhara The wool of the Gandharis is referred to in the Rigveda. The Gandharas and their king figure prominently as strong allies of the Kurus against the Pandavas in the Mahabharata war. a prince of Ayodhya.[14] Avanti The country of the Avantis was an important kingdom of western India and was one of the four great monarchies in India in the post era of Mahavira and Buddha. the Assakas were located on the banks of the river Godavari (south of the Vindhya mountains). They are placed in the north-west in the Markendeya Purana and the Brhat Samhita. Gandhara Mahajanapada of Buddhist traditions included territories of east Afghanistan. and Ujjaini (Sanskrit: Ujjayini) was of northern Avanti. The Vrishnis. The princes of this country are said to have come from the line of Druhyu who was a famous king of the Rigvedic period. Both Mahishmati and Ujjaini stood on the southern high road called Dakshinapatha which extended from Rajagriha to Pratishthana (modern Paithan).Mahajanapada 116 Surasena The country of the Surasenas lay to the east of Matsya and west of Yamuna. Nimar and adjoining parts of the Madhya Pradesh. The Gandhar Panjab. Mahissati (Sanskrit Mahishamati) was the capital of Southern Avanti. the two sons of Bharata. Avanti was an important center of Buddhism and some of the leading theras and theris were born and resided there. and Gwalior region of Madhya Pradesh. at one time. Avanti was divided into north and south by the river Vetravati. Its capital was Takshasila (Prakrit Taxila). Kashmira) as Gandharic city. Taksashila and Pushkalavati. the Vrishnis are described as samgha or republic. The Gandhara kingdom sometimes also included Kashmira. Avanti later became part of the Magadhan empire. At one time. According to Puranic traditions. son of Aruddha. the first fourteen of the above Mahajanapadas belong to Majjhimadesa (Mid India) while the last two belong to Uttarapatha or the north-west division of Jambudvipa.[16][17][18] It is also contended that the Kurus. the Indian genius of grammar and Kautiliya are the world renowned products of Taxila University.[27] The capital of Kamboja was probably Rajapura (modern Rajori) in the south-west of Kashmir. . Vatsyas and other neo-Vedic tribes of the east Panjab of whom nothing was ever heard except in the legend and poetry. some clans of the Kambojas appear to have crossed the Hindukush and planted colonies on its southern side also. Gandhara was located on the grand northern high road (Uttarapatha) and was a centre of international commercial activities. but with time. A bitter line in the Brahmin Puranas laments that Magadhan emperor Mahapadma Nanda exterminated all Kshatriyas. Cyrus I is said to have destroyed the famous Kamboja city called Kapisi (modern Begram) in Paropamisade.[25] 117 Kamboja Kambojas are also included in the Uttarapatha. In a struggle for supremacy that followed in the sixth/fifth century BC. Shah. Kamboja and Gandhara formed the twentieth and richest strapy of the Achaemenid Empire. This obviously refers to the Kasis. they may have once been a cognate people. Pāṇini's Sutras. Kosalas. the Gandhara and Kamboja were nothing but two provinces of one empire and were located coterminously.[28] The trans-Hindukush region including the Pamirs and Badakhshan which shared borders with the Bahlikas (Bactria) in the west and the Lohas and Rishikas of Sogdiana/Fergana in the north.[21][22][23][24] Gandhara was often linked politically with the neighboring regions of Kashmir and Kamboja. The Kambojas are known to have had both Iranian as well as Indian affinities. Pāṇini. constituted the Parama-Kamboja country. Kurus. Ancient Kamboja is known to have comprised regions on either side of the Hindukush. the Gandharas and Kambojas were cognate people. But these nations also fell prey to the Achaemenids of Persia during the reign of Cyrus (558–530 BC) or in the first year of Darius. never came into direct contact with the Magadhan state until Chandragupta and Kautiliya arose on the scene. According to one school of scholars. The evidence in the Mahabharata and in Ptolemy's Geography distinctly supports two Kamboja settlements. The Kambojans and Gandharans.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] The Kambojas were also a well known republican people since Epic times. none worthy of the name Kshatrya being left thereafter.[26] The cis-Hindukush region from Nurestan up to Rajauri in southwest of Kashmir sharing borders with the Daradas and the Gandharas constituted the Kamboja country. It was an important channel of communication with ancient Iran and Central Asia. the growing state of the Magadhas emerged as the most predominant power in ancient India. annexing several of the Janapadas of the Majjhimadesa. Gandharas and Bahlikas were cognate people and all had Iranian affinities.[29] The trans-Hindukush branch of the Kambojas remained pure Iranian but a large section of the Kambojas of cis-Hindukush appears to have come under Indian cultural influence. Panchalas.[20] Naturally. These latter Kambojas are associated with the Daradas and Gandharas in Indian literature and also find mention in the Edicts of Ashoka. The original Kamboja was located in eastern Oxus country as neighbor to Bahlika. Kambojas. hence influencing each others language. XIII also attest that the Kambojas followed republican constitution. however. the Kamboja is variously associated with the Gandhara. Darada and the Bahlika (Bactria). where scholars from all over the world came to seek higher education. The Mahabharata refers to several Ganah (or Republics) of the Kambojas.[43] though tend to convey that the Kamboja of Pāṇini was a Kshatriya monarchy. L. King Pukkusati or Pushkarasarin of Gandhara in the middle of the sixth century BC was the contemporary of king Bimbisara of Magadha. The Kamboja Mahajanapada of the Buddhist traditions refers to this cis-Hindukush branch of ancient Kambojas.[19] According to Dr T. but "the special rule and the exceptional form of derivative" he gives to denote the ruler of the Kambojas implies that the king of Kamboja was a titular head (king consul) only.Mahajanapada The Taxila University was a renowned center of learning in ancient times.[44] According to Buddhist texts. In ancient literature.[41] Kautiliya's Arthashastra[42] and Ashoka's Edict No. 1973. Vairamas. Age of Imperial Unity. K Mishra . p 200. Kambojas. Paradise of Gods. R.3. Yaska in his Nirukta (II. 199. p 648 B. iloveindia.). Kautiliya's Arthashastra (11. Sakas. Rajaram Narayan Saletore. 98 by Dr T. p 200. e.Sanskrit literature. Qamarud Din Ahmed . 1996.S. [17] Early Indian Economic History. Dr Ramesh Chandra Majumdar. p 52. History of India for 1000 years. 324. Dr B. Volume 4 (http:/ / books. 1988.127-43. p 481 [14] Dr Bhandarkaar [15] Jataka No 406. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.S. The History and Culture of the Indian People. [5] Anguttara Nikaya: Vol I. Valhikas. Shah. p 153.28-30). Maha-Chinas.1-19. Kambojas etc but it does not mention the Gandharas as a people separate from the Kambojas. Yavanas.37). Niharas. The Journal of Academy of Indian Numismatics & Sigillography. Journal of Indian Museums. Sudras. Panchalas. Mamata Choudhury . The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India. Kambojas. Mekhalas. Paradas. p 119. Yavanas. L.37. [18] Myths of the Dog-man. Madrakas. 1968. Academy of Indian Numismatics and Sigillography . Sethna. [6] Digha Nikaya. Yavanas. Barbaras and Mlechchas etc joined the army of sage Vasishtha during the battle of Kamdhenu against Aryan king Viswamitra of Kanauj. Nishadas. Abravantis. Chandra Chakraberty . The well-known Puranic legend (told in numerous Puranas) of king Sagara's war with the invading tribes from the north-west includes the Kambojas. Y. p 330. p 197. pp 14.2007. p 221. co.2) refers to the Kambojas but not to the Gandharas. K. Mlecchas.Bihar (India). Keralas. Dept. C.Oriental studies. Tukharas. Cf: Rivers of Life: Or Sources and Streams of the Faiths of Man in All Lands. IV. Vrishnis. Pulindas. the Chulla-Niddesa list (fifth century BC). Russell. p 37. Sakas. G. Madrakas.Numismatics . This shows that when Chulla-Niddesa Commentary was written. four Volumes. History & Culture of Indian People. Museums Association of India. Neechas. p 9. pp 38. Dr B. [9] Political History of Ancient India. Ch-Em Ruelle. 1977. and Paradas but again the Gandharas are not included in Haihayas's army (Harivamsa 14. pp 237. The Pāradas: A Study in Their Coinage and History. Kiratas. Cholas. 2002.21.187. formed part of the Kamboja Mahajanapada around this time---thus making them one people. D. Tungas. In both the references in the Ramayana. Problems of Ancient India. Oriental Institute (Vadodara. Tanganas. Aushmikas. Prasthalas. Dr B. 2000.1-4) (fourth century BC) refers only to clans of the Kurus. However. Vishnu Purana (5. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.Pakistan. p 58. 260 etc. p xxiv.55.1. Abhiras. Barbaras.61. 1968. the Kambojas are conspicuously mentioned in the lists of north-western frontier peoples. google. includes the Kamboja and Yona but no Gandhara (See: Chulla-Niddesa. Nipas. in all probability.50-1. 1977. but no reference is made to the Gandharas or the Daradas. p 131. India) . 256. p 50.). Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti. Sabha Parava of the Mahabharata enumerates numerous kings from the north-west paying tribute to Pandava king Yudhistra at the occasion of Rajasuya amongst whom it mentions the Kambojas. Tribal Coins of Ancient India.43). Padma Purana (6. Rishikas. Pahlavas. p 86. Journal of the Department of Sanskrit. the Kambojas in the Uttarapatha were a predominant people and that the Gandharans. 1974. Mukherjee . Bharatas.Mahajanapada 118 References [1] Anguttara Nikaya I.. [20] Ancient India.Ethnology. Valhikas. Again. Pulindas. Sakas. Vol II. the north-western martial tribes of the Sakas. 1966. Chinas. Vol I.Pāradas. Yavanas. html [3] India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī.2 seq ). India in the Time of Patañjali.54. Romikas.Numismatics. The lists does not include the Gandharas since they are counted as the same people as the . J. 1972. p 68. [2] http:/ / www. Pahlavas. 261. Vidarbhas.285-86) and Kathasaritsagara of Somadeva (18. p. Bahlikas and Kiratas but again it does not include the Gandharas in Chandragupta's army list. which is one of the most ancient Buddhist commentaries. (P. Vol IV. Haritas/Tukharas. see Dr Chandra Chakraberty's views in: Literary history of ancient India in relation to its racial and linguistic affiliations. Pragjyotisha. pp 252. p lxv. p 213. Law & Some Ksatriya Tribes of Ancient India. [21] Important note: The ancient Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya's list of Mahajanapadas includes the Gandhara and the Kamboja as the only two salient Mahajanapadas in the Uttarapatha. Utkalas. Yavanas. I. Kankas. Vana Parva of Mahabharata states that the Andhhas. Pahlavas. For Kuru-Kamboja connections. Surasenas. Yet at another place in the Ramayana (I. Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala . Devendra Handa Coins. [4] A History of Pāli Literature. 2007. Aurnikas and Abhiras etc will become rulers in Kaliyuga and will rule the earth (India) un-righteously(MBH 3.g Vayu Purana 88. p 2.Ethnology. [8] Lord Mahāvīra and his times. p 265. Shiva Purana (7.T. V. Mlechchas. of Sanskrit. pp 252. Parasikas etc but they do not mention the Gandharas. [13] II.T. [7] Chulla-Niddesa (P. p 18. 1944. Puri . 1938.seqq). 1989. Hunas. Pundras. p 427. Sakas (from Saka-dvipa). Brahma Purana (8. [16] Revue des etudes grecques 1973. p. 1919. The Mudrarakshasa Drama by Visakhadatta also refers to the Sakas. Brahmanda Purana (3. in/ books?id=VfKA9FGPTQoC& pg=PA530& lpg=PA530& dq=).India. Tukharas. Kambojas. Vedas. N. etc etc (Mahabharata 2. p 213. Here there is no mention of Gandhara since it is included amongst the Kamboja.63. Brhat Katha of Kshmendra (10. Kambojas. Chinas. Kambojas. C. Rabindra Bharati University. Journal of the Oriental Institute.15-21). Tribes of Ancient India. Law. The Racial History of India. com/ history/ ancient-india/ 16-mahajanapadas. 1973. 1924. Yavanas. 2009. 1919. Kurus. Pulindas.16-33) etc etc). Numismatic Society of India . Harahunas.1.35-51). p 114. p 7.123-141). Dr Kailash Chand Jain. Kiratas. Yavanas. Forlong. David Gordon White. Nirayavali Sutra [12] R. Association pour l'encouragement des etudes grecques en France. Tusharas.23). p 15-16 [10] Digha Nikaya [11] Kalpa Sutra. 1963. Daradas.India. pp 230-253. the Valmiki Ramayana --(a later list) includes the Janapadas of Andhras.17. Pasupalas etc (Ramayana 4. Socio-economic and Political History of Eastern India. 2000 Edition. Avantis. 1972.1. Indic . 256. Dasharnas. Among the several unrighteous barbaric hordes (opposed to Aryan king Vikarmaditya).76-78) each list the Sakas. N. [19] Journal of the Oriental Institute. Kiratas. Pandyas. Hara-hurava. Chola. John Watson McCrindle .1999. And last but not least. Sammoha Tantra list also contains 56 nations and lists Kashmira. Malava. History . pp 97-99. Strirajya. Gauda. The Satapancasaddesavibhaga of Saktisagama Tantra (Book III.. Kavyamimasa of Rajasekhara (880-920 AD) also lists 21 north-western countries/nations of the Saka. 1997. the Daradas and Gandharas are also treated as the Kambojas.Arya and Dasa where an Arya could become Dasa and vice-varsa (Majjima Nakayya 43. Pundra. [22] There are also several instances in the ancient literature where the reference has been made only to the Gandharas and not to the Kambojas. thus indicating them to be same group of people. p 257.23. Kasi. Vahvala.A. Huna and the Kamboja. Here again no mention of the Gandharas though Raghu does talk of the Kambojas. 2004. Mudgala. contains a list of 75 countries among which it includes Khorasahana. Edwin Bryant. Mekalas. Magadha. Kalingas and those on Mt Mahendra). p 99. Talbert) and Ambautai people located to south of Hindukush Mountains(Geography 6. Kolisarpas. K. Hist of Punjab. p 47. Besides. Kanyakubja. 17-18). Kuru Saindhava. Tukharas. Yavana. the Parasikas. Dr Sylvain Lévi. 1923. M. the Kambojas have obviously been counted among the Gandharas themselves. 1-55) lists Gurjara. From Monghyr inscriptions of king Devapala (810 . Hariala (Haryana). 1994.4. 119 . Again in another of its well-known shlokas. Khurasana. Mahishakas. 2005. Matsya. Sindhu. Similarly. Dravidas. Dr L. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Kambojas. the Kambojas and the Gandhara do seem to have been a cognate people. 1885. Kosala. 1957.60 seq). Kalinga. trans. Usinaras. Utsavasketas. Barbara. Parvartaka. Kambojas. Vol. Pandu. Kiratas. Here again. Kamboja. Bahlika. Gandharas. Sindhu. also: Kavyamimasa Editor Kedarnath. Virata. Saurashtra. Abhira.207. Dr. Kambojas and other nations. Maru. Kirata. Trigarta. C. James Fergusson). Chola. p 268. Pishacha. Minakshi. Avanti. furnishes a list of northern nations which king Lalitaditya Muktapida (Kashmir) (eighth century CE) undertakes to reduce in his dig-vijaya expedition. Shakas. Utkala. Valukambudhi.164. Ramatha and Karakantha etc but no mention of Gandhara or Darada (See: Kavyamimasa. Kerala. Sikanda Purana (Studies in the Geography. Pahlavas.1. but no mention of Gandharas (Rajatarangini: 4. Tushara. pp 226-227). 1971. we get the list of the nations as Utkala (Kalinga). Malaya. 5. Gandhara and the Kira (Kangra) which he boasts of as if they are his vassal states. 1971. Sahuda. Avanti. Hence. K. name Gandhara implied all the countries west of Indus as far as Candhahar"(The Tree and Serpent Worship. Pulindas. refers to the Kambojas. Kamboja. Kekaya. These are the nations which the cavalry of Pala king Devapala is said to have scoured during his war expeditions against these people. Siva.43-44). Ursa. p 8). Avanti. Kuluta. Nepala etc but no mention of Gandhara in this list of 75 countries. Jalandhara (Jullundur). Apparently the Gandharas are counted among the Kambojas.20-23. p 190.Geography. Uttarakurus and Pragjyotisha respectively. Konkana. 35. Pandya. Interestingly. the Mahabharata (XIII. Obviously the Kamboja of the Monghyr inscriptions of king Devapala here is none other than the Gandhara of the Kalimpur inscription of king Dharamapala. Daradas and Khasha besides also the Paundrakas. Sircar.175). Paundrakas. A.27. Vanayuja. and then of the north-west (like the Yavanas. it does not make any mention of the Gandharas in this very elaborate list of the Vrishalah Ksatriyas (Manusamriti X. Dardura. the Daradas and Gandharaa are included among the Kambojas. Paradas. Vahlika. Surasena. the Gandharas are definitively included among the Kambojas as if the two people are same. p 78.. Barbara. Pre Aryan and Pre Dravidian in India. Latas. Nepala. Vatsa. Madra. George Erdosy. Kirata. Gurjara (Bhoja). The list includes the Kambojas. p 168. Asian Educational Services) while land of Ambautai has also been identified by Dr Michael Witzel (Harvard University) with Sanskrit Kamboja (Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. Dravidas but surprisingly enough. Yavana. Turushaka. Vidarbha. Parsika. the Gandharas and the Kambojas are definitely treated as one people. Obviously. Lampaka. the Hindu law book. the Mahabharata furnishes a key list of twenty-five ancient Janapadas viz: Anga. a Sanskrit text from the north.(Editors) Richard J. M. issue 1 (September). [25] Encyclopedia Americana. Malava. Kachcha. cf: Geographical Data in the Early Puranas. p 259-62. then of the south (including Pandyas. Magadha. Dasherka. Studies in the Tantra. [26] Ptolemy's Geography mentions Tambyzoi located in eastern Bactria (Ancient India as Described by Ptolemy: Being a Translation of the Chapters . Lada. even the well known Manusmriti. It does not include the Gandharas in the list though in yet another similar shloka (MBH 12. Vangas. Rajatarangini of Kalhana.3. Kamboja. and Darada (MBH 7/11/15-17). The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: : Language. Hamsamarga (Hunza). In the context of Krsna digvijay. Maharashtra.850AD) the successor of king Dharmapala.43-44). Cina. Dr Jean Przyluski. the same epic now brands the Yavanas.Mahajanapada Kambojas. p 40. Huhuka. Sudras.5. Sircar. Bhauttas (in Baltistan in western Tibet). Kuru. Thus in the first shlokas. Gauda. Daradas. and Kerals). then of the west (Aprantas). Laurie L. Huna. Kachcha among the 56 countries but the list does not include the Gandharas and Daradas. Dakshinatya. D. Jules Bloch. N. Thus. p 122. Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. See map in McCrindle. Kuru. Kashmira. Yavanas. C. Dravida. The Assalayana-Sutta of Majjima Nakaya says that in the frontier lands of the Yonas. Karusha. In these cases.18. no mention is made to Gandhara in this list. II. Maha-Cina. Vatadhana. Chinas. Witzel. p 5-6. The above references amply demonstrate that the Gandharas were many times counted among the Kambojas themselves as if they were one and the same people. 1993. Ch VII. Kamboja. 1995. Kamarupa. Garga. Utkalas. Kinnaras. Pragjyotishas) etc etc (See: Raghuvamsa IV. Ancient. Vokkana. Tangana. [23] Kalimpur Inscriptions of Pala king Dharmapala of Bengal (770-810 AD) list the nations around his kingdom as the Bhoja (Gurjara). Kira. p 277. [28] See: Problems of Ancient India. Bhadra (Madra). Bahlika. lists the Sakas. the Gandhara and the Kamboja are used interchangeably in the records of the Pala kings of Bengal. Kosala. Yavanas. Kalingas. Chapter 17. there were Janapadas of Kurus and Panchalas also. Malava.2000. Material Culture and Ethnicity. Dr S Levi has identified Tambyzoi with Kamboja (Indian Antiquary. Magadha. Avanti. Chodas. Pragjyotisha (Assam). Kaikeya. Simhala etc but no mention of Daradac and Gandhara (See quotes in: Studies in Geography. [24] James Fergusson observes: "In a wider sense. Huna. 33. Saurashtra. Vanga. Daradas etc as the Vrishalas/degraded Kshatriyas (See also: Comprehensive History of India. Patton. p 326. p 54. Bagchi). Sastri). 2000. Raghu Vamsa by Kalidasa refers to numerous tribes/nations of the east (including the Sushmas. the Hunas. Kiratas and Barbaras (Yauna Kamboja Gandharah Kirata barbaraih) etc as Mlechcha tribes living the lives of the Dasyus or the Barbarians. Rajashekhara.4. the Kambojas) and finally those of the north Himalayan (like the Kirats. there are only two classes of People .3). Joshi and Dr Fauja Singh (Editors)). Pancala. Encyclopedias and Dictionaries. Vidarbha. Kamboja. [27] MBH VII. XIII. Dr P. Kashmira. Bahlika. Kiratas. Here in both the lists. S.168-175. Surya Kanta. p 33.). Dr V. 1953. p 58.S. M. Peggy Melcher . Prācīna Kamboja. p 49. W. [33] Balocistān: siyāsī kashmakash. Wilber. K. p 384. p 2. Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja . Fraser.Mahajanapada [29] MBH II. [41] MBH 7/91/39... 1962. Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala. p 107. Barnett. [39] Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva. Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala. p 52. p 49. A. [31] Ethnology of Ancient Bhārata – 1970. Dr Keith.Kamboja (Pakistan). p 138. 1945. Gillet. its Society. [37] Iran. Parts I and II. [34] India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī – 1953. Jacob Wackernagel..1. Herbert Harold Vreeland. Dr Macdonnel. its Culture. Dr Jacob Wackmangel.. Dr Kashi Prasad Jayaswal . [38] Geogramatical Dictionary of Sanskrit (Vedic): 700 Complete Revisions of the Best Books. Dr A. Dr Ram Chandra Jain. [36] Afghanistan.India.. 120 . its People.27. p 80. [42] Arthashastra 11/1/4. Munīr Aḥmad Marrī..27. Donal N. C. 1956. [44] Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times. p 49. Dr Moti Chandra . 1981. [32] The Journal of Asian Studies – 1956. [40] A Grammatical Dictionary of Sanskrit (Vedic): 700 Complete Reviews of the . [43] Ashtadhyayi IV. 311 etc. Dr Surya Kanta.Constitutional history. muz̤mirāt va rujḥānāt – 1989. Dr Peggy Melcher. people and country. 1953. Agarwala. [30] Vedic Index I. Arthur Anthony Macdonell. McDonnel. Association for Asian Studies. [35] Afghanistan. 1955. jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja. Clifford R. Far Eastern Association (U. p 53..India. 000 km² (1.Maurya Empire 121 Maurya Empire Mauryan Empire ← ← 322 BCE–185 BCE → → → → Maurya Empire at its maximum extent (Dark Blue). Capital Languages Religion Pataliputra (Modern day Patna) Old Indic Languages (e. including its vassals (Light Blue).000. Other Prakrits.930.g.511 sq mi) Panas . Sanskrit) Jainism Buddhism Ājīvika Absolute Monarchy as described in the Arthashastra Government Samraat (Emperor) Historical era Area Currency Established Disestablished 320–298 BCE 187–180 BCE Chandragupta Maurya Brhadrata Antiquity 322 BCE 185 BCE 5. Magadhi Prakrit. administration. Ashoka sponsored the spreading of Buddhist ideals into Sri Lanka. Chandragupta Maurya's embrace of Jainism increased social and religious renewal and reform across his society. the period of Mauryan rule in South Asia falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). and it dissolved in 185 BCE with the foundation of the Sunga Dynasty in Magadha. but it excluded a small portion of unexplored tribal and forested regions near Kalinga (modern Odisha). Southeast Asia. Its decline began 60 years after Ashoka's rule ended. After the Kalinga War. and expansion of the sciences and of knowledge.[] The Maurya Empire was one of the world's largest empires in its time. By 320 BCE the empire had fully occupied Northwestern India. south eastern parts of Iran and much of what is now Afghanistan. agriculture and economic activities. religious transformation.[] The population of the empire has been estimated to be about 50-60 million making the Mauryan Empire one of the most populous empires of the time. Under Chandragupta.[3][4] Archaeologically. The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary sources of written records of Mauryan times. while Ashoka's embrace of Buddhism has been said to have been the foundation of the reign of social and political peace and non-violence across all of India. it conquered beyond modern Pakistan. At its greatest extent. internal and external trade. . ruled by the Mauryan dynasty from 322 to 185 BCE. who had overthrown the Nanda Dynasty and rapidly expanded his power westwards across central and western India taking advantage of the disruptions of local powers in the wake of the withdrawal westward by Alexander the Great's Greek and Persian armies. a Greek general from Alexander's army. defeating and conquering the satraps left by Alexander. and to the east stretching into what is now Assam. all thrived and expanded across India thanks to the creation of a single and efficient system of finance. West Asia and Mediterranean Europe. eastern Uttar Pradesh) in the eastern side of the Indian subcontinent. the empire stretched to the north along the natural boundaries of the Himalayas. and the largest ever in the Indian subcontinent. The Lion Capital of Asoka at Sarnath has been made the national emblem of India. Under Chandragupta and his successors. To the west. The Empire was expanded into India's central and southern regions by the emperors Chandragupta and Bindusara. Chandragupta then defeated the invasion led by Seleucus I. including the modern Herat[] and Kandahar provinces. the Empire experienced half a century of peace and security under Ashoka. until it was conquered by Ashoka. Originating from the kingdom of Magadha in the Indo-Gangetic plains (modern Bihar.[1][2] The Empire was founded in 322 BCE by Chandragupta Maurya.Maurya Empire 122 Today part of India Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Iran Maldives Pakistan Nepal Sri Lanka China Myanmar Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan • • Outline of South Asian history History of Indian subcontinent The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in ancient India. annexing Balochistan. which was under Macedonian rule. the Mauryan Empire conquered the trans-Indus region. the empire had its capital city at Pataliputra (modern Patna). Mauryan India also enjoyed an era of social harmony. and security. . The Greek generals Eudemus. On one hand. and Peithon. Rakshasa became Chandragupta's chief advisor. These men included the former general of Taxila. any conclusions are hard to make without further historical evidence. but was insulted by its king Dhana Nanda. Rakshasa accepted Chanakya's reasoning. angered him. The Mudrarakshasa of Visakhadutta as well as the Jaina work Parisishtaparvan talk of Chandragupta's alliance with the Himalayan king Parvatka. and made him understand that his loyalty was to Magadha. Soon after Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BCE. handing power to Chandragupta. Chanakya also reiterated that choosing to resist would start a war that would severely affect Magadha and destroy the city. with help from Chanakya. Chanakya traveled to Magadha. p18. the conquering armies of Alexander the Great refused to cross the Beas River and advance further eastward. Rakshasas. the representative of King Porus of Kakayee.[] Chandragupta Maurya's rise to power is shrouded in mystery and controversy. He also managed to create an atmosphere of civil war in the kingdom. ruled until around 316 BCE. A kshatriya tribe known as the Maurya's are referred to in the earliest Buddhist texts. Chanakya managed to win over popular sentiment. A battle was announced and the Magadhan army was drawn from the city to a distant battlefield to engage Maurya's forces. leaving several smaller disunited satraps. insisting that he continue in office. such as the drama Mudrarakshasa (Poem of Rakshasa – Rakshasa was the prime minister of Magadha) by Visakhadatta. of the Nanda Dynasty. Chandragupta first emerges in Greek accounts as "Sandrokottos".[5] He is also said to have met the Nanda king. a kingdom that was large and militarily powerful and feared by its neighbors.). describe his royal ancestry and even link him with the Nanda family. and Chanakya assumed the position of an elder statesman. accomplished students of Chanakya. However. when Chandragupta Maurya (with the help of Chanakya. Chandragupta gathered many young men from across Magadha and other provinces. According to several legends. his empire fragmented. Mahaparinibbana Sutta. a Brahmin teacher at Takshashila. As a young man he is said to have met Alexander. not to the Nanda dynasty. Maurya came up with a strategy. Using his intelligence network. his son Malayketu. Chanakya contacted the prime minister. sometimes identified with Porus (Sir John Marshall "Taxila". Maurya's general and spies meanwhile bribed the corrupt general of Nanda. plus the resources necessary for his army to fight a long series of battles. which culminated in the death of the heir to the throne.Maurya Empire 123 Early history Chanakya and Chandragupta Maurya The Maurya Empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya. a number of ancient Indian accounts.[] Meanwhile. deterred by the prospect of battling Magadha. Chanakya swore revenge and vowed to destroy the Nanda Empire.[7][8][9] Conquest of Magadha Chanakya encouraged Chandragupta Maurya and his army to take over the throne of Magadha. and al. Alexander returned to Babylon and re-deployed most of his troops west of the Indus river. and Chandragupta Maurya was legitimately installed as the new King of Magadha. who was now his advisor) utterly defeated the Macedonians and consolidated the region under the control of his new seat of power in Magadha. and went into exile and was never heard of again. and made a narrow escape. and local kings declared their independence. men upset over the corrupt and oppressive rule of king Dhana. Ultimately Nanda resigned.[6] Chanakya's original intentions were to train a guerilla army under Chandragupta's command. Preparing to invade Pataliputra. and the rulers of small states. in which the Greeks offered their Princess for alliance and help from him. The Maurya Empire when it was first founded by Chandragupta Maurya c. Chandragupta established a strong centralized state with a complex administration at Pataliputra." Chandragupta's son Bindusara extended the rule of the Mauryan empire towards southern India. and Seleucus I received 500 war elephants that were to have a decisive role in his victory against western Hellenistic kings at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. and established superiority over the southern kingdoms.000 men. 305 BCE. Megasthenes describes a disciplined multitude under Chandragupta. in the process of creating the Seleucid Empire out of the eastern conquests of Alexander the Great.Maurya Empire 124 The approximate extent of the Magadha state in the 5th century BCE. 320 BCE. after conquering the Nanda Empire when he was only about 20 years old. but are . such as the historian Megasthenes. named Deimachus (Strabo 1–70). especially when in camp. Chandragupta extended the borders of the Maurya Empire towards Seleucid Persia after defeating Seleucus c. found that the thefts reported on any one day did not exceed the value of two hundred drachmae. Seleucus failed (Seleucid–Mauryan war). but the two rulers finally concluded a peace treaty: a marital treaty (Epigamia) was concluded. was "surrounded by a wooden wall pierced by 64 gates and 570 towers— (and) rivaled the splendors of contemporaneous Persian sites such as Susa and Ecbatana. and this among a people who have no written laws. who live simply. Arachosia (Kandhahar) and Gedrosia (Balochistan). Diplomatic relations were established and several Greeks. and do not know writing: "The Indians all live frugally. 265 BCE. which. and consequently they observe good order. according to Megasthenes. wherein lay 400. Megasthenes says that those who were in the camp of Sandrakottos. They dislike a great undisciplined multitude. 323 BCE. The Nanda Empire at its greatest extent under Dhana Nanda c. Theft is of very rare occurrence. tried to reconquer the northwestern parts of India in 305 BCE. Deimakos and Dionysius resided at the Mauryan court. Ashoka the Great extended into Kalinga during the Kalinga War c. 300 [10] BCE. He also had a Greek ambassador at his court. UNIQ-ref-0-dccf41007ced04a0-QINU Chandragupta extended the borders of the empire southward into the Deccan Plateau c. Chandragupta Maurya Chandragupta campaigned against the Macedonians when Seleucus I Nicator. honestly. Chandragupta snatched the satrapies of Paropamisade (Kamboja and Gandhara). Chanakya helped Bindusara "to destroy the nobles and kings of the sixteen kingdoms and thus to become absolute master of the territory between the eastern and western oceans. They never drink wine except at sacrifices. Chandragupta not knowing about poison. but Bindusara could not suppress it in his lifetime. by that time a drop of poison had already reached the baby and touched its head due to which child got a permanent blueish spot (a "bindu") on his forehead. 53–56. nevertheless. ruled by King Ilamcetcenni. Chandragupta's Guru and advisor Chanakya used to feed the emperor with small doses of poison to build his immunity against possible poisoning attempts by the enemies. Bindusara's guru Pingalavatsa (alias Janasana) was a Brahmin[15] of the Ajivika sect. Kalinga (modern Odisha) was the only kingdom in India that didn't form the part of Bindusara's empire. Chanakya entered the room the very time she collapsed. Northern. happily enough. During his reign. He brought sixteen states under the Mauryan Empire and thus conquered almost all of the Indian peninsula (he is said to have conquered the 'land between the two seas' . Thus. The queen not immune to the poison collapsed and died within few minutes. he immediately cut open the dead queen's belly and took the baby out. being simple in their manners and frugal." Strabo XV. the newborn was named "Bindusara". as far as what is now known as Karnataka. and Cheras. just 22 year-old. the empire expanded southwards. It was crushed by Ashoka after Bindusara's death.Maurya Empire ignorant of writing.[13] Bindusara. Queen Subhadrangi (alias Queen Aggamahesi) was a Brahmin[16] also of the Ajivika sect from Champa (present Bhagalpur district). quoting Megasthenes[11] 125 Bindusara Bindusara was the son of the first Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya and his queen Durdhara. According to a legend mentioned in the Jain texts. Their beverage is a liquor composed from rice instead of barley. The reason for the second revolt is unknown. who served as the viceroy of Ujjaini during his father's reign. Bindusara's life has not been documented as well as that of his father Chandragupta or of his son Ashoka. the original name of this emperor was Simhasena.the peninsular region between the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea). They live. inherited a large empire that consisted of what is now. Unlike his father Chandragupta (who was a follower of Jainism).[12] One day. According to the Rajavalikatha a Jain work. Chanakya continued to serve as prime minister during his reign. He maintained good relations with the Hellenic World. and must therefore in all the business of life trust to memory. Bindusara extended this empire to the southern part of India. Central and Eastern parts of India along with parts of Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Bindusara didn't conquer the friendly Dravidian kingdoms of the Cholas. the Pandyas. shared his food with his pregnant wife queen Durdhara who was 7 days away from delivery. the citizens of Taxila revolted twice. It was later conquered by his son Ashoka. The reason for the first revolt was the maladministration of Suseema. Apart from these southern states. and in order to save the child in the womb. . Bindusara's wife."[14] During his rule. i. Bindusara believed in the Ajivika sect. his eldest son. Bindusara is accredited with giving several grants to Brahmin monasteries (Brahmana-bhatto).[17] Bindusara died in 272 BCE (some records say 268 BCE) and was succeeded by his son Ashoka the Great. Ambassadors from the Seleucid Empire (such as Deimachus) and Egypt visited his courts. and their food is principally a rice-pottage. According to the mediaeval Tibetan scholar Taranatha who visited India. Maurya Empire 126 Ashoka the Great Chandragupta's grandson i. are found throughout the Subcontinent. and renounced war and violence. Ashoka began feeling remorse. Tulamaya (Ptolemy). Although the annexation of Kalinga was completed. The Edicts also accurately locate their territory "600 yojanas away" (a yojanas being about 7 miles).. Hundreds of thousands of people were adversely affected by the destruction and fallout of war. Ashoka implemented principles of ahimsa by banning hunting and violent sports activity and ending indentured and forced labor (many thousands of people in war-ravaged Kalinga had been forced into hard labor and servitude). and Gandharas as peoples forming a frontier region of his empire. Kambojas. and one in both Greek and Aramaic. Ashoka was a brilliant commander who crushed revolts in Ujjain and Taxila. The Edicts of Ashoka. Ranging from as far west as Afghanistan and as far south as Andhra (Nellore District).[18] . Ashoka's edicts state his policies and accomplishments.000 soldiers and civilians were killed in the furious warfare. He sent out missionaries to travel around Asia and spread Buddhism to other countries. Ashoka expanded friendly relations with states across Asia and Europe.232 BCE). two of them were written in Greek. He remains an idealized figure of inspiration in modern India. Maka (Magas) and Alikasudaro (Alexander) as recipients of Ashoka's proselytism. Amtikini (Antigonos). corresponding to the distance between the center of India and Greece (roughly 4. Ashoka's edicts refer to the Greeks. Although predominantly written in Prakrit.000 miles). Over 40 years of peace. They also attest to Ashoka's having sent envoys to the Greek rulers in the West as far as the Mediterranean. Bindusara's son was Ashokavardhan Maurya who was also known as Ashoka or Ashoka The Great (ruled 273. harmony and prosperity made Ashoka one of the most successful and famous monarchs in Indian history. While he maintained a large and powerful army. But it was his conquest of Kalinga (1842 CE) which proved to be the pivotal event of his life. As a young prince. The edicts precisely name each of the rulers of the Hellenic world at the time such as Amtiyoko (Antiochus). As monarch he was ambitious and aggressive.000 of Ashoka's own men. When he personally witnessed the devastation. an estimated 100. Ashoka embraced the teachings of Buddhism. and he sponsored Buddhist missions. to keep the peace and maintain authority. including over 10. set in stone. Although Ashoka's army succeeded in overwhelming Kalinga forces of royal soldiers and civilian units.e. He undertook a massive public works building campaign across the country. re-asserting the Empire's superiority in southern and western India. the names of the four provincial capitals are Tosali (in the east). which one of the four. According to Megasthenes. Ujjain (in the west). It is the emblem of India. The head of the provincial administration was the Kumara (royal prince). 30. British Museum. To the West. Administration The Empire was divided into four provinces. 4th–3rd century BCE. which was erected around 250 BCE. and Taxila (in the north). The distribution of the Edicts of [19] Ashoka. From Ashokan edicts. with standing goddess. The expansion and defense of the empire was made possible by what appears to have been the largest standing army of its time[citation needed]. and 9.000 infantry. 3rd century BCE. and bordered the contemporary Hellenistic metropolis of Ai Khanoum. the empire wielded a military of 600. Musée Guimet.Maurya Empire 127 A representation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka. Suvarnagiri (in the south). who governed the provinces as king's representative. it went as far as Kandahar (where the Edicts were written in Greek and Aramaic).000 war elephants. A vast espionage system collected intelligence for both internal and external security purposes.000 cavalry. with the imperial capital at Pataliputra. This organizational structure was reflected at the imperial level with the Emperor and his Mantriparishad Mauryan ringstone. Having renounced offensive warfare and expansionism. Statuettes of the Maurya period. The kumara was assisted by Mahamatyas and council of ministers. look like a giant crescents. Northwest Pakistan. Historians theorize that the organization of the Empire was in line with the extensive bureaucracy described by Kautilya in the Arthashastra: a sophisticated civil service governed everything from municipal hygiene to international trade. (Council of Ministers). Ashoka nevertheless . is a concrete indication of the extent of Ashoka's rule. Maurya Empire continued to maintain this large army, to protect the Empire and instill stability and peace across West and South Asia. 128 Economy Silver punch mark coin of the Mauryan empire, collection burdens from regional kings, paying instead to a nationally with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century administered and strict-but-fair system of taxation as advised by the B newfound political unity and internal peace. over-rigorous administrative practices, including those regarding taxation and crop collection, helped increase productivity and economic activity across the Empire. Mauryan cast copper coin. Late 3rd century BCE. British Museum..[20] (See also Economic history of India.) Maurya Empire 129 Religion Hinduism Hinduism was the major religion at the time of inception of the empire[citation).[22] Scholar James Hastings identifies the name "Mankhaliputta" or "Mankhali" with the bamboo staff.[22] Scholar Jitendra N. Banerjea compares them to the Pasupatas Shaivas.[23] Another scholar, Charpentier, believes that the Ajivikas worshiped Shiva before Makkhali Goshala.[24])".[25]. Balarama, holding mace and conch (lower right) on a Maurya coin. Balarama was originally a powerful independent deity of Hinduism, and was considered an avatar of Vishnu. 3rd–2nd century BCE. British Museum. Buddh Buddhist proselytism at the time of king Ashoka monasteries, schools and publication of Buddhist literature across the (260–218 B Buddhist stupas during the Mauryan period were simple mounds without decorations. Butkara [21] stupa, 3rd century BCE. Maurya Empire 130 South Asia's Buddhist orders, near his capital, a council that undertook much work of reform and expansion of the Buddhist religion. Indian merchants embraced Buddhism and played a large role in spreading the religion across the Mauryan Empire.[26] Jainism Emperor Chandragupta Maurya embraced Jainism after retiring. a Hindu ascetic movement, Ājīvika and distanced Mauryan architecture in the Barabar Mounts. Grottoe of Lomas Richi. 3rd century BCE. himself from Jain and Buddhist movements. Samprati, the grandson of Ashoka also embraced Jainism. Samrat Samprati was influenced by the teachings of Jain monk Arya Suhasti Suri. sites that has been connected to the rule of the Mauryas. The style is rather reminiscent of Persian Achaemenid architecture.[27].[28] The most widespread example of Maurya architecture are the Pillars of Ashoka, often exquisitely decorated, with more than 40 spread throughout the Indian subcontinent. == The edicts proclaim that many followed the king's example in giving up the slaughter of animals. The Office of the Chief Elephant Forrester should with the help of guards protect the elephants in any terrain. for skins. the food-gatherers or aranyaca to guard borders and trap animals. tigers and other predators to render the woods safe for grazing cattle. the edicts of Ashoka reflect more the desire of rulers than actual events. They regarded all forest tribes with distrust and controlled them with bribery and political subjugation. Yakshini.. one of them proudly states:[30] Our king killed very few animals.[30] . 3rd century BCE The Mauryas valued certain forest tracts in strategic or economic terms and instituted curbs and control measures over them.Maurya Empire 131 The protection of animals in India became serious business by the time of the Maurya dynasty. fishing and setting fires in forests. but also unambiguously specifies the responsibilities of officials such as the Protector of the Elephant Forests. he brought about significant changes in his style of governance. Military might in those times depended not only upon horses and men but also battle-elephants. —Edict on Fifth Pillar However. its denizens and fauna in general is of interest. Kautilya's Arthashastra contains not only maxims on ancient statecraft. —Arthashastra The Mauryas also designated separate forests to protect supplies of timber. the most important forest product was the elephant. The legal restrictions conflicted with the practices freely exercised by the common people in hunting. and even relinquished the royal hunt. felling. The slaying of an elephant is punishable by death. the attitude of the Mauryas towards forests. Elsewhere the Protector of Animals also worked to eliminate thieves. The Mauryas sought to preserve supplies of elephants since it was cheaper and took less time to catch.[30] When Ashoka embraced Buddhism in the latter part of his reign.[29] On the border of the forest. one of Alexander's former generals. which included providing protection to fauna. tame and train wild elephants than to raise them. He was the first ruler in history to advocate conservation measures for wildlife and even had rules inscribed in stone edicts. these played a role in the defeat of Seleucus. he should establish a forest for elephants guarded by foresters. the mention of a 100 'panas' (coins) fine for poaching deer in royal hunting preserves shows that rule-breakers did exist. being the first empire to provide a unified political entity in India. as well as lions and tigers. For them. The sometimes tense and conflict-ridden relationship nevertheless enabled the Mauryas to guard their vast empire. The Mauryas firstly looked at forests as a resource. They employed some of them. the Macedonian satrap of the Asian portion of Alexander's former empire.4.12–13[32] "Later.Maurya Empire 132 Contacts with the Hellenistic world Foundation of the Empire Relations with the Hellenistic world may have started from the very beginning of the Maurya Empire. he himself oppressed the very people he has liberated from foreign domination" Justin XV. who fought Chandragupta Maurya. Mauryan Statuette. ruler in the western Punjab until his departure in 317 BCE or Peithon. Having thus acquired royal power. as if shaking the burden of servitude. Plutarch 62-3[31] Reconquest of the Northwest (c. History of Rome. but he had transformed liberation in servitude after victory. Sandracottos possessed India at the time Seleucos was preparing future glory. probably around Taxila in the northwest: "Sandrocottus. "India. Hyrcania." Justin XV. Sogdia. a huge wild elephant went to him and took him on his back as if tame. among whom may have been Eudemus. Appian.4. as far as the river Indus. 2nd Century BCE. after the death of Alexander. ruler of the Greek colonies along the Indus until his departure for Babylon in 316 BCE. The Syrian Wars 55[34] Silver coin of Seleucus I Nicator. History of Rome. and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country. when he was a stripling. The Syrian Wars 55). The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus". saw Alexander himself. strong in arms and persuasive in council. since.19[33] Conflict and alliance with Seleucus (305 BCE) Seleucus I Nicator. Arabia. The author of this liberation was Sandracottos. since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low birth". Persis. so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. in the territories formerly ruled by the Greeks. and later made an alliance with him. Bactria. until in 305 BCE he entered in a confrontation with Chandragupta: "Always lying in wait for the neighboring nations. and he became a remarkable fighter and war leader. where he fought the satraps (described as "Prefects" in Western sources) left in place after Alexander (Justin). after taking the throne. conquered and put under his own authority eastern territories as far as Bactria and the Indus (Appian. 'Seleucid' Cappadocia. Parthia. son of Agenor. . and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander. Arachosia. Armenia. he [Seleucus] acquired Mesopotamia. Plutarch reports that Chandragupta Maurya met with Alexander the Great. Tapouria. as he was preparing war against the prefects of Alexander. 310 BCE) Chandragupta ultimately occupied Northwestern India. had assassinated his prefects. Seleucos went to war against Antigonus.[41][42] Archaeologically. according to Strabo. Regardless. and the Balochistan province of Pakistan. was forced to surrender much that was already his." ” “ "After having made a treaty with him (Sandrakotos) and put in order the Orient situation. such as when Chandragupta sent various aphrodisiacs to Seleucus: "And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters [as to make people more amorous].4. modern day Afghanistan. sent to Seleucus. chapter 32[44] . ceded a number of territories to Chandragupta. Exchange of ambassadors Seleucus dispatched an ambassador.[40] Exchange of presents Classical sources have also recorded that following their treaty. Accordingly. is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court. is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court. 133 “ "He (Seleucus) crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya]. or both[citation needed]." ” [43] —Junianus Justinus. who dwelt on the banks of that stream. including southern Afghanistan and parts of Persia. Seleucus obtained five hundred war elephants. a gift from Seleucus to formalize an alliance. Seleucus dispatched an ambassador. to Chandragupta. including the Hindu Kush. while some. were to banish love" Athenaeus of Naucratis. In addition to this treaty. Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus. the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka. Chandragupta and Seleucus exchanged presents. it is clear that Seleucus fared poorly against the Indian Emperor as he failed in conquering any territory. king of the Indians.Maurya Empire Though no accounts of the conflict remain. . or a Greek Macedonian princess. on the contrary. and later Deimakos to his son Bindusara. concrete indications of Mauryan rule.[40] Mainstream scholarship asserts that Chandragupta received vast territory west of the Indus. Historiarum Philippicarum libri XLIV. until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship. by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus. "The deipnosophists" Book I. Megasthenes. Marital alliance It is generally thought that Chandragupta married Seleucus's daughter. such as the inscriptions of the Edicts of Ashoka. and in fact. XV. In a return gesture. are known as far as Kandahar in southern Afghanistan. Seleucus. Chandragupta sent 500 war elephants. which were to act like charms in producing a wonderful degree of affection.[][35][36][37][38][39] a military asset which would play a decisive role at the Battle of Ipsus in 302 BCE. And Phylarchus confirms him. Seleucus and Chandragupta ultimately reached a settlement and through a treaty sealed in 305 BCE. Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus. although it is unclear whether it occurred among dynastic rulers or common people. Megasthenes. at the Mauryan court at Pataliputra (modern Patna in Bihar state). at the Mauryan court at Pataliputra (Modern Patna in Bihar state). the king of the Indians. to Chandragupta. the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka the Great.15 The treaty on "Epigamia" implies lawful marriage between Greeks and Indians was recognized at the State level. and later Deimakos to his son Bindusara. a military asset which would play a decisive role at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. the Andhras and the Palidas. and some dried figs. everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in Dharma". Eusebeia) to men. Kabul Museum. Ashoka describes that Greek population within his realm converted to Buddhism: "Here in the king's domain among the Greeks. Fragments of Edict 13 have been found in Greek. the king of the Indians. in opposition to the past also in the future. but it is not lawful for a sophist to be sold in Greece" Athenaeus. they have ceased from their intemperance as was in their power. Rock Edict Nb13 (S. using sophisticated philosophical terms. from Kandahar. "Deipnosophistae" XIV. they will live better and more happily". (Click those who (are) huntsmen and fishermen of the king have image for translation). and obedient to their father and mother and to the elders. and a sophist. In this Edict. and other men and Ashoka.67[45] 134 Greek population in India Greek population apparently remained in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent under Ashoka's rule. "The dry figs and the sweet wine we will send you. And Bilingual edict (Greek and Aramaic) by king the king abstains from (killing) living beings. as Aristophanes says. entreating him (it is Hegesander who tells this story) to buy and send him some sweet wine.Maurya Empire His son Bindusara 'Amitraghata' (Slayer of Enemies) also is recorded in Classical sources as having exchanged present with Antiochus I: "But dried figs were so very much sought after by all men (for really. And if some (were) intemperate. Carratelli [46]) . and that Antiochus wrote to him in answer. desisted from hunting.P. by G. written in both Greek and Aramaic has been discovered in Kandahar. (Trans. the Kambojas. the Bhojas. that even Amitrochates. the Nabhakas. Ashoka uses the word Eusebeia ("Piety") as the Greek translation for the ubiquitous "Dharma" of his other Edicts written in Prakrit: "Ten years (of reign) having been completed. Dhammika). some of them written in Greek. "There's really nothing nicer than dried figs"). set in stone. It is said to be written in excellent Classical Greek. and everything thrives throughout the whole world. and from this moment he has made men more pious. and a full Edict. wrote to Antiochus. the Nabhapamkits. King Piodasses (Ashoka) made known (the doctrine of) Piety (εὐσέβεια. the Pitinikas. In his Edicts of Ashoka. by so acting on every occasion. as a descendant of Pradyumna. 2nd Rock Edict The Greeks in India even seem to have played an active role in the propagation of Buddhism. Dhammika). Wherever medical roots or fruits are not available I have had them imported and grown. are described in Pali sources as leading Greek ("Yona") Buddhist monks. in the Edicts of Ashoka. described in ancient Greek sources.39 [48] . King Piyadasi's [Ashoka's] domain. the Cholas. Magas and Alexander rule.600 km) away. until he had a hundred and fifty altogether. and as far as Tamraparni (Sri Lanka). on the borders. everywhere has Beloved-of-the-Gods. 13th Rock Edict. set out again personally with his army: leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him". Antigonos. renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians. or Kunala. the Keralaputras. as some of the emissaries of Ashoka. and even six hundred yojanas (5. Along roads I have had wells dug and trees planted for the benefit of humans and animals". and also in the list of the Yadava dynasty. made provision for two types of medical treatment: medical treatment for humans and medical treatment for animals. as far as Tamraparni and where the Greek king Antiochos rules. after having made peace with Euthydemus in Bactria. Wherever medical herbs suitable for humans or animals are not available. the Seleucid king. I have had them imported and grown. and among the kings who are Front view of the single lion capital in Vaishali. likewise in the south among the Cholas. and among the people beyond the borders. the Satiyaputras. received more elephants. in their territories: "Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods. and having once more provisioned his troops. possibly in Gandhara. where the Greek king Antiochos rules. His name is mentioned in the list of Mauryan princes[citation needed]. neighbors of Antiochos. for men and animals.Maurya Empire 135 Buddhist missions to the West (c. and named Subhagsena or Subhashsena in Prakrit. Polybius 11. Subhagsena and Antiochos III (206 BCE) Sophagasenus was an Indian Mauryan ruler of the 3rd century BCE. went to India in 206 BCE and is said to have renewed his friendship with the Indian king there: "He (Antiochus) crossed the Caucasus and descended into India. He ruled an area south of the Hindu Kush. XII[47]). although no Western historical record of this event remain: "The conquest by Dharma has been won here. beyond there where the four kings named Ptolemy. Antiochos III. the Pandyas. such as Dharmaraksita. Ashoka mentions the Hellenistic kings of the period as a recipient of his Buddhist proselytism. King Piyadasi. 250 BCE) Also. S." (Edicts of Ashoka. active in Buddhist proselytism (the Mahavamsa. the Pandyas. He may have been a grandson of Ashoka. Ashoka also claims that he encouraged the development of herbal medicine.400–9. the son of Ashoka. and Kalingas are unclear. Regarding the decline much has been written. the modern city of Sialkot. The capture of power by Pushyamitra Sunga shows the triumph of Brahmins. Brihadrata. The book Divyavadana refers to the persecution of Buddhists by Pushyamitra Sunga. Sunga coup (185 BCE) Brihadrata was assassinated in 185 BCE during a military parade. 3.[50] Pusyamitra may have been the main author of the persecutions. The Indo-Greeks would maintain holdings on the trans-Indus region. the last ruler of the Mauryan dynasty. the region of Mathura. some maintain the view that brahminical reaction was responsible for the decline because of the following reasons. However. who then took over the throne and established the Sunga dynasty. The Greco-Bactrian king. Asoka's claim that he exposed the Budheveas (Brahmins) as false gods shows that Ashoka was not well disposed towards Brahmins. and one of their kings Menander became a famous figure of Buddhism. Demetrius. Although the extent of their successes against indigenous powers such as the Sungas. According to Sir John Marshall. Asoka's compassion towards animals was not an overnight decision. All of these four points can be easily refuted. have argued that archaeological evidence in favor of the allegations of persecution of Buddhists are lacking. and that the extent and magnitude of the atrocities have been exaggerated. although he still upheld the Buddhist faith. The book Divyavadana cannot be relied upon since it was during the time of Pushyamitra Sunga that the Sanchi and Barhut stupas were completed. Even Brahmins gave it up. he was to establish a new capital of Sagala. although later Sunga kings seem to have been more supportive of Buddhism. the extent of their domains and the lengths of their rule are subject to much debate. Satavahanas. held territories that had shrunk considerably from the time of emperor Ashoka. 1. and make forays into central India. Basing themselves on this thesis. such as Etienne Lamotte[51] and Romila Thapar. Numismatic evidence indicates that they retained holdings in the subcontinent right up to the birth of Christ. and he conquered southern Afghanistan and Western India around 180 BCE.[49] and a resurgence of Hinduism. Haraprasad Sastri contends that the revolt by Pushyamitra was the result of brahminical reaction against the pro-Buddhist policies of Ashoka and pro-Jaina policies of his successors. for about a century. capitalized on the break-up. Repulsion of animal sacrifices grew over a long period of time. forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Other historians.Maurya Empire 136 Decline Ashoka was followed for 50 years by a succession of weaker kings. renamed Indo-Scythians. Buddhist records such as the Asokavadana write that the assassination of Brhadrata and the rise of the Sunga empire led to a wave of persecution for Buddhists. Had not the partition taken place. 1. Another immediate cause was the partition of the Empire into two. and Gujarat. The impression of the persecution of Buddhism was probably created by . brought about the demise of the Indo-Greeks from around 70 BCE and retained lands in the trans-Indus. One obvious reason for it was the succession of weak kings. 2. the Brahmin general Pusyamitra Sunga. by the commander-in-chief of his guard.[52] among others. 2. Prohibition of the slaughter of animals displeased the Brahmins as animal sacrifices were esteemed by them. Establishment of the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BCE) The fall of the Mauryas left the Khyber Pass unguarded. what is clear is that Scythian tribes. and a wave of foreign invasion followed. Under them. Buddhism flourished. 4. the Greek invasions could have been held back giving a chance to the Mauryas to re-establish some degree of their previous power. Reasons The decline of the Maurya Dynasty was rather rapid after the death of Ashoka/Asoka. His own inscriptions bear ample withness to the fact. Sunga art conformed more to 137 .Asokan period surplus wealth was used by the rising commercial classes to decorate religious buildings. The sculpture at Barhut and Sanchi and the Deccan caves was the contribution of this new bourgeoisie. Buddha himself was looked upon in his lifetime and afterwards as a Hindu saint and avatar and his followers were but another sect in the great Aryan tradition. Viewed like this. This argument is based on the view that Sunga art (Sculpture at Barhut and Sanchi) is more earthy and in the folk tradition that Maruyan art. Ashoka was a Buddhist in the same way as Harsha was a Budhist. He based his arguments that unnccessary measures were taken up to increase tax and the punch-marked coins of the period show evidence of debasement.Maurya Empire Menander's invasion. the beloved of the gods. sramansa (Buddhist priests) and others equally. The organization were ready to accept any one who could promise a more efficient organisation. his gifts are to the brahmibns. Which addressing the tribal people Asoka expressed his willingness to for given. the very fact that a Brahmin was the commander in chief of the Mauryan ruler proves that the Mauryas and the Brahmins were on good terms. Asoka was essentially a Hindu. The reign of Asoka was an asset to the economy. The character of Sunga art changed because it served a different purpose and its donors belonged to different social classes. The unification of the country under single efficient administration the organization and increase in communications meant the development of trade as well as an opening of many new commercial interest. which was unknown to India for a long time. Instead the economy prospered as shown by archaeological evidence at Hastinapura and Sisupalqarh. The victory of Pushyamitra Sunga clearly shows that the last of the Mauryas was an incompetent ruler since he was overthrown in the very presence of his army. as indeed was the founder of the sect to which he belonged. This contention too cannot be up held. Well he was wordly-wise to enslave and-and-half lakh sudras of Kalinga and bring them to the Magadha region to cut forests and cultivate land. But in the view of the people of the day he was a Hindu monarch following one of the recognized sects. Moreover. 4. While his doctrines follow the middle path. 3. Killing the Mauryan King while he was reviewing the army points to a palace coup d'état not a revolution. He was shrewd enough in retaining Kalinga although he expressed his remorse. Also. The exclusiveness of religious doctrines is a Semitic conception. After all. since he was a Buddhist. More draconian was Ashoka's message to the forest tribes who were warned of the power which he possessed. Apart from these two major writers there is a third view as expressed by kosambi. This view of Raychoudhury on the pacifism of the State cannot be substantiated. Also if Pushyamitra was really a representative of brahminical reaction he neighbouting kings would have definitely given him assistance. The word 'budheva' is misinterpreted because this word is to be taken in the context of some other phrase. Still another view regarding of the decline of Mauryas was that the coup of Pushyamitra was a peoples' revolt against Mauryans oppression and a rejection of the Maurya adoption of foreign ideas. The idea that Ashoka was a kind of Buddhist Constantine declearing himself against paganism is a complete misreading of India conditions. More important point is the fact that the material remains of the post-Asokan era do not suggest any pressure on the economy. and this had nothing to do with brahminical reaction against Asoka's patronage of Buddhism. The empire had shrunk considerably and there was no revolution. It is quite possible that debased coins began to circulate during the period of the later Mauryas. the word has nothing to do with brahminism. On the other hand the debasement may also indicate that there was an increased demand for silver in relation to goods leading to the silver content of the coins being reduced. as far interest in Mauryan Art. The argument that the empire became effete because of Asokan policies is also very thin. His own name of adoption is Devanam Priya. More than this his tours of the empire were not only meant for the sake of piety but also for keeping an eye on the centrifugal tendencies of the empire. Which gods? Surely the gods of the Aryan religion. This is more stretching the argument too far. Buddhism had no gods of its own. or Kumarapala was a Jain. In the post . the distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism in India was purely sectarian and never more than the difference between saivism and vaishnavism. All the evidence suggests that Asoka was a stern monarch although his reign witnessed only a single campaign. Raychaudhury too rebuts the arguments of Sastri. 138 . And as the successors of Asoka happened to be weak. There was a total absence of any advisory institution representing public opinion. Asoka did ban festive meetings and discouraged eating of meat.Maurya Empire the folk traditions because Buddhism itself had incorporated large elements of popular cults and because the donors of this art. If the Mauryan Empire did not survive for long. the Mauryan empire and the philosophy of the empire was not in tune with the spirit of the time because Aryanism and brahminism was very much there. the king was only an upholder of dharma. The land tax varied from region to region according to the fertility of the soil and the availability of water. This meant that a change of king could result in change of officials leading to the demoralization of the officers. Land could frequently change hands. the sentiment of the people towards the political factor. The Mauryan Empire declined without anyone's regret. That is why the Mauryas depended greatly on the espionage system. The sophisticated cities and the trade centers were a great contrast to the isolated village communities. popular uprising or economic pressure. Such being the reality. which was very burden some to the cultivator. These too might have entagonised the population but it is doubtful whether these prohibitions were strictly enforced. Mauryas had no system of ensuring the continuation of well-planned bureaucracy. After the death of Asoka there was definitely a weakening at the center particularly after the division of the empire. were culturally more in the mainstream of folk tradition. It is also argued by these theorists that Asokan policy in all its details was continued by the later Mauryas. Further more. In other words. it could be because of the failure of the successors of Asoka to hold on to the principles that could make success of such an empire. Also. Thus the decline of the Mauryan empire cannot be satisfactorily explained by referring to Military inactivity. Brahmin resentment. many of whom may have been artisans. The causes of the decline of the Mauryan empire must. The above argument (people's revolt) also means that Asoka's policy was continued by his successors also. The figure of one quarter stated by Magasthenes probably referred only to the fertile and well-watered regions around Pataliputra. which inevitably led to the breaking of provinces from the Mauryan rule. Added to this lack of representative institutions there was no distinction between the executive and the judiciary of the government. An incapable king may use the officers either for purposes of oppression or fail to use it for good purpose. All these differences naturally led to the economic and political structures being different from region to region. Further. The causes of the decline were more fundamental. Fertility wise the region of the Ganges was more prosperous than northern Deccan. the empire inevitably declined. but never the crucial or architecture factor influencing the whole of life. It is also a fact that even the languages spoken were varied. it should be borne in mind that all the officials owed their loyalty to the king and not to the State. Had the southern region been more developed. But historical evidence shows something else. Still another argument that is advanced in favour of the idea of revolt against the Mauryas is that the land tax under the Mauryas was one-quarter. it is unlikely that there was sufficient national consciousness among the varied people of the Mauryan empire. that is the State was never established in India. an assumption not confirmed by historical data. which is not a historical fact. The next important weakness of the Mauryan Empire was its extreme centralization and the virtual monopoly of all powers by the king. According to the Brahmin or Aryan philosophy. The history of a sub-continent and their casual relationships. Mauryan administration was not fully tuned to meet the existing disparities in economic activity. One more reasoning to support the popular revolt theory is based on Asoka's ban on the samajas. Another associated point of great importance is the fact that the Mauryan Empire which was highly centralized and autocratic was the first and last one of its kind. Also the people of the sub-continent were not of uniform cultural level. the empire could have witnessed economic homogeneity. when the successors of Asoka failed to make use of the institution and the thinking that was needed to make a success of a centralized political authority. The organization of administration and the concept of the State were such that they could be sustained by only by kings of considerably personal ability. Other factors of importance that contributed to the decline and lack of national unity were the ownership of land and inequality of economic levels. 46 [27] "L'age d'or de l'Inde Classique". Chandragupta's grandson. (2001) India's Wildlife History. praefectos eius occiderat. tufts. Dhammika. 6.12). perseus. p 118. He conquers parts of Deccan. 269-232 BC : The Maurya Empire reaches its height under Ashoka. pp 7. M. 266 Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 1 By James Hastings [23] P. co.za (http:/ / www. (Ex qua fatigatione cum somno captus iaceret. 24 Buddhism in comparative light by Anukul Chandra Banerjee [17] P. 01. when he was a stripling. html) . translation S. be attributed to top heavy administration where authority was entirely in the hands of a few persons while national consciousness was unknown. and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country. 139 Timeline 1. 1980. 212 Age of the Nandas and Mauryas By K. 3. [9] For Harahunas being a group of the Hunas. [31] Plutarch 62-3 (http:/ / www. since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low birth. sed ad regni potestatem maiestate numinis inpulsus. Ishwar Nath Topa [18] Edicts of Ashoka. leo ingentis formae ad dormientem accessit sudoremque profluentem lingua ei detersit expergefactumque blande reliquit. Nilakanta Sastri [25] Chanakya at Hinduism. com/ sol3/ papers. org/ literature/ justin/ texte15." Justin XV.109 A brief history of India by Alain Daniélou. (http:/ / papers. 1) [32] "(Transitum deinde in Indiam fecit). C. ssrn. 4. edu/ projectsouthasia/ history/ primarydocs/ Foreign_Views/ GreekRoman/ Megasthenes-Indika. Kenneth Hurry [15] P. the last emperor." Plutarch 62-3 Plutarch 62-3 (http:/ / www. [8] The Hunas mentioned in Mudrarakshasa play (II) of Vishakhadatta are same people as the Harahunas of the Mahabharata (II. Quippe cum procacitate sua Nandrum regem offendisset. htm) [14] P.15 "Fuit hic humili quidem genere natus. [22] P. 5. Dr Michael Witzel. Sircar.32. 0243& layout=& loc=62. Harvard University. interfici a rege iussus salutem pedum ceieritate quaesierat. hinduism. see also: Early History of Iranians and Atharvaveda. p23 [28] "L'age d'or de l'Inde Classique". pp 8. 322 BC : Chandragupta Maurya founds the Maurya Empire. 250 BC : Ashoka builds Buddhist stupas and erects pillars bering inscriptions. A. 261 BC : Ashoka conquers the kingdom of Kalinga.4. 92 Paurānic and Tāntric Religion: Early Phase By Jitendra Nath Banerjea [24] P. [21] Source: "Butkara I". Notes [5] :"Androcottus. Hoc prodigio primum ad spem regni inpulsus) contractis latronibus Indos ad nouitatem regni sollicitauit. 2. [30] Rangarajan. Auctor libertatis Sandrocottus fuerat.15 (http:/ / www. Persica-9. 01. forumromanum. is killed by a rival dynasty. tufts. 14 siquidem occupato regno populum quem ab externa dominatione uindicauerat ipse seruitio premebat. p 66.Maurya Empire in large part. [11] Source:Megasthenes fragment XXVII (http:/ / www. mssu.4. htm) [26] Jerry Bentley. za/ chanakya. 301-269 BC : Reign of Bindusara. quae post mortem Alexandri. edu/ cgi-bin/ ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999. ueluti ceruicibus iugo seruitutis excusso. M. Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press). perseus." Justin XV. 184 BC :The empire collapses when Brihadnatha. Dr D. They were located in Herat/Aria according to Dr Moti Chandra and were an earlier branch of the Hunas (See: Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva. Also: Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India. org/ literature/ justin/ trad15." Justin XV. 171 Asoka and his inscriptions.co. Volume 1 by Beni Madhab Barua. 146 History and doctrines of the Ājīvikas: a vanished Indian religion by Arthur Llewellyn Basham [16] P. 138 and P. 1945. Facenna. Mudrarakshasa 2). forumromanum. southern India. 1) [6] :"He was of humble Indian to a change of rule. cfm?abstract_id=796464) University of Michigan. edu/ cgi-bin/ ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999. [20] The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India. (2001) India's Wildlife History.4. p22 [29] Rangarajan. .12–13 (http:/ / www. 0243& layout=& loc=62. 13th Rock Edict. p 33. Dr Moti Chandra. saw Alexander himself. sed titulum libertatis post uictoriam in seruitutem uerterat . 1971. Chandragupta's son. Asian Educational Services. 21) [41] Vincent A. wisc. pg. "A Guide to Sanchi".org/Asoka. (Kachroo ." Justin XV. Indiam possidebat. "Deipnosophistae" XIV. Gotham Books. [40] Pliny the Elder. de/ cgi-bin/ ptext?lookup=Plin. tufts. The Syrian Wars 55 (http:/ /) [38] W.cs. The Journal of Hellenic Studies 60.amazon. + Nat. Fuller. "Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. 39 [49] [50] [51] [52] According to the Ashokavadana Sir John Marshall. Classical Philology 14 (4).htm) The Mauryan Empire from Britannica (. livius. (Hunter. mpiwg-berlin. W. Deip. [39] Partha Sarathi Bose (2003). net/ afghanistan/ mauryans. I. + 11. [43] http:/ /) Extent of the Empire (. The Generalship of Alexander the Great ISBN 0-306-81330-0 (. History of Rome.indianchild. org/ ap-ark/ appian/ appian_syriaca_11.p. wisc.p.php?q=mauryan_empire) at All Empires Livius. Tarmita".com/gp/ product/0306813300) • Siddharth Petare 14 February 2013 @ 2 pm External links • • • • • • • The Mauryan Empire (. 84-94. Eastern Book House. afghanan. forumromanum. Arthashastra ISBN 0-14-044603-6 (. AthV3& isize=M& page=1044) [46] http:/ / www. + 6. Sic adquisito regno Sandrocottus ea tempestate. ISBN 1-59240-053-1.4.167) [37] The evolution of man and society. com/gp/product/0140513353) • Chanakya.colostate.F. p.html) Mauryan Empire of India (. Seleucus' 500 Elephants.amazon. Chap.38 E. perseus.19 (http:/ /: Maurya dynasty () Ashoka and Buddhism (. mpg. The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece ISBN 0-14-051335-3 (. Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy. html) [48] http:/ /. Institut Orientaliste. (Darlington . html [44] Ath. edu/ cgi-bin/ Literature/ Literature-idx?type=goto& id=Literature.196) [36] The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Tarn (1940). edu/ cgi-bin/ ptext?lookup=Plb.67 (http:/ / digicoll. Lamotte: History of Indian Buddhism. Asoka. org/ mahavamsa/ chapters. ISBN 81-206-1303-1. org/ literature/ justin/ trad15. p. forumromanum.com/article/index. library. 2. "The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology". html) [34] Appian. [42] Walter Eugene Clark (1919).html) Preceded by Magadha dynasties Succeeded by Nanda dynasty Sunga dynasty . qua Seleucus futurae magnitudinis fundamenta iaciebat.htm) Ashoka's Edicts (. 21 (http:/ / perseus.com/kalranga/ancient/maurya. html) [35] Ancient India. "The Natural History".C. Louvain-la-Neuve 1988 (1958) Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas by Romila Thapar. 297-313.com/mauryan_empire. Oxford University Press. Smith (1998).32 (http:/ / digicoll. library.com/gp/product/0140446036) • J. edu/ cgi-bin/ Literature/ Literature-idx?type=turn& entity=Literature000701860036& isize=M& pview=hide) [45] Athenaeus.p. htm [47] Full text of the Mahavamsa Click chapter XII (http:/ / lakdiva. org/ literature/ justin/ trad15. 1960 P200 140 References • Robert Morkot.Maurya Empire html) [33] . 1990. ISBN 81-85204-32) List of Mauryan rulers The Maurya dynasty ruled over a geographically extensive empire in India from 321 to 185 BC.272 BC 304 . 185 BC c.224 BC 232 BC 224 BC 215 BC 202 BC 195 BC 187 BC 224 BC 215 BC 202 BC 195 BC 187 BC 185 BC Mauryan dynasty Mauryan dynasty Mauryan dynasty Mauryan dynasty Mauryan dynasty Mauryan dynasty Lifespan 345 .298 BC 320 .Maurya Empire 141. Rulers Name Chandragupta Maurya Bindusara Ashoka the Great • ashoka Dasaratha Samprati Salisuka Devavarman Satadhanvan Brihadratha d. 252 .232 BC Reign start 322 BC 298 BC 274 BC Reign Notes end 298 BC 272 BC 232 BC Family Mauryan dynasty Mauryan dynasty Mauryan dynasty Image . List of Mauryan rulers 142 References Nanda Empire Nanda Empire ← 424 BC–321 BC → The Nanda Empire at its greatest extent under Dhana Nanda circa 323 BC. the Nanda Empire extended from Bengal in the east. to Punjab in the west and as far south as the Vindhya Range.[1] The Nanda Empire was later conquered by Chandragupta Maurya. Capital Languages Religion Pataliputra Sanskrit Jainism Hinduism Buddhism Monarchy Mahapadma Nanda Dhana Nanda Historical era Established Disestablished Antiquity 424 BC 321 BC Government Samrat • • Outline of South Asian history History of Indian subcontinent The Nanda Empire originated from the region of Magadha in ancient India during the 5th and 4th centuries BC. . who founded the Maurya Empire. At its greatest extent. 2. The Nandas who usurped the throne of the Shishunaga dynasty were thought to be of low origin with some sources stating that the dynasty's founder. 424 BC – ?) • • • • • • • • • Pandhuka Panghupati Bhutapala Rashtrapala Govishanaka Dashasidkhaka Kaivarta Mahendra Dhana Nanda (Argames) (? – c. List of Nanda rulers • Mahapadma Nanda (c. 31.[citation needed]. 80. According to Plutarch however. was the son of a Shudra . was the ruler of the Nanda dynasty for all but 12 of the dynasty's 100 years. Asmakas. 28–33.000 infantry. to name a few . Kasis. He expanded his territory south of the Deccan plains. 321 BC) Asiain 323 BC. defeated the Panchalas. Surasenas and the Vitihotras. Kurus. Haihayas. who invaded India at the time of Dhana Nanda. Footnotes [1] Radha Kumud Mookerji. However. numbering 200.000 war elephants.Nanda Empire 143 Establishment of the dynasty Mahapadma Nanda. Kalingas. the size of the Nanda army was even larger. 8. To this purpose they built up a vast army. since Alexander had to confine his campaign to the plains of Punjab. They inherited the large kingdom of Magadha and wished to extend it to yet more distant frontiers.000 war chariots and 3. Mahapadma. who died at the age of 88. (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.000 cavalry. the Nandas never had the opportunity to see their army up against Alexander. 1988 [1966]).000 cavalry. 20. frightened by the prospect of facing a formidable foe. This river thus marks the eastern-most extent of Alexander's conquests. mutinied at the Hyphasis River (the modern Beas River) refusing to march any further. 4th ed.000 war chariots. showing borders of the Nanda Empire in relation to Alexander's Empire and neighbors. Chandragupta Maurya and His Times. Mahapadma Nanda. consisting of 200.000 infantry. Preceded by Nanda Dynasty Succeeded by Shishunaga dynasty (345 BC–321 BC) Maurya dynasty . for his forces. and 6. Maithilas.000 war elephants (at the lowest estimates). [2] Nanda rule The Nandas are sometimes described as the first empire builders in the recorded history of India. who has been described as "the destroyer of all the Kshatriyas". Nanda Empire 144) . Magadhi Prakrit. Sanskrit) Hinduism Jainism Buddhism Brahmanism Absolute Monarchy as described in the Arthashastra Antiquity 500 BC Government Historical era .Established .Disestablished 321 BC Currency Today part of Panas India Bangladesh • • Outline of South Asian history History of Indian subcontinent .g. then Pataliputra (Modern day Patna) Old Indic Languages (e. Other Prakrits.Magadha 145 Magadha Kingdom of Magadha ← 500 BC–321 BC → The approximate extent of the Magadha state in the 5th century BCE Capital Languages Religion Rajagriha. Maithili. Magadha 146 Part of a series on the History of Bangladesh History of Bengal • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Vedic period NBWP culture Gangaridai Magadha Maurya Empire Pundravardhana Vanga Suhma Anga Harikela Magadha Pradyota dynasty Shishunaga dynasty Nanda Empire Sunga Empire Kanva dynasty Gupta Empire Kamboja Pala dynasty Shashanka Pala Empire Sena dynasty Delhi Sultanate Sultanate of Bengal Deva dynasty Raja Ganesha Mughal Empire Maharaja Pratap Aditya Nawab of Bengal Baro-Bhuyan Zamindari system Bengal famine of 1770 Company Raj British Raj Bengal Renaissance Partition of Bengal (1905) Partition of Bengal (1947) East Bengal Partition of India East Pakistan Liberation War . most significantly a belief in rebirth and karmic retribution.[4] Early Jaina and Brahmanical scriptures describe varieties of ascetic practices that are based on shared assumptions. Aurangabad. mathematics. and parts of Bengal in the east. on the south by the Vindhya mountains and on the west by the river Sone. It was bounded on the north by the river Ganges. Two of India's major religions.[2] The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas. and philosophy and were considered the Indian "Golden Age". Nawadah and Gaya in southern Bihar. two of India's greatest empires. The Magadha state c.[5] The belief in rebirth and karmic retribution was an important feature in later developments in Indian religion and philosophy. Mahabharata. Much of the second urbanisation took place here from c. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas. Jehanabad. . before it expanded The importance of Magadha's culture can be seen in that both Buddhism and Jainism adopted some of its features.[1] followed by much of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. Jainism. religion.[3] This region of Greater Magadha had a culture and religious beliefs of its own that predated the sanatan dharma. originated from Magadha. Puranas. and Mujavats. and Buddhism have roots in Magadha. its first capital was Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna). its boundaries included Anga. 600 BC. The Magadha kingdom included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. During the Buddha’s time and onward. and military functions. These practices and their underlying assumptions were present in the culture of Greater Magadha at an early date and are likely to have influenced Jainism and other religions. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is heavily mentioned in Jain and Buddhist texts. Geography The kingdom of the Magadha roughly corresponds to the modern districts of Patna. judicial.Magadha • 147 People's Republic of Bangladesh See also • • • Timeline Rulers of Bengal Legendary kings of Magadha Bangladesh portal Magadha (Sanskrit: मगध) formed one of the sixteen Mahā-Janapadas (Sanskrit: "Great Countries") or kingdoms in ancient India. on the east by the river Champa. These empires saw advancements in ancient India's science. astronomy. Their administrations were divided into executive. 500 BCE onwards and it was here that Jainism became strong and Buddhism arose. Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and Bengal with the conquest of Licchavi and Anga respectively. Gandharis. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges. the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire. These assumptions included the belief that liberation can be achieved through knowledge of the self. Nalanda. Magadha 148 Recorded History There is little certain information available on the early rulers of Magadha. king of neighboring Kosala and brother-in-law of King Bimbisara. conquering Anga in what is now West Bengal. King Bimbisara of the Haryanka dynasty led an active and expansive policy. King Pasenadi(Prasenajit). the Nanda Dynasty ended and Chandragupta became the first king of the great Mauryan Dynasty and Mauryan Empire with the help of Vishnugupta. It took fifteen years for Ajatashatru to defeat them. Gupta Dynasty expanded beyond Magadha. Jain texts tell how Ajatashatru used two new weapons: a catapult. the Mauryan Empire ended. As the scene of many incidents in his life. Sunga and Khārabēḷa Empire ended and the Gupta Empire began. Śiśunāga Dynasty ruled Magadha from 684 – 424 BC. such as the Pāli Canon. the army of Alexander approached the boundaries of Magadha. and a covered chariot with swinging mace that has been compared to a modern tank. was persuaded that it was better to return and turned south. King Prasenajit allowed him and his army return to Magadha. Magadha is often considered a blessed land. Pataliputra began to grow as a center of commerce and became the capital of Magadha after Ajatashatru's death. Ajatashatru was trapped by an ambush and captured with his army. mutinied at the Hyphasis (modern Beas) and refused to march further East. Torn by disagreements the Licchavis with many tribes that fought with Ajatashatru. Magadha rose to prominence under a number of dynasties that peaked with the reign of Asoka Maurya. Accounts differ slightly as to the cause of King Ajatashatru's war with the Licchavi republic. The Haryanka dynasty was overthrown by the Shishunaga dynasty. Later. Harayanka Dynasty. In 326 BC. Kalasoka was assassinated by Mahapadma Nanda in 424 BC. one of India's most legendary and famous emperors. Magadha Dynasties Brihadratha Dynasty. it appears that Magadha was ruled by the Haryanka dynasty for some 200 years. the Buddhist Chronicles of Sri Lanka. The last ruler of Shishunaga Dynsty. The Empire later extended over most of Southern Asia under King Asoka. an area north of the river Ganges. c. The most important sources are the Puranas. The capital of the Gupta Empire remained Pataliputra. conquering his way down the Indus to the Ocean. Ajatashatru built a fort at the town of Pataliputra. Pradyota Dynasty. Maurya Dynasty. after the meeting with his officer. The Nanda Dynasty ruled for about 100 years. 684 BC – 424 BC. including his enlightenment. Based on these sources. Sunga Dynasty. in Magadha. and other Jain and Buddhist texts. Afterwards the Nanda Dynasty. Siddhartha Gautama himself was born a prince of Kapilavastu in Kosala around the 5th century BCE. The death of King Bimbisara was at the hands of his son. Around 321 BC. the first of the so-called Nine Nandas (Mahapadma and his eight sons). King Pasenadi also gave his daughter in marriage to the new young king. and restored the province of Kashi. Alexander. However. Amongst the sixteen Mahajanapadas. Prince Ajatashatru. during the Haryanka dynasty. retook the gift of the Kashi province and a war was triggered between Kosala and Magadha. It appears that Ajatashatru sent a minister to the area who for three years worked to undermine the unity of the Licchavis. who was at first known as 'Asoka the Cruel' but later became a disciple of Buddhism and became known as 'Dhamma Asoka'. . Coenus. exhausted and frightened at the prospect of facing another giant Indian army at the Ganges. Kanva Dynasty. To launch his attack across the Ganges River. The army. Gautama Buddha in the 6th or 5th century BC was the founder of Buddhism. when it was overthrown by the Shishunaga dynasty. The kingdom had a particularly bloody succession. and under whose rule the dynasty reached its largest extent. it is thought that a civil revolt led to the emergence of the Nanda dynasty. the Magadha Empire was established by the Brihadratha Dynasty. The first prominent Emperor of the Magadhan branch of Bharathas was Emperor Brihadratha. His son Jarasandha appears in popular legend and is slain by Bhima in the Mahabharatha. later Pataliputra. Bimbisara (543–493 BCE) was imprisoned and killed by his son Ajatashatru (ruled 491–461 BCE) who then became his successor. Anuruddha eventually succeeded Udaybhadra through assassination. Udayabhadra eventually succeeded his father. This dynasty was succeeded by the Nanda dynasty. Pradyotas ruled over another Mahajanapada Avanti and conquered Magadha for very short span of 138 years. later Pataliputra. During their time. The land of Kosala fell to Magadha in this way. and his son Munda succeeded him in the same fashion. The Shishunaga dynasty in its time was one of the largest empires of the Indian subcontinent. Shishunaga dynasty According to tradition. the Shishunaga dynasty founded the Magadha Empire in 430 BC. it is reported that crimes were commonplace in Magadha.Magadha 149 Brihadratha dynasty According to the Puranas. He established the Magadha empire (in 430 BC). with its original capital in Rajgriha. Bimbisara was responsible for expanding the boundaries of his kingdom through matrimonial alliances and conquest. near the present day Patna in India. This period saw the development of two of India's major religions that started from Magadha. Ajatashatru. Its courtesan. Pradyota dynasty The Brihadrathas were succeeded by the Pradyotas who (according to the Vayu Purana) ruled for 138 years. Shishunaga (also called King Sisunaka) was the founder of a dynasty of 10 kings. the Haryanka dynasty founded the Magadha Empire in 684 BC. Due in part to this bloody dynastic feuding. while Mahavira revived and propagated the ancient religion of Jainism. This dynasty lasted until 424 BC. Licchavi was an ancient republic which existed in what is now Bihar state of India. which later spread to East Asia and South-East Asia. Haryanka dynasty According to tradition. Ambapali. whose capital was Rajagriha. Vayu Purana mentions that the Brihadrathas ruled for 1000 years. Ajatashatru.[6][7] Vaishali was the capital of the Licchavis and the Vajjian Confederacy. collectively called the Shishunaga dynasty. This empire. who was the sixth in line from Emperor Kuru of the Bharata dynasty through his eldest son Sudhanush. . is thought to have ruled from 491–461 BCE and moved his capital of the Magadha kingdom from Rajagriha to Patliputra. Pradyota dynasty continued to rule in Avanti until it was conquered by Shishunaga who defeated the last Pradyota king Nandivardhana. since before the birth of Mahavira (born 599 BC). whose capital was Rajagriha. under him Patliputra became the largest city in the world. This led to the emergence of the Haryanka dynasty. One of the Pradyota traditions was for the prince to kill his father to become king.[8] Ajatashatru went to war with the Licchavi several times. However. near the present day Patna. later shifted to Pataliputra (both currently in the Indian state of Bihar). was famous for her beauty. and helped in large measure in making the city prosperous. the people rose up in civil revolt and elected Haryanka to become the king. as did his son Nagadasaka. Tired of the dynastic feuds and the crimes. They inherited the large kingdom of Magadha and wished to extend it to yet more distant frontiers. The Nanda Empire at its greatest extent Maurya dynasty In 321 BC. Kshemadharman (618–582 BC). barring the extreme south and east. Chandragupta was succeeded by his son Bindusara.Magadha 150 Shishunaga dynasty Rulers Shishunaga (430 BC). exiled general Chandragupta Maurya founded the Maurya dynasty after overthrowing the reigning Nanda king Dhana Nanda to establish the Maurya Empire. ruling the bulk of this 100-year dynasty. The Nandas are sometimes described as the first empire builders of India. The Maurya Empire at its greatest extent(Asoka's empire) . the Mauryan empire under Chandragupta would not only conquer most of the Indian subcontinent. Nanda dynasty The Nanda dynasty was established by an illegitimate son of the king Mahanandin of the previous Shishunaga dynasty. conquering the Gandhara region. Kalasoka. but also push its boundaries into Persia and Central Asia. who expanded the kingdom over most of present day India. most of the subcontinent was united under a single government for the first time. his empire is inherited by his illegitimate son Mahapadma Nanda. The greatest extent of the empire was led by Dhana Nanda. Kshatraujas (582–558 BC). Capitalising on the destabilization of northern India by the Persian and Greek incursions. During this time. established the kingdom of Magadha. Mahanandin (until 424 BC). The Nandas were followed by the Maurya dynasty. Mahapadma Nanda died at the age of 88. Kakavarna (394–364 BC). about fifty years after Ashoka's death. the Satavahana dynasty of the Andhra kingdom replaced the Magandhan kingdom as the most powerful Indian state. . Pusyamitra Sunga then ascended the throne. Following the collapse of the Kanva dynasty. The Edicts of Ashoka are the oldest preserved historical documents of India. approximate dating of dynasties becomes possible. In the aftermath of the carnage caused in the invasion of Kalinga. built during the Mauryan period Sunga dynasty The Sunga dynasty was established in 185 BC. Kanva dynasty The Kanva dynasty replaced the Sunga dynasty. he renounced bloodshed and pursued a policy of non-violence or ahimsa after converting to Buddhism. Ashoka the Great has been described as one of the greatest rulers the world has seen. In 30 BC. while he was taking the Guard of Honour of his forces. The Mauryan dynasty under Ashoka was responsible for the proliferation of Buddhist ideals across the whole of East Asia and South-East Asia.Magadha 151 The kingdom was inherited by his son Ashoka The Great who initially sought to expand his kingdom. when the king Brihadratha. Pusyamitra Sunga. fundamentally altering the history and development of Asia as a whole. The Kanva ruler allowed the kings of the Sunga dynasty to continue to rule in obscurity in a corner of their former Extent of the Sunga Empire dominions. the southern power swept away both the Kanvas and Sungas and the province of Eastern Malwa was absorbed within the dominions of the conqueror. and from Ashoka's time. Magadha was ruled by four Kanva rulers. was assassinated by the then commander-in-chief of the Mauryan armed forces. The Buddhist stupa at Sanchi. The last ruler of the Sunga dynasty was overthrown by Vasudeva of the Kanva dynasty in 75 BC. and ruled in the eastern part of India from 71 BC to 26 BC. the last of the Mauryan rulers. mathematics. art. was invented in India during this period. technology.Magadha 152 Gupta dynasty The Gupta dynasty ruled from around 240 to 550 AD. including the concept of zero. and painting. Sri Lanka. 376–415) —brought much of India under their leadership. The military exploits of the first three rulers—Chandragupta I (c. Samudragupta (c. dialectic. Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural center and established it as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma. engineering. with their capital at Bamiyan. literature. logic. the Malay Archipelago. astronomy.[16] Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era. Varahamihira.[14] The high points of this cultural creativity are magnificent architecture. Gupta Empire (240 to 550 AD) Vishnu Sharma. religion.[12] The decimal numeral system. much of the Deccan and southern India were largely unaffected by these events in the north.[17] They successfully resisted the northwestern kingdoms until the arrival of the Hunas. 319–335). • • • • • • • • • •) • Vipra (1321–1296 BC) • Suchi (1296–1238 BC) .[13] The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors in India. The Gupta period marked a watershed of Indian culture: the Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule. and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture. and Indochina. who established themselves in Afghanistan by the first half of the 5th century.[9][10] This period has been called the Golden Age of India[11] and was marked by extensive achievements in science.[19][20] Kings of Magadha Brihadratha Dynasty Semi-legendary rulers in Purana accounts. but they also patronized Buddhism. and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields. which continued to provide an alternative to Brahmanical orthodoxy. The Gupta Empire was one of the largest political and military empires in ancient India. and Chandragupta II (c. 335–376). sculpture. Aryabhata.[15] The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa.[18] However. • Dasaratha (232–224 BC) • Samprati (224–215 BC) • Salisuka (215–202 BC) • Devavarman (202–195 BC) • Satadhanvan (195–187 BC). illegitimate son of Mahanandin. Xandrammes) (until 321 BCE).The greatest emperor of ancient India founded the Mauryan Empire after defeating both the Nanda Empire and the Macedonian Seleucid Empire • Bindusara or Amritrochates (301–273 BC) • Ashoka Vardhana (Ashoka the Great) (273–232 BC).Magadha • • • • • • • • • • •) 153 Pradyota dynasty Ruling 799–684 BC according to calculations based on the Vayu Purana[citation needed]. the Mauryan Empire had shrunk by the time of his reign . grant animal rights and promote non-violence. • Pradyota • Palaka • Visakhayupa • Ajaka • Varttivarddhana Nanda Dynasty (345–321 BCE) • Mahapadma Nanda Ugrasena (from 345 BCE). lost his empire to Chandragupta Maurya after being defeated by him Maurya Dynasty (324–184 BC) • Chandragupta Maurya (Chandragupta The Great) (Sandrakottos) (324–301 BC). considered the greatest ancient Indian emperor. adopt Buddhism.often called the emperor of all ages. a secular administrator. first emperor to unify India (after conquering most of South Asia and Afghanistan). founded the Nanda Empire after inheriting Mahanandin's empire • Pandhuka • Panghupati • Bhutapala • Rashtrapala • Govishanaka • Anal • Dashasidkhaka • Kaivarta • Dhana (Agrammes.. 240–290) • Ghatotkacha (290–305) • Chandra Gupta I (305–335).c. 66 BCE) • Bhumimitra (c. the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien describes Indian culture during his reign • Kumara Gupta I (415–455) • Skanda Gupta (455–467) • Kumara Gupta II (467–477) • Buddha Gupta (477–496) • Chandra Gupta III (496–500) • Vainya Gupta (500–515) • Narasimha Gupta (510–530) • Kumara Gupta III (530–540) • Vishnu Gupta (c.c. 26 BCE) Gupta Dynasty (c. 240–550 AD) • Sri-Gupta I (c. mentioned by the Puranas Devabhuti (83–73 BC).c. 66 . which is often regarded as the golden age of Indian culture • Samudra Gupta (335–370) • Rama Gupta (370–375) • Chandra Gupta II (Chandragupta Vikramaditya) (375–415). founder of the Gupta Empire. 540–550) . 73 . 40 BCE) • Susarman (c. last Sunga king Kanva Dynasty (73–26 BC) • Vasudeva (c. 52 BCE) • Narayana (c. the Gupta Empire achieved its zenith under his reign.c. 40 .Magadha • Brihadrata (187–184 BC). founded the dynasty after assassinating Brihadrata Agnimitra (149–141 BC). assassinated by Pusyamitra Shunga 154 Shunga Dynasty (185–73 BC) • • • • • • • • • • Pusyamitra Shunga (185–149 BC). 52 . son of Samudra Gupta. p 650.. p172. M.Magadha 155 Notes [1] Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. [3] Satapatha Brahmana 13.1. D. A. Encyclopædia Britannica Online] [8] Vin.i./ eb/ article-9074639/ Vaisali)].org/stream/ ancientindiantri032697mbp#page/n111/mode/2up). References 1. ISBN 90-04-15719-0 [5] ibid. www. (1972). Mahajan. Dr R. Bimala Churn (1926). History and Culture of Indian People. www. 2007.4.com/page/ancient-history). South Asia Series.14-17 [4] Bronkhorst.5 and 1. p 50. p 339. Dr V. Smith. Dr V. britannica. ISBN 81-208-0436-8.8. Majumdar. Studies in the Culture of Early India. I. H. McGovern. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Motilal Banarsidas.peopleofbihar. Pusalkar.archive. [20] Ancient India. 2003.268 [18] Iaroslav Lebedynsky. [19] Early History of India. "4. Law. Political History of Ancient India. External links • Ancient History of Great Magadha (. com/ eb/ article-9048151/ Licchavi) [7] [[Vaishali (ancient city)\|Vaishali (http:/ / p2. Raychaudhuri. The Age of Imperial Kanauj.C. Johannes. Greater Magadha. The Magadhas" (. Brill Academic Publishers Inc. Dr A. Ancient Indian Tribes. Calcutta: University of Calcutta Unknown parameter \|loc= ignored (help). See also Early Empire of Central Asia (1939). britannica. D. C.1. W. Ancient India. section 2.1 [6] "Licchavi". 2. "Les Nomades". Encyclopædia Britannica Online (http:/ / p2. ruled this kingdom from 543-491 BC and belonged to the Hariyanka dynasty. as it stated in the Puranas. Buddhist texts and Jaina texts. However. ruled Magadha for 1000 years followed by the Pradyota dynasty which ruled for 138 years. these rulers are mentioned in the Hindu texts. His descendants. a son of Brihadratha. Kings in the Vayu Purana The list of legendary kings of Magadha according to the Vayu Purana are as follows Srutasravas Ayutayus Niramitra Sukshatra ? 1760 BC 1718 BC 1676 BC 1618 BC 1551 BC 1515 BC 1415 BC ? 1718 BC 1676 BC 1618 BC 1551 BC 1515 BC 1415 BC 1407 BC 1384 BC 1361 BC 1321 BC 1296 BC 1238 BC 1210 BC 1150 BC 1145 BC 1107 BC 1059 BC 1026 BC 1004 BC 964 BC 884 BC 849 2172 BC Brihatkarman 1407 BC Senajit Srutanjaya Vipra Suchi Kshemya Subrata Dharma Susuma Dridhasena Sumati Subhala Sunita Satyajit Biswajit 1384 BC 1361 BC 1321 BC 1296 BC 1238 BC 1210 BC 1150 BC 1145 BC 1107 BC 1059 BC 1026 BC 1004 BC 964 BC 884 BC .Legendary kings of Magadha 156 Legendary kings of Magadha The Magadha empire was established very likely by semi-mythical king Jarasandha who was. However. Jarasandha appears in the Mahabharatha as the "Magadhan Emperor who rules all India" and meets with an unceremonious ending. also known as King Shrenik. according to the Vayu Purana. no sufficient evidence to prove the historicity of this claim. one of the descendants of eponymical Puru. King Bimbisara. Legendary kings of Magadha 157 799 BC 2172 BC 2122 BC Ripunjaya 849 BC Janaka 779 BC 776 BC 752 BC 702 BC 776 BC 752 BC 702 BC 681 BC 661 BC 2122 BC 2119 BC 2085 BC 2035 BC 2014 BC 2119 BC 2085 BC 2035 BC 2014 BC 1994 BC Nandivardhdhana 681 BC Kings in the Matsya Purana 1760 BC 1718 BC 1676 BC ? 1718 BC 1676 BC 1618 BC 1433 BC 1407 BC 1367 BC 1311 BC 1288 BC 1238 BC 1198 BC 1170 BC 1170 BC 1142 BC 1078 BC 1078 BC 1020 BC 992 BC 944 BC 914 BC 882 BC 832172 2122 BC Srutasravas 1497 BC Apratipa Niramitra Sukshatra Brihatsena Senajit Srutanjaya Vidhu Suchi Kshemya Subrata Sunetra Nivritti Trinetra Mahatsena Netra Abala Ripunjaya 1433 BC 1407 BC 1367 BC 1311 BC 1288 BC 1238 BC 1198 BC 1234 BC 1170 BC 1142 BC 1113 BC 1078 BC 1020 BC 992 BC 944 BC 914 BC 882 BC . Legendary kings of Magadha 158 Suryaka 832 BC 809 BC 781 BC 708 BC 809 BC 781 BC 728 BC 687 BC 667 BC 2122 BC 2119 BC 2094 BC 2041 BC 2020 BC 2119 BC 2085 BC 2041 BC 2020 BC 2000 BC Nandivardhdhana 687 BC Preceded by Magadha dynasties Succeeded by None Pradyota dynasty Pradyota dynasty Pradyota dynasty is an ancient Indian dynasty. According to both Buddhist texts and Jain texts.S. During their time. which ruled over Avanti in the present-day Madhya Pradesh state. This led to the emergence of the Haryanka dynasty in Magadha. the people of Magadha rose up in civil revolt and elected Haryanka to become the king in 684 BCE. it is reported that crimes were commonplace in Magadha. (2007). preserved in the University of Dhaka) say that this dynasty succeeded the Barhadratha dynasty in Magadha. p.300 . Pradyota dynasty continued to rule in Avanti until it was conquered by Shishunaga who defeated the last Pradyota king Nandivardhana and also destroyed the Haryanka dynasty of Magadha in 413 BCE. making the kingdom powerful. ISBN 81-7276-413-8. Mumbai: Baratiya Vidya Bhavan. However. Palaka. the son of the Avanti king Pradyota. Ancient Indian Dynasties. conquered Kaushambi. though most of the Puranas (except a manuscript of the Brahmanda Purana. Pradyotas of Avanti annexed Magadha and ruled there for 138 years from 799–684 BCE.[1] According to the Vayu Purana. Pradyota dynasty rulers • • • • • Pradyota Mahasena Palaka Visakhayupa Ajaka or Aryaka Varttivarddhana or Nandivardhana Preceded by Avanti dynasties Succeeded by Vitihotra dynasty Shishunaga dynasty Notes [1] Misra. one of Pradyota tradition was that king's son would kill his father to become the successor. Tired of the dynastic feuds and the crimes. V. Bimbisara was not the founder of this dynasty. Initially. According to the Puranas.Established 684 BC . but the Puranas refer him as Hemajit. as he was anointed king by his father at the age of fifteen. near the present day Patna in India. the capital was Rajagriha.[1] According to another Buddhist text.[2] According to Turnour and N. Later. it was shifted to Pataliputra. Dey. Kshetroja or Ksetrauja and the Tibetan texts mention him as Mahapadma. later Pataliputra Sanskrit Hinduism Buddhism Monarchy Bimbisara Ajatashatru Udayabhadra Government King History . but an earlier authority. This dynasty was succeeded by the Shishunaga dynasty. which succeeded the Barhadratha dynasty.Haryanka dynasty 159 Haryanka dynasty Haryanka dynasty ← Capital Languages Religion 684 BC–413 BC → Rajagriha. Kshemajit. the Mahavamsa. the name of the father of Bimbisara was Bhatiya or Bhattiya.Disestablished 413 BC • • Outline of South Asian history History of Indian subcontinent The Haryanka dynasty was the second ruling dynasty of Magadha. an ancient kingdom in India.L.[3] The reign of this dynasty probably began in 684 BCE. who is mentioned as a ruler of the Shaishunaga dynasty in the Puranas. Ashvagosha in his Buddhacharita refers to Bimbisara. the second ruling dynasty was the Shaishunga dynasty. . as a scion of the Haryanka-kula. ruled by the Licchavis. under whose rule the dynasty reached its largest extent.Haryanka dynasty 160 Bimbisara The Haryanka king Bimbisara was responsible for expanding the boundaries of his kingdom through matrimonial alliances and conquest. as did his son Nagadasaka. Anuruddha eventually succeeded Udaybhadra through assassination. Ajatashatru. Due in part to this bloody dynastic feuding. He is believed to have ruled for sixteen years. which under the later Mauryan dynasty.000 small settlements. He built a stupa in Rajgirha on the Ashes of Lord Buddha. Ajatashatru Eastern border of the Achaemenid Empire In some sources. Estimates place the territory ruled by this early dynasty at 300 leagues in diameter. He remained a devout devotee and follower of Buddha throughout his life. he incorporated kashi and vajji into his kingdom. Udayabhadra The Mahavamsa text tells that Udayabhadra eventually succeeded his father. moving the capital of the Magadha kingdom to Pataliputra. Bimbsara was contemporary of Lord Mahavir and devout follower of Buddha. due to a border dispute involving gem mines. Bimbisara was imprisoned and killed by his son and successor. He is thought to have ruled from 492 to 460 BCE. First Bodh sangati was held during his rule in Rajgirh in which Bodh education was scripted in two books named sutpatika and vinyapatika. He ruled 28 years according to Purana and according to Bodh he ruled 32 years. went to war with the kingdom of Magadha at some point. He is referred to as King Shrenik in Jain scriptures. Due to his expanding stategy. it is thought that a civil revolt led to the emergence of the Shishunaga dynasty. Udayin killed him and became the king of magadha. Possibly preceded Haryanka dynasty Succeeded by: by: Shishunaga dynasty Brihadrathas dynasty . Lord Buddha got nirvan in his eighth year of his rule[citation needed]. The land of Kosala fell to Magadha in this way. and his son Munda succeeded him in the same fashion. Ajatasattu (or Ajatashatru). and encompassing 80. Later rulers The kingdom had a particularly bloody succession. Vaishali. would become the largest city in the world. C. Calcutta: University of Calcutta Unknown parameter \|loc= ignored (help). . (1972). Political History of Ancient India. Raychaudhuri.Haryanka dynasty 161 Notes References 1. H. [2] The capital of this dynasty initially was Rajagriha. Kakavarna was succeeded by his ten sons.Shishunaga dynasty 162 Shishunaga dynasty Shishunaga Empire ← Capital Languages Religion 413 BC–345 BC → vaishali Sanskrit Hinduism Buddhism Monarchy Government King History Established 413–395 BCE Shishunaga 367–345 BCE Mahanandin 413 BC Disestablished 345 BC • • Outline of South Asian history History of Indian subcontinent The Shishunaga dynasty is believed to have been the third ruling dynasty of Magadha. According to tradition.[5] . with its original capital in Rajgriha. But according to the Puranas. The Shishunaga dynasty in its time was the rulers of one of the largest empires of the Indian subcontinent.[1] Shishunaga. he was killed by a dagger thrust in to his throat in the vicinity of his capital. later shifted to Pataliputra (both currently in the Indian state of Bihar). During Shishunaga's reign.[3] Shishunaga Shishunaga (also called King Sisunaka) was the founder of this dynasty. the founder of this dynasty was initially an amatya (minister) of the last Haryanka dynasty ruler Nagadasaka and ascended to the thone after a popular rebellion in c.345 BCE. Wilhelm Geiger and Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar concluded that both are same. 413 BCE.[4] According to the Harshacharita. a kingdom in ancient India. This empire. He established the Magadha empire in 413 BCE. Kakavarna Kalashoka According to the Puranas. this dynasty is the second ruling dynasty of Magadha. On the basis of the evidence of the Ashokavadana. but later shifted to Pataliputra. which succeeded the Barhadratha dynasty. Two most significant events of his reign are the Second Buddhist council at Vaishali and the final transfer of capital to Pataliputra. near the present day Patna during the reign of Kakavarna. Hermann Jacobi. known as the Shishunaga or Shaishunaga dynasty. he was the governor of Varanasi. Shishunaga was succeeded by his son Kakavarna and according to the Sinhala chronicles by his son Kalashoka.[] This dynasty was succeeded by the Nanda dynasty in c. Jalika.Shishunaga dynasty 163 Later rulers According to tradition. Sanjaya. ISBN 81-219=0887-6. reprint 2007). Korandavarna. Calcutta: University of Calcutta Unknown parameter \|loc= ignored (help).[] Nandivardhana or Mahanandin was probably the last ruler of this dynasty. V. H. The Mahabodhivamsa states their names as Bhadrasena. Koravya.C. Nandivardhana. Preceded by Haryanka dynasty (Magadha) Pradyota dynasty (Avanti) Shishunaga Dynasty 413–345 BCE Succeeded by Nanda. Ch) . Mangura. Ancient India. New Delhi: S. Shishunaga dynasty rulers • Shishunaga (413–395 BCE) • Kakavarna Kalashoka (395–367 BCE) • Mahanandin (367–345 BCE) Notes References • Mahajan. Political History of Ancient India. Ubhaka. • Raychaudhuri. ten sons of Kalashoka ruled simultaneously. Sarvanjaha. Nandivardhana and Panchamaka. Only one of them mentioned in the Puranic lists. his empire was inherited by his illegitimate son Mahapadma Nanda. (1972).D. (1960. Sunga Empire 164 Sunga Empire Shunga Empire शुंग राजवंश ← 185 BCE–75 BCE → Approximate extent of the Sunga empire in (c. after the fall of the Maurya Empire. The dynasty was established by Pusyamitra Sunga. Capital Pataliputra Vidisa Sanskrit Prakrit Pali Brahmanism Buddhism Jainism Monarchy Languages Religion Government Emperor Historical era Today part of Established Disestablished 185–151 BCE 83–75 BCE Pusyamitra Sunga Devabhuti Antiquity 185 BCE 75 BCE India Bangladesh Nepal The Sunga Empire (Sanskrit: शुंग राजवंश) or Shunga Empire was an Aryan dynasty from Magadha that controlled vast areas of the Indian Subcontinent from around 185 to 73 BCE. Its capital was Pataliputra. 185 BCE). but later emperors such as Bhagabhadra also . 165 Origins The Shunga dynasty was established in 185 BCE. Satavahanas. The empire is noted for its numerous wars with both foreign and indigenous powers. Pusyamitra Sunga then ascended the throne. The Sunga Empire played an imperative role in patronizing Indian culture at a time when some of the most important developments in Hindu thought were taking place. and the city of Ujjain[3] in central India. Pusyamitra Sunga. larger stone sculptures. Musee Guimet. Sunga period (2nd–1st century BCE). Agnimitra was viceroy of Vidisha when the . The empire of Pushyamitra was extended up to Narmada in the south. education. They fought battles with the Kalingas. 2nd century BCE. and possibly the Panchalas and Mathuras. He was succeeded by son Agnimitra. Patanjali`s Yoga Sutras and Mahabhasya were composed in this period. Artistry also progressed with the rise of the Mathura school of art.[2] while he was taking the Guard of Honour of his forces. and the renowned Great Stupa at Sanchi. Art. Thereafter. The Kabul Valley and much of the Punjab passed into the hands of the Indo-Greeks and the Deccan to the Satavahanas. Pushyamitra Sunga became the ruler of the Magadha and neighbouring territories.[1] Pushyamitra Sunga ruled for 36 years and was succeeded by his son Agnimitra. Sunga Period Balustrade-holding Yaksa. there was a downfall of the dynasty and Kanvas succeeded around 73 BCE. Yaksa reliefs. was assassinated by the then commander-in-chief of the Mauryan armed forces. about 50 years after Ashoka's death. This prince is the hero of a famous drama by one of India's greatest playwrights. and other forms of learning flowered during this period including small terracotta images. There were ten Sunga rulers.Sunga Empire held court at Besnagar. The script used by the empire was a variant of Brahmi and was used to write the Sanskrit language. Pushyamitra died after ruling for 36 years (187–151 BCE). and controlled Jalandhar and Sialkot in the Punjab in the north-western regions. Bharhut. the last of the Mauryan rulers. Kalidasa. and architectural monuments such as the Stupa at Bharhut. The Sunga rulers helped to establish the tradition of royal sponsorship of learning and art. the Indo-Greeks. Madhya Pradesh. modern Vidisha in Eastern Malwa. philosophy. when the emperor Brhadratha. [6][7]" Sunga royal family. Gandhara and Bactria.Sunga Empire story takes place. • An inscription at Bodh Gaya at the Mahabodhi Temple records the construction of the temple as follows: "The gift of Nagadevi the wife of Emperor Brahmamitra. The Sungas were succeeded by the Kanva dynasty around 73 BCE.[4] However. Buddhism flourished in the realms of the Bactrian kings. and is believed by some historians to have persecuted Buddhists and contributed to a resurgence of Brahmanism that forced Buddhism outwards to Kashmir. University of Calcutta. 1st century BCE. the mother of living sons and the wife of Emperor Indragnimitra.[5] Some writers believe that Brahmanism competed in political and spiritual realm with Buddhism[4] in the Gangetic plains. the first Brahmin emperor was Pusyamitra Sunga. West Bengal. The existence of Buddhism in Bengal in the Sunga period can also be inferred from a terracotta tablet that was found at Tamralipti and is on exhibit at the Asutosh Museum." • Another inscription reads: "The gift of Kurangi. The power of the Sungas gradually weakened. there is doubt as to whether he did persecute Buddhists actively. The gift also of Srima of the royal palace shrine. . It is said that there were ten Sunga emperors. 166 Buddhism Following the Mauryans. son of Kosiki. [citation needed] Some Indian scholars are of the opinion that the orthodox Sunga emperors were not intolerant towards Buddhism and that Buddhism prospered during the time of the Sunga emperors.[4] Support given Later Sunga emperors were seen as amenable to Buddhism and as having contributed to the building of the stupa at Bharhut. Satavahanas. Wars of the Sungas War and conflict characterized the Sunga period. The net result of these wars remains uncertain. however. From around 180 BCE the Greco-Bactrian ruler Demetrius. Bloch reads these nine letters as "raja-pasada-cetikasa" and translates this expression in relation to the preceding words: "(the gift of Kurangi. etc. "to the caitya (cetika) of the noble temple". 1st century BCE. As regards the first coping inscription. the caitya". suggesting that "the mention of the raja-pasada would seem to connect the donor with the king's family. Sunga. taking the word raja before pasada as an epithet on ornans. the first nine of which read "rajapasada-cetika sa". he has found traces of eleven Brahmi letters after "Kuramgiye danam".Sunga Empire 167 Cunningham has regretted the loss of the latter part of these important records. The Shunga Empire's wars with the Indo-Greek Kingdom figure greatly in the history of this period." Cunningham has translated the expression by "the royal palace. distinguishing the temple as a particularly large and stately building similar to such expressions as rajahastin 'a noble elephant'. rajahamsa `a goose (as distinguished from hamsa 'a duck'). and possibly the Panchalas and Mathuras. The Indo Greek Menander is credited with either joining or leading a campaign to Pataliputra with other Indian rulers." Luders doubtfully suggests "to the king's temple" as a rendering of "raja-pasada-cetikasa." Amorous royal couple. very little is known about the exact nature and success of the campaign. the wife of Indragnimitra and the mother of living sons). the Indo-Greeks. West Bengal. conquered the Kabul Valley and is theorized to have advanced into the trans-Indus. They are known to have warred with the Kalingas. Extent of the Sunga Empire . 2002 edition. Paragraph 47–48. Moreover. Indian Museum. valiant in battle. military victories on their coins ("Victory of the Arjunayanas". However. will reach Kusumadhvaja ("The town of the flower-standard". in which the Indians defeated the Greeks and Pushyamitra successfully completed the Ashvamedha Yagna.[10] relates the attack of the Indo-Greeks on the capital Pataliputra.100-80BC. . Eastern India. Audumbaras and finally the Kunindas also started to mint their own coins). Reddish brown [8] sandstone. on the Indus river. Pataliputra). the Yavanas.Sunga Empire 168. very little can be said with great certainty.[11] and describes the ultimate destruction of the city's walls: "Then. after having approached Saketa together with the Panchalas and the Mathuras. Pushyamitra is recorded to have performed two Ashvamedha Yagnas and Sunga imperial inscriptions have extended as far as Jalandhar. 2nd–1st century BCE. the Trigartas. Then.[9] Also the Hindu text of the Yuga Purana. if it was lost. c. in the Punjab." (Yuga Purana. a play by Kālidāsa which describes a battle between Greek cavalrymen and Vasumitra. a magnificent fortified city with 570 towers and 64 gates according to Megasthenes. what does appear clear is that the two realms appeared to have established normalized diplomatic relations in the succeeding reigns of their respective rulers. the grandson of Pushyamitra. Accounts of battles between the Greeks and the Sunga in Northwestern India are also found in the Mālavikāgnimitram. Calcutta (drawing). and during the 1st century BCE. Scriptures such as the Divyavadhana note that his rule extended even farther to Sialkot.) Vedika pillar with Greek warrior. which describes Indian historical events in the form of a prophecy.[12] Nevertheless. Madhya Pradesh. Mathura was regained by the Sungas around 100 BCE (or by other indigenous rulers: the Arjunayanas (area of Mathura) and Yaudheyas mention Bronze coin of the Sunga period. Bharhut. "Victory of the Yaudheyas"). once Puspapura (another name of Pataliputra) has been reached and its celebrated mud[-walls] cast down. all the realm will be in disorder. Sunga Period. A relief from Bharhut. to the court of the Sunga emperor Bhagabhadra at the site of Vidisha in central India. . 169 Cultural contributions While there is much debate on the religious politics of the Sunga dynasty. It remains uncertain whether these works were due to the weakness of the control of the Sungas in these areas. as indicated by the Heliodorus pillar. Sunga masculine figurine (molded plate). Sunga Yakshi. The Sunga dynasty was then replaced by the subsequent Kanvas. which is considered the indigenous counterpart to the more Hellenistic Gandhara school of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Buddhist activity also managed to survive somewhat in central India (Madhya Pradesh) as suggested by some architectural expansions that were done at the stupas of Sanchi and Barhut. Sunga Yaksa. which records the dispatch of a Greek ambassador named Heliodorus. philosophy. He was assassinated by his minister (Vasudeva Kanva) and is said to have been overfond of the company of women. or a sign of tolerance on their part. Most notably. It is also noted for its subsequent mention in the Malavikaagnimitra. This work was composed by Kalidasa in the later Gupta period. education. The last of the Sunga emperor was Devabhuti (83–73 BCE). 2nd–1st century BCE. it is recognized for a number of contributions. 2nd–1st century BCE. 2nd–1st century BCE. Sunga woman with child. Artistry on the subcontinent also progressed with the rise of the Mathura school. with a background of court intrigue. Art. During the historical Sunga period (185 to 73 BCE). from the court of the Indo-Greek king Antialcidas. originally started under Emperor Ashoka.Sunga Empire The Indo-Greeks and the Sungas seem to have reconciled and exchanged diplomatic missions around 110 BCE. 2nd–1st century BCE. and other learning flowered during this period. and romanticized the love of Malavika and King Agnimitra. Patanjali's Yoga Sutras and Mahabhasya were composed in this period. 2nd–1st century BCE. 2nd–1st century BCE. The script is thought to be an intermediary between the Maurya and the Kalinga Brahmi scripts.Sunga Empire 170 Sunga fecundity deity.[13] List of Sunga Emperors • • • • • • • • • •) Preceded by Magadha dynasties Succeeded by Maurya dynasty Kanva dynasty . Script The script used by the Sunga was a variant of Brahmi. and was used to write the Sanskrit language. Sunga fecundity deity. and that a ditch encompassed it all round. Bopearachchi. A study and translation of the Asokavadana".nic. 2003) ISBN 0-19-860560-9 • "Ashoka and the decline of the Mauryas" Romila Thaper (London 1961). CO. Mitchener. which wandered on the right bank of the Sindhu river and was seized by Yavana cavalrymen. net/ bodh_gaya/ bodh_gaya02.. and that the wall was crowned with 570 towers and had four-and-sixty gates.html#Magadha) • Medallions from Barhut (. The Asiatic Society. The "Sindhu" referred to in this context may refer the river Indus: but such an extension of Sunga power seems unlikely./ ete ashava. the Yuga Purana is an important source material" Dilip Coomer Ghose.14–24) that Puspamitra appointed his grandson Vasumitra to guard his sacrificial horse.". John Strong. ISBN 0-691-01459-0 References • "Dictionary of Buddhism" by Damien KEOWN (Oxford University Press. edu.net/india. 1996.] Megasthenes informs us that this city stretched in the inhabited quarters to an extreme length on each side of eighty stadia. edu/ projectsouthasia/ history/ primarydocs/ Foreign_Views/ GreekRoman/ Megasthenes-Indika.kushaladasinatyasi charminah. 2002 [11] "The greatest city in India is that which is called Palimbothra. htm) [12] "Indo-Greek. 10.M.upenn. John E." Arr. britannica.asp?projid=rar26) • Sunga art in North India (Bharhut and Bodgaya) (. "Of Pataliputra and the Manners of the Indians. ISBN 81-208-0955-6 pg 223 [6] (Barua. Mitchiner.N. org/ sici?sici=0004-3648(1975)37:1/ 2<101:ASCFV>2. General Secretary.the latter being thereafter defeated by Vasumitra. B. mssu.hostkingdom. 2002.2-R& size=LARGE) [2] "Pusyamitra is said in the Puranas to have been the senānī or army-commander of the last Maurya emperor Brhadratha" The Yuga Purana. org/ alfabetos/ sunga. 0.html) . plate 17 [9] "tatha Yavana Kamboja Mathuram. Jha.. "A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana". htm) [8] D. ' Old Buddhist Shrines at Bodh-Gaya Inscriptions (http:/ / ccbs. buddhanet.yuddha. Also: "Kalidasa recounts in his Mālavikāgnimitra (5. 1983. in the dominions of the Prasians [. ISBN 81-7236-124-6 External links • List of rulers of Magadha (."Early India: A Concise History"p. html) References • "The Legend of King Asoka.edu/104/caves. tw/ FULLTEXT/ JR-ENG/ bar. proel.15.Sunga Empire 171 Notes [1] (http:/ / links. [13] Source (http:/ / www. Princeton Library of Asian translations. [3] India :: The Shunga Empire– Britannica Online Encyclopedia (http:/ / www. Ind. Motilal Banarsidass Publ..150.abhitash cha ye.in/asp/showbig. htm)) [7] (http:/ / www. com/ eb/ article-46867/ India) [4] Sarvastivada pg 38–39 [5] Akira Hirakawa. and that its breadth was fifteen stadia. or the Kali-Sindhu river which is a tributary of the Chambal. quoting Megasthenes Text (http:/ / www. Kolkata. which was six hundred feet in breadth and thirty cubits in depth. Kolkata. 2002. • "The Yuga Purana".. The Asiatic Society. Mitchener. ntu. p16. and it is more probable that it denotes one of two rivers in central India -either the Sindhu river which is a tributary of the Yamuna. Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins in the Smithsonian institution".arthistory." The Yuga Purana. Kumbhakonam Ed) [10] "For any scholar engaged in the study of the presence of the Indo-Greeks or Indo-Scythians before the Christian Era."//5 — (MBH 12/105/5. jstor. Paul Groner. 2002. Rulers • • • • Vasudeva (c. 30 BCE) Preceded by Magadha dynasties Succeeded by Sunga dynasty Gupta dynasty References • Raychaudhuri. 40 BCE) Susharman (c. 52 – c. 66 BCE) Bhumimitra (c. was overthrown by Vasudeva of the Kanva dynasty in 75 BC. 52 BCE) Narayana (c. 75 – c. Hemchandra Political History of Ancient India. . 1972. Magadha was ruled by four Kanva rulers. Their dynasty was brought to an end by the ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty or 'Andhra bhritya' dynasty in Pratishthan or Paithan in Maharashtra. University of Calcutta.Kanva dynasty 172 Kanva dynasty • • Outline of South Asian history History of Indian subcontinent The Kanva dynasty replaced the Sunga dynasty in Magadha.Devbhooti. The Kanva ruler allowed the kings of the Sunga dynasty to continue to rule in obscurity in a corner of their former dominions. 66 – c. 40 – c. The last ruler of the Sunga dynasty. and ruled in the eastern part of India from 75 BCE to 30 BCE. Gupta Empire 173 Gupta Empire Gupta Empire ← ← 320 CE–600s CE → → → → Gupta Empire 320–600 CE Capital Languages Religion Pataliputra Sanskrit Hinduism Buddhism Monarchy Government Maharajadhiraja Historical era Area Established Disestablished 240s–280s 319–335 540–550 Sri-Gupta Chandragupta I Vishnu Gupta Ancient history 320 CE 600s CE 3.000 km² (1.351.500.358 sq mi) . [2] The peace and prosperity created under the leadership of the Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors. who established an empire in the first half of the 7th century. From his accounts. Altekar. logic. The empire gradually declined because of many factors such as substantial loss of territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories and the invasion by the Huna peoples from Central Asia.[5] Chandra Gupta I. Kanauj. astronomy. the Guptas' did indeed prosper. He started his journey from China in 399 CE and reached India in 405 CE. Kiratas etc. India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms. Samudra Gupta the Great. mathematics. and Southeast Asia. credits Guptas with having conquered about twenty one kingdoms.[13] After the collapse of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century. technology. Kushinagar. Sri Lanka. Aryabhata.[16] also regarded the caste of the Guptas as Vaish on the basis of the ancient Indian texts on law. A minor line of the Gupta clan continued to rule Magadha after the disintegration of the empire. the dynasty is a model of a classical civilization.[8] The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa. Brannigan. which prescribe the name-ending with Gupta for a member of the Vaish caste.[12] The earliest available Indian epics are also thought to have been written around this period. These Guptas were ultimately ousted by Vardhana ruler Harsha Vardhana. until the Rome-China trade axis was broken with the fall of the Han dynasty. the rise of the Gupta Empire was one of the most prominent violations of the caste system in ancient India. During his stay in India up to 411 CE. Kapilavastu. The Penal Code was mild and offences were punished by fines only.[14][] Historian Ram Sharan Sharma asserts that the Vaish Guptas "appeared as a reaction against oppressive rulers". he went on a pilgrimage to Mathura. Gupta Sāmrājya) was an ancient Indian empire which existed from approximately 320 to 550 CE and covered much of the Indian Subcontinent. and Chandra Gupta II the Great were the most notable rulers of the Gupta dynasty.[1] Founded by Maharaja Sri Gupta. Origin of the Guptas According to many historians. literature. who has written several books on Gupta coinage. Varahamihira. Fa Xian was pleased with the mildness of administration. the Hunas.[6] The 4th century CE Sanskrit poet Kalidasa. the Kambojas tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys. sculptures and paintings.[15] A.S. both in and outside India. the Kinnaras. the Gupta Empire was a Vaish dynasty. .[9][10] Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era. Kashi and Rajgriha and made careful observations about the empire's conditions. Pataliputra. religion and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture. According to historian Michael C. the Gupta Empire was a prosperous period. a historian and archaeologist.[7] The high points of this cultural creativity are magnificent architecture. engineering. art.[] Fa Xian was the first of the Chinese pilgrims who visited India during the reign of Gupta emperor Chandragupta II. dialectic. including the kingdoms of Parasikas (Persians).[11] Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural center and set the region up as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma.Gupta Empire 174 Today part of India Pakistan Bangladesh Nepal Warning: Value specified for "continent" does not comply • • Outline of South Asian history History of Indian subcontinent The Gupta Empire (Sanskrit: गुप्त साम्राज्य. Vaishali.[3] This period is called the Golden Age of India[4] and was marked by extensive inventions and discoveries in science. Vishnu Sharma and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields. He established a realm stretching from the Ganges River to Prayaga (modern-day Allahabad) by 321 CE. He took the kingdoms of Ahichchhatra and Padmavati early in his reign.[17] His son and successor Ghatotkacha ruled probably from c. he had incorporated over twenty kingdoms into his realm and his rule extended from the Himalayas to the river Narmada and from the Brahmaputra to the Yamuna. until his death in 380 CE. and ruled for about 45 years. British Museum. 240–280 CE. Chandragupta I Ghatotkacha (reigned c. Chandragupta set about expanding his power. 280–319 CE). In contrast to their successor. P. all of which were tribes in the area. 335–380 CE. so as to display the power of king and to underline the importance of his conquest. a Lichchhavi princess—the main power in Magadha.[19] He performed Ashwamedha yajna in which a horse is left to freely roam in the entire nation. with Garuda pillar. Jayaswal. A number of modern historians. the Yaudheyas. Chandragupta I.) In a breakthrough deal. 280–319 CE. now in Akbar’s Fort at Allahabad. who is mentioned as Maharajadhiraja. the Arjunayanas. think he and his son were possibly feudatories of the Kushans. Chandragupta was married to Kumaradevi. depicted on a coin of their son Samudragupta. He assumed the imperial title of Maharajadhiraja. the Maduras and the Abhiras. . which include Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay and K. Parakramanka succeeded his father in 335 CE. Historian Vincent Smith described him as the "Indian Napoleon". The Samudragupta Prashasti inscribed on the Ashokan Pillar. founder of the Mauryan Empire. had a son named Chandragupta (reigned c. stone replica of the horse. By his death in 380.Gupta Empire 175 Srigupta and Ghatotkacha The most likely time for the reign of Sri Gupta is c. Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I. conquering much of Magadha. With a dowry of the kingdom of Magadha (capital Pataliputra) and an alliance with the Lichchhavis. He gave himself the titles King of Kings and World Monarch. He then attacked the Malwas. he and his son Ghatotkacha are referred to in inscriptions as Maharaja[18] At the beginning of the 5th century the Guptas established and ruled a few small Hindu kingdoms in Magadha and around modern-day Bihar. The Coin of Samudragupta. then prepared. Samudragupta Samudragupta. 319–335 CE) (not to be confused with Chandragupta Maurya (340–293 BCE). is in the Lucknow Museum. is an authentic record of his exploits and his sway over most of the continent. Prayaga and Saketa. Rama Gupta Although. Agarawala. coins also have been found from the Eran-Vidisha region and classified [21] in five distinct types. which include the Garuda. lion and border legend types. It may be a possibility that he was dethroned because of not being the worthy enough to rule and his younger brother Chandra Gupta II took over. He was a firm believer in Hinduism and is known to have worshipped Lord Vishnu. . D.Gupta Empire 176 Samudragupta was not only a talented military leader but also a great patron of art and literature. Garudadhvaja. Entry frame of the Dashavatara Temple.[20] He provided a gold railing around the Bodhi Tree. He was a poet and musician himself. R.[22] In opinion of art historian Dr. That monastery was called by Xuanzang as the Mahabodhi Sangharama.. Litt. A large number of his copper from the Gupta era. A. The Brahmi legends on these coins are written in the early Gupta style. He became king because of being the eldest. the historicity of Rama Gupta is proved by his Durjanpur inscriptions on three Jaina images. Rama Gupta may be the eldest son of Samudra Gupta. the narrative of the Devichandragupta is not supported by any contemporary epigraphical evidence. He was considerate of other religions and allowed Sri Lanka's Buddhist king Sirimeghvanna to build a monastery at Bodh Gaya. where A Terracotta relief panel of a meditating Buddha he is mentioned as the Maharajadhiraja. The Dashavatara Temple or Vishnu Temple also called Gupta temple at Deogarh. The important scholars present in his court were Harishena. Vasubandhu and Asanga. Kalidasa was particularly known for his fine exploitation of the shringara (romantic) element in his verse. Amongst these men was the immortal Kalidasa whose works dwarfed the works of many other literary geniuses. and for this reason there is also a long history of non-Hindu Gupta period art. Vikramaditya (the Sun of Power).[] 177 Chandra Gupta II"Vikramaditya" According to the Gupta records. but with his main opponent Rudrasimha III defeated by 395. defeating the Saka Western Kshatrapas of Malwa. Emperor Chandra Gupta II expanded his realm westwards. Chandra Gupta II. culture and science. a group of nine who excelled in the literary arts. . born of queen Dattadevi. not only in his own age but in the ages to come. especially during the reign of Chandra Gupta II. estabilshed a second capital at Ujjain and was the high point of the empire. built during the Gupta era.[23] His son Kumaragupta I was married to Kadamba princess A Terracotta relief panel depicting a scene from the Rāmāyaṇa. the Vakataka ruler of Deccan. ruled from 380 until 413. The court of Chandragupta was made even more illustrious by the fact that it was graced by the Navaratna (Nine Jewels). the reign is remembered for its very influential style of Hindu art. Gujarat and Saurashtra in a campaign lasting until 409. of Karnataka region. the Gold coins of Chandragupta II. In particular. Guptas were supportive of thriving Buddhist and Jain cultures as well. Gupta period Buddhist art was to be influential in most of East and Southeast Asia. Some excellent works of Hindu art such as the panels at the Dashavatara Temple in Deogarh serve to illustrate the magnificence of Gupta art. This extended his control from coast-to-coast. Despite the creation of the empire through war. literature. His daughter Prabhavatigupta from this Naga queen was married to Rudrasena II. amongst his many sons. Many advances were recorded by the Chinese scholar and traveller Faxian (Fa-hien) in his diary and published afterwards. as his successor.Samudragupta nominated prince Chandra Gupta II. and crushing the Bengal (Vanga) chiefdoms.Gupta Empire Hindu God Vishnu reclining on the serpent Shesha (Ananta) on a side panel of the Vishnu temple of 5th century. Chandra Gupta II also married to a Kadamba princess of Kuntala region and a princess of Naga lineage (Nāgakulotpannnā). Above all it was the synthesis of elements that gave Gupta art its distinctive flavour. During this period. Kuberanaga. 2. Mahendraditya. Skandagupta died in 467 and was succeeded by his agnate brother Purugupta. Parasikas. born of Mahadevi Dhruvasvamini.Obv: Bust of king. Kiratas etc. 455 CE. credits Chandragupta Vikramaditya with having conquered about twenty one kingdoms. and a devotee of Vishnu". King of Kings. rose in power to threaten the empire. known in India as the Sweta Huna. by annihilating these sinful Mlecchas completely". Fa-Hsien. in the style of the Western Satraps. king Vikramaditya (Chandra Gupta II) had "unburdened the sacred earth of the Barbarians like the Sakas. Rev: Legend in Brahmi. he wrote about life under the Gupta emperors. He repulsed a Huna attack c.[26][27][28] Fa-Hsien In 399. The Brihatkathamanjari of the Kashmiri writer Kshmendra states. But the expense of the wars drained the empire's resources and contributed to its decline. Vikramaditya (Chandra Gupta II) proceeded northwards. went to India to study the sacred writings of Buddhism. Hunas. subjugated the Parasikas (Persians). with corrupted Greek [24][25] legend "OOIHU". Kumaragupta I Chandragupta II was succeeded by his second son Kumaragupta I. both in and outside India. the Pushyamitras. with traces of corrupt Greek script. He assumed the titles of Vikramaditya and Kramaditya. but then was faced with invading Hephthalites or "White Huns". Skandagupta Skandagupta. and lands into India proper.[33] Silver coin of the Gupta King Kumara Gupta I AD (414–455) (Coin of his Western territories. son and successor of Kumaragupta I is generally considered to be the last of the great Gupta rulers. Decline of the empire . Thereafter.In the 10 years he was there. the king proceeds across the Himalaya and reduced the Kinnaras. design derived from the Western Satraps). Mitchiner 4821–4823.[32] He defeated the Pushyamitra threat. Kambojas. Tusharas. Rev: Garuda standing facing with spread wings. Mlecchas. around a peacock. 15mm.[29] He ruled until 455. Kumaragupta I assumed the title. a Chinese Buddhist. then the Hunas and the Kambojas tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys respectively. Towards the end of his reign a tribe in the Narmada valley. "Chandragupta Vikramaditya.1 grams. minted in his Western territories. Yavanas. After finishing his campaign in the East and West India.Gupta Empire 178 Chandra Gupta II's campaigns against Foreign Tribes 4th century CE Sanskrit poet Kalidasa.[7] Silver coin of Chandragupta II. His writings form one of the most important sources for the history of this period.Obv: Bust [30][31] of king with crescents. from the northwest. etc. Brahmi legend: Parama-bhagavata rajadhiraja Sri Kumaragupta Mahendraditya. Kumaragupta III. In the 480's the Hephthalites broke through the Gupta defenses in the northwest. The empire disintegrated under the attacks of Toramana and his successor Mihirakula. regarded as a military classic of the time. but the tail end recognized ruler of the dynasty's main line was king Vishnugupta.[34] The succession of the sixth-century Guptas is not entirely clear. although their power was much diminished. Narasimhagupta. continued to resist the Huns. the factors. depicting a Gupta king holding a bow. Gold coin of Gupta era. . Historically. offers some insight into the military system of the Guptas.Gupta Empire Skandagupta was followed by weak rulers Purugupta (467–473). The Huns were defeated and driven out of India in 528 AD by a coalition consisting of Gupta emperor Narasimhagupta and the king Yashodharman from Malwa. Vishnugupta. Budhagupta (476–495?). which contribute to the decline of the empire include competition from the Vakatakas and the rise of Yashodharman in Malwa. a contemporary Indian document. and much of the empire in northwest was overrun by the Hun by 500. Kumaragupta II (473–476). However. the Siva-Dhanur-veda. Vainyagupta and Bhanugupta. It appears from inscriptions that the Guptas. In addition to the Hun invasion. the best accounts of this come not from the Hindus themselves but from Chinese and Western observers. reigning from 540 to 550.[] 179 Military organization The Imperial Guptas could have achieved their successes through force of arms with an efficient martial system. internal dissolution sapped the ability of the Guptas to resist foreign invasion. The Guptas also had knowledge of siegecraft. 20. The Indian longbow was reputedly a powerful weapon capable of great range and penetration and provided an effective counter to invading horse archers. the steel bow was capable of long range and penetration of exceptionally thick armor.000 charioteers and 10. Parthian. Unlike the composite bows of Western and Central Asian foes. the Gupta empire was the most powerful empire in the world during his reign. and longswords. During the reign of Chandragupta II. Archers were frequently protected by infantry equipped with shields. and the bow was one of the dominant weapons of their army. The Guptas also maintained a navy. The Iron pillar of Delhi is notable for the composition of the metals used in its construction. Gupta military success likely stemmed from the concerted use of elephants. 50.000 elephants along with a powerful navy with more than 1200 ships. Iron shafts were used against armored elephants and fire arrows were also part of the bowmen's arsenal. Able commanders like Samudragupta and Chandragupta II would have likely understood the need for combined armed tactics and proper logistical organization. armored cavalry. One of these was the steel bow. the Gupta armies were probably better disciplined.000 infantry. The collapse of the Gupta Empire in the face of the Huna onslaught was due not directly to the inherent defects of the Gupta army. These were less common weapons than the bamboo design and found in the hands of noblemen rather than in the ranks. The Guptas apparently showed little predilection for using horse archers. Chandragupta II controlled the whole of the Indian subcontinent. However. or more typically bamboo. bows of this design would be less prone to warping in the damp and moist conditions often prevalent to the region. javelins. and Hepthalite (Huna) enemies. Due to its high tensility. at a time when the Roman Empire in the west was in decline.Gupta Empire 180 The Guptas seem to have relied heavily on infantry archers. despite the fact these warriors were a main component in the ranks of their Scythian.000 cavalry. and other sophisticated war machines. More likely. Gupta empire maintained a large army consisting of 500. and fired a long bamboo cane arrow with a metal head. which after all had initially defeated these people under Skandagupta. . The Hindu version of the longbow was composed of metal. allowing them to control regional waters. catapults. and foot archers in tandem against both Hindu kingdoms and foreign armies invading from the Northwest. India historically has had a prominent reputation for its steel weapons. as was simultaneously occurring in Western Europe and China. elephants. Instead of the prevailing cosmogony in which eclipses were caused by pseudo-planetary nodes Rahu and Ketu. A Vishayapati administered the Vishaya with the help of the Adhikarana (council of representatives). The ancient Gupta text Kama Krishna and Radha playing chaturanga on an 8x8 Sutra is widely considered to be the standard work on human sexual Ashtāpada behavior in Sanskrit literature written by the Indian scholar Vatsyayana. It was divided into 26 provinces. . Prithvi and Avani.Gupta Empire 181 Gupta administration A study of the epigraphical records of the Gupta empire shows that there was a hierarchy of administrative divisions from top to bottom. Mandala. Doctors also invented several medical instruments. Prathamakulika and Prathama Kayastha. Chess is said to have originated in this period. dates to the Gupta period. which is said to have inspired Goethe. The Indian numerals which were the first positional base 10 numeral systems in the world originated from Gupta India. and even performed operations. These and the other scientific discoveries made by Indians during this period about gravity[37] and the planets of the solar system spread throughout the world through trade. respectively. which translates as "four divisions [of the military]" – infantry. Desha. which were styled as Bhukti. which is a Sanskrit redaction text on all of the major concepts of ayurvedic medicine with innovative chapters on surgery. he explained eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth. Rashtra. postulated the theory that the Earth moves round the Sun.The famous Sushruta Samhita. The empire was called by various names such as Rajya. who wrote plays such as Shakuntala. Kalidasa.[35] There were also trade links of Gupta business with the Roman empire. Legacy of the Gupta Empire Scholars of this period include Varahamihira and Aryabhata. and rook. which comprised four representatives: Nagarasreshesthi. but is instead round and rotates about its own axis. who was a great playwright. cavalry. a noted mathematician-astronomer of the Gupta period proposed that the earth is not flat. knight. who is believed to be the first to come up with the concept of zero. and studied solar and lunar eclipses. Pradesha and Bhoga. and marked the highest point of Sanskrit literature is also said to have belonged to this period. bishop.[36] where its early form in the 6th century was known as caturaṅga. Sarthavaha. He also discovered that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight. Provinces were also divided into Vishayas and put under the control of the Vishayapatis. and chariotry – represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn. A part of the Vishaya was called Vithi. Aryabhata. [38] 182 Art and literature During the Gupta period. The Buddha in this example is making the gesture known as abhay-mudra. The paintings show scenes from the life of the Buddha.a task which must have taken years of labour with the simple tools the Guptas used. The cave-shrines are dark but beautifully decorated with sculptures and paintings. This dynasty was founded by Srigupta. and other devotional subjects. • Cave shrines Many of the Buddhist cave-shrines in western India were cut out of the cliffs . Classical forms of music and dance. • Wall paintings There are more than 30 Buddhist shrines and monasteries in the Ajanta hills. Magnificent palaces and temples contained the highest quality sculpture and paintings. This was fashion that continued for hundreds of years. from around 320 to 550. Indonesia. The walls of many of these were decorated with colourful frescoes. or having no fear. The rulers are: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Sri Gupta Ghatotkacha Chandragupta I Nishamusgupta Expansion of Gupta Empire • Bhanugupta • Shashankgupta . The building’s design in Gupta architecture reflects India's influence on the region. created under the Guptas. are still practiced today all over Asia. Gupta dynasty rulers The main branch of the Gupta dynasty ruled the Gupta Empire in India. Indian artists created some of their finest works. or wall paintings.Gupta Empire Borobudur in Java. edu:8001/ ~dee/ ANCINDIA/ GUPTA. ISBN 81-208-0592-5. ISBN 0-12-421171-2.. while on the reverse.about.191–200 [31] "Evidence of the conquest of Saurastra during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be see n in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the Western Satraps. ISBN 81-208-0592-5. Historybits. [11] The Gupta Empire of India \| Chandragupta I \| Samudragupta (http:/ / www. com/ books?id=pSKNeJsH7QgC& pg=PA511) [25] "Evidence of the conquest of Saurastra during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the Western Satraps. 567. 320 : Chandragupta I founds the Gupta Empire. The Andhras etc. The Andhras etc. and encourages trade. Retrieved on 2011-11-21. they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters. html). p. Tokharas and the . com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 249590/ Gupta-dynasty). [13] Agarwal. Indian history – India (http:/ / www. Ashvini (1989). org/ a/ OL9771A/ Anant-Sadashiv-Altekar) in the Open Library. 2002. 4. Ashvini (1989). p. 510 [33] Raychaudhuri. [3] India – Historical Setting – The Classical Age – Gupta and Harsha (http:/ / historymedren. Retrieved on 2011-11-21. Elementary Number Theory with Applications. fsmitha. king Vikarmaditya is said to have destroyed all the barbarous tribes such as the Kambojas.". britannica. art in the Gupta empire. Retrieved on 2011-11-21. PBS. html). Britannica Online Encyclopedia.. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. National Council of Teachers of English Committee on Recreational Reading – Sanskrit language..D. p.264–9 [16] List of Altekar's publications (http:/ / openlibrary. Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass. Academic Press.com [5] Ancient India.. [9] Mahajan. 5. they substitute the Gupta type (a peacock) for the chaitya with crescent and star. p. Notes [2] The Gupta Dynasty and Empire (http:/ / www. Ashvini (1989). [17] Agarwal. and up into the northern mountains. 554 : The Gupta dynasty ends when the last emperor Shashakgupta dies. nupam.1.76–78 [28] Cf:"In the story contained in Kathasarit-sagara.84–7 [18] Majumdar.com.511 (http:/ / books. they substitute the Gupta type (a peacock) for the chaitya wit crescent and star. htm). nupam. p. archive.". Greek script. wsu. 487 [23] Raychaudhuri. htm). pp. Retrieved on 2011-11-21. Kshmendra). they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters. 10/1/285-86.60–75 [8] Gupta dynasty (Indian dynasty) (http:/ / www. GOLDEN AGE OF INDIA (http:/ / (11 September 2001). Historymedren. 6.com.. Retrieved on 2011-11-21. ISBN 81-208-0592-5. britannica. [12] Trade \| The Story of India – Photo Gallery (http:/ / www. 330-376 : Samudragupta expands the empire from the Indus River to the Bay of Bengal. and dates as on Saka coins" in Early history of Jammu region: pre-historic to 6th century A. pp. p. 450 : Empire begin to collapse under pressure from invading Huns. pp. Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass. 415-450 : Kalidas composes most of his poetry in the reign of Kumargupta(415-455).. Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass.. Parsikaanshcha tayakatacharan vishrankhalan hatya bhrubhangamatreyanah bhuvo bharamavarayate (Brahata Katha. com/ gupta. Retrieved on 2011-11-21. Yavanan neechan Hunan Sabarbran Tushara. org/ thestoryofindia/ gallery/ photos/ 8. google. org/ web/ 20081204082030/ http:/ / www. Yavanas. [27] Kathasritsagara 18. Indianchild. [7] Raghu Vamsa v 4. com/ gupta_empire. 540 [10] Gupta dynasty: empire in 4th century (http:/ / www. Fsmitha.cli [32] Raychaudhuri. com/ EBchecked/ topic-art/ 285248/ 1960/ The-Gupta-empire-at-the-end-of-the-4th-century). by Raj Kumar p. htm). pbs. 530–1 [37] Thomas Khoshy. about. while on the reverse. 516 [34] Columbia Encyclopedia [35] Mahajan. p." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. indianchild. htm). [4] GUPTA DYNASTY. 3. historybits. . com/ h1/ ch28gup. Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas.. Hunas. p." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. Retrieved on 2011-11-21. HTM). com/ Sgupta1. com/ library/ text/ bltxtindia7. wsu. 474 [20] Mahajan. The Age of the Guptas (http:/ / web. 2.Gupta Empire 183 Timeline 1. Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas. 489 [24] "The conquest is indicated by the issue of the new Gupta silver coinage modelled on the previous Saka coinage showing on observe the King's head.com (17 June 2010). pp. p.cli [26] ata shrivikramadityo helya nirjitakhilah Mlechchana Kamboja. 376-415 : Chandragupta II makes the empire secure. Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas. [29] Agarwal.edu [6] Gupta Empire in India. Calcutta: University of Calcutta ISBN 1-4400-5272-7 • Shiv Chhatrapati 14 February 2013 @ 5:43 pm Further reading • Andrea Berens Karls & Mounir A.sdstate. (1972).C.google.C. (1977).edu/projectsouthasia/Docs/index.com/fl2422/stories/20071116504306400. H.flonnet. World History The Human Experience. cfm) • Coins of Gupta Empire (. Farah.htm) • Regents Prep:Global History:Golden Ages:Gupta Empire (. R.Gupta Empire 184 References • Majumdar.com) Preceded by Kanva dynasty Magadha dynasties AD 240–550 Succeeded by possibly Pala. New Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass. Ancient India. ISBN 81-208-0436-8 • Raychaudhuri./ books?id=pGwjFsqwF0YC&printsec=frontcover). External links • Frontline Article on Gupta Period Art () • Inscriptions of the Guptas and their contemporaries (. Political History of Ancient India ( goldenages/gupta. Reddi. Qtoktok. MThekkumthala. Hagedis. Le Anh-Huy. Aude. Bento00. Stor stark7. Dekisugi. Skylark2007. GSMR. Piggy1956. Skylark2008. Wighson. Sesel. SpikedZebra. Mo0. Bhadani. Biruitorul. Shahab. BrightStarSky. Viyyer. CiteCop. Hunnjazal. Shizhao. DARTH SIDIOUS 2. Vedic Philosophy. Svm1 63. Ksyrie. Paul August. Green132. Prakash2009. GreatWhiteNortherner. Rayfield. Macrakis. Cracker. Shonedeep.Article Sources and Contributors 185 Article Sources and Contributors History of India Source:. DennyColt. Hulagu. Ohconfucius. Alren. Idleguy. WIN. ImpuMozhi. AvicAWB. Saravask. Mohd. Novicex0. Lihaas. Podzemnik. Jusdafax. Rajvaddhan. Npeters22. DanKeshet. Secret of success. ༆. Kaveri. Wafulz. Anirudh777. Jagged 85.wizard. Khirad. 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Mladen Rajkovic-Alvik7,279 Points Hello i can't get a hang of this problem. Could somebody please help me. I get compiler error CS0019. Is it a conversion problem or have i written the conditional if/else statement in a wrong way?? using System; namespace Treehouse.CodeChallenges { class Program { static void Main() { try { Console.Write("Enter the number of times to print \"Yay!\": "); string input = Console.ReadLine(); int count = int.Parse(input); if(input < 1) { Console.WriteLine("You must enter a positive number"); } else { int i = 0; while(i < count) { i += 1; Console.WriteLine("Yay!"); } } } catch(FormatException) { Console.WriteLine("You must enter a whole number."); } } } } 2 Answers Magnus Hållberg12,590 Points Not being a C# student I could be wrong but I guess the if statement is the problem. I’m guessing you ment to use count instead of input since you want to test an integer, input is probably a string. Hope this helps.}	https://teamtreehouse.com/community/hello-i-cant-get-a-hang-of-this-problem-could-somebody-please-help-me-i-get-compiler-error-cs0019	CC-MAIN-2019-18	refinedweb	156	70.8
Did you know there is a new version of MSMQ for Mobile 5.0? The distribution package is available as an aditional download from here: And finally its available through CF 2.0 on Windows Mobile 5.0. Installing MSMQ requires the cab file from the redistribution download: msmq.arm.cab. Drop it on the device and run the cab to extract the driver and admin tools. Next go and change the device name to something unique on the network (Start \| Settings -> System Tab -> About ->Devic ID tab). Then go to the \windows directory and run VisAdm.exe. This provides a somewhat graphical front end to the old command line tool msmqadm.exe. MSMQ is installed after the cab is run, but its not configured. VisAdm takes various string commands to run against the command line app. It looks a bit like this: Click on the Shortcuts button to see a list of pre-populated commands and select: 1> Install (No output on success) 2> Register (a GUID is displayed, or if its already registered then you get a warning) Now soft reset the device and re-run VisAdm. This time run Verify and Status to check all is working ok. Right we are ready to write some code. My first (and only) app simply uses a local queue to post a message and pull the same message back out of the local queue: ... using System.Messaging; namespace TestMSMQ { public partial class Form1 : Form private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) if (!MessageQueue.Exists(@".\private$\MyQueue")) MessageQueue.Create(@".\private$\MyQueue"); } private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) MessageQueue myQueue = new MessageQueue(@".\private$\MyQueue"); myQueue.Send(this.textBox1.Text); myQueue.Close(); private void button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) ((XmlMessageFormatter)myQueue.Formatter).TargetTypes = new Type[] { typeof(string) }; try Message myMessage = myQueue.Receive(new TimeSpan(0)); textBox2.Text += (string)myMessage.Body + "\r\n"; catch (MessageQueueException mqe) MessageBox.Show("No Message"); finally Grab the whole thing from here. There are a couple of things worth pointing out: 1> When retrieving a message from the queue the type needs to be handed to the MessageQueue class. Only string is supported at the moment. 2> It is possible to use off device queues. To do this the queue name needs to be specified as a formal name: "FormatName:Direct=OS:MyMachine\private$\MyDesktopQueue" 3> This version of MSMQ was meant to support an HTTP transport. Unfortunately there is a bug that causes HTTP transport to fail. I believe the product team are working on this and hope to have a public fix soon. Watch this space. Next I need to do something meaningful with MSMQ and a couple of devices… but that’s for another post. Marcus If you would like to receive an email when updates are made to this post, please register here RSS Like David Say, still we don´t have a fix or workaround to solve the problem of MSMQ on Windows Mobile 5. VISADM - error code c00e000b I tryed with ActiveDevice even with Mark Ihimoyan´s sample: And the behaivor is the same. I'm using a Symbol MC7090 with Windows Mobile 5.0 (OS 5.1.70)... Hi! has anyone ever tried this on the Emulator in VisualStudio 2005? (Installation in Workgroup mode -> only private queues) Installing works, local queue send&recieve (on both Em.&PC) too, but to the machine that runs the Emulator and back - no connection available. TCP/IP Works, can ping the Emulator, but not send to remote queue either from Em.>PC nor PC>Em.! All diffrent namings tried(to create MessageQueue object)FormatName:DIRECT=OS:MachineName\Private$\QueueName ,FormatName:DIRECT=TCP:IPAddress\Private$\QueueName,MachineName\Private$\QueueName). on PDA I get "the queue does not exist or you do not have sufficient permissions to perform the operation" on PC I can create MessageQueue object with direct:TCP... but all attributes of it show: "The specified format name does not support the requested operation. For example, a direct queue format name cannot be deleted." System.Runtime.InteropServices.ExternalException {System.Messaging.MessageQueueException} sending messages succeeds but on PDA nothing arrives. Intranet in company, all ports open, no router/firewall. What could be wrong?? Thanks a lot for any help! arvind,new delhi it setup runs correctly on pocket pc -windows mobile 5.0 bit in status option shows MSMQ_CE DISCONNECTED because of we are not able to send message to from device to desktop plz suggest Llevo un par de dias urgando en la versión de MSMQ para dispositivos móviles preparando una maravillosa The ActiveDevice method cannot run in User Mode, exec this code in Windows\StartUp and soft reset. Best regards, Unai Zorrilla Castro, MVP Compact Framework Norzagaray, I had the same problem with an i-Mate K-JAM. Creating a console application which did the following solved it immediately: int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) //; On the emulator I got HRESULT=5 for an unsigned exe and HRESULT=924 for a signed exe (which I assume signified that MSMQ is already running). On the K-JAM I got HRESULT=0 and MSMQ started working. Hope this helps you too. //; Hi. Do you know if the problem with MSMQ using HTTP has been resolved in Windows Mobile 5? Ian. Has there been a fix supplied yet for using HTTP queues in MSMQ on Windows Mobile 5? Hello i have tried to run MSMQ on processor ARM920T PXA27x (device model Unitech PA600) and also on processor Samsung 2442A (device model SPV M3100) and didnt work. Same error like the others "c00e000b", no ideas why. I also used a pert of code to make "device activation" but it didnt work either. Is there someone who resolve the problem ?? Or know where the problem is ??, it is depend on processor type ?? The solution is easy, you need to just get new .Net Compact Framework Redistributable SP1, and all your problems will dissapear. It will fix the problem with MSMQ and also problems with running .NET CF application on some of smartphones. Hope you will enjoy witch new version of .NET CF :) I need to start investigating this technology as more and more of my customers are starting to introduce Can anyone document the units for the 'MSMQ\SimpleClient\RetrySchedule' registry setting??? Marcus, Can you share anything about using MSMQ with Windows CE in a dual homed scenario, ex. a device messaging with a server via both WiFi and GPRS? To solve the c00e000b error, you must either install the Development Certificate from VS onto your PDA or sign the individual components of the msmq.arm.cab file with your own certificate (and install that certificate on the PDA). Hello, I have I-mate Smartphone, with operation system: windows mobile 5. I’m trying for quite to install MSMQ, as following: 1. run MSMQ cab 2. run visadm.exe -> run install -> run registry 3. Soft reset 4. run visadm.exe -> status 5. get error I tried every thing, checked the forums but all say the same process. I need help, and it is urgent. Any one has any idea? Thanks :) Well, Steve is off to a blazing start this month and I have to admit there is a lot of news and rumors I also have no success in getting MSMQ running on WM 6.0. I consistently get error c00e000b. I have tried signing cab, shutting off security to the device via VS2008, upgrading CM to sp2, and everything else I can think of. This was not a problem on PPC2003 but these devices are no longer available. This is a major problem for me. Any suggestions? PingBack from	http://blogs.msdn.com/marcpe/archive/2006/02/01/522112.aspx	crawl-002	refinedweb	1,271	65.73
选择语言红帽博客 Blog menu Kubernetes continues its evolution with version 1.8, announced today on the Kubernetes blog. This release promotes the Roles Based Access Control (RBAC) to general availability, and includes a stable release of the lightweight container runtime for Kubernetes, CRI-O. You'll also find improvements to the Kubernetes CLI, cluster stability, service automation, and more. If you are not familiar with Kubernetes, the project creates a system for automating the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. Red Hat builds on Kubernetes to produce its enterprise-grade container platform, Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform. Kubernetes 1.8 delivers additional stability, security improvements, and simplicity to the upstream project. Red Hat is proud to have worked on a number of features in this milestone alongside other community members. Red Hat co-leads API Machinery, Auth, Autoscaling, Big Data, Command Line Interface (CLI), Network, Node, OpenStack, Service Catalog, Storage, Container Identity Working Group, and the Resource Management Working Group...so it’s pretty hard to miss us! Specifically for Kubernetes 1.8, Red Hat engineering focused on the following areas: Workload Diversity Extensibility Security Improvements Cluster Stability Service Automation Workload diversity Red Hat looked into two aspects of workload diversity in this release. The first was related to batch or task based commuting. We have a lot of customers that are interested in moving some batch workloads to their OpenShift clusters. We were able to land some alpha features around batch retries, waiting between failures, and other essential features required for controlling large parallel or serial deployments. End users will also be glad to see scheduledJob has become cronJobs and has moved to beta. As exciting as batch jobs are, we believe that this next topic is going to enable the next wave in cloud computing. The Resource Management Working Group recently took on a massive charter and they were able to merge some alpha code in Kubernetes 1.8. You will want to keep a watch out for these features as they grow up out of alpha over the coming releases. Device Manager: provide access to hardware devices such as NICs, GPUs, FPGA, Infiniband and so on. CPU Manager: provide a way for users to request static CPU assignment via the Guaranteed QoS tier. HugePages: should provide a way for users to consume huge pages of any size. Extensibility Thanks to work from the CLI special interest group, we can now allow kubectl to have plugins. This feature enables people to extend kubectl without having to clone the code repository by simply writing in any language and redeploying the command. This results in new subcommands added by placing an executable in a specific location on disk; all-in-all, a fantastic idea that has reached alpha status. The Custom Resource Definitions we spoke about in Kubernetes 1.7 has moved to beta2 in this release. They allow for the extension of the Kubernetes API to provide features not in core Kubernetes, but make them look like first-class APIs to users. Security improvements: Role-based access control OpenShift was one of the first Kubernetes solutions to offer multi-tenancy. With multi-tenancy comes a need to design for role-based access control (RBAC) to the cluster, a need that Red Hat has been focused on for some time. We are pleased to announce that RBACv1 is now stable in Kubernetes 1.8. The RBAC authorization is a direct port of the authorization system that OpenShift has had since 3.0, and enables fine-grained control over access to the Kubernetes API. Like anything in open source, the more people that work on the problem from different perspectives, the better the result. We are happy with the variety of out of the box RoleBindings that range from discovery roles, user-facing roles, framework component roles, and controller roles. The integration with escalation prevention and node bootstrapping is excellent and the ability to customize and expand the RoleBindings and ClusterRoleBindings are first class. Cluster stability Red Hat has a few offerings that result in us running many large Kubernetes clusters. We have OpenShift Online -- if you haven’t stopped by, go launch a container for free at We also have OpenShift Dedicated where you can own your own personal cluster. Then there is our next-generation, collaborative code development platform at OpenShift.io If Spring is your fancy, hit us up at Launch.OpenShift.io. All of these, of course, are running on Kubernetes. What can I say? We love Kubernetes! With so many hosted services running Kubernetes clusters, we have been able to observe Kubernetes running at scale, and invest in cluster stability. In the Kubernetes 1.8 development cycle, we worked on adding a client side event spam filter to stop excessive traffic to the API server from internal cluster components. We also added the ability to limit events processed by the API server. Limits can be set globally on a server, per-namespace, per-user, and per-source+object. This is needed to prevent badly-configured or misbehaving players from making a cluster unstable. We wrote monitoring improvements to the Kubernetes master to help platform operators to better observe failures, see when the system is shedding load, and report accurate metrics about how Kubernetes is achieving its service level objectives. We also worked on allowing API consumers, especially those that must retrieve large sets of data, to retrieve results in pages so as to reduce the memory and size impact of those very large queries. This reduces the memory allocation impact of very large LIST operations against the Kubernetes apiserver. CRI-O - Lightweight container runtime for Kubernetes Kubernetes 1.8 expands options for choosing container runtimes via CRI-O, which is stable and passes all node and cluster end-to-end (e2e) tests in 1.8. CRI-O is an implementation of the Kubernetes CRI (Container Runtime Interface) to enable using OCI (Open Container Initiative) compatible runtimes, and it moves in lock-step with the Kubernetes project. It allows Kubernetes to use any OCI-compliant runtime as the container runtime for running pods. Today CRI-O works with runc and Clear Containers as the container runtimes, but any OCI-conformant runtime can be plugged in principle. The aim here is for CRI-O to have a lean and stable container runtime that includes improved security features and supports Kubernetes as its primary goal. We're happy to have worked with the wider community on developing CRI-O and look forward to continue work on CRI-O as a "boring" piece of the container platform infrastructure. Service automation There is no use running a distributed cluster if you aren’t going to run something on it! There are a few features in Kubernetes 1.8 that will help with services. One area of innovation has been Horizontal Pod Autoscaling (HPA). HPA enables Kubernetes to automatically scale the number of pods based on utilization. Initially, Kubernetes was limited to scaling based on CPU usage, but work in these three areas enables the feature to work with custom metrics. This will give users much more flexibility in scaling workloads. Custom metrics for HPA - will enable scaling based on arbitrary metrics (rather than only scaling based on CPU usage), and supports scaling by request percentages. HPA Status Conditions - will indicate current status orblocking issues for HPA. Monitoring Pipeline Metrics HPA API - Provides an API for scaling based on built-in metrics beyond pod-based metrics as well as scaling based on arbitrary metrics and request percentages. Many production services require storage or data persistence. With alpha storage snapshotting, the community has figured out how to leverage the underlying storage APIs to enable some clever application-level features. This includes exposing the ability in the Kubernetes API to create, list, delete, and restore snapshots from an arbitrary underlying storage systems that support it. Image developers can ultimately speed up testing and recovery through snapshotting. Finally, the Kubernetes incubator service catalog project has reached agreement on the scope of the initial beta release. The service catalog cleans up the service discovery and selection user experience and adds automations around binding services together while facilitating a programmatic way to consume service from outside and inside the cluster. What else have Red Hat contributors been working on with upstream Kubernetes lately? Swing by one of the special interest groups (SIG) anytime to find out. As you can see, Red Hat is involved in many enterprise and open hybrid cloud projects across Kubernetes. We are part of a fantastic open source team that spans many companies and none of these features above would have been possible without the constant support all members offer to one another. We look forward to seeing you in three months for Kubernetes 1.9. Hold on tight! Additional resources - Kubernetes 1.8 OpenShift Commons briefing with Clayton Coleman CRI-O and Kubernetes deep dive with Mrunal Patel and Dan Walsh Kubernetes service catalog deep dive with Paul Morie and Andrew Block - About the authors.	https://www.redhat.com/zh/blog/what-you-need-know-about-kubernetes-18	CC-MAIN-2021-17	refinedweb	1,504	53.81
Hello! Thank you for taking the time to help me out. I am having a problem with a program that I wrote, which is supposed to keep information about a CPU and a Computer, such as brand name, memory, and other details. The problem I am having is with the setCPU function inside the Computer.cpp file, almost at the bottom of the code I am posting. This function is supposed to set the details about the CPU, but the problem I am having is with accessing the variables of the CPU.h file inside the Computer.cpp file. I have done "#include CPU.h" but it doesn't work. Can someone help me figure out how to access the variables type and speed in Computer.cpp? Thank you in advance for any help you can provide! Here are three of my files, CPU.h, Computer.h, and Computer.cpp (I think they are the relevant ones): Code:// CPU.h // protections #ifndef CPU_H #define CPU_H using namespace std; class CPU { // private variables private: string type; int speed; // public functions public: CPU(); ~CPU(); string getType(); int getSpeed(); void setType(string type); void setSpeed(int speed); void printInfo(); }; #endifCode:// Computer.h // protectors #ifndef Computer_H #define Computer_H using namespace std; // CPU class so that everything compiles correctly class CPU; class Computer { // private variables private: string brandName; CPU cpu; int memory; double price; // public functions public: Computer(); ~Computer(); string getBrandName(); CPU getCPU(); int getMemory(); double getPrice(); void setBrandName(string newBrandName); void setCPU (string cpuType, int cpuSpeed); void setMemory (int memoryAmount); void setPrice (double newPrice); void printInfo(); }; #endifCode:// Computer.cpp #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <cstdlib> #include "Computer.h" #include "CPU.h" using namespace std; // constructor Computer::Computer() { brandName = "?"; CPU cpu = new CPU(); memory = 0; price = 0.0; } // destructor Computer::~Computer() { delete cpu; cout << "The computer " << brandName << " is being destroyed." << endl; } // mutator functions set the variables to the new values void Computer::setCPU (string cpuType, int cpuSpeed) { cpu->type = cpuType; *cpu->speed = cpuSpeed; }	http://cboard.cprogramming.com/cplusplus-programming/120225-problem-accessing-variables.html	CC-MAIN-2014-49	refinedweb	328	56.76
Grok offers some tools for testing, and in fact, a project created by grokproject (as the one we have been extending) includes a functional test suite. In this article, we are going to discuss testing a bit and then write some tests for the functionality that our application has so far. Testing helps us avoid bugs, but it does not eliminate them completely, of course. There are times when we will have to dive into the code to find out what's going wrong. A good set of debugging aids becomes very valuable in this situation. We'll see that there are several ways of debugging a Grok application and also try out a couple of them. Testing It's important to understand that testing should not be treated as an afterthought. As mentioned earlier, agile methodologies place a lot of emphasis on testing. In fact, there's even a methodology called Test Driven Development (TDD), which not only encourages writing tests for our code, but also writing tests before any other line of code. There are various kinds of testing, but here we'll briefly describe only two: - Unit testing - Integration or functional tests Unit testing The idea of unit testing is to break a program into its constituent parts and test each one of them in isolation. Every method or function call can be tested separately to make sure that it returns the expected results and handles all of the possible inputs correctly. An application which has unit tests that cover the majority of its lines of code, allows its developers to constantly run the tests after a change, and makes sure that modifications to the code do not break the existing functionality. Functional tests Functional tests are concerned with how the application behaves as a whole. In a web application, this means how it responds to a browser request and whether it returns the expected HTML for a given call. Ideally, the customer himself has a hand in defining these tests, usually through explicit functionality requirements or acceptance criteria. The more formal the requirements from the customer are, the easier it is to define appropriate functional tests. Testing in Grok Grok highly encourages the use of both kinds of tests, and in fact, includes a powerful testing tool that is automatically configured with every project. In the Zope world—from where Grok originated—a lot of value is placed in a kind of tests known as "doctests", so Grok comes with a sample test suite of this kind. Doctests A doctest is a test that's written as a text file, with lines of code mixed with explanations of what the code is doing. The code is written in a way that simulates a Python interpreter session. As tests exercise large portions of the code (ideally 100%), they usually offer a good way of finding out of what an application does and how. So, if an application has no written documentation, its tests would be the next obvious way of finding out what it does. Doctests take this idea further by allowing the developer to explain in the text file exactly what each test is doing. Doctests are especially useful for functional testing, because it makes more sense to document the high-level operations of a program. Unit tests, on the other hand, are expected to evaluate the program bit by bit and it can be cumbersome to write a text explanation for every little piece of code. A possible drawback of doctests is that they can make the developer think that he needs no other documentation for his project. In almost all of the cases, this is not true. Documenting an application or package makes it immediately more accessible and useful, so it is strongly recommended that doctests should not be used as a replacement for good documentation. We'll show an example of using doctests in the Looking at the test code section of this article. Default test setup for Grok projects As mentioned above, Grok projects that are started with the grokproject tool already include a simple functional test suite by default. Let's examine it in detail. Test configuration The default test configuration looks for packages or modules that have the word 'tests' in their name and tries to run the tests inside. For functional tests, any files ending with .txt or .rst are considered. For functional tests that need to simulate a browser, a special configuration is needed to tell Grok which packages to initialize in addition to the Grok infrastructure (usually the ones that are being worked on). The ftesting.zcml file in the package directory has this configuration. This also includes a couple of user definitions that are used by certain tests to examine functionality specific to a certain role, such as manager. Test files Besides the already mentioned ftesting.zcml file, in the same directory, there is a tests.py file added by grokproject, which basically loads the ZCML declarations and registers all of the tests in the package. The actual tests that are included with the default project files are contained in the app.txt file. These are doctests that do a functional test run by loading the entire Grok environment and imitating a browser. We'll take a look at the contents of the file soon, but first let's run the tests. Running the tests As part of the project's build process, a script named test is included in the bin directory when you create a new project. This is the test runner and calling it without arguments, finds and executes all of the tests in the packages that are included in the configuration. We haven't added a single test so far, so if we type bin/test in our project directory, we'll see more or less the same thing that doing that on a new project would show: $ bin/test Running tests at level 1 Running todo.FunctionalLayer tests: Set up in 12.319 seconds. Running: ...2009-09-30 15:00:47,490 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base. Engine.0x...782c PRAGMA table_info("users") 2009-09-30 15:00:47,490 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine.0x...782c () Ran 3 tests with 0 failures and 0 errors in 0.465 seconds. Tearing down left over layers: Tear down todo.FunctionalLayer ... not supported The only difference between our output to that of a newly created Grok package is in the sqlalchemy lines. Of course, the most important part of the output is the "penultimate" line, which shows the number of tests that were run and whether there were any failures or errors. A failure means that some test didn't pass, which means that the code is not doing what it's supposed to do and needs to be checked. An error signifies that the code crashed unexpectedly at some point, and the test couldn't even be executed, so it's necessary to find the error and correct it before worrying about the tests. The test runner The test runner program looks for modules that contain tests. The test can be of three different types: Python tests, simple doctests, and full functionality doctests. To let the test runner know, which test file includes which kind of tests, a comment similar to the following is placed at the top of the file: Do a Python test on the app. :unittest: In this case, the Python unit test layer will be used to run the tests. The other value that we are going to use is "doctest" when we learn how to write doctests. The test runner then finds all of the test modules and runs them in the corresponding layer. Although unit tests are considered very important in regular development, we may find functional tests more necessary for a Grok web application, as we will usually be testing views and forms, which require the full Zope/Grok stack to be loaded to work. That's the reason why we find only functional doctests in the default setup. Test layers A test layer is a specific test setup which is used to differentiate the tests that are executed. By default, there is a test layer for each of the three types of tests handled by the test runner. It's possible to run a test layer without running the others and also to name new test layers to be able to cluster together tests that require a specific setup. Invoking the test runner As shown above, running bin/test will start the test runner with the default options. It's also possible to specify a number of options, and the most important ones are summarized below. In the following table, command-line options are shown to the left. Most options can be expressed with a short form (one dash) or a long form (two dashes). Arguments for the option in question are shown in uppercase. Looking at the test code Let's take a look at the three default test files of a Grok project, to see what each one does. ftesting.zcml As we explained earlier, ftesting.zcml is a configuration file for the test runner. Its main objective is to help us set up the test instance with users, so that we can test different roles according to our needs. <configure xmlns="" i18n_domain="todo" package="todo" > <include package="todo" /> <include package="todo_plus" /> <!-- Typical functional testing security setup --> <securityPolicy component="zope.securitypolicy.zopepolicy.ZopeSecurityPolicy" /> <unauthenticatedPrincipal id="zope.anybody" title="Unauthenticated User" /> <grant permission="zope.View" principal="zope.anybody" /> <principal id="zope.mgr" title="Manager" login="mgr" password="mgrpw" /> <role id="zope.Manager" title="Site Manager" /> <grantAll role="zope.Manager" /> <grant role="zope.Manager" principal="zope.mgr" /> As shown in the preceding code, the configuration simply includes a security policy, complete with users and roles and the packages that should be loaded by the instance, in addition to the regular Grok infrastructure. If we run any tests that require an authenticated user to work, we'll use these special users. The includes at the top of the file just make sure that all of the Zope Component Architecture setup needed by our application is performed prior to running the tests. tests.py The default test module is very simple. It defines the functional layer and registers the tests for our package: import os.path import z3c.testsetup import todo from zope.app.testing.functional import ZCMLLayer ftesting_zcml = os.path.join( os.path.dirname(todo.__file__), 'ftesting.zcml') FunctionalLayer = ZCMLLayer(ftesting_zcml, __name__, 'FunctionalLayer', allow_teardown=True) test_suite = z3c.testsetup.register_all_tests('todo') After the imports, the first line gets the path for the ftesting.zcml file, which then is passed to the layer definition method ZCMLLayer. The final line in the module tells the test runner to find and register all of the tests in the package. This will be enough for our testing needs in this article, but if we needed to create another non-Grok package for our application, we would need to add a line like the last one to it, so that all of its tests are found by the test runner. This is pretty much boilerplate code, as only the package name has to be changed. app.txt We finally come to the reason for this entire configuration—the actual tests that will be executed by the test runner. By default, the tests are included inside the app.txt file: Do a functional doctest test on the app. ======================================== :doctest: :layer: todo.tests.FunctionalLayer Let's first create an instance of Todo at the top level: >>> from todo.app import Todo >>> root = getRootFolder() >>> root['app'] = Todo() Run tests in the testbrowser ---------------------------- The zope.testbrowser.browser module exposes a Browser class that simulates a web browser similar to Mozilla Firefox or IE. We use that to test how our application behaves in a browser. For more information, see. Create a browser and visit the instance you just created: >>> from zope.testbrowser.testing import Browser >>> browser = Browser() >>> browser.open('') Check some basic information about the page you visit: >>> browser.url '' >>> browser.headers.get('Status').upper() '200 OK' The text file has a title and immediately after that a :doctest: declaration—a declaration which tells the test runner that these tests need a functional layer to be loaded for their execution. Then comes a :layer: declaration, which is a path that points to the layer that we defined earlier in tests.py. After that, comes the test code. Lines starting with three brackets represent the Python code that is tested. Anything else is commentary. When using the Python interpreter, a line of code may return a value, in which case, the expected return value must be written immediately below that line. This expected value will be compared with the real return value of the tested code and a failure will be reported, if the values don't match. Similarly, a line which is followed by an empty line will produce a failure, when the code is executed and a result is returned, because it is assumed that the expected return value in that case is None. For example, in the last line of the Python doctest, the expression browser.headers.get('Status').upper() is expected to return the value 200 OK. If anything else is returned, the test will fail, even if there's just a slight difference. Adding our own tests Now, let's add a few functional tests that are specific to our application. We will need to emulate a browser for that. The zope.testbrowser package includes a browser emulator. We can pass any valid URL to this browser by using browser.open, and it will send a request to our application exactly like a browser would. The response from our application will be then available as browser.contents, so that we can perform our testing comparisons on it. The Browser class Before writing our tests, it will be useful to see what exactly our testbrowser can do. Of course, anything that depends on JavaScript will not work here, but other than that, we can interact with links and even forms in a very straightforward manner. Here's a look at the main functionality offered by the Browser class: Now that we know what we can do, let's try our hand at writing some tests. Our first to-do application tests Ideally, we should have been adding a couple of doctests to the app.txt file every time we add a new functionality to our application. We have gone through the reasons why we didn't do so, but let's recover some lost ground. At the very least, we'll get a feeling of how doctests work. We'll add our new tests to the existing app.txt file. The last test there that we saw left us at the to-do instance URL. We are not logged in, so if we print the browser contents, we will get the login page. Let's add a test for this: Since we haven't logged in, we can't see the application. The login page appears: >>> 'Username' in browser.contents True >>> 'Password' in browser.contents True As we mentioned earlier, when visiting a URL with the testbrowser, the entire HTML content of the page is stored in browser.contents. Now we know that our login page has a username and a password field, so we simply use a couple of in expressions and check if these fields evaluate to True. If they do, it would mean that the browser is effectively looking at the login page. Let's add a test for logging in. When we start the application in the tests, the user database is empty, therefore, the most economical way of logging in is to use basic authentication. This can be easily done by changing the request headers: >>> browser.addHeader('Authorization', 'Basic mgr:mgrpw') >>> browser.open('') >>> 'Logged in as Manager' in browser.contents True That's it. We just add the header, "reload" the home page, and we should be logged in. We verify it by looking for the Logged in as message, which we know has to be there after a successful login. Once we are logged in, we can finally test our application properly. Let's begin by adding a project: We are now in. Let's create a project: >>> browser.getLink('Create a new project').click() >>> browser.getControl(>> browser.getControl(name='form.description').value='The description.' >>> browser.getControl('Add project').click() >>> browser.url '' >>> 'Create new list' in browser.contents True First, we find the link on the home page that will take us to the 'add form' project. This is done easily with the help of the getLink method and the text of the link. We click on the link and now should have the form ready to fill in. We then use getControl to find each field by its name and change its value. Finally, we submit the form by getting the submit button control and clicking on it. The result is that the project is created and we are redirected to its main view. We can confirm this by comparing the browser url with the URL that we would expect in this case. Adding a list to the project is just as easy. We get the form controls, assign them some values, and click on the submit button. The list and the link for adding new items to it should appear in the browser contents: We have added a project. Now, we'll add a list to it. If we are successful, we will seea link for adding a new item for the list: >>> browser.getControl(>> browser.getControl(name='description').value='The list description.' >>> browser.getControl(name='new_list').click() >>> 'New item' in browser.contents True Good. Let's see how we are doing so far: $ bin/testRunning tests at level 1 Running todo.FunctionalLayer tests: Set up in 3.087 seconds. Running: .......2009-09-30 21:35:44,585 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base. Engine.0x...69ec PRAGMA table_info("users") 2009-09-30 21:35:44,585 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine.0x...69ec () Ran 7 tests with 0 failures and 0 errors in 0.428 seconds. Tearing down left over layers: Tear down todo.FunctionalLayer ... not supported Not bad. We now have four more working tests than when we started. Note that the test browser handles HTTP errors gracefully, returning a string similar to what a real browser would show when running into an error. For example, take a look at the following test: >>> browser.open('') Traceback (most recent call last): ... HTTPError: HTTP Error 404: Not Found That's the default behavior because this is how real browsers work, but sometimes, when we are debugging, it's better to take a look at the original exception caused by our application. In such a case, we can make the browser stop handling errors automatically and throw the original exceptions, so that we can handle them. This is done by setting the browser.handleErrors property to False: >>> browser.handleErrors = False >>> browser.open('') Traceback (most recent call last): ... NotFound: Object: <zope.site.folder.Folder object at ...>, name: u'invalid' >> Continue Reading Testing and Debugging in Grok 1.0: Part 2 If you have read this article you may be interested to view :	https://www.packtpub.com/books/content/testing-and-debugging-grok-10-part-1	CC-MAIN-2015-22	refinedweb	3,223	64.1
Created on 2008-09-01 11:42 by ocean-city, last changed 2008-09-02 10:29 by ocean-city. This issue is now closed. As title, platform.architecture() prints vogus messege. >>> import platform >>> platform.architecture() 指定されたパスが見つかりません。 ('32bit', 'WindowsPE') It says "speicied path is not found". This difference between trunk and py3k would go down to this. import os os.popen(r'file e:\python-dev\py3k\PC\VC6\python_d.exe 2> /dev/null') trunk prints nothing, but py3k prints that message. I don't know which is popen's correct behavior, we can supress this message by using subprocess.Popen instead. Index: Lib/platform.py =================================================================== --- Lib/platform.py (revision 66090) +++ Lib/platform.py (working copy) @@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ __version__ = '1.0.6' -import sys, os, re +import sys, os, re, subprocess ### Platform specific APIs @@ -942,7 +942,7 @@ """ target = _follow_symlinks(target) try: - f = os.popen('file %s 2> /dev/null' % target) + f = subprocess.Popen('file %s 2> /dev/null' % target, stdout=subprocess .PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE).stdout except (AttributeError,os.error): return default output = f.read().strip() The call to _syscmd_file() should be avoided on windows platforms: - the "file" program does not exist - the stderr is redirected to /dev/null, which does not necessarily exists! On my machine, there is a "c:\dev" directory. Now it contains a file named "null", which content is "'file' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file." I think it's better to disable that function in the same way as done for _syscmd_uname: if sys.platform in ('dos','win32','win16','os2'): # XXX Others too ? return default BTW: I assume you are running this on win32, right ? I've attached patch. (trunk) >BTW: I assume you are running this on win32, right ? Yes, I'm running win2k. Looks good. Could you apply it to both trunk and the py3k branch ?! Mark it "Reviewed by Marc-Andre Lemburg" to keep folks happy ;-) Thanks, fixed in r66104(trunk) and r66106(py3k) Well, should I backport this to release25-maint branch? (If accepted, issue3719 as well)	https://bugs.python.org/issue3748	CC-MAIN-2018-30	refinedweb	347	69.99
ASP.NET Core uses routing to map incoming URLs to controllers and action methods, and also to generate URLs when you provide route parameters. One of the lesser known features of the routing infrastructure is data tokens. These are additional values that can be associated with a particular route, but don't affect the process of URL matching or generation at all. This post takes a brief look at data tokens and how to use them in your applications for providing supplementary information about a route, but generally speaking I recommend avoiding them if possible. How to add data tokens to a route Data tokens are specified when you define your global convention-based routes, in the call to UseMvc. For example, the following route adds a data token called Name to the default route: app.UseMvc(routes => { routes.MapRoute( name: "default", template: "{controller=Home}/{action=Index}/{id?}", defaults: null, constraints: null, dataTokens: new { Name = "default_route" }); }); This route just adds the standard default conventional route to the route collection but it also specifies the Name data token. Note that due to the available overloads, you have to explicitly provide values for defaults and constraints. This data token is functionally identical to the MapRoute version without dataTokens; the data tokens do not modify the way URLs are routed at all. Accessing the data tokens from an action method Whenever a route is used to map an incoming URL to an action method, the data tokens associated with the route are set. These can be accessed from the RouteData.DataTokens property on the Controller base class. This exposes the values as a RouteValueDictionary so you can access them by name. For example, you could retrieve and display the above data token as follows: public class ProductController : Controller { public string Index() { var nameTokenValue = (string)RouteData.DataTokens["Name"]; return nameTokenValue; } } As you can see, the data token needs to be cast to the appropriate Type it was defined as, in this case string. This behaviour is different to that of the route parameter values. Route values are stored as strings, so the values need be convertible to a string. Data tokens don't have this restriction, so you can store the values as any type you like and just cast when retrieving it. Using data tokens to identify the selected route So what can data tokens actually be used for? Well, fundamentally they are designed to help you associate state data with a specific route. The values aren't dynamic, so they don't change depending on the URL; instead, they are fixed for a given route. This means you can use data tokens to determine which route was selected during routing. This may be useful if you have multiple routes that map to the same action method, and you need to know which route was selected. Consider the following couple of routes. They are for two different URLs, but they match to the same action method, HomeController.Index: app.UseMvc(routes => { routes.MapRoute( name: "otherRoute", template: "fancy-other-route", defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index" }, constraints: null, dataTokens: new { routeOrigin = new RouteOrigin { Name = "fancy route" } }); routes.MapRoute( name: "default", template: "{controller=Home}/{action=Index}/{id?}", defaults: null, constraints: null, dataTokens: new { routeOrigin = new RouteOrigin { Name = "default route" } }); }); Both routes set a data token of type RouteOrigin which is just a simple class, to demonstrate that data tokens can be complex types: public class RouteOrigin { public string Name { get; set; } } So, if we make a request to the app at URL, /, /Home, or /Home/Index, a data token is set with a Name of "default route". If we make a request to /fancy-other-route, then the same action method will be executed, but the data token will have the value "fancy route". To easily visualise these values, I created the HomeController as follows: public class HomeController : Controller { public string Index() { var origin = (RouteOrigin)RouteData.DataTokens["routeOrigin"]; return $"This is the Home controller.\nThe route data is '{origin.Name}'"; } } If we hit the app at the two different paths, you can easily see the different data token values: This works for our global convention-based routes, but what if you are using attribute-based routing? How do we use data tokens then? How to use data tokens with RouteAttributes? The short answer is, you can't! You can use constraints and defaults when you define your routes using RouteAttributes by including them inline as part of the route template. But you can't define data tokens inline, so you can't use them with attribute routing. The good news is that it really shouldn't be a problem. Attribute routing is often used when you are designing an API for consumption by various clients. It's good practice to have a well defined URL space when designing your APIs; that's one of the reasons attribute routing is suggested over conventional routing in this case. A "well defined" URL space could mean a lot of things, but one of those would probably be not having multiple different URLs all executing the same action. If there's only one route that can be used to execute an action, then data tokens use their value. For example, the following API defines a route attribute for invoking the Get action. public class InstrumentController { [HttpGet("/instruments")] public IList<string> Get() { return new List<string> { "Guitar", "Bass", "Drums" }; } } Associating a data token with the route wouldn't give you any more information when this method is invoked. We know which route it came from, as there is only one possibility - the HttpGet Route attribute! Note: If an action has a route attribute, it can not be routed using conventional routing. That's how we know it's not routed from anywhere else. When should I use data tokens? I confess, I'm struggling with this section. Data tokens create a direct coupling between the routes and the action methods being executed. It seems like if your action methods are written in such a way as to depend on this route, you have bigger problems. Also, the coupling is pretty insidious, as the data tokens are a hidden dependency that you have to know how to access. A more explicit approach might be to just set the values of appropriate route parameters. For example, we could achieve virtually the same behaviour using explicit route parameters instead of data tokens. We could rewrite the routes as the following: app.UseMvc(routes => { routes.MapRoute( name: "otherRoute", template: "fancy-route-with-param", defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Other", routeOrigin = "fancy route" }); routes.MapRoute( name: "default", template: "{controller=Home}/{action=Index}/{id?}", defaults: new { routeOrigin = "default" }); }); Here we are providing a route value for each route for the routeOrigin parameter. This will be explicitly bound to our action method if we define it like the following: public class HomeController : Controller { public string Other(string routeOrigin) { return $"This is the Other action.\nThe route param is '{routeOrigin}'"; } } We now have an explicit dependency on the routeOrigin parameter which is automatically populated for us: Now, I know this behaviour is not the same as when we used dataTokens. In this case, the routeOrigin parameter is actually bound using the normal model binding mechanism, and you can only use values that can be converted to/from strings. But personally, as I say I don't really see a need for data tokens. Either using the route value approach seems preferable, or alternatively straight dependency injection, depending on your requirements. Do let me know in the comments if there's a use case I've missed here, as currently I can't really see it!	https://andrewlock.net/using-routing-datatokens-in-asp-net-core/	CC-MAIN-2019-26	refinedweb	1,277	52.9
Issue Type: Improvement Created: 2010-05-12T16:32:44.000+0000 Last Updated: 2012-02-26T06:08:17.000+0000 Status: Closed Fix version(s): - Next Major Release () Reporter: Jessie Hernandez (jrhernandez) Assignee: Adam Lundrigan (adamlundrigan) Tags: - Zend_Cache Related issues: - ZF-11988 Attachments: - zend_cache_ns.patch Currently, Zend_Cache backends can only be "namespaced" by using underscore prefixes, but not with proper 5.3-style namespaces. Posted by Jessie Hernandez (jrhernandez) on 2010-05-12T16:33:47.000+0000 Patch attached. Posted by Ben Scholzen (dasprid) on 2010-05-12T17:14:02.000+0000 This issue will be solved with Zend Framework 2.0. There is no reason why we should support that in a PHP 5.2 framework. No other component (most of them using the plugin loader) support that yet either. Posted by Jiri Helmich (teuzz) on 2010-11-18T10:44:26.000+0000 Ben Scholzen: But there is also no reason you should not support it. PHP 5.3 is among us for quite a while...	https://framework.zend.com/issues/browse/ZF-9832?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel	CC-MAIN-2016-36	refinedweb	167	69.89
The program plays at three levels. My problem is that I know next to nothing about GUIs and am trying to display a grid of buttons which will be four 4 by 4 grids with some space between each of these 4by4 grids of buttons. I have some code which produces a much too large grid of 64 buttons arranged in 16 rows and 4 columns. I would like an applet that has this grid (much smaller in the left portion of the applet and allows me to add a textfield and a label and a start button. I will (shamefully) share my first attempt (I am using Eclipse). package tic; import javax.swing.; import java.awt.; import java.awt.event.; public class ThreeDTic extends JApplet implements ActionListener { JButton pick[][][] = new JButton [4][4][4]; private int i,j,k; public void init() { //Container contentPane = getContentPane(); //contentPane.setLayout(new GridLayout(4,4)); //contentPane.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(40,40)); setLayout( new GridLayout( 16, 4 ) ); setSize(200,200); for (i=0; i < 4; i++) for (j=0; j < 4; j++) for (k=0; k <4; k++){ pick[i][j][k] = new JButton("?"); pick[i][j][k].addActionListener(this); pick[i][j][k].setSize(10, 10); pick[i][j][k].setName("" + i +"" +j +"" +k); pick[i][j][k].setPreferredSize(new Dimension(10,10)); pick[i][j][k].setMaximumSize(new Dimension(10,10)); pick[i][j][k].setMinimumSize(new Dimension(10,10)); //Rectangle r= new Rectangle(i,j10,10+i,10+j); //pick[i][j][k].setBounds(r); //pick[i][j][k].setBorder(null); //contentPane.add(pick[i][j][k]); add(pick[i][j][k]); } } public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) { // what woke me up? JButton thisOne= (JButton)ae.getSource(); System.out.println(thisOne.getName()); } } This post has been edited by robyn9876: 06 January 2009 - 08:57 AM	http://www.dreamincode.net/forums/topic/79561-3d-tictactoe-gui/	CC-MAIN-2017-51	refinedweb	304	50.43
UltimaPy - Extract information and images from the UO client files Project description ultimapy ultimapy is a python library for rendering images from the Ultima Online client files. The SDK part of the project is almost a direct 1:1 code translation of the C# Ultima SDK (used by UOFiddler, among other things). Why? The C# SDK does not run with mono due to implementations being missing from the underlying libraries. Attempts to get this to run in dotnet core or using mono have never been successful. Rewriting this code in Python allows the code to be used in a linux environment, for the most part out of the box. Since Python has many available popular open source web frameworks, this library allows you to serve up images directly in code used by your web framework of choice. It also includes some features not seen anywhere else, such as the rendering of player avatars. Items & paperdolls have been done before in PHP, but that code is difficult to read and edit, whereas this library takes a much more flexible and simple approach (the same as which is used in the C# SDK). This lib even fixes a few rendering bugs which are present in the C# SDK. Features ultimapy can currently do the following: - Render land, statics. This includes rendering of in game items. - Render "animations" or single frames of animations. This includes monsters and players, though player construction is done by rendering the mount, body, hair and clothing layers in order. - Draw text from the client (eg, ASCIIFont). - Extract information about skills - naming, groups, indexes. - Rendering paperdolls / individual gumps Unimplemented features - UOP support is not planned, which limits the client version. Installation Install ultimapy to your project with: pip install ultimapy You must specify your Ultima Online client directory by any of the following methods: environment.ini- add the line ULTIMA_FILES_DIR=/path/to/ultima - Django - add into settings.py: ULTIMA_FILES_DIR=/path/to/ultima - Specify an environment variable ULTIMA_FILES_DIRwith the value /path/to/ultima Settings As above, settings can be set through any of the methods that the ULTIMA_FILES_DIR can be set by ( environment.ini, Django settings, environment variable). Currently there are only 2 settings: ULTIMA_FILES_DIR, this is the path to your Ultima Online directory. This has no default and will not read from registry. ULTIMA_MOUNT_IDS, if loaded via environment, should be a valid json list of all possible mount IDs. If set in Django, can simply be set up as a list. This has a default of mounts that are found in the 5.0.8.3 client. How to use ultimapy Example of creating an image: from ultimapy.ascii_font import ASCIIFont img = ASCIIFont.FONTS[3].get_string_image("Hello world") img.save("HelloWorld.bmp") Project details Release history Release notifications \| RSS feed Download files Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages.	https://pypi.org/project/ultimapy/	CC-MAIN-2021-10	refinedweb	482	55.95
Web workers allow you to push work outside of main execution thread of JavaScript making them convenient for lengthy computations and background work. Moving data between the main thread and the worker comes with communication-related overhead. The split provides isolation that forces workers to focus on logic only as they cannot manipulate the user interface directly. The idea of workers is valuable on a more general level. parallel-webpack uses worker-farm underneath to parallelize webpack execution. As discussed in the Build Targets chapter, webpack allows you to build your application as a worker itself. To get the idea of web workers better, you'll learn how to build a small worker using worker-loader. Sharing data between the host and the worker may become easier in the future thanks to technologies such as SharedArrayBuffer. To get started, install worker-loader to the project: npm install worker-loader --save-dev Instead of pushing the loader definition to webpack configuration, you can use inline loader definitions to keep the demonstration minimal. See the Loader Definitions chapter for more information about the alternatives. A worker has to do two things: listen to messages and respond. Between those two actions, it can perform a computation. In this case, you accept text data, append it to itself, and send the result: src/worker.js self.onmessage = ({ data: { text } }) => { self.postMessage({ text: text + text }); }; The host has to instantiate the worker and then communicate with it. The idea is almost the same except the host has the control: src/component.js import Worker from "worker-loader!./worker"; export default () => { const element = document.createElement("h1"); const worker = new Worker(); const state = { text: "foo" }; worker.addEventListener("message", ({ data: { text } }) => { state.text = text; element.innerHTML = text; }); element.innerHTML = state.text; element.onclick = () => worker.postMessage({ text: state.text }); return element; }; After you have these two set up, it should work. As you click the text, it should mutate the application state as the worker completes its execution. To demonstrate the asynchronous nature of workers, you could try adding delay to the answer and see what happens. webworkify-webpack is an alternative to worker-loader. The API allows you to use the worker as a regular JavaScript module as well given you avoid the selfrequirement visible in the example solution. webpack-worker is another option to study. The critical thing to note is that the worker cannot access the DOM. You can perform computation and queries in a worker, but it cannot manipulate the user interface directly. To recap: You'll learn about internationalization in the next chapter. This book is available through Leanpub (digital), Amazon (paperback), and Kindle (digital). By purchasing the book you support the development of further content. A part of profit (~30%) goes to Tobias Koppers, the author of webpack.	https://survivejs.com/webpack/techniques/web-workers/index.html	CC-MAIN-2018-51	refinedweb	465	50.43
A Prometheus exporter for Buildbot Project description buildbot-prometheus is a Python package providing a Prometheus metrics exporter for a buildbot master. The package works on Python 3. Installation $ pip install buildbot_prometheus The setup.py file includes an entry_points directive that configures it as a Buildbot reporters plugin which simplifies its use in the Buildbot configuration file. To use the Prometheus reporter plugin add the following to your buildbot master.cfg file and (re)start the master. c['services'].append(reporters.Prometheus(port=9100)) The buildbot master should now be exposing metrics to Prometheus. You can check the metrics service using the simple command line tool curl: $100'] Prometheus will then automatically associate a job label of buildbot with metrics from this exporter. Prometheus will also automatically associate an instance label (e.g. ‘localhost:9100’) too. All metrics exposed by this exporter are prefixed with the buildbot_ string as a namespace strategy to isolate them from other Prometheus exporters. This.	https://pypi.org/project/buildbot-prometheus/	CC-MAIN-2022-27	refinedweb	160	56.45
Week one down! How exciting! This week was all about coming up with an idea and configuring the new project. I will be keeping the GitHub repo up to date as I build out this project so make sure you check that out! Idea I will be building a video tutorial/course platform that contains a collection of free and paid courses. You will be able to watch any of the free courses once you create an account. For the premium content, you can choose to purchase a single course to own forever, or subscribe on a monthly or yearly basis to access all the premium courses. Readme Driven Development (RDD) I will be following Tom Preston-Werner's Readme Driven Development methodology, whereby the first thing you create is a readme describing your project. My key takeaways from Tom's article were: - Making a product for users is a waste of time if it doesn't provide value - Thinking about how your software will be used gives you a pathway with achievable milestones - Helps inform tech decisions - Creates a shared language and understanding across other devs and stakeholders. You can checkout my readme to see what I am planning to build. Stack As the majority of this project can be statically generated ahead of time I will be building a Jamstack app. This will help keep the loading speed fast for users and keep the hosting costs down free! Next.js Since most of the content can be generated at build time I was keen to use something that makes this process simple - Next.js or Gatsby. I went with Next.js as it gives me all that SSG (Static Site Generation) magic I am after, but also offers SSR (Server Side Rendering) if my application does require it in the future! Additionally, I really like Next's API for generating static content. You just declare a getStaticProps function, co-located with the page component that uses the data. Next.js will iterate over any components that declare this function and make these requests at build time. I find this workflow to be a little more convenient than Gatsby, and requires less context switching than jumping out of the component and implementing some data fetching in gatsby-node.js. That is just personal preference though. Both of these frameworks are absolutely awesome and are perfectly capable of building what we need! Setting up Next.js was super simple. Just create a new folder and initialise it as an NPM project. My project will be called "courses". mkdir courses && cd courses && npm init -y Now to install Next.js and its dependencies. npm i next react react-dom Let's add some scripts to build and run our application. In the package.json file, replace the test script (that no-one uses in a side project) with the following. "scripts": { "dev": "next dev", "build": "next build", "start": "next start", "export": "next export" }, Next.js uses file-based routing so we can create pages simply by putting React components in the pages directory. mkdir pages Now create an index.js file and add the following code to create a welcoming home page. // pages/index.js const HomePage = () => <h1>Welcome to Courses!</h1> export default HomePage We now have a fully functioning Next.js application. Run the following command and go and visit it at. npm run dev API routes We will need some serverside code in order to process payments with Stripe and interact with the database. These chunks of serverside code will be quite isolated and single purpose. This is a perfect usecase for serverless functions and Next.js makes this super simple! Just create an API folder in the pages directory! mkdir pages/api And add a test.js file with the following content. // pages/api/test.js module.exports = async (req, res) => { res.send('it works!') } That's it! It's done! To run this serverless function just go to. Next.js will pick up any .js files in this api folder and automatically turn them into serverless functions! Super cool! SQL vs Document DB We are going to need a database to store information about our users, and remember which courses they have purchased. There are a huge number of options here, but first we need to decide whether we want to use an SQL db - such as PostgreSQL - or a document db - such as MongoDB. The biggest factor to consider between these two options is how you want to model relationships between different bits of data. An SQL db can stitch together data from different tables using one complex query, whereas you may need to do multiple queries in a document db, and stitch it together yourself. Our application is going to be hosted on a different server to our db - potentially in a different continent - so making a single request, letting the db do some of the hard work and sending back a smaller dataset is likely going to be much more performant. Again, the scope of this application is quite small so this is probably not going to be a problem, but since we know we will need at least a relationship between our user and the courses they have purchased, I am going to go with an SQL solution. Additionally, the methodology of the Jamstack is all about being able to scale up easily and I think SQL gives us more options than a document db as things get more complex! Supabase Again, there are a million options for a hosted SQL database. I have used Heroku extensively in the past and would highly recommend, however, I have been looking for an excuse to try Supabase and I think this is it! Supabase is an open source competitor to Firebase. They offer a whole bunch of services - db hosting, query builder language, auth etc - however, we are just going to use it as a free db host. Head on over to their website and create an account. Once you're at the dashboard click "create a new project" - make sure to use a strong password (and copy it somewhere as we will need it again soon!) and pick a region that is geographically close to you! Once it is finished creating a DB, head over to Settings > Database and copy the Connection String. We are going to need this in the next step! Prisma Now we need to decide how we want to interact with our database. We could just send across big SQL query strings, but we're not living in the dark ages anymore! I have a background in Rails and really like the ORM (object relational mapping) style of interacting with databases so I am going to choose Prisma! Prisma is a query builder. It basically abstracts away complex SQL queries and allows you to write JavaScript code to talk to the DB. It's awesome! You'll see! Let's set it up! First we need to install it as a dev dependency npm i -D prisma Now we initialise Prisma in our project. npx prisma init Next we need to create our models - how we want to represent our data. // prisma/schema.prisma generator client { provider = "prisma-client-js" } datasource db { provider = "postgresql" url = env("DATABASE_URL") } model Course { id Int @id @default(autoincrement()) title String @unique createdAt DateTime @default(now()) lessons Lesson[] } model Lesson { id Int @id @default(autoincrement()) title String @unique courseId Int createdAt DateTime @default(now()) course Course @relation(fields: [courseId], references: [id]) } Here we are creating a course which has a collection of lessons. A lesson belongs to a course. We are just going to focus on our courses for now - users can come later! Now we want to update the DATABASE_URL in our .env with that connection string from Supabase. // .env DATABASE_URL="your connecting string" Make sure you replace the password in the connection string with the password you used to create the Supabase project! Now we need to make sure we add this .env file to our .gitignore so as to never commit our secrets to GitHub. // .gitignore node_modules/ .next/ .DS_Store out/ .env Okay, now that we have this hooked up to an actual database, we want to tell it to match our schema.prisma file. We do this by pushing the changes. npx prisma db push --preview-feature We need to pass the --preview-feature flag as this is an experimental feature, and may change in the future. Now we want to install the Prisma client, which we will use to send queries to our database. npm i @prisma/client And generate our client based on the schema. npx prisma generate Lastly, let's create a serverless function to create some data in our database, and confirm everything is wired up correctly! // pages/api/create-course import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client' const prisma = new PrismaClient() module.exports = async (req, res) => { await prisma.course.create({ data: { title: 'Learning to code!', lessons: { create: { title: 'Learn the terminal' }, }, }, }) // TODO: send a response } This will create a new course with the title "Learning to code!", but it will also create the first lesson "Learn the terminal". This is the power of using a query builder like Prisma! Queries that would be quite complex in SQL are super easy to write and reason about! Let's add another prisma query to select the data we have written to the DB and send it back as the response. // pages/api/create-course.js module.exports = async (req, res) => { // write to db const courses = await prisma.course.findMany({ include: { lessons: true, }, }) res.send(courses) } Our entire function should look like this. // pages) } Excellent! Now we can run this serverless function by navigating to. You should get back the newly created course and lesson. We can also see this has actually been written to the DB by inspecting our data in the Supabase dashboard. I recommend deleting this serverless function to avoid accidentally running it later and adding unnecessary courses! If you want to keep it as a reference, just comment out the code that creates the course. //) res.send('This is only here as a guide!') } Okay! Let's wire this up to Next! SSG Back in our pages/index.js component we want to query our DB for all courses and display them in a list. We could make this request when a user visits our site, but since this data is not going to change very often this will mean a huge number of unnecessary requests to our API and a lot of users waiting for the same data over and over again! What if we just requested this data when we build a new version of our application and bake the result into a simple HTML page. That would speed things up significantly and keep our users happy! A happy user is a user who wants to buy courses! Next.js makes this super simple with a function called getStaticProps. Lets extend our index.js file to export this function. export const getStaticProps = async () => { const data = await getSomeData() return { props: { data, // this will be passed to our Component as a prop }, } } Since this is going to be run when Next.js is building our application, it will be run in a node process, rather than in a browser. This might seem confusing since it is being exported from a component that will be running in the user's browser, but at build time there is no user - there is no browser! Therefore, we will need a way to make a request to our API from node. I am going to use Axios because I really like the API, but any HTTP request library will do! npm i axios // pages/index.js import axios from 'axios' // component declaration export const getStaticProps = async () => { const { data } = await axios.get('') return { props: { courses: data, }, } } // component export Whatever we return from getStaticProps will be passed into our component, so let's display that JSON blob in our component. // pages/index.js const Homepage = ({ courses }) => { return ( <div> <h1>Courses</h1> <pre> {JSON.stringify(courses, null, 2)} </pre> </div> ) } export default Homepage We can pass JSON.stringify additional arguments (null and 2) in order to pretty print our data. Our whole component should look like this. // pages/index.js import axios from 'axios' const Homepage = ({ courses }) => { return ( <div> <h1>Courses</h1> <pre> {JSON.stringify(courses, null, 2)} </pre> </div> ) } export const getStaticProps = async () => { const { data } = await axios.get('') return { props: { courses: data, }, } } export default Homepage Now we just need to create that get-courses serverless function. // pages/api/get-courses.js import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client' const prisma = new PrismaClient() module.exports = async (req, res) => { const courses = await prisma.course.findMany({ include: { lessons: true, }, }) res.send(courses) } That's it! We should now have an entire system wired up end-to-end! - Next.js is requesting our courses from the serverless function at build time - Our serverless function is using Prisma to query the Supabase DB for the courses - The results are piping through from Supabase -> Serverless function -> Next.js, which is baking them into a static page - The user requests this page and can see the courses Tailwind I also decided to challenge my opinion that Tailwind is just ugly inline styles, and actually give it a try! You will be hearing from me often if I do not like it! Let's install it! npm i -D tailwindcss@latest postcss@latest autoprefixer@latest Next let's initialise some configuration. npx tailwindcss init -p We can also tell Tailwind to remove any unused styles in prod. // tailwind.config.js module.exports = { purge: ['./pages/ */.{js,ts,jsx,tsx}', './components/** /*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx}'], darkMode: false, // or 'media' or 'class' theme: { extend: {}, }, variants: { extend: {}, }, plugins: [], } We are going to want to import Tailwind's CSS on every page, so will create an _app.js file, which automatically wraps every page component. import 'tailwindcss/tailwind.css' import '../styles/globals.css' const MyApp = ({ Component, pageProps }) => <Component {...pageProps} /> export default MyApp Lastly, create a styles/globals.css file to import the Tailwind bits. // styles/globals.css @tailwind base; @tailwind components; @tailwind utilities; Awesome, now we have Tailwind configured. Check out their docs for great examples! I will not be focusing on the styling aspect of this project throughout the blog series, but feel free to check out the repo for pretty examples. Great resources Next week Hosting on Vercel, automatic deploys with GitHub and configuring custom domains Discussion (0)	https://dev.to/dijonmusters/tech-stack-and-initial-project-setup-3of4	CC-MAIN-2021-21	refinedweb	2,422	64.41
At ROB, we don’t use Earthworm (ew) for real time acquisition or monitoring, but we have installed it on our computer at the Kawah Ijen observatory in order to group all seismic fluxes on a single machine, and thus a single archive. Sometimes, for random reasons, some ew modules fail and crash and are marked “Zombie” or “Dead” when executing the “status” command. I have set up statmgr, but for some reason, it never worked. So I’ve written my own cron script that would execute “status“, get its output and restart crashed modules. The cron job looks like this: # m h dom mon dow command * * * * * bash /home/seismo/cron_ew.sh >> /home/seismo/ew_restart.log 2>& Every minute of every hour of every day, the cron_ew.sh script is executed by bash and its stdout and stderr are appended in ew_restart.log. The content of cron_ew.sh is: cd /home/seismo . /home/seismo/ew/run_working/params/ew_linux.bash source /home/seismo/.bashrc python ijen_ew_restart.py The second line executes the ew_linux.bash script which contains all environment variables needed for ew to run. The third line might not be necessary, but it doesn’t hurt. The last line executes the python script: import subprocess import sys, os cmd = '/home/seismo/ew/earthworm_7.4/bin/status' process = subprocess.Popen( cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE ) stdout, stderr = process.communicate() tmp = stdout.split('\n')[21:-2] #print tmp elements = [] for t in tmp: t = t.split(' ') out = [] for ti in t: if len(ti) != 0: out.append(ti) elements.append(out) for element in elements: process, pid, status = element[:3] if status =='Dead' or status == 'Zombie': print process, 'is %s, restarting' % status, pid os.system("restart %s" % str(pid)) After some imports, the code executes the status command, gets its output and parses it (the hard way, not the clean way). Finally, it loops over the processes and restarts the Zombie or Dead ones. Note: this version of the script doesn’t handle the case when ew is completely crashed. This could be achieved by checking the length of the output of status.	https://www.geophysique.be/2014/07/22/earthworm-statmgr-replacement/	CC-MAIN-2020-50	refinedweb	353	68.06
* A friendly place for programming greenhorns! Big Moose Saloon Search \| Java FAQ \| Recent Topics \| Flagged Topics \| Hot Topics \| Zero Replies Register / Login JavaRanch » Java Forums » Java » Java in General Author How to add different types of objects to a Vector? verduka fox Ranch Hand Joined: Jan 18, 2001 Posts: 178 posted Apr 25, 2003 08:52:00 0 I have a stored procedure which returns results for a person's orders. I also have an object in my package called Order. This object contains general information about all types of orders. Order is then extended to OrderA, OrderB, etc where OrderA and OrderB each have the common base of Order but have different characteristics. The stored procedure returns the list of orders that meet the user's criteria. If the order is of type OrderA, I need 2 more pieces of data than for all other types of orders. These two columns are in the resultset. I am storing all of the common data to an Order object. After retrieving all information about the Order, I add the Order to the Vector. If the Order has these two extra pieces of data, it needs to be created as an OrderA, not an Order. I then need to add it to the Vector. I know that it is not good OO, but I am trying to add two different types of objects to the Vector. Both types are of type Order, one is more specific as OrderA. However, I cannot get this to work. I need to store the objects in the same Vector because the position of the orders is important when displaying the values in the JSP . I meant to use the operator instanceof when retrieving the values from the Vector in the JSP before displaying them, but I don't think that it even makes it back to the JSP when I call the method to retrieve these values. What is the recommended way of dealing with this situation? I have a collection of objects, some objects are a child of the other object. The only idea I have right now is to add these two special characteristics to the base object Order, even though they are only needed in OrderA, not in OrderB, etc. I know that this is bad OO, but I don't know how else to achieve the desired result of having all orders in the same Vector with all the information that is returned from the stored procedure. Your comments are greatly appreciated. Thank you. Michael Morris Ranch Hand Joined: Jan 30, 2002 Posts: 3451 posted Apr 25, 2003 09:08:00 0 I meant to use the operator instanceof when retrieving the values ... Why won't the instanceof operator work? It seems that your original idea to subclass the different order types is a better design than adding dead state to a base class. If an Order object can be retrieved from the Vector, then instanceof should reveal its immediate class and then casting to that subclass can safely take place. Any intelligent fool can make things bigger, more complex, and more violent. It takes a touch of genius - and a lot of courage - to move in the opposite direction. - Ernst F. Schumacher Layne Lund Ranch Hand Joined: Dec 06, 2001 Posts: 3061 posted Apr 25, 2003 16:42:00 0 You can easily add different types of objects to a Vector. In fact, this is one of the advantages of the Container API and, contrary to your claim, this is a VERY OO approach to the problem at hand. Adding objects isn't a problem, however retrieving them can be. If the functionality you need is in the Order base class, you can simply cast all objects to Order when you pull them out and ignore the concrete type of the objects. If you absolutely need the whole functionality of the child class, then you can use instanceof to detect what type it is, just like you said you thought of. However, I personally would just use a cast and check if the result is not null. Honestly, I don't know which is more efficient, but since you have to do a cast even when you use instanceof, leaving out the instanceof part is less code to type. [ April 25, 2003: Message edited by: Layne Lund ] Java API Documentation The Java Tutorial Peter den Haan author Ranch Hand Joined: Apr 20, 2000 Posts: 3252 posted Apr 28, 2003 05:13:00 0 Layne, this might not be what you meant to say, but "just use a cast and check if the result is not null" almost reads as if casting an OrderA object to OrderB type will result in a null value. It will of course throw an exception. I agree with you that adding different flavours of Order to a Vector (well, preferably a List implementation from the Collections framework such as ArrayList ) is a very OO thing to do. Michael, too, is absolutely right when he says that you don't want nonsensical state in the Order base class. However, the need for instanceof and casts is a bit of a code smell. You're using them to do different things depending on the precise type of the Order. This is, of course, exactly what polymorphism was designed to handle for you! I'll suggest two ways you can leverage polymorphism to address your problem. I'm not saying they're "better" than the instanceof solution discussed so far. Sometimes they are, sometimes they aren't; I don't know enough about your problem to make that decision for you. I will assume that type A orders have some extra attribute called FooBar. The first way would be decide that an Order is something that might or might not have a FooBar attribute, which is undeniably true. Correspondingly, an Order should have a getter that might or might not return a value. public abstract class Order { public abstract FooBar getFooBar(); } public class OrderA extends Order { private FooBar fooBar; public FooBar getFooBar() { return fooBar; } } public class OrderB extends Order { public FooBar getFooBar() { return null; } } Although there is this getter in Order for FooBar, only OrderA objects contain any actual state corresponding to this attribute. In your JSP you can check the value returned for fooBar to decide if you need to display that attribute or not. The second alternative is in some ways more elegant, but might be less practical in a JSP context. It uses double dispatch to avoid any testing of object types or return values. public abstract class Order { public abstract void display(OrderDisplay od); } public class OrderA extends Order { private FooBar fooBar; public FooBar getFooBar() { return fooBar; } public void display(OrderDisplay od) { od.display(this); } } public class OrderB extends Order { public void display(OrderDisplay od) { od.display(this); } } public class OrderDisplay { public void display(OrderA order) { display((Order)order); // ... display OrderA specific stuff ... } public void display(Order order) { // ... display generic Order stuff ... } } The cute thing is that the usual Java method overloading rules ensure that OrderDisplay will display order details as accurately as it can. OrderA has its own display method. In the code shown above, OrderB will use the generic Order display code. If there's something specific you want to display for OrderB objects, you just add a display(OrderB order) method without changing any of the actual Order classes. This double dispatch method is a way to take a specific concern (displaying, in this case) that would otherwise be spread over all the classes in a hierarchy, and concentrate it all in a single class. It is most useful for concerns which are not really part of the classes' responsibility. For example, the purpose of an Order is to encapsulate order state. It shouldn't have to worry about how it is being displayed, how it is being fulfilled, and so forth. Does this help? - Peter I agree. Here's the link: subject: How to add different types of objects to a Vector? Similar Threads address book model Sun's feelings about stored procedures Creating a vector long post IBM.158 Hibernate - Mapping foreign keys tables All times are in JavaRanch time: GMT-6 in summer, GMT-7 in winter JForum \| Paul Wheaton	http://www.coderanch.com/t/371030/java/java/add-types-objects-Vector	CC-MAIN-2014-35	refinedweb	1,381	61.06
[EDIT] For clarity - my question is how to force LibreOffice to use the Python version it is bundled with, as I am getting errors implying it is trying to use a different version of python. I have found this happens on a lot of computers in my office, so I’d be surprised if no one else experiences it. However it may be that no one else tries to use the shell function extensively. [/EDIT] This is based on my initial problem here: Trying to replicate VBA shell functionality... however I found it was caused by a deeper issue. When I try to run shell commands - I get an error message (however the window vanishes too quickly, so I have to repeat the command multiple times and hit print-screen quickly). It claims there is an error in C:\Program Files (x86)\LibreOffice 5\program\python-core-3.3.3\lib\site.py line 173 The relevant line is print("Error processing line {:d} of {}:\n".format(n+1, fullname), file=sys.stderr) The error message claims there is a syntax error on this line, however I would say that this is perfect syntax for python-3. BUT in python 2 this would be a syntax error - What’s New In Python 3.0 — Python v3.0.1 documentation If I add the following line to the start from __future__ import print_function then that line no longer gives an error but something else then claims to have a syntax error. This suggest to me my problem is simply that Libre is running things through python 2 rather than python 3 (I have python 2 installed on my system as the main version, and I don’t want to change it for numerous reasons). Has anyone seen something like this, and knows how to change which version of python is being used?	https://ask.libreoffice.org/t/libre-office-5-is-using-python-2-how-do-i-fix-it/19734	CC-MAIN-2022-21	refinedweb	311	69.01
Things are getting exciting. We are going to build our first web app. Last week you deployed some static HTML an CSS. A web app is different because it is hooked up to a database, can serve dynamic content, and do lots of other cool things. Django is the framework we will use to build our web app. It is based on python. Out of the box, it comes with lots features that make it fast to build a functioning web app. Let’s install Django in the global scope so that you can access it’s command-line tool to create a new project cd ~/projects # pip3 is the package manager for python3, since we'll be using python3 for django, let's install it with pip3 pip3 install Django Great. Now you can access the Django cli. We’ll use it to initiate a new Django project: # the name of our project is `first_django_app` django-admin startproject first_django_app # now, if you use the `ls` command, you will see a new directory called `first_django_app` ls # let's take a look inside cd first_django_app # before we forget, let's # Let's also create a requirements.txt file to track our dependencies touch requirements.txt # Let's write all currently installed packages to our requirements.txt file # This command is super handy, you should update your requirement.txt file whenever you # install a new package (sad that it doesn't do it for you!) pip freeze > requirements.txt Great, we’re setup to see this thing run. Do the following: python manage.py runserver You should see an output like this: $. June 06, 2017 - 20:14:29 Django version 1.11.2, using settings 'first_django_app.settings' Starting development server at Quit the server with CONTROL-C. You probably noticed the warning message. We’ll need to take care of that, but first, let’s see if our web server is running! Go to You should see a default Django page confirming that your web server is running. Congrats! Now, let’s dive under the hood and start getting familiar with the code that was generated for us. # You should have configured the subl shortcut during the setting up your dev machine step # The period means "current directory". This command opens the current directory file structure # in a sublime text editor subl . Great, now you should have Sublime open with a folder structure that looks something like this: first_django_app/ first_django_app/ __init__.py settings.py urls.py wsgi.py venv/ db.sqlite3 manage.py requirements.txt Follow along by looking at the code in each file while I describe their use below: init.py: In Django, each folder is also a module. This file, initializes the module. Many times, it will be blank. Wait… why do we need a blank file? Well, this signals to Django that we want the contents of the folder structure to be accessible to the app. It gives us some handy shortcut, like when we are importing code into separate files, we can write is as import first_django_app.urls.py instead of having to go and find that file in our filesystem. You can do interesting things with these files, but for now just know that you need it in every new folder you make in a Django app! settings.py: This file holds the global settings for your app. Lets look at some of the important pieces: DEBUG - This toggles whether a “Stack Trace” will be shown when there is an error in your app. For example, if you go to a url of your app, and something goes wrong in the code, it will display useful debugging information about where the error occurred, and what the environment was like at the time. It is very important that this is turned off when you deploy your app, otherwise the world will be able to access sensitive information. INSTALLED_APPS - This allows you to control which “apps” you are using in your django project. For now, we’ll stick with the basic config. MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES - When your server receives requests from the web (for example, someone types in your url), your server automatically does a series of security checks and other operations, like formatting the data. These functions are called middleware. The items in this list are the middleware layers Django uses by default. TEMPLATES - Django is capable of sending back HTML, CSS, and other assets when a user requests a url. By default, Django uses templates to define what to send back to the user. DATABASES - By default, Django uses a database called sqlite3. This is a basic, lightweight database. It won’t work for production, but it works for quick testing. Other common options are postgres or mysql. If you wanted to use one of those databases, you would change the configuration here. urls.py: This file controls which routes are exposed to the world, and what code should be executed when a user requests a route. A route is just a url, in a specific pattern. For example,, will lead to a different page than. The first argument in each url is a regex (a function that will identify specific patterns) that will match the correct route. The second argument is a mapping of where to find the code to execute when the pattern is matched. So, for, you will need a url function like this url(r'^pricing/', <CODE_LOCATION>) where code location is the code you want executed. That code should return the response you want to show to a user when they visit that url. wsgi.py - We’ll skip this for now, this file is used when you deploy the app. manage.py - This file give you access to lots of commands that django comes with out of the box. You run commands by typing python manage.py <COMMAND_NAME> in the terminal. You already used one of these commands when you ran the server: python manage.py runserver. Other helpful command we will use include: makemigrations, migrate, shell. db.sqlite3 - Remember how we said sqlite3 is a lightweight db, not used for production. This file is where that database saves it’s data. It will be a binary file, so you can’t really read it. requirements.txt - You should already know what this file does, it tracks the packages installed in your app. You can manually update it with pip freeze > requirements.txt	https://www.codecrashcourse.com/anatomy-of-a-web-app/	CC-MAIN-2022-21	refinedweb	1,070	74.08
On Sun, 30 Apr 2006 22:18:25 +0200 Michael Niedermayer <michaelni at gmx.at> wrote: > Hi > > On Sun, Apr 30, 2006 at 07:49:30PM +0200, Aurelien Jacobs wrote: > > On Fri, 28 Apr 2006 17:58:56 +0200 > > Panagiotis Issaris <takis.issaris at uhasselt.be> wrote: > > > > > Hi, > > > > > > The clip function clips between the amin and amax values given as parameters, > > > the clip_uint8 function, actually behaves a bit differently. The lower bound > > > is indeed 0 as the uint8 postfix in the name implies, but upper values (values > > > higher then 255) are returned as -1. This works if the value which stores the > > > returned value is uint8, but in other cases will cause strange behavior imho. > > > > > > [...] > > > > > > Changing the return type to uint8_t fixes this, or was the -1 > > > return value intentional? > > > > > > diff --git a/libavutil/common.h b/libavutil/common.h > > > index d8f2c40..92c0d08 100644 > > > --- a/libavutil/common.h > > > +++ b/libavutil/common.h > > > @@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ static inline int clip(int a, int amin, > > > return a; > > > } > > > > > > -static inline int clip_uint8(int a) > > > +static inline uint8_t clip_uint8(int a) > > > { > > > if (a&(~255)) return (-a)>>31; > > > else return a; > > > > I verified the issue, tested your patch and applied it. > > i assume theres a missunderstanding, my reply that the code was ok ad not > slow meant the original code not that the change is acceptable, No missunderstanding here. It was clear that you didn't meant the change was acceptable. But you also didn't said it was not ;-) > it obviously is not without extensive benchmarking What kind of benchmarking do you recommend here ? > ? --- libavutil/common.h 30 Apr 2006 17:49:11 -0000 1.164 +++ libavutil/common.h 30 Apr 2006 21:37:39 -0000 @@ -437,9 +437,9 @@ return a; } -static inline uint8_t clip_uint8(int a) +static inline int clip_uint8(int a) { - if (a&(~255)) return (-a)>>31; + if (a&(~255)) return (uint8_t) (-a)>>31; else return a; } Aurel	http://ffmpeg.org/pipermail/ffmpeg-devel/2006-April/006850.html	CC-MAIN-2017-30	refinedweb	318	62.78
Getting Started Use the new XML editor features to enable IntelliSense in your XML documents. Technology Toolbox: Visual Studio 2005, Visual Studio 2003, XML 1.0 and Namespaces Visual Studio has provided an XML editor that offers IntelliSense for any given XML schema since Visual Studio 2003. Microsoft upgraded this XML editor in Visual Studio 2005. In VS 2003, IntelliSense works if the namespace declaration URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) matches one of the schemas in your local VS folder. This has always worked well and continues to work in VS 2005, but it's actually the wrong approach to validate XML schemas. I'll cover the limitations of the VS 2003 approach for providing IntelliSense in your XML documents, including why you shouldn't use namespace URIs for schema validation. I will also cover a better approach, using the XML-Schema Instance (XSI) namespace and how you can use it to solve the problems presented by the original implementation. Finally, I will show you how to create an example that leverages the new XML editor in VS 2005, using the XSI namespace to perform validation and provide IntelliSense against any locally or remotely hosted XML schemas. There are many reasons why you might want to edit XML documents in Visual Studio. For example, you might want to use it to edit a Web.Config file, an XSL Transformation (XSLT), or any XML input/configuration files for your own custom applications. To enable XML IntelliSense in Visual Studio 2003, locate your schema, then copy it to C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003\Common7\Packages\schemas\xml. Next, open a new XML document, and reference the schema by its namespace URI in the root element. By default, VS 2003 provides a File/New XSLT template, but doesn't include the schema. You can download the freely available schema from Fesersoft (See Additional Resources). By copying the schema to the location mentioned above, you will start to get IntelliSense. Updating the File/New xsltfile.xslt template is optional. It is located in C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003\Common7\IDE\NewFileItems. This has been a good solution for providing IntelliSense for XML documents, and my own company has been using it for more than two years. It's effective, but has a couple weaknesses. The first is basically an inconvenience; the schemas must reside locally. This creates a problem when XML schemas need to be distributed to a team of developers, especially if the schemas are evolving and/or are not centrally located. You can overcome this problem by scripting Visual Studio's OnStartupComplete event to download the schemas from multiple locations to the local drive. The second problem with this technique relates to a fundamental XML issue that occurs when you use XML namespace URIs to locate schemas for validation and IntelliSense. The purpose of XML namespaces is for qualifying elements and attributes, similar to how people qualify a first name with a last name. The syntax of a namespace declaration is xmlns:prefix="anyURI" where you can express the URI as either a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or a Uniform Resource Name (URN). In other words, you can write a namespace URI as either or urn:www-foo-com. What's in a Name(space)? It is mere coincidence that many namespace URIs look like valid URLs. In fact, if you navigate to XSLT's namespace declaration URL (), you'll get a schema that reads: "Someday a schema for XSL Transformations will live here." A namespace URI is nothing more than a label, and technically, it provides no information about the location of the corresponding schema. This explains why the schema files must reside locally in VS 2003. There is no other way to locate them. The problem remains: You need a way to associate an XML document's namespace URIs to their schema locations. You might be aware that the XML-Schema Instance (XSI) namespace is used to define types, such as xsi:type="integer." One of the more powerful and lesser known uses of this namespace is its ability to associate XML schemas. Let's examine the name of the XML-Schema Instance namespace. In object-oriented programming, you have classes and objects that represent the static compile time and dynamic runtime parts of an application. Objects are running instances of classes. XML behaves similarly; a schema document is like a class. When you create a new XML document that uses a schema, it's like creating an object instance of a class. This new XML document is an instance document. The name "XML-Schema Instance" implies that there is a separation of a schema and its instance. It also implies that you will use the schema within an instance document. Conversely, namespace declarations can be used in both schema documents and instance documents. Namespace declarations provide uniquely named labels, but the XSI namespace provides the ability to associate an instance document with its schema(s) and to reference the schema's types (see Table 1). The XSI namespace has two attributes for associating schemas: xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation and xsi:schemaLocation. You can use xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation to reference your schema if the schema does not define a target namespace: <foo xmlns:xsi="?" xsi: If your instance document defines schemas that have target namespaces, use xsi:schemaLocation to associate them. The syntax is a white-space delimited list of namespace URI and schema URL pairs: <foo xmlns:xsi="?" xmlns:a="urn:a" xmlns:b="urn:b" xsi:schemaLocation=" urn:a urn:b" > The VS 2005 XML editor (or any "smart" XML processor) can use these XSI attribute definitions to download the schema for validation or IntelliSense purposes. IntelliSense in the Document The next step is to put it all together. Consider the XSLT example discussed previously. VS 2005 ships with a File/New xsltfile.xslt template, but there is no corresponding schema file. To verify, you can double check the list of schemas located at C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 8\Xml\Schemas, or call up an XSLT document and see if the IntelliSense works or not. (I have used both the Beta and the free version from the VS 2005 launch event, and neither works.) The XML editor in VS 2005 has been rewritten from scratch to be fully XML compliant. This means full support for schema-based validation and neat UI features such as document outlining. Another key new feature: added support for the XSI namespace. The improved (and stricter) XML editor means that the popular earlier schema provided from Fesersoft no longer works. You can find a new working schema in the online code for this article (see the Go Online box for details). Also, you can see this schema in action by visiting this URL:. Begin by modifying the File/New xsltfile.xslt template to use the XSI namespace to reference this schema. Open the File/New xsltfile.xslt template located at C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 8\Common7\IDE\NewFileItems, then add the XSI namespace declaration (see Figure 1). Once you define the XSI namespace, the editor provides the IntelliSense for the xsi:schemaLocation attribute. Now use the xsi:schemaLocation attribute to point the XSL namespace to the schema that you've set up on your own Web server, or point to the one hosted at. Finally, save and close the File/New xsltfile.xslt template: xsi:schemaLocation="" You can test this code by creating a new XSLT instance document from the File/New menu. Note that the XML editor downloads the schema automatically and uses it to provide both validation and IntelliSense (see Figure 2). The support for xsi:schemaLocation and xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation in VS 2005 are compatible with any valid path. This means you can use relative paths to reference schemas within your project, or UNC paths to reference schemas on other machines. You can also experiment by hosting the schema discussed in this article on your own Web server and updating the xsi:schemaLocation attribute appropriately. About the Author William Wen is a senior software engineer for InfoSpace, Inc., where he customizes and uses Visual Studio to write Web applications using an XSLT-like scripting language. If you have used on the Web, or personalized data services on a cell phone through your carrier, you''ve probably used Wil's code. Wil enjoys working with XML technologies and can be reached at wilwen@yahoo.com. Printable Format I agree to this site's Privacy Policy. > More Webcasts	https://visualstudiomagazine.com/articles/2006/04/01/enable-intellisense-in-your-documents.aspx	CC-MAIN-2019-22	refinedweb	1,420	55.03
//here's the enum with the bitwise values: /// <summary> /// This enumerates the various data types that can be modified within the buffers of the VertexEngine system. /// </summary> public enum DataType { /// <summary> /// Indicates None. /// </summary> None=0, /// <summary> /// Indicates Vertex data. /// </summary> Vertex=1, /// <summary> /// Indicates Index data. /// </summary> Index = 2, /// <summary> /// Indicates UV data. /// </summary> UV = 4 } //here's the check I do to see if a member (this.bufferDataChanged) holds one of the enums: if ((this.bufferDataChanged & DataType.Vertex) == DataType.Vertex) {do this...} [.net] Bitwise check - best way? #1 Members - Reputation: 108 Posted 07 February 2008 - 07:27 AM #2 Members - Reputation: 300 Posted 07 February 2008 - 07:33 AM #3 Moderators - Reputation: 1028 Posted 07 February 2008 - 07:37 AM #4 Members - Reputation: 108 Posted 07 February 2008 - 09:04 AM Quote: Not sure what you mean, can you explain more please? Quote: I guess I'm looking for something more C# like :) ya know like: if (this.bufferDataChanged 'contains' DataType.Vertex) {do this...} Seems like that would be a pretty common use for us programmers. I guess I thought there was something already there that I was missing. Perhaps not. #5 Members - Reputation: 2937 Posted 07 February 2008 - 09:18 AM if (this.bufferDataChanged & DataType.Vertex) the == DataType.Vertex is redundant #6 Members - Reputation: 265 Posted 07 February 2008 - 10:48 AM I assume he means, you don't really need to use bits if only one of the bits can be set a given time, and not multiple bits, so you probably would be better using enumeration or something. #7 Members - Reputation: 960 Posted 07 February 2008 - 10:54 AM Quote: Maybe in some other languages, but in C# that statement will return a DataType not a bool, and the compiler will complain. #8 Members - Reputation: 108 Posted 07 February 2008 - 04:37 PM Quote: That's what I thought but wasn't sure. I haven't tried it yet, still just coding, not compiling yet. Quote: Yea it is a bitwise enumeration: public enum DataType { None=0, Vertex=1, Index = 2, UV = 4, XYZ = 8, Norm = 16 } Setting the values of each enum member to the corresponding bit placement. Then I can mix enum members together as I will. Because I do in fact need to mix two or more enum members together at times. #9 Members - Reputation: 575 Posted 08 February 2008 - 12:42 AM . #10 Moderators - Reputation: 11268 Posted 08 February 2008 - 02:08 AM class Contains { Contains(DataType d) { v = d; } DataType v; public static bool operator &(Contains c, DataType d) { return (c.v & d) != 0; } public static explicit operator Contains(DataType d) { return new Contains(d); } } if ((Contains)this.bufferDataChanged & DataType.Vertex) {do this...} #11 Members - Reputation: 108 Posted 08 February 2008 - 02:50 AM Quote: Super awesome! Didn't know that. I will use that from now on. Hey, along that subject, what's the difference between [Flags] and [Flags()]? Is there? Or is it just extra typing? SiCrane, Holy Crap, how did you figure that out? That's pretty interesting and smart. Thanks. I wonder if a universal one can be made for various different enums? Or if we can somehow custom add our own operator to Visual Studio 2005-2008? Perhaps thru the SDK? Hmmm... -Devin #12 Moderators - Reputation: 11268 Posted 08 February 2008 - 03:44 AM class Contains { Contains(Int64 d) { v = d; } Int64 v; public static bool operator &(Contains c, Enum d) { return (c.v & Convert.ToInt64(d)) != 0; } public static explicit operator Contains(Enum d) { return new Contains(Convert.ToInt64(d)); } } It's still evil, however. #13 Members - Reputation: 108 Posted 09 February 2008 - 08:25 AM [edit] Quote: Ya I would tend to think that is a bit around the corner and down the road and across the bridge thru some towns, and so on :) But still you figured it out which gives merit. [Edited by - devronious on February 10, 2008 8:25:45 PM] #14 Crossbones+ - Reputation: 9672 Posted 13 February 2008 - 04:49 PM Quote: You might go the extra mile and make a C# 3.0 extension method on the Enum base class itself. I don't have my tools installed on this machine yet (building a new computer) but it seems like you should be able to make something less "evil" that way. #15 Moderators - Reputation: 11268 Posted 14 February 2008 - 01:54 AM Quote: Though if you really want something that looks like a keyword: public struct Proxy { internal long v; public Proxy(long val) { v = val; } public static bool operator >(Proxy p, Enum e) { return (p.v & Convert.ToInt64(e)) != 0; } public static bool operator <(Proxy p, Enum e) { return (p.v & Convert.ToInt64(e)) != 0; } } struct C { public static Proxy operator <(Enum e, C c) { return new Proxy(Convert.ToInt64(e)); } public static Proxy operator >(Enum e, C c) { return new Proxy(Convert.ToInt64(e)); } static C contains = new C(); } if (this.bufferDataChanged <C.contains> DataType.Vertex) {do this...} // or C contains = new C(); if (this.bufferDataChanged <contains> DataType.Vertex) {do this...} As you may imagine, still evil. #16 Members - Reputation: 1998 Posted 14 February 2008 - 02:48 AM public static class EnumContains { public static bool Contains(this Enum e, Enum bit) { return (Convert.ToInt32(e) & Convert.ToInt32(bit)) != 0; } } You could then use it like this: class Program { [Flags()] public enum DataType { None = 0, Vertex = 1, Index = 2, UV = 4, XYZ = 8, Norm = 16 } static void Main(string[] args) { var Test = DataType.UV \| DataType.Norm; Console.WriteLine("Test = {0}", Test); foreach (DataType Bit in Enum.GetValues(typeof(DataType))) { Console.WriteLine("Test.Contains({0})\t={1}", Bit, Test.Contains(Bit)); } } } #17 Members - Reputation: 108 Posted 15 February 2008 - 02:12 PM	http://www.gamedev.net/topic/482064-bitwise-check---best-way/	CC-MAIN-2016-22	refinedweb	954	57.06
. C..) I believe that the committee has neglected to take into account one of the differences between C and C++ when defining sequence points. As an example, consider (a += b) += c; where a, b, and c all have type int. I believe that this expression has undefined behavior, even though it is well-formed. It is not well-formed in C, because += returns an rvalue there. The reason for the undefined behavior is that it modifies the value of `a' twice between sequence points. Expressions such as this one are..5.3 libdivision. -, - an aggregate or union type that includes one of the aforementioned types among its members (including, recursively, a member of a subaggregate.7.7.3 temp.expl.spec paragraph 4..7.3 dcl.typedef paragraph 1 says, The typedef specifier shall not be used in a function-definition (8.4 dcl.fct.def)... Does this mean that the following is ill-formed? void f() { typedef int INT; }; }?), primarily in response to messages 10498-10506 on the core reflector..opt: ...After the call to a constructor for class X has completed, if a member of X is neither specified in the constructor’s mem-initializers, nor default-initialized, nor value-initialized, nor given a value during execution of the compound-statement of the body of the constructor, the member has indeterminate value. Change. following is the wording from 14.2.2.2. 14.6.2.2 temp.dep.expr paragraph 3 says, An id-expression is type-dependent if it contains: - an identifier that was declared with a dependent type... This treatment seems inadequate with regard to id-expressions in function calls: According to 14 expr.prim paragraph 7 contain a note that says "a class member can be referred to using a qualified-id at any point in its potential scope (3. According to 14.7.”: If the definition of a function appears in a translation unit before its first declaration as inline, the program is ill-formed. If a function with external linkage is declared inline in one translation unit, it shall be declared inline in all translation units in which it appears; no diagnostic is. Issue 226 removed the original prohibition on default template-arguments for function templates. However, the note in 14.8.2.5 temp.deduct.type paragraph 19 still reflects that prohibition. It should be revised or removed.by copying the thrown object (i.e., the result of evaluating its assignment-expression operand) to it. The type of whichtheby a throw-expression thatwhoseoperoperand of throw until completing the initialization of the exception-declaration in the matching handler (18.6.4 lib.uncaught). Change 18.6.4 lib.2 2.1 lex.phases paragraph 1, in translation phase 1, Any source file character not in the basic source character set .]. The resolution of issue 33 added the following wording in 3.4.2 basic.lookup.argdep:. same...). The description of preprocessing expressions in 16.1 cpp.cond paragraph 4 says, The resulting tokens comprise the controlling constant expression which is evaluated according to the rules of 5.19 using arithmetic that has at least the ranges specified in 18.2 lib.; } int main() { printf("short: %d\n", conv_int<short>::value); printf("int : %d\n", conv_int<int >::value); printf("short: %d\n", conv_int2<short>()); printf("int *: %d\n", conv_int2. constraints on type-specifiers given in 7.1. 7.1.5.3 dcl.type.elab paragraph 1 seems to impose an ordering constraint on the elements of friend class declarations. However, the general rule is that declaration specifiers can appear in any order. Should class C friend;be well-formed?. A recent GCC bug report () asks about the validity of int count = 23; int foo[] = { count++, count++, count++ };is this undefined or unspecified or something else? I can find nothing in 8.5.).) 9.3 class.mfct paragraph 5 says this about member functions defined lexically outside the class: the member function name shall be qualified by its class name using the :: operator 9.4.2 class.static.data paragraph 2 says this about static data members: In the definition at namespace scope, the name of the static data member shall be qualified by its class name using the :: operator I would have expected similar wording in 9.7 class.nest paragraph 3 for nested classes. Without such wording, the following seems to be legal (and is allowed by all the compilers I have): struct base { struct nested; }; struct derived : base {}; struct derived::nested {}; Is this just an oversight, or is there some rationale for this behavior?.izer for a virtual base class V, then V's default constructor is called to initialize the virtual base class subobject. If V does not have an accessible default constructor, the initialization is ill-formed. A mem-initializer naming a virtual base class shall be ignored during execution of the constructor of any class that is not the most derived class.".7.5.5.2 temp.func.order paragraph 2 says: Given two overloaded function templates, whether one is more specialized than another can be determined by transforming each template in turn and using argument deduction (14.8.2 temp.deduct ) to compare it to the other.14.8.2 temp.deduct now has 4 subsections describing argument deduction in different situations. I think this paragraph should point to a subsection of 14.8.2 temp.deduct . Rationale: This is not a defect; it is not necessary to pinpoint cross-references to this level of detail. Issue 2: 14.5.5.6.1 temp.local, acting as either a template name or a class name, depending on the context; a template arguement. In 14. (See also issue 265.).6.2.1 lib.6.2 lib list of identifier characters specified in the C++ standard annex.	http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n2125.html	CC-MAIN-2016-26	refinedweb	967	55.95
In this article, we will learn how to use Python’s range() function with the help of different examples.. print("Python range() example") print("Get numbers from range 0 to 6") for i in range(6): print(i, end=', ') Output: Run Online Python range() example Get numbers from range 0 to 6 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Note: We got integers from 0 to 5 because range() function doesn’t include the last (stop) number in the result. Further reading - Try to solve a Python range() and for loop Exercise - Also, Explore All Python Exercises and Python Quizzes for Beginners to Practice and master Python This Python range() tutorial cover the following topics: Table of Contents - range() function syntax and arguments - for i in range – for loop with range() - Inclusive range - Python range step - Convert range() to List - Reverse range - Using float Numbers in range() - Concatenating the result of two range() function - Access range() output with its index value - range() vs xrange() Functions - range() over character or alphabet - So What Do You Think? range() function syntax and arguments range(start, stop[, step]) It takes three arguments. Out of the three 2 arguments are optional. I.e., start and step are the optional arguments. - A start argument is a starting number of the sequence. i.e., lower limit. By default, it starts with 0 if not specified. - A stop argument is an upper limit. i.e., generate numbers up to this number, The range()doesn’t include this number in the result. - The step is a difference between each number in the result. The default value of the step is 1 if not specified. range() function Examples Let see all the possible scenarios now. Below are the three variant of range() function. Example one – Using only one argument # Print first 5 numbers using range function for i in range(5): print(i, end=', ') Output: Run Online 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, Only a stop argument is passed to range() . So by default, it takes start = 0 and step = 1. Example Two – using two arguments (i.e., start and stop) # Print integers within given start and stop number using range() for i in range(5, 10): print(i, end=', ') Output: Run Online 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, Note: By default, it took step value as 1. Example Three – using all three arguments # using start, stop, and step arguments in range() print("Printing All even numbers between 2 and 10 using range()") for i in range(2, 10, 2): print(i, end=', ') Output: Run Online Printing All even numbers between and 10 using range() 2, 4, 6, 8, All three arguments are specified i.e., start = 2, stop = 10, step = 2. The step value is 2 so the difference between each number is 2. Practice Problem Generate a range of numbers from 9 to 100 divisible by 3 in Python using range() function. Solve: Python for loop and range() Exercise Points to remember about range() function arguments range()only works with the integers. All arguments must be integers. You can not use float number or any other type in a start, stop and step argument of a range(). - All three arguments can be positive or negative. - The step value must not be zero. If a step is zero Python raises a ValueError exception. for i in range – for loop with range() As you know for loop executes a block of code or statement repeatedly for the fixed number of times. Using for loop we can iterate over a sequence of numbers produced by the range() function. Let’s see how to use for loop and range() function to print the odd numbers between 1 and 10. Using this example, we can understand how i is getting its value when we use range() and for loop together. for i in range(1, 10, 2): print("Current value of i is:", i) Output: Run Online Current value of i is: 1 Current value of i is: 3 Current value of i is: 5 Current value of i is: 7 Current value of i is: 9 In for i in range() i is the iterator variable. To understand what does for i in range() mean in Python, first, we need to understand the working of range() function. The range() function uses the generator to produce numbers within a range, i.e., it doesn’t produce all numbers at once. It generates the next value only when for loop iteration asked for it. In each loop iteration, Python generates the next value and assign it to the iterator variable i. Program execution - As you can see in the output, the variable iis not getting the value 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 at the same time. - In the first iteration of for loop value of iis the value of start. i.e., The first value of iis the starting number of a range. Here the range starts at 1. - Next, In every subsequent iteration of for loop, the value of iincremented sequentially. The value of iis determined by the formula i = i + step. i.e., in the second iteration, ibecome 3, and so on. As you know, In every iteration of for loop, range() generates the next number and assigns it to the iterator variable i. i.e., We get numbers on demand ( range() produces number one by one as the loop moves to the next iteration). Because of this behavior range() is faster and saves memory. Practice Problem Print the following number pattern using Python range() and for loop. 1 2 2 3 3 3 Read More: Inclusive range In this section, we will learn how to generate an inclusive range. The range(n) is of exclusive nature that is why it doesn’t include the last number in the output. i.e., The given endpoint is never part of the generated result. For example, range(0, 5) = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]. The result contains numbers from 0 to up to 5 but not 5 and the total count is 5. The range(start, stop) not include stop number in the output because the index (i) always starts with 0 in Python. If you want to include the last number in the output i.e., If you want an inclusive range then set stop argument value as stop+step. Inclusive range() example. # Printing inclusive range start = 1 stop = 5 step = 1 stop +=step #now stop is 6 for i in range(start, stop, step): print(i, end=', ') Output: Run Online 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Example 2 # Printing inclusive range start = 2 stop = 10 step = 2 stop +=step #now stop is 12 for i in range(start, stop, step): print(i, end=', ') Output: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, Python range step A step is an optional argument of a range(). The step is a difference between each number in the result sequence. If the step size is 2, then the difference between each number is 2. The default size of a step is 1 if not specified. We can perform lots of operations by effectively using step arguments such as reversing a sequence, printing negative ranges. Decrementing with range() using a negative step We can use negative values in all the arguments of range() function i.e., start, stop, and step. start = -2 stop = -10 step = -2 print("Negative number range") for number in range(start, stop, step): print(number, end=', ') Output: Run Online Negative number range -2, -4, -6, -8, Let’s understand the above program, we set, start = -2, stop = -10, step = -2. - In the 1st iteration of for loop, the result is -2 - In the 2nd iteration of for loop, the result is -2, -4because -2+(-2) = -4 and so on. - And Last iteration output is -2, -4, -6,-8 Decrementing with the range from Negative to Positive number Here in this example, we will learn how to use a step argument to display a range of numbers from negative to positive. Range of negative numbers. # printing range from negative to positive for num in range(-2, 5, 1): print(num, end=", ") The output of the above program -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, Python range from Positive to Negative number Here in this example, we can learn how to use step argument effectively to display numbers from positive to negative. print (" printing range from Positive to Negative") for num in range(2,-5,-1): print(num, end=", ") Output: Run Online printing range from Positive to Negative 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4, Convert range() to List If you execute print( type( range(10) ) ) you will get <class 'range'> as output. Python range() function doesn’t return a list type. It returns a range object, i.e., sequence object of type range, So as a result, we get an immutable sequence object of integers. We can convert the output of a range() to the Python list. Use list class to convert range output to list. Let’s understand this with the following example. print("Converting python range() to list") even_list = list( range(2, 10, 2)) print("printing list", even_list) Output: Run Online Converting python range() to list printing list [2, 4, 6, 8] We can also use range() function to access Python list items using its index number. print("Use of range() to access Python list using index number") sample_list = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50] for i in range(len(sample_list)): print("List item at index ", i, "is ", sample_list[i]) Output: Run Online Use of range() to access Python list using index number List item at index 0 is 10 List item at index 1 is 20 List item at index 2 is 30 List item at index 3 is 40 List item at index 4 is 50 Note: Using a len(list), we can get a count of list items, We used this count in range() to iterate for loop fixed number of times. Reverse range If you want to print the sequence of numbers within range by descending order or reverse order in Python then its possible, there are two ways to do this. The first is to use a negative or down step value. i.e., set the step argument of a range() to -1. For example, if you want to display a number sequence like [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] i.e., we want reverse iteration or backward iteration of for loop with range() function. Let’s see how to loop backward using indices in Python to display a range of numbers from 5 to 0. print ("Displaying a range of numbers by reverse order") for i in range(5, -1, -1): print (i, end=', ') Output: Run Online Displaying a range of numbers by reverse order 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 Use the reversed function to reverse range in Python Alternatively, using The reversed() function, we can reverse any sequence. If we use the reversed() function with range(), that will return a range_iterator that accesses the given range of numbers in the reverse order. The below example will let you know how to make a reverse for loop in Python. print("Printing reverse range using reversed()") for i in reversed(range(0, 5)): print(i) Output: Run Online Printing reverse range using reversed() 4 3 2 1 0 Check the output type if we use range() with reversed() print("Checking the type") print(type(range(0, 5))) print(type(reversed(range(0,5)))) Output: Checking the type <class 'range'> <class 'range_iterator'> Also, If you need the list out of it, you need to convert the output of the reversed() function to list. So you can get the reverse list of ranges. Print a list in reverse order with range(). print("Printing list in reverse order with range") reverseed_list = list(reversed(range(0, 5))) print(reverseed_list) print("Second example to reverse list with range") reverse_list2 = list(range(5, -1, -1)) print(reverse_list2) print("Third Example to reverse list with range") reverse_list3 = list(range(2, 20, 2)[::-1]) print(reverse_list3) Output: Run Online Printing list in reverse order with range [4, 3, 2, 1, 0] Second example to reverse list with range [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] Third Example to reverse list with range [18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2] Using float Numbers in range() Python’s range() function doesn’t support the float numbers. i.e., we cannot use floating-point or non-integer numbers in any of its arguments. we can use only integer numbers. However, we can create a custom range function where we can use float numbers like 0.1 or 1.6 in any of its arguments. I have demonstrated this in the below example. def frange(start, stop=None, step=None): if stop == None: stop = start + 0.0 start = 0.0 if step == None: step = 1.0 while True: if step > 0 and start >= stop: break elif step < 0 and start <= stop: break yield ("%g" % start) # return float number start = start + step print ("Printing float range") floatList = frange(0.5, 1.0, 0.1) for num in floatList: print (num) Output: Run Online Printing float range 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Also, see All other ways to use float numbers in range() function. Concatenating the result of two range() function Let say you want to add range(5) + range(10,15). (Note: this code is a pseudo-code.) And you want the concatenated range like [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. We can concatenate the output of two range functions using the itertools’s chain() function. Program: Concatenating two range function results. from itertools import chain print ("Concatinated two range() function") concatenated_range = chain(range(10), range(50, 75)) for num in concatenated_range: print(num,end=", ") Output: Run Online Concatinated two range() function 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, Access range() output with its index value range() is the constructor returns a range object which is nothing but a sequence of numbers, this range object can also be accessed by its index number using slice notation. It supports both positive and negative indices. The below example explains the same. print("accessing Python range objet with its index") first_number = range(0,10)[0] #printing 0th position number i.e. index ZERO means first number print("First number in given range is: ", first_number) fifth_number = range(0,10)[4] print("fifth number in given range is: ", fifth_number) Output: Run Online accessing Python range objet with its index First number in given range is: 0 fifth number in given range is: 4 range() vs xrange() Functions The range() and xrange() comparison is relevant only if you are using both Python 2 and Python 3. If you are not using Python 2 you can skip this comparison. range() over character or alphabet Is there a way to print a range of characters or alphabets? For example like this. for char in range ('a','z'): print (char) Note: The above code is a pseudo-code. It is possible to print a range of characters using the custom generator. let’s see the example. in the following example, I have demonstrated how to generate ‘a’ to ‘z’ alphabet using the custom range() function. Here we used an ASCII value and then convert an ASCII value to a letter using a Chr() function. Python Program to Generate letters from ‘a’ to ‘z’ using custom range() function print ("""Generates the characters from `a` to `z`, inclusive.""") def character_range(char1, char2): for char in range(ord(char1), ord(char2)+1): yield (char) for letter in character_range('a', 'z'): print( chr(letter), end=", " ) Generates the characters from `a` to `z`, inclusive. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z, So What Do You Think? I want to hear from you. What do you think of this guide on Python range()? Or maybe I missed one of the usages of Python’s range(). Either way, let me know by leaving a comment below. Also, try to solve the following Free Python Exercises and Quizzes to have a better understanding of Python’s range() and for loop.	https://pynative.com/python-range-function/	CC-MAIN-2020-24	refinedweb	2,733	68.2
import "golang.org/x/perf/storage/benchfmt" Package benchfmt provides readers and writers for the Go benchmark format. The format is documented at Labels is a set of key-value strings. Copy returns a new copy of the labels map, to protect against future modifications to labels. Equal reports whether l and b have the same keys and values. Keys returns a sorted list of the keys in l. String returns the labels formatted as a comma-separated list enclosed in braces. A Printer prints a sequence of benchmark results. NewPrinter constructs a BenchmarkPrinter writing to w. Print writes the lines necessary to recreate r. Reader reads benchmark results from an io.Reader. Use Next to advance through the results. br := benchfmt.NewReader(r) for br.Next() { res := br.Result() ... } err = br.Err() // get any error encountered during iteration ... NewReader creates a BenchmarkReader that reads from r. AddLabels adds additional labels as if they had been read from the header of a file. It must be called before the first call to r.Next. Err returns the error state of the reader. Next returns the next benchmark result from the file. If there are no further results, it returns nil, io.EOF. Result returns the most recent result generated by a call to Next. type Result struct { // Labels is the set of persistent labels that apply to the result. // Labels must not be modified. Labels Labels // NameLabels is the set of ephemeral labels that were parsed // from the benchmark name/line. // NameLabels must not be modified. NameLabels Labels // LineNum is the line number on which the result was found LineNum int // Content is the verbatim input line of the benchmark file, beginning with the string "Benchmark". Content string } Result represents a single line from a benchmark file. All information about that line is self-contained in the Result. A Result is immutable once created. SameLabels reports whether r and b have the same labels. Package benchfmt imports 8 packages (graph) and is imported by 8 packages. Updated 2017-07-17. Refresh now. Tools for package owners.	http://godoc.org/golang.org/x/perf/storage/benchfmt	CC-MAIN-2017-34	refinedweb	346	69.58
Pages: 1 I've decided to take a look at GTK2, but when I tried compiling the example program, I get this error: In function `main': /home/punkrockguy318/gtk/main.cpp:7: undefined reference to `__gxx_personality_v0' collect2: ld returned 1 exit status My program is copied right from the site, because I got the same error when I wrote it myself. Here is what I used to compile g++ `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-2.0` hello.cpp What's the deal? and just for fun, here's the program... #include <gtk/gtk.h> int main( int argc, char argv[] ) { GtkWidget window; gtk_init (&argc, &argv); window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); gtk_widget_show (window); gtk_main (); return 0; } If I have the gift of prophecy and can fathom all mysteries and all knowledge, and if I have a faith that can move mountains, but have not love, I am nothing. 1 Corinthians 13:2 Offline GTK is written in C, so I guess you need to have something like: extern "C" { #include <gtk/gtk.h> } Of course you can also just write your program in C instead of C++, or use the C++ GTK wrapper. Offline Pages: 1	https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=23060	CC-MAIN-2016-26	refinedweb	193	68.5
29,383 Related Items Related Items: Ocala morning banner Preceded by: Ocala banner-lacon Full Text v r:. ... .. _ i. ( ( ;!L'I ,- . ''''' 112'I '...... JIi>' ,. ., :".. _. ... t ..... ., - t. . ', ' E"LA' ': : B. - !1- . 30- THE NEWSPAPER.-"WHAT IS IT BUT A MAP OF BUSY LIFE: ITS FLUCTUATIONS AND VAST CONCERNS."-COWI: ERff . "VOL. 41, NO. 4. OCALA, FLORIDA, FJttDAY, JUNE 29, 1906. ONE DOLLAE YEAR : u - ______ ___ . ,_ '. ', _,"', .- ', -, . : n': : : : : : : 0 -. KODASK OCdIA'S[ APPROPRiATION Bill PASSES p 'THE[: H HOUSE'U ' M ,< Our Bank ' ,.- . :' : ; -I---- 1- ; : NO OPPOSITION IS ANTICAPATED A MARRIAGE ANNOUNCEMENT. '{ ' WILL IN THE SENATE-WE SOON SEE :THE ERECTION I Mrs. Mary M. Clute Was born while Ocala was Busted and Bankless. - -AND- "OF THE BUILDING. j announces the marriage of her daugh- It Grew Because it Filled a Pressing Need. It terKatherine Thrives because it is Conducted for the Good of a PHOTOGRAPIC GOODS Washington, D. C., June 26, 1906. : Spenceto ' Others as well as its Owners. Hon./Frank: Harris, Editor Ocala Ban- . '. " -- . ' : ner: \| Mr, Arthur Snowden Miller ." The- :house' has just passed the. pubI I on Saturday, the twenty-third of June MUNROE & CHAMBLISSt, lic building bill as reported. I ex . I one thousand nine hundred and six - 'L. AT THEIST tend.'cordial. congratulations to Ocala.S. BANKERS.I! M. SPARKMAN. Saint Louis The bride is the daughter of the Ocala Fla., . OFFICE DRUG STORE ft : We return Mr. Sparkman the'late Rev. Dr. O. Clute, a.former. president , : thanks of: the whole people of Ocala. of the Florida Agricultural College - ':-'J .) A Anything that Ocala has and that he at Lake City, and is. a graduateof ' :?'\J; ; comes to Ocala again we: shall get and charming woman. C0PIT0L $50,000. ':" za7y up a small sized earthquake in his The groom is a former Ocala boy, "tL. ; _. favor. a graduate of the same school and the s ' marriage is the outcome of a, very \| THE CENTRfU NATIONAL[ BANK Prescriptions Carefully' Filled ._,, StaleyMoore.Notwithstanding pretty romance of college life. . 'l : I The has friends in" -- I groom many OF OCALA, . the hot'eather t this who will be interested in - -----'-'----- very county j1 --; " ;;HAPPENINGS ABOUT TOWN Mr. Charles B. 'Waters of Savannahs 1 Dan Cupid has been shooting ]his marriage and extend to him their will meet you with a spirit of liberality in business deal 1 expected home, today -to visit his I congratulations and best wishes.A . r&,1.,, <.. I tiis t arrows with unerring' aim in this that will 5} '_. 4 ;'.. I parents in Levon. l ings, you forget [ that "Corporations have no ifbfrs.; L E. Cline is 'back from Au.lrndale. I community, and as a result of which Big Crowd Go Down to Lake Weir. Souls." Cupid is busy'on the telephone lines t Ocala has been 'the scene of maay Weir. - Your with usl whets DON'T need it money you ; r- K 2 and wedding bells will soon ring out ]pretty marriages lately. t1Jis.her Norwood has returned. from j jrt in"Ocala. : : : One of. these occurred Sunday :at Quite a large crowd went down to our money with you whsn.you DO need it. Lake Weir Monday afternoon and returned L"thp to south Florida. ----. .' ': high noon at the, residence of Mr/ ; , on the midnight freight. . \-; Mr. Edward Holder came up from The Central of Ocala National Bag ::'vMLuther: : Stafford' was, transact. J Jt Dunnellon 'yesterday morning andpent and Mrs, C. L. Moore on Bullock The, party consisted of the following , k'iPg'DuslnessOcala' Monday. heights, henMiss.Gra"ce. Moore and : : _m_ \| l ; I Ii the day in the,city. [: Mr. Edmund C. Staley were made :Mr. and Mrs. B.. A. Weathers, Rev. ) . !TheN. C. T. U. of Wliston will ."man and wife" George Hendree Harrison, Mrs. W. H.. .-'-- -- Mies Florrie Condon has to ! gone ebraie the Fourth of July. .. her It was a quiet ,home wedding, and Powers, )Irs. Charles Rheinauer, Mrs. ' while with I :nverness to spend a - no one was present except the family Gordon S. Scott,_ Misses Esther XFLORIDA'SX .-' r>Judge;Joseph Bell will spend today :friend Miss Bryan and a few intimate friends. The Weathers, Meta Jewett, Emily Ford It'Suany Slope 'farm'with friends. marriage occurred in the parlor.which Louise Scott, Mattie Williams, Fannie . " ist- IWe understand that Mrs.. A. 0. had been prettily decorated for the Rogers, Sallie Camp Annie!, Mathews, MINERAL SPRINGS : :f_ Mr;,Louis Chazel, who has been at- Fans la contemplating going to Port Mixon Mamie Wilcox, Alta . occasion. Rev., L. W Moore, of the. Anna . eading, ,school in Philadelphia, is Inglis, and opening a small 'hot 1. Ellen Bracken ' '" = '' Methodist; Episcopal church; South, Pearson, Mervin Ray '":';Icmeagain.y performed the eventful ceremony inmost Janette Weathers Helen Brown, and 'n--" :1l"if&J.'Jocelyn the orange grow. Blue Ribbon Vanilla is absolutely a impressive manner. Mrs. M. Messrs. Ralph Birdsey, Emmett Robinson -. -- 1a , .' \| ;. and so highly concentrated 'that Harry Palmer, Laurie Scott, . ,'.rot Lake'Weir.; returned to his beautiful pure I. Christie, of Plant City the bride's ;home,"'Monday. only a. small quantity is required. eldest sister, presided at the piano Harry: Walters, Jim Taylor, John Pilot - -..,... ,li-'J',".. -_ and played Mendelssohn's weddng Ralph Robinson, Donald RobinsoiBob Schreiber - 4"',Rev. W-. ,, J. :Carpenter, the John B. Mrs. Albert Gerig who has been march as the I, bride ,and groom accompanied Willie Anderson, Phil , s,=.Gougb of Florida, will speak at Wil- spending the past three 'weeks in Pa- by Mr. E. S.. Goode and Mathews, Brantley Weathers, - ,,/.r. e, the Fourths: latka with relatives, returned yesterday Miss Clara Moore, and Mr. Vance R. George Ford;,, Charlie Standley', and ___ ---q -'" afternoon. Withers and Miss Caro Mae Staley Frank Harris, Jr. ' 0 \Qttite a;:number.' of vegetable buyers, entered.; After the ceremony the Though the time was brief, the "i - iij'Y_,< "nue,'in Ocala and make things Mr.' Sam Barco after spending, several happy young couple were warmly party had a most enjoyable trip. t Y '" '\at our, hotels. days in Ocala :with' friends has congratulated, and the best good They went boating, bathing and afterwards CK ' r ,: x-,_ j i f_ returned to his home at Sunny Slope wishes, of all present. enjoyed a sumptuous,lunch. x 'F. : is8 ,Louise. Harris. went down, toJCryrtal farm I The bride wore a perfect fitting go- _ fertilizer man, . Mr. T. B. Ellis, the visit Mrs.terrick _ to ,River yesterday ing-away gown of gray silk with hat, 'qyJ :lor a few days., Mr. and Mrs.. O'Neal, of Augusta, gloves; and shoes to match, and left of Gainesville, is a guest at the Ocala + House He is in a position to kno'and , Ocala Mr. in Monday. Ga.; arrived after the i Seaboard train soon fL on the I 'S are' in better \& i.Mr H. :Gratz McDavid is spending O'Neal has ,accepted a position with says that the truckers , r>i'law days:at,Crystal(River with hisbwEhter the Boston, Store. ceremony.The bride is a resident of this city shape this year than in, any previous Frankl'Dorsey.. season. Everything is in good bars. her birth and 'is a 'very' charming <2 of since , :. ",--' It is not the fualt Ladles'Improvement shape throughout, the tracking- dis 'in'person and manners : Society that the cows person, both trict. The -orange growers have also;! I . .CqL, T., -,P. Lloyd, of Inverness- is a 'a' host of friends whore and has : ;guest:of:the, Montezuma hotel. He is and hogs have, the privilege of tljecity. ,interested in her marriage.Mr. a good season in prospect. The record pineapple THE FINEST MINERAL SPRINGS IN FLORIDA have also had a f-.'I,,,lore'-"U > on,,professional business., .. Staley is well known in Ocala, breaking growers season. The "man with the Never Overflows. Bathing Cannot. b& Surpassed for t"r.,;. ,) Meyer. Frank;. of Columbia, S.. A glance at the hotel arrivals, having held the responsible position hoe" in FlorMa has no tear's to, shed Health and Pleasure. Cures Rheumatism, Dyspepsiaand r"(?,.'';;j.fa'.1n" Ocala visiting relatives. He printed exclusively in this paper, will of cashier of the Seaboard railway and nothing to lament. Kidney Trouble or Skin Disease Elegant Park '::, 'k"in' extensive. wholesale' merchant. tell you 'of the visitors to our busy office! In, this city for upwards of two cool and shady. High Rolling Pine Lands . . i"-y'' '_i i ....:..:L, little city years. Mrr and Mrs. R. A, Green left New hotel and new furniture. Elegant beds and table fare. Rooms ' ':";'..., ;Kooday was the hottest daY' of the Tuesday afternoon for St Petersburg, with 12 foot ceiling, well ventilated' and lighted with gas. Ten foot 'porch I''ifisoB The ice cream and cold drinks Mrs. J. Carsten came up from Lake Baseball Grounds Purchased. Mrs. Green and her daughter, Mrs around the house. - : The is in Florida. and bath unsurpassed bath house scenery Large large B 'abli8luneats, were kept unusually: [Weir Monday and brought Master understand that some of T. B. Snyder, have rented. cottageat l rooms, plenty of suits, toboggan glide spring boards or walks at depth. 11 "&' '<' We any ,=,- ,,>tnPll.>...;.; ,.. George Looney, who is quite sick. We this delightful place and will Situated four miles from Apopka on Seaboard Air Line Riilaoad, where ':' ,' 'M< .} edf1y. Ocala's citizens who njoy a game of there. Mr. Greet l a team' to ,..a.F', hope he will recover sp spend the summer splendid livery goes Springs. , <: t"_the best, ice cream and cold --- ball occasionally have interested and Mr. Snyder will run, down occasionally ., Rates-$2.00 per day;fS.OO. per week, children under 13 years at half price. '-: ':.drinks in,the city. calf at Hewitt ,& The friends of Mr. Louis W. Duval themselves and have purchased a lot as often as, theirbusiness WEKIWA SPRINGS CO. <.Bridges''f next door to Munroe &: are glad to see him on the streets near the colored Methodist church will warrant, indeed, and will spend , k.: :,Stferabliss, ba.ik.'Jadge'gaun&'of. again. He was quite sick for several (brick), and win fence the same, several days hunting, and fishing and Wekiwa (Clay ) Springs, Florida. ' : i ,e' 1 days last week. build a grand stand, a back stop, and enjoying life to the limit. ' f-:' Inverness, was in -- I Ocala will then be in a petition to I ;-f:'"'.Q&Monday: on legal business. He Miss Staley, of Dade marriage City,of who her !play ball all right This paper ap The Woman's Christian Temperance ! the :! -57g:: bat "peace and order" now preHiI' came to attend Staley and Miss :plauds the generosity of these gentlemen Union of Williston and Mont MONTHLY MISERY.- , C. : E. . brother, Mr its doing so will at Willistonon >. i there... and believes brook will give a picnic "- '" ,'' Moore, has returned home. A ; !'r" Grace excellent > An " Y.' receive an encore. the Fourth of July. - : ', ,(All Marion: county's official bust Edward Holder -vas: a visitor program has been arranged. Rev W. ' ;._Ia now transacted at the'old Club \|Monday.Mr. The peopj( of Ocala will i e Prefer the -f lorida Pines. J. Carpenter, of Tampa, will deliver Is one of woman's worst afflictions.. It always leaves k easeand the officials have very glad when his house Is. completedand Chicago, June-%Pineapples are an address. Everybody schools and invited temperance, especially you weaker, and is sure to shorten your life and make , "..; rb.ble. quarters. he will become a permanent citi meeting with a good sale. Florida Sunday , : "'>:'. btr.-Arch McIver, of Fantville, was zen. stock seems to be preferred to Cuban, unions. your beauty fade. To stop pain take Wine of Cardui and :: ] \:Ocala Monday. His friends aredtoaee coast sections although" the former fruit has a good Nellie Gotleib entertained at .T" It has not rained in the Miss it'will help to relieve your misery, regulate your func Florida pines deal of tap to it. ' her girlfriends of green of .. the marked improvement of Texas since the middle supper Tuesday night! seven :7. 1rls., ,physical, condition. February. The crops and the stock are exceptionally good and are bringing viz.:' Miss ,Jean Austin, Miss tions, make you well, beautiful and strong.' It is a reliable - perishing. Think of that,ye lucky $2.65 to $2.85 a crate. Sara Davis, Miss Elizabeth Newsom, :, : Mr.: ,W, J.. Tuten., one of Marion are Floridians, and be glad. Miss Minnie Stpvall Miss Helen remedy for dragging down pains, backache, head- ;; , .- and cat. Card of Thanks. Miss - itya prosperous farmers Brown Miss Hope Robinson, . :t '= ea". was transacting business at : Mrs. M. C. Looney will close her Reddick, -Fla, June 25, 1906. Adele Bittinger. They enjoyed them ache, ,nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, dizziness, '.G county site Monday, \|boarding house in a few days and dancing Virginia reels, minuets Ocala Banner: selves A safe and efficient troubles. and 9".: i' ... ye E leave Ocala for the summer. She will To the Editor Through the -columns of etc. fainting spells, similar Dear Sir - : .".,::;: qMr.Faunce' MtCully, of Jackson.formerly'"with part of the time in South ) a : spend women's and sickness. : ' .-ft wc, the ice companyjfjVVttis Carolina,. and a part In North Caro- of the county for the many favors Miss Margaret Spellman is in St t f"ik ,city will spend today in Ocala, lin a. people shown and support given me in Petersburg and will spend some time Mrs. J. L Broadhead of Cianton, Ala. writes 1 have :nest of friends.George -- with Mr. and Mrs. R ,A. Green and - ?:>: '- of .Starke. the late primaries, and as Mr. Wart. \| ' Miss Cora Belle Williams! Jettie : will represent Mrs. T B.; Snyder, who has renteda used Cardui for my disease, which was one peculiar"towomen f Mrs ., attractive guest of Miss maim and Mr. Mathews : Feltham and children the cottage and will spend the summer ',: d':niece, have started for South McConn, and.Master Harry Summers us in the coming' legislature let us :: at this. delightful resort and it has completely cured me." Monday. She all render unto them our best aid : :Carolina, 'where they will spend fhaer. !returned to her home I :. __ rHi had a ;yery delightful visit. (by petitioning them at the proper [ Williston and Montbrook ,have a, < :;.. $"........ time to pass such legislation that 'reputation equal to any section of AT ALL DRUG STORES, IN 1.00 BOTTLE . ; i:Sara 'Harris went down to FOR, SALE-One iron safe; weighs i will: adjust the inequalities of taxation Florida for hospitality and good ;'Rslal\ about 5,000 pounds; Herring-Hall- and lessen the extravagancies of Fourth River yesterday, afternoon to l cheer, and we hope that their h,tb.Rgaestcf Mrs. C. B: Herrick, for: Marvin Co. make splendid condition 'our' state' dminlstration.l' -of July celebration will be largely at WRITE' US A LETTER WINE ; a4 few'days.: ; double doors:, a bargain.. W. Yours truly, tended. I describing full aQ your symptoms ; : ;: K. ZewadskL "6-29-w l' L. S. LIGHT we wiU send you Free Lanes Advice ARD'aDd ta plain sealed envelope .' 'i?!!"t1: .,d,1VIWams, of the Williams .... Miss Mamie Willcox, who has been MV Medicine SOIDept.Co, Chattanooga...,The Uiattanooza Teu.J1 .OF' of Fairfield The B. P. O, E., had a big time IIss - friend, " '!l :; ;Company; of. Homosassa, was Mr.". Robert Worthington. > enjoying a visit with her (} 1 g bL ,Ocala Saturday, and rep: and Miss Pears Sandifer, ,of Tuesday night. Messrs. Frank Harris, Alta 'pearson, returned to her hoine' .r a " :Jwme Same afternoon. South ,Carolina, were ;married ;at'iBUtchton B; E. McLin.Tom Harris and Marcus'rank in Gainesville yesterday, ; l'Jl e.::..' : ., .'Sunday JJagistrate J. M.Ric'h.a.rds were 'initiated, Into' the- mysteries J , bar Mathews, Flemington Mr. Watterson Tucker who M. gives Bullock had. 'the .l" . = : : n; ( Plant Miss Sandifer was ona of the order. Judge The best rooms to be in : " "' i( _Oi Veal, o Cotton I. =electof the board"of 'conny evidence of being an electrician equal :'' Kr J Harrison; of, York,,were visit'torelatives_ .and/ia a yery.charmIng and ''Mr.t..Oi'.S.SoottJI4: .initiatedat. city ,are to be found at the Hotel de was a, prominent vis- to Edison, went to Jacksonville Tues , Worthington is a meeting. The order Ocala The traveling public is, invited Ocala.r.a the-next Kaiser ,ythe' ':;businea9, ;visitors, ,in woman. Mr, convinced i r to the Bounty site Tuesday. day to purchase electrical supplies. : Fairfleld. rapidly. to try us and be ., _,,... --.t prosperous s trucker of ; is growing ' ;:" n , :: ) <} e ; +;;- '. ... # -,... k};..;;;' ",";. -, 1t" and .. \ <: I. , . 'o - ..,:'._:; .:. .'. ,. --:.;'!,"'rJ."", .:\,,,.,..,,,.-4'i, ,... ,,.">'". > RY - ,.. :' ''- .. : .. : '" :;::..: : : . : .. ) . ; ; : ''' : ; -. .- ; " . ; : ' : : ' ,! - : > <" : ; > ; 'o ---.f- - ; ' '' '" . "''" ::'''' ''' '''''':.' '_: -''' ,'_'' ';" '' ,,"C"'"_ ';;" ,, '- "'-.. >':-.''' ''' ..: '-'_ -, -' .-'''' -'--' 'y" -' -'-. ''-: "> -;;;_ ; :: :;Q._ 'i- .,; -:- -;,. = -_ >> ; : : : : 'r"g .: -- 'It' 1-- : ? : . : : "' : : ; : : ;; _ : i.'f' : : ? ;: :: r" : ,: \ " 'J" ''';- ; : : ?- _:'T":'": {!: "' ,... .. : :J"O,. '. ," ; >"'; .. 1I ,., -_ ::' t'r.:: _: _.._..:::"Z""., -:" -"_' ; {: . '' -"')" . '' ., < : -r< !' ,. - '.. . f. ": :.. x: "; p ! t < ; ..>-:., ",_,,, f' &, -fI. 1".i" j f- 5"' f n :. .;' r ti -- 'f .,' ' r'I MEMORIAM.. + GAITERVI. ..LLE... .BELLEVIEW'ITEMS.. A MAMMOTH SALVAGE SALE., Grantham. N '" - .. 'A. "Tribute- of:. Love'---and-. :" Affection- The weather -Is still unsettled in Mr. Charles Waters who has beenin The Newark Salvage- Company Will Henry Grantham was born ,in August AGGRIVATED cit .- the 'Memory of''Our, Beloved Sll. this ;:section thus making things very Savannah for, .the past twelvemonths 'Put .On. Big Sale _at the Variety 29, 1849. He died In Ocala, Fla, ,'. :ter, Mrs. r.F. Harrison,. of the ugly generally. is at home on a visit to. his Store .Beginning Next Monday- May 10th.. 1906. i. '-' Cltra', Sunday school.. Farmers are. still hauling melons. parents at Levon He was married to Miss Mattie OF.ECZEMIBadly '. - I Miss Grace Gould of Eustist is the November 11 !. Their Fletcher , __c Truly In the .midst of life we are Prices continue good 'and it is ,be- pleasant guest of- Miss Alice ,Polley.Mrs. The Newark Salvage Company 18P lives were blessed by two children, . Whereas Heavenly that the farmers have realized which, has put on many successful In death. our lieved : Northy, of Ocala, spent last Louise and Leonard. These left ; Father in His unquestioned more from this season's- crop .of melons week with her -daughter, Mrs. Pratt. sales In all parts of the country will with a host of relatives and are friendsto Troubled for Several Y i.t... Wisdom,' In his loving tender, yet Last Friday being the 14th birthday give the people of this section the than for several years past. mourn his death and to cherishthe With Eczema Limbs aajl sales on mysterious providence, has seen fit : .xf Alice Polley invited benefit of one of their great : : Miss she 'Fishing 1s still a very business$ memory of his devoted and faithful ;:4 { to call from our'midst,one of.,our little all her tri- nds' to celebrate it with at .the Variety Stare-'b .gtnnlng next Wrist- Physicians Prescr.i\t , _ in this section water still being high ; life. band-; her. All accepted tte invita:io41. anl: :Monday, July 2. thus the farmers are fish hungry. Without Benefit-1( . .: sales of this have Brother Grantham was a good'man. Any 1 Be it Resolved That school has The vompany our the evening was spent in playing Mr. L. F. Sparkman has left this He lived a beautiful consistent Chris- because of the great Now All Gone.ANOTHER been unparalleled _ lost one of its best beloved and most and music. Refreshments were . section and we understand he has accepted games tian life loyal to the church, true to ,cherished members endeared to all Ice cream and cake. bargains offered and we do not believe -..- , in the mining section - position a his fellow man, a devoted husbandand sale about to that the they by her modest yielding disposition There will be an entertainment at are her quiet, unassuming, Christian life. of Citrus county the town hall Friday night. The ladies put on for Ocala will be an exceptionto a kind and affectionate father. WONDERFUL 'i, Mr J. B. Brooks, of Citrus county, The testimony Is given of him as . Resolved That we deeply and cake and the the rule.. further was in Gaiterville Sunday hunting will sell ice cream "never having spoken an unkind CURE BY CUTICURl deplore the death of our beloved sis proceeds will go towards payin; for They have invested largely inprinters' hands to do mining work, but the " word to his family His last thoughtswere , ink the concomitant of : -, that the community, the great ,ter and feel teams to convey the Belleview peopleto ot I J- weather is most too yet. guess. . for the care of his children calling t church., and jour'society will miss. her Lake Weir on July 4th. All antics- success and modern ellier of businesslife. "For several yearn I was :Mr. W. L. Brooks, of Terrytown to his bedside he blessed them badly with an eczema on my limbs 1 sadly. time pleasant rate a was a visitor to Gaiterville Sunday with a benediction from heaven, askIng wrists. Physicians in several towsl of the Ocala takes two further That while called It pages Resolved Mr. Ellis, the Gainesville fertilizer 1 avening.Mr. had prescribed for me without r them to remember his life his givmc 'to under the rod .and Belleview tMs week Banner to tell the story of this great results. I upon pass .man, s jn me ,any had often med E. R. Ross of South Gaiterville j t Christian walk his love to God and though our hearts are greived at her Heidtsvtlle i Mrs. Sansbury is visiting her parents sale. Don't: destroy the paper, but ; Cuficura Ointment and received relief! attended church at Sunday look the things advertised note :faith In Jesus Christ. Assuring them temporarily. In the spring of 19041 tookr": +; untimely death, yet we know that Mr. and Mrs. R. BracLer. over ! all night and we belfcvo. heard bad of his bright hope of heaven requesting the Cuticura Resolvent Pills and used th\\ . stick the our .Heavenly Father: doeth things The Baptists are having their: the prices, a pin on thingsyou I Cuticura Ointment for about five there too. Too bad. news wealA. them to live to meet him so as well,..we shall miss the sweet memoryof Some of the young people from, the church painted which adds much to need, and beat this popular store and: at the end of that time there was u&* her cheerful and helpful life, and that part of town. M. E. bright and early Monday morning. there. May this blessing be watered a blotch on me anywhere. This spring 13 t her many acts of kindness and mercy mines were h\Gaiterville Sunday eve. This store has made a big reputation with the dews from heaven staying took a' few vials of the Cuticura Resdveati% will linger with us. It. singeth low In Just hunting for peaches they said. Report of the Secretary Marion: Coun not only in Marion' but in adjoining them in the conflicts with the evil. Pills as a precautionary measly tod vwulcontinuetodoaoeverysprmgsaaplf f Mr. J. (X Lyles, and family of Ho- heart.we hear. For each and all ty Democratic Executive Com counties on account of the one strengthening and preparingthem every mosasa, are.expected in Gaiterville as a spring tonic as they are 80 eat{ .-a' 'song for those who answer .not, mittee for Primaries Held May wonderful low prices and expects to for a useful happy Christian to carry with 'OUt and they certainty ; thislweek. will the They attend picnic 15 and June 12 1906. career comforting them with the fix your blood for the ensuing . , however we may:call. They,:through add "to its reputation, by this great. year ; breast. and barbecue "at Stoke's ferry '- sale blessed assurance. of the consolationof I now use onl/ Cuticura Soap.: .,,,; J the silence of the We see ' c , July 4th. of H. York "The Cuticura Ointment and P2i ; them as of yore-the true,the brave, To assesments paid by can A big red canvass front tela the the gospel peace.-Geo. certainly cured me .of an aggravated Mr. A, McC. Brass of Holder was didates .. ,. .. St'6.\0 in Florida Christian Advocate. ;: the sweet, who walketh' wi\h us no H story of its attractiveness, and the case of eczema, and if it will help sail f week. in Gaiterville the more '" past To cash from state com Newark Salvage Company in conjunction -,- other sufferer you are at liberty:Wit I Someone did look IIM30me.Sun.. .. . -1 00 this letter. Respectfully, St. He; t .Resolved further That we tenderour mittee. H ,. with the young and enterprising Mrs. Wilson Mizner or Mrs.., Chas.T. } day eve. Wonder what was the mat VicarSanAntomoTexa3IJuly6l1905.1'\| t warmest sympathy and condolence To cash from firs: con resssion proprietors expect .to make this sale Terkes as. she prefers to be called to her.husband and. daughter ter anyway? They should remember ,l committee.. . 15C'0 memorable in the mercantile historyof is very ill of appendicitis at her MichIgan j there is always sweet after bitter. r FOOT COMFORT What a blessing to stimulate themto Ocala. 'i avenue home in Chicago. She is There was no League meeting Sun- iInBathsWlthCuticuraSoap fresh endeavor; what a Joy to $ 499.00 in no immediate danger, says her aad? 1 day owing to the bad weather but know that our dead leave us the as- DISBURSED.By ANTED.-Neat girl. for. banding physician after performing an opera Anointings With Cuticura, ve hope the weather will not be bad 1 surance that they have entered Into evening. stationary., ,.: t. ,. 5.00 cigars. .Apply at El Tropico Cigar tion. the Great Skin Cure 1 Sunday rest.-have fallen asleep on the breastof every Rev. W. A. Weir will fill his re2"l1lar By printing tickets., etc. ,. 80.00 Factory, Ocala, Fla. d2t wit Soak: the feet on retiring fa a strong i the Redeemer, the sleep from which By first primary May 15,." hot. creamy lather of Cuticura So&Oxi none ever wake to. weep. appointment here Saturday and expenses.. .. . ., .. $ 185.60 Dry and .anoint freely with Cuticun; Sunday.A Ointment the great Skin Cure. Band : Resolved further That a copy of change has been made in the By second primary June 1 We like best to canSCOTTS age lightly in old soft cotton or linen.'J these resolutions be put on the min. 12 expenses.. .. .. ', $ 150.47 r For itching,burning,and scaly eczema, for the Fourth of atStoke's utes of the Sunday'school record., ? and program July By stamps postals etc... 6.60 RLNQS EMULSIONa rashes, inflammations, and chafings of:.: a copy sent to the stricken family. Ferry as there will be a picnic Secretary .. .. ., .. .. 40.00 food because it stands so emphatically the feet or: hands for redness,brit and barbecue both in connection. ness, cracks and fissures with ; 11y.- By surplus on hand pro- for perfect nutrition., nails and for invited to shapeless tired aching \| t.5 ? COMMITTEE Everybody UNCLE come. JOE. rated .. .:- .. .. .. 31.33 And yet in the matter of restoring muscles and joints,this treatment work::J : t .1 appetite, of giving new wonders in a single night. H" 499.00 We Have Now in Stock tissues Cuticura So.p,Ointment,and PHI are IOId Grocjks; - the $ ANTHONY.Mrs. Letter from Hon. S. M. Sparkman. strength to ,especiallyto the world. Potter Draft A Chun. Corp Sole P'-.j Respectfully submitted. the nerves, its action is that Yo.toa.kesrt'6ead Ioro"Ho.wCUI"'T"BUiii}r] George Stuart was the hostessof Washington D. C., June 25, 1906. W.. K. ZEWADSKI, JR. the Most Complete. Line of of a medicine.Send . a very enjoyable party _Tuesday Hon. F, E., Harris, Ocala, Fla.', Sec'y. RINGS that Can Be Found SCOTT & for BOWNE free sample., Chemists, home Mrs.Saturday Harry Lapham from Candler and.baby, wbe.athey cam ! evening. Many were absent on account My Dear SIr-I wired you in substance -- 409-415 Pearl Street, New York. Notice of Special Master's oale. 5oc.andji.oo; druggists. spent several days as the of unfavorable looking weather. today that I had succeeded In guests. Anywhere. . Quite''a : of Mr. and Mrs. John Mathews. number assembled the stars getting item of $85,000 for Ocala's'JubHc . an Under and by virtue of a final de- -5 came out the clouds passed away building in the omnibus public cree, rendered on the 22d day of June, Cali and See Them. --- ; and everything was Indeed beautiful building bill, which was reported to 1906, in a certain cause pending in i' t and everyone enjoyed the evening to the house today and which is scheduled the 5th Judicial Circuit Court of FlorIda - in and for Marion county, on the the tulles extent Those present for consideration tomorrow. It is chancery side thereof, wherein Henry were: Misses Louise Bray. Bessie Graham of that it will supposed course pass A. Faucett was complainant and Cyrus Katie Hillman Annie Hillman n.q house without any trouble, undera Wilkerson was defendant I, the I Ite I and Kate Ellis; Messrs. Henry Tal special rule for: that purpose, and undersigned special master named 1 . ton, Chester Hillman, Carl Priest. Ed. going to the senate will pass there and appointed in the said decree to "t;;; win Priest Russell Albright Will and become a law at this session. execute the same, will on Monday the -:.<< Bray and R. D., Cooper of Ocala. Ser. This gives $&9.000 in all for Ocala, 6th day of August 1906 between the frat different games were played and which the supervising architect think hours of eleven o'clock{ in the forenoon Mrs Stuart gave us some very beau. Is sufficient for tie building de i,Led and three o'clock in the afternoon, offer - tlful 'graphaphon music At a late for that place. and expose for salein front of the Fred G. B. Weihe, 4. t vItrnrdr.m.e hour and with happy hearts we departed court house door in Ocala, in said , I shall be very glad indeed if we county and state, and will sell to the The Jeweler. ; wishing Mrs Stuart would can get the bill through, as I thinkwe highest and best bidder for cash the rp live to sire many more truth enjoyable can before congress finally ad- mortgaged premises described in said L .J Tr: parties. journs for the 8 son. decree as follows: C Commencing a . Sparr was well represented Sunday With assurances of esteem.. I am point 747 feet east or the northwest + 4C..etat I5.t C.VI lit,.. evening here. Those that were here corner of the south half of the north Yours very truly, n from Sparr were Mesaix Clarence S. M. SPARKMAN. ship west 15 quarter, range of 21 section east, running fifteen town-south rerroRini w and Charlie Boyles Harmon and Noah 332 feet; thence east 1,516 feet; QUALITY ! dromons, John and Laurence Grin Wisconsin Democrats for Bryan. thence north 332 feet; thence west t 1,516 feet, to point of beginning, beingin i I INt tsam. Albert and Madison Strickland, a TUBAS Mrs. J. Q. Boyd who has been said county and state or so muchas Special to the Ocala Banner; QUALITY- may be sufficient to satisfy said quite iII for the past two weeks, Is Wllwaukee. Wis.. June 27.-It has decree and costs. T. E, BIGGS IS what we aim to give you _ Improving under the skillful treat been announced on good authoritythat Special Master in Chancery. whether you buy one of our f ,, meat of Dr.. Eaton Under. the democratic state conventionf R B. Bullock Complainant's Solicitor. handsomest suites of Parlor y gv - Quite a cumber of our Anthony people I Wisconsin which opened here this 6-29 I Furniture or a Dollar Rug. E stoat t v "'Is ..< are preparing to leave for- north!I morning, will declare Itself for Bryanu QUALITY- IS our wacthwopd when we . NOTICE . ' era parts very soon the next democratic presidential - buy goods for we know that it t n,1fiqBiliE BLUE BELL. c candidate The Wisconsin democrats Of Application for Leave To SellMinor's not only desired but demandedof onj" :5 ire by no means silverites but they Land. us by our customers. /' GRINER FARM. teem to argue that the silver issue is Nqtice is hereby given that on the QUALITY t c dead and buried and that aside from 3rd day of August A. D.. 1906, I will You shall have when you deal 1U(0 All truck crops for this apply to Honorable ! _ year are j that issue Bryan la a safe man to be Joseph Bell.County with us whether you 'purchase rRONT . In the back numbers though each ;at the head of the nation. Judge in and for Marion county. 'stateof an outfit for your entire. home.. __ ,it ;'f 7 _ planter bu secured fair to good returns Florida, at his office in Ocala in or only a kitchen table as we : II ii iiy said county, for an order authorizing know for his shipments. Married In that Is what you want In Washington City. me, as guardian of the minor heir of 101108181 ... ,.. Messrs. Brown and Carraway are the estate of Peter Black deceased, either case.PITTM. .,rtutntronatu-, , erecting a new cawmL. near ttej Mr. Joseph Clarence Stine, of Osce-- to sell at private sale the following school bouse. The mill at Oak Is put* Ola Mills, Pa.. and Miss Lela Lynwood property' belonging to said estate to- tin; in full Urns, :Barnes of this city were married in wit Lots sixteen and seventeen, in AN CLAUDE L'ENGLE A. K. TAYLOR the Town of Ocklawaha in the south- Editsr Csrisorsist i iseveral Miss Mattle Jones left Tuesday for ,Washington City at the Hotel Raleighat east quarter of ,southwest quarter of ' months' visit to relatives at !: noon Wednesday. The bride is the Section S2, Township 16 Soua Range All ILLUSTRATED WEEKLY WITH A WIU. CF ITS OWN Mount 'Vernon 111 and other place I eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. T. J. 24 East and the north half of the &SON Mrs. John Seller left Tuesday for I Barnes of this city and Mr. Stine is north the half Southeast of the Quarter Southwest of Quarterof Section Brimful of Good Things-Brisflhig WHh Catchy Cartoons a few days in Jacksonville Ocala . a business ,. Florida.Needham . prosperous men: of Osceola 32. Township 16 South, Range 24 .H. .e Maybe you want to know what's so? Perhap3 you would Wonder what young man felt sad Mills and \| is a grandnephew of the East. Said lands belonging to the estate like to see things they ? Perchance the truth as are the other Bight when, arriving at hIs j late Dr. Ze Butt who was for many : nf the said Peter Black, deceased, ; well told and cleverly pictured appeals to ? Per- ii declination founded his girl had left I year a practicing physician of Ocala. to be sold for the best interest of said. you oa the morning train? Charlie old .. minor heir. adventure you have longed for a paper-th3t will print This the 29th day of June. 1906. everything that should be printed? boy. I feel sorry for you. Mr. H. Gratz McDavid who has 6-29 SUSAN BLACK Guardian. T. Tbe boys are endeavoring to organize been visiting his daughter Mrs. Frank THAT'S THE SUNA a baseball team. We have the play Dorsey at Crystal River, has returned Great Bargains i in Millinery! en and no doubt can nave a good home. He says a great deal Paper Without a Censor. A Paper Without a J. team. of business Is going on there. Miss Mary Affleck at Helvenston- Mr, "Pat Parrish'a sister of Geor- Pasteur Co.... will sell, beginning July The( Plumber Boss. A Paper Without a Financier. IThT'S ILL is paying him a vkitMr. Mrs J. Crastens: after spending sev :2d: and lasting througn the entire .- Dee Nell of Anthony, was aTteHer I eral! days in Ocala the guest of her week all Patterns trimmed and untrimmed THE SUN to our burg Sunday evening II I friend Mrs M. C. Looney. returned hats at greatly reduced Odd Gas fitter, -II Why Mint w. have our annual picnic tff her beautiful Lake Weir home prices. A .special line of cheap trim It is Sanitary, Clean and Wholesome. it is Tropical Bright and this Fourth of July? Wednesday afternoon. med hats from $Loo to $2.50; also a 1 HICKORY BILL beautiful line of baby caps to be, Fascinating. It is Virile, Live and Enterprising. tBm1ER !:,., '- closed out absolutely AT COST. HAS OPENED UP HIS NEWS --. A Business Transfer. - 1BTTIhIE[ SUN Notice U hereby linn that the co- The friends of Miss Willie Bell P ON THE CORNER OF partnership heretofore existing under FPRRYX gave her a surprise party at the homeof Most of your neighbors do. Get their opinion oa it. the name and style of of J. S. Leach her sister Mrs W. T. McDvaine SPENCER BLOCK WITH A Then write right away to j & COL, U hereby terminated by the Tuesday night The surprise was well I : tu&fftlgned retiring and Mr Mallory SED. carried out There 'were about thirtyof FULL LINE OF SANITARYAND THE SUN, Jacksonville, Filo>r1da. I TJdden continuing the business un. her friends present and the evening Inclose the aa notion strikes - der hit own name and at the same M i. arc.rteM cf qao Ky m sUnd. He assumes all the Indebted. Ferry%;the WhO, were foot tte UUw bPIpunted 011 th Very interesting and amusing games $2.00 for One Year, $1.00 fer six months, 1 mmJirt ,but they tu.e U almproVbtf were played, and delightful refreshments GOODS. WHEN .IN NEED OF ' F ness of the.firm from May 11. I thank ever titee. W* are "Pfrta la '_ 50 cents for three meth s. : iIowr j 'm)' friends for their very generous taint...Seed,teas tad.eeet.A..wdl beautlrntly mUle were served. FIRST CLASS SANITARY And we'll see to it that you'll never regret it. We'll rive patronage, and kindly ask that they. ? you the bid run for JOur that had. 1 D. M. Flair A CO.. Itoireft. MIcK ANTED.-Apprentices 'to learn money money ever extend the same to my successor.. the making of cigars.. El Tropico CIgar PLUMBING CALL ON HM.\| Oh yes, wall send sampfe cdtfes. PI ;j J. S. ua IL : y ; Factory, Ocala, Fla. 2t vrtt > ....'i4... !.t. ;, ,,:u:, >.. ... # .j ' -- ;;;.j1i :@:c::;.. s !.. -- --.- - i o .. f; ..... . ,, .A ry ... , ;,0 i' .. : ::T <:. .: =: '' ''c' -. ::, ''f'T : '' ,. ,' / ,: ;.._' ?... .>. .-: : : . < , ; : ,,,,, , ; ; '' ' . = : ' 'o--'c : " ;.::.' ",,< .":'''''' ,".., : __._-,:-; _. -:,,: :::.. c_':l:'.-. :.,: .,': '"''' '''': -'T-- ,'_."-.., : ': -.r' -. f_..<",3-: > .- r- -;; ;- :-_ .. .. ,,. r -_, Jp-tsK ''*' "- >?? T>-3r:5' :-'?;ii- " ., .v. ' . - } : : - ' , . : , " Lj . -" ..;'" , .f.-.;. ';, ? TIlE __ .. .'. 1"0.'.. . . ' ., .:... r ..'.. '. . .: : ,, ; : - : THE NEWSPAPER-"WHAT. IS IT BUT A MAP OF ,BUSY LIFE; ITS FLUCTUATIONS .Tj41 AND VAST CONCERNS."-COWPER. .::; ;: ... . K0.4, , OCALA, FLORIDA, FRIDAY, JUNE 29 1906. ,x ONE DOLLAR A YEAR : .._, I : .'-- HWfENIhGS ABOUT TOWN. -Graham-Dickinson Nuptials. PHILLIP8-SIGMON. . : EPWORTH LEAGUE f CONFERENCE The ... \.-.: !\ .---- Seaboard Cited To Appear Be. - .151: Friday, afternoon to Mr. and One of the most important wed-" Wednesday morning,, June 20th at Third Day's Proceedings'- Very Inter- fore the Florida Railway Com TiLCHHASiCoHDITWHSWIflt '. .q?Henry-.LiYingston, a daughter, dings that has. transpired In Gaines. at 9:30: o'clock Mr,. W. T. Phillips and Ing and Well Attended. mission. . ,, ;-i. .J____ ._" ville for some time was the marriageof Miss Carrie. Sigmon were married at , ,;i-G' '-," ',60utll" young., 'mani"; Is about to Dillon Lorentus Graham 'and Miss the home of, the bride's parents, Mr. ,The morning half hour's religious Office of Railroad Commissionersof .!T'e; popularity with Horace Gree- !and .Mrs! J. F. Sigmon, at South Lake service led the State of Florida. -.. Stennie Dickinson was in a.splendid manner D daughter , of {JtJl "to go west, Captain Weir, Only a: few friends and the immediate Tallahassee, Fla., June 20, 1906. TWWYttWICURE '-1< 1' ,___ and Mrs. William DeVana DickInson relatives by Rev. J. M. Glazier, of New Smyr. To the Editor Ocala g-- U-'L were presentThe Banner: SJU&'lCKl 1010 t : ,':", Understand. that a big turpen which occurred at Kavanaugh : ceremony,, which was very im na, followed by the business session.Mr. Herewith notice of a hearing In PROVlNttTET m CATTU JLUR - :.e-;jib1utIOfl was formed yester Methodist church at 7 o'clock Wednesday 'pre slve and tenderly spoken, was Eugene E. Barnett, of Emory which a Marion county concern is in MAtTroRcauAsr GFKAAVYUfiS IK.. ?..niL EL$? HUPUI ..Os &I STOCX Of AlL ii1:' morning, June 20th. performed by the .Rev. L. W. Mooreof College, was on the program for an terested. You may consider it of pub Rnneo nUinMAN Amrot AM HUOii AM NUO nw 11III0 WM0$ Meonift : IS lOT A FOOD! \JICUSTtCllIO ' ..r'...; k" As early as half-past six the church Ocala. address on '"The Missionary Department lic interest apd may desire to pub KtKt tJVflI. a TlM.AXISAytrOUI/UlMAli.: - ..;..:) .;Edward Badger went down to lish eaiet 25C KT5P After same. The " tT dwood Saturday. afternoon to visit was crowded and the. ushers were .congratulations and ,test ," but as he was unable to be commissioners have rot WI"AU RETAIl CSUOOiSTS ttAMfACTURTO QY - kept busy in an endeavor to seat wishes were extended the bridal party sent no fund to expend: in the publication. present, a very fine paper on this ACKRHN&STERTPI { : Mrs. George Level . sister-in-law, I -. while. those who arrived late. I and friends repaired to the dining subject and it was read to the conference of such notices generally throughout . fi.4raShQ_ : Promptly at the hour Mrs., Truss I room, where ample Justice was done by Mr. Woodward, of De- the state, so cannot remit for publication ' ffi"" Denby, the organist at the j to the wedding breakfast. After the I of'this article but church you \Th 'laxative effect of Cha.mberlaln'3 anda Land who Is also, a student at Em. may Jerry ' [:? temaeh. and Liver Tablets Is eo personal friend of the bride, began I dainties were partaken of, the bridal I Dry College, preparing for the minis ],publish as news to your readers if Burnett/ .. f:UTee&bleand so natural that you do Lohengrin's wedding march; to which I party were driven to Wetrsdalewhere 1 try. 'you so desire. Yours truly, " eQt.rea1Ze It Is the effect of a medl- the couple marched down the !they, took the Atlantic Coast Line R. C. DUNN. Secrtarv. MerchantTailoring. : N4ne. ,For- saJ- .'- all druggists. m aisle The presiding elders of the differ. n.-.w accompanied by J. 11. Graham, of train for Jacksonville,.under a showerof ent districts made- their reports! and Seaboard Air Line Railway-You are -- - pJr&> sEmma, White, of Citra, who Ocala, 'a brother of the groom; and rice from their many friends who some time was devoted to the discus- hereby notified, that the McDowell , "/:attended -several" of the meetings- of"ktitf Miss Nannie Dickinson, a sister of had gathered to say good bye. sion of "Home Missions." The discussion Crate and Lumber Company a cor- . Epworth League In .this city ,re- <;:'a. bride, Mr. McClerkin and Miss Their honeymoon will be spent in proved to be very interesting, proration doing business in Marion Ocala Florida. , oJ;iaraed"to.her.- home Friday afternoon. Una Tousey: attendants. Upon arrivIng St. Augustine Jacksonville, and extended and at its conclusion the conference county state of Florida has complained - 'at the altar the ceremony was to the mountains. of North adjourned until the afternoon. Among to the jRailroad Commission Finest Imported andCutting . riMte Renry Watterson. was born in'ttVlistrict Carolina. ers of Florida DomestIc J1oths. . and ;f. performed in .a most impressive manner those who spoke on this subject was preferred charges of ..Columbia hence be.lOOgS.to.t1ie - whole nation. As a run- by1 Rev. T J. Nixon. This was one of the prettiest home Rev. J. A.. Hendry Rev. Norwood, against you, that you have by your a Specialty . f. 1 1-mate with this ,will not After the ceremony Mrs. Denby weddings that has occurred torj many Rev. J. I. Patterson, and sevral oth officers, agents and empl yees violated Fits Guaranteed. 1( :. Bryan played Mendelssohn's wedding marchas years. The color scheme was green and disregarded the provisions, ...b ie D"llls. popularity.PitTiava and white. ers.At of Chapter 4700 of the happy couple and the attendants Palms and ferns and three-thirty the confernce again the laws of Floridaand UcIVE'It a good traveling, position to left the church. masses of orange. blossoms and white assembled. rule numbered 3 of the "rules and MACIAj 1 ?'pSer-tlje.right.party;, experience un- Messrs. Huffman, ,Bayer, Ott and wedding bells being used with artistic The religious exercise were in governing the transportation of !,'neee3ar1; must come well recom- White acted as usher effect. charge of Miss Nicholls of Apalachi- freight," provided and prescribed by .s nded and ready to start to work at 'tece. Address, T.. A. Roquemore, I The church was most appropriately The bride was gowned in. a creation cola who will go as a missionary to the railroad commissioners the ... 'Oola.. ", Fla.. 6-l-3t; I decorated for the occasion with floral of gray silk with white trimmings Corea. state of Florida, on July 1st, 1905 : designs and carrying a lovely bunch of and,, published in a _Damnhlet. entfttPli. presented a handsome orange r'r1, ursday., : half.. ..holiday-- a move' \\fter the songs and Scripture reading --' ----- -- "" :' direction. All work and appearance. blossoms and never looked "Classification No. 2 of the Railroad FUNERALDIREOTOE& ;tn' the-]ight: I Miss Nicholls gave a very fine '-pl r,;1 especially-l during the hot sea- The groom is one of the most widely fairer before. The bride is one of talk on the training school and on Commission. State of Florida and .ioc ; is calculated to make Jack a dull known and most popular young Marion's fairest daughters and most : proposed work In Corea. Her talk was Rules and Regulations governing the ' -T' .This' "half holiday" will make men of the city.: He holds a responsible efficient teachers. She has taught for deeply spiritual and was greatly en- transportation of freight on the RaIl- . "'clerks. for Ocala. position, being agent of. the South the greater part of five years in different Joyed. roads and Common Carriers doing .- MWM I MMHMM< , ".."'1J ;-: __ era Express Company at this point, .I parts of the state, her last term At the afternoon session Miss Harrison business in. Florida," which said rule Have a full stock of Coffins Caskets ; r ;:qyrA.. L. Webb, who purchased and is quite popular. The bride is une being in the Live Oak 'high school, a charming young' lady of I is as follows: and Burial Burial services.Outfits. Special given to .. }\|] ei'Inchresfdence; from Mr. Alfred 'of Gainesville's fairest and most, popular .where all sing praises unto her name. Monticello made a delightful talk. "No railroad company shall decline jsh! some: time ago, has sold the young' ladies, and one 'who has We fall to find words to express the Miss Harrison was at, the training or refuse to act as a common carrierto Embalming to Order t < as"to.Dr. Hy Robinson, of Jack made many friends here by her affec. noble traits of character and noble I school at Kansas City 'Mo., preparing transport any article proper for I .- : .'vll 1 .. Mr. Webb. will. continue to tionate and hospitable disposition.. disposition of this, fair lady. We can !to fit herself as a missionary, but to transportation, and a failure to transport Y ofe .t l. : py...the residence for the present. Mr. and Mrs. Graham left on :the only say, that to know her is to love her great disappointment her health such article within a reasonabletime i ....,. .........,.., _ _"_ _____"': ';1<. -.. early morning Seaboard train for her and the Tampa people are to be failed ker and she had been obliged after the 'same has been offered I LDFULTga.. .. .,> ._.The.Epworth". ... Leaguers' fell in loverithOcala Asheville._ N.' C-. wher'_ n theY._.. will n'__ _snend.. ___ congratulated 'on having among themas to stive UD., her .clans to' eo to foreign for transportation shall-- be-- dim1------ g- ntn.I..R'R--:--- a.- -.-,IF.BLALOp.-tl'll"P- L - and Ocala fell In love with violation of this rule .Ii ., their honeymoon. They took with sweet a bride as Mrs. Phillips.. fields. , hem. The admiration was mutual, them the best 'wishes 'of their numerous The groom has also spent 'considerable In the' evening a model devotional 1st. It is charged by the said The Over JSairoe & Deiitisba, ,., ; Cfctmbliss But Ocala . will look to their ,Fla.T : ad/our/little city McDowell Crate and Lumber " friends here.-Gainesville time in this neighborhood. He service was conducted by Rev. T. J. Compa. _ dcoth1ng. with, a great deal ofeuure. ny, that on the 13th ;X.GCS. . Sun. is a member of Phillips Bros., ,retail Nixon,. of Gainesville. He was assisted day of June, ; - $ ., and wholesale grocers of Tampa. He woodward 1906, and every day prior thereto to '. . -_ I by Mr. of DeLand, ATTORNEY-AT.LAW, S :f JudfeLumpkin. of South Carolina. Cuban-Diarrhoea. has had several, responsible positions Mr. Chappell, of Jacksonville, and j the 4th of June, 1906' you declined (Office ta Gary.i uew Jl1 ck.)' ." '" ;Centered the senatorial arena U. S. aoldlers who served in Cuba In' the city and is very popular in several others. The topic used and refused' to, act as a common carrier OCALA FLORIDA ,. during the Spanish war know what to transport certain lumber from = Tampa. society. Too much can not be and'the SPRN " talks ist Senator Tillman. SenatorTill- was a missionary one, EDWIN : this disease is, and that 1'i ordinary remedies Oak, :Marion county Florida 'i said of the noble to Jack -, has grown, so large in the public I have little more effect than so disposition and amiable and discussions proved to be of a \ much water. Diarrhoea of this sonville. Florida which said lumberwas ATTORNEY-AT-LA,' A :: Cuban Is character young man, deal of interest. * : t1maU9n :it will be quite hard t oThe great . as severe and dangerous. a mUd attack and the writer feels assured that offered to you (or transportation OCALA. :- -yILOR.IDA; -rnihcm.. .. : of cholera. There Is only one The singing was led by the Ocala - with the, fair bride he has by the said'The McDowell Crate and ;j-K. CttlSB. '* &: ; q_ _ -' remedy, however, that can always be won. they Epworth League. * depended upon as will be seen by the Lumber Company at Oak, Florida "",. : ". will glide down life's stream on < ; .:'- '..Missea. Van Brunt, of Talia.eeho'have following certificate from Mrs. Minnie smoothly There will be no session, this afternoon the 5th DENTIST, , day of June 1906. for : , ,: \bIe .been attending the Jacobs, of Houston. Tex.; ,I hereby certify together.Mr. in order that the delegates may trans OCALA PLAKLOS "' : - . hhj; ;League conference, were and Diarrhoea that Chamberlain's Remedy cured Colic my.hus.Cholera. and Mrs. Phillips will be at enjoy a rest and have an opportunityto portation to the Ocala Pine Company, C L. 5ISTRpNg, :- . Jacksonville. Florida and - that - < : terttln d Mrs. McII- home to their friends at 1712, Florida visit Silver and by . by William band of a ewere attack of Cuban diar- Springs see more , i". Thel' ,brotherMr. William Vanas' rhoea, which be brought home from av nue. Tampa, after, July 1. Mr. and of our city ;.such refusal and declination by you. ATTORNEV'AMAW. ;j .;. several doctors but to Room M,'cfllc . ""- Cuba. We had Mrs. Phillips have friends transport said lumber upon request C Bnlldln J :5 rt-who also a delegate: was they did him no good.'One bottle-of many of the i -' :- - i !1r 8lld.MrsiE. P. hagard., These thlc remedy cured him as our neighbors throughout the state and in Ocala HELP IS OFFEREDTO said The McDowel Crate and' B. N. -' - . : Lumber jJISS SINCLAIR . will testify. I thank God for JO who join. the writer in congratulations WORTHY YOUNG PEOPLE.We Company, you violated and t ;ilOO people and I the'nephew ( are valuable medicine." For sale all all by a : earnestly request young per- disregarded said chapter 47000 Lawsof : 'i l ;cf.lfr, Richard Van Brunt, druggists. m and best wishes. Ions, na matter how limited their STENOGRAPHER & TYPEWRITER.' .. 3 L Jonwrlyof this city, :Miss Kate "A FRIEND." means or education, who wish' to .obtain Florida, and said rule numbered 3 and Notary Public. < .... A Luscious Watermelon. anda of the , a thorough business training "Rules Governing the Transportation Special ItckIer,.. aiso 'a delegate from Talla- good position to write by FIRST attention to.out of Town Work Deadly Serpent Bites of Freight, to which reference Commercial . f s' was entertained by Mrs. G. W. The editor of this paper is under are as common In India as are. stomach mall OFFER.for our GREAT HALF RATE has hereinbefore been made. Bank Ocala .Ti, ,., 4 .. obligations to Mr. Daniel Cappleman, and liver disorders..with us. For --- Success and -probable independance 2nd. It Is charged the :t." the latter however, there Is a lure by said The j,( }"..J -_,__._ who resides a few miles east of the remedy. Electrte Bitters r the rat re- fortune are guaranteed.- Don't delay. McDowell Crate . ! 1sUu1n; Nichols, of Apalachii storatlve- --- -' wJilc'hu-s.- Write today. and Lumber Compa. it wm medicine of A. ; : city, for a most delicious watermelon. - THE GA.-ALA. BUS. COLLEGE. that the F rl i tuamo: the delegates the Brown, of Bennettsvtlle, S. C.. says: ny said company on the 4th . luscious and the meata 525-2m Macon Ga.Dr. It. was large, w League this They restored my wife to perfect day of June, 1906, in writing did request -- , 11 r convention beautiful red. It was the best melonwe health. after of suffering with : years I She' the south Chas. L. Crow Weds Miss SeaburyDr. you, through your agent at Anthony IIOCU :i! attended Georgia dyspepsia and a chronically torpid have this andwe seen season, are PayYouF.! ! t frei at Thomasville and liver." Electric Bitters cure chills and Florida, to supply the said greatly obliged to Mr. Capplemanfor fever, malaria' biliousness, lame back Charles Langley Crow and Miss company with two flat cars tosihtgreetings) .. from that. body tote kidney troubles and bladder disor upon ,. It. . 1 Nina Seabury married on the I: :;conference in this city. :Missikhsxpects ders. Sold on guarantee by Tydings were which to load lumber to be shipped 1C You have any. Real Estate. ' & Co., druggists. 'PrIce 60 cts. m evening of June 12th at the home of to the Ocala Pine Company, at Jack. ir to sell : __ _ soon to go as a misr President Roosevelt it Is said,. has ,or-- i_. "-. - the bride, No. 131 Duke street, the sonviile Florida. - line :t Corea._ that Mr., Bryan will Early Closing. over your of ,, told visitors undoubtedly r- , :.: Rev Dr. Beverly D. Tucker officiating road, but that you declined and OR. - :: refused it: l. be the democratic nomineeand --. ,, . the Hender- assisted by Rev. Dr. , .G L Henry Watterson the brilliant A petition is being circulated to to furnish said cars or to transport You're that Mr. Taft .on the part of, the 1C thinking of coming of Ute, brother-in-law of the Courier-Journal have our merchants close their groom said lumber for nine days, and to Florida Sifted Louisville republicans, alone can defeat him. II for a home, "- .. . Henderson N. C. !: delivered a speech. at theIflenernent This is a big boom for Taft., So .it stores at three o'clock on Thursday that up to the date of the filing of The bride attired in creationof " was a banquet of Brown looks like, the two candidates are already -! afternoons during the. months of July said complaint and charge, to-wit: OR : white silk and carried lilies of the - !e.rsitt.at Providence, R. L, and in: sight. I and August. the 14th day of June. 1906 you refused - valley. The matron of honor, Mrs. M. and declined to You desire to inyest in furnish t'tar his: text "Sectionalism" and With one or two exceptions all of said IF any I" dled'. ..it. iiia manner that did Herbert Stuart, the slx-months'old our merchants have already signed S. Hicks, of Stamford, Conn., a sisterof cars to the said The McDowell Crate kind of Florida property, - ''' ". his patriotism and ,ch 1.o".n.J" baby of Mr. .and Mrs. John Stuart, the petition,and we presume that they I the bride, was attired In silk mulle \|and Lumber Company or to transport -- : a country so grand and built died at their home at Silver Springs all will. I II over taffeta, and carried bride roses. conduct you refused and declined to TOSEE i J ,1ofty Ideals as our own thereto Friday. The little one had been ill for I I This is an excellent movement and .Mr. George Crow, a brother of the act as common carrier in violation of OR WRITE ' 1 several months and his death was I Iclosing" groom acted as best man. Thetroem's said chapter 47000 Laws of Florida : d"be. room. for sectionalism. we sincerely trust 'that the "early , f.- will obtain in. Ocala this . : .-. _. J. H. [IYINGSTOM & SONS' nL. sunburst of diamonds besides i;;,, ', \iranam ana .son, j. AI. or sympathy of their friends in their bereavement summer. The clerks and the proprietors many. I Governing the Transportation of 8aTe returned to their home, as well, need, the rest other presents from friends of the Freight," to which reference has - , ! f a :brie visit here, having been -- If the stores are closed on Thurs. couple. The interior of the house was :hereinbefore been made. . I.O1IOA. I Oied on account of the marriageteformer's'son Gen.. Albert W, .Gilchrist followingthe day afternoons will be a good afternoon handsomely decorated with palms, I The railroad commissioners of the 2 D. M. Graham, to example of Bryan, threatens to for baseball games In this ferns, and other flowers. state of' Florida hereby give you notice THE OCM.fl( HOUSE CAfE.The . !.sten'e: Dickinson. The Graai make a, two years tour of the world, city and will be a delightful recre- Dr. Crow is professor of Romanceand that the said commissioners will - ;;'., !, prominent people of :Ma.county reaching Florida, Just before the gu. ation. language at the university of meet in their office In the city of Tallahassee dining room.'or the Ocala HoiU4 -+-'-. and have many friends bernatorial primaries are held. He .argues -- Florida, while the bride is the daughter Florida, at 9 o'clock a. In.on will be kept open through the.stunnm ' that, things being equal, this will 1 of Mr. William H. Seabur of this andknown as the Ocala Hnuse Cafa. -., ...wction.ainesville:. Sun. Mr. W. L. Martin and Mr. Elbert the 2d day of July A. D. 1906. to The cafe wIll be a la cart, but a aN-, give him a boom that will land .him E.. Stevens, editor and business .manager city.Mr. consider and take action upon said cial rate will be made to regular - ,:: fuller. and son: John. of Mi: in the executive office. It the genial of the Crystal Riyer News were and Mrs. Crow left for New complaint and charges and that you, boarders well known by the Treek. The usual and - '" tfte r' a' brief visit in Ocala re- "gentleman from DeSoto" will' send visitors to Ocala Friday. These York last night, where they will the Seaboard Air Line railway shall House dining excellence roast will be of', maintained the Ocala, >: ft: ? Citra yesterday, wher they recipes to' the. housewifes of Florida young gentlemen are making a good spend several days on their honeymoon then and there have an opportunityto and the public is ,assured of the best - :qn 'a, ,visit to Mrs. Muller's pa- from the various countries that he paper and will prove valuable citizens On their return they will be at be heard by said railroad commissioners -'rates there and Is for furtherW table.articular For, call weekly on ..," .q.;Mr.- ,and iMrs., .- David. Barcus. may visit of the latest "didos" in to, this growing city. home to their friends after June 29th, and to show cause, if any or write C. M. Whitesides, Manager. ).J a-----: cookingit: may add immensely ito his at No. 131 Duke street-Norfolk; (Va.) you have, why the said railroad 'commissioners . : : t ,E. Arnold a' former reputation. That okra recipe is still A Big Sale. Landmark. should not fix and impose: A satisfied customer the test advertisement - : tcf this city, but of late years remembered with grateful and {" being -- upon you a penalty for the violationand satisfaction is not ..,, '' it.Tampa: was in the city pleasure by the housewifes of Florida. We understand that Mr. John D. 'Judge Call in deciding tne contested disregard of safd ,rule provided only the White oura1m.but House.our guarantee. Try ,shoe shakIng hands with, his Robertson and Dr. James E. Chace Nassau holds : spring styles -- case from county, and formen and ; prescribed by the .said railroad women just arlred. Its ..-ft'ei !js' at present located at Mrs. S. L.. Patterson and > little have purchased the Orr property on that the county committees are Invested commissioners: in acordance with Fair. z :: ,J ;, where he has quite _a daughter, of Miami, arrived in the Ocklawaha avenue. This is one of the with full power to canvass the ,chapter: 4700. Laws of Florida. , -... & S:1n.: vocal and Instrumental city Friday afternoon and are the prettiest and most valuable properties returns, declare the result, and decide Done and ordered by the railroad ,.. II! :has had quite flattering guests of Mrs.. Patterson's aunt,. Mrs. in Ocala and' ; : we congratulate these any nad .all contest .as they maya commissioners of the state of Florida ( ". r opea a class in this city Innumber W. }{.Zewadskl. After they completetheir' gentlemen on their purchase. -'se, and in contests; where county in .session at their office In the "Edieifiti:..fey M'ftxfctotHafe : aEUeient visit In Ocala they will to have already go officers are Involved there is no'apeI .1iPbI.... - I city of T&11 hissee. Florida this 16th = tCsu& IV ..",--,. 4thilt Intention! to. Join a Sunny ,.Slope-- farm near Feljowship to Short Horn Bull,. peal from the committee's decision. : .. ..... A few half breed And higher grade day of June A. D, 1906. ATttfem ti AtoSTflw - jImako: it almost, a certainty visit Mrs.: Patterson's parents. Mr, yearling Shorthorn'.bulls' to' exchange: Where a'state' official .is involved an (Signed) J. L. ;MORGAN nnmmir.TttiffTnfln.trimnin.Trrmrr.Tam. ! ;. ,' .'..,. : M jLat' 'least Ipend.everal and Mrs. J. t M. Barco and her sister, for< beef cattle. Write or call and see :.TfcrwU7Tv&irXi.. SwtoMfi ; i ..:. "' '''' : '" appeal can be made to the state com to p* win JB Hniil Myra Acting Chairman .. ,- 1. f' Mis Sae.Barco.S.s.3t :.; me at Munro. ,& CoamblSsa bank.ZV.CHAMBLISS* tTM.A4artnlJI.HrinS8 -::-"" f. ., ." ,. : mittee. Attest: .R.- a DUNN,_ Secretary; xfe--. .'-;&.' ..;"J..r ., r'f .V7."' _ _ c- : -f : -:;,'.. ""-;'-t.,., ;;t"l-,._ -4.---;;_ -* .: _: -1.." ;.>'.,_.._,Ji.l."?:. J_>>. .> '_" 4;-, ..'..."',....1; .J.;;., ... .. ..,...-4. "' ._. ... t _4... 'IF -'t-... 3.>-4t;t;.>. .' ........ -. ",,, f, -tV ."" .. ""';;;-.i'"! ; : .- ",!f! * .. < .t6 "S 003-P..c " ; . . "" .. ! .. ; _ : "-' .-- ::; ;. : ,-_J'J'f- '! I .: .Q.: :-,,:-.iS:' '-..1f'""' :' ?iJ"'i-,},:_ : ;'-#'>''':'1:'; "-:'-'Jf ; $ ,,...",..-t. -_\:1<" ;",)",>."-"'}_-A- -> ;- ",,.".', .'.4.;',",, "\": :..>...-. _""'-" "'.'Y....;.."" ,..,,.,,,,.,t'; _1f.'i., >- .,,..r....''1't r-3' .!AJ'" ; ." t'>... -- :,.,.. "' <=" : ;; '-'-' ; "" '{ ", c ? ,",,,c -" >i:; : ... "1< :;" '" "'-- ,>;t.J.' -:"; .i: '. : :: ,.::; .,.: "": "" :' '' :: ,: t' .: -',,, _ : - ': : ::" ", :. -i"" . : : \c-- :" . ; ? _ !: < ," '''''" '' li'C'c f.t-.. :' -"" ;: : _, :;" : .r: >.;: '-' ::' ; : --- -- . : : "" .oJ.'r'r'S;''' ''_'.: :-.j.- .," .., ,.6.._ : ,>; ",_ --;"' : :. c- .. .. ;<, ". -"-' '::'""' .' - : --- ; : : ,: ,; \ ,. ,. :-. .:.c. : : : --i' .,. ,_ : : :. ': 7' : ,-: -o.... - _ :' .., '. ., : : "":'2j".L': ''' :ijl''''-''' ",; _, '.'.. :;: "_' ;: ;;;: ._,;. ;.. : ::: :::.:."_ :. : ,:-;...-;::';..' ,'. "' '. ::..''. ". :.;".:: :,_.: .: ';.' . ;,_,_.;,,,,;, .r!,,;',._;.,{:-',", '-.';.'..''':'_._,. _,;'_::.':..:"':,:,_',,,',,::,_,"_:,,,,:: ,-.,-l""_':"":'C';:. ',"" ':,'-l,'<_,_"-, ,_":;",,"',,;,_,,,''"::',',-<'_'.;,:''C..':.''=':'"'::,':,,':.i":':.,.';,',:':Y.'-r" 'J1,1::,:.,, ,.,;. .''_ '-:".:_',_c.....<..__" :;....'s.. _'_".,''o,<'- _i;.", ', ;"-","'t-.:,.";;..,,.t;.'' t.:.'__,''.'..,.:::, , : ; ; ,; < .. ';:' i'2''i :;: --4..." :. ,,,, .. ':!., ; 3 jt ; ;_ ; ; ;7 < , fT ,, A._"''.'"'.''"..,''' ,""" iV'-'I::_'c;:, .>,'' 1i";.J.< 'A-' "" -"',-'it'::' F',... '' '"- >.h' < ,-* ."r:"" '''''.,.. ch.iI:'lVr, ,, ,,, .,if :.. -...,''(;- ... 1lsar r a i a ate ,; "' 4 _:g r J F tj fem > " '. 0 , ."" ' - t tl t. ; :" ) t.. r - .. .. . '> <' ; "6t. - -.t : .THE4XGRAHAMVILLE; :: THE.: EPWORTH:, LEAGU'E CONFER- POINTED, PARAGRAPHS. .;' UHeIlO ,Langua e'Changes.; : + ' .'; 'AND.CONNOR COUNTRY. ENCE. j?'> -' : ::; H, "ROBINSON, Pres. ,:- .,.. _. Little white I es'soon become That the telephone is changing the .g. H. ,BLITCH- Mgr. / C. BOOZER, Ant Mgr ''- vz Connor, June 23, 1O6.t Last Day of the Session-Officers soiled. pronunciation of'English in this coun: .GEO:- BLITCH- Teller 1 ) The. Oc dawaha. river is full and Installed-Delegates. Visit Silver try is a .possibility which has just " A big head Is often the result of a : and the roads 'Springs. M running washed Tilth over; 'the raging waters are of ,I -.:-- few: small Ideas. attracted attentloa. The president of The Strong Hold the " the same?; The Epworth ,League conference The man who is buried in thoughtha the Southern Bell Telephone Company . 3 assembled 8:30; o'clock In an Interview In the Atlanta at Friday Carlton of Mr. 'William Henry no funeral expenses . Jackonvflle/is; here visiting his wife morning. The religious service was Constitution says that already he has' .t Which is the worse, a spoiled childor noticed if In the southern states. COMMERCIAL BANK v tad ,littledaughter.We led by Rev;: J. ':M. Glazier, of New ' .. one" that is too fresh? To obtain .the best results'from' the arIiKiij. pleased to learn => SrFna. No man believes half the things telephone a well modulated, voice anda , ... that Mr, Charles.Gibson ls'mach bet OCALA ter, andwlsh, him a' speedy 'ifi. ; The most Important business of he wants his wife to believe. crisp distinct enunciation are nec' FL0. - :" t' the!io day was the annual 'election offticers. It takes a clever woman to refrain essary. The'sott' drawl and the' drop covery. fmn posing as a clever woman. ping of the "r's," which characterizethe Mr.'S.:Smith, who has been, in.our ., The election was quite ,splr- Has Upon Public Confidence ! What a man Is and what he mightbe south, would make any such is Evidenced ; 's vicinity lor'.the past few days,. has ' : \| and and resulted as fol- ited lively, are as different as day and night. change first perceptlule there. The .k returned jtofocala.Miss .' UMS: It's time to cross' your fingers when telephone should nave a tendency, by its Large and Increasing' Rebecca Counts, the belle, ofGrahamidlle Frederick Pasco, I President-Rev. you hear a man boasting of his good also, to cause the western drawl to her mother, Mrs William D>D., Live Oak., deeds. Business Counts, and ,her brother; Master disappear. L. Izlar Vice-president-Dr. ,A. , Lt'the home People who agree to everything you Talking over the wire naturally Is Claudius, were callers . Ocala. say are almost as entertaining as'phonograph. a accompanied by the feeling that It of M% and'. Mrs. Graham one evenIng :Miami. 4 Secretary-Rev. L. D. Lowe, This em A must be brief and ,businesslike. , ",, recently. '. Treasurer, Mrs. A. L. 'Chandler, . . Only .those who seldom attend not only on account of the tolls _ > W. Dl Graham, route agent, of Jt Mrt : E. C. SMITH. Kissimmee. church register protest when the charged If the distance Is considerable C. V. ROBERTS: _ : the Southern Express Company, ofbr' Superintendent Junior work-Mrs. minister desires a vacation. but because the person who "calls The amount of stock which we carry is grvat. Sapphire with headquarters country, the Lula Barnett Jacksonville. Very few successful lawyers practice up" Is bound to remember that the Our ability to handle it Is greater. at Asheville, was home, on a visit [" Department editor-Rev. J. Lawton before the bar presided over bya be Our desire to please is above all : one to whom he is speaking may you greatest t I . to his parents. fMr; and (Mrs ; W, \TOOP. Jacksonville. \ person wearing a white apron.A -4 Graham, week before last. busy. Furniture of all kinds, from the lowest price to the ' highest .. -The following were the district sec- man who speaks from experiencesays Long distance telephoning, whichIs and thl Mr.. L. bi.' Graham attended the quality of our goods governs the prices, our prices being lower ' elected retaries : it costs almost as much to keepa daily coming Into greater use, wedding of his song Dillon Lorentus others for the same class of' goods. P. Bird Tallahassee district-W. wife In clothes as it does to keepan unct also have a certain effect In t5 Graham, to ..Mlss Stennie Dickinson, Tallahassee. Camping goods for sale or rent; tents cots mattresses, etc. , 'June automobile in repair.-Chicago bringing the speaking of the Ian. ; (20th. ( -$ at GainesvUle"' Gainesville district-G.; L. ,Taylor, News. guage nearer to a 'common* level ,PLEASE T.IE PEOPLE " = June 21st was the seventy- ightb AND THE PEOPLE PLEASE US. ' Ocala. This also has been noticed in the ; Perkins.. / i- birthday of Mr. Henry W. Modern Maccabee Temple Dedicatedat Jacksonville district-A. R. Chap- business and south where the recent $ , In honor of this'! splendid .Marion Port Huron. pell, Jacksonville. C.ALA F.URNITURE industrial awakening has suddenly annual picnic is CD. ' Js county gentleman an Orlando district-Rev. D. B. .Sweat, 'the for communi- increased necessity given hy his friends under the gnarled On the afternoon of June 12th at , Sanford. his home the Port Huron Mich. the Modern Macca- cation with other sections of the old, oaks near on. . $ East Coast district-Rev, J. M. date of his birth. Mr. Perkins is now bee temple was dedicated with very country. OCALA, FLORIDA. = unable to stand Glazier, New Smyrna. imposing ceremonies. Thousands of Any change In the talking of the very feeble, being " C. H. Sum district-Rev. Tampa sure without 'a 1stance. August 7th'' is the people were present from all over the .English made by the telephone is birthday anniversary of his wife's mers Tampa. country to Join in the festivities. The to be for the better. It will mean W. A. L, E. LANG. -k birth and :>he, "too, is honored'' with The election of an executive com- parade was one of the largest ever tones neither too high nor too low, a an annual 'birthday picnic by her mittee was dispensed with. seen In that city. Two governors,! and terse, clear 'sentences, distinctly KNIGHT.ANNOUNCEMENT. trlenda.---- -'Ki ., .Perkins will 'be sixty--. ," After a spirited discussion as to the I Governor Broward of Florida, and a.rticulated.-San Jose (Cal.) Herald.I next place of meeting Tallahasseewon I j eight years old this year. 'She is also Governor Warner, of Michigan and out and the 1907 meeting will . Reflections of Bachelor.. quite feeble now. We of, the, younger many distinguished men and women " be held in that city next June. All _ generation do, indeed, like-to do honor were present. The weather conditionswere We have just purchased the Wa gon and Harness business of Messrs.:- of the cities that were'desirous of Either a man is good. and cant; be to this elderly couple. We delightto idyllic and it was one of the, S. A. Standley & Company and propose to add to the stock of goods ? , securing the next conference had a clever or 'he is clever and won't bo every thing that is needful assist Jn making life pleasant for greatest assemblages in the city's to make it aCOMPLETE LINE in every sense of_ number of backers, ,., who made excellent good. the word. We ,are agents for several of the them. Among those present at the history. The city presented a gala ap- best Farm Wagons on the market ; pleas for their respective towns, Tact'is being sure, not to look solemn ; also several makes of Buggies. Besides these we handle and with its handsome decora a great n- the following Mr pearanc ; picnic: .were but'the Capital city received, the big. when your rich 'uncle makes an riety of: vehicles either of which we stand ready to fully W. Mr. John tions symboUic of the great order of guarantee. Perkins Mrs. 'Henry , gest vote. awful fiat joke We invite the puglic to call and see our display of Perkins and family Mr. Early. Perkins the Modern Maccabees. After the election of ,officers, Rev.J. If the rules for getting to. ,heaven and family, Mr Isaac: Perkins. The musical part of the dedicatory ". : Lawton Moon one of the most there would be Grade ' a were more exciting High and family, Mr. Norman Fort and services was furnished by the vested Buggies, Serviceable Carriages ; ,family, Mr.' and Mrs. 'B. I. Hull, :Mr. popular and, prominent younger ministers choir of Grace church, and 'the song, lots more candidates. Unexcelled Wagons, Harness , pf the Florida conference, took Half the that boy's college , and Mrs. B. P. Smith and 'daughters, "Under the Same Old Flag" was rendered money .a Lap Robes Etc. __ Etc. charge of the meeting and modelly education costs' would buy a better , 'Misses :Nora and Nancy; Mr. Marshalland as a tribute to the northernand / * _ conducted a "model" business meet- annuity for him tnan he ,can ever : : > , fatally, Mr,, Paul .P. Fore and southern governors.The earn. MAIL ORDERS WILL ALWAYS HA VE PROMPT J ATTENTION. bride Mr. Jim Reynolds and' family, Ing.There was no afternoon session it .It makes a girl a good deal mad- Mr. W. R..Fore,.Mr. tern Wilson and Alabama marble, in which our 'v family. Miss Miry Caldwell, Mr. Oscar being called .off, to allow the delegates friends Messrs. Ford Killer and der for you not to want ,to, kiss her We are Sole Agents for the celebrated White Hsckory Turpentine a rest and recreation.A than for.you to do it when she doesn't : Bishop-are so largely Interested at and Farm / Caldwell; Mrs. D. Martin, of Moss Wagon. s Zf Bluff, Mr. (X. Rogers, ''Mr. Hatton Perkins ,large number''the visitors went Sylacaugua Ala., continues: to receive. want you to.- -New York Press. . ',Mr. Iv_M.' Graham and many out to Silver Springs In the after- high praise from eminent sources. Florida's Governor." Turpentine L others. Including the writer: noon. Some went in 'carriages, some The Commercial, club of Birmingham, ;; Wagons a Specialty. , The 'dinner, was bountiful and of in buggies and others in carryalls. has recently' addressed a letter to Hon. N. B. Broward, governor of the best the oak foliage was as green For a. short time the rain marred Governor Jelks, chairman of the capitol Florida, accompanied by his daughter We are Always In Position to Meet th e Prices of Legitimate Competition.-%: as garlands, of:the .Oregon,grape and the pleasure of the trip but it was commission at Montgomery pray. and Mr. A. 'C. Hamrick. arrivedat . the blue canopy of ,the heavens all and the sun shone ing him to use his influence to have ' soon over very, the tunnel depot at 6:10 o'clock combined to make Mr; Perkins sev brightly and the air was decidedlymore the decorations .in 'the repairs to the Monday evening. They were met by & < enty-eighth anniversary a most pleas- pleasant. Nearly! all of those capitol now going on under his t sV Great Commander Boynton, Lincoln Knight Lang ant one., A. A. G. who visited; the springs enjoyed a tripon penis ion, to be made of Alabama Avery Gen. Carl A. Wagner J. B. . the run and'one and all were per marble. This club says: "There is' a Sperry, A. A. Graves, Phil HIger, J.,D. (Successors to Standley and Co.) The election system has unanimous sentiment in the Commer- ::1 primary with the wondrous fectly charmed Patterson, Wm. Canham Mrs. SusieS. ' put Hon. Benjamin (Putnam Calhoun, beauties of these marvellous springs. cial club and in this community so Graves and Mrs. Robert M. MeiseL' ---- , ' business. He Is said far I ascertain in favor of the Palatka, out of enthusiastic as can most over After introductions They were the entire party . f to have been one of the ablest and the trip, and were all exceedingly use of Alabama marble in the interior wereescorted'to four automobile tour. ) moat fearless officials .In Florida The decoration of the capitol. Experts We Never t Our Patients i- pleased'th t they had been allowed. ing cars and started down town. As DisapPoint primary system, of _nominating our pronounce this marble to ,be withouta t. an afternoon for this purpose. the automobile Great containing Commander _ officials has not everything to its The evening: session at the church superior in the world. Sentiment Boynton and Governor, Brow Wefuifli!85 l.ttarewminSSA.dkndf.nr er Hold sda Fal'IIIHL 2o 3 ; credit It all .right 'In theory but and business considerations unite to WF flllfiP : ; is closed the largest JEpworth League ard reached the corner of Griswoldand oared paID or det.ntton from &asS. ffiS ''f : does not'always tuni.out the, best Ink conference: that has ever been held in surest that native marble be used. Tenth streets they were' met by never to mtar'a. Wlthoa' merolUT or Lass i This marble is. In demand In New ! practice. hundred S3jpSBsrSSS$ the state. There were one the' City band and Company C, 'and ; 'r ,b York for decorative and building I pur . and fifteen delegates in 'attendance the march to the Harrington begun. .t King aIM tons: 1 : ; t I teUtaetliot&ta.LthechtataaoaahtniahcfitlaL . .. For Sale. The new Night and Day bank, longs Forty of fine land near Or- and, the meeting. was a very harmonious poses._ The band played "Dixie" and several t by s eta 3 of uoiBtst pbntduia ud ivmosT -i acres f said to be ,a marvel of beauty, is finished j OniiBflcsu tB the treatment of chronic UMUM h enutr,rs { A&re Springs Marian county yja., The one:) throughout. other popular airs. The streets were led; .1...betb 1IIed1ca1 ud eleGUScal.eDelei. : t northwest Quarter of southwest Quar- In Alabama marble. We havein OUomceaarUqufPPl4 &II the, ,Wc. hn4Ic ter; Section 4, township, 12,"'range 24. The Leaguers were delighted to this city several buildings-one a lined with people. Arriving at the Harrington leI eoatrtvaneehaewatothemellglprotststoa Iaty,mid ray,end 'taaeo ran" tact eTW7.1..... i'f See the land and makeme ,an offer. have been here, and we were delight the band struck up "The Star modem to every napee&. and we emplOJ Wane ouuntttrfrmp bus the bA Address D. C. :Alexander/- Shawl ed'to have them. hotel and one a private residence-in I Spangled Banner" and a.crowd of the std tamed neeaatd and emcfeaa aueneaettteealuly quilled PIJ'aMeI ; Miss. 5-1S..3 which Alabama marble has been used I plntefau being mw II W. employ 110 a16Il4U1& . The business of the conference was Great Camp review and'others cheered \0 .cure ptdentl -- paQ'ODag.-.O 0.O.D.Y to superb effect. In beauty no other or UUke4 tar f'eratnte artHili(II r \ The Modern' Maccabees edition of all; wound,.up at this meeting.J the chief executive of Florida."What's ., &lIthl.0 110.00 WtaUOD.tv 1DGD1b.Oarterma( mit&taud* ,.... bO .I ; American marble compares with these e 11'.Iks..U'a the ,Port Huron, (Mich.) Herald contains J Mrs., Maud B. Little, of this, city, the'matter :with the governor anee of a care w1dW1a tpecilisd 11m. specimens. By all means, let us haveas NYC > ST l b a interesting talk on the of CH80MIC DISEASES : ' Florida pictures of Governor, Broward of gave very much Alabama material as possi- ? called one enthusiastic vrrm' neb u Kidney u4 Btt&dde.cure. c fie r.:'; , \ Florida, who attended' the dedication "Third Department" or "social depart ble in the Alabama capitol. especiallylet Maccabee. "He's all right," tU't\ \ : J1A Rupture" Ifrdroeeie Drslat. Loue'. .... RhnrR \ UITlCUIL! Dieeuu. remove cud exercise ,of the Modern Macca- ment" of the league and her talk was shouted the crowd. 1UU1JIU& trotaw.g. new much us have it when it is possible to fLIC.IUNQ, U. Q. Chhrroniic Dbesi.and w m.u Zjieu..u bees temple In that city. It also contains I very. enjoyed. Governor Broward and daughterwere CMr u CoNIuL1IIICI Prntotate 'IIWllral D'.ICI1ures,of ud lIIeb D rem I i r secure In this state a superior prod- .. seep wesitnettm: tt naeL escorted Into the hotel Mrs. 41UOlllIf Joe are atckor . several flattering mentions oft Wrlt0 lid'tassgmt'retael atalatCONBIILTATIOY 011 ,..,.. WI ; : The next 'order of business at this uct than can be found elsewhere"Green I 4 Joe nr for 110m. him and also of Mr. A. C.,Hamrick of : Graves, Mrs.,, Meisel and Great Commander .=ZLltUATIO r 42w realm session was the installation of officers , this state. Pea Soup. Frances E., Burns conducting III 1MI MEIICALCOet Y0. filets : Rev. L. W, Moore conductedthe -- tA 7et I. Cut a shin piece, into three pieces, mss uroward and Major Boynton and installation services and at its NOTICE..straye4; from H. A. Ross'resdence. put one of these pieces into a covered others introducing the governor: to the - May 11, one spotted conclusion the sacrament of the assembled delegates. pot with four quarts of water pointer female. : Finder willplease Lord's Supper was administered by ; pup .' and let It boil slowly for two hours. When Governor Broward arrived at 8. A. notify M"W, Tompson: at Leroy Dr. Pasco and Rev.-L. W. Moore. the Standley & Co. tunnel depot he remarked that Fla. and receive suitable re6141- The meeting ended with a consecration Shell the peas and put the hulls In ; Port Huron 'must be the north 'A wardRt ,_ service after which "God Be with the meat and boil an hour andthen I near " ; - : 1 t : ; With strain them out.One hour before I pole. J. D. Patterson handed him a j { tlQQI toMeVant ihod., sluggatd. You Till We Meet Again" was rain and told , and serving add a quart of peas and 15 coat him to keep it, as and the conference dismissed The r sung was Pinrjaele of Human Skill 1 learn her ways was once.the popular with the League benediction minutes before serving add ,salt, pepper long as he remained in Port Huron. quotation.' The goat"has4 norv'supplanted "So teach us to number our days that: chopped parsley and a large Governor Broward Isa Maccabee and Has been reacha In our carriage the Industrious ant. We turn to spoon of butter. In which you have represents the tent at Tillah_ assee. He j ; we 'may apply hearts unto wis- buggies the for wisdom. 1in-piY.feat our to and harness. The only w7 goat He dom." rubbed'two tablespoons of flour. Mash expects enjoy his visit to Michigan -; the cans, leaving what's in them for the peas a little. Some perfer to and appreciated his reception. they :can ever be better Is to raise the ,4: other"eat. Everything seemsto be coming strain them out. if you do strain them Port Huron (Mich.) Herald ,of June \ pinnacle :1 -etevate the standard a4 , Our low quarter +a Louse shoes Bryan's way. Mr. 'Virgil P. Kline Mr. out, put them into a collander and 12th. /b , for Mrs and Women can't be beaten John D Rockefeller's personal attorney pour cold water over them, .,, arrangeon Another Typographical-Error. even then our,vehicles will bs toud.1 ' In Ocala.The; Fair. z' is out In his favor. What was lettuce leaves and dress with may > .. . For felt- Thirty odd head of stock. ---"' at the top. They are not so high to J cattle,' and 3000 our orange seeding known as the "enemy's country during onnaise. Serve as the salad for ,your "We wish wrote the editor,of the . from.4 .to 1.Inch la'diameter. Write the campaign" 1896 is now more dinner. Tartown prices, though, as to be oat of reacHof Trumpet, "to correct an : error - t Boardman Lock,Box,___,__ __ _, Fla.r ; 612. \|friendly towards Mr. Bryan& nomination which crept Into oar Issue last most vehicle ... users. Let as quoU .j' A negro who was at. work eica- than any other part-of the United The Bible Authority for Many Things. week. 'In describing the unfortunate C-If'4"T'" , 1 tlo In gt States. Time works -, / # you figures.LIVIBY.EBED .{ Y gfor sewers Petersburg wonderful , One of our citizens who occasionally runaway accident in "Main street, ''we , last week was unfortunate enough changes. wrote: "While 'awaiting the arrival wipes dishes f rohis wife became i t- to have bis 'I head.,aa eight-pound One of the hammer.town's dropon doctors To Washington, D., C, and Return. Ured of the job and refused;, saying of the' ambulance Dr. Skinner took who & SALE STABLE .1 was fortunately present, the vic- that "it not man's is a work. Not took seven stitches In the hammer . tim's pulse" . tad it Is ready for use again-. On June 29th, July 2 and 3d, the feeling disposed to lose his help she It was the printer who - Atlantic t'IJne: will sell round brought the Bible out to convince him carelessly:, -changed the' T in- the. lastword : Lake City,- Index.' trip tickets to Washington. Dv. O, and of his error and read as follows fromII to 'r: We make this correctionIn LAJSTDS. kw T. ._ -. >:' .. ,........... ' : return (all rail justice to Dr. Skinner, 'whose fees ) at .L 1 s.w the fovernor of lorlda to rate of one fare Kings 21tl3t "And will wipe Jeru- ' 10'. ftw..lllelif4ruf''ZY a delttgbt the: p1"..;3 25 cents Tickets limited to re- salem as a man wipeth a dish wipIng are always moderate, and who never \ If.you have lands you wish to sell, lease or rent, .' ftdtjintf'difcW Hum'- Herafid: tarn July llth. Extension of limit of it and turning it upside down." presents,a bill in advance. Office overJed" ,or if.you want :io buy lands for farming I .. I ,l tickets can ,be obtained, by ,deposit of It is needless to s&ylhat he is stilt Kimball's' drug ,"store.--Cleveland: .. turpentining or lumber ', grazing, :f l .1134 WftEtersoQHwii, > suit 09Mft tkket with ppedal agent at, Wash. doing' his occasional 'stunt.-Arcadia Leader purposes, i ... &e. Msw lagton.: and b> payment of 60 cents News. Write to f A' satisfied ctiscnstomeer la'the:best ad- i rattil August llth, 1906.or . - ' ' (r .to; have a .cracker I further information, call We are'supremely glad to learn that"kaki" ;jrertlsement.onI'OUl"a1m. tut,011l'satisfaction, Is' not on guarantee.Try : :...., ", ,OC ii itsjof ,Atlantic Coast Line uniforms are "to go," They the WhUe-.Hou'lhoe:. sprta:'styles BLOUNT'REAL1' ESTATE CO.; : -- ought never; to have 'come. for nw &"n$ 'woowa' just rivet. The . -... .". '" Fair -_. OCALA ,FLORIDA. A ,... I % ,, , .. ...' -. .;; .... .' ft 1"1-. .i'.., . : < ,. .1f ?",;: .1., 'I't :" , , < ', .. : ," . : :' ; : :f'l ,... "" .J: /.,'.,-..:,,:_'.,__,.< ,:,,,, ,',,.:,,,-,,',;,...,", .;,,,'.,:c'C- .',<, .::, _...-_',,:_,,. ",",,:_, ' jjjjjjjj'jjj ' . ..- f G"' . r '" ,<,,># r IDE OOALA BANNER: .. ' . THE NEWSPAPER.-"WHAT IS IT BUT A :MAP OF BUSY LIFE; ITS FLUCTUATIONS AND VAST CONCERNS.".COWPER. tYOL.. 41, NO.4. OCALA, FLORIDA, FRIDAY, pj 29,1906. ONE DOLLAR A YEAR5 --- - r IHOS ABOUT TOWN A Wise-Decision. OUR RESPONSIBILITY NEGRO. TO THE OCALA MAY GET $89- The executive committee did the - r&m white is visiting Mce'city Tart wisest thing Monday last when This question is one of .such vital 000 FOR 'PUBLICBUILDING. THE ANNEX SALOON " It; declared "no choice" betweenMessrs. importance, a hesitancy naturally i Bowling and Perry. The precincts comes to any thinking man before . : to authorities promise give ,. had been previously notified expressing an opinion. That there faa on July %. Good. current OCALA'S j &y race problem before us there cane NEW WHISKEY HOUSEAt that they must "track the law" close- ..' Mr. P -C Davis has returned from 1). This, it was claimed was not done. > no question. It manifests itself in Bill Will Come Upfor Consideration etenl lays' visit to Tampa. a dozen different ways every dare Its Today-Our Congressman Has '&. ___ That precinct which does follow the a surchargedwire\ live to the touch Done A. C. L. Nobly. Ocala Fla. Depot r Mr, S. Felnberg, of the phosphate rules has a right to demand that the and capable of varied phenomena , s visitor to Ocala Wednes'Tea others do it. from every standpoint. Conditions and j . ;.,,,&1 a Special to Ocala Banner: < -r --_." _- Of course it will be a little expen- not theories confront its very being. i.... ive. But there ought to be patriots There is one general law however Washington, D. G, June 25, 1906. We make a specialty of HIGH Hon. Frank Harris, Ocala Fla: B. Banes went down to Lake enough-friends of each of the candl- which can be expressed in a few GRADE WHISKIES, WINES and Have succeeded in getting $85,000 for several alee to serve'os.e cay without pay words.and that is Christianity is com- days'asg Y{f& Wednesday as inspectors and clerks. The newspapers prehensive enough to embrace every in public building bill reported to BEERS, and no house in the stateis house for Ocala in addition to the have promised to publish the human problem and potent enough to better prepared to ship on short notice four thousand heretofore appropriated. - all gratis. solve human problem. Christianity - '. fir, L. J. Brumby, editor of the Now let the candidates get busy every Bill scheduled for consideration to any point. All out of town orders is the most practical thing in Ipiraer and Fruit Grower leaves to- tomorrow. S. M. SPARKMAN. Beach. and may the best man win.-Lake the world, and God ividently meant filled same day as received, se- ,:fey for Palm City Index. for it to have the most practical ex WILLIAMSON TELLS "HOW 'TIS." curely psckec, :'in plain cases if de- '10 The above would indicate that over pression. It is an evidence above all - , of parr was - W,'D. Emlnisor, )It. visitor to the couny site! In Columbia county they have found things of a sound mind. Rightly applied -I It is time now for more reason and sired.. Give us a trial order and we I f&a&a&t ', that even two primary elections .were c to any problem, social racial ; less prejudice. How do we know feel confident that will receive "' not enough to settle the presonal we the it is the to rTue.dtY. physical or spiritual, key that the reclamation of these landsis between two of the local office- rivalry situation. the next one, as we guarantee quality of EVEN A POSSIBILITY? Have we ''it., Mrs B. W Blount formerly of seekers and the voters are to be There can be no room as to whetherthe . s-a Oeala, i s spending a week at Green called upon to try again,-Pensacola negroes need the gospel of Jesus ever had the report of any reliable goods .equal to any 'of .same, .grade engineer? Has any survey ever i . .SpmI.lJ. News. Christ. Ethiopia stretches out her NO MATTER where purchased. been made of this particular territory - 0 .};.'small..: 'counties" fas ,Florida.av ,Ga.. .: ,"" T.. ..t race...champions.. .' ,. ?. ..-'.,.;, ....'. lease. system. 6-29 .W J -; : ftJl iJ..I: "old. blue- hea's 'chickens.- > % -'>.$.,: .. ' . ; . ,, ., R -' . :!:, ..: "- '\ff: .. S '.. , ,\, f.x1':.. ', .T' &,-,,_,, .', : .- ... ... .... .. : ... ..' .. _.. ." .. ........ If- "" ':'- .. _. ".,"?;':"' :!,.1J.ft' :.> --. ... : ';" ';;-0, ; :, :" ':" ,.,; : : .- ;: r'i: < :.oh, :; "" ; :;; "' "'' "-''!' -< <. 7. '. : : ,, ,. '< c.;:",,;'-':-l't'. :'.','"''.''.'''." ",-7-': '_"'.',..r'.t, ."""'. '" -'::'- "y' 'J".r;.., --.. ': -- .'..,"::.'-,". ,'.',;.: .':::,; -.4. :. -i,:,",:;:',:.. _.-."o'.'; :;r' :: _. "',. ."_"1"-l_"'-":",:.:..._:,''.:,.::..,"..::,:"-,:>:",'.,:':,, ',.'.""'...'.,: .1 - '* &KjT %> "t vSu -y&f"' "'' '.'' %ii"Se' Sp- V- a_ -- - r"C f % f rfC V'. .- __ , _ :: :,.1- , : y Look ? for the Red Canvas SAVE THIS AN "-' ,. - .- .-.%,: .: Front., '. '., .- TIF ;'-:.... .11 -- 41 / 1 P . J. , / \ S Forty Thousand Dollars . Worth of New Goods r a will be thrown on the . : Market. at ' ' z. . 58 Cents H on the DOLLARJ . Beginning Monday; .. '41.' Will Throw on the Market at 58c., on the Dollar Forty Thousand Dollars Worth of]-ft of this City for this Special Sale. This Shipment Consists of everything worn lately be turned into Ready Cash in the next Twelve Days. Prices" . This will Prove the greatest avalanche of majestic bargains, ever brought\ together to !,e sold in short time and"' so a by any firm in the world may be .hard to believe that such an immense stock is to be slaughtered equaling quantity ; at such ridiculous low Frices, but nevertheless it is the Gospel truth and of Florida and every price herein quoted we guarantee absolutely we merely ask yen correct The good commonsense, with :which nature has endowed you. Come and ; with; greatest values on earth now stare you in the ,face. The only question can you, dart see your own eyes and be convince i 11 :a $40,000 of New Goods at 58 Cents on the Doflaljssr ' - .. . -- -- - ' DRY GOODS 8-4 unbleached sheeting, value 25c. A-, , Sillc Tissue t T and dotted Salvage ______----__ ...__.__\|1/w per yd Sheets, Pillow Cases. I / plain assorted 84 bleached sheeting, x colors value 25c. _.. 5c5c value 30c. 'lip 81x90 hemmed sheets _______ ' r. Salvage per yd Salvage sale price ___________ for __________ .;.;-.6 : { Mercerized Ginghams, assorted patterns, Yard wide Sea Island -------8c- lv per yd. '72x90 'hemmed sheets ______ ,. ______.____-__._._-3 _ value 25c. Salvage sale price -------_ per yd cotton__..__ value. 36x45 H. S, pillow cases for .. :a Salvage sale price : _____ ____.____ Uv -------------- ---- _4 Mercerized white drawn work Waistings, assorted Good quality Sea Island cotton 6e'value.- per. yd 36x45 hemmed pillow cases ___:.___________'I'.___: t Figured patterns Batiste, value, assorted 25c.dots Salvo and saleNeat' -5c perydperyd Salvage sale, price______:__,___________4:2 JJLf: c. per yd Lace Curtains.\ . _ colored 15c. Salvage sale price __8 Yard Salvage wide bleaching sale price, no___starch______,_value__ ,_,8c..____ 1.00 lace curtains ...-__-------_------------.54cj8 Fancy dress lawns, uw peryd $1.50 lace curtains __________ large patterns, Yard wide bleaching, lOc -- ____________.79cp rY Fancy V value figured lOc.:dress Salvage lawns'sale, value price -lOc-____Salv-____, icfc per yd Yard Salvage wide sale price____quality.________________ 7/I v, per yd $2.00 lace curtains ..._.__.._____... u.. __. .98cji: r sale cambric, very soft, value. fo Muslin Underwear ; Fancy age.white price --,lace- ----------------N per yd Salvage sale price____________________ Uv per yd waistings stripes, : Yard wide lonsdale Drawers _ value 15c. Salvage sale ____ 9c cambric, value 12c. CJLf Corset Covers price French assorted ---- per yd Salvage .-.__________________U2 .vd ginghams patterns, and 23 2\ cents for 35 cent values Thousands kinds cents for : value 121 Salvage sale price-______82 C per yd Dress Goods will be thousands put on this of yards sale of at all of 24 cents for 40 40 cent cent values values 24 cents for 40 cent values \ Dress ginghams, assorted patterns prices never 29 cents for cent values j '. dreamed heard of 43 cents for 50 : or before.Household ,values 7c cent 50 . value lOc Salvage sale price______.__ per yd 49 cents for'75 cent values 43 cents for 75 cent values' - Chambrays, all colors, value lOc Necessities Salvage sale price___________________... Z1 per yd SkirtsGowns ,;' Chambray: Remnants, assorted colors, Table Damask ..: value lOco Salvage sale price________liec per yd 54 inch bleached damask___________________,-:.____ f 9e 34 24 cents cents for for 40 cent values values-\| s White pique assorted values, > 58 inch bleached damask 50 cent ] ---------- .: .----23c 44 cents for 50 cent values 48 Salvage sale fof 15, 12 and ---___ ____ 1 per yd 58 inch bleached damask ----------------- 34c 49 cents for 60 cent values 86 cents for 75 cent values \|J --- ----------- cents for$1.00 values 36 inch fast colored dark 60 inch bleached percales, and light O- linen 69 cents for values' $t.oo ---------- 46c 89 -- --- for designs, value 12c. Salvo sale price 9 and QC per yd 70 inch bleached linen---------_________-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-68c 79 cents for $1.25 values 98 cents cents for $1.50 values values Staple checked ginghams, suitable for l\n 54-inch wide turkey red table cloth for___ ,.-J4c 89 cents for$f.4oraIues $t.29 for $1.25 , ------- values value 7c. sale ____4:2 C Ready made table $1.75 All colors of calicoesfor Salvage price : perydperyd. cloths at special sale prices. 93 cents for $1.50 values M.68 for$2.25 values ______________.._.___.___.______. 4c Napkins. $$1.29 f.68 for for$2.00 values $t.98 for $3.00 values ; { Dress covert cloths, assorted colors, $2.50 values for__________________________'... $1.73 doz $2.50 values $2.48 for $3.50 valuesGENTS valuet5c.. 'Salvage sale price._______. lOc yd 2.00 values for________ -_-----.----..,.----$t.48 doz FURNISHINGS fF Neat figured dress duck, assorted dots and Cringsr per $1.50 values for________________ ..... .______ -.98 doz Men's Handkerchiefs value 15. Salvage sale price___...fl iic6c peryd $1.00 values for____________________________ .49 doz Men's for3,4,5,6and.Y.... .. 36 inch ,corded percales, assorted colors, 75 cent values for ------....________________ .44 doz Handkerchiefs pure linen, for..,""..][...... ,.._? ' off, value lOc ._____ i Mens Suspenders, 8, 13, 19 and...;.. .,."",........ 21 36 inch white dress linensuitablefor per yd Towels! Towels! :Men's Ties, 8 and..........._....:...._..... suits, value 35c. Salvage.sale ladies"21e\| 17x21 inch bleached cotton -_----________________ 5c Men's Sox, 5,7,9, 12 and.-... ....."....:.... .. I. ;,x 36 inch white dress linen light per yd 18x36 inch linen finished .. .-___________________ 8c Men's Linen Collars for .. ..-.. .."..... ..... , is value-400. Salvage sale price weight___,_____ r6c 18x36 inch huckH., S._...__.___.._______,,___________tOe Men's Rubber Collars for..I" ;;:........;___...u......_. 6f! Brown dress linen,suitable for suits and per.yd 22x43 inch huck H. S..-- --------.-------------___J6c Mart-Top Shirts,made of good quality Percale. for ........ men's shirts. Salvo sale price 16,14 and lie yd 23x48 18x39 inch fringed linen--__________________.__=.___tOe Men's Men's Madras Gingham Top Shirts, worth 40.' Salvagt sate pnce. .. 24f per .inch Top Shirts, fancy linen 58 and .. .. values 75c , 36 inch white butcher's linen, suitable for laT ----------':"--------- ;; -- 24c: Salvage sale ,, dies' 'skirts, value 35c. Salv.sale price.. L, clOc 19x44 inch fancy linen ---------------------------J9c price 39 and _...-.-____.....""' ,.._.................. 34' * :i White,India lawns, value 5 to 25c per yd '. '. Men's $i Top Sh&tsr ?. :.._..._...__........._. ...,. 4 c ,Bed Spreads. Men.s Cambric Night Shirts for"UHh.....'___.. .,....... . 4.. rice, 16, 12, 8 and______ Men's i peryd $1.00 ______ ... .. Balbriggan Undershirt and White Persian lawn value special --------______________! __ 59c Drawers, 25c. value. Sal- % .Sal.yage: sale, price, 14_ 15 and and.__20c.__ __--_ per Jd $2.00$1.50 real fringed .--..-------_----- ---______________ 98c Men's vagesaleprice.Honeycomb Shirts_...and....Drawers........,..__....._ .... .. . I r heavy -------- -----------------____$1.49 sale price'...,_........_...._.. ..soc.._.ytlue_....._Salvage.___. Z 1 i& M Orders will "be given as prompt. 'i- >,V4'!5 :attention as if you was. here" in person% _ i >* < \ Ti1 . . ; & : r -\ \ J ., -k s . '- -- ", ",,<-.t: :;;.; ,.,. liT'q._ .. "'>- ""--S'fe> s .."\.a, >" .', ",, t;"';_:_"' OJ< 0.$ ,', < ...\. ... _ " c'i'. ._ < frtmriniiilili' i at -'!: : > r ". }.. A n ft- rz'$ &&%? 'C r: .- '" or- ,, a +k - ., P a . ' E 1 ....... .-..... -- .-- . - ---- ! - Ia I- , _ . A' IT FOR THE ' < Look for the Red Canvas -' Front. - 1 rr\: r IE-I if'. ..: tIAELI IE .. I ; J.. '::1;:' ';' _ i k'':'"If.iI.; ,'. : : ? 4OOOO '. .l- :r '- -:- - _ ri.:O 'Ji. Forty Thousand Dollars ," ? worth of new and seasonable = r - =kR. ;- 'f goods just received :t for this special sale. . : f4 7 f' ,; Y 58Cehtsa . n r . " t a : I on the . _ DOLLAR . 1IIy 2nd at 9 o'clock -. { Sir ,-. Q '-.Y.1 - .rich J have been Shipped by the Newark Salvage Company to the VARIETY STORE . ( Women and Children: This is Your Lifetime Chance, These Goods must abso- ;'it that any one can reach them. Bring your Pocketbook welt-filled . :i::: ;:stocks of all the ,retail stores in Ocala. ,:I. & & We hereby guarantee to sell precisely as we advertise, or pay you for your time and trouble in calling. It I '._:test jit' statement. .:Ie.l-Ie ,Below we quote the big values that meet the demands of the present day, with every item bargains, never before heard of in the State .c'. .,..overlook I a chance like this to save at least onethird the price you will be obliged to pay the.. regular dealer for high grade Spring and Summer merchandise. Use ... . ""-J.' __ tk; i E ,. OUR, GUARANTEE-\Ve, assure each and every purchaser absolute satisfaction: we guarantee every garment, every price and every statement here made, l' : .., J . ,'.'-. < : ::f -,' and we will take back, exchange or refund the mdney,'.en any purchase unsatisfactory for any reason whatever. Every article andY garment marked in plain figures. One price to all, i } ft I d - - . 4 'yetbrlggan. -Shirts'and Drawers, 500 values, Salvage Ice Cream FreezersWhite Ladies' fancy stock Collars.--: :. 9C nce.'" ,...,. .,;.,............., .... .. .. ..' ..,,.a.. 34c Ladies' ribbed Vests, double taped.... ... ,.__. _.". 7C i 6 '.-work-sl4htsor--.J-,, : .,....H...""."..., 39c mountain Arctic Ladies" ribbed Vests, insertion front...... :... :... 9c . 'erdl Jeans Elastic Seam Drawers. Sa Iv. sale price 39c Baby Caps, lawn and silk, 8e to lOW"----. ...... ....,. 29c i I afs" Kncheck;soc value. Salvage sale 'price..., 43c 2 quart. size. for .....$J.76 2 quart size for ..-. $1.43, Ladies' white lawn aprons, 19c to.... .-.- .--- --_'. 29c Denim! Overalls. double knee, hoc value. -Salesaleprice 3 1 .. 2.09 3 ,- -.... 4.65 Pillow Shams and Scarfs, The to ..... :. .... ...... 24c j I 7 ti1 V- Tr...... .. **... ........."......... JL*wBlwDenira 4" ,... 2.42 4" .. .. ... 1.98 Guaranteed Alarm Clock .-? --.. .-----... ..'.:... .... 69cJ. 1 I1 l -, Pincheck Gray Denims styles value $i. 6" .... 3.08 6 4t .-... 2.53 & P. Coates Thread, dozen ,..,-,... .,.'.'...... .... 50c a -sae"price.....,,.... ................ .. .. ..:. 63c.Shirts 8" ..... 3.96 8 u ... .. 3.24 35c drop lash whip .... .... .... : ... '.. ... .. -..-... J9c -,. .. 21 to,.... ....,. ........., ..... F-\ ......, 39c Willow clothes basket .__ ... :. ... .h. ..-... ..... 34c Laces and Embroideries Horse collar pads for .. .. .. .. ., ..... .. .... .. .. .... J6c r; Clothing 10,000 yards Narrow Valencines Lace, values up to loc Lamp chimneys, all sizes, 6 for ....\ :..i.. ...'. .... 25c Salvage sale price ... ...................... 4c Pint fruit dhzen for .. .... ...1.... .. ... .. : .. jars, .. 48c t Hatsallsizesloc: .to .......,..........,.,... .;.. 59c yds Embroidery Edging and Insertion, including Cam- 25,000 fruit ,. .._.. ...: ,. .. , .. :rt$..afl sizes, 69C to ...... '..... ...... ...... .... $2.98 bric, Swiss Nainsook, Mull and Mercerized Goods, all to Quart jars ------ : : .... 53c }special value, made with belt, latest style be sold at half value. Per yard from 2c to.. 39c Half gallon fruit jars .... -.. .... .. ... ... /...____ 82c : : Ijs Salvagealeprice.......,......... ...... $t.98 Special, 10 inch Cambric Embroidery Edging worth 150. Linen window shades--... -....;; -- .-.. -.. ....... 22c r fnwi74cto.: ..... ....!. .. .... ...... .... .... $2.98 Salvage sale.price, per yard JOc Fancy fringed window shades.... .... ... .:..._ .... 28c ants, special,made of 18 ozi: Black Clay Worsted A lull line of Allover Embroideries and Laces. Salvage sale Table oil cloth, per yard .. .... .... ,... .. .... ... J4c # '.to.toallwool. ; Salvage-sale price .............- $2.73 price only igto. 69c 10-piece fancy toilet sets. .. .-... ..-.--,.. ...'.;'. ."...$2.24 A W Wjece! Flannel suits, all wool l, $7.50 value. Sal. 10-piece plain white toilet sets -.... ..-... ._. .. .. .... ..$J.69 gyfte ............................?......... $3.48 ShoesMen's White and colored wood curtain po.les.U. ..... ... 8c 1v To-piecg Suits, padded shoulders, all wool, $to Solid Leather Shoes, $1.19, $1.39. $1.49 $1.98 and. $2.48 Glass hand lamps for :.. ... .._. ...'.. .u.:.f.. ... 16c .. or'3.98 and.......... ................,..... $4,98 Special, Men's$2 Calfskin shoes, all sizes. Salvo sale price 1.43. Parlor lamps, from 3.98 to--------' ...... ..-.... -... 39c !b r a piece Suits all wool, $10 value..Salv.sale price $4.98 Ladies' Solid Leather Shoes, gSc $1.29, $1.39, $1.48 and. .98 Floor oil cloth, per yard. ... .. ..... ..u.. .';.'. ... ... 29c [;vCoats,98cto...... .... .......... ............. ,$1.19. Special, Ladies Solid Leather Vici Kid Shoes, all styles, No. 0 galvanized: wash tubs.. ... .. ... ... .. 39c : d Coats, t.19 to.H." "",,, .,,,. .,,,, ,,. .. .,,,.,,, $1.48 worth 175. Salvage sale price.... .......______,.. J.24 I Acme tin flour sifter . ... .... .... ...oo'...u.. 8c f Children's Solid Leather Shoes, all kinds at 19C to.... ...: .48 i 3 guitars oru. . .. .'u. .. .,; ::.. .--'.,.....$1.89 :_ Trunks and Bags Japaned cash boxes .. . ::'. ... .. .. _._ .__ ... 36c . Here and There. Largest size galvanized wash tubs : : .. .. . .. .. 63c '.Sc-Trank - for.. .... ......... .... ,. 98c ?? It. Ladies' fast black Hose .. .: 7c Ingersoll dollar watches .. .. ,... :... .'. .. 79c -;- ; :, l j ,:i:; : ..,.,., ............. ...... ...... $1.24 . ; 4 Ladies black and white lace Hose ._ ,-. '. 8c Atlantic and ,Domino matches, per.box.. .. ; .. .. 3c .. ....;.. rJi ;, : .....,..;.._ :.48 r .. ru, ? ,- ? Ladies' Handkerchiefs, 2,3,4,5 and... . 8c White breakfast plates .. .. .. .. .,/ ,_ 5c ( 4 -- -- u -- u .,..,... ..... .. ., ,...... .78 . .C.- 's..Covered -'! : ; ': 4 J.aQ Ladies pure linen Handkerchiefs at .'... L-::.. 4c White dinner plates .. .. .. -. .. .. :.. _..,-. ,., ,-,.. 7c II .98 . Trunk for- .;,.. .. .. i le ..' ,., ;; :;;? J.i Childrens Hose, 5 to.. .. JOc White bowl and pitcher ..... .. ..... .. .... .'. 83c I. .., : ..., ,...:., .. ,. 2.38 .u. II ?. Folding Fans, 1 to ... I5c Brass birdcages 'u. .. ... ..., .,. .. .. ... ........ 98c ., 2.78 .. ,. . ; :- a.-: 4 Mennen's Talcum Powder._ u_, ..- 15c Tin wire bird cages..,. .. .... ., : ,. . .:: 49c 'u. ... .., ., .. .. 3. 8 .. .u. 2 1 '4.a ". I. ..". T.. ,, .r. ) Ladies' 50c Corsets for... ... .. .-.;...:, 43c 2 quart tin covered buckets .. .:..- .. ,. .u .. .. .. 5c F ttY ... ;..,..;.... .... 3.58 . ?. .. Ladies' 35c Corsets for.. .... .. .'. . 'S. 23c 8 quart galvanized buckets... ,- -.. . .. :,..., J4c P ; Y Suit Cases .: Men'sstraw Hats, lOc to .; 98c One burner tin oilstove.-.. ..-.... .__. .. 59c }e4t .Men's fur Hats,. 59c .-, .$J.24 Two burner tin oil stove. .. ::.'. .. .. _..'. ..-. .$J.J9 ra herettcSuitCase, for 98c Tdilet Soaps from 20 to '-. ;-.:-. ., 4c Glass table tumblers for. .. .:;..-; ,.: .':.;;,... _'. 2c - 2 :: ...........:.,.... ..., $1.13 Toilet Soap in boxes 3 cakes .. .. 7c Gallon galvanized oil cans,.. : .. .:? :::"....",'O ,, J 6c . y:.. :.,.I !"i.!". ........ .... .:::.:...".. 1.24i : Chenille Table Covers, large size .,. 84c No. 999 playing cards ... .... ..... _; .. .:.. .: .... 7C t; ; Men's rubber Rain Coats, $1.84 and._. __.. ...,. $2.24 Bicycle playing cards. u.. .. n- ......:oo'. .;!. .., .. J9c Rugs .. 72 inch Mosquito Bars for ... 89c Wood tooth picks, per box u u.. ... ..._. ., .,. 3c 4 ._.'_ ,.. .r\ette Rugs for....,,.,,...u ..'.. ....;./ ] $ .34 90 inch Mosquito Bars for. .$1.14 Five gallon galvanized oil cans -- 'it','f-. '.-4, ;; ......... .;:.. ........,'??.. 4).89 Men's fancy handle 1.25 Umbrellas i. 84c We have thousands of other items too numerous to 1 u. ,.".....,... .,,... ...... 3.>9 Ladies waterproof Umbrellas .,- 84c mention. . : Prria.Kues.&?"i for ........... ...-,.....,'..,... '!89 4,inch Silk Ribbon, assorted colors.._u. .. .. . lOc Crockery, Glassware, Tinware, Enamelware, . M.-'}'..,.square'- >.. .. ......". ............-.... 2.48 Ladies' fancy turnover Collars.._......- .:... 5c Household Hardware. . !"'", ....- -'t.ft, \-t:,,,:'":....4.t.",, ,AC it A Vt 1DHIALI REflEflBER '. _ r:,:t lJUi1Li1I'- LUIULVJL- __ DAY, DATE AND TIME 11 . - I mar r , ''r } : .,:+;.RYr N u. } :. a ?1 'f $ ; ,. ; - . ,, , ' ._.'':",',--- :i "2's.--' '. '" ""--..' .', ';t" "" .""-'''.'-''lt.;.',.>.c,' .C F$' -;,_" Y-x. h day, : ' i A2P 1 - E e : -. '. ,-- -, -, >:,- -- -. ' WHAT SHOULD A PREACHER cine, or cookery or a demonstration W.'A.' L EL; _:a p MIDi A 'U81 NARROW ESCAPE! THIS TIME( r PREACH-ABOUT? :in gion.geometry I do not, is deny not a that lesson a: congregation in reli-- KNIGHT.ANNOUNCEMENT. -- If we, cannot, be high-minded we may, if they please, agree with : '- j done as a member of the committee can at least try to. be broadminded.We tbdr preacher that he shall instruct . The Metropolis Wants Expressions 1 though I had 'also express authorityto endeavor to take a broad view of them in medicine, also in law, or politic from Leading Democrats as to use the proxy in support of my life. We do not believe in pursuing Then lectures in these, from they 1 ,: the Best and Most Effective resolution. Your reporter had a better narrow ruts nor having other peopledo ,..lt. become not, only a matter of We have just purchased the Wa gon and Harness business of ME Legislation That Will Improve I opportunity than the writer to know so, either. We believe that a right but of duty also But this must S. Standley & Company, and propo se to add to the stock of goods eve, the System. how many proxies were on file with preacher, in his capacity as a citi- be with the consent of every individual thing that, is needful, to make it aCOMPLETE tlNE in every &en&i. the word. We are agents for several of the best Farm Wagons the secretary and. hew many were zen, should perform all the duties of ; because the association, being theme ket also several makes of Buggies Besides these we handle a if not :held by Captain Sams, and Mr. W. citizenship the same as any other cit has ; great The effort made-to cripple voluntary the mere majority no - riety of vehicles either of which we stand ready to fully guarant kill the primary system at the meetIng J. Bryan and others. I made no inquiry izen. He should take sides in politicsand right to apply the contributions of We invite the pnglic to call and see our display of - of the 'state democratic executive I on this point, but in the latter express his convictions at the the minority to purposes unspecifiedin committee in ,this city last week part of the ,discussion I ,understood primary and at the general election.If the agreement of the congregation."I . \ should serve as a warning to those Captain Sams to say that he had six [ there Is a convention he should agree, too, that on all other. occasions Highx Grade Buggies, < Serviceable Carriages, who have championed this .method of proxies which he would vote for 'my take part in it and let bis ideas be the preacher has the right Unexcelled Wagons, Harness, lJ selecting nominees.The resolution. I immediately turned to known. If there is such a thing as !I equally with every other citizen to Lap Robes, Etc., Etc. people of Florida do not want Mr. Stockton, who sat near me and "purifying politics,'* he should do his' express his sentiments, speaking or . to return to'the convention plan, as was opposing my resolution, and told part towards it. He should take a writing, on the subject of medicine MAIL ORDERS WILL ALWAYS HA VE PROMPT ATTENTION. was clearly demonstrated at the elec- him that I did not want the resolu- general interest in the upbuilding of law, politics etc., his leisure time being tion acted by a meeting full of the city in which he resides the tion two years ago, when this proponinon upon his own and his congregation not Sole for the celebrated We White he does In the "home life" are Agents Hsckoryffs was overwhelmingly defeated proxies, and would withdraw it if my same as obliged to listen to his conversationor ! - in every county in the state., Friendsof Friends wanted me, to do so, and, then A preacher should not differentiate to read his writings; and no his request I immediately withdrew himself from the balance of mankind.He . the phimary declared then that the upon would have regretted more than myself evils in the law would be corrected the resolution.The should take an interest in the valuable discourses which have 4' yet. Jhe legislature of 1905...adjourned writer did not poll the committee schools and in everything, Indeed led to the expression of an opinionas Turpentine Wagons a Specialty without accomplishing anything in this and does not know what that ,concerns the public welfare. to the true limits of the' right"I '' would have been the result of a vote. But when he 'occupies his pulpit feel of Indebtednessto direction. that is another There he my portion We are: Always in Position to Meet th e Prices of Legitimate Competitfoa withdrawing the resolution matter. " If the primary Is to stand In Florida My act in the reverend author for the distinguished ; instead of being induced by the withdrawal should be most circumspect. He should - it must be amended, and amended I learning the logic, and the who opposed to the of the support of Captain not carry his politics into his pulpit he by those, are I eloquence with which has proved convention plan of nomination. i I Sams, 'as you suggest was, on ,the because his congregation may be di- that religion, as well as reason con Knight & Lang : Sams Saved It. I contrary induced by the fact that I vided and he is not employed for that firms the soundness of those princi- understood the Captain to that He can be as strongly denominational that had Hon. Frank say purpose. has It is believed ples on which our government Successors and Co. he would vote six proxies for the as he pleases becauseIf ( StandJey ) , res- t Sams voted his six proxies at yes been founded and its rights asserted. terday's meeting in favor of a conTention olution. This impressed me with the he is a Baptist he is expected to "These are my views on this ques- fact that it was'perhaps not a representative preach the Baptist doctrine and in as 'resolution introduced by the tion. They are in opposition to thoseof E. C. V. Rob meeting and as most of the clear simple strong and forceful a which intended as ; , was W. A. Hocker the highly respected and able / Smith.SMITH ROBERTS.C. opposition came from friends as possible. If a Methodist & - would have my manner a blow to the primary, preacher, and are, therefore, the more passed. When Mr. Sams, who was considered whom I knew to be friendly to the Presbyterian, Catholic, or a memberof doubtingly offered. Difference of opin- I, not especially in love with the primary system, the writer withdrewthe any other denomination, the same ion leads,_to inquiry, and inquiry to Funeral Directors ond Licensed EmbaimerslLATEST resolution because he thought doctrine holds He is ) good. primary, stated that he would not expectedto truth; and that, I am sure, is the ulti- METHODS. BEST 000D$. WORK GUARANTEE&I Mrr Hocker with- that the primary, unlike the tariff make his ,own creed the strongest, : Tote either way, mate and sincere object of us both. Telegraph orders receive and'embalm1pg aarwfel his resolution and the matter should be reformed by the votes of his own-doctrine of faith clearer than prompt attention done .,. drew We both value too much the freedomof on short notice. its friends. all, others. He should preach on all ended. It ,was a close call at any rate, opinion sanctioned by our constitution - In our county convention of 1900, a spiritual topics But it is a debatable won because - but friends of the primary not to cherish its'exercise even committee on platforms and resolu question if he has the right to discuss - of the justness ,of the position I when in opposition to ourselves. ijGALA 1COiP1NY-ij taken, which convinced Mr. Sams that tions composed of threewas select. public, social or general topicsin I "Unaccustomed to reserve or mys- , ed. The Hon. Dickson H. Irvine the the pulpit. the people did not,want a convention. !tery in the expressions of ,my opinions - \' Must Be Amended. Hon. R. B. Bullock (I think), and the Here is what Mr. Thomas Jefferson I have opened .myself frankly on I The state primary law must be writer, were the members of the com- said on this subject: a question suggested by your letter." -- . $ amended at, the next session of the mittee. The first named gentleman "The mass of human concerns mor- -- COTTON GINS I legislature and the changes to be ransacked the history of the Greeksin al and physical, is so vast, the field Our Friend, the Red Bi-. made must be radical jf the systemis opposition, but the last two reported of knowledge requisite for man to The editor of the Reporter-Star FOR SEA ISLAND AND LONG STAPLEWe to continue in this state. a resolution favoring the primary conduct them to the best advantage, writes very strongly in favor of the are distributing Agents for M essrs. Platt Bros, & Co., Oldhanjf] . land. This well known gin bag been improved as practice demanded;! The Metropolis only desires those system of nominationwhich resolu- is so extensive and much less in red bird, not a bit too strong, for it easily Holds the first rank, which position It has had for halt ,.a.m., .changes that will perfect the system tion was adopted by our convention. that degree necessary for the instruction we endorse-all that he says, and would tury. STOCK' WE CARRY A LARGE OF COMPLETE : \ A few weeks after this the writer of others. It has of GINS AS WELL AS'ALt .. and prevent the corrupting' influence necessity add that other places besides Orlando OTHER PARTS. __ that now goes with every election. had the honor of sitting as a delegate then been distributed. into different would do well to encourage this bcan-: Our shop is equipped with special machines and Experienced meli.tfi; The grafters must positively be prohibited in the state convention of 1900, departments, each of which singly tiful bird to make its home In their 'cutting take leather accurately, and covering rollers. We are prepared to und;;[ work and any new or repair can furnish presses and an necessajl from paying their political where he had the pleasure of seeingour may give occupation enough to the midst. It is against the fa-r ti kill .equipment for compelte ginneries including engines and boilers.f bums money for ,alleged work. primary resolution reproduced in whole time and attention of a single red birds, but it should also be made offer Write for special gin catalog and general supply catalog. If desire4 Wi! assistance In determining Iements In this line. i A Necessary Amendment. the state platform.. Our delegationwas individual. Thus we have teachers of a criminal offense to mosc-U their Agents, for United States. and West rep IndIes. Importers of Best Grade : One amendment that seems very unanimous in supporting this languages, teachers of mathematics, nests or to have them ir cages. I' important and one that should by all feature of the platform, and therefore of natural philosophy, chemistry,* of number. of the towns In the c>m- THE CAMERON & BERKLEY CO. means he made that every voter be I did not think that my' motives medicine, of law of history of government try have certain things, uf local attraction Walrus Leather Dealers and Manufacturers Agents for Machln od'1' SI. made to pay his poll tax in person, could be impugned! The Hon. M. L. etc. Religion, too, is a sep- by which they lay :srett state. i'utipHes. -'. : and that the collector be prohibited Payne as our member of te state plat arate department, and happens to be It may be some historical rtlic or CHARLESTON Sli from receiving it from any other form committee is entitled to the only one deemed ,requisite for all some great building, or a famous ,source. The political bub may be given all f credit for his splendid efforts in men however high or low. Collectionsof ( river; it may be mountain, lakes: ' two dollars to pay his poll tax but support cf this feature of the state -men associate together, under the streets, shade trees. Possibly, as in I most of ,them would spend it for rum platform.In name of congregations, and employ a certain Florida towns, it may be a before they could get to the collect 1900 the writer was in favor of religious teacher of the particular sect collection of alligators, or ostriches I I ; ,, or's office, in which case of course the primary system of nomination, of opinions of which they happen to or ,posibly the fact that skaLrol: ate .j ,. ,. they could not vote. ._ and he has more reason to be so be and contribute to make up a stipend given the freedom of the town unmolested --: 1:t Various Propositions. now than then.. as a compensation for the trouble or that birds of rare plama! # _ There are various propositions What Is the matter with my resolu- of delivering them at such periodsas or of song find lodgment in the shade! -: . urged to correct the many evils Sand tion? WILLIAM HOCKER. they agree on, lessons in the religion trees of the place. the Metropolis; from time to time, they profess. If they want Instruction Orlando for instance, enjoys a re- The Man with Vacant Lot Is a a will publish letters from leading in other sciences or arts, putaion as a place havin.J.. great Stumbling Block .in the Path democrats throughout Florida, giving they apply to other instructors; and number of ,the feathered tribe of mtiry { their views 'as to the best remedy to of Progress. this Is generally the business of early varieties. The stranger who comes be adopted. To those familiar with life. But I suppose there is not an I here, before the colder mouths chase In a growing: town in Texas a local .the conditions and who are interested instance of a single congregation \|them farther south, goes wilt in his has the to paper following 'say which in _these matters, The, Metropolis extends which ,has employed their preacherfor ( enthusiasm over the' mockH s the will fit most any growing town: an invitation to give their the mixed purposes of lecturing, jays the doves, the humum binls; i One of the stumbling blocks in the 'views through this paper. We want from the pulpit in chemistry. in medicine I the red birds-and this article; inspired - path of progress Is the man with the letters from true and tried democrat in law, in the science and principles .by the leter in art itlar. Mr, vacant lot-the man who for revenueor The opinions of known grafters, are of government anything Red Bird is the brightest spot u oar from laziness, keeps his lot vacant, act wanted and will be rejected.-Me- but religion exclusively. Whenever, landscape of green and Sis c'oeiful unemployed, unkempt, waiting for the tropolls. therefore, preachers instead of a lesson chirp will cure the worst lit of dyspepsia - hard lift of the adjoining property in religion, put them off with a blues. Mockers are so numerous , .... holders to pull up the value of his MR. HOCKER MAKES REPLY. discourse on the Copernican eystem, that it would b3 ic'plssihle possessions. The extreme specimen of on chemical affinities, on the con- to kill them off or scare them .sway, Is Friendly to the Primary and Opposed ; this sort is the man who refuses struction of government or the chat but the red bird has not been with us to Proxies. either to clean up or sell out; who at acters or conduct of those adminis- in great numbers until recently. A the solicitation of his more public- tering it, it is a breach of contract few years we knew of but two or three FOUR '" What is the matter with the resolution spirited neighbors will neither come BAILINGSEACHWEEK. Y depriving their audience of the kind pairs in town. Dr. Kilmer tells and why did it create such a in nor get out; who fights public improvements us of service for which they are salaried that he counted fifty pegs last year. BETWEENJacksonville commotion that involve taxes and , and giving them instead of it, what At hat rate, if unmolested, the city i Ocala Fla., June 25, 1906. takes the lift of adjoining improve- they did not want, or, if wanted, will soon be filled 'with thes b-\tt. and New York! To the Editor of. the Metropolis: ments as something rightfully his. would rather seek from a better sourcein ful little fellows, and they will be- In the account of the proceedingsof This man will sell out only when he that particular art or science. In come one of our greatest attra tJons. the state committee in has the last appearing cent of profit to be had choosing our pastors we look to his A of red birds Calling at Charleston 8. C. both 'r! pair mating is worth ways. issue of the 22d inst from his your an injus- holdings. He is to the thrifty . religious qualifications without Inquiring dollars In intrinsic valupBnt thereis TES: FdZST STZiMSUPS W TBS COASTWISE SES7EE4 -; tice has been done me. Jt is there community:: what the caterpillar Is to into his physical or political, an enemy abroad in the EngIis1t stated that my resolution was a the currant bush. He be can profitably with which we mean to have THE CLYDE NEW ENGLAND IH "scheme" to kill the primary system, spared from any community. But dogmas Sparrow, which is just beginring to AND SOUTHERN and the tone of your report throughout there is no known legal way of rid- nothing to do. find lodgement here also. Two years "I am aware that arguments may ago there was just a pjair or two of FREIGHT BETWEEN indicates that the word "scheme" ding the land of such a pest. The lazy ' \ is used in ,an offensive sense and in- vacant letter is bad enough. The per- be found which may twist a thread these pugnacious enemies to other Jacksonville, Boston and Providence, tended to imply an attempt at secre- sistent professional is a pestilence, of politics into the cord of religious birds. Today in one quarte there :s and all Eastern Points. cy and .unfair means on my part. duties. So may they for every other a whole colony of them. In five branch of human art or science. Thus will take caning at Charleston Both Ways* they This implication is not borne out A Texas Incident years complete; possession - for example, it is, a religious duty to and drive SEMI WEEKLY out pearly all the by the facts, which can be obtained Two cattlemen went to hear Abe SAILINGS. from any of the gentlemen present Mulkey's sermon on restitution at obey the of laws of therefore our country, must; the in- other birds. It seems cruel to make Soathb::': .d......................., ....-....... -..._.._.......__.. prcn! jewis' Wuf, . teacher religion war on the little fellows but btter wbcrtlwe3rd who opposed the resolution, and the Seymour, Texas. Next day one of ' ,. statement that the resolution was in them who had stolen a maverick struct us in the laws, tkat we may that than they should be the meansof ._..:._....._......_....__.. from feet ef Catierfte Strait, 1&:11= tended to kill the primary system is from the herd of his neighbor start- know now to obey them. It is a religious exterminating a much more valuable ' Clyde St. Johns River Line. to assist our sickneigh- refuted by the resolution itself ed to drive four mavericks over to his duty species. Something ought to be #* . .... ,: .. From your account it might be in. neighbor's ranch to pay him back. On bors; the preacher must therefore done to protect the birds of value Between Jacksonville ,:. ferred that 1 had packed the committee the way he met said neighbor herds- teach us medicine, that we may do it against those of, no value. We speak and Sanford . ;:' with proxies, and only desisted man driving eight mavericks to hisranchBurnett's understandingly. It is a religious duty for the red bird in articular becauseit Sfteppi&zitiral&ikB, Astor, Bereshri (DsLaai) and btemeAta' from my'nefarious plan when these Budget. to preserve our own health; our reli- is trying to secure a footing 'here, Laiii i"gs ca St.. Johrs- her.Steamer . proxies forsook gious teacher, then must tell us what and every man gorl and boy ' woman ; me. As a matter of :. Invitations a dishes are wholesome, and give ,us City of Jacksonville fact I am rather opposed to proxies, out for the mar ought to encourage the birds and the and In fourteen years of participation riage of a former Ocala young lady recipes in cookery that we may learn squirrels to mage their home among are appointed te Sail u leltowj,leave: Savtord.Leave Jaciueaville: daily ezcept Satardt 3,aaearruiag J daily except Soodays al a. m. in politics I do not think I have Miss Mamie White, of Plant City to how to prepare them. And so, ingenu our shade trees and, thus add that 030 held but two proxies namely once Dr. W, G Mason, a prominent dent ity by generalizing more and more, much to our already attractive town. the proxy of that peerless old j demo- ist of Tampa. The marriage win take may amalgamate all the branches of Agriculturist Flow. SCHEDULE.Eaterpnse. N place at the home of science into of them and the - 4: crat the. lamented General Robert the bride's parents any one : Robert Bullock. while he Mr and Mrs C, H. White, oa physician who is paid to visit the sick Notice to Leaguers. Leave" j 30 p m. __.-+...__ Jacboruie .---.w._.._ " ::: was a memo 845 m. ...... p. -- w. Pa1atka. __ _......._. IeaYe 10 Miss White is instead of medicine All who July give can to be a sermon are requested ; let the Isat state committee a sister of our may 3 oo a. m.Arrive h ,1 of _ z ; and "'" Astor ......... : .. . M townsman Mr, J. R. White, and has and the merchant to whom present at the, special business meeting ...,.. eo .. St. Frallda-- .. ......_. " my second offense in this respect was 8 30 a. m. .,,,,rZ ? .. SaafGrcl ... .. i! upon the date named in your Indictment many friends here who,wish her welL money is sent for a ,hat may send a called for Monday ght.,June 25, ** 10 oo a. m. -.,_..,,;-- ..... 'oo-' ,.. ... ro9Q-,.;; w when held handekrchief instead of it. But not at 8 o'clock. At this time all mattersof .. ---.t -' I ofHon. > that W.' K, Mr. Dv W. Davis and Miss Mary General Passenger and Ticket Office 122 West JackJoftvWe.i"fi:: , Zewadskl ,of this county; the more Piatt accompanied withstanding this possible confusionof business pertaining to the, League Bay St., ? worthy. by Mastef George all sciences into one common sense Conference will have attention. The ' to In each instance being unaWe Looney went down to Lake Weir F.M. nONKONG h.. Ass't Gn'PasI. &Int.u Wast Bay tlW1. to:attend the meeting of the com terday afternoon, and will yes draws the line between them sue several committees are requested: to w.Go COOP;J.. Freight AReat, c.P sittC"IrIl ,. ,mittee. enjoying the breezes and, spend today ciently distinct for the general purposes report all items of expense that all ,HAGEaTT.Gen,Eastt1i-rasa.01 Hopu Agt ree ,.New awBTe.'CLYDE F1a.Ac. MILNE Genl Fit.&.* !l '" 0 other.attract. of life, and no one Is,at loss, accounts be bananced. < < a may THEO G. EGER What I President and I did the 22d Vjco General on Inst, was Uons of this beautiful sheet of ', Manager. 1i I water. to understand, that a recipe In: medic GSO. L.: TAYLOR Pres, I General OffcraeP1tI 36, North' River. Branch. 290 Broadway New Y ! ; ' a ,1, t: . ' ,,'::.'-:' ',,''. .- '','. '.-. >_' '''''',',' ., ': !,'-'< "' :" ..r_,-7,"<= c ::'<" ,-',. '<:.''--.'' : i': "' ''' > : : ',,",, : : -..,.,- ;:!. F. __'>_: --7+:. _:--c' ..._, ,: ,. ,> ',.', I <& . .. " . .'' .'.'-.'' .>" .''',", "" '. '. .....,',.-lJ.. ,._, ,,' :; '<;,...,'. ;: ''i.-, "_ _-.' {"' ..-;. .'': ;...1''$....""',._ ., .'- ."." -_ ::.. "..... j._;._ ,'.-./. :,: '.. hi", ", _ . <-$._} :.::, 1--., ,,? ', ::'" '' "1.' "'''',''''-\i.::\.'.'''' ..".' .;!. ,''!f,. .i M' .,'.. ""t:' .... ",, .... :" 'v't. yR. .r < 4 3w .". .... >$ .. ... J : : y- , . - ;: r .. 1 _, TY '.M OV ROMANTIC: MARRIAGE. WILL HOCKER STIRS UP A HORNETS i MISS BARNES TO WED MR. - 'A1>f;_ .;' ,-, -, NEST.At JOSEPH CLARENCE STINE. " < ;';_'jd Recommendation ,Clute, 'Daughter of Former - ,,. : "''J'-af d Light ldent 'Clute, Marries Former the meeting of the democraticstate Miss Lela Lynwood; Barnes of this " .Ocala'.. 'To Have Student. executive committee held in city and Mr. Joseph Clarence Stine, ". Important, Sug.J Jacksonville Friday, June 22, Mr. Will of Osceola Mills Pa. will be married J; gestlons.'h' .. St Louis, Mo., June 2,), 1906. \ ..j" v Hooker, of this county member of the In this city on June 27th, at the homeof .. ": _1OeJlai.r' '1'la.. June D.'orable to Ocala Banner: committee from the state at large, the bride's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Bilious ? ; ,the City Clute, daughter of former Thomas Jefferson Barnes. introduced the following preamble and .',, : .J{i:, 0. Clute, of'the Florida Ag resolution;, This announcement will be heard The only sure cure for . :aThe College at Lake City; ..Fla. "Whereas This committee Is heartily with Interest by the Ocala friends of constipation and Biliousness ..\water: 'committee most romantically In this city in favor of the primary system of the contracting parties. I -jiImorning: ;, a former student of said college. nomination, and The wedding will be solemnized at I that is pleasant, natural' .. - .Mood to be your M. H. "Whereas,. 'The: present system of high noon by Rev. L. W.. Moore, of 'and safe is ; ur.tegular --- nominating certain committeemen and the Methodist church, and Mr. and ';of-the', 5th inst., to Big Crosstie Contract. Mrs. will leave , Stine over the Seaboard minor officers unnecessarily encumbers - metidation as the candidacy of those runningIn for a wedding trip to Washington RAf4IJ:: ILLS =pj aratory"to the contract which calls and . the primary for the more important Philadelphia Harrisburg.After { tbe day'-service, and furnishing of 100,000 crossties offices; and July 15th Mr. and Mrs. Stine AND TONIC.PELLETS \ -- Rurally understand has been secured by R. L. "Whereas We believe that it is to will be at home at Osceola Mills, Pa.I I The Pills stir the lazy liver to McCrimmon , from the r.subject matter Com- intei-est They will go at once to 'housekeeping - l'c the best of the democratic which has the contract for action-the Tonic Pellets ' department SUp. clean z slight J I party that each campaign. should be in the beautiful new home that .'ideemdestrable to ties for the F. E. C. Ry exten Mr. Stine has built for his bride. all ' conducted by a committee selected impurities out of the body, : 'e) Io'offer. the. Mr. Sparkman has established immediately before the beginning of Mr. Stine is a grand nephew of the that > " Perrine so the liver 'and all the which near to he .. such campaign in order that such late Dr. Ze Butt, who was a practic- t ;That.in line with eight hands by this morning's committee shall reflect upon current ing physician of Ocala for many years. other organs act properly. I / '," ,l.:fo"date methods and and will 'send fifty more next issues the sentiments of the voters He is: .the junior member of the ma- "foHevlng[ .'that the city Mr. Sparkman and family whom they represent; be it chinery manufacturing firm of J. C. . .i tled['to the :"> est,"' recently moved from Lake But "Resolved, first, That a conventionof Stine & Son of ..Osceola Mills. No Griping -1jq "'. ; iEtit'ate. light. system this city, and are located on delegates from the several countiesof The wedding will be a quiet home ... ; : No l . -' &sight basis, instead of Avenue C.-Miami Record. the state of Florida, to a state dem- one, and will be witnessed by: .only a Purging. ''. t "f ch edule that has so ocratic convention is hereby called few intimate friends of the family.A ': ',,' Y use;n cost of running Free Trade_England.. to meet in the city of Jacksonville just a natural and easy .tI..;. 9 Grand Succeass. 'f alhnight'; schedule will has not to the "dem- Florida, at such place as the present wmmon-sense Treatment ._ . gone .>'atttti$more: but we feel bow-wows" yet, for the fiscal chairman of this committee shall designate A most successful- session of the which never fails :; ' Y cgs to the citizens, ,. at the hour of 10 o'clock a. m. to cure. , Florida 'State Conference accordingly ending March 31, shows $769 Epworth League , -"sue .service that can an increase of $3,481,010. on the first Tuesday In March A. D. ever held In, Florida has just Special Offer. ' vetest we.'feel the year the customs revenue 1908, for the purpose of nominating, closed. I heartily thank all who have . that d ,' el sure (6,315,480 and the excise (1) an adjutant general; (2) a state had a part in the consummation. Cut the"Little Doctor" out - -twpi, !! 'prove far more and mail to us, with the ' of the and for se- $2,314.110, while there were chemist purpose the plans that brought about the result - .,.tbaa' the present name of your druggist and I Iy' of in the lecting a national committeeman and I desire to gratitude . "- "recommendation to $5,400,000 postal express my : umayhave aWeek'sTreatwent - go revenue, $3,299,740 in estate delegates to the national convection for the appreciation of the earn of the Pills and Pellets ' jyrI of:sooner, if and $2,400,000 in stamps. The and for the purpose of fixing a date est efforts of our Leaguers and their with our compliments. _. ' : the so-called , 'Seebad That for state and county primaries for friends who have labored so . at ) the balance .in the exchequer many Ramon's Brownie Calendar-Free ' at tkt, -:>to-Inaugurated-.... !,>,,' of business was 24376450. the nomination of all other officers; faithfully for the attainment_ of this ' atc acUcablej. ; but it Is with Weather Forecasts and Almanac information Given,with, fM. year: of such .., and for the purpose making success.A , Coast of 'committee that Advocate.to purchase of Ramon Liver Pills and Tonic Pellets. : ' tent your rules and regulations for the govern- , large number deserve 'special f"'I. > beVise undertake Brown Manufacturing Company , .('-' ','> to Where Horses are Cheap. ment of 'such primaries as they see mention, but they are too numerousto St. Louis Mo. Greeneville, T..nsu, 7 t installation of --the fit; and for the purpose of selectinga give names. SOLD BY TYDINGS & COMPANY, OCALA, FLORIDA. ,;:. . ,(bothengine and ) De Land Record says that the state committee to conduct the cam- Thanks are tendered to the city ... . proper{running order, as Department is to establish paign of 1908, and perform: such oth- press for the 'large amounts of space 1J. ooaservice; might: be too ,free delivery at De Land. me duties said convention instruct er as may al oted to reports of the conference.The . .,.:Aiefinacihnery:: .. will be west on New York Ave- session was considered a success McMillan Bros. ' ; ft&Us Installed have not Stetson and Highland Park, "Second That each county shall be in every sense 'of the word.' ,. 't ttdl d pronounced to Gleenwood, northwest entitled to one vote in such convention GEO. L. TAYLOR Southern : ' {isut.Bad ourselves in Copper Works' : > . in an easterly direction for every two hundred votes, or Pres. of the League. :_ :Wsposition of being turpentine still and vicini fraction thereof, cast in such countyin Manufacturers of ; \|:lee JC:sight :Which would, : Turpentine Stills 'i hammock south to Blebly the primary election held on the What's in a Name? . i be' fin embarrassing.- thence south into 15th of A. D. 1906." and :' f ii recommend day May General :Metal Workers. .: :. , ye' on Woodland Avenue,_ a Had this been a bomb loaded with William Jennings Bryan Is persona ' ;if>to the of twenty-five miles. The dynamite it could hardly have produced grata but his middle cognomen is -, wrrlce, all service is to be daily and the 'car N. Old Stills taken in : l _ more confusion. Hon. John not one to conjure with down here. exchange for new ones. Patching , '' fans, motors,. or other gets the Job 'receives a sal- C. Stockton, who was present 'as a Yes, William, you are personally all through the country a specialty. Orders by mail or .' ci contemplated, be put $720 per year, or $2 per day, proxy. arose to his feet as if he had right wire will receive prompt attention at either 01th '., baseThat':: all so-called his own horse. The springs In his legs and opposed the 'TIs but thy name that is our en- following works .. : ; ';; r., ;; '...-i'1 abandoned, is to go into effect as soon as resolution. He said that he would always emy. Thou art thyself, though. not a >>{' - tl thsr;or:'not FAYETTEVILLE N. C. SAVANNAHA day of be had , applicants can be opposed conventions. that Jennings; what's Jennings? It is nor Jedtbove'" Is contemplated the necessary arrangements would be attended by delegates traveling hand, nor foot, nor arm, nor face,nor JACKSONVILLE FLA MOBILE, ALA; . seriice! be substituted, '. on free passes. any other part belonging to a man. .- . parties;,want less -- --- --- -- ; -.- Mr. W. J, Bryan and Mr. Arthur 0, be some other name! What's in a > --- -- ---- --- : " ;:- M ; William McPherson, formerly Williams, who was recently elected a name?. That which we call a rose by h" --That'the' jneter s"'A McIver and MacKay, has gone member of the committee in place of any other name would smell as sweet wltHJuJy 1st shall be ., 'Van to build a fine N. A. Blitch, resigned, also opposed so Bryan would, were_ he not Jenningsalso . kUovatt:hour, Instead for Mr. J. A. Patterson \ Go To B BeSt'5'ad home !the resolution. called retain that dear perfec- lwags lna _'.a .that for o' ligbtson'g- .. '.110W i ,,'flat; rate,". recently erected handsome. Mr. Hocker and Mr. Charles Daugh-;, tion which he'owes without his mid RM'Jbio home in Lake county. Mr.,Mc- i'ty favored'the resolution and told dle cognomen. Doff it, William. And , ;: dollar per had charge of this building In ury plain language why it should for that name which is no part of ipcath thie i elights or more Mr. Patterson 'was so much be adopted. thee, take the solid vote of Floridain o regatdleas z i swter ibasls, as. p with his work that he .has'eu; This committee was electe4 four 1908.-Palatka News. PuffiPace! I :" i of ;; "whether this still finer building 'to yeais ago and yet expects to manage hA (tf'ttotor service or Before leaving Ocala his Scotch l the campaign of 1908.,This Mr. Rocker SharpRobinson.Sunday " FtfthThat the city 'T _ gave him an entertainment and those who favored the reso- , :: t.ft. espense all meters to a mark of' their esteem, pre..- l\!-i'u. thought was too far removed afternoon John C. Sharp Our Edibles and Drinkables ,: : or the electric I him with a fine .suit." : fry i the people.' They wanted a fresh and Miss Annie Laurie Robinson . iMd; that-iuch customers which it drove into town from Coleman, and expression from the people, . ::e!tia_ joky' ; already have Joe W. Davis, of Summerfield, seems to us ought to obtain. proceeded at once to hunt for the: are as Clean and Pure as . -7 they have made He that had the county judge. The young man made in town Saturday. wore Mr Rocker .believes that ..-.eiti.{8hall.. have credit that won't come .off," having resolution been pressed to an issue it his wants known, and a marriage license -, any Pure Food Laws could < .. " at light ' for the biaIa'of-ou,.bills heard'from his last shipment of would have carried, but the purpose was forthcoming. By the time ': ,'D6 a !e&Hnghouse'! present He still has several carloads for' which it was Introduced, that is, the license was Issued a 'number of imagine them to be. : ,< r Ff; ,t.r siad, Company field for which he has turned to get it before the public and pro- persons had gathered at the court ? that the a pretty fair 'sum. He says' voke discussion throuhg' the newspapers house to witness the ceremony. which ' :1 eWore,.. 'to-all consumers must have melons for the 4th!. ,, was accomplished, and it was the judge performed in his usual hap- Our establishment has: : .S : I , month. J2,00-per l' and she cannot 'get them ex withdrawn. py manner. After being heartily con ,: U < "tllstthe.We, advise and from Florida, so it behooves the Under" the rules of the executive gratulated by all present, the happy been refitted according to ' : city make a couple drove back to Coleman to re- ' tai grower to hold on for top committee Florida has no way of J es the most favorable of letting the ceive the congratulations of their : adopting a platform or _. .>.Iand'. .l furnish the balance of the country know how she many friends.-Sumterville Times. Sanitary Measures and the '. ', ' 'ra'of: the electric Musical Recital. Miss Robinson has visited in Ocala stands of the questions con any on , ;;of actual cost, with stantly,coming up for settlement and quite a number of times as the guestof only thing in, it remained {; rge only of what J. A. Pittman's class of four in order to be represented at all In Mrs. P.. H. Gillen.Mr. , k r to 'cover colt of girls .In kindergarten music gave the next national democratic convention to Be "Old and Matured"are : --R ?U Q:,and connecting up Friday evening at her resi- she must hold a primary election with Dr. William our . !?et however Anderson."ilrTHTAT . and the children did beauti early in the spring of 1908 in order to . '' : '& .consumer what elect delegates .at the same primaryIn . iij" ,.faathey;; shall use, taking part are: Marie'' Bur' i which our state officers are to be : Daniel is no longer Whiskies Wines \ Beers. . ; iu cOisumers, the Alice Swartz, Store-- froni Ruble Faucett, nominated, and this will bfr entirely the Postoffice Drug and after . S whomever Faucett. will be with Dr. William An ", too early .to have a free and full dis- Monday ' ,tier,:however, to not is the program: cussion and will be unjust to all con derson at his drug sto're. on Main = Our way of doing busi- ". : 'h-any style or type Examination of class. cerned-both voters and candidates. street Mr. Daniel has been. with the . wit thatfor which they Mama's Waltz, Alice Swartz' We hope that the resolution -introduced Post Office Drug store the past,5 years ness is the same courteous . ': "'ll1 .'..;."u Song-There-. There, Ins the For by Mr. Hocker will be generously coming here from Jacksonville, and , "Ji&'Wll1cn,. is, by Alice Swartz and sung discussed by the newspapers of I he has made a great many' friends ' I JII8Ied.. ,li-foru: ) your .. .the state and will be brought to the during his stay among us. He is and appreciative mode we. .' 11I ," .... B. A. WEA Duet, Marie Burnett and Alice attention of the various county com- courteous and obliging and tends . r.. i HERBERT A,, mittees.. strictly to business and always tries have employed for and< I CHAS K. Recitation, Ruble Faucett. There is a growing sentiment of to accommodate his patrons.Mr. years t; . Rroud.M Florlda' Waves of the Ocean, Marie dissatisfaction at the' way things are Daniel will be:! delighted ,to see favors bestowed : .y x \| now being conducted, and we hope his friends at his new place of business any upon : y echo? f the Papa's Waltz, Alice'Swirtz. ,: ; that Mr. Hocker's resolution will be at! any time after today. tcretted'his inability Recitation. Pearl Fauc tt. as an entering wedge that will bring I us will receive: ,strict .and/t'" - b of the Duet, Marie Burnett and Alice about a wholesome change Eichelberger-Head. ....;<': .; " t: Ocala, and ., attention. ,' i tOur : aceentuated by Song-rhe: Woodland played Just What Everyone Should Do. Miss Mattie Head, of Parrish, and prompt : : :' t papers Swartz and sung by class. Barber f Mr. Walter Eichelberger of Tampa, . read Ga, < at Mr, J. T. Irwinville. E! fibers' of the Recitalton. Alice Swartz. always keeps a bottle of Chamberlain's will be united marriage. on June constant aim is "ToPlease1 = a.mtherclose, student Meditation, played. by Marie Colic Cholera and Diarrhoea Remedyat the 27th. at the home of the bride'sparents. : x oered at tte' hand ready for instant use. Attacksof After July 1st Mr. and Mrs. Try us and be con: f. _. cholera morbus and diarrhoeacome ! colic to their Alice Eichelberger will be,at home. $..Dtesaassociations Home Sweet. Home on BO suddenly that there is no fl. , -. Published from :., time to hunt a doctor or go' to the avenue l'. store, for medicine Mr. Barber says; ; yinced.Respectfully. : 'fie Recitation, Marie Burnett. , :trade journals, "I have tried Chamberlain' Colic I .; td:note' that the Old Folks at Home played by Cholera and Diarrhoea.Remedy which The young groom is a nephew ol '. at'Oeala Swartz and sung by class Is one of the best medicines I ever saw. Col. Adam Eichelberger of this city, >, '.,; '-' . by our : ; . , I keep ,a bottle of it in my room as lived here yours* ' ?e do not i Duet-Military Gallop by Marie I have had several attacks of colic and his parents formerly : .- AM1i Hh'tie.; brightest and Mrs. Pittman. and It has proved to be the best medicine His Ocala friends extend congratnla'tions :: i 1 ever used. SoW by all drusglsta wishes : best ,. } f/other'states, Auld lang Sine Marie"Burnett .. m and STBAlf&fWholesale ': t.]! , 'iq blush for ,Attitudes by ..class. '': ' : : ' e strike' a We are Faries by class. i H. D Allison .has shipped near 3.000 The Weil-Brockman Company* Cincinnati J ; : ,,< : :it , J Allison have given general, UsfMttonon is an' up-to-date house. Car- _ !ltk.thelr little lta1 was heard by quits i i -the lower East Coast and in other lots a specialty Market information. and RetailCHlALA ,Li'sore" Jf'f_ :: -<1;;=_:. _h' : > L : audience-and, was very:much :places. He uU Cor a share of your stamps or stencils on application to 2 \-J.: j :ecl..ted.1, '" .' iJ f and business vegetables.when consigning your' fruit* the house or H. D.. Allison. Coleman."I; t.. .FLpRIDA:. .' ...,3'">,'.' ;,;: ,'""'. -.L. ..r '"': ';; : y.i'I. : "' J: -r -42. t:23c'il: : : : ji . k ''..'. ', .'' ,"-"",'',:''",';'""'"'""'', .""."" ,., .'- ;: .,: '. ,:,,<'. '.':,"' t ';.:,: : "_' "" ..-'.'<. -'',''.'" ':iJ ,-t,:::". ,:'""'.., l."I,.:.,,.>)..'-_' :'_", ...,,-:_; "': .i.'! ." :..t.", : _; > ;,. ,; ; ,, "' '', : ..-' ::ao : ; """ ;.> .. ,.,:. _"' :. ,,, .,.. ;,-: :=,-,,,.c. -: ., : .:.-.,,',.. /. ; ;;, .: r: :','i:,';;.. ':', ,, ., ... '..:. ,':' ,-,'' ..p"I..._g,4 i... ,,....,.. -. ',.. '","- ,".. '.. .,,"". .-.. .- ",'' J ." -'.' .. ," -'. _e.,,!,," ,' -. ,..' .._ ',,=..I:., ,."' '1fr" ?.' '';'...,,.,:--' ".. . > ,4' ,;;.; _.. .' ', .. ,,' .,." ,..-.. -,..", "" "",10 "' 'f :t'. '_ t"S: : ', '_'.', \,. ;::.' 1- _ : Z' ** i&_ &rVg83R&f y?&&>&l$ "<.. :' ""'", ,. -'.P ;':L.. r"r' # ';;:>-14';-."" ,.'" <' ... ''"''''';ft .... ;:.. ", !'>' r\.L. !tW..f'... -r; r" .., ..;.. ;. 1".- '" .'"( ;< ::) ? " " ; '$fr -* = Ffil ? - . ; ,.;.s.,. n a ''' ' 't" . : \ , J.i , '.. .' : \,.. _. ., .. :_.. , 1IIc; &: f ash .It '--- '- ' _ . > - .,A, fr : k. g - ; THE VIRGIN' BIRTH OR'CHR18T., The Beauty of the Morning.Oh THE, SOUTH'S CONTRIBUTION.I Crill for Governor. Man I Is at. His Best at Sixty. ..' . ; : $5- -- .. - ; At a recent,trial" for" -netesy' .. ol the the beauty of the morning' It In his "home-coming" speech the Speaking without prejudice the Sun Dr. Wiley, chief of the bureau ,of v , F ,' ;' ,Rev. Dr. Crapsey'J rector of. St. Andrews showers its splendors down, other day Hon. Henry Watterson editor desires to 'say that Dr, Crill is a chemistry, of the Department of agriculture VvgL n + ' .; Episcopal. .-church at Rochester From the crimson robes of sunrise, of the Louisville Courier-Journal mighty good piece. of Umber to make at Washington, as .the cham- $;'., ..'> the azure mountain's crown; called attention to the fact that Ken a president of the senate out of.- pion of the elderly men shows that, .:': : N. Y.,. one-ortho... } ,.grayest 'chargesIn It, smiles amid the waving .fields, ,it. Gainesville Sun. The timber is all so far from an 'individual being useless nastw t tavoca - the presentment against. him was dapples in the streams, tucky furnished the war presidentsfor right-regular heart stuff . ; : and without at sixty he is practically in.the k&AUIO.&nr _ :. dealilof'Ue', birth of Christ It breathes its sparkling music both the United States and the flaw, but heavier than is needed for "hit k ."virgin. prime of ,lfethIs.. D_ r. Osler to ,thecontrary. i! f r ,'2;. : which.Is ,affirmed, .. ,', '.in. 'the, creed of theEptsoopalr through the music of our Confederate States. It also furnished the presidency of the'senate. It is the The span of civilized life ''church.' The. report of the dreams. the author ,of the Declaration of same stuff selected by the Sun last I ened 'during the past fifty years by trial lnbthe\:Ne / York papers :have Independence the commanderinchiefof season for the next governor of-Flor. I the aid of science, so Dr. Wiley says } been w1dely t raid-And'coinmented. up- .It floats upon the. limped air in rain ida and which the'News;'upon Inspection and he is of the opinion' that it will t - armies first the eontennial the , on and popular; interest in the ques' bow-clouds of mist, checked up for that purpose Dn: be possible in a few years to advancethe ':i ,," .. tlon awakeaed..Although. ': this opln It ripples through the glowing skies in president of. the republic the oratorof Crill's enormous majority" 371 in a limit of physical and mental activity .':, ion of Iij\Cripse1's'i', perhaps chock. ; pearl and amethyst the revolution the author of the total vote of 850 for the senatorshipin to n1netyNevertheless. * ;,f ins to S6--woo.u, people,;it is,neverthelesaas It gleams in,, every burnished pool it "Munroe, Doctrine," and the commanders last week's primary is but a pre Dr. Wiley admits that '.,: ., old ChriStianity.. itself and is riots through the grass of the armies in Mexico. Most cursor of his running abilities In the I several factors must be taken, into f ,. ":'; ; privately;...'held by thousands. of the It splashes waves .of glory on the of the American humorists 'are also state for the governorship two years l consideration before this patriarchal "" various Protestant, denom na.t1ons.. It shadows as they pass.It hence. By that time according to.the I age can be reached, and it will not .: > is accepted {lby the great Unitarian natives of the. south, including Mark trend of things political, the peopleof be given to all to attain to this eminence \ church and'"}.was professed by such steals among the nodding trees and Twain. Florida will be more thananxious of years. In the first instance; . ,';' men as .Jefferson, Franklin,, Emerson to the forest, croons. Polk Miller recently called on the to install an administration of. brains the question of heredity enters Into :-,1 :. Longfellow Whittier, Lowell,I In airy note and gentle voice 'neath great humorist in New York and thus and;; business methods founded on old the matter, for nothing is more true i .> .:: Bryant, Holmes. Motley Bancroft,' waning plenilunes; describes his visit in the columns of fashioned common sense and honesty. than the. Bible saying that "The sins Fisk, pa.rkmlJi. 'and' hundreds of others It calls, and lo! the wooded brakes, the Courier-Journal: -Pal atka News. 'of the fathers.will be visited upon the ' .:._.: who have: been our leaders' in the hills and tangled fens- "On going Into his room, I found 'I children." Hence the man who does !. OCK i .. light and learning; not to mention an A world of life and mysteryswarmwith him In .a recumbent position in the A Beautiful Sight. not inherit from his'ancestors a sound I III '... Innumerable host' of' .scientific men, its denizens.It bed, smoking a cigar 'one at a time: constitution, will be greatly handh On Monday evening about 5 o'clocka II .,. The Rev'"Samuel McComb, of BosS with a huge pile of newspapers magazines capped in his endeavor to exceed the squall passed over the city which .' ton, speaking the ,Episcopal clergy, trembles in the perfumed breeze and writing material on all ordinary term of existence. But even K :, said at the Crapsey, trial, '"There are and where its 'ardor runs sides. He greeted me most cordially, was of little importance on land but thus handicapped he may reach a For choristers at sea it was very heavy. It came I few amoatusy against whom such A thousand light-winged and, although I tried to go fearing I green old age If he will but pay strict from the northwest and when the end charges mlfhtinot: be arrayed. pant forth their orisons; that I was taking up time that was i attention to certain rules, throughout This and!tether.; questions have been A thousand echoes, clap their hands valuable to him, he would'nt hear' of of the cloud reached the: sea it be- .his entire life. He must be moderatein ionicDriiikillg came black as ink and a great com- agitaed among Bible scholars in recent -. and from their dewy beds It, and for nearly four hours we talked his habits both as to eating and .' years, inconsequence of the' application i A million scarlet-throated flowers peer about the time when, we first met; motion was observable just the other drinking and he must pay strict. attention side of the outer bar.. It so happenedthat forth with startled heads. when he James Whitcomb Riley andI of f to the New Testament of to the rules common sense :. I during the afternoon there had --1: > those critical methods which have faced the great crowd of New and hygiene. 1. , , ;:" been BO' fruitful 'of results- .whetherfor Oh the beauty of the ,morning! It Yorkers in an entertainment at Madi- been a gale in the southeast, and the Dr. Wiley is also a believer in the J JJ I sea outside 'was running very high; \: good or for ,evil, in the study of rains upon our ears; son square. He never grew tired of old axiom ,that "All work and no play the Hebrew Scriptures. The ,imagined The music' of the universe, the chiming talking about the Old South and consequently when the squall from makes Jack a dull boy." Indeed he "- of the the northwest met the big waves 4s an aid to dies- 1 spheres : sacredness of the narrativesin Matt ; laughed and cried alternately when goes further than this and declares ( and, Luke their delicacy and restraint From cloistered wood and leafy vale, I would tell him of something which there was a sight worth going miles that too much work and little play tion, taken withn : as compared._, with similar pagan its tuneful medleys throng recalled his boyhood days in Dixie. to witness. Just assoon as ,the great will make Jack a sick boy. or after meals' K myths' and the' beautful legends connected Till all the earth is drenched in light Mark Twain is a southern man, witha rollers would commence to ,break the Perhaps Dr. Wiley dwells with Red Rock Ginger . wind would catch them and lift tons and all the world in ! with them cause many of us song heart full of love for his native section somewhat too much emphasis on the Ale is the finest . of water high In the air and it z Elisha Safford in Will Carleton'sMagazine carry , : ; to ignore their extreme Improbability but broadened as he is by intimate necessity of a sound pedigree in order .. 1905. in great sheets far to. leeward, reminding most beneficial of 1 I' June, : But there are'reasonsi for. rejecting contact and long associationwith to reach extreme old age, says ..".- one of immense snowdrifts all them.thaXar ,worthy of serious attention 4 the people of the north he is an an exchange. Of course, it is an Immense home bever-J! 1 Value of the Newspaper. in the north. For: some fifteen minutes ; Among thesewe may note American of the highest type with aid to inherit a good constitution ages. It contains t; ' Anastasia island tad people on :: the following. as evidential' points: the ability to see the peculiaritieswhich but. even without this adjunct neither alcohol nor took that 'dIdn'tpay' : "I never a paper a free show well worth looking at- (1) That, aside from the inherent differentiate the, people of both many men, by a rigid ,pursuance of dope. It is . : : more than I paid for it. Onetime St. Augustine Record. a pure i me , occurrence : improbability (such an sections of our great country without careful methods, of living have overcome . : > the narratives. ;themselves I : ,in; .which an old'friend .of.mine, started.a losing in any way his affection for What Will the Governor Do? the handicap of heredity to 'a high-grade Ginger 1i < .. supernatural beings take so prominent paper way down south and sent a and identity with both. great ,extent and have passed away Ale, not a pepper-' #.1 :' a partj'jbeariaU"theearmarks; of mythical copy to me, and I, subscribed just to ""During my stay with him; when we Now that the democrats of the at a 'venerable age. Cornari was a heated production j f _' .legends/We would not fall to of that grand civilization which eighth judicial circuit have followedthe /,; encourage him; and after awhile it spoke striking example of the truth of this put up for profit. < it ;' recognize ,them'as: such if.'found In was destroyed by a war in the south illegal manner designated by ,thestate statement '. order to sell a lot at Always be, sure to published an e any sacred literature except our own. and the baneful influences of the car executive committee to select a There can be no doubt that men If ? (2) That the idea* developed late. public auction. So I inquired about petbag reign which followed, and candidate for state attorney, what assurance live much longer In these days than get the genuine. li, ,There Is no trace of it in the earliest the lot and told a friend to run it up from which we are, still suffering, a have they or the candidate was formerly the case and the gen- :4 books of the New Testament; the to $50., He bid off the lot at $38 and stranger looking in on us would have that Governor Broward will recognize eral tendency is in the same direc- Look for Red Rock IJ .' writings of ,Paul and'the Gospel ,'of it sold in less than a' month.for $100. thought that we were weeping over them. The governor Is neither in law tion. Dr. Osler did not consider this Crown Stopper . :.: Mark. It is apparent' from Luke 2: the departure of some near relative. or honor any more bound to appoint fact when making ,his now celebrated : ': '48, 49,"5O..that Mary ,'herself knewnothingj so I made $62 clear by taking that When I brought up some little Inci Mr.- Rivers to the office than he is to statement and placed his limit of useful Sold in bottles, at all " ' jj _; ,"' about. lU paper. !dent characteristic of southern plantation appoint Mr. Calhoun. In fact, not so age too low. Physical Culture.It groceries, etc.,and r, (3) That* myth 'of ''Divine parentage My father,, told me that when he .I life, which none but those who much so. The first primary was legal on draught at c.., ; v.grew;up,around other.distinguish.- was a young man' he saw a notice in had been reared here could appreciate and Mr. Calhoun lead. The second primary Is a significant fact that the gov all founts. ; ? ed characters;. .Buddha,. Plato. Alexander a paper that a school teacher was Mark's eyes would fill up and was illegal and the governor I ernor's home city and county Jack- ' -f Augustus. That a study o{ the wanted away off in a distant county, for several minutes a ,dead silence ;!would not be sanely criticized if he :sonville and Duval county, and the .7 3 '; Old, Testament fbpws that, such. an and he went and got the situation, prevailed. His long absence from us, 'Ignored it.-Palatka News.. county in which the capital of the ,.'- '; ''Oriental !lielenie idea /was) not foreign and a little:girl. was' ,:sent to. him and so far from dulling his sensatlve state is located Leon went against 'to ,HebrewJ tradition,asi has been. after awhile ,she grew: up sweet and southren nature has intensified his Strawberry Float him and his administration in the re- LANG SWARTZ & CO. \ c.:,- claimed;\|aiJlevea. \|. had.It been,- the beautiful and he married her. Now if love for those things which a cold I cent primaries.-Volusia County Record. Wholesale Distributors. ] ; fact remains that Greek'learning and he had not taken that paper what dom calculating money-making and money- Squeeze every bit of juice from. aquart 4 Ocala, Fia. p I . t. 'the'Greek language had. invaded, Palestine suppose would have become \of loving people are pleased to call of strawberries. Beat inreeegg J t j- ,< where this 'story I arose., met I 'would have been some other "sickly sentimentalities." I told him whites stiff with sugar to taste f: (4) That the term '"Son ,of God" fellow, or maybe wouldn't have been of a thing which happened to me and whip into this meringue the Ocala r 'r applied to Jesus merely -.san.-: : xp'tes- &t4ali."-Blll ,Arp when I was at the Mary Baldwin squeezed berries., Sweeten a pint of House Wine RoonjdTRY ) rich cream and pour into it the juice : fact of the Divine ? sion'of the great Seminary in Staunton Va., a few ' : The Home Paper Away from Home. of the'berries.. Line a glass bowl with , :;- jIncarnation.. It is, defined by Paul as, months before, lecturing on the ' - macaroons, pour the strawberry crea.mupon OUR - '" ". meaning led, by,: the fsplrit. ot. God; While, the well-conducted Characteristics of the Old South. In J< newspa- these. then heap the meringueon .. and John says as many as shall receive this school nearly all of'the states of per Is appreciated in the'vicinity of all. Serve "Klin" become 'sons of vGod." the Union are represented, but the top 4 soon. OLD where it Is. published the full extentof ((1LLEGHANYv. That this spirit descended upon such appreciation'is' felt by those majority of the girls arefrom the Wonderful Eyesight of Dickens. . Jesus at the time of his baptism; 1 who leave, home. That distance lends south. During my talk I had some- - 'i: ,which ,wQul a 1d'without significance had he already words of praise found in the letters and sang 'My Old Kentucky wick Papers" is being quoted as especially ' : possessed It from infancy That Home. The very minute that I struck seasonable."I < PURE AYE .;. '' God" which. contain the checks for renewal Lc: : <: : . the term "only begotten son of > the air flood of tears house witha a of subscription to the Banner. a perfect came lodged In the same .expressed, the,,fact that Jesus pos When a man pulls up stakes and from the Kentucky girls and It, brokeme pieman once sir," Sam Weller wenton. 'f t. sessed in superabundant measure,this shakes the dust from his shoes from up. The telling of it' broke Mark ., "'What a number o' cats you Put 4 full Qts ; Divine spirit, this "Light that light. his old home to seek pastures new, Twain up, too, and when he had recovered keep, Mr. Brooks says I, when I got up , eth 'everyman- that. cometh,Into. the he naturally has' a hankering to know from its effects he said: Intimate with him.' 'Ah' says he. 1 in t world." That from such expressions what is gof.nc'on at the place left 'Polk the next time you go to that do-a good many' says, he. 'You must Fancy Cartoons '. .. the legend of :the virgin. birth naturally behind who .is getting married, the school, telegraph me and I'll be on be fond o' cats says -I. Other'people - developed.: business changes the improvementand hand for I am anxious to witness one is,' says he. 'Not in season,' saysI. j Delivered at " (5) That the genealogies in Matt the many other items of local interest more time a scene which could have 'No,' says he; fruits In, cats is your and Luke,trace thej descent of Jesus ;which the Banner, furnishes. happened nowhere else but in the out' 'Why what do you mean r- says Express Office .- through Joseph. That the. prophecies The home paper forms an important south.1 I. 'Mean?' says he tnat lu never bea : '. concerning Jthe Messiah could have this live to to the combination of the connecting link between the home "Long may good ,man party been fulfilled only by his descent left behind, and the present abode brighten the lives of the people. not butchers to keep up the prices o' For from David through his father. That and when the time comes for a visit only of this country but of all lands meat,' says' he. 'Mr. Weller,' says he, $3.20. : the interpolation; ,in Luke 3, 22 and home the persons who have kept and when he dies we should raise a squeezing my hand very hard and . the manifest alteration' in Matt 1,16, posted on the .old home take keen monument to his memory as'one who whispering in my ear 'don't mention Regular >,.' which renders'the 'genealogies 'utterly enjoyment in looking up the changesof has drunk ..-..-"iof the fountains of this 'ere again but its the seasonln $1.00 a Quart Whiskey; write I meaningless were made by. a later which they have been kept cog nature and who comes nearer know as does it. They're all;made o' them J hand in order:to harmonize them withthe nizant.-Magnolia (Ark.) Banner. ing human nature than any other man noble ..animals' says he. a-polntin toa Complete Price list. f story of the virgin birth. That in who has lived since the days of very nice little tabby kitten, 'andI ' one at least,' of the ancient manuscripts Crab Stew. Shakespeare. seasons 'em for beefsteak or veal or Ocala Rooms > there Is preserved in Matt 1, The canned deviled crab meat is kidney 'cording to the demand; and House Wine ] 16 the original rea.dlng-"and' Joseph hardly distinguishable from the fresh A Mother's Love for Her Boy. more than that' says he, 'I can makea begat. Jesus" (Hlbbert Journal. Oct., . and is ., a great convenience to upcountry veal beefsteak or a beefsteak, a .. 1902- in Literary Digest.. In the trial of Andrew Williams at OCALA \ Copied FLORIDA. folk when' they learn to use kidney or any one on 'em a mutten 1 (6) It js, popularly. 'supposed .that It: This Evansville Ind., charged'wi h shooting - recipe has been sent me by at 'a minute's notice just as the mar - : ': 'the, prophecy in Isaiah "Behold a vir. a friend who knows what is good. To : Marshal Williams of Boonville ket changes and appetites vary'"- ' Y .. Eta: sha11fC !lcely- and bear, a son and a cup of vinegar add a large ta.ble1 1 the mother of the boy testified that Nrew York Tribune.An -_ THE --_ " shall call his name Immanuel/'would spoon' of butter :she and not her son, fired the fatal ; ; a teaspoon of cat- -t : require, that, Jesus should be. born oft shot Alarminq Situation ! sup; a teaspoon of dry mustard lit a ; a virgin!Bat the context shows that frequently results from a neglect, of Marion Hardware : the: ,' does tie pepper- --. and-- ,salt"-_ Set, this _nn_ ,the Miss Minine Bostick will" leave today clogged bowels ,and torpid-it iu ) Conjpag t: prophecy not refer to the fire in a pan and let it boil then stir til constipation becomes chronic. This for New York and will not return Messiah all condition is unknown to ; moreover, the word in those who use pound .of .the deviled Incorrectly translated aJ, crab meat until September She will study the Dr.. ,King's New Life Pills; the best "virgin" means and let it boil UP once again. Serve styles and next fall and winter will and gentlest regulators of stomash And HEADQUARTERS } ' i simply Typung 'woman. with buttered bowels. Guaranteed by Tydings &: Thereare?many- reasons assigned toa.s4'IECKLES' be prepared to show the ladies of Co., druggists. Price 25 cts. m . American this city and county something nice. Wire Fencing ' ; for accepting the story of the , f". virgin !. Mr. J. A. Strickland and family, of birth, but.:; It Is ,not ,my purpose to AND. PIMPLES" The Bradentowu Journal- records Sparr were visiting and shopping in SashfDoors and Blinds --\J' ; state them here. They mostly Ocala ' Friday. appeal Mr. REMOVED I Tea Strickland is one Days., that H. W. Fuller netted $1.500 from = to a..different class of minds. Where of the prominent truckers Paints. Oils two acres of tomatoes. These are but and far and, Varnishes evidences'are thus balanced it cannot Nadinola mers of that section of the , samples of what county: may be done by Intelligent ' that the same be expected view whatever'all will action accept maybe : The .Complexion farming on Florida soil and neighborhood.Death and gives excellent. 'reports. ,of hi! .. "r.-., Mill and Mining Supplies, ' Beantifier u while they are perhaps above the :: 'I cm average - taken by ecclesiastical courts.. ... ;' Turpentine doncd ly thou ---- Snpplies t <>: ad a community and .. the 11 rt Happily is not matter -; average ' : a ot vital importance : sad From; Lockiaw -jj' _ far _there la IntimationIn farmer 'yet similar results Tare within never follows an : ; no flWaat ed to remove injury dresed with Improved Fanning Tools' i if. reach of Blreklen's ' the all. There Is Arnica Salve. : nothing Its the ,festament: t that.:any particular J.t aU f nisi'\diccoloe,- tiC and healing a.ntlcep- , more properties f. : belief In. regard to this, matter tioai and restart thebeai7of'youth certainly established than that blood poisoning. Chas. Oswald prevent mechant. GET OUR Is essential, to:'Christian': dlsclpleabip. The the shrewd and.Intelligent farmer can .'of Rensselaerville. N. Y.. writes PRICES { 4 .-:D.- Wahrhelt,''to'Bartow Cour Went' u twenty day: 50c. aad$1.00 make more: money in Florida on a the.It cured Seth :a teHnfcraant ., ,'" at eU k<&tf 'irq'.t iei. orb null smaller investment than anywhere in saW."ugliest Cures sore cuts on wounds hIs neck 1 ever "- b mrwuLiojiEf I Y {S. Lfes li'.dyd"Y'' < , .y t, L 'ii -_ ., .. :t ,, f. "', -6... .... : , ",' . .4 _ < . .lo. l--: -: :- ; >- .. ;''.-' ''_- '''''' ___ , :::'X' ,_ :!\.: ,' :: :< : ;''.:'' ;:;:: : ' -'..'.....;-:!:..:;/-,',.'...." ''-.,...','.'-,",' ..".-.-,/":..;'"'',. .'.'. ...,;. '.'",:,"-,"" ..;:'-'...ro..... '" '.-,..}'".,.:.,:i. -<' '' ,.' 5..'.,.,".," '_:. ._'.',,',,-.':-'; ".' -,'.:,, ". ._:;"'" .': ;'' >c. "": .'F..,>'"-";" ',"'-.' -; o ::','....i:>;, ,:.' .<:.ti-' %'': ['" > .-..:,".'",' :::''';:':':--':,.:'..''',, '.-::>-;....'. ..'.-......--., t,. ,' :":. : '_!,' $ -. f-4----. : R ': ..1 "- ,,, ..iifi 5i".J.'' :)- ;. : - :''i"!, '. -"-. 4J_ (.i!f..:""'ir' '"- ", >;',,,; ;;,...! .,<.,"'''';' .,''< <". '''.'..... -"J: .. ,.... .;;,. /f 1'"?. ; .. -. '.' ''t' - i f '- -y , .i U - !,, ORANGE. LAKE.I DOINGS_ AT BERLIN., CALVARY.... TURPENTINE MARKET I I NOTICE. . 1 Y truck firmer1I .' ' FifER - "t. .A -' - : jjjirmpondencfl. -=! Ocala Banner.. Special Correspondence Ocala Banner The crops in this neighborhood are Despite Small Receipts Caused by knows In the Circuit Court of the Fifth Judicial - .. IlLII 1I (or ought to Circuit of Florida in and for : . .tomatoe looking well. Everybody, and his wifeis pntelon and.. ship- Recent Heavy Rains Spirits Fail to Marion County-In Chancery..,. - \| $V order of the; day now, It\| The,Berlin community is made upof busy at work. Even the thermom- Improve Outlook for Turps I know) that POTASH -, : ___hi\|I"by: ill growers of such pro- I the kind of people that believe in eter has taken a hump and crawls Seems Dubious-Good Adve i is, indispensable for producing City Morse of ,Ocala Jr7 Defendant Complainant Order. C.for W. I every day up In the high nineties. Constructive Service. rains of the the,heavy past. forging ahead and as a i consequence t It is : And the redbug! Don't talk of'bis ac from Factor 'Ito .Producers.: good-paying truck ordered that the defendant .ruin the _ crop. hey are rapidly settling up the c un. herein named. to-wit: C. W. Morse, Jr.. - tivities. the readerof By can :c. :Waites left' Wednesday way. any Supported almost entirely by the be and he is hereby required to appear : '.r try around them. the Banner tell me, If the redbug crops. to the bill of complaint filed In this :.S Yule to visit relatives. Some time domestic. demand spirits turpentinehas cause on or before - of - ago a . party . MpultrieGa. existed from the Odell of Micanopy Is always very beginning A liberal of Monda- the 4th of Day June 1906. ? H.' quantity , "..W.. ( .) capitalists came to Berlin and ?- Did blackberries grow In the remained stationary this week at It is further ordered that a of motner Mrs. T.. L. copy f.tieit v.',to her employed Mr. S. B. Brooks to buy timer Garden ,of Eden? and did the little 571-2 cents, with receipts lessened asa POTASH, along with ample this order be published once a week - ,: > landS'for them. The fact that Mr. in result of the rains for four consecutive weeks In the scarlet itself the parasite disport previous ofxtlje Ocala Banner a ?i Scott attended"the amounts of acid newspaper published -,. Brooks has succeeded in purchasinga branches thereof? We think not, else fortnight, and the market was cleanedup phosphoric In said county and state. ,' .. .; -Coaference f: t&tiTes., in Ocala and also large tract of timber lands reach. the history of the fall of man might at the: close of yesterday and in and nitrogen, is vital to This(Seal 24th) day S.of T.April SI TRUNK 1908. , ing from Berlin to a point near Kendrick read somewhat this way: better shape than it had been duringthe Clerk Circuit Court Marion County.. - ; ; Jiria s Cameron made a flying. shows that they made no mis. And \\t came to pass in the third earlier part .of the week. The receipts successful truck growing. Florida. ( - {Gainesville! last week. T. E. Bfggs"Complalnant's Solicitor. ' ,< take in selecting. the right man for month on the fifteenth day of the for the week at, Savannah t-7 _ a bje' 'Waites, one of our stu- the business.: The company Is known I I month, that Eve said unto Adam, "Go gross, were but 5,437 and of these.501 -"Truck Farcing an interesting book - ,ihe' .Sutherland, returned as the Sumner-Pounds Lumber Company dealing with practical truck raising and valu. A pairof our White House aho a I to, let us gather ,blackberries, for I casks came from other ports, makingthe will make feet your glad. New low'quarter Gainesville able to ; and Haw- truck farmer will be - :;" -iFjrpm. every sent to ., ', and Its present headquarters for have seen them and many are'ripe; I net receipts 4,936 casks. Brokers farmers styles Just inr for men andwomen. she has been visiting on request, free of any cost or The Fair. r.ere this state are at Berlin. the business X have tasted and they are sweet"And reported some improvement in domes- obligation. zjj. -,, <, -- .. einsr_ In.. charge_ of__ Mr._n, _Brooks.____. Thev___ they ,did-- gather-- _blackberriesand '. tic inquiry and one or more large Notice, of a' Special District School . .:.a.uth.Robb1n. is tne guest or will erect mill and fewYiAddra. . GERMAN KAU WORKS Election at Mirtel. - a commissary on they were filled. And they were buyers were in to meet American con Nuua Street or ....' ,, >r>Mrs. R. L. French. the A. C.L. railway between Martin laid them down to rest in the cool sumptive requirements. Exporters, -.-- AtUnU, Qa.-1%"So. Brad Street.for Notice is hereby--given' that an election " from Ore vfd'of.young people and Kendrick at an early da.te, and of the evening I lol\ they were infested though, reported business as quiet in will be held at Martel on -- I \| take'.atte ded the Passion Play 'will also build Saturday, July 7th, A. D. 1906 - railway e,' a connecting win redbutgs. Then it came to pass Europe. With the strain of supporting the mutual welfare of the pro- for the purpose of electing a trusto ,:' ",at'.McIutosh.last- Monday night their timber interests at Berlin with that they did 'use cuss words.And values on the domestic consumption ducers and factors, be the watchwordfor for the Martel special tax school dis- - -:all reported having au1ca,: time. the mill. trict - then-but enough. As Kipling would the firmness of the market told the present"-Naval Stores Review The -- Mazeiie left lastrforMelrose following persons have been Elizabeth appointed : Mr. Brooks took the writer over a say-that Is another story. Anyhow full well how the home consumers ; Savannah, Ga.. June'23, 1906. managers of said election: : where she will g cd portion of the possessions ofthe we are certain that the redbug did were taking the stuff to meet their H. L. Seckinger. C. P. PJllans and .... hkv1nt,:Mrs. McRae.. comany. and finer timber lands are not exist in ,Egypt in the days of needs. The question now is, how long NOTiCE- -: -- J.Public F. Folks.Instruct By jon.order This of the the 4th Board day of of - ':P8: Alic Vaughn is on a visit to not to be found anywhere. Crossties Moses- else when the good man was can the market stand up unless the June 1906 G. S. SCOTT . ..iiIf.ji b t1! are already on the ground for a good .calling down plagues upon the stubborn foreign demand shows improvement.The Of Application for Tax Deed Under Attest Chairman. brothers have been busy ..Section 8. of 4383 : W. D. CARL. Secretary. - Buiry Chapter Lawsof potion of the proposed railway. Egyptians he would have calleda comparative indifference of the 6-8 - ,..tlMt feW'Weeks shipping tomatoes ALBERT ANSON GRAHAM. plague of them, feeling sure that foreign buyers has been surprising.Just -Florida. -5Administrator's tfe season is now about closed. Notice of Final Dis "'Wt- the poisonous little pests would make at present receipts are smaller Notice is hereby"given that J. J. charge. iie)' number of fish are now beaught.1n ORANGE SPRINGE ITEMS. ;Fort purchaser of tax certificates : old King Pharoah step around lively owing to. the weather that. prevailed - Orange Lake. Nos. 447. 502, 506 1105 1106 1107. Notice is tweby given that the- ... on - . and the considerable the first half enough sign passport.Don't during of \TNsee" that Mr. B, R. Chambers Is Special correspondence 0 '.ala Banner. 1108, 1109, 1111.. dated June 6th 1904 6th day of November, A. D, 1906, the . : be impatient, kind editor; this twaddle of June. The reports show very heavy and 505 and 519, dated the first day undersigned administrator of the es- The Fourth will be celebrated witha :: number of improves stae of John : a W. : Quite is more edifying to the general. rains over Georgia and Florida, the of June A. D., 1903, has' filed said certificates Randall deceased. will picnic at the Spring.. present to the Hon. Joseph Bell County house. Ask Benine what : -.- _, ,,on-, public than a certain discussion going other parts of the belt not having suffered in iny office and has made Judge of Marion cour.ry, Florida - -14.(t Ini ,to" happen. Mr. Rast, of Port Orange, was in application for tax deed to issue. in his final acounts.and make final settle- ; on in the Ocala papers. much on that score apparently.The I .. :7-: : RUFUS RASTDS JOHNSON. our burg yesterday. Come again, accordance with law. Said certificates -I tlement and apply for his final discharge ti: .' :-_ Joe. We greatly regret that Mr. C. 0. condition of the woods has inter- embrace the following ,described as administrator of the said ; - s FEARLESS. Jones and family are planning to ferred with operations for two or property situated in Marion county i estate.; p. T. RANDALL. THE 1P RLESS AND Bathing is fine in the spring. Come Administrator of Estate of John W :- -:' leave us. After a residence on China- three weeks and factors claim that Florida to-wit: Southwest quarter Randall. Deceased. --- ahead visitors and , enjoy a plunge. of southwest quarter section 10 - ;Colonel Henry Watterson is berry Hill of over twenty-one years this lost time cannot be made up evenif Ocala, Fla, May 3, 1908. 5-4-6m - : Hon D. Bright. of Danville, Pa., township 15 south, range 21 east "' at4. hymns in nonor of Mr. Bry.ai'th he intends to make Ocala his future the best of weather should now pre southeast, quarter of northwest? has a grove here and it is lookingfine. quar. NOTICE, - .' ; .Imminent. lightning plays over home and the place that has known vail. The fact that the market has ter of southwest quarter section 7 and - And it has quite a lot of fruiton iII; 050 head. remarks the New York him so long will know him no more. failed to respond to these temporarily northeast quarter of northwest quar- Of Application for Tax Deed Under '.;' ..i. .t4. -.. it. Peace to his ashes! Oh, we only mean bad conditions of production, ter of southwest quarter section 7, Section 8 Chapter_ 4888 Laws . <:< ; Mrs. J.. C. Massey._.. of this olace_ and southwest quarter of northeast or Florida, \|b"=. 'The' Richmond Times-Democrat will visit her parents in Valdostathis on that we wish him prosperity .in his though is a depressing feature of the quarter section 19, all in township 15 - ;: i him as the fittest candidate for"preSident changed surroundings. situation. It had been hoped by the south range 23 east; southwest quar- Notice Is hereby given that w C. -: on tne ticket with the Mr.week J. :B. Hall has just recovered '. WILL 0' THE WISP. factors that the result would be a ter of northeast quarter, north half of Townsend. 108, ,114.purchaser 115, %24.of Tax 234. CertificateNos. 244. dated southeast ;: jrMt s t: conservative. lorce in Amer. very aggressive market and upward quarter and southeast quarter the 6th day of June, A. D. 1904 has from a spell of sickness. Dont't Kick at Your Own Town. of southeast quarter section 13, filed said certificates, In my office, and I-4II'iubllC". life, ihe peerless leader movement of values. This has so far northeast -quarter block 9 all of :.. ,' .. Mrs. H. V Porter is quite sick. We cannot understand why a man ; has made application for tax deed to ...tfc$ greatest..American! citizen. failed to show itself, causing disap- block 15, lots 2 and 4, block 17, all of Issue In accordancewith law. Said Miss Bessie Porter of this place will persist in living In a town whichhe block 18 one-fourth certificates embrace" the following described .- $nomination: will be receivedTjjfc pointment and some anxiety. The east block 20, - has accepted a position in Hawhorneas Is always abusing, says the Jas- Cline's sub of northeast quarter of property situated in Marion wherever feature is undoubtedly the applause distressing rapturous county, Florida to-wit: Southeast clerk. northwest section 18 town- t:\|\| ,:are: democratic hands hearts ., _ per Banner. He ought to go off In lack of strong foreign support. American ship 15 south quarter range 22 east., quarter qf section 8. north half of the woods somewhere and build a southwest quarter, southeast quarter 1ijjji,4iffigs. :.Colonel Watterson is a Following, the Flag. consumers are large buyers, but The said land being assessed at the southwest quarter of section 34, and tijji tAmerican; traveler, too. town of his own and to suit himself; i they cannot keep bn buying without the date of the issuance of such cer. .northwest quarter of northeast quarter the life of cannot see why tificate in the name of Yarn & Mc- :of section 35, 12 south When our soldiers went to Cuba and for us we and the township range hotels and cessation exporters'general the porters ' eitai1ieen , $' I.the Philippines health was the most will live in a town and con Neil. H. W. and Sarah Wood, E. L. 25 east, and lot 4 of section 2%, and 7.50 ;. : y"cities. He is a conservative important consideration. Willis T. anyone ly report an indifference abroad that Land, .M. Wallace, W. G. Williams, chains east and west on west side of :a/preservative force. Morgan retired commissary sargeant, tinually kick and grumble about the is not gratifying to\those hoping for .Ella Lewis and parties unknown. Un- lot 1 of section 27, and lot 3 of section . U. S. A.. of Rural Route No. 1, Concord place. It does not help them to dispose 27, and northeast quarter of"south less said certificate shall be te,has given mucu of his life and improved values. The ,present basis, re- N. H.. says: "I was two years In east quarter of section 35, township IS \::Carts' of speech to the demo- Cuba and two years In the Philippinesand of their property, and if they 57 1-2 cents, it is claimed, is not remunerative demed according to law tax deed will south, range 25 east The said land be- '\;;. .-. being subject to colds. I took Dr. own any, nor does it gain them any issue thereon. on the 24th day of July ing assessed at the date of the Issuance . because ). /party, King's New Discovery for Consumptionwhich to the producers A. D., 1906.Witness of such certificates in the name : !k has advised, remonstrated with kept me in perfect health. And friends. No town suits everybody, cf fh loss of production by the rains. my official signature and of J. B. Swan Swan & Henly, Mrs. S. "M" implicated several presidents. now. In New Hampshire we find it and if you find tnat you do not like While the factors are. positive that seal this the 20th day of June, A. D., B. W. Morris F. B. Wood, and un- better medicine than any in the world the town are living in, the best 1906.. known. ,Unless said cicUflcates!! shall.b&.._ Bellas' been as steady in his con for coughs, colds, bronchial troubles you there will be a loss to the crop that redeemed according law, tax deed (seal S. T. SISTRUNK 1: ( sa weather vane. and all lung diseases. -Guaranteed at thing for you to do is to quietly leaveit. cannot be made up,, the large buyers Clerk Circuit) Court, Marion County, will Issue thereon on the 9th. day of Price' 50 ets. July, A. D. 1906. Tydings & Co.. druggists. will the probab- : If do people fjhaa_ the star-eyed goddess in his and $1.00. Trial bottle free. inGRAINS you seem to be indifferent to this phaseor Florida. 6-22.. S Witness my official signature and :Jt.thI: $ moment. bne needs to Great interest is being taken feel that the hot dy weather coming seal this the 6th day if June" A. D.. FROM GRINER FARM. the state in the suit now throughout matters to larsedegree. NOTICE. 1906.Seal ::11.0 longer.. The time is come. on will square a ) S. T. SISTRUNK, - :: and'Watterson the Peerless being heard at Lake City in the circuit This difference of opinion exists Clerk Circuit Court I ; ., Notice is hereby given that on the 5 ; t" .; Mr. Rawls and family of Fellowship court of the third district, affecting 6-8 C Marion County :Florida. ..:"' : &e. Fearless; wise youth and every year when the rainy :season 2nd day of July, A. D.,, 1906, I ' have been visiting Mrs. Rawis'parents the Buckman bill. The corpo- Lace twelve o'clock there will be ; ful age; two tongues and pens sets in. Even if the factors at noon : ( ;:two editors, travels s. lecturers at this place. ration of Lake City and F. B. Moodie, the right end of the question the reports sold at Public Auction, In front of the i / NOTICE. the. Mr. Lum Luffman and sister, Ages a citizen of Columbia, county, have of bad weather and SO'1 woods clerk's office, In Ocala, Florida, all of ' ; .... enjoyed a pleasant trip across in bill that Injunc- the old court house chairs benches and In the Circuit Court In and For Mar praying > .- I.rought a operations have so .. said .;. :'r. and interrupted other things belonging to the : ion County, Florida. ; ",Found a Cure for Dyspepsia.i. country to Fort King and return Sun- tion issue restraining the removing of far failed to bring the results that court house, which are not now in use - 4JS.. Lindsay, of Fort Wiliams. the University of Florida, formerly -when, the re nor necessary to be kept in service in In Re Estate of A. C. Johnson. \|\|'"Quarto,:Canada, "who has suffered day.Miss Jones of Oak will leave Wednesday were expected by them the.new. apartments.S. Notice is hereby given that on the :'qe1te a Camber of years from dyspep- known as the Florida Agricultural I oils first came in. T. ISTRUNK 5th day of December, A. D. 1906, . ......,,:u4 .great pains In the stomach, for Illinois, where she will College, from Lake City to Gainesvilleor still net possible to the undersigned administrator of the : ... advised All in all, it is Clerk of the Board of County Com by her to takeainberIatn's druggist some time with relatives. the estate of A. C. Johnson, deceased. will !_ Stomach and Liver Tab- spend any other place; asking that say that tin futuro for :;?.:ts turjntille missioners. 6-22. present my final return, accounts and lW. ,She did so and says, "I find thatWbave Tawny Mane wishes her a pleasant law famiiariy known as "the Buckman is at all bright Fyicctnliens! vouchers, and apply for final dischargeas done me a great deal of declared in conflict with the GUARDIAN'S NOTICE "* ANNUAL administrator of said estate. bill" be rUht al< geod.;; I have never had any suffering trip.Rev. have been disappointed rg SETTLEMENT. F. M. TOWNSEND, .$_ I began. troubled Graham preached an Interesting constitution of the United Stateesr - using them. If 'h.s spring sad sw nl"r' till toe: Administrator of the Estate A. C. ,;3 dyspepsia or indigestion why not sermon at the school house and praying for an order decreeingthat t'rat h -\1.t I Johnson deceased. 61Gm 'these, tablets, get well and stay wh old I'- advance Notice is hereby given that on the Martin. _Mav _28th.906._ . "- lV'orsale,_ by U druggists m Sunday afternoon.We the University of Florida,' formerly R cents nave decide in* hel1r 22nd day of August, A. D. 1906. I .nn. --v n .n t.-* understand that school is tobegin known as the Florida Agricul- I( f the Epot market so if und will arareii'v at the court house in Marion county NOTICE T I IIn 1 Heroism of the Women. f:1; : soon. It seems extremely warm tural College and located at Lake be considerably the pace's Florida, undersigned as guardianfor - ; the minors, Katie Mal McIntyre; the Circuit Court of the Fifth Judicial . j Inmost, the last of those who area for such work to commence. City, is still in existence there. It is :Yy '.r'cir sales'of futures f.r tnosoftmr and Helen McIntyre, will present my Circuit of Florida In and for.. , 'rd'' d .'honor for their. heroism at The evident purpose of the "pow understood that a thorough test of months. It is not to be gainsaid that accounts and vouchers o the Hon. S S- Marion County-In Chancery, .l'"' is to be made, and that it : 60 Joseph Bell county judge in and for - that the case jfS VrancIsco the and of'the trade thought are women, ers that be in effecting the substitution the bulk and make annual Thomas M. Wilson Complainant, vs. will be carried to the highest tribunal the Marion county my Mrs. Anna Lee Wallace Wadlow.. 5 - "feia.1y' the trained Its assured as practically i : ; <. nurses. of Claude L'Engle for Hilson as I cents was settlement as guardian of the said I and T. M.Wadlow, Defendants- Myed ,that no others showed such the "dens exmachina" of the Talla. In the ountry before it is finally; disposed lowest price of the season and the minors .:_ Order ,for Constructive . i cQ a such unflinching courage as hassee administration has aroused ofSt= Augustine Record. fact that the market has been ruling Dated June 19, 1906.A.. I Service. - } 1c G call was awaited, but they the widespread desire to see John ly dislike to see you--leave but if two to two and a half cents below As Guardian for Katie. MCINTYRE.Mat and Helen rIt -ordered -that- the defendants : . ;, btfor. the wounded and walked that for some time now has here named to-wit: Anna Lee Wallace '--" Collins, of the True Democrat, sus- blow around about your going to ,price McIntyre, Minors.C229t.. : you t Wadlow and T. M. Wadlow be and ; to the out tinge 'scenes that even strong men pessimistic tamed in his laudable ambition to given a the leave and seem to think that they are hereby required to appear to. J1. .endure the sight of and I look. Producers are still far from beIng GUARDIAN'S NOTICE OF SETTLE. publish a daily edition of his excell- town will to the bow-wows when the bill of complaint In this cause on . ;'bkh go of the woods" and. we ventura WENT AND FINAL DISCHARGE or before they ," J ran away. It is to be hoped that "out . ent newspaper. you go, you may feel pretty certain I -- Monday, the 2d day of July, 1906. , jlfce, good done by that band of de his hold and fearless courage is demanding that your leaving will please the to 'repeat some good sound sense Notice is hereby given that on the ItIs farther ordered that a copy of 3 '-WOmen is not to estimated, clean governamental methods from a recent circular tetter issued 27th of December A. D., 1906. this order be published once a week coming.A day than people far more your for four consecutive weeks In the Ocala ; -Ii only just beginning to be well-known factor .ge house. It house in Marion county, in the interest of the whole people from a at the court Banner, a newspaper published in said : ; wceted and- put on record. Duehas has made for him a sufficient Conundrum.The said: Florida, the under signed as guardianfor county and state. - thp. the minors. Katie :Mal McIntyre. This 31st day of May, 1906. : been Funston and few years pro- given to enable election was "For the past number of powerful friends Nassau county . and Hellen Mclntyre wi. present my (Seal.) S. T. SISTRUNK- : : .hI! lds. for their work. The police him to effect his purpose.-St.. Augustine decided by Judge Can against the application duction of naval stores has been extremely accounts and vouchers to the Hon Cferk Circuit Court, Marion County ,.- ,, men have figured largely in i Record.' for a writ of mandamus on profitable to those engaged in Joseph Bell, county judge in and for Florida. By H. C. Sistrunk. D. C. - I :%;'.-rS atches. The doctors have behalf of Candidate McGiffiin, who that enterprise, and this has led to. Marion county, and:make my final 0-6-1 T. GREEN. Complainant\ Solicitor. : [;;.. "<'4een. velooked, but the nurses The Suber Peach. > claimed to have been "counted out" undue extravagance in the} conductof settlement and apply of for the final said discharge minors -- as guardian MASTER'S SALE. . ..: .:"Itt1laWalt1ng.> their share of the Mr. J. P.-Mace the peach king of by the local committee. The decis- that business in more ways than. from the said court. I , 'glory of fearless and skillful Lake Helen left at the Record office ion positively sustains the former attitude one for Instance: Higher wagespaid, Dated June 19th 1906. Under and by virtue of a final decree !: -Buffalo News.Dishonoring this week a-basket of as fine peachesas of the state committee followed the laborer and more unsatisfactoryservice A. MCINTYRE; rendered on.May 28th 1906 in a : wherein J. M. Meffert - I" and Helen suit was com of Katie Mat As guardian r__ we ever saw. They were of the by that body in refusing to take received In return therefor; 6-22-6m plainant and Wilton Myers, et ux t; Minors. I I McIntyre t ,* Washington. the laborer to secure his I were defendants I, as special master Suber variety, large and beautiful cognizance of this same contest, because advances to - : ,Rev Mr. David Steele rec- a appointed therein. will offer for sale colored. They were gathered in the the decision of the county committee services, thereby accumulating : A CaYd. before the court house door In the city .- : )he fashionable. parish of St. shipping stage a week previous, .and Is final under the provisions of large and doubtful asset;, extreme: of Ocala on Monday, July 2. 1906,' between :: Philadelphia, took part in the timber lands and tim June 16th, 1906. the hours of 11 o'clock a. m and !.'! on exerctses at Valley Forge were just good, mellow and ripe, section 16 of the primary law. Aid prices paid for To Whom it May Concern: z.o'clockpo m. of said day, the, follow- expend .- .. ready for eating. Now that ,the ship- now' comes the St. Augustine Record ber; increase in personal We, the subscribers to this instrument ing described real property: .. -ratio. day and astonished the factors we nave a Lots 8 and 9, located In the south- ping season is about over Ms son, and asks what becomes or the arbitrary tU 'es. As your of writing, have known Mr. R. west of the northwest quarterof .:_ by announcing that General Loring left this week for Tivola. Ga., action of the state committee very close Interest in your welfare E. T. Ellison for at least ten years section corner twenty-six, township IS who comes down to us at this time to and know him to be a good citizen south, 21 east, containing four packing range where he has charge of the changing its rulings so as to assume and feel it proper for his _- :saintly memory, was not a We urge and always a good provider acres more or less. Surveyed by J. R. _ houses of an extensive peach grower jurisdiction of suen contests, directly sound a note of warning. family he pays his debts and as to Moorhead January 19th. 1905 In Marifc .z a good man. This distln- and snipper of that, section-De Land in defiance of the law and of JudgeCall's upon you the necessity of conductingyour his Integrity and veracity we know on County, Florida. or so much thereof divine has a deeprooted na- Star business with the -closest nd nothing to .the contrary; he has al- as may be necessary. to satisfy tt< Record. decision. Titusville . t said decree, costs and - expenses. : !; Prejudice to overcome* Rector cutting down ex ways been 'a man to help build up - strictest economy, W. K. ZEWADSKL JR.. - eitadms. that the "father of his Bloom. a courteous and eliminating schools and churches; he is what we Special Master. Nothing is more calculated to make Max young penses to the minimum call a public spirited man in this com * tr7wu W. K. ZEW ADSKl - an "ideal country gen- from Ocala. Is now in expendi unpopular: the primary system- of, salesman altogether unnecessary munity. Complainant's Solicitor. i- bat eays that he would rather nominations than the campaign now' charge of the Factory and Mills Syndicate tures. Factors have been yery liberalin E. A. MCDONNELL. 6-t: - 'tha hounds"1 on Sunday than going on In Georgia. It is the "worst store. Mr. Bloom says It Is the extending financial assistance. to W. T. CRAY : W a seat In church" and ever,' intention of ,Mr. Handelsman proprietor the large; majority of the producers J R., B.C. EPPERSON EPPERSON, ; :_ $coainandertn-chief of the of the store to continue In business during the period of extravagance Wm HARRIS. tU .. -J' : pe..we,\' .have JOHN HARVEY W/1nJ TEED ; .!, ; ,,managed somehow to returned from Washington reports end a large stock of goods Is now In ., ue"' 1 tsomeSdeee i-. :>;: "";:> :0.pa.ssed'1an.d ;;to Have known'hijn six years.M ... J BY ABANK1 , : !, Independence of the colo- that the "Bryan wave" has struck the transit.Mr; Handelsman Is expected. blame i @ p s f \ UftlpOB1 11o -.* DEPOSIT $ J -.. :. and, himself a place capital and that It seems to be gaining back next week from HoUSprings. Extensions ofredit wflUbe '''iI1br I.This no inan"RE troubler"\T.,EJLUson has givenme ...1'j I ;.. 5,000 takea R. ..-i.Jt; .Notes ' , 'affections of the people strength and. volume.- -Tampa where he has been recuperating for closely scrotialzed hereafter- con- 'j S ,17 M; MATHEWS ;nd eheaptst on earth.- Dont delay. Writ o.day.GEQgGi&4USAMABUIMECOt.LEEaCUJi&.' "I :. to' be lasting. i Tribu e. I timeStark: Telegraph; .the expalsion sl1oul,, ., .' '. Vaction: yaihe Ji; : f _. 'b ii dS3fjj jj :'.. .' iJJj&1 ; fS 'tjjj41'i' ; tt tl e jjj6Alj'tjj\ .niIUU&UUdi ..," .5 '..'f":, : - r:_ _ fr ,,; ,.( ...nv. -L .- I.. ;.. ; M : < -- _ :'"-, '"ji.>..:/ ,'\11"!!!:.,"'_._.. ,'> .';;_.' -'_ <::'r.-.'.. .", -<,"."'if",."'':"l:' ,.'1d :.'":.<_:...'.".".?". "', t..-1.-r-._:_. <:''.' ,"'',:>. .;c"at-.-.,.: ;,_:&;::':.:,,'.-; ir.\ ',;"".:'-;-::'".;..:.;.,-',,""..,,-'-', '".'" c ',-: ":,:: fi--_......, .>:."ot-'i"':,;,;,,,'-.".'-<.'.><:.'"' ..'J - ,,'" ,."'.,1t._". "';. -"::.t.N. ... .,,__,, .' ,"".- --.<...:.""",,.,.,-.... i::;', 't"," ._' ....,'" j ,." ".' 8\'_' .... '.Ji" ':.-,<" .... .,, .,. ,p. ':.'. ._., 'r''J'" .::.. .;-._. ., .:;'''.'_'.'"''', l'...".;. ..:f.} .. ,;:;. ..;, ...:!..'f... .'i -":,,.,,,',,,, ;.,,.,,,,-,-,,,,:,..'=:'--.i. , ", -;"" ,-"/'": < '" :, ,, 7'S.,,,: "- -" '" -r.f''t. "<. .-."' '- 4' "- "=-:" .-:.''!----:<;. '0' :Ji'-; : \,"y'. ; -: .jf ; L & .. . 3x.S , .F . -. .., a3, . We r need a Time year 'to is grow Money is a pig,, ''t"'f'T"" " "!" "!"!"!"!"!"!"!" "!" "!" " " " " ' r Tis two before ,a steer big. rtiF ' ', ;. The hens lay every day. -- : Alfalfa takes three years to spread,, A horse as colt four years is fed, 4lP 'r The hens lay every day .- I r, Afield. of grain.just once we reap, -- ,. i A'yearly fleece take off our sheep. d BRON- .' The hens lay every day. -- k .; A.few weeks yield the honey store 'men blossom,. fruit.and au are o'er. - . - dl - - .' /c CTie hens lay every day. . I ; ' For other things too long we wait, L' Our life is short, and payday late. 'e ! Wholesale Grocer 1 'The' hens lay every- day.Fanning. World. I 0 I . . i - ' ' THE ROSIN MARKET. -- ";1:. -. .'. ' Strong' Demand for Commons, and -- : .. 'iII< ': .. 2 They Keep Climbing Up. ;:'>-. '. . ;; Savannah, June 23 Rosins are the E ,"' ) ''"".JT._ ..:". -. -':"<._. c". ..".-- :':' -'', -.," .;: Ocala I PI 0 Od a. ; ':" ."., .' ...... :'.: ;/ ' bright spot at present and more par.. :' . . r ticularly the common grades, which ., . 4 'r.,. make up a large part of the receipt .... a ', ) The recent losses along the whole -. ...... line have been in a considerable degree I ... . I ' recovered. The first part of the : ,- ,. .. ,., .::. . .. : - . week the situation weak with i '. .j saw -- .. " " , ., ; sharp declines, but a reaction came : ...... : : .' :.':{ j promptly the prices, ,and the showed at losses the in comparison close more last than night with recovered ] i < "- : ,: ; :::. ,: ;::: ;: : '.( ::, .:_' : -'-5t' -;.:- ,ai-e 4.-V"--: r '- "=----.<_<-- : .'-'_<" .: : 1.' : t.>: ,. :>- f.': :: \ 'I ..' those of the previous Friday night . . ..... > . " : decline of 5 cents on waterwhite, ad. .. : '. ..: .. - P C, , ;- ivances of 5 cents on windowglass, 25 __ ". .. I ! .- : ,,. f"?>t' .. i onN'.M,20onKlOto2OonlHiF.15 G. ' -- " I c f : ri - : : to 20on, E. The receipts for the ----. l."t' "" ,..-. __I> 1i" week at" Savannah were 14,150 ba .' ,.\;,<:i',:'.";"Y"." ," .-:, j ):; < rels and the posted sales were 11,30, -, ':, :;: : ! , ' < ; of which 2,081 were pales 1,595 med ARE YOU SELLING ,.:i". o." :' t : urns? and 7,633 H and below. Con : ' mons continue the, strength of tbe :: ,l'i.t: :; . market. The demand for them falls F . . . ....... '. .<, -=..6 little if any short of phenomena _. ,0 ;. '.j".' ,- ' :::::- They are carrying the other grades 1 In (..' .: . . ".. magnificent shape. The despised con ..- ,, .= . mons of the past are the much-sougl .. ,' " .< " after of the present) and have become ., " the on which .he vl\'ues .-, .. '. '. : '. cornerstone . .j : s -- ,'" ., .'. , of upper grades are apparently &US'; "P urina Feed"yZ ' : Si '' ' < ; ' rosin tained. The very days that pals ' I went advancing off this and week the saw recovery the cumuion of the E:: .. .'; ,: ;' :" : < \"4>; losses on the top grades was appai ::. ):' :.:" ':' 'tr'J- P ', : ? _' ently.brought about by the ?aernesof ' : : buyers to get low grader. Alt( ::/ ; Is If Not You Should "R : gether the position of the dark' [ .J Try ; :" - qualities is the most remarkable CVP , known to the trade, and yet higher :: >) :. ., : ** . \. > . j values seem in store for them. The :k i'' ,.fact that- the crop of pales will b t Shipment. '. \: > '_ : ;> practically marketed within a short [ , : .---. time now does riot seem. to give any {i .- i additional strength to'the situationsfar : () . ," as they are concerned.- Common < -, .. /: rule the roosl and pales are playiu; ,.'- second fiddle.. A tremendous (chang i It keeps mules and feedper. : > ,; has certainly come over' trade c f\.ldi. \ up .'.' tlons as to rosins within the lI ?t.few . ::' years. ..... . . ' '- .' i : '- WATERMELONS- INACTIVE. E : : bills down. .. . q > .: Trade at Good Chicago'as-Anticipated., Has Not Been as [: t. i : '; ;'::7 ; ::' ; "7 :' ,: , n 2 Chicago, June 23--Although the ..- " weather has been rather cool tor c r ; - :2 : ,.:.i. _ ; : watermelons, the trade bas been !!l.ir.. ..- .. .. 1. 'W2E - but not as strong as tie dealers ar r ' ticipated .or ''desired Outside pilot : ;':: See that this cut is that there \ors F7.N' ta.fe,begun to buy so " .-:.......- .. ., better feeling in the market. SI ' a ;:::: : , Louis reports a stronger den:and far :, - melons. Eastern cities are now callin) ; <,;.: .. . for melons and if warm weather fo'. ; -U lows, it is expected that a' mid E : on sick (( / \b . stronger market wilt"result.. Texas h:1i1 ; every _. ;: . ' begun shipping, although her prolu.?t 1::: : i:1 i\ .: ; is not In the local market this weel. :: ; >" .' .- f i:, "Z1_ . :::: I: ,St. torts had a few cars which eU., _-_ ,..."...'. ."'''' pW/l. rot Tw5ve the attention givea to th e ...... .OJ Florida article. The stock was long;; ,.- .. \ . nn! the calls seemei: for l-o Icr the ... : ;::' V '. , t round It is reported that Texas wil j"c-:;; :: : : ' i have but ,little over one-fourth of ;at. Send'Us :: .: crop. Next week it is expected that Your Order. t 1; : :, ' x ) . the, shipments from Florida will be L' ; : : c, ". _ > ; 'L keavy. 'f" ' "T i- : ">; FIRST GEORGIA CANTS. : : $i Were Shipped Week-Crop--from Is Valdosta Late. Las ,' t Prompt Delivery at Low Prices, i i' Valdosta Ga., June 25.-The firs cantaloupes of the season were ship i < \ i : ped from here Saturday and daily; : :x H-f" ; , shipments are being made now. T. 11., ..... .We Sell Dealers .... " 45 crates to New Yorl to Only . Smith shipped " i ,: and he expected to get good return. :: c ,' /: ', <, :.:;; Pr ii; >:: . from them. ; \ ; ' ' :' The crop here is behind last year, [ ; ,1 { < ', < - : : : both of cantaloupes and watermelons ';i . a The watermelon crop which usuall; : " comes in between Florida and Soutl \ for business ' more Carolina will come along with the \ ' ..; ".. Carolina crop.this year , J. A.: Dasher ,of this city, is .jus ..... : back from, South Carolina, where h<: ..... . _i lias been looking"into conditions there,, ''- and he says that the Georgia grower I .,a -will have a hard time of it matin g:., s-- T;; .. ;-ans'ntoney unless they are very care" I..-... oRours 1/' ful about marketing their crop. " ; ..... y. '- The soil Of the garden or of thE, O ' : ;n_. field should be worked 'over ever; 'I----' } .;: ,..lime it rains and packs the surface,. ..... ;: no as to form a mulch to preserve: :5 .' moisture. The crust evaporates thE< \ 4 .moisture very rapidly and retard,; :: . .. the growth of vegetation. The fininj " '4i < Banner after should the;be done shower as,-soon Seymour.. as possible'(Tex.;); HUU UUUUU Ui'' iiUiuunu u.u"., ,U1U.uu." ,, ,. u," '" U4UiU', ' .. .. :';, .- r\ ,_ _! , E leKCLijfefisSsJi..' iii3a 3 I>r.-: ; - Contact Us \| Permissions \| Preferences \| Technical Aspects \| Statistics \| Internal \| Privacy Policy © 2004 - 2011 University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries.All rights reserved. Acceptable Use, Copyright, and Disclaimer Statement Powered by SobekCM	http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00048734/00383	CC-MAIN-2016-50	refinedweb	35,514	76.82
Important: Please read the Qt Code of Conduct - Import with relative path Hello everyone, I have some issues with importing QML files from a relative path. The QML-Item I want to import is called IconButton and is located in a folder parallel to the one where I try to import it to. From the docu I figured I can simply call import "../SharedFiles/qml" and I'm fine. QtCreator does indeed recognize IconButtonitem and correctly alows me access to the properties. But when running the Application the page failes to load with this error: import "../SharedFiles/qml/": no such directory when I import it as an absolute path import "" as Test it works. But, that is simply insufficient - Qt 5.12, (MSVC) - QtC 4.8.0 - all custom qml-files are also part of the qt-ressource file Anyone an idea, what I'm doing wrong? This is inadequately documented. 🙁 The import statement one has to use is: import ":/../SharedFiles/qml" I remembered that images from the ressource system need the :/prefix to be used in QML pure luck I tried that one.... Hi When you run the app, the exe is in the build folder and hence there is no SharedFiles near it ? - J.Hilk Moderators last edited by J.Hilk @mrjj potentially, but that's usually where the ressource system comes into play, isn't it? Edit: Maybe it's because this is not a normal application but rather a QtPlugin, that I try to load via QPluginLoader? Because I found this section: that may or maynot help me here :-) Btw, works also fine, if I move the folder inside the project tree and use import "SharedFiles/qml" I may just end up with a a lot of copies of my qml files :( This is inadequately documented. 🙁 The import statement one has to use is: import ":/../SharedFiles/qml" I remembered that images from the ressource system need the :/prefix to be used in QML pure luck I tried that one.... @mrjj I was in the process of adding a PRE_TARGETDEPS to qmake to copy the shared files from a central location x) sadly now QtC is not able to analize the import statement. But the compiler is. And that's more inportant. You can't simply have your cake and eat it!	https://forum.qt.io/topic/98165/import-with-relative-path/6	CC-MAIN-2021-31	refinedweb	385	72.97

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