text stringlengths 454 608k | url stringlengths 17 896 | dump stringclasses 91 values | source stringclasses 1 value | word_count int64 101 114k | flesch_reading_ease float64 50 104 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Is there a way to find out what the modification was in an on_modified or on_selection_modified callback?
Unfortunately not - this is something I'm planning to implement in version 3 (!)
Oh no... that's so long from now...Any tips for a workaround? I don't really want to diff the whole file each modification...
Depends on what you're trying to accomplish... you may want to consider looking near the selection for modified areas, or making use of the regions API, which would let you monitor, for example, if text has been inserted or deleted within a certain range.
Oh, interesting... because marked regions automatically move with the text—they're locked to the actual buffer position rather than the textpoint.Could the function names be changed to something like mark_regions, erase_marked_regions, and get_marked_regions? I only ask because when you mentioned the region API I originally thought you were talking about sublime.Region's methods, rather than sublime.View's methods for marking (or whatever it's called) regions. Also, is there a way to skip drawing non-empty regions? I could just make multiple empty regions but that's a bit more complicated.Hopefully this will work.
Next question: When I modify the buffer in my on_modified callback, I get called back again! Is there any way to avoid or detect this behaviour?Thanks!
If you pass an empty string for the scope parameter, the regions won't be drawn.
May I ask why you're modifying the buffer in the on_modified callback? With the current behavior, this will cause a new undo group to be created, which is likely not ideal. As for not getting a callback, your best bet is something like:
def on_modified(self, view):
if self.ignore:
return
edit = view.begin_edit()
try:
...
finally:
self.ignore = True
view.end_edit()
self.ignore = False
Oh, sweet, I didn't think to try passing an empty string there.
I'm working on an elastic tabstops plugin, because I thought it'd be fun and pretty cool.So I'm waiting for the buffer to be modified, and then I'm inserting spaces in preceding and following lines in order to fix the alignment. Ideally these insertions would be part of the same edit as the edit that caused the on_modified callback, but I didn't think it was possible to get a reference to the previous edit and add to it. I've been thinking of doing something like figuring out what was added to the buffer, calling view.run_command("undo"), and then starting an edit and adding the text back as well as the aligning spaces.I sort of stopped working on it because I couldn't figure out how to not get called back, but I'll try the code you suggested and let you know how it goes. I tried using a flag before and I had trouble because it seemed like on_modified wouldn't get called again until it had returned, i.e. until it had already set the flag back to false.
If you turn the flag into a counter (increment before calling end_edit, decrement after, and check it equals 0 before proceeding), then you should be fine.
The code you posted worked great. I had been clearing the flag on the line before the call to end_edit, instead of on the line after, which is why it wasn't working.Thanks! | https://forum.sublimetext.com/t/on-modified-what-changed/1200/9 | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | refinedweb | 569 | 64.61 |
package Test::Ping; $Test::Ping::VERSION = '0.204'; use strict; use warnings; # ABSTRACT: Testing pings using Net::Ping use Test::Ping::Ties::BIND; use Test::Ping::Ties::PORT; use Test::Ping::Ties::PROTO; use Test::Ping::Ties::HIRES; use Test::Ping::Ties::TIMEOUT; use Test::Ping::Ties::SOURCE_VERIFY; use Test::Ping::Ties::SERVICE_CHECK; my $CLASS = __PACKAGE__; my $OBJPATH = __PACKAGE__->builder->{'_net-ping_object'}; my $method_ignore = '__NONE'; our @EXPORT = qw( ping_ok ping_not_ok create_ping_object_ok create_ping_object_not_ok ); # Net::Ping variables our $PORT; our $BIND; our $PROTO; our $HIRES; our $TIMEOUT; our $SOURCE_VERIFY; our $SERVICE_CHECK; BEGIN { use parent 'Test::Builder::Module'; use Net::Ping; __PACKAGE__->builder->{'_net-ping_object'} = Net::Ping->new($PROTO); ## no critic qw(Miscellanea::ProhibitTies) tie $PORT, 'Test::Ping::Ties::PORT'; tie $BIND, 'Test::Ping::Ties::BIND'; tie $PROTO, 'Test::Ping::Ties::PROTO'; tie $HIRES, 'Test::Ping::Ties::HIRES'; tie $TIMEOUT, 'Test::Ping::Ties::TIMEOUT'; tie $SOURCE_VERIFY, 'Test::Ping::Ties::SOURCE_VERIFY'; tie $SERVICE_CHECK, 'Test::Ping::Ties::SERVICE_CHECK'; } sub ping_ok { my ( $host, $name ) = @_; my $tb = $CLASS->builder; my $pinger = $OBJPATH; my ( $ret, $duration ) = $pinger->ping( $host, $TIMEOUT ); $tb->ok( $ret, $name ); return ( $ret, $duration ); } sub ping_not_ok { my ( $host, $name ) = @_; my $tb = $CLASS->builder; my $pinger = $OBJPATH; my $alive = $pinger->ping( $host, $TIMEOUT ); $tb->ok( !$alive, $name ); return 1; } sub create_ping_object_ok { my @args = @_; my $name = pop @args || q{}; my $tb = $CLASS->builder; my $success = eval { $OBJPATH = Net::Ping->new(@args); 1; }; $tb->ok( $success && ref $OBJPATH eq 'Net::Ping', $name ); } sub create_ping_object_not_ok { my @args = @_; my $name = pop @args || q{}; my $tb = $CLASS->builder; my $error; eval { Net::Ping->new(@args); 1; } or $error = $@; $tb->ok( $error, $name ); } sub _has_var_ok { ## no critic qw( Subroutines::ProhibitUnusedPrivateSubroutines ) my ( $var_name, $var_value, $name ) = @_; my $tb = $CLASS->builder; $tb->is_eq( $OBJPATH->{$var_name}, $var_value, $name ); return 1; } sub _ping_object { ## no critic qw( Subroutines::ProhibitUnusedPrivateSubroutines Subroutines::RequireArgUnpacking ) my $obj = $_[1] || $_[0] || q{}; if ( ref $obj eq 'Net::Ping' ) { $OBJPATH = $obj; } return $OBJPATH; } END { $OBJPATH->close(); } 1; __END__ =pod =encoding UTF-8 =head1 NAME Test::Ping - Testing pings using Net::Ping =head1 VERSION version 0.204 =head1 SYNOPSIS" ); ... =head1 DESCRIPTION. =head1 SUBROUTINES/METHODS =head2 ping_ok( $host, $test ) Checks if a host replies to ping correctly. This returns the return value and duration, just like L<Net::Ping>'s C<ping()> method. =head2 ping_not_ok( $host, $test ) Does the exact opposite of C<ping_ok()>. =head2 create_ping_object_ok( @args, $test ) This tries to create a ping object and reports a fail or success. The args that should be sent are whatever args used with L<Net::Ping>. =head2 create_ping_object_not_ok( @args, $test ) Tried to create a ping object and attempts to fail. The exactly opposite of the C<create_ping_object_not_ok()> =head1 EXPORT C<ping_ok> C<ping_not_ok> C<create_ping_object_ok> C<create_ping_object_not_ok> =head1 SUPPORTED VARIABLES Variables in L<Test::Ping> are tied scalars. Some variables change the values in the object hash while others run methods. This follows the behavior of L<Net::Ping>. Below you will find each support variable and what it changes. =head2 BIND Runs the C<bind> method. =head2 PROTO Changes the C<proto> hash value. =head2 TIMEOUT Changes the C<timeout> hash value. =head2 PORT Changes the C<port_num> hash value. =head2 HIRES Changes the package variable C<$hires>. By default, it is enabled. =head2 SOURCE_VERIFY Changes the package variable C<$source_verify>. =head2 SERVICE_CHECK Changes the C<econnrefused> hash value. =head1 INTERNAL METHODS =head2 _has_var_ok( $var_name, $var_value, $description ) Gets a variable name to test, what to test against and the name of the test. Runs an actual test using L', ); =head2 _ping_object When debugging behavior, fetching an internal object from a procedural module can be a bit difficult (especially when it has base inheritance with another one). This method allows you (or me) to fetch the actual L<Net::Ping> object from L<Net::Ping> object so trying to pass other objects will fail. If anyone needs this changed or any reason, contact me and I'll consider it. =head1 DEPENDENCIES This module uses L<Net::Ping>, L<Tie::Scalar> and L<Carp>. L<Test::Timer> is used in the test suite. =head1 BUGS Please report any bugs or feature requests on the a GitHub issue tracker at L<>. =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Steve Bertrand (STEVEB) provided many fixes and improvements. Big thank you for all the work done. Thanks to everyone who works and contributed to C<Net::Ping>. This module depends solely on it. =head1 AUTHOR Sawyer X =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE This software is Copyright (c) 2019 by Sawyer X. This is free software, licensed under: The MIT (X11) License =cut | http://web-stage.metacpan.org/release/Test-Ping/source/lib/Test/Ping.pm | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | refinedweb | 751 | 53.51 |
15.2. Solving equations and inequalities offers several ways to solve linear and nonlinear equations and systems of equations. Of course, these functions do not always succeed in finding closed-form exact solutions. In this case, we can fall back to numerical solvers and obtain approximate solutions.
How to do it...
1. Let's define a few symbols:
from sympy import * init_printing()
var('x y z a')
2. We use the
solve() function to solve equations (the right-hand side is 0 by default):
solve(x**2 - a, x)
3. We can also solve inequalities. Here, we need to use the
solve_univariate_inequality() function to solve this univariate inequality in the real domain:
x = Symbol('x') solve_univariate_inequality(x**2 > 4, x)
4. The
solve() function also accepts systems of equations (here, a linear system):
solve([x + 2*y + 1, x - 3*y - 2], x, y)
5. Nonlinear systems are also handled:
solve([x**2 + y**2 - 1, x**2 - y**2 - S(1) / 2], x, y)
6. Singular linear systems can also be solved (here, there is an infinite number of solutions because the two equations are collinear):
solve([x + 2*y + 1, -x - 2*y - 1], x, y)
7. Now, let's solve a linear system using matrices containing symbolic variables:
var('a b c d u v')
8. We create the augmented matrix, which is the horizontal concatenation of the system's matrix with the linear coefficients and the right-hand side vector. This matrix corresponds to the following system in \(x, y\): \(ax+by=u, cx+dy=v\):
M = Matrix([[a, b, u], [c, d, v]]) M
solve_linear_system(M, x, y)
9. This system needs to be nonsingular in order to have a unique solution, which is equivalent to saying that the determinant of the system's matrix needs to be nonzero (otherwise the denominators in the preceding fractions are equal to zero):
det(M[:2, :2])
There's more...
Matrix support in SymPy is quite rich; we can perform a large number of operations and decompositions (see the reference guide at).
Here are more references about linear algebra:
- Linear algebra on Wikipedia, at
- Linear algebra on Wikibooks, at
- Linear algebra lectures on Awesome Math, at | https://ipython-books.github.io/152-solving-equations-and-inequalities/ | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | refinedweb | 368 | 60.14 |
Free Response - Self Divisor B¶
The following is part b. Write method firstNumSelfDivisors, which takes two positive integers as parameters, representing a start value and a number of values. Method firstNumSelfDivisors returns an array of size num that contains the first num self-divisors that are greater than or equal to start. For example, the call firstNumSelfDivisors(10, 3) should return an array containing the values 11, 12, and 15, because the first three self-divisors that are greater than or equal to 10 are 11, 12, and 15. Be sure to use the method isSelfDivisor in your answer which we wrote in a Unit 4.10.
public class SelfDivisor { /** @param number the number to be tested * Precondition: number > 0 * @return true if every decimal digit of * number is a divisor of number; * false otherwise */ public static boolean isSelfDivisor(int number) { int currNumber = number; int digit = 0; while (currNumber > 0) { digit = currNumber % 10; if (digit == 0) return false; if (number % digit != 0) return false; currNumber = currNumber / 10; } return true; } /** * @param start starting point for values to be checked * Precondition: start > 0 * @param num the size of the array to be returned * Precondition: num > 0 * @return an array containing the first num * integers >= start that are self-divisors */ public static int[] firstNumSelfDivisors(int start, int num) { /* to be implemented in part (b) */ } public static void main (String[] args) { System.out.println("Self divisors for firstNumSelfDivisors(10, 3):"); for (int n : firstNumSelfDivisors(10, 3)) System.out.print(n + " "); System.out.println(); System.out.println("Self divisors for firstNumSelfDivisors(22, 5)"); for (int n : firstNumSelfDivisors(22, 5)) System.out.print(n + " "); System.out.println(); } }
How to solve this problem¶
The first thing to do is try to solve the example by hand. The question tells us to return an array of size num so we need to create an array of that size. We need to loop as long as we haven’t found 3 self divisors and try the current value. If the current value is a self-divisor then we add it to the array. When we have found 3 self divisors then return the array. We will need to keep track of the number of self divisors that we have found. We would try 10 (false), 11 (true so add to the array), 12 (true so add to the array), 13 (false), 14 (false), 15 (true so add to the array and return the array since we found 3).
Try to write the code for firstNumSelfDivisors. Run the main to check your answer. It should print 11, 12, and 15, and then 22, 24, 33, 36, and 44. | https://runestone.academy/runestone/books/published/csjava/Unit7-Arrays/selfDivisorB.html | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | refinedweb | 438 | 58.11 |
Hey,
Aside from the discretionary access control (DAC) permissions associated with
files (e.g., “users with UID X can read”), there is an extra permission bit that
can be stored in a file's inode: the
setuid bit.
Once set in an executable, it allows the user who's executing that binary to do so with the UID of the owner of that file.
a
setuidprogram is a program that allows a process to gain privileges it would not normally have, by setting the process’ effective user ID to the same value as the user ID (owner) of the executable file.
As an example, consider the case of “run-as-root” example bellow, which, lets you run an executable (initially, without any privilege escalations):
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> int main(int argc, char** argv, char** envp) { if (argc < 2) { printf("Usage: %s <executable> <args ...>\n", argv[0]); return 1; } execve(argv[1], argv + 1, envp); perror("execve"); return 1; }
For instance, with it, we can execute the
/usr/bin/id:
./run-as-root /usr/bin/id -u 1001
Clearly not root.
Now, if we change the owner of that file to be UID 0 (root), and set the setuid bit:
# as root, change the ownership of the # file to `root` # sudo chown 0 ./run-as-root # as root, set the `setuid` bit # chmod u+s ./run-as-root # run `run-as-root` again # ./run-as-root /usr/bin/id -u 0
Note how in the last run of
run-as-root we elevated our privileges, going from
1001 to 0 without the use of
sudo - our
run-as-root was able to do that for
us.
It's important to realize that
setuid will make a program inherit the uid of
the owner of the file only in the case of linux binaries - the use of
setuid
on an interpreted piece of code won't work.
For instance, consider a second version of
run-as-root:
run-as-root.sh.
#!/bin/bash exec $@
If we go again through the process of getting the
setuid bit set and the file
owned by UID 0, we can see no effect:
sudo chown 0 ./run-as-root.sh chmod u+s ./run-as-root.sh ./run-as-root.sh /usr/bin/id -u 1001
ps.: not only uid 0 is able to set the
setuid bit - in practice, having
the
CAP_FOWNER capability is what matters (and, for setting the uid of the
file,
CAP_SETUID).
pps.: this behavior does not take effect on calling threads with
no_new_privs
attribute set via
prctl, or if it's being
ptraced, or in case the underlying
filesystem is mounted with
nosuid (
MS_NOSUID). See
execve(2)
under the hood
inheriting the effective uid from a file
When getting prepared to execute a Linux binary (during
__do_execve_file),
the kernel gets to fill the “binary parameter” structure (
struct linux_binprm), a data structure that holds the arguments that are used when
While this process is interesting in itself (e.g., see Using Go as a scripting language in Linux, what matters for us here is the moment when the kernel is filling that struct with a UID.
What we can see above is essentially that if the file that we're looking at
contains the
setuid bit in its mode (via the
mode & S_ISUID check), then it
leverages that file's
uid to set its
euid.
Another thing worth noting there is the set of checks on lines
18 and
21.
The first is all about ensuring that if the file comes from a filesystem with
the
MS_NOSUID bit set, that we'll take
setuid into consideration, and the
second, verifying that the current task does not have the
no_new_privs bit
set (see)
uid inheritance (in the non setuid case)
Under regular circumstances, i.e., a process being created from another through
clone(2) will inherit the security context from its parent.
For instance, let's consider the following example:
#include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> int main(int argc, char** argv) { if (!~fork()) { perror("fork"); return 1; } printf("pid=%d uid=%d\n", getpid(), getuid()); return 0; }
Compiling that code and running it, we can see how the child inherits the parent real UID:
# compile the code # gcc -O2 -static -o fork main.c # run it # ./fork pid=30044 uid=1001 pid=30045 uid=1001
At the kernel level, we can see that inheritance at the moment that the kernel is performing the copying of the process.
prepare_creds+1 copy_creds+1 copy_process.part.38+1085 _do_fork+248 __x64_sys_clone+39 do_syscall_64+90 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+68
Given that in the struct that represents a runnable thread (
struct task_struct) contains the security context for it too (the process credentials
in
struct cred), it also performs a copy of those, and then mutates them
accordingly.
To truly observe the credentials being copied, we can place
kretprobe on
prepare_creds and see how the new
struct cred looks like after the copy
(during
copy_process):
#include <linux/sched.h> #include <linux/cred.h> BEGIN { printf("%-8s %-8s %-8s %-8s %-8s\n", "REAL", "SAVED", "EFFEC", "VFS", "TYPE"); } kretprobe:prepare_creds / comm == "bash" / { $old_creds = (struct cred *) curtask->cred; $new_creds = (struct cred *) retval; printf("%-8d %-8d %-8d %-8d %-8s\n", $old_creds->uid.val, $old_creds->suid.val, $old_creds->euid.val, $old_creds->fsuid.val, "old"); printf("%-8d %-8d %-8d %-8d %-8s\n", $new_creds->uid.val, $new_creds->suid.val, $new_creds->euid.val, $new_creds->fsuid.val, "new"); printf("\n"); }
Now, running
./fork again, we can verify how
new and
old compare:
REAL SAVED EFFEC VFS TYPE 1001 1001 1001 1001 old 1001 1001 1001 1001 new 1001 1001 1001 1001 old 1001 1001 1001 1001 new
mixing
setuid and real uid inheritance
Now, what happens if you have a process that gets started from a
setuid
program (whose effective UID gets set to 0)?
Exactly the mix of both!
By the time the process gets copied (during the execution of
clone(2)), the
struct cred gets copied too (as seen above), and then at the moment of
executing the binary (through
execve(2)), the credential switch takes place,
modifying the effective UID and saved set.
If that new process calls
clone(2), once again, the same first step would then
occur - the credentials would be copied, and then passed along to the new
process.
my_process clone(2) // process copying goes on, making uids be inherited execve(2) // new effective & saved set clone(2) // process copy once again | https://ops.tips/notes/setuid-or-how-sudo-works/ | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | refinedweb | 1,075 | 58.42 |
Creating a Silverlight Client
Select File > Add > New Project and create a new project of type Silverlight Application. Leave the default options for Silverlight 5 and the ASP.NET Web hosting project unchanged. When the new project is ready, in Solution Explorer right-click the project whose name ends with .Web and set this as the startup project. (The reference to the CustomersLibrary project must be added to the Silverlight client project, not the hosting web version.) Then you can write the code shown in Listing 8 to define the user interface.
Listing 8Defining the user interface of the Silverlight client.
<UserControl xmlns="" xmlns: <Grid x: <Grid.RowDefinitions> <RowDefinition/> <RowDefinition Height="40"/> </Grid.RowDefinitions> <sdk:DataGrid <Button Name="DeleteButton" Command="{Binding DeleteCustomerCommand}" Width="100" Height="30" Grid. </Grid> </UserControl>
This code is almost the same as for the WPF application; however, in Silverlight the DataGrid isn't included in the list of controls imported by default, so you need to follow these steps:
- Import the XML namespace of the SDK, which exposes the DataGrid control.
- Add a reference to System.Windows.Controls.dll.
- Add a reference to System.Windows.Data.dll.
- Add a reference to System.Windows.Data.Input.dll.
The code-behind here is the same as that for the WPF version, so you can create and assign an instance of CustomerViewModel (shown earlier, in Listing 7). Running the application produces the result shown in Figure 7.
It's easier to understand the benefits of the portable class library now; you wrote code only once to work with customers, but already two clients can use that code. | http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1983304&seqNum=6 | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | refinedweb | 268 | 57.67 |
This is a factorial program which uses array to calculate large factorials.
The problem is sometimes if I enter 1000, it gives the output but stops working there after. I tried it with 2000, 3000, it works fine. I cant understand its erratic behaviour? Is there any problem with my processor? I
#include <cmath> #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { unsigned int nd, nz; unsigned char *ca; unsigned int j, n, q, temp; int i; double p; while(true) { cout << "\nEnter an integer to calculate factorial (0 to exit): "; cin >> n; if (n == 0) break; //calculate nd = the number of digits required p = 0.0; // p is really log10(n!) for(j = 2; j <= n; j++) { p += log10((double)j); // cast to double } nd = (int)p + 1; // allocate memory for the char array ca = new unsigned char[nd]; if (!ca) { cout << "\n Memory allocation error!!!\n"; exit(0); } //initialize char array for (i = 1; i < nd; i++) { ca[i] = 0; } ca[0] = 1; // put the result into a numeric string using the array of characters p = 0.0; for (j = 2; j <= n; j++) { p += log10((double)j); // cast to double!!! nz = (int)p + 1; // number of digits to put into ca[] q = 0; // initialize remainder to be 0 for (i = 0; i <= nz; i++) { temp = (ca[i] * j) + q; q = (temp / 10); ca[i] = (char)(temp % 10); } } cout << "\nThe Factorial of " << n << " is: "; // the factorial is stored in reverse, spelling it from the back for( i = nd - 1; i >= 0; i--) { cout << (int)ca[i]; } cout << endl; // free-ing up allocated memory delete []ca; } return 0; } | https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/429421/factorial-erratic-behaviour | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | refinedweb | 268 | 67.59 |
At 12:44 PM 01/20/2006 -0500, Charlie Moad wrote: >Here are the eggs if you want to unzip and look at them. I installed >both unzipped. > > > There are two issues that I saw. First, the matplotlib egg above does not declare a namespace in its matplotlib/__init__.py. Second, the basemap egg does not contain a matplotlib/__init__.py at all. Please note that you *must* include an __init__.py file for every namespace package and parent package thereof, in *every* egg that's part of the namespace package, and that these __init__.py files must all contain a namespace declaration. Missing even one can cause problems. For example, the basemap egg is simply not importable, because as far as Python is concerned it does not contain a matplotlib package (due to the missing __init__.py). | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/distutils-sig/2006-January/005888.html | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | refinedweb | 138 | 85.18 |
Creating a Slack slash command with Elixir and Plug
All examples were made with Elixir 1.3, however any Elixir >= 1.0 should work.
Slack Slash Command Overview
Slack has a few different ways for you to write awesome bots for your slack teams. One of the easier ways is through a “slash command.”
A slash command works by sending a post request to an HTTPS (yes, SSL is required) endpoint whenever someone issues the command in chat. The post data consists of what command was sent, any text that came after the command, and some other data that we’ll get into in a bit. Then your service can respond with plain-text or some JSON and that response will be displayed in chat.
So, lets dig into this.
A Simple Echo Bot
Let’s do the “hello, world” of bots, an echo bot. First make sure you have elixir installed and then lets create a new mix project:
[~] $ mix new slashbot
[~] $ cd slashbot
Now open up mix.exs and lets specify our dependencies:
defp deps do
[{:cowboy, "~> 1.0.0"},
{:plug, "~> 1.0"}]
end
and don’t forget do add them to the applications list:
def application do
[applications: [:cowboy, :plug]]
end
If you’ve heard about Elixir, you’ve probably heard of the Phoenix Framework for doing web applications. However phoenix is a little over kill for what we need to do, so we are using Plug (which phoenix is in part built on top of). Plug allows us to easily build a small web app. By default it comes with an adapter for Cowboy, which is an HTTP server written in Erlang.
Anyway, lets get to writing down some code. Create a lib/slashbot directory in the project and a router.ex file within it.
[~/slashbot] $ mkdir lib/slashbot
[~/slashbot] $ touch lib/slashbot/router.ex
Now lets open that up and write down some elixir:
defmodule Slashbot.Router do
use Plug.Router plug Plug.Parsers, parsers: [:urlencoded]
plug :match
plug :dispatch # Slack will periodically send get requests
# to make sure the bot is still alive.
get "/" do
send_resp(conn, 200, "")
end post "/" do
%{"text" => text} = conn.params
send_resp(conn, 200, text)
end
match _ do
send_resp(conn, 404, "not found")
end
end
Do we’ve defined out router module, and we’re using Plug.Router so we can get all its delicious macros for Plug’s router DSL. Next we define our pipline of plugs. A plug pipline defines the functions a connection will get passed down through and processed. So first we have the connection get process with Plug.Parsers, which will parse out any urlencoded parameters and stick them into the ‘params’ map that is attached to the plug connection. The :match and :dispatch plugs come next and are required, :match being the plug is responsible for finding the matching route, and :dispatch being the one that, well, handles the dispatching of the connection.
After all that, we get to the real meat of what’s happening. We define a few routes.
Our first route handles a simple GET request for ‘/’ and sends a blank 200 response. This is because slack will periodically send get requests to make sure the bot is still around
The second route handles a POST request for ‘/’ and this is what will be handling our bot logic. We pull out the “text” field from the posted params, which contains the text a user would put after the slash comment. Like for: “/slashbot hello there” we would get “hello there” in the “text” parameter. So we get that text using pattern-matching on the conn.params map, and then send it back with send_resp, echoing the text back to the slack channel.
The last one is our catch-all route for anything that doesn’t match the above routes. It just sends back a 404 saying the page they tried to get doesn’t exist.
So now that we have a basic implementation going, lets fire it up and test it out with curl. Open up two terminal windows. In the first, we’re gonna make sure we got our dependencies, compile, and fire up iex:
[~/slashbot] $ mix do deps.get, compile
[~/slashbot] $ iex -S mix
Erlang/OTP 19 [erts-8.0.3] [source] [64-bit] [smp:4:4] [async-threads:10] [hipe] [kernel-poll:false]Interactive Elixir (1.3.2) - press Ctrl+C to exit (type h() ENTER for help)
iex(1)> {:ok, _} = Plug.Adapters.Cowboy.http(Slashbot.Router, []){:ok, #PID<0.163.0>}
iex(2)>
Now leave that running and head to your other terminal window:
[~/slashbot] $ curl -XPOST ""
hello
[~/slashbot] $
Yay! It works, with curl at least. Now, opening up iex and typing those commands is fine for testing, but would be annoying for any kind of actual deployment, so lets fix that.
Getting Our Echo Bot Prod-Ready
Alright, we’re going to open up lib/slashbot.ex and make it a prod-ready, supervisor-using, application:
defmodule Slashbot do
use Application def start(_type, _args) do
children = [
Plug.Adapters.Cowboy.child_spec(:http, Slashbot.Router, [],
[port: 4000])
] opts = [strategy: :one_for_one, name: Slashbot.Supervisor]
Supervisor.start_link(children, opts)
end
end
We’re just creating a simple start function for our app that will spin out a supervisor that will start up our cowboy webserver and plug router. If you don’t know what a supervisor does, it’s a process (as in an elixir process, not a system process) within your application that starts and monitors other processes in your application and restarts them if they die. This way, some transient error could crash our plug router, but the application as a whole would stay up and our router would be instantly restarted.
Next we need to tell mix to start this module with start function when the application… starts. So key this into the applications second in your mix.exs:
def application do
[applications: [:cowboy, :plug],
mod: {Slashbot, []}]
end
Now we can test this out with
mix run --no-halt
and run our curl:
[~/slashbot] $ curl -XPOST ""
hello
[~/slashbot] $
Still not good enough for prod though, we want to be able to just start this and forget about it. So lets create a release with distillery.
Add distillery to your deps:
defp deps do
[{:cowboy, "~> 1.0.0"},
{:plug, "~> 1.0"},
{:distillery, "~> 0.9"}]
end
And now we can create a release:
[~/slashbot] $ mix do deps.get
[~/slashbot] $ mix release.init
[~/slashbot] $ MIX_ENV=prod mix release --env=prod
This will generate a slashbot.tar.gz in rel/slashbot/releases/0.1.0/ that you can copy up to your server.
Now at this point, we haven’t set up any sort of SSL. Plug with Cowboy can handle SSL, but I prefer to have nginx or some other process do it, that way I can let my application focus on being the application and some other webserver can handle the SSL. If you don’t have a server set up with SSL certs, you can hit-up Lets Encrypt for free, trusted certificates.
If you go the nginx route, you’ll need to set up a proxypass to your app:
location /slashbot {
proxy_pass;
}
Once you’ve setup your SSL, lets continue on with getting the slashbot started:
[~] $ mkdir slashbot
[~] $ cp slashbot.tar.gz slashbot
[~] $ cd slashbot
[~/slashbot] $ bin/slashbot start
That will start slashbot in the background for you. Now we can test it with our curl again:
[~/slashbot] $ curl -XPOST ""
hello
[~/slashbot] $
Wee! That’s working. Now you’ll want to set up a slash command on your slack team, putting in the URL of your server + the path that you have the command running on. With any luck, you’ll be able to do this:
Future Improvements
There’s a couple of things improve upon here.
First, you’ll notice that the messages only echo back to you! That’s boring. With a few tweaks, we can send back some JSON that will allow us to set an option to show the message to everyone in the channel.
Second, we do no authentication what-so-ever, anyone could set this bot up as a slash command in their slack and get a response back. With our simple echo bot, that’s not too terrible, but with anything slightly more complicated, that’s a huge problem. This can be fixed by checking the token that gets posted to the app, against the token that’s generated when you create the slash command integration.
These improvements will be left as an exercise to the reader, or maybe if there’s enough interest I’ll create a part 2 that gets into that stuff.! | https://medium.com/hackernoon/creating-a-slack-slash-command-with-elixir-and-plug-602570fb3f7c | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | refinedweb | 1,448 | 72.56 |
In our last article on compression we showed you how to demonstrate run time encoding in Python. In this article we'll show you how to implement another kind of compression, Huffman encoding, which is useful when dealing with small sets of items, such as character strings.
Huffman encoding is a favourite of university algorithms courses because it requires the use of a number of different data structures together. We'll be using the python heapq library to implement a priority queue, so if you're unfamiliar with that library, go back and read our previous guide.
The Huffman encoding algorithm has two main steps:
- Create a binary tree containing all of the items in the source by successively combining the least occurring two elements in the list until there is only one node which all others spring from.
- For each item in the sequence, walk down the tree from the root to the node labelled with the item — add a 0 for each time you take the left branch and a 1 for each time you take the right branch.
-
At the end of this process you'll have a binary string, which can be decoded by using the tree and reversing the last step. Using Huffman encoding the more commonly occurring items are given shorter binary strings, whereas the standard ASCII character encoding makes all characters have encodings of the same length.
First, we need to build the tree. Tree nodes are simple objects, but they need to keep track of four things: Which item they store (if any), the combined weight of them and their children, and their left and right child nodes. We'll implement a class to store this information:
class Node(object): left = None right = None item = None weight = 0 def __init__(self, i, w): self.item = i self.weight = w def setChildren(self, ln, rn): self.left = ln self.right = rn def __repr__(self): return "%s - %s — %s _ %s" % (self.item, self.weight, self.left, self.right) def __cmp__(self, a): return cmp(self.weight, a.weight)
We define the __repr__ function so we can print out the status of the nodes (allowing you to debug the tree), and the __cmp__ function so we can use the heapq module to order the nodes.
Now we need to build the tree: To do this firstly we need to create nodes for each item in the list, then be able to find the nodes with the smallest weights so we can combine them.
We'll use the groupby function of the itertools module to calculate the original weights, then use a heapq priority queue to rank the nodes. In this program, the source string is called input.
from itertools import groupby from heapq import * itemqueue = [Node(a,len(list(b))) for a,b in groupby(sorted(input))] heapify(itemqueue) while len(itemqueue) > 1: l = heappop(itemqueue) r = heappop(itemqueue) n = Node(None, r.weight+l.weight) n.setChildren(l,r) heappush(itemqueue, n)
At the end of this step, itemqueue has only one element, the root node of the tree.
Next we need to walk through the tree to work out the encoding for each item. Rather than go through the tree for each character, we'll traverse the whole tree in one go and store the results in a dictionary:
codes = {} def codeIt(s, node): if node.item: if not s: codes[node.item] = "0" else: codes[node.item] = s else: codeIt(s+"0", node.left) codeIt(s+"1", node.right) codeIt("",itemqueue[0])
We use a recursive function to accumulate the encoding as we walk down the tree and branch at each non-leaf node.
If we put the above two code fragments in a function called huffman, then we can return the relevant information using the following:
def huffman(input): # above code return codes, "".join([codes[a] for a in input])
That's about it. The function returns both the dictionary from item to encoding (invert it and you can use it to decode) and the encoded string. Lets try it on a few examples:
>>> from huffman import * >>>>> huffman(input) ({'a': '0', 'c': '111', 'b': '10', 'd': '110'}, '0010010111010111110') >>> len(input) * 8, len(huffman(input)[1]) (80, 19) >>>>> huffman(input) ({' ': '00', 'a': '10000', 'c': '10011', 'b': '110000', 'e': '1010', 'd': '111111', 'g': '110111', 'f': '01001', 'i': '110101', 'h': '11110', 'k': '110011', 'j': '111110', 'm': '110001', 'l': '110010', 'o': '1011', 'n': '01000', 'q': '10010', 'p': '110110', 's': '110100', 'r': '11101', 'u': '0101', 't': '11100', 'w': '01111', 'v': '10001', 'y': '01100', 'x': '01110', 'z': '01101'}, '111001111010100010010010111010110011110011001100001110110110111101000000100110110111000111110010111000111011011010000101110001101011101001110011110101000110010100000110101100001111111011110111') >>> len(input) * 8, len(huffman(input)[1]) (344, 192) >>> import urllib >>> input = urllib.urlopen("").read() >>> len(input) * 8, len(huffman(input)[1]) (57808, 36340) >>> input = file("wrnpc12.txt").read() >>> len(input) * 8, len(huffman(input)[1]) (26281320, 14962010)
The first two show that the less characters you have in the input string, the better the compression is. The last two are tests on larger sources — firstly the python documentation Web site — which has a lot of characters, including punctuation, and secondly the entire text of "War and Piece", where using huffman encoding halves the size of the resulting string.
Huffman encoding is another approach to compression, rather than work on repetitions, it works on limiting the size of the character set. If your source contains a large range of characters then the advantages gained by Huffman encoding are greatly reduced. | https://www.techrepublic.com/article/huffman-coding-in-python/ | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | refinedweb | 903 | 66.47 |
48 Related Items Related Items: South Florida sentinel Preceded by: Morning sentinel Succeeded by: Orlando sentinel (Orlando, Fla. : 1953) Full Text -' ":! > "'i. '':''''! ,I., -. .- r' ; :. 1:: "?:. T" ':< . I its HALF S A 75-"il MIWON,.dus PEOPLE of Orlando.LIVE IN YOUR MORNING Ika .rt. which creates 24 per'celt < rfanto I jWornmg Sentinel I SENTINEL today of Florida's ,Cvtttock production. 56 PeOI'lOll .. .. Pagt Sports Pages 6.7 pr .Cl"'Fbt-f: ::: Rodio State .. : Peg Loge 4 Financial Society; Page Page)8 10.9 __ __ __ __ 'Tm! a Privilege to Live in Central Beautiful Place for Abundant Living IOL XXIH-NO. 31072 ORLANDO. FLORIDA. TUESDAY. MAY 20. 1947 FOURTEEN PAGES Grand Jury To Get Bribe Charges _ Gromyko Rejects Unlimited Check of Soviet Atomic ResourcesEnvoy c <0I - Brands [I 'PERIOD OF TAX REDUCTION. APPROACHING' ; President Keeps; I A Veteran Mop-Up ]I Key West Solon Chief ,,,,,,, Treasury Urges / ' U.S. Hold On I Vigil as Mother !" fwv11XIra,941r Named as rix.' ;Wz5M6i: Consrder ' to \ Congress . Bombs 'Illusion'Red Grows WeakerWhite c- Poop5Isf cI-7 ; 77n ,'g : c-1 I flflti( For Bookie Bill Veto of Global! Family Levy ProgramWASHINGTON House Family 4r9e7 6fici' i I Ii9OPPt2Rra'JTfdRq :l I Il Camp of Ocala A-Control to Stay I [UP] Secretary of the Treasury Snydertold Rushes to GrandviewGRANDVIEW Joins Odham Stand' "a of tax reduction is /61 M. -* ?&& NEW YORK [UP] Deputy Congress yesterday period approaching Mo. [UP] but he efforts to make TALLAHASSEE AP The sidestepped Republican [ ] ,Foreign Mm. Andrei A. The condition of Pres. Truman's l ? _ him predict the date of its arrival. / /;' (71 Florida .House yesterday 'Gromyko, in a major state- 94-year-old mothei , Testifying before the t:ax-writing House Ways and asked for a grand jury ir-{ Soviet continued las ment on policy on to deteriorate : - f Means Committee. he favored an r1,421f ; quiry into charges of twp atomic control, told the night. Brig. Gen. Wallace .:\ / , immediate Congressional study of members that Rep. Bernie world last night that Russia can- President Asks Graham. White House physician the whole tax structure those on C. of Papy them Key West offered ' not submit to unlimited inspection reported "a general weakening'' ;; ' i business individual well as as on I cash for their votes but it backed - of her atomic resources or to In- incomes-but stick firmly by the in her battle against a grave ill ; I Federal Health / down from suspending his rightto ternational control of her peace administration's that ness. 'I position no Ii ( vote or speak pending the out- ful production of atomic energy. revisions should be attempted "un I "She Is sleeping more and more,' Gromyko. In one of the fullest Insurance Plan Graham told Presidential Pres: come. til know what future we our rev- : SI The action. unprecedented In and frankest declarations of a high Secretary Char C' -* enue needs are going to be. Florida I WASHINGTON AP Pres. les G. Ross.Graham. legislative history was Russian official I [ ] / But. Snyder argued that with WVV q4L brought on by charges made openly - yet has made on j Truman appealed to Con- Federal spending now restored to ; wh( II by Reps. Brailey Odham. San- the pressing yesterday for a start peacetime levels and national income :is remaining con gress ford war veteran and Clarence M. problem of Inter- at least, on a broad medicalaid at an exceptionally high stantly at th( r Camp Ocala It consumed virtually - bedside of Mrs national control * ir plan including nationwide rate. it was logical that taxes the entire day of the House. Martha E. Tru- of atomic energy 4 I should be cut at some future date. / Paw speaking on personal health Insurance but leaders said then also made these man. ;: :I He urged the committee to privilege after already denying the- points: of both parties judged nothing : was some "mo give "careful consideration" to accusations said he felt would come of It at this cession., mentary" I'm the matter J Russia cannot I the "family tax plan" being was properly put before the The President called for during a national provement / relinquish . I used in the so-called communityproperty / Grand Jury. health and disability Insurance the after. ,, ,rNfdm5e'I her right of veto I 1! 4 States. r0 44 The House reversing itself aftera system_ noon. ouv I I / t over decisionsIt Under this plan a husband and I Margaret recess for lunch.struck from I more free public on to say "there has been a gen.. 5' AW tyHo LVS \ri tfi : a taken by an InGromyko wife are allowed to divide their 3g&*> proposed resolution a clause suspending - I I I health services. eral weakening in her condition." ,Werw tV control ternatlonal It authority. I Income for tax-computing pur' 'v&C the right of Papy to vote Z-Any thought the United and Federal aid poses. This results in a lower taxfor : Mr. Truman remained only a vurie) 7 6v Jibi or speak! until completion of Grand!. !I few feet from the little bed. to away States long can hold its monopoly provide more both. k :7 Jury inquiry into charges that he , on the atomic bomb Is an I I hospitals and The Senate meantime preparedto room where his mother was fighting ,, 4/ o&8FIE offered bribes.It . for her life. "illusion." doctors In areas take the leave I up Houseapprovedbill moved however to : 3-The first step toward Inter- where there are to reduce income taxes this blonde He was daughter.joined yesterday Margaret by who his standing the part of the resolution national control must be the outlawing not enough. year at an annual cost to the postponed the start of her long- ? I calling on the Leon County of the atom bomb and Sen. Murray Treasury of about $3,200 million. awaited concert career to rush \ I State Attorney and Circuit t-,. other mass destruction weapons. [ D Mont.] Republican leaders hoped to put to the bedside of her beloved + Judge to c$Il JL Grind Jury for ,,- . .,. :: promptly "Mamma.as she calls her j - ". 4..The hesitation of other Pow. announced the bill before the Senate today. a full investigation of the accusations. 1- ers to carry out measures for that he -Murra---; I Democrats are drumming up grandmother.In Washington the First Lady, Eligible Three Defendant'si I I Press CriticismOf . atomic disarmament "causes will Introduce today a new versionof j strong support for an effort to said she had cancelled all engagements The House meeting as a eomf.f doubts as to [their] real inten the so-called Murray-Wagner-(, block any action until June 10'or through May 28 as she i! Freed in Carolina I mittee of the whole during the tions." Dingell bill which died last session. prepared to leave today for Missouri. morning voted 46 to 39 to 15. suspendthe 7. Gromyko.to the Chief United Soviet Nations delegate -, I Federal It would health provide for a compulsory I --.- i For Meter Vote Mass Lynch Trial ;{ Court UpheldWASHINGTON veteran Key West Legislator's Insurance poke at the annual dinner here program | GREENVILLE. S. C. [tUPJ The privileges and Instructed a commIttee of the American Russian Insti- financed by a payroll tax. similarto to draw resolution Phone a em- Peace Still Bogged A total of 9,432 registered[ defense won four important concessions i tute. the social security taxes. I i' [UP] The I bodying that recommendation - Some of his colleagues from the Sen. Taft [H-Ohlo and others I I voters are eligible to partici I and rested its case yesterday -, right of the press to criticizethe After lunch.with the Security Council were present and 'pate, in the June 3 election,, I in the South's first mass same members - already are sponsoring a measure I WASHINGTON TAP] Negotiations I As a result of this dispute. As- I judiciary so long as it in formal session as the Houseof lynch trial in the to determine whether Orlan. slaying of Willie Global Pressures CitedATlANTA which would encourage volnntary -* failed again last night to end I sociation of Communication Equip- I II does not obstruct justice was Representatives the resolutionwas CUP] Undersecretary health insurance programs :the last big dispute blocking Nationwide 'ment Workers picket lines were doans favor the installationof Earle, but Judge J. Robert Martin upheld yesterday by a six-to- presented but the members bya 1 'i' of War Kenneth C. Royall I petace in the telephone i reassembled around major telephone : parking meters City Clerk Ed I Jr. warned sternly that he would I II II three Supreme Court majority tJ by States and provide exchanges the Na- McDowell reported yesterday. tolerate no appeal to racial pas- vote of 50 to 39 adopted an told the Atlanta Bar Assn.esterday across I whose members advised all judges j' that peace "up to this health assistance grants to Cupid Settles! I tion yesterday curtailing service I Of this number 316 personsregistered I sions in today's summation. that a thick skin is probably their amendment by Reps. Stokes of hour Is threatened by inter- States. I SAULT. STE. MARIE. Mich. again in some areas. j after the special dee't I In a series of rulings that left best defense against newspaper at- Bay. Dowda of Putnam and Home national pressures and existing Highlights of other Congressional .[AP] Cupid Joined the picket The Orlando local of ACEF has --- -- -- the State's case sagging. Judge tacks. : I of Madison to strike out the clause only behind the protective shield developments: I line here yesterday! John Tol- received no word on proposals to Bottle Columns! Martin freed three of the 31 defendants The Justices set aside contempt I suspending Papy's of armed might. lie predictedthe House and Senate conference I and and Shirley Corey, striking re-establish picket lines. J.M. Coffee Starting today. The Orlando reduced charges against of court convictions against Conway privileges to U. S. and Russia will continue committee members forecast,I employes of the Michigan Bell job steward reported last Morning Sentinel will publish seven others, and held that 26 C. Craig, publisher of the vote or speak. alone u the world's lead- abandonment of an outright ban Telephone Co.. met. walked and I night. t Parking Meter Battle Columnsto I "confessions" provided evidence Corpus Christi Texas. Caller- : The two first-term Legislators Ing military and political powers on union health-welfare\ funds In fell In love while picketing. The ACEW was virtually the give readers an opportunity I' only against their individualauthors I Times: Bob McCracken. his managing calmly and pointedly flung before for decades to come. pending union-curbing legislation. They set the wedding for July :last holdout among 39 affiliates of i to discuss-pro and ron-the i editor and Tom Mulvany, a the House their charges that Papy Chm. Hartley [R-NJ.] of the II!." t the National Federation of Tele- I June 3 special election issue. I But Judge Martin also imposedtwo reporter who had been sentencedto offered them cash bribes to vote heard him deliver his statement House group said his colleagues :phone Workers which had walked First Battle Columns appear on sharp restrictions on arguments I three days in jail for criticizing against a bill prohibiting use _of more directly clashing with U. S. I "want me to be pretty tough" industry and the talks were recessed -,out April 7 in the first Nationwide I Fagel. In the summations saying I the way a judge handled a case. i Ideas for atomic control than any and predicted some other provisions ''I until today.Conciliators telephone strike In history.In he would permit no statements!" The majority opinion. prepared I [Continued on Page 5-Col. 3f] he had made before UN. The I voted by the House but I' said three issues I Detroit sttrklng plant work- tion was called by the City Coun- I calculated to arouse the under- by Associate Justice William O. i speech also was broadcast.On I not by the Senate would go into I remained to be determined between 'ers of the Michigan Bell Tele-1 i Registration closed Saturday. current of racial prejudice that I Douglas, acknowledged that the' The Weather the vital Issue of International the final version. the Western Electric Com- 1 phone Company last night accepted In the November general election had run throughout the trial and : criticism, published editorially and i Inspection. Gromyko said The Senate resolved a squabbleover pany and a union representing a company proposal to end there were 9,789 registered 1 l prohibiting any reference to the in news stories by the Corpus 1, ORLANDO AND VICINITY: that "it is proposed that a system -I distribution of Federal funds 20.000 installation workers.Warren's \ j their 43-day walkout. voters: however the number was i fatal stabbing of Taxi Driver T. I Christi Caller-Times was "strong" Partly cloudy; little change In of inspection be established In decreased to 9,111 by the elimination W. Brown, the incident that in- temperature for scientific research. voting 42- j I "Intemperate" and "unfair. today, tomorrow. such a way that It shouuld be given of names of persons either deceased flamed mob to abduct Earle, ! 140 to set aside 25 per cent forthe II a Nevertheless he said the news I Ipapermen unlimited powers and the possibility 48. states. i I Recovery I Air Mail Parcel or who had moved from 1 suspect In the Brown attack from eould not be held in * of Interferring In the Internal I And Rep. Elliott [DCa1pro- the city. jail and lynch him. contempt because their writings Cracker Jim Sez: economic life of Nations." posed a Congressional Investigation I Post Hikes Of the tQtal. McDowell reported did not "obstruct the course of ' I Forecast Doctor Sought \ 1,126 This here hot weather done "In other words* he said. by Negro registrants. before got "of the distribution and sale I r Florida justice In the case the them The Inspection Is In I WASHINGTON Oranges pullets of mine where they proposed [ TAP of new and slightly used autos"and DAYTONA BEACH TAP! Fuller A hike ; court. such a way that It cannot be I the "exorbitant prices" which from 5 to 6 cents an ounce for World Free Press "Judges are supposed to be men don't hardly lay enough eggs for Jacksonville reconciled with the sovereigntyand he said are being charged by second -''I and Warren.one-time 42. candidate attorney for the air mall and Increased charges !I Price Off 70 Cents I of fortitude able to thrive in a me that to dude eat. much less to swap with 'I' storekeeper for to Independence of States." hand dealers. |Florida Governorship will recover I for parcel post were recommended I Sought by U.S. LAKELAND API] The FOB I, hardy climate" Douglas con- bacco. Them critters jest my aint "It Is obvious that proposals o! I yesterday by the House Post Office I tended. from injuries received Sunday in I price on Florida oranges slipped worth their salt this kind cannot constitute a basis I I committee to cut down .a Post I, LAKE SUCCESS N Y. TAP! i iI Annual Banister Slide an auto accident his physician to $2.50 per box yesterday a drop when it aint cool 4/ for an agreement on International I said Office Department deficit. I I Far-reaching suggestions by the 1 I of 10 cents DAR Urged to Oppose f yesterday. its shore look- control of atomic energy." Thrills Centenarian. ; I|I It approved legislation which\ .I United States. Britain and France' an i It the second decrease this Charles State News Editor I i I was in U.S. Schools In like the hot Gromyko said the Soviet Union t Small. would also: for eliminating censorship and for Reds "has stood and does SCRANTON. Pa. [AP] Miss Florence -' Jacksonville Journal one of i i i Increase I i 1 month. the price having fallen weather is jest I ( 'frstartin. stand for i the second class mail !I! free exchange of global news went from $2.75 to $2.60 on May 12. WASHINGTON [API Mrs. Julius - I E. jumped onto the From the ' Dolph five others strict International control of i! injured In the head-on rate on newspapers and magazines I,I before the UN Sub-commission on I Shippers reported of their Y. Talmadge of Athens. Ga., ( atomic energy." banister rail in her home, yester- 'collision 12 miles North of here. '1 if they are sent to points outsidethe ,!Freedom of Information and of| number finding it difficult some to dispose president general of the Daughters way them clouds 1 day and gaily swooshed to the bot- is in critical condition. '' was glum lower ' j county of publication con- :I the Press yesterday at its first ; of their packaged fruit had of the American Revolution / 11 j torn. That, she said. was the big- Warren suffered several broken .I in the sky yes- J Chinese tinue the local letter rate at 3. meeting , Students urged last night that member - caused the market every \ general drop Defy gest thrill of her 100th birthday.She ribs, a fractured clavicle and multiple cents after July 1 when under !I Meanwhile Italy presented a 1 by offering their oranges at the of the organization "constitute tiddy it looks like Z. , Demonstration Order said the banister slide has contusions. Small receiveda existing law it Is due to drop to i formal petition for membership in i lower price. herself a committee of one" to we are goin to been an annual custom since her i crushed chest. An operation have a little rain fore too long.TODAY'S . NANKING tAP] Defying Chiang 21st j I was the pre-war 2 cents and raise the the United Nations first applica- I Prices paid by canneries were ,oppose infiltration of Commun-, birthday. performed on him lesterdav. i, special delivery charge from 13 tion from a major Axis partner. 'I ok kai-shek's orders to quiet down down to $1 a box. istic teachers in American I I to 15 cents. i It probably will in time for SChools.j TIDES thousands of university students emerge 1--- | Daytona toach T,..*. High 717 S III. demonstrated violently In several I i LOOKING TO A LONGER LIFE ,' I action by Fall. and 7.4S p m. Low...lllam.: and 1:14. .p m. . Bicycle FRAUD CONSPIRACY CHARGE DISCLAIMED Coco. s)..eft T. : Huh 747 a m and Chinese cities yesterday and ask- Boy on Injured \ 7.s* t m: Low 121am: and 1:24 p mS . ing a general strike June 2 back {, Lynn Bori Leaves Mate .....ti.* Inlet Tid r High 7:.22 a m. to In Collision With . Auto I 1 and 7.50 p m Low 1:16 a m and 1 18 .jn demands that the Civil War end Digitalis Loses Out Leading HOLLYWOOD tAP Lynn Bar!, Sun IIa...: Rise 9 33; aeU 7:10 immediately.The as i\ Frederick Martin. 9. 1923 Balaryn ,, Roanoke. Va. actress. announced May Denying Bribes Contends ! war took a grave turn as !I Blvd.. was released from Orange I|! yesterday she has separated from LOCAL b. U.TEMPERATURESR.enr4pd S. Weather Butch at Chinese Press report said resurg- Heart Reveals Memorial Hospital last night after Sid Luft. movie producer. but Municipal Airport: ent Communists had driven with Drug Specialist receiving treatment for minor Injuries that she has not yet consulted an He Borrowed Money for Garsson i I: 1 ..m.Maximum u.____ 72,.; Minimum 1 P ID. u 87TCMPCIIATUIIES __._ SIa In seven miles south of Chang. sustained when the bicycle attorney about a divorceTonight's am------- 11 2 1'.11I. 56 chun. Manchurian Capital of CHICAGO [AP] Dr. Walter Modell, New York heart he was riding collided with a car : I WASHINGTON [AP] A denial that he ever "entered 3 ..m. ____ 11 3 1'.11I. ___ Si 4 .... ____ 11 4 p m. 90S Manchuria making rapid specialist, said yesterday "digitalis is no longer the drug of driven by Tressa W. Smith. 2149 I j Movies I 1 59S progress with to defraud - into a conspiracy anybody my country"came :: : I : :: = : : : === : : = *1I E. at F a drive to isolate that Al- first importance" in treating most of advanced heart Kaley Ave. Kaley and Kuhl : BEACHAM Bunion Road. 1:00. 3:08. .nn city. cases I .... 55S Aves. I I 5:15.: 725. 9:30. t yesterday from Andrew J. May, 72, former Kentucky --- 56 7 p.m-------- .!ady virtually under siege. i failure. ROXY Stallion Road. 1:00.: 3:0: 5:15.: I am. 71 I p.m. 819a1s. i : Changchun ruled i Police reported the bicycle col- ,7:23. 9.30COLONY i Congressman, at his war bribe trial. === "ii 9p.m.: =::= law was by martial i He said studies made with,. Drs. Morris PearImutter lided with the car when the boy :7 2O. 935.GRAND.: Tbe Man X LOT, 2.40, S.00, I "I never thought of such a thing," May exclaimed. I 11 10 am.8 IS. __- 11 I 11 10 1'Pm.. --.-:..= '.77 17 : and Donald A. Clarke of Cornell -- --- -- attempted to cross traffic at the ==--=== : Midnight IS I II I I : The Shadow Return 1:10.: 3:10.: The former House Military Committee -< NOOn -- ! I I Medical Center demonstrated thata force of its contractions. and the intersection. 5'10, 1:2': 10 23 On atace: Cousin Wilbur i I '""' class of compounds known as mercurial diuretics I 2:25.: 425. 7'40. 9 35. Chairman gripped the arms j accommodation signer" of the CLSCWHMCWASHWOTOX *Q to 1947 act : on the 3 10 8 49 aUj94I j j1w..1IW"Is..IHM' RIALTO: Two Smart Peorl of the witness chair so hard that "mercurial diuretics" of Wallace Calls i notes for Murray Garsson. far the 24 hours tna- were kidneys and hasten the withdrawal i Truman 10:15: Imitation of We. 1 20 4 55 125. pert el temperatvea I greater importance I VOGUE: California. 2.00. 4.00. 6.00.80O I his hands paled. ml 8 p.m.: than digitalisin of excess fluids which accumulate : 111 00DRIVEIN May Is charged with taking $55.- He said Murray wanted to buy: statir' Hi ... Statian Ni LaAjAgvUIS Plan 'Undeclared 20 21 22 about 75 per cent of cases of the in the vital organs due to the .impairment War'HOLLYWOOD I : Young WMow 000 wartime bribes from munitions a Greenbrier County. W. Va.. 12 60 I Lo&UylU. 12 54LUanta 2324Z526272S2931 ,. 8" I Mrldlae 85 IIAtlan. late stages of heart The ln 55 failure. of the heart. [UP] CLERMONT: Junior Prom; Mt$ > manganese mining lease May Henry A. Lad makers Henry and Murray cut 11 58 MiamI 14 55SirmInghais Modell made his report to the lie emphasized. however that I Wallace said last night the world DELANO' -.DREKA: : Sitter Kenny Garsson. leaders of $78 million owned. 10 '10' wmll.st. P. All 34Ro.ton 34th annual convention of the there is no evidence that with EUSTIS Dangerous Millions Boston J a n 41 I Mobile U 69BerlipaWn faced choice of digitalis was a lasting ' combine. The Garsson 1'1 50 Hew orlflaa 15 70 Blarkie and the Law. arms ,' Federation of American Societies may be dispensed with entirely peace under the United Nationsor HAINES: CITY: Calendar l Girt Ldlei Brothers trial too. charged Chicago 11 14 ]V", York 75 II are on 1947 June. for Up experimental to he biology. I In any case of advanced I undeclared war under the Truman tfan KISSIMMEZUntamed Fury I with bribe conspiracy.The I French Dockmen Strike I Cincinnati 'Tt 7.i1 62 l Norfolk PhU.delJlh1a II.1 I'Clnel.Dd 55DaUss now. exPlained. the heart p 'JC.\rW.JHs.t' failure. doctrine.He LEESBURQ. California rAEJ. Night Government charged that PARIS [tAP Dock workers In all II 69 F Phoenix II 62 mercurial diuretics have been considered Modell added Denver 1Ii.t j PorU'Dd. MLIe: 44Deiroil that In three i argued that It was possiblefor and Day.MOUNT part of the alleged bribes Included French ports began a. 24-hour 1t n RIchmond 13 It ; by many to be only a fourths of DORA: 13: Rue Madeleine 1 sup the .1234567 cases studied dig! Communism and Capitalism SANFORD: Ladies Man. a $5,000 payment from Murray strike yesterday in a demonstration Duluth (IS" I St. Louis I. 61El plement to digitalis in the treat talis could be omitted for as long ,to live side by side under the UN. ST. CLOUD: Hrr Sisters S.iretWINTER oweda for higher Maintenance Pam II III SasAntonis $6 10 Garsson to wages. retire notes May .. . ment of G.ln.toll .1 59 5.8 Fr. 5 47Kanasa advanced Wild.LAJflApipOLK . 8 heart failure GARDEN: Ghrat Ooea 9 10 11121314 as eight: weeks without adverse | "The Truman doctrine assumes : TH. Beast With New York bank. employes of the French State I cur 12 fIG SeaUle lit flKonielli. the digitalis to work\ directly on effects, when the patients were : that the world is now at war\ Pt,t ruifrt PALACE: raiihmi in MrPuhton May explained that he Incurred Railways also began a aeries of fill', Vkbbwl'l AS M the heart muscle to increase the treated with the mercurials. Wallace : Black AngeL LAD Two Tears utIle Rock 8S U W..blll.tea II H J charged. lido,. tht lUlL I the debt acting as "an work stoppages. Lot Angelea T2 :Ie. W1lmlDltoll .1 T2 I t. - . -... .. - . - - < -., --.. - - "-.. I - .Prtflf-* -2 (-!Orlattlia Renting- &ratttrl! Tuesday, May 20, 1947 I The Meter Battle Columns I Concrete FROM Brick or Block TRAVELING MEN CALLOUSES < Foundation to Chln.ney Top rntjy and Saturday AM. are reserved Just for you. ( I Regardless of the car YOu drIVe. come in and discover FOR THE HONE [The Orlando Moraine Sentinel will print letters for and ALLARDICE CO., INC I Ci our Travelers Service Plan-including Free LubricationSTIVERSPONTIAC : To relim*ptiaful oHnimx. barm- I against parking meter Installation by the city up for a vote Masonry Contractors and Builders A Store Full of the Things Needed Every Day ins sod er rsmovs tondtfiMa eoflouiee-g.t en bottom of tbe.o feet I, June 3. The letters should stick to the facts of the controversy. Est. 1919 TeL 2-1593 Whether Cooking or Cleaning. IV", soothiac, cushioning ptd They should tell why the meters will be rood for the city and its I C2 W. COLONIAL PHONE Mill ) V : business or why they will be detrimental. Those dealing in person Tel. 6104 Household Dept. DZSchollslino-pads alitles will not be printed. Keep the letters short.-Ed]. I t II II Joseph BUM BY Hardware.., cuareo Go.St. Helps You Overcome Against For I V Editor Orlando Morning Sentinel: Editor Orlando Morning Sentinel: . H FALSE TEETH I started to clip and file your What is all the argument about i! . HOW EASYTo Looseness and Worry stories and editorials anent the over parking meters? Those who : $30.00 No longer be annoyed or feel ffl at ease glories of parking meters but have oppose Installation of meters In ' be rid of ants and insects I ease teetn. because TASTEETH.of loose an Improved wabbly alkaline false- about run out of space since your Orlando should give a little serious - THE FAMOUS I (non-acid powder, sprinkled on drum-beating picked up from one- study to the success of park- 'your plates holds them firmer so they . meters in other towns i teal more comfortable. Soothing and a-freek to one-a-day and more. I ing CHALK-LINE DDTCRAYONWhere I acid cooling mouth.to arums Avoid made *oro embarrassmentcaused by excessive still can't figure how one really interested throughout the United States. You can now termite your house or buildingat draw chalk line you leave a streak of exception, city you by loose plates. Get FASTEETH in the welfare of "Our Without every DDT Insecticide. t>day at any drug store. [Adv.] where they have been installed has All Stores 39e Town" would want to get on this excellent results accord- .1 NATIONAL PRODUCTS CO. ORLANDO FLA. I I particular bandwagon. but you apparently ing reported to articles in your newspaper I I' the low cost of only $30.00. . I1 are the driver or at least and. more important the citizens I -1 CYPRESS TANKS I riding pretty far up on the horse. I of those cities have time after 'I I and TOWERSAll i Since we are still blessed with only the time meters expressed already a desire installed to keep and No matter how large or small your home or building may be the same one daily newspaper publisher have asked that additional meters price prevails. POISON IVYA sizes on hand. here. and would like to say some- beputin. 1 " thing about the other side of this If the City of Orlando will take I I issue, there is no alternative but the trouble to check with every I This treatment kills roaches. rats GOVERNMENT BUREAU REPORT announcesthe _. to ask your indulgence in printing I!|I one of the more than 1,000 cities New methods and equipment make fleas. flies and mosquito*- 11 in- U. S. this xzx and while I can'tJoin i I now using parking meters they this possible. We each sects. > of tannic acid treatment for ivy poisoning Everything guarantee this discovery a new you or even see you on will find that not in one case has I *. The treatment has been found excellent; it is needed for issue. I do appreciate that in the there been any movement to have and every job with a written guar- No distance too far. We have a com gentle and safe dries up the blisters in a surprisinglyshort past you have been Quite fair. to them taken out. contract. gnteed: plete line of trucks and service men time-often within 24 hours. These government i water supply my knowledge in printing what .1. On the contrary, even those I 'id'. comes in the mail. most bitterly opposed originally at your calL findings are incorporated vT T Tin and irrigation. Part of the victory In this con- to installation of the meters the new product 1 VY fill I I K test has already been gained-securing now are strongly In favor of : At your drugstore, 59c. JL .J AV-L to the people of Orlando the them. errr. ar"_/,.17 177 CCI!.M..s4k.JvJ..4 u.C.SIJ''t5.'''-'''---- Pumps right to decide whether or not they Reason for their general acceptance Homes or Other Buildings i i Fumigated. will have parking meters here is simple. They cannot $5.00 : again. If the majority wants them help but relieve traffic conges- Large or Small & __ re BuildingFor let them come. We don't believe tion in the downtown areas and I II - -- -- - the majority wants them but unless -!I they produce revenue for the city. Wells the people consider both sidesof This revenue is the same as tax ' the question, and then vote, money and the taxpayers can control I Any Size their convictions they are entitled I to a great degree its ex- Work Expertly Done \ iHWe to no better fate than comes to I tJ: them at the hands of the organ- I penditure.It has been said that meters In I : ized powers that be. Orlando will produce somewhere I While it is true that Orlandohas I, in the neighborhood of $30,000 in I II LIBBY & FREEMAN growing pains it is like- I I the first year. This money will announced through j that I wise true that so-called "park- in part be used to pay for the 1 press 711 W. Church: St. Tel. 9869 I I be 153BOYTEEXTERMINATING Ing problem" has already been meters but the balance can Phone grossly exaggerated. I I used to maintain our streets, put : would have not a we I "Problems are the order of the in new streets and widen present 9532' rA rI day. Unless "problems" are conceived I 1 thoroughfares. So let's get out : .T ''I there are a lot of people and vote for parking meters. ' who would seldom see their names: MRS. MILDRED STEWART CO. FIRE SALE I I in the daily news. Unfortunately . PAl NRELIEF some people are not'content Editor Orlando Morning Sentinel: . ; MUSCULAR without change; unfortunately I would like to say a few words 224 S. Main St. Orlando, Fla. too, all change is not progress. We concerning the parking meter , have plenty of parking space on question which Is to be voted on I Circumstances sometimes chance ones' minds our streets unless we are a city June 3. Within the last few ; - and we are no exception. There will NOT BEa of cripples and must park our years it has been my privilege to I FIRE SALE IN the Home & Hobby House. I cars no further than three blocks visit a number of towns. both in ; However our usual rigid Inspection of everything Rub from Orange and Central. I I and out of Florida, which have 5 and several examinations of doubtful on NEUR BALM I If we want to keep downtown found it advisable to install park- . r pieces have resulted in quite a collection of parking moving, we might try ing meters. :' ::' damaged and slightly damaged merchandise.: .1. PENETRATING relieve some real enforcement of our pres- !I In doing this I took the oppor- ::: medication I In many rases the defects are hard to find, (be discomforts of ,ent parking regulations. x x x tunity to talk with mayors, city ::: yet the articles are not "Perfect." i p pain. Then too* as a modium of mathe- I managers, traffic police. with mer- 2. STIMULATING I jmatfcal magic will show the chants and just plain citizens. ; " After these contacts I can i t $* Y for disposal town parker who wants down-I fS These Items have been segregated action stirs op truthfully say that I have not In one of our warehouses and will be placed -' \ circulation to help and stay in a metered ; In :: found single individual the a ; on sale In the store building which: was 'J 1!, .break.up. con space can easily accomplish his any of these towns who was not ::: the Colonialtown Beauty Shop. 637 N. Mills purpose by dropping [or even hiring -I :' with results. the tTHEN rub soothing Nraribilm on small delighted : Street. you a boy to drop] periodic ic work iDlcaad,. In I talked with ::: painful spots. (tart* to nickels Palatka. a restaurant - in the slot and Pain subsides. fntk surface blood flowing 1 stay as man and a furniture merchant ::: t through congested areas, gives renewed lilt long as he wishes whereas -with , :: Included and Shades Pic both of whom said that at : Items are Lamps to sore slid aching muscles. Th miaeriei I present parking regulations. if enforced - tures. Leather Goods, Stationery Trays. caused br ftrau. exposure or fatigue art ,.he would his half-hour. first. they were opposed to the ::::: Table Decorations Toys Games. Books. etc. relieved. Scientific research prtrtt Neura- use meters but since they had been : ::: .J balra "works fst and tftahtly. or hour limit and then move on. I!' ' There are only one or two of a kind of some Also grand for he relief of neuralgic i installed so many of their cus- ::: .of these articles. pain su8 neck tired back muscles, chest Certainly you have letters tomers told them how glad they ::: / I1IAVEL soreness due to colds tingling or burning. and can get more from citizens were to be able to find a parking ::: % sensations of the skin tired-burning feet.Neurabaha I of parking meter villages. And a jtreiseleu and sriinlesf M I space close by that they had concluded ::: ( the Wile So soothing...so CLEAN and their content I haven't seen that they were wrong in ::' . refreshing to use. When you want fat and i one yet which did not Include. the first place. Both of them are :: ) welcome relief from -ichl and muscular I or stress reference to the reyI : now enthusiastic over the advan- : aches and pains rub JS'eurabalm. Feel relaxed. Sleep better..feel better..Highly I enue derived from parking met- I tage that the parking meters are :: praised by users. Follow directions in folder. I ers. xxx affording their customers. :: I ('HOME&HOBBYHOUSE : At drugstore in 25<.73< and f 1.2) bottles. 1 So we have there [revenue!. I I Personally I have no ax 'to :: & kltd- Style MODERN-CLEAN-SOOTHINGNEURA'BALM I suggest the real purpose of this I grind-I have kept my car Inside :: . ( a 1115 E. Colonial Drive 7 while program-the raising of rev- I a storage garage for the past 15 :: '0 I enue. and not an improvement ofi; years because of the protection it ::: i : "In Colonialtown" EAST parking conditions. xxx |i I I i I affords me. We must realize that ::: w WHITE BREADI 2.WAY RELIEF FROM ACHU AND PAIN Will someone please explain why Orlando is no longer a small J: i [ I a town the size of our neighbor i'town as we knew it 25 years ago 1(;.:$::---i-:: :::::::::::: |Sanford has parking meters if not i I and if Orlando is to continue to I % / '(solely for the purpose of raising I grow we must provide convenient': f fI ; revenue? Is our fair city to admit I parking space for our visitors and 1i.. that its finances are so poor- I. for one sincerely hope that the 1 . ------ -"' ly administered that we must good citizens of Orlando will use I!: : -.s ee -- :::: poach pennies for the rent of our their good judgment and vote for f .. .-. public streets in order to carry on parking meters when the oppor- \ fA _ our municipal functions? 1 i i tunity .1/1111 ii 1 . As for the convenience vel non i i arrives.ROBERT R. TYRE T ,//L\ of parking meters. If the residents !, of Orlando have lived.with them Editor. Orlando Morning Sentinel: I jr . here or elsewhere. they will have |I Since there has been consider- l their personal answer as to whether -', able discussion pro and con, .: they want parking meters. 11!I about the parking meter proposit t 'y- I have unfortunately lived with tints lately. I would like to add a 1: %$ parking meters. and want no 'fur- I few *'ords. giving you my cxC:: : 'k :, ;4 N IS ther association with them. Those perience. : / Ii i who know the inconvenience which I I My business Is located about 10 ; ., I jRL 511fI , parking meters can cause, and blocks from downtown Orlando. ,, ; f T IM/rf/ : J. who like myself, have found no I Inasmuch as my business is on .. single argument In their favor. a cash basis I find it necessary will give their answer at the pollson to try and make one trip down to i June 3.HESKIN. the bank every day to make my I A. WHITTAKER I' deposits, handling checks, etc. Occasionally - it is necessary for me Ii Editor. Orlando Morning Sentinel: ,' to get someone else to look after i : What ts the benefit of parking my store while I make a trip to ,I meters? the bank, and within the last few ,: In the letters I have read In weeks I have gone down to make 1.; : - I iIic&1 your column I have not noticeda my deposit and cash a check and !!; . ; > good argument for parking met- after driving around the block two \ / :. ., / ". i I: It I ers. or three times and not being able I \ .: :.. < 1 I The City Council. meantime to find a place to park I have : -'... .,/' r ': -' -- s 'goes ahead with the program to found it necessary to return to r ; E., \ \ 'ir'7Ill/I/ k\\ \ install meters. The Council says my store without even getting t SL : : I it is not a revenue producing into the bank at all. L "I I It measure but to make more room For this reason I am definitely , .:I by keeping the cars moving and In favor ot the installation of An Entirely N. lUg I'/i Pound loaf :,an experiment.A costly experiment parking meters here.I . I IiI I'' j'I to the taxpayers. The meters and have seen enough of other Slays Fresh Longer .- Tastes More DeliciousAll installation will cost the taxpayers towns where they have parking k I' f Use Your approximately $23,500. The meters to know that if 'we had I : City of Orlando has already tried I them I wourd be able to find someplace I;I the heavenly, home-baked qualities of the best bread to park and would be more parking meters and voted them S out by a large majority in 1939 than glad to deposit from a pennyto you ever tasted are combined in Marvel new Home Style t' [; NEW TELEPHONE DIRECTORY and Some November letters for 1945.parking mdI j I will a afford nickel for me,the I think convenience it wouldbe it 1Lt\\ loaf. Our master bakers have added extra sugar, extra ers state the the greatest help to the pub- could not person make this loaf better h milk extra shortening to big new every . i. I find a place to park by the place i lie, who find it necessary to drive , they wished to do business. down and park for 10 minutes to date the It's fresh bythe on too. t guaranteed wrapper, . In one htur in order to do shopping, .; way. a large city how many times ; ,i I: The telephone directory just delivered contains many I will a space be vacant where a that could possibry be devised. . J. C. WEST wishes ;: ii new and changed listings which make your old directory j person business? In Orlando to transact, in the Summer his- I MORE SI'GAR to make Jt stay fresh longer for i they can find a place if they violation of over-parking at 12- better toast. more sweetness and flavor more energy. i !Ii out of date. Beginning at once to use the new directory ... i are able to walk several blocks. minutes; also to prevent sabotage J : In the Winter time with Orlan- : of meters. Many people will not i( MORE MILK. for better nutrition.'..smoother texture r :will help you get faster, more accurate telephone service.:. I do's large tourist population all' be convinced that It is right to for better spreading better-keeping qualities.MORESRORTEXtXC . I available parking space is used i tax a person for parking their " j i You can avoid many wrong numbers by referring to the .I so in the there downtown would be business district car on the streets. xxx for more tender crusts .. ..... no alternative In the crowded: Winter season - I directory when in doubt. "Information" will help you 11 but to use parking meters if we i with most available spaces finer, richer taste.4 , I have them and this I would not taken it will be cheaper to pay when the number you want is not listed. ;create parking space where there i iis 5 cents an hour at a parking none available. I meter causing s turnover In : I have talked to many.peopleon parking spaces. xxx And to save time when you are looking for | this question and some of the Only 27 merchants slimed "the I people for parking meters say petition for parking meters and ; : certain products or services, look in the they would be able to keep their for every letter from a town for I car on the street as long as they parking meters a letter from a I i Classified Section the Yellow Pages. I wished. citizen of the same town can be i This is not fair to monopolizea bad against the meters. How space and with the meters a Ii many persons are on the Citizens I PI I /person can buy a space and stay as Committee besides City Officials? : SOUTHERN BELL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY long as he likes. Why not put I xxx turnstiles on side walks and charge 1 People who are against parking -: INCORPORATED | people for using the side walk? meters better get out and vote or jXXXj i the opposition will surely win. So | j The parking meters would have I It's up to the people. xxx \ 'to be watched more closely for' MALCOLM L. WADE S k ,- Ji .. ,...... _" .....'-,,_ , __- .." ...,..-,< -- ........... .... T -. .. ... . tir . . I7V' ,. $1'-1" ) .. r; . . cr'7. _ -. _ : .P ." .", . I'.ii' ' .. .... P' .. -::\? ; :" 1. . . . 1 ; ruesday, May 20, 1947 (OOrlnnb burning firntfnrl Page 3 r[ 'OHS Band Boosters to Meet1An \ >Where Olsufmncfn" Peo..I. G"' organizational> meeting of an I tion of the organization. to be | Obituaries SHOW CASES I : association to aid in promoting similar to the High School Athletic Clarcona Man SIIARROV MARIE LYON I Bankers to Hear New 6 ft. Light Wood C..I. expanded activities of the Orlando I Assn., are Invited to join. Sharron Marie Lyon. infant at $98.00 each will be held Steck said. I daughter of Mr. I Mfg. by Hockberg Bros. A Swartz COCKTAIL LOUNGE High School Band I and Mrs. Michael at 8 p.m. today in the High school The association will serve as a'': Dies DrivingJohn I W. Lyon. of 1307 E. Marks St.. : Soil Guard TalksA. Slade-Booth Show Case Co. CM OfU.d......f... Mlway kctMM MahUM'.nd ArUm* tc_Tst. W. .. MTt-R 4 auditorium. R. C. Steck. temporary booster group to aid in financing t' died in a local.'hospital Sunday Ill Reed Alley Phone 2-0271 chairman announced yester- as well as promoting additional I after brief j activities for the band he pointed a illness. ' day.AU Interested in forma- out. Edward Rush. 60. COM. Funeral services will be con- H. Reppard of Orlando, presi- CLUB CABANA persons I USN [rei], of Clarcona died of a duced at 10 ajn. Tuesday at the dent of the Florida Assn. of Soil tl heart attack yesterday while driv- graveside in Greenwood Cemetery, Conservation will address Orange 3 MILES NORTH OF ORLANDO CITY LIMITS U.S. 411] the Rev. County bankers at a conferenceon Monsignor Bishop Officiating GOOD FOOD ing his car on the Old Apopka The Interment will be In soil conservation at 8 p.m. today DANCING I , Highway near Leonard's Corner, charge of the Carey Hand Funeral in1' the Chamber of Commerce usm CnRS BILLY ARNOLD AND HIS ORCHESTRA ReceivedRAY State Highway Patrolman re- Home. Bldg.J. OPEN SATURDAY NITE ONLY 50c COVER Just S. Fairchild vice-president of I ported. 500 W. CENTRAL AVE. AVAILABLE FOR PRIVATE PARTIES OR BANQUETS Investigating officers said Rush MR. A. E. BULGER the First National Bank of Winter FOR RESERVATION PHONE WINTER PARK 9161TONIGHT Funeral services for Mr. Allan' .... s Garden , apparently was seized with the I \. ,chairman of the . OIL WATER HEATERS heart attack and lost control of E. Bulger, 89. 175 Holt Ave., Win- i committee on arrangements MOVING ? the auto. which crashed into a ter Park. who died Sunday at i' #": for Fireproof storage I telephone pole. Florida Sanitarium and Hospital A the conference, Movers of fine furniture I First aid treatment was given after a week's illness will be held said speakers ORLANDOTRANSFER Mrs. Emma E. Adams of Orlandoand 4 would be J. a two-year-old child who were at 2:30: p.m. Wednesday at Mar t Carlisle Rogers.Lees & STORAGE CO. i i I vin Pittman Funeral Home. Win- burg, and j\ passengers In the car. They were TEL 751* not seriously hurt officers said. : ter Park. Dr. Louis .Schulz will' Howard Phillip : "YOUNG WIDOW Rush veteran of 41 years officiate. Orlando. service in the Navy' had been a Mr. Bulger member of the Con- Rogers is vice- ,JIVE: RUSSELL LOUIS HAYWARD resident of Clarcona for 11 gregational Church bad lived in president of the 'iO tvBESSER1S ,I Reppard First National I CARTOON LATEST WORLD NEWS years. Winter Park since 1922. Bank of FIRST SHOW-7:30 COMPLETE SHOW FROM M:M Leesburg and chairman of Services will be held at 4 pjn. He is survived by a niece. Mrs. ' at the Fairchild Funeral the Lake Soil Conservation District RESTAURANT --- -- H Friday Leo Tunmerman. Oneido. N. Y. . Home. Interment will be in Green Meals. Poultry Cold Cats. Sour I Phillips is vice-president of Cream Cheeses Mayonnaise .. wood Cemetery Apopka, with For Mr Alva Edwin Rambo of Pumpernickel. Rye; and Rolls .' '. 4 military services by the American 518 Lakeview Ave.. will be held at the Representatives Dr. P. Phillips from Co-oPtrath'e.all 111 W. Church St. TeL 2.5225Billie's : 0 \ Legion. 10 am. Tuesday from Eiselstein- Orange Wigginton Home for Funerals. County banks are expected to attend 1 I : . the meeting to discuss water The Rev. George Graden will of- ; control and soil conservation Drive Inn ficiate. Burial will be in Green- lems prob- Ores IHS Doors Open Ii45 of Central Florida, Fairchild JACK LORDCOMMtROAL. wood Cemetery.For i said. 1800 Kuhl Ave. LAST TIMES TODAY NOW SHOWING ITALIAN STYLE SPAGHETTI Iollolel 1eagos'STALLION Mr. Frank Webster of 1431 p Thundering fhriUt ii tech. : 31st St.. will be held at 9 ajn APTTI I CHICKEN IN BASKET $1.00 ROAD'AIe.is aicoloel 45 & 75 GAL.CAPACITY. . AEtl Au WEDDING Tuesday in St. James Catholic I CURB SERVICE S.tlo Church. The Rev. Harry Furnier FOR SPAGHETTIServed 9 a.m. till 1 am. Phone 24286JOYCE'S Q will officiate. Burial will be in 5 to 9 P.M.-Closed Monday TOMORROWTII. i Greenwood Cemetery. j Or a no. Memorial HospitalM.l j Bull TN N.. BuillillKt. ,.. . lomttKinj J .t sos DRIVEINChickenOystersSkrtmp | : . FOR LARGE RESIDENCES AND SMALL HOTELS 17-9! Winter Park ' I ... Reserve Unit UrgedTo I m J. Hajtr Shot many ..... sensed andit INDUSTRIAL CO. / Summer SetGood \ .' Spur Navy Drive.I All Beef Hamburgers Ml them bu..iII,! EQUIPMENT / Food of Summer Prices Sandwiches-Soft Drinks i>>enttnel--i fat - Lt. Comdr. W. R. Conway commanding > st Lunch Dinner Highway 17 92 MAITLAND 1620 ORANGE PHONE 6750 J and ;tn. r I officer Orlando Division Open Daily C P.m.-1 a.rru Sundays 12.12 HEDY LAMARR ft- WINTER I U.S. Naval Reserve last MOVES MERCHANDISE night urged members of the local -- StrahqeWoman MILLAAOu1IAR Orland. AY. U7 12) KilUtiMy I m i Kwsrs. unit to push the campaign to en- 1 II I April Average 42.016 H Ian, The Orlando Auto School list' million men in the Reserveby June 1, reporting that the I 1221 N. Orange Ave. S1AK I1C fJi6EBALDand. group here already has 30 per TERMITE CONTROL .Cosl.t ThonandrOpe. WE CLOSE cent of its quota in the V-6 program I "LEARN TO DRIVE" SANDIII NATWUD , 20 YEARS OF DEPENDABILITY Lessons by Appointment Only (u -- -- CALL PHONE OR WRITE WEDNESDAYAFTERNOON Call 2-4879 STOP MOTH DAMAGE I H. L COX I 1 FOR 5 YEARS I 71JH IRMA: ST.li'lae..il1lgo . IH 01 UUOV MrS FOR THE OAMACfBtrlou c I I s . , Mothspny Is Guaranteed. In writing k your tumtture, blanket,clothing and protect nisi Ope. 1:45: . 12:45: fun lro Both d M8c for five yean or Berlou 1pl payi for the d__ 41e will", protect ..... NOW PLAYING NOW PLAYING suit for five ytan-only 8e yeah other amdo Oa. equally low. Now IDALUPINO N Buy this guaranteed .od'.cr y today bOIl rout " \ In dew rtacnt.drug or hardware_Co Showing ROBERT ALOA l n11IflIt7 " Ladle, laundrlc. and dry cleancri can Bcrlo$ ANDREA KING u' your clothins, fun, blanket. rug end furniture.DEDI n All Colored Cast P n S r BRUCl BENNETT ..11)t1 Ail GUAIANTIID i "BEALE STREET MAMA" I I 2nd litIMITATION IlL MOTHSPRA i -Also--1111111 -OF LIFE I III.l ----- 'WANTED FOR MURDER JJJJJ -StorrwoCloudftl - Colbert .rtII Cll1b Eric Portman )I I Wfltten W"' IIf' 1nntn .. ..:. ...:..:.:.....:.....:...:.:... .:............... '1111 CHENEY HIGHWAY \ /, for your ,old RADIO regardless of FAMOUS FOR FINE FOOD FOR 20 YEARS J t size. Yes, Associated Stores will JAY Cover MILLERS Minimum ORCH.Except EVERY Sat. -NITENo 50c t. "ROBBIE" and "C. L." MOUNTJOY r PHONE 5910 CLOSED SUNDAYS : pay you $40 for your old set, which i. Invite You To Attend the in turn toward the I you can apply ,11(1 Gary 2974 s. OranreStarlin's DUCK I N yl I Blossom Trail I k 't /l 1947 We serve the same delicious foods from noon till 6 that r [ FORMAL OPENING ., payment on a big i new RADIO- you get during the evening. I PHONOGRAPH COMBINATION. ,t Fried French JUMBO SHRIMP 1.25 $ I I . '1T iif Ii $4. III[ Dining Room Only' ] I *** TONIGHT *** :rte OF THE"New" Sorry no sales without a TRADE-IN, foffes. The manufacturer,does not permit; us to Candlelight Clubr'5i cut the price of this COMB/NATION// Alt p I Tr outcr 01 III Bar f Restaurant I ; We're Doing Business at the Same ( 8TUBECOMBINATION I Open Open S 9 A.M. TillMidnight 6 P.M. Till I ' a '-.A? MidnightDrive ; Old Stand But with Improvements In RestaurantON .. ! RADIO THE WINTER GARDEN ROAD 2 MILES FROM We Think You'll Appreciate. I DRIVE IN CITY LIMITS DRIVE IN . !# Vdll PHONOGRAPH t/ .aa ;L n L I 1 Manufacturer's OAA9S I'M "ROBBIE" I'M "C L" l '. ('Ii 4'' ti t( Reg. List Price TUESDAY & WED. ' yg r t\\ , ; } t + ; 6 J For Your .. 40.00Old PINE aTUIT: HONII SOU Two Big Days Radio. 'i-,, I Li - Adults 60c-Child 2Sc zs' Y 3' tip' f i I 1 1' 1 I Actual Cost of -ICQ.95 F New Majestic 109 : ON THE r + 1 ,a PAY AS LITTLE AS hs V\ i' STAGE oiviNG r' 4 ij) t tr 0$2. 4 America's Greatest -,. I , Hillbilly Comedian I tr \ /5\V'e WEEKLY \J 1 rr y ..t 7 / ;! Ma estic* diamond- attem. 4 j f rf ,' 9 ed woven-metal grilled cabinet ..... i ', 1. : f -'- - houses a magnificent receiver LEFT TO RIGHT C. L, CHARLIE, STEVE ROBBIE and record player. 55 You'A enjoy true-to-life reproduction I FEATURING AT ALL TIMES .Wi I from a big 10" FORMER ,I TOP QUALITY IN FOOD AND DRINKS' REASONABLE PRICES speaker and a clarify of reception always associatedwith GRAND OLE OPJtf STAR I REFINEMENT WITH INFORMALITY SERVICE PAR EXCELLENCE the famous Majestic : WITH HIS I BEAUTIFUL COCKTAIL LOUNGE PACKAGE STORE 7 BIG STORES namelFLORIDA'S :::.: J. TENNESSEEMOUNTAINEERS ;, : : UNUSUAL DECORATIVE ATMOSPHERE I MAKE THIS A GALA OCCASION AT THE LARGEST RADIO AND APPLIANCE STORES ______ STAGE SHOWS START: 1 Pr 2:251:257:409:35Dorm 0s I CANDLELIGHT CLUB COli:TEl I I SElFC110HOF i iMUCH4NDISI 5 11 IFTi5 , TAWA lA/tEIArID/ ORlAWO ST PETE defender of justice! ': SARASOTA ML1AY 1 'The Shadow Returns' 1363 ORANGE AVE. WINTER PARK e .e 11 -- K.-5'.9-.. loct.1 FOR RESERVATIONS PHONE 9176 -- _ = t end i.rb.r. Crud i 1 , t w.... ,. .- >::-- -' .... ....y : '. i' -.... ..--=. .. : "... ' . : .. W "I""T"" ....! : 7' : _ ' - ;. (! rlantm fflnrnttm ntliurl I THE MERRY-GO-ROUND THEY_WILL DO IT EVERY TIME By Hatlo THE PUBLIC THOUGHT siubUahe4 daCy except Sunday. New Years Day. Fourth tit July. Labor Day. Thanksjtvtnf and Christmas by I SHE Slot Machine Offer /LAD/.IVE60NEI Praised ntlnel-Star Co. (Orlando Daily Newspapers Inc.] at 238 American Art IWTED TO D O 1 Kingpins' South Orange Ave.. Orlando, Fla. THROUGH ALL OR MAYBE t1''; M I Entered as second-class: matter at the Post 'bf iee at REOPEN HER / Orlando, TELEPHONE-An Florid. under Departments the) Act of March 41(1 3d. 1879.e&T3** WASHINGTON By DREW- In ARSON all the sarcastic cross- ,I ACCOUNT. SHE THE CREDIT LAST FILES TEN YEARS FOR HENw POPNIITZKI fvlA1DEN NAME- Of 82 Per Cent Take Debunked Subscription Price 3Se: Per Week.II JO: Per Mo. aagMASTIM > examination of the State Department's art pro- i I SAID HER NAME- I CANT FIND ANA I GOT MARRIED Editor Orlando Morning Sentinel: AHMasM, Pveusun HINt Y IALCM,Esrroaiu.Diticre gram It is interesting that no Congressman ever WAS SMITH- VANILLA SMITH' A MONTH AGO If the slot machine operators M.utc1L T. LAWIINCI. Aa,. Dm.C. bothered to inquire about the effectiveness of these I ' Jour CAWT.OH. Goc M I IR think they have half a chance of W. LM.ITT. let M... 'KosttT F. WAITM. Cuss M.a. art exhibits in building friendship abroad. going back in business they have Notaur StC TlLU.H.non Actually had any Congressman inquired, he COMSOMMI. Louis AMIIKUM MAMA.IM Esv another guess: coming. All this talk TE HAMILTON Cm. M.L Gutus MIXIH. Pam Surr. would have found ,that in Prague Czechoslovak about allowing the public 82 per J. W. LIMMOH CITY Cm. M... *. T. Mius, TTTO. Surr. Foreign Minister Jan Masaryk personally openedthe jP cent on the play !is a big laugh. It rand exhibit with a speech praising American art. P Any: day those fellows give a take Member Associated et Tme Press Associated la exclusively Press entitled while Pres. Benes spent several hours studying the CREW L v l CREOI / !"1 I like that you'll find six feet of to the use for re-publication of all pictures. Apparently they appreciated OEPrf ,_.. : ice on Lake Eola. If they want to i pEPT news dispatches accredited to It or not the State Department's sr1 [know how popular they are all otherwue also the loeal accredited newt to published this paper herein.and' e''nIe | selection Including the fat circus they i have to do is put it up to AU right for re-publication of special Congressmen a vote. j lady, even if the Republican ' dispatches herein aN also reserved. I I B. T. F. would be very much pleased from the wide-open I to have my friends and fellow fire- PAGE TUESDAY MAY 20.1947 spaces of Norfolk. Nebraska or the ] famous prison-city of Auburn flood of Protests men visit me at the hospital. : TODArS THOUGHTS N. Y.. didn't.In i I On Slot Machines Urged STANLEY E. RUSSELL : Many waters cannot quench love, neither can 4 the Western Hemisphere Editor Orlando Morning Sentinel: 'the floods drown it.-Sons of Solomon 8:7.: the art show was equally well re- 1 The proposal to legalize slot machines Cracker Jim Puts Editor RightOn f a.h ceived. In Haiti the public streamed 'I flood our stores with them Planting by the Moon Love is indestructible.Its to see It One Cuban art critic and then tax: them as a means of Editor, Orlando Morning Sentinel: :: holy name forever burneth said the show demonstrated that getting revenue is a plan, to finance - ; That there writin you did aboutme ,c s the United States was able to con- the State not by contribu- From heaven It came to heaven returneth. 1 an them moon signs in that tion according to ability to pay cultural riches of tribute to the -Robert Southey. Sunday paper was plumb wrong, .. iaaaGto- but according to inability to resist - : i 1 . well to his material Pearson man as as an my friens aint hardly speakin I. MAX MINT.Z, the lure of gambling. This is : Fuller Smiles Tears riches. 89ECOLOCADQW6ADENACALJE contemptible.Slot to me none. i. Through I Even before Congress cut his appropriation. That new moon whats comln machines appeal particularly - Assistant Secretary of State Bill Benton. worriedover on Tuesday Is a dark moon an -JT'S HARD TO keep a good man down. 1'o' k.an.ro 5.20 to the emotionally immature. thats the time them eatin . the scowls of Auburn. New York's Cong.Taber, mn"",gu navuas.meaarS. uxT They are a temptation to the vegetables - Fuller Warren, the Florida extra- sacrificed LeRoy Davidson one of the nation's out- young, a snare to the thoughtlesspoor. I I what grows under the groun should be planted. After the 26th ,vaganza of political verbiage, suffers 13 standing art collectors, who was in charge of the PITCHING HORSESHOES They promote dependency. j''that will be a waxin moon an will broken ribs a shattered collar bone and State Department's art project. Now both Congressand They divert money from legitimate I I be gittin briter an briter till is the State Department are being bombardedwith business into the coffers of 1 II full up on June 3rd, and that's the cuts about his face in an auto crash one protests from leading museums, artists and 10 Most Attractive Men in U.S. I gambling syndicates. They foster :I time to plant them beans an peas day. laymen all over the country many of whom charge Juvenile delinquency. They promote what grows outer the groun. crime on the part of those Course its little late but they'll a modern is Identical with that the attack on art Next morning he is sitting in his hos- who fix machines to pay off less up grow alrite.The moon light is what similar moves by totalitarian regimes in Italy and I BILLY ROSE "Too much hair By Cesar Romero tonic. : than expected those who corrupt affects the of them vittuls pital bed dispensing cheer and fun and Germany before the war. growin , Who are the 10 most attractive men in America? Ernest Hemingway: "A little hard on the furni- police to tolerate such fixing officials an seeds put in the groun on a eating a big breakfast. Note-Pres. Truman, who thinks -no art after who connive at such of- Speaking for myself. I don't give a hoot. But I ture." brite moon is Jest natchurally 1800 worth has two He's hard to beat and we wish him a is really considering hung I fenses. drawn outer the grown faster ..' paintings In the White House Executive Office lob understand some 75 million females do. And so on, et cetera, and so forth.I When Florida had such machines I. than them on the dark moon. My speeedy recovery. Political meetings about by referred to by some visitors as "Harry's hideous Two of the 75 million spend a lot of time in my pass along Eleanor and Ginny's list, realizingno before, we had constantly I i grandpapy in Georgia planted his the State will be sombre affairs until his delight. Truman paid (10,000 of the taxpayers' to apologize lamely to the rest of above vegetables on the full groun house. One of them is my wife; the other her big two-girl team in the country will agree with It. I shame of sell- the money for what many'considered artistic atrocities.But America for of the moon before Good Friday :golden_ tongue is turned loose once more. anyway they aren't modem: so no Congressman chum, Ginny Reynolds.Last Here it is-the 10 most attractive men in America ing our State's self-respect for a an his undergroun crops on the is likely to be critical. night we were sitting around the living -listed alphabetically and with marginal com- share in a racket. I dark of the moon aroun that time. :1 A Growing Export Market; When a group of Presidential-cronies gatheredat room practicing breathing. Eleanor looked up from ments by the gals who clawed it out. ect Let's under bury a this flood pernicious of letters proJ-to 'I CRACKER JIM.AmVets' . the White House to wish their friend a happy the evening paper and sighed "Don't you think Bernard M. Baruch-76 years and 76 inchesof the Legislature. lauds 'THAT FRESH AMERICAN female smile 63rd birthday ex-Senate'Sec. Leslie Biffle arriveda I Skipper EDWIN L. CLARKE Eisenhower Is awfully attractive? dignity and sweetness. Silvertop's combination of I itl and face is going across the seas in a trifle late. "Amen" said Ginny. "Ike can have my seaton big-town know-how and Carolina manners get him | Winter Park. Morning Sentinel Coverage "Mr. President. Biffle said. "I've got a note t Editor Orlando Morning Sentinel: big way. here from my secretary, Betty Kraus wishingyou the subway any time""Does win place and show in the Old Darling Derby. Injured fireman Gives I Please accept this note as an r: The Journal of Commerce says exports a happy birthday. It's Betty's birthday too he send you as" What a President should look like. Word of Thanks and Praise expression of my appreciation for 'of American cosmetics wilt hit $60 million and she's proud to have been born on the same much as Gregory Peck? r.j 2-Joe Drown-You never heard of him. Owns :the accurate and comprehensive quizzed Eleanor. Orlando Morning Sentinel: Editor Job which your paper did in covering - before 1947 closes up shop. day. "They're off!1" I shoutinFR several hotels. Success story stuff. Only 35. Hails I would like to thank: my attor- I, : my thoughts as to what ( This figure doubles the 1946 sales, which Truman smiled said nothing. About five min-. ed.: And they wete.Of f r' \ from Texas. What every stenographer wishes her ney, J. P. Garrett Atty. Giles F. .AmVets should try to accomplish were three times the prewar sales. utes later, he excused himself, went into the next on the old glamor-guy Nau 1' '- boss looked like. Besides, he can get you a hotel 'Lewis and tne Florida Industrial for America. . Lipstick and toothpastes are the big room, called Biffle's office personally thanked discussion. But this time \ room. Commission for their kindness in t I ROY SNYDER 'gainers, but powders creams and balms Miss Kraus for her thoughtful note, and wished hera they got a little system 3-Ike Eisenhower-mucho hombre. Welltubbed I'seeing to it that I had another I National Commander , chance for an operation to have Washington, D. C. happy birthday too. Five-star Good with the words. have moved 100 cent higher. into It and wrote out a looking. grin. I per my spine injury corrected. The perfume makers of France Handy man In the clinches. I wish to thank and praise Dr. shiver It looks if the Baltimore and Ohio list."What as Railroad are the ground 4-Clark Gable-Still the champ. None of the the TERMITE CONTROL very time they hear of U. S.-made goods Is wasting money by hiring lawyers. It seems to Eugene Jewett for performing rules? I asked. "What do new movie muscle-benders Is fit to carry his Indian operation [which I am sure is-' 1 selling so rapidly. have two lawyers In the persons of Sen. Capehartof you mean by attractive?" clubs. successful] after the country'sbest . Indiana, the music master, and Sen. Willis "It has to do with 5-Cary Grant-Every babe's idea of the perfect specialists at JohnsHopkinscould The Germans Judge a German Robertson of Virginia, who took the' place of Carter vibrations" said Gunny date. The Other Man in 90 per cent of the not help me, which proves Glass., "In your day they called A American homes. we have some of the best doctorsin SHOULD KNOW better than the One a Republican the other a Democrat both it sex appeal" 6-Hank: Greenberg Frank Merriwell type. the country here hi our "City Walker Chemical & WHO have been acting as defenders of the B. and O. in "How do you rate Laurence Olivier?" I inquired. Hard-hitting, soft-spoken. Plenty muscles. Good Beautiful., Exterminating Go. people those among them Senator Tobey's probe of the railroad's heavy loans "Speaking conservatively" said Eleanor "he's fellow to have around when there's a burglar In the I would like to thank the nurses, who were guilty of building Hitler's crim- from Jesse Jones old Reconstruction Finance Corp. the most attractive man in the world. But ours is house. nurses aids and staff at Orange Bonded-Free Inspections inal Chm. Tobey of the Senate Banking Committeeat 7 Bill Bossman of Columbia Broadcasting. Memorial Hospital who looked after - political and military machine? an all-American list"By Paley- me for their kindness and Tel. 4680 first was dubious about the pro-railroad ques- the time the girls had agreed on the Big Ten Man of Distinction candidate. Big operator in . After the Nurenburg trials many of us tions asked by Capehart and Robertson. He had eagerness to see.that I fully re- Orlando. Flo. 3210 Clay St the room was littered with arms, legs and little the shekel department. Looks good, too. covered. were unable to understand why Dr. Hjal- reason to be. For it was soon obvious that their OTHER OFFICES man-chops. I wrote down the winners. Also what Gregory Feck-Wheeeeeee! Buy me that, Last but not least. I would like I mar Schacht, the Nazi financial wizard, questions were being ghost-written by B. and O. the girls had to say about some of the Lads Who daddy! to thank the taxpayers for foot- Lakeland and Dayton Beau: vas turned loose. men attending the hearing. In fact there was no Didn't Make It. < William Saroyan Wild heart. Every day is ing the bill for my operations. I I ( . Without this banker's know how with- secret in Robertson's case. Frederick E. Baukages, Van Johnson: "Beginning to put it on in the Fouth of July. Every night is Hallowe'en. Deadendkid will be confined to my bed at,the ' out his economic B.' and O. attorney, openly and brazenly gave the caboose." with a library card. hospital for another month or Ai1h co-operation, the Nazi ma- Virginia Senator, little slips of paper with Jotted I recuperating nicely.'POUND . am chine would have been helpless. questions to ask witnesses. Tyrone Power: Too pretty. Hard to believe he 10-Ed Ste'ttlnius-All that white hair. All those more. Now shaves.. good clothes. All that money. All that man. h> the German people and Capehart has been discreet. agree sen- more He uses a Robert Taylor: "Looks.like the fellow in the ad There it is. If any of my lady readers have tence the wicked old middle man. One of his office man to six years in assistants Dewey who couldn't get to first base with Mary till he got suggestions or changes Ill be glad to consider the hoosegow. Waas, takes the questions from B. and 0.'. the dandruff off his collar.: them. Please send along a thousand dollars in coinor {: He will have a lot.of spare time to work Baukages In the corridor outside the hearing Jimmy Cagney: [See Van Johnson. stamps to cover cost of handling. on the secret for room and later passes them to,the Indiana Sena A Place to Have Your plant Germany's Refrigerator Fixed recovery tor. Sen. Tobey ground his teeth when he dis- PromptEthclentReasonable'DomesticCommercial with which he attempted to bribe his coun- covered what was going( on. but said nothing. WESTBROOK PEGLER SAYS trymen who GUS MADDENS' sat the on jury. However the New Hampshlrite's pent-up rage I Ren-Iteration Service: exploded on Baukages the other day when he Interrupted Z2J Magnolia Avenue Another Nuisance TaxCfFHE examination Tobey of a several witness."You've times. during the cross- More About John Roy Carlson I DON'T PHONE FUSS GUS rUIlk E "I 779(5 laCU 1947 "Backed: by 20 Years Expenence"KRLTOL . SESSION of the Florida Legislature been making yourself a little too prom- . 1 is short of funds to do all the inent around here." Tobey shot at the B. and 0. By WESTBROOK PEGLER H-rald Tribune's weekly book review. In reply, she 26 years old-my things it has voted to do. representative. "Suppose you go over there and Perhaps unwittingly, some of those who publish received a letter, signed "Irita Van Doren." the name' it Gordon Mae Rat This is not unusual. Lawmakers alwaysare sit So down-and Mr. shut up!" American books and some of those who control editor of this Influential section, which said: "We "-and I've got a surprisefor Baukages. who draws looking for $18.500 a year new money. from the B. and O. has now been more silent. the book reviews which praise or almost suppress have taken some trouble to investigate Mr. Carl l/ou1 This time, however, Gov. Caldwell has Note-Sen. Tobey is interested in the peculiarway books have fallen into questionable habits. son's career and have found his claims substan- Tuesdays Thursday informed the House and the Senate that the B. and O. gave Juicy Jobs to RFC officialsat Specifically, I deal with the books of the man tiated at every point by the State Department and @i will they have ; to provide new sources of thetime it obtained lush RFC loans. to known as John Roy Carlson who was born De- the FBI with whom he worked at considerable WDBO , i revenue make up the deficit. He is mak- This comes under the heading of "strange as It 't'l1g no suggestions for new taxes. seems. Today it's very hard to find anyone In rounian and used many false names. His first book danger to himself in the interest of his country's 11:15 A.M. jf& Result: A hodge-podge of petty revenue Congress who will admit that he was really in favor, Under Cover, had a run of about 700,000 copies and welfare." ...... ..... Ieti per pw _OIlY DDY (Hint: H.'. the)surprise rok of Pgetters in the hopper none of them big of abolishing the OPA. They're" for it nowJustone was a best seller, particularly among the gullible The only actual physical encounter that has KILLS ALL BUGS the y v. LMUB fa.) enough to do the job and most of them year late. ,Surveys by the Council of young men in the fighting services.He been reported In Carlson's career was a petty fistfight - downright nuisance taxation proposals. Economic price program Advisers there's indicate been that, real despite Truman's got a tremendous favorable propaganda with persons unknown in Brooklyn long , no reduction In Prime example is a proposal to tax the cost of living. However Truman should be I both in book reviews and on the radio which de- after both books had been written. 1 amusement tickets 10 cent with the given credit for having halted him heroic fellow. Of this encounter the Brooklyn Tablet, an Intellectual - per the trend toward picted as a M Re it look lilte y i proceeds' to go to the general revenue fund. even higher prices. '. Congratulations to $en. r--- Actually he confessed that he was vigorous weekly organ of the Catholic : 9.JtJ Already the Federal Government is in Russell of Georgia for urging) his fellow Senators full of fears when he went to call Diocese reported on Information and belief that . the to consult Pres. Truman before such harmless old Carlson had lost a fight while shadow-boxing. At amusement tax business with 20 they passed the on a Jelly as e tax on theater a percent labor bill rather than passing it first and riskinga I former Sen. Bob Reynolds [NCI. worst, he seems to have suffered a slap In the face. boxing, baseball and veto afterward w The FBI is forbidden by law to give information (wftfiocrfspecial ., . all other such events. Truman is afraid the 80th c Waiting to sea! Reynolds In i ikt We Congress may do to rent control what the 79th his office, Carl;on died a thous- whether favorable or unfavorable concerningany work all day to earn enough money Congress did to the OPA. Under Sen. Taft's legis- and deaths at {he hands of imaginary person or organization except: to legitimate over and above what Uncle Sam takes for lative agenda. Congress will not act on the rent- goons who never showed official persons and authorities such as police officials . income taxes and then, when we try to find control bill until Just a few days before adjournment up. and prosecuting agencies.I v a little fun and relaxation during off hours, The real estate lobby which is convinced The second book;., put out last wrote to Mrs. Van Doren on Feb. 3 and April f/QI1I1I 1 ) we find Uncle that It has enough votes to t 3 and telegraphed her on May 4 requesting an Samuel standing at admis- destroy control, then Fall and called The Plotter, received - hopes to put over a weasel-worded rent-control answer to the letters which informed her of this i sion gates with both hands similar acclaim. By this out. Mr. Flor- bill which will be verboten and Questioned the propriety of such inquiry , passed so late in ida now proposes to stand the session time however the author had attracted - for 'another 10 alongside him ,that the President will be unable to veto it with Peeler skeptical attention and the concerning authors. After a long delay Mrs. per cent. Following in natural out getting blamed for destroying controls completely I ballyhoo was further offset by the dictum of Judge Van Doren replied but withheld permission to quote f S a order we presume will come a city That's exactly what happened to the OPA John P. Barnes of the U. S. District Court, Chicago her. If the reply had materially altered the fI I ,':' tax of 10 per cent. last year. Mayor O'Dwyer of New York is not that he was a liar incredible even under oath. premises of this discussion the discussion would i4 f r P, ', s These taxes are heavy. only cleaning the dirt out of not have been written. I' : They are tapping Tammany Hall but I The idea that a publisher or the editors of a t ' all of he Is rubbing the I also wrote J. Edgar Hoover reminding him us too stiffly for our fun. They Tammany tiger's nose in it. This book review section of a newspaper should "clear"an , are a nuisance The State amusement tax. week Mayor O'Dwyer arranged for the new Tam-I author through secret agencies of the National that both he and Justice Robert Jackson when he : should die many Hall to give several thousand dollars' worthof was Attorney General had told me that the law a quick and horrible death. I Government is repugnant to the concept of free- forsythia bushes to be planted along Park Ave. dom of the press. absolutely forbade this. This is Hoover's reply, dated April 26: "John Orlando' Morning Sentinel Elliott MaCrae of E. P. Dutton and Co.. Inc.. Roy Carlson was utilized as an Informant at the Radio Program New York, publisher of Under Cover and The Plotter specific request of a special assistant to the Attorney AVOSETwhipping WDao neat WLO" (12JO) WOltZ ) said Dutton sent proofs of Under Cover to the General from July 18, 1942. to October 12, 800 Church In WfldwM Nna-Revtlue ._ /*??, WOBO (530) WLOF HMO) iwnatr: Department of Justice for III (710) inspection before 3:15: Fann On A Nett. publi- 1942. His services then dispensed with as were 0 __ . Reptr. ' Rn.l1I. -_ Or.. Bloa R1llb'te. _3JSOjT> and T.t' PuI'L H p>ll N wi __ ____ 1:30 0S:: News Let' 011 enm Vl.lting Is.ws'sejj. -- Oeorgie Rambler 4 00 Rouse Party ____ Skip Darren ___ Studio- Part, c tIon. He said also that with three listeners on he was contributing little of value. This has'been i'Oo lain IIl'7aat Itn'W' ___ O"rrta Aamblen .:15 House Party ___ Studio Tour Studio Party _. the phone for corroboration. Dutton asked the"Department.s" his connection with the FBI. Patrol -- N..Ma. Clock ___ 4:30 Dr. Malone Junior CoUrt Studio Party only ihafr Nen ____ -ifje / u sterifeed '7:30::15 Tan Patrol Mornlll, DeyetJolIl u. _4J5: Chnrch of Air_. Tom Mix __n_ Studio...Party, HIT opinion of Carlson. He said that"they" creato : Wake CII Ultelt iMaorning D set'w "Thi Bureau has not at any time substantiated - 7:4S NetWe.tert News ----- O-lrlci: ScTireld Terry A Pirates P.rt, spoke very highly of Carlson. Pressed to ---- N'Mu.lo _n__ 'to Club 5:15 Frontier of Science Sty Klnc __ Studio Party claims made by him." ' 000 CBS Heq Mattis ----- 8::30 Lam and Abner name the'lndividual who gave Carlson this good any ; Arremb. Nen : Jack Armstrong Radio Rodeo fee until o1 ned i ft 5:30 1'15; Norman Contact Beule-'u__ Band of Day "I Club _8J5 BOB Trout -__ Bob Hamilton. Trio Nets '__ report he said the person was O. John Rogge. at An "informant" Is any person who reports to the s you -B: Btevluea .-_ Latin Am. Rh'ua 'to Club 4.00 Dinner; Duet __r_ Talton Lewis. Jr. Sapper Club __ I various times an assistant and which he believes : relbeck: Drltter __ 740 Club 8:15 Miacha Borr Dinner Made __ la the Sportllte--_-. a special assistantto FBI or any other agency, information 11 00 ---- a gas N."s-Dlck le', Breakfart Club Neti 6:30 Sports Pall of Air Arthur Hale _... Music for Dlnlnc. the Attorney General. Rogge left the Departmentlast to be of public interest Much of it is spiteful .3o:: lyelYn Morning: Winters DeyotloDa Breakfast Breakfast Club 'to Clabw- J6-,45 UP-AP News ___ Sports Parade-.---H.- -= !! year after a noisy public row with Atty. Gen. snitching and repetition of gossip already dis Now you can serve whipped, cream de - -- Club Woman 7 ooBI.TnHeadUn.. _ 10:00':::"J.U SlncenlyBreaklast: Club --- W lDaD.-World World 7:IS Bic Town --.,-. 8t>l Investltator Edition: ) -Lk.f'nbo..1 Clark. He is very favorably mentioned in both books.As counted. A great deal of Carlson's material In lens at a moment's notice! Just whip, Arthur Oodhey Tru. Eton lreddl:M.rtla 7::30 Mel Blane = The Falcon N MaCrae up AVOSIT. the sterilized cream that --- certainly knew Rogge's in routine 11)15 : ; Arthur Godf" IItol'7.B. Crocker. 7_45 BUI Henry Falcon __ It' political viewsare tInder Cover already had been published Freddie JThe . 1030 PaahloDa ta Martin : -- !. I keeps sweet for months: in your' refrigerator - }):"_Rosemary __Mane_ Betty Crocker Jack: Blreh Show. 8:00 Vex Poo Local News __ Musical Showcase like Carlson's. As MaCrae also knows this is reports by the Dies committee., I -and for week more after a or I ; Listenlns , Pea :: BoU'llUlU In Rhym 815 Vo X Pop Free Labor Musical called Showcase and 11:00 Kate : ? log-rolling back-scratching In the book whether the State Depart- : Inquired ' I have not Smith m ____ _ Bren.man Old sad Net 8:30 Studio One American FOruM Musical Showcase opening.Try AVOSET Whipping on your 3/.7s 1170 Gordon Helen Trent McRas -: Tom Brenemaa ,- 01d cad 11sw -- .8::43 Studio One _____ American Forum Musical Showcase 1 I trade.The ment "substantiated at every point" the claims of next dessert! Look for avow Whip- 11.45"Our Oat Sunda TItt Hollywood Malone story._,h_ Words Words and and Musle Muate t:IS O-St d'Oo1lA'S: It Forum. ._ .._ Music.Music. Modern Modern Md Md i weekly book review of the New York Herald Carlson. If it did it had no business to. If it ping in your grocer's refrigerator. 2oo: News ._ Kenny Biker .. :30 Hr.: Tribune assigned The Plotters to Arthur M. Schle- reputation it might also con- 12:11 Ma --- New -._.____ Amer. Melody International Quit Red Sktlton: __ gave Carlson a good I 12'30 Cherkb'd Perkins Kenny Baker L.lrhtee Noble Or _, 45 Amer.= Melody Hr. International Quit Red Stelten singer Jr. for review. His Indorsement showed and better citizen to dispraiseor writer Tlme W.n ------- a demn a better Orttfla -- Ferrslla Bannon"a 10 00 Mystery et WeckT Newt ._ : __ : A ! 1245 sports Rod I et WI : - --- Nooa Day Mude'l. Belles 1& OJ' Not. 10:IS Jack Smith -_ Dance ore1. _Harkness of Wash's strong disposition toward Carlson's political ideas a silent boycott by an adverse report to the Her- : 1110 Big sister -- Baath. __ Warqu., 10::30 Dance Oreb ... Dane. Oreh. Raadesr'a Rhythm which have been chaflenegd deficient of O 123 Perry IratoII n MaUa. : as in nationalistic ald Tribune. This is not legitimate business any 14 Perrea Tim. r._ Msladk ekekhn10:45:: Dance Oreh. _Oreh.-News ____ Randesr's Rhythm _ !11'30. 8ow Newt of 1b Drams-= Musical Varieties Siesta Serenade : 11:00 News .._.-._.- Sports Parade ... News patriotism. Employing the same assumption Government Agency. Up to the time that Mr. Tru- 2.00 1Iou'll.... .... Afterooop. Medlt'n Siesta Serenade11:15/ : Scores k. Dance Oreh. Desicn for LUfn* that Carlson helped himself to, Schlesinger used man became President, the State Department was i Yes. UoTMile 11 oft .._ _ tftfS00" M: > IIy11mR.d fr :30 Dance Joe Hasel Deslcn for Ustnc JJJ 2.30: Bonaa.t Pot You Harrineto, Muil CnllmlUdMuml 11.45: Dance Orch. _.._ o..ms-Or --- Desicn for Usfnt the medium of his book review,not merely to indorse crawling with Communists and the FBI once was Wtnaer .-2:4SWl: Tske Tak._AU AU.: Brid.Brlde k a: Omens Groom_ Music: c Vnumated Vnltmued1200: : : '-Newa- _n_ SUn Ott Hews SUn Oil Carlson's ideas but to impugn individual called in to spy on the spies. It has not yet been "keeps sweet !oo Lily sod Curb ,-- Lad,",B. Bntltt_Mntle Unllmll.d.12:30_ 12::IS Dane DaDne Orch.Orch.= Americans of unblemished reputation.Miss deloused. although Pres.Truman and Gen. Marshall for months"r : Rink _ n 'T safrafc Seated Unlimited, 12 4i Kerns Lula Teetor Kennedy New York dlsagreed- have been spray 01e and tli-:: Bill ... ss; Uohmikd.: -00-81&11; 0 '._ ed with Schleslnger's opinions and wrote to the ing have the publicly woodwork.announced that they I , t6 .. ..._'..- ...." ... . -- ---<. '- '- . .1 Fuesday May 20, 1947 fcrlaniUi(! fSnrntaa.. gfttilitrlWeather I p Literacy Test for Voters 285 to Get i -J- I UofF Degrees Aids Crop I Marine Study 'JayCees Name Rejected by Committee,I [Soenol GAINESVILLE-The to Orlando Morning University Sentinel Growth, Harvesting Station ClosesPENSACOLA 'Miss Florida'Pageant Judge of Florida's largest post-war grad- - I i uating class will receive 285 degrees -I Weather conditions during first half of May generally [AP The U. S. I r re- M 0""I"--:! ":T": Sen' net 4 I Are! \ here during commencement were favorable to growing crops and harvesting conditions, :. Fisheries Biological Station where I ST. PETERSBURG-With loc Cattle Fencing TWho They Bribery Charges weekend exercises June 8 and 9. 1! but light showers would be welcome in Central and Northern ':it was first learned that crabs ate 'i Jaycee committees working on f TALLAHASSEE API Here are Pres. John J. Tigert has an- areas, the U. S. Crop Reporting Service said yesterday 'oysters, closed yesterday after 10 I nal plans for holding the Mi of the princi- ; Florida Pageant sponsored by tl sketches 1 thumbnail in its truck ! mid-monthly House nounced.Numbering. I I' crop news. years operation as the only one of .Florida Junior Chamber of Con the bribery charge ' pals in I, "Harvesting continues active In*-.-, .. -_ =: _, its kind in the Gulf area. Move Defeated ToOrand.Jury -- merce at St. Petersburg June 1- debate yesterday: 223 veterans of Central and North Florida areas, ( I bald- four members of the board Bernie C. Papy-Affable. A reduction of funds for the I World War II, the two-day: I but the shipping season in the I: I Judges who will select West merch- Miss Flo ing 44-year-old Key , ! South Florida rapidly is Fish area near- and Wildlife Service by Continued Page 11' exercises will confer 285 degreeson ida of 1947 have been TALLAHASSEE [ UPI The ant and businessman. He has been [ from : ing its close with very little commercial announcr! House Elections Committee yes- in the Legislature since 1935 and 282 candidate, three of production being left for Congress ended' the usefulness of by Bill Carter pageant chairmaI terday killed the proposed Constitutional was a recent unsuccessful candi- :elegraph and telephone circuits whom are candidates for two Harvest after June 1," reported the station which had been in i The four members who ha amendment requiring all date for position of Speaker pro- for transmission of racing Information degrees each.Baccalaureate. I Statistician J. B. Owens. t operation on a small island with definitely accepted the fort voters to pass a literacy test.' tern in the 1949 session. to bookmakers. S I services are ; Potato harvesting in the Hastings Dr. A. E. Hopkins director. JayCees invitation to be Judg The committee's vote of 10 to Braiely Odham-rangy. Circuit Judge W. May Walker |of the Miss Florida Pageant ir James scheduled Sunday. June 8. at 4 and LaCrosse sections has against the measure was the to proceed 1 All experimental work-which I elude: Miss Patricia StevensChicago one 27-year-old Sanford said "we are ready handsome p.m. while commencement exercises reached its peak with the tomato - final defeat of the four-bill program I oil distributor. lie is a Navy with a Grand Jury investigation I I I will be held Monday night crop in the Fort Pierce had dealt principally with oysters I, ,in a the leading field woman aithonty Introduced by Sen. John E. veteran of the Normandy Invasion but there is nothing we can do I I at 8 In the Stadium at Florida and Manatee sections moving in ended yesterday, although thestation's Harold Colee of of modeling Jacksonville Mathews. of JacksonVille. to establish one-time college football until we receive official word I Field. heavy volume. official close will be president and white in Flor general manager a primary ida. Only the literacy amend- tackle and the youngest mem- from the House. I Degrees Include 251 bachelors: Shipments of watermelons. principally June 10. the Florida State Chamber ber of the House. State Atty. Orion C. Parker Jr. I and 34 masters. There are no candidates from the Lake County I.Commerce Frank : S. Wright ment managed to pass from the j Clarence Camp 2d-Roly poly said the next regular court term I for the Doctorate. I!! acreage were expected to start in Dr Hopkins during his experi- Miami. president of the Plod Senate to the House. ! Mathews' doctors I Jolly Ocala cattleman serving his would begin June 16, "but we Candidates for degrees and volume this week. I Iments. found that a crao would : Publicity and Public: Relatioi Meanwhile (I first Legislative term. He very won't wait that long." I their home towns include: Laurie f Lima Beans: Shipments should: sink a pincer in an oyster while Assn., and Roy C. Beckman said in Jacksonville that it i doubtful that the Duval County was i seldom rises to his feet to speakin Odham said Papy offered him I. C. Sheppard. BSP Apopka: RobertC. I increase rapidly in the second half !III the oyster was feeding, force it out Tallahassee director of the Flo Senator would be able to return to the House. He is 38. $200 first to vote against the bill Hindery. BSA. Tom B. Stewart of May as the Hawthorn-Mcln-' and then devour It. ida State Advertising Commissio. then $500 and a case of Scotch Jr. LLB: R. Kirk Strawn. BS. De- tosh-LaCrosse section starts move- Dr. Hopkins also found the reason One other Judge will be the State capitol following a heart namr whiskey to refrain from voting. Land; John T. Jenkins. BAJ. and ment. I II why heavy rain fails causing before Elks Elect June 1. attack Friday at his home. Math- Florida ews has been ordered to take a The Bookie Bill was defeated 41 Clarence L. Thacker LLB. Kis- I Snap Beans: Light volume will'!I DIANE VAN DUSEN, 16, Winter ;-more water in creeks killed oys- to 37. simmee: Robert L. Walker. BS- I be available for another week, but ters. It was sudden fresh water. Haven rest. Head who crowned long Daytonan as Camp following Odham to the Chem Longwood; Albert F. Strat--' most late production will be used was tens Dr. Hopkins discovered. The Senate refused to well of the House said Papy offered by and for local Florida's Gardenia Queen at ! concur TAMPA [rAP The Florida State ton Jr., BS Leesburg; David R.]1 canners consump- I SERVICERefrigeration in the lower chamber's amendments Elks Assn. yesterday elected Cul- him $100 to vote to send the French. BSA. Mount Dora; William -!tion. Cypress Gardens recently. Closing of the station ended to the General Appropri- Talton. postmaster of Day- Bookie Bill to a committee which I. Kenner. BIE. Victor I. Cantaloupes: Earliest supplies -- ----- I experiments underway. inciuding - ations BilL len H. had rejected an identical measure John Walker should be available this week from I a survey on the possibilitiesof and Radio close Leavengoofl. BSBA In tona Beach, president. a I Sen-Ice-Competent Personnel The House formally will be battle with Walter J. Matherly, that came over to the House with BA. Ocala. a small acrea in Marion. Sumter Sanford Radio Station restoring the AppalachicoU to - I serve joul asked to recede from its amend- of Business Senate approval. Raymond L. Barry. BSChem. Levy, Alachua and Sumter coun Bay Oystery Industry virtually the College ments. which it will likely re- dean Administration of of the Universityof Papy. 47-year-old Key West Jack B. Hagar, BSA, Thomas W., ties. Broadcast Set Today blotted out because of pollutionand Work Guaranteed . fuse. then a conference committee Florida. merchant rose to deny -as God Hegler. BME. James Hickman Celery: Growers are well up I SANFORD Radio station other eonditon; and how will be named probably be my Judge" that he had offered BSChem. with their cutting, with lightyieldr. Louisiana oil well wastes affect Elks at their annual convention BSA Francis L. Ingley PHONE The bribe. He said Odham and Zellwood-Oviedo section WTRR will hit the air today at oysters. 5136 today to adjust the differences. named the following divisional any Kenneth K. Keene BS. Paul W. : Camp must have misunderstooda I is principal source, with shipments 9 a.m. for the first time having .t House version appropriates a vice presidents: Bill statement he made to the effect McKee. BME. Quentine Medlin, declining from the Everglades received their FCC approval late Dr. Hopkins said some wastes I WILLARD & KEISER $55 million budget with a $7 million Partrain, Palatka; Edward Me- that he had heard "they are offering BSA, Warren B. Parks Jr., MA., and Sarasota. Monday. Mayor H. James Gut, apparently from oil wells had destroyed -I fund to be drawn Cullough, Pensacola; Leo But- Zelig O. Wise. Orlando. mile after mile of beds and Philco Dealer surplus on $100 for a vote against this I Corn: Supplies should be liberal City Mgr. H. N. Sayer. Pres. W. I Norge men, Sanford; Gerald B. Ludwig I George M. Talbott BSA. Oviedo;: resulting In some $7 million. in bill. dUring the second half of May V. Bitting of the Chamber of Vogue Theater Block-Colonliltowe I Officers' Bonds Asked Sarasota; and Ed Williams. Od John G. Rawls. BSA. Plymouth;: lawsuits against oil companies. Packed galleries watched as I with variable quality. Principal Commerce, and Pres. Jack Rati- __ I Branan Jr.. BArch., 1----- TALLAHASSEE [rAP The Or- Fort Lauderdale. Cicero F. ham faced a hushed tense House I i acreage in early production is in gan of the Junior Chamber will ange County House delegation yes- Claude L. Johnson. Tallahassee and referred to Papy as "this unscrupulous -I Ralph B. Eckles'BSLA Karlyle F. Sanford-Wmter Garden-Zellwood, I speak at the dedication. terday proposed that all municipallaw was chosen treasurer; Howell A. crook." Householder. LLB Isaac M. Hud- 1 Plant City Everglades and Mana- ' enforcement officers be required Davis. Palatka. historian: and C. Later, he came to his feet dleston. BCE. Francis E. Rou- tee-Ruskin areas.Cucumbers I Police Chief I t6ureIerye/ to give 1.000 bonds which O. Gabbert. Tampa. Tyler. again to declare "this is not a millat 3d BSP. Gordon D. Stan- : Harvesting In Central Resigns drill team won Sanford Marion A. I FORT PIERCE (uP] Chief of I Tallahassee's would.be liable to persons injured sorehead accusation" and recalled ley. BS. ; and South Florida areas is because of failure of an officer to first place in the ritualistic con- he made the charge of an Smith. BSA. Umatilla; Joseph T. past its peak, with volume declining I 1 Police W. O. McNeal announced \ COMPLETE REAL ESTATE LOAN his test with Daytona Beach second calling Cooley Jr.. MSP Wildwood: Florida yesterday he was resigning his perform duty. attempted bribe without in the Wauchula and Webster- t DEPARTMENT ON SECOND FLOOR 4\ j 1. and West Palm Beach third. names before the vote on defeat M. Carlson. BSP and Harold Center Hill sections. Pompano and post because of ill health. . only if the money is available The meeting will end today of the bookie bill. S. Crews. BS Winter Park. ilmmokalee sections almost have I At one time a member of the I FASTER AND BETTER SERVICE! during the next two years. The which will observed as "Presi Papy said-he would have insulted I ended their season. Washington D. C.. police force, Senate appropriated a flat $61.- dent Dunn's Day" In honor of the a min of Camp's financial State Peace Officers Eggplant: Shipments are expected I McNeal served as police chief of THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK AT ORLANDO 300000. retiring leader James A. Dunn of him $100 Kissimmee.with I means by offering a to remain fairly steady this Capital and One Surplus Million Dollars House opened yesterday with Miami. bribe and that he didn't need Form Organization month with Manatee-Ruskin passage of the bill limiting the money himself. 1 I LAKELAND IAPJ Florida peace I plantings furnishing principal light yields and small sizes. MEMBEK: FEDERAL: : DEPOSIT: INgrBAN coarl11uTIO'f' State Cabinet's 115 million build- hibited by law. It adopted a bill "1 have quit work. I've made a officers who have receded' FBI I supplies. Small acreage around the LaCrosse also has started digging, ing program. The measure prohibits i raising salary of the State Welfare success and I'm a retired man at i training organized as the Florida .Everglades is producing a fair I good quality reported. the cabinet from transfer-I Commissioner from $6,000 to a very young age." he declared. I FBI Associates Sunday and elect- i crop, and a light volume will continue Squash: Good volume continues / ring funds from the general rev A of old line House members i from the Pompano and Fort with Plant EW'SouTh $7.500, and killed a measure validating group 1 ed Inspector Fred J. Manning of City and McIntosh sec- fund to bolster the building enue rose to Papy's defense. Per- 1 Myers sections. tions principal sources. Shipments president. a 1930 harness racing per- Miami temporary I I l * ratifies the million program but $19 mit issued In Palm Beach County.It They were opposed mainly in manent officers will be elected at I Escarole: Light: production Is I will decline as the month pro- ; already spent or contractedfor. received a bill setting salary of debate by a bloc of younger a meeting in Orlando June 23. 1. available from Weirsdale. with fair i gresses. the railroad inspector for the members many of them holdingWorld I volume from a late Everglades Sweet Potatoes: Earliest acreage The House measure also sets up War II service records. 1 i I in the Railroad Commission at Fort Myers section is being. ' State Set Accountants Meeting building expenditures for the next annually.The Appealing to the House to strike I crop.Okra: The crop has made fair I harvested with plantings making two years under two priorities. $4,800 I TAMPA TAP] The Florida In I House received a bill to out the provision denying Papy I progress with harvesting underway good growth. . First priority building designated the right to speak or vote his stitute of Accountants will hold, in most Central Florida areas, would total 7936000. The other provide the State Forest Service friends charged such action would I its annual meeting here Thursday. principally around Ocala-McIn- Tomatoes: Good volJme is in $T* million requested by the administration with $275,000 annually for use in have the effect of convicting him Friday and Saturday. tosh-Williston and Plant City. I prospect rest of month, although OAEaftWM forest conservation: a measure the peak is past. Reseeded Is in the second pri I acreage - without a trial. Peas: A large acreage of cowpeas - which would be creating sanitary districts to pro- I around Fort Pierce is now .. ority. realized PRfr "We have not gone on record Your Club is available for harvest in I Today vide for water supply and sewage MinK harvested. Production for only If the money becomes available of .. as finding this man guilty Plant City, and Ocala-Williston ] which Js not expected. disposal systems: a bill authorizing -I ORLANDO Exrhtntr Club. CofC Fidj. I Manatee-Ruskin area is in good MADE BY j ) f State Road Department to bar I misconduct Stokes declared, 12: 30 p m., Optimist Club. Lamar Hotel with the crop making good progress. I volume. Another effort to require fene- fishermen from State bridges "when you take away his right to 6:30 p m.BARTOW XJoni Club Gilbert Oaks Ho . .... mg of cattle In Florida was beaten Judged dangerous because of traf- :speak and vote It is nothing shortof tel. 12 noan.CLERMONT:. II Peppers: Supplies are expectedto I Watermelons: While the crop by a one-vote margin In the fic conditions. an expulsion." : KtwanU Club. 'he Oubi... increase as the important Plant I has made up much of Its early delay - j Urging the House members to 12 15 pm City reaches top produc- I the still is 10 to two Senate. Rep. Lisle Smith. Polk County. I DAYTONA BEACH Elk*. Elk*' Club- acreage crop days -' children be !hold the voting lines which were houae, a pm Lion Club WlllUrai HoUL tion second half of the month. weeks late. No movement of consequence : ' An amendment to road beau- proposed that crippled a drawn during the morning and 12 15 pm I Crop Is expected to be light. I is expected until the week under 21 DELANOKlw.nli Club. HutchlnsoaRail. I tiflcatlon defined '1 as persons measure offered any was by with adopt the resolution In Its full .: 12'05 P.... Junior Chamber of Com Potatoes: Harvesting in the of May 26, with peak In first partof normal physical mentality Sen. Barnard of St. Petersburg of force. Rep. Wilson. Columbia merces CefC Auditorium. 12:IS p m. \-.lonsClub. Hastings section is now at its peak June. I 0o Sfraigfcr and others which would have functions impaired by accident, Hutchison Hall. 6:45: p.m. Tfcrpii< by I -- -- -- --- -- said "if 1 start weakening now. we EUSTIS: Lion Club. Grand View Hotel made unlawful congenital deformity. It for cattle disease or own- we might as well tell the people of 7:30 pm. Aaaner to rresl.ue Fuss!. ers to allow knowingly their cat- thus broadening scope of the GROVELANDOrovrland Business Men'lClub 1 the State can't wash our linen. LIMITED tle to roam at large on State Crippled Children's Commission we Broadstreft Cafe.. 12 noon. I President I I Rep. Barnhill. Okaloosa rose to HAINES CITY: Kl. "anls Club Hotel Polk. I highways. now limited to assisting youngsterswho 112:15: p m. [JENJ_$ P1_ _ make the single inquiry of Wilson: I The Senate also completed action are orthopedic cases.A KISSIMMEE: Klwanla Club. Arcade Ho : _A ALL SEATS RESERVED'NO LOCAkSTOPS \ "This is first term isn't it? . your tel. 6:30: p m. Rebeksh Lodge. Fraternity N0 _ on a bill permitting Summer measure permitting Negroesor "Yw" Wilson replied and Hall. 8pmLAKE HORIZONTAL VERTICAL dog in all other denied membership WALES Rotary dub Waleabilt racing counties "est'of persons : added that while Barnhill was I Pictured pre I Smoky fog LimittJl Dtilf Hotel 12 15 p.m.LEESBURG the Apalachicola River in party to vote In KAQI , _ now pro- any - : Kiwanis Club Lrecburt serving his first term two :years Went of Nica2 Remove 'primary elections as 'party af- Recreation Center 12,IS pm I CUQ To filates" was Introduced In the ago "I was in a foxhole in thePhilippines" 8T CLOUD: Lions Club St. Cloud Din- ragua Gen. 3 Manuscripts ai_e IG Oj __ f Cincinnati Ohio .2 I and vowed to fight inc Room. 7 pm. Anastasio . House by Rep. McKenzie of WINTER GARDEN: Rotary Club H rrells Cab,) Open Monday Evenings Levy. for clean Government when he Cafe 12:30: pm Chmky I New York Now York I IAlto returned to the United States. WINTER HAVEN Kiwanis Club Raven Bivalve Bone , The bill would forbid political I ffs A R5 Hotel. 12:15: p m. During the morning. Stokes and animal WARREN'SWinter parties to deny voting rights to WINTER PARK: American Lesion,. Post mollusk Striped because of race or I Home had led an unsuccessfulbattle No. 112 CofC Bldf. a p.m. 14 Ensnare 6 On the property 40 Indian frequent ngultr scledulu any persons to adopt a motion "that the .I 15 Office of Strasheltered side 24 Lukewarm 41 Fail to hit other considerations. The 'affilates" - Park Phone 68 charges made by two members of I I Is tegic Services 7 Genuine 26 He isexecutive- 4 3 Surrender UNION BUS STATIONS would register separately It a man in bond to the people 'O. the House against a third memberwere % Wall St. Phone 2-3195 Internal of 44 Knight Cab) from party members. but wouldbe : of Florida. We are putting Mr. Cab.) authorized to vote for any can- sufficiently refuted by said I I Papy under bond for the best interest 16 Lament 9 Mount (Cab.) Nicaragua 45 Pronoun .e CITY TICKET OFFiCE third member by reason of the fact metal Onager 46 War god :3. E. Pln Phonl 5301 1Q BabeeTendaSafety didate except those running for that the creditability of all parties of the State. We could have I 19 Roof finial 10 Native I party office. condemned him this morning bya I 20 Great (ab) 11 Undermines 28 Ratite bird 47 Narrow way making statements is unquestionedand Chair I However the affiliates would be that this committee takr no majority vote if it hadn't been 21 Quivered 12 Heroic 30 Exist 48 Roman date permitted to vote for delegates to further action in the matter and unfair to Monroe County." 23 "Palmetto 17 Millimeter 31 Encountered 50 Harvest 1r'f Ivan R. Brown I national party conventions when consider the same closed.. Rep. Bryan Marion said sus- I State" Cab.) Cab,) 35 Taxi goddess ( DistributerSU the delegates were to have a voiceIn Supporters of the motion to suspend pension of Papy's rights would be I 24 Beverage 18 To prefix) 36 Craze 52 Courtesy title _ Millcmt Av.. Ph. 2-8321 nominating candidates for the I Papy and called on the grand comparable to the Governor's suspension 25 Sinbad's bird 21 Number 38 Burdened 54 Id est (ab.) I Presidency and Vice Presidency of Jury for action argued that the I of a public: official from 27 So be it! 22 Dower 39 Man's name 56 Thus I the United Slates.QUALITY. Stokes move was an effort to office pending his trial on criminal 29 Hoax 1'rr' 4 r i- s--' 10 "r' .z- IF VITAMINS I"whitewash" the charges. charges. 32 Soak up33Anger DONT ,BUCK YOU UPtry I Stokes maintained however. It.. Rep. Shepperd, St. Johns, 11 I.... said "I do not believe TOYS offered for the of get- however 34 Levantine , was purpose - NUXATED IRON ting the issue squarely before the in punishing a man before he ketch -li't'., I. t 11 1''& '.::t'', "'r |- 1';;<' Jt: ( irl.mil |HI is tried. KIM tater 11_ YS t Mdldn*u4 ft ur < said there "isn't 36 Pedal - mr House. He a man - .,bsp_....tr'u..- : said the i U u os Rep. Gautier. Dade. f'Xtremities"G : .tI It ,tiBlM .om t kick upsItIAtm tnr here who would sit on any Jury I };: _ IRON to kd build mart fun r iolor TOYLANDOlien and convict the'sorriest nigger on charges against Papy "are as 37Pigeonpea 'l' ... full 1. U TOO bland for M blood h lp II BUTT serious to the welfare of this u Ie IMl |M Mo IRON Bat tthtau UM for eel*.UU M tflnct twfelte.** Oto. ...Ux toM.. MltUL I u Home too. argued the Odham I: State as any charge of murder by Centimeter fl7 <.v 1"' o . " ,.: and Camp charges were insuffi I any grand Jury indictment. (ab.) itfa. \.J dent. i Pointing to Camp and Odham Bashful 1$ "., tt' # r u ; :! G. Falrehlld. LeRoy Ho*, "Wherein is the evidence of two Gautier said "you know these two Chinese j' .T quist.Gardner Milton H. Ryland E. Bray.Cox.E. Frank I of our members against one of boys had no" motive of hurting weight IE: .''> W. 3_ : Bernie Papy. ::; - our members Insufficient? Rep. 49 River Sp.) r & 't I Schuh. Pinellas. inquired. 'I I During the debate. Rep. Clement Hinders I - Home replied that Camp and Pmellas, tried unsuccessfullyto 52 Sorrowful ..0... 'ut' .. l.. i'I" M"l "'Ii' ?- flit. 1':1 - Odham and get the committee of the whole I --. made separate charges 53 Discerned - - I I House to sponsor a new bill to ..s 1f -SI sa.I . FAWCHILD neither had offered testimony Dytstufl ; :1 I 'I/,! curb transmission of race resultsto 0' -r.r I from witness. a supporting I Rep. Peacock. Jackson said bookies over commercial com Hebrew ascetic sT i.. 1)$ S. munications wires. Ir "Mr. Papy has been unduly ' per- 58 Breathes noisily 159- Sl He withdrew the motion however - I . secuted through a simple mis- when It ran into vigorous in sleep _ I '.!: understanding. He is not any more Fair and Warmer opposition; but he notified the guilty than any other man iln the House members it would be House.During afternoon brought back "sometime In some the stormy BUG session. Rep. Collins. Sarasota form" . jLrJM chairman of the rules committeewho ' dAUhh&akTA offered the original motionto Time again to check your house inside and t.t. the suspend grand jury Papy's Inquiry rights is ended until RADIOREPAIR out to see what needs to be done in he f !! said the House was taking the BLASTER/f motion" ."in entirely the wrong SERVICESOUTHERN way of repairs and cleaning. We have light. MUSIC quiet low cost attic _ _ "This isn't " a man convicted 112 N. Or.... TeL 1511 fan from completeline I the Products Now, for the first time, one he declared. "It isn't a man freed. our Quality you need-flooring, will make purchase, one product many wall boards lumber roofing and attic 6'b4 degrees difference in , packed in'one container , r Announcing house temperature dur- insulation. We also/ : will keep your flowers / ing the hot months. suggest our top grade fi and vegetables healthy / Paints Varnish and Enamels. Come in OPENING I I and free of insects I II Now In Stotk , f tower or S ImmediateInstallation for you requirements or call 5866. % Ml9 SHttWKYillUAMSRlSUKH DENTAL'OFFICE w, 'f- I r pIcat '. I -In new Medical Center. N. Boyd Street. Free Estimates _-_ _ _ ."" NIIHDfEt'M': 1t (l . kP* z:::. 5IsI Winter Garden. Florida I : .. UIMUI ANA)UItplNG c MATEHAli I I II SOLD AT DRUG GROCERY HARDWARE PHONE WINTER GARDEN 234 H.A.UAUGHERTY CO.cz! ' ' I ' I .7.40'.s0 HJI! | .f U.'t..--... .;. H!.",.'$'_ - PAINT VARIETY AND DEPARTMENT STORES DR. FREDERICK H. KUNZIGDENTAL : 'Jii'N.f -- -- --- .. -,.---,-- "- I ROBINSON at BUMBY No porting problem' ORLANDO FLORIDA :'--- :: _-- __ #'# 431 N. Orange Are. I SURGEON THE SHERWIN-WILLIAMS 'v. Phone 818S IJ J j _MfMIEft: XENTftAL: FLORIDA .YUJlDfRSCXCHANGf: : . . . :- \ , ..i :" "" "" "''''__''' L .....i -'"" ......:.. ....z-<:-, It- . " . S l.I l.I /gers Bosox Split/ / ; Cubs Take Third Place (){J (JJ.I j M Williams' Homer(Page 6 (!3rlzutbn mnhq 'rnttn rl'Dickey's -Tuesday, May -20--, 1947- - By BOB HAYES : !- ' Al Cody, the Sentinel-Star livestock writer and quartet. Hit Indians Stave 1 or n booster, tells us that the comparatively small turnout Gives Champs I Puts Flock In aturday and Sunday at the quarter horse speed trials outt I 4 Off YankeeI t Florida Livestock Exposition went away highly pleasedvith what they saw. Nightcap Victory' L. J f, Defeats Nats Rally for WinNEW Second Division "We probably had about 1,000 spectators for, the two days of rac1g. - < which wasn't as many as we would liked to have had," he ex- YORK TAP] Leading all , .lalncd. i' BOSTON IAPJ With one out In In 12. the way, the up and coming Cleveland CHICAGO [AP] The Chicago "But the people who taw those races were enthusiastic about : the ninth Inning and the Detroit 'InningsWASHINGTON Indians withstood late inning Cubs moved Into undisputed possession - them. They'll tell other people about them. and we'll continue to o/ \J i iI New York Yankee rallies yesterday i of third place in the National - build up interest In quarter hones" he confidently predicted. Tigers ahead 4-3. Ted Williams I f API SkeeterDickey's '. to gain a 5-4 decision. I League yesterday and drop- Al pointed out that the races were run off in big time style on I I yesterday blasted a two-run homer 12th'inning The Tribe jumped on rookie ped the Brooklyn Dodgers into the Ime and with an orderliness that bespeaks real planning.And Into 'the rightfield bleachers double with righthander Don Johnson who was second division by trimming the lie also pointed out that directors of the Florida Quarter for a 5-4 victory for the Boston the bases loaded gave Chicago's making his first start since May Flock 8-7 I White Sox a 41ictory over 3, for two runs In the second inning The win also snapped a five Running Horse Assn. realize that they must overcome the handicapof Red Sox who thus divided a doubleheader - Washington here last night. It on a hit batter Joe Gordon'sdouble game Chicago losing streak and earlier quartehone in this vicinity that didn't measure up , races with the Tigers. marked the 11th successive gamein a passed ball and Ken., moved them to within four per- to the quality of the week-end's racing. I The Tigers took the opener 3-2 '. which the Nationals failed to Keltner's single. Cleveland added.. centage points of the second place Now that the Florida Quarter Running Horse Assn. has a fine: in 12 Innings. Third sacker George L'y' : score more than runs. two more off relief hurler Al Lyons ,. New York Giants who were idle. )lent at Florida Livestock Exposition and because of Orlando's cen-: Kell doubled home Eddie Lake, Murrell Jones opened the in the fourth and another in the : Chicago shoved two runs tel location. this city bids fair to become Florida's quarter horse. seventh when Hal Peck . who had walked for the Detroit LUCKY BOB R. D. KEENE twelfth with a double off Early homered. across the plate in the opening - acing center. Wynn and Bob Kennedy beat out'a The Yanks fought back and tallied frame and after Brooklyn triumph. still won here Sunday. reveals purchase. bunt. Don Kolloway fouled out once in fourth, driving starter stormed back and knocked Hank visitors Several weeks ago. at a meeting of Florida State League directors I two The split ahead left the of the American and Dave Philley was passed purposely Roger Wolff to cover In favorof I I I Borowy from the hill with a ield here at the Fort Gatlin Hotel the league officials argued for an I games League champions. before Dickey slashed his rookie Byron Stephens who I three run barrage in the second IOU or better over the seemingly trivial question of club bus drivers.j t The Sox had tied up the sec- Keene Purchases Lucky Bob double to left. scoring three runs. eventually. received credit for the the Bruins drove starter Hal They argued heatedly over the desirability of paying a ball playeiin I ond contest in the eighth on EdI IL I Earl Caldwell, who replacedBob win CLIVIIANO A) I NEW .YORK (IA) I! Gregg to rover with a three run extra stipend monthly to drive the club bus. They finally agreed' {die Pellagrini triple which bound- For Record Gillespie on the mound in ab. r It 5(11' a" C II a a attack in the third and led the hat each individual club could. if they so desired. designate one oile i ed off the left field wall and away Reported $8,000R. I the tenth, was credited with the Pork\I.te'kII.I'.rt 5 4 t 1 I: 4 I S'Brn.nSb-m SHswicb.rf 4 I S I 1 I't 3 I 1 I rest of the way. players as the regular bus driver provided the financial arrange- from Tiger outfielders, and RoyPartee's I victory. Ujnn went the distance bd-srda.ef 4 1 2 2 I Kaiiey.if.. 5 1 I S I Pafko knocked in what proved D. Keene prominent Orlando citrus and horse $.euuy.it 1. S S S'DtMa'gts.ef 4 I I 1 S man to be the winning run in the sixth single. for the who loaded Nats the recorded on the con- ...... nent for this extra-curricula activity was duly Do..I. 4 5 I 2 il'Qulna.11I 4 5 ::1 S IKBob'5.ih I ball However Ed Mayo's double off lover yesterday purchased Lucky Bob, the quarter stallion bases with one out in the tenth 3 1 I 5 SAKabua.a, I S S I S by doubling home Stan Hack who ract of the bus driving player. Gee..211 I 1 1 I IBiruwuIb 2 S S 4 :3Kailn.r.3b opened the frame with a single the left field rampart. Birdie Teb- which the 1947 State Horse Cham- but failed to score as Wynn Now the question is being aired again. One of the big reasons won Quarter Running I S 2 5 IbSen'. 1 S 5 5 5 I and moved to second sacrifice - bett's sacrifice and pinch-hitter drilled into a double play. H..e S 55 S lWJohas3bSSSS. S on a here from R. W. Deen Jr. of Bunnell. for the revival of the matter Is that Chuck Aleno DeLand's heavy- Doc Cramer's blazing single pionship Sunday I".r ISSISitua.na.aa 2555 IW..lff. . hitting third sacker is reportedly drawing, an extra $40 a week. for through the box sent the Tigers Keene reportedly paid $8,000 for the stallion, which Washington got its only run in' .. 1. S S I-eiaiman 1 1 1 S S.bapinnap I BROOKLYN INI) I CHICAGO IN' I S S S S tiempe-t.p S 5 5 S I.ihykosskt abeb.. .' abybas driving, the Red Hat bus. ahead in their half of the ninth Florida Running Horse Assn officials ------- the first inning when Gillespie I I a S S D. ._... J S S S SIrumekp : misoky.s I Hark.3b 3 1 1 iltuubtsa.n.lb I : ; Ii : : such thing would happen this seasorTas wild-pitched Joe Grace across 555 SSI.msLp I I asssIIsumn.p S Woiikua.ib 1 1 5 5 that Just a , The possibility for setting the stage for Williams' ] described as a new high 1 ( 55511l.maistl.2b a..d S. SStPafk.rf 31325Walkoort discussed at that particular directors meeting. No action. wa i blast. quarter horse purchase prices In |Harry frpm third base. The White Sox :, 11 I S S S I 1 I 2 IararitaU S S S I S.Hoo'.uakilf . Walker tied it in the fourth -----1 -- - up on successive 3 I 2 a S.i'Csllgbs 4 1 a I 2dYartUa aken then to set bus driver salary limits. DeLand's action in paying Sox scored twice in third Inning the State. .. singles by Taft Wright and I Tel SI II 1CS7 II l Tolala 31 I S CT 11 IlI54e4atsan.e14S13S Ueno whatever sum they desire for driving the bus therefore seen I of the first game and seemed I a-popped wit for Htephen. la I'b. '.u..1II. 2 2 S I 1.Joau-:1I I" S I 3rLaoniua Bob is of Jones and Kennedys grounder ftoundM mt for Ktlrmxlta to Ilk.chumored ., .. Lucky regarded as one I S a S \1..110. 4 5 1 I 3Itreolas . and entirely within the "law. The other clubs have little headed for victory behind Dave 'or Blum to Ilk.Or.land . I ?roper the best quarter running horses in ] which enabled Wright to score. I _._ __ ._ 152SBaaumy.p 5555.Bsgaaa 12. 'W ID*-S tallied in Ferriss. Detroit Ight to snipe at the Red Hats on this score. once the South and has been unofficial- I j Takes Swat Lead CHICAGO (A) i WASHINGTON (A) I N.. lark 505 1)0 : -. i : 1 lSSErkbjon.p S S Kaah.p 2 15151siaIiet S S S S ' Uncle Bill Page Hamp Liggett. Bill Steinecke and other DeLandlub I both the sixth and eighth and the ly clocked In Texas at :22.4 for the I I abrbSa SSS3S'Grurslt' ukrb5uTookrr.rf 31545 Scow: : H.... Rum ballad la: Gee..... JL R.Inaan. .*- 11......... SSiSScbmIla.p 15151 went along that until BotuLeau. E. Bobtnion. Park Keller J.Colaiaa. 1. s, : officials are merely out to win the pennant this year. Andudglnl' I game way quarter mile distance.. He is by I : Appltng.as S S I 2 3 11'.rt 4 5 I 5 5Wrtohif T*. b... blta: Gordon DUI...1. 2. Hutu Grrag.p)I.It.., S S S S 5)Tulae.p , the 12th when Kell's blow decided I. 5 1 3 I S't.nu&lb' 5. 5 IT SJon.u.ib Park Keller C"' ..... 8aeriric, Wolff . rums: : there's six otheilubs Los Molenois out of and is' I 1. 11 from standings yesterday. or seven Betsy . league the winner. NEW YORK API] Harry "Little i iDixie" 5 1 2 U lrRrtde.rf 5. I I Si ttoubl play: Rluuto. Htlmw.l. and Mrtfcilna.Left bItau-k.y S S a SKIsgp bustin' their belts In an effort to do the same thing. (FIRST SAME a grandson of the famous Texas KennedJ'.rt 51 2 lSlioluefls2b35143: *o karma: Clerelaod 7. Newerk 8. Baton .a 55551eSbkaIIPIuSuS. I of the KoJlo'1I 11137l'iidIyb' :i. . DETROIT (A) | BOSTON (A)1I horse.Flying BobMullins Walker one stars : t I S Il'lsrtat'u..i, 4 S S I 1 21'1111I..3" Slttkey.r kail: W..lff.1. HMphena 1. I> Jihiwin 1. Lyons S S I 'I, .. I. l.ronirk 1 Slrllfouu: H.lff 2. K Juhnaoa I. L.mb.cdI.p 5 I S S ab r bps nl i ab II of the St. Louis Cardinals' 1946.. SiTot.ls 1 t. I 'E..r J a S The around: Judge Sid Herlong of Leesburg mailed in at'eiated La.....* TTITIP..k.Sb 55133 S J lyons ". Klephma 4. Ure i *. (....p rc 1. hIts: - once GIbosp.t.p) 3 a n 1 l'F.-r.liS' I" I I S I Koll.3b S 1 I 1 4 IKMaclocf 5 1 I S S world triumph and .. off It. Johnson 5 la 1 Innlnn Bone out (la Ilk; 13 11 24"\ TaI.1I it S l :T . series now . I S S "" . of ( .Idn.li.p' S 4 5 2 . check for the Joe Tinker Fund Kelly Merritt ) 5 4 * $10 rull'nb'..Ib' S S S 1$ 4 W Ullanu.If 5 S 2 5 S u5aliaos. 1. S S Lyons 3 In 1 1-1; Dress I In 1 3: junprt .-...,1... ItS Sousa In ',IL Shuiitetwe S S S I a . Heads property of the Phillies has sky- : I ii la 1; H.lff 4 I. J 1-3: 8tepheaa I I. I I 1l ; | 1 b filed for I. Mascotte Is a rabid Pirate fan, and makes the trip to Leesburg forvirtually I W.keridll | I 1 4 II'Tert.l" I 1 I IS I Idl't' S S a S S ant ukv SIb Mullin.rftranrf S S I 1 .UnerrXb' 4 S S S 2 l.ronek S la 1. Hit ky' pltrhrr: ky' Siepbem e walked for King In tin.d . every game. Jack.Lavelle. slugging Orlando outfielderlast 5 : 2 : 1 i Mele.rf ; : : 1 ; rocketed to the top in the National I Tot,. 13 f I* :i4 ii'Talol.' 31 1-i M ItI I I 'iRluuW'. ky torumu (Keltnerl, ky D Johnson I. .-tlncled! for Hermamkl to fch.e . Majv:Xb 4 S RPIIsgil.is' I 'it Rnulnaoai Caused ball A. Kablnaon Wtnnlnc ttrurk out for \auchan to 'Lh. has been sent from Chattanooga to Charlotte. the result of -(ruunde I wi for Cllletpl* It 10th.bbulled year Tthbriu IaCraetrr 5 1 :I .,W ainere I I S 5 1 League's individual batting I i ; pltrbet' Stephens. Laming pitcher U 1'iham Brooklyn _ ._ '3t Itt .!*-TChlrai I Ink walked. I to In and an imposing Lookout outfield trio of Gil Coan, Earl [Junior] Wooten ISSSSF.nlas.p 15511 race. r-Tin for $prm runt.. I In It hChicago I t: aiplrea. Paparella Summit and Ru*. Tlaut : :81 Ml Mi_* . $ Ui.. 3 1 SIHut.h'sosp I : Attendant 111 and Jack Nrtcher. Jess Willard the fighting bus driver takes off I : ; \ ParadeCHICAGO 000 100 000 003-4 I S II Batting I The fleet ball hawk was batting Washington 100 000 000 000-1 Walker i. Berkley Buiiky. McCullouih IWalikua . i i tomorrow on a vacation trip that Includes the Memorial Day races Ben....., I' 1 I I Errora: Appling Runs batted In: Kennedy Pafko ". Johruon. Tw baa. hit: Plfkot below .300 two weeks but he StcC.IJ .. Bacrlflr Waltku Left baaaa ago ; Picky 3. Two base hit Pbllley u. : ooj : at Indianapolis Speedway Rep. Brailey Odham of Sanford. whoIs I Total 45 :3 IUX3)1) Total 41 1 $3415 Jones Dicker Stolen base: Klllowty: S Crillces Dippy Lovell I Brooklyn S. ('ltl..o.. Bums on balli: Sammy J.Erirkaon . making life rough for some people up at Tallahassee now, played a- a... out for Tebbetta U f tn. rAP The pitchers I slammed out 14 hits in his last : Orace Double plays: Cbrlstman X. Saab 4. Grail I. 101.1... L KIng 2.Bttk.outs . DMroitBoaloa __ 'M Ml .1. 101-1 are beginning to catch up with the 24 ,trips to the plate to waltz to and Vernon: Kollowoy. Appllni and Jones. : BorowT I. RueS X. BfhmlU... Mellon tackle for Whltey MeLueas' Sanford High Celery Feds back around . tDX 101 SOS (> -X I I Left on bases: Chicago 7: Washington 7. I I. LIes L Hits: off Borowy 1 to I X InntnmErirkwn 1936-7-8.. Why Is It that Orlando larcest city in the FSL. and with 5'....: Kill I. Pell'lI'lnL SlIM .billeT tn: hitters in the American League. the top rung with a .390 mark. Base on balls: oil Gilltsple. 1. Wynn 2Caldwrll I X to I. Saab. 2 to I I-1. Sehmlu 1 1.I . CullmblM W..n.ld. Kill. To"'. JH.1.. Tue but Detroit's Pat Mullin still heads 3. Strikeouts Wynn 3. GlllespieS I Ii Oretc S .. 1 t: Melton 4 to I; Taylor I team that Is in the thick of the pennant chase has the poorest atMze baa hit: Kill 2. Braton. !'Dok)'. Tork. SarrI. Title I' 1. Lombardl to L Hit a andBoston's While Harry went on his batting Cald ell 2. Hits-(off Gillespie 4m 9; Meet for In X 3; KIng > X: ..__...A.._._.._ ._.4t. _. .__. ._..I4. 1_ n......_. 1___. rice: rallairln J. Double play: Lake to May the parade with a big .413 Caldvell 1 In 3. Wild pitches: Gillespie I : ny pursue King Johnaonk. Balk: Kuan. Winnlni - '" .AU v. "1 .I 'u AVVII" .. Cullmblna. Left Ml .bun: IMtrolt 11. Boatonalia Ted Williams is back bid- rampage, his more illustrious Winning pitcher: Caldmell Umpires: Hur- : Lrlrton. LosIng pitcher: Greii Imptre. 1*. Baac n : off HutzhlnaonX. off Benton ding for slugging honors. | of'I l.,. Passarrlla Boyer and RommeL Timeof Barlkk Got and PlnellL Tin. : 1:11.I : . 2. en Farrlaa 4. rilrlkenuti: by Boston 2. by FerS brother, Fred "Dixie" Walker 2' . 33 rtia 4. Riu: off Hu rhl_ tn I innln.i. .0 Mullin last week nose-dived 28points came Attendant 8 970 R. H. Dippy and Howard Lovell Red Birds Bantam S M T nnnl,a. Hit bjr '11......: bf F....j with seven hits in 21 trips. ) the Brooklyn Dodgers went into will meet this week in the finalsof I Cooper Explode ma K.II. Wild pilch: Fent."Ianlna pitchr a slump and tumbled from the the first annual Orlando Coun- INDUSTRIALENGINE : Bcnlaii. aiplraa: Barry. W eater and Hubb.... but kept 53 points ahead of Bob Rice Musial Tina. 2:45.: A andanra: U M. ..II....... Dillinger of St. Louis and George lead into a fifth place deadlocked' try Club Seniors Tournament I Washed-up Player Sales Legend (SECOND GAME McQuinn, New York's intermittent with New York's Johnny Mize andCincinnati's :I Club Pro Roy Horan announced DETROITk (A) I BOSTON (A) first sacker who were tied for sec Pace Card Win yesterday. r It .1 abylSa. each Ray Lam ann o. I i Dippy, who won qualifying med I ond with .360 Lakeu 5 i 1 3 4PMkjrlbX 1 1 If STEVE SNIDER 5511.31 i 1 5 1 i Dl Ma:ilo.d : : S S : The erstwhile runner-up, Bud Walker, who led the circuit the ST. LOUIS (lAP Catcher Del I al honors with an 85, defeated Dr. [United Press Sports Writer] "ull'nb".11I 4Wakefldtt S 1 S *:Moan.rf 3 1 2 2 5I dy Lewis of Washington plummeted past two weeks now boasts a .333 I I Rice and First Baseman Stan I t Harrison McMains. 2 and 1, to I REPAIR SERVICE I XMullin S S 1 .1111..11, S 1 1 S S I. NEW YORK [UP] When the St. Louis Cardinals cul rf 4 1 S S SY.rLIb' 4 5 5 S S below the top 10 hitters swat mark. The records include Musial provided the big blows as :I advance into the finals. loose a hot ball player for a bundle of cash the guy u., Eeere.rt 35S551.moo.b 45531 I I with a '74-point drop from .382 games through Sunday i the St. Louis Cardinals salvagedthe I Lovell won his semi-finals match I Factory Trained M. hanlea I Mayot'b .4 I t I 2Io'.rt-d, I 1 I 2 5 Washed up, brother, or soon will be.That's BolOs : : : I SiPlIagrtl.ss : I I Z I to .308 as he collected only three i Frankie Gustlne of the Pittsburgh last of a three-game series from Fred Godfrey, 3 and 2, to Genuine Continental Farts aWabbTaMMUi S Farte*.* 1 I hits in 23 appearances. Pirates also fared well t : with the Philadelphia Phils 5-3 I gain the finals. I . the legend anyway ,and it's not without founda S S I I Huibaon., 4 S S S I tackI I Horan said the match for the I : Williams although he skidded the plate daring the week, lastnight I WhllapbCramar I. S S II tion. So Johnny Mize is washed up. And Walker Cooper.But 1S1SS l 16 points to .322, climbed from in; nine points to his mark to i. Musial, who has been in a bat- club's senior championship would ,- cie " shrewd Sam Breadon who Trooka.p -----1 S S S S SI, ----- eighth to sixth place in hitting as I' move into the runner-up slot ting slump all season, drove in I be played before next Sunday. I peddled them to' the New York r 22 games with the world champs.I, Total II. ..25 .| 'Total IS S (XT T I he wrested the home run leader- with .351. Bob Elliott of Boston Ron Northey and Whitey Kurowski Giants, forgot to mention it to I best record in the league. The:f b s-ron.-alniled for for swift While In lib In ItIL ship from Joe Gordon of Cleve- and Emil Verban of Philadel- with a single in the sixth and later 4 ither Mize or Cooper and before .. were up on the Cards until botl 1 5-.en* out In Ilk ales. WUIIam scared silk lnnlnc I land with eight, moved into a tie phia are tied for third with ..331.I I scored on a wild pitch by Charles KILL HISFLEAS #8 I Mize and Cooper were put out bJ:r Detroit run._ ? __ __ __ MX IM Ml-IBoaton with Boston team-mate Bobby Enos Slaughter of St. Louis I Schantz, the first of two relief t !."k .:=!data SMI,MOM_S4IS IM C Csauh their careers eventually are run injuries. __ __.____ Mt XM tlX-J Doerr in runs batted in with 21. trails Walker. Mize and Lammano I pitchers used by the Phils " !the current Giant beauties may Error: Lake. William Rune batted In: Kill. and assumed the run-making lead !| Rice homered off starter Oscar Mize. of course. is the homer. CvUenbln twin. Cramer 101..... Panee. WllIlanu with .330 and Willard Marshall Torment Dust 'pr' J I !help explode the old aura of mystIcism hitting wonder of the early season. J. Two b... kits: Lake AI.,... Thro. baa with 24.McQuinn. and Walker Cooper of New York'Judd with one on in the fifth for II .. hit: PellafrlnL Bom nn: William Harririrca: who had played in his second round tripper of the will kill the fleas -i' . built up around Shrewd But for his other major achievement E..... Tebbett Douhlo plan: Lake .. Cullen- round out the first team with .326 J. : and his sales. -topptog the National Lea- I bin. Pane. .. Doerr L.n... bum: DotnltBoaUHl '. only 21 games through Sunday, and .319 marks respectively. season on dog In'4 .f. I Sam amazing PHILADELPHIA (N) ST LOUIS' Al your .1 t H.b.llI: off While S. off Huihaon .- showed the biggest improvement ( I II record of 15 for In gue scoring con. Mize clubbed another homer . sbrbSa' Since their transfer to New abrbp.a :X. Btrlkeout: by Whit 1. by Huihaon I. 30 seconds-if during the week with a 37 point it fails it York In separate deals several I secutive games Big Jawn fron 1 i Hit: e/f While ( In t Innlni off Tmrk t In during the span to increase his i'aomi.ss 3 S I I IIrho'd'.I.b I J I draws assis(t I II Innlni Hit by pitcher: by While (Cilia. rise on seven hits in 13 trips. .r.d.ott S S a S 1I)1..rf 4 S 5 5 5AIbrlgbiua Georgia heajthy rears apart these two ex-Card- a I Tint Losing plUMe: Trurk tapir,*: 1\'..,... Luke Appling of Chicago was In pace-setting output to 10. The big I a S S S "Xerthes.I'' I 1 5 5 5 is free! Harmless to the from Cooper. who hits two Halker.cf 4 S S I S .kummabtlb 1 1 1 I 2 inals have taken a huge delight peg:5 Hubbard and Berry Time: IJ4. Atlendanoe: Giant's first sacker has also I below him In the 2t.2'. I fourth spot with .346, followed by I tnnl..Ir: :I 1 2 2 5 III.Hlhler.1f 2 S I I S50minhk. dog. batting ordeJ'When . the most 29. Rookie In smacking down their former George Binks Philadelphia .323; scored runs I .. 4 I I S S )luI.J.Jb 4 1 1 I 1 Red Bird teammates. Between Cooper comes to the plate Earl Torgeson of Boston leads in Wyr'itb.rf' S I S I S :Markaaa. :3 I I I 4Mobits 1 lb. box ____$1.00 t ; Williams ..322, Hal Peck and Mgr I Ih t J I III S R...... 3 I t I I them. they came close to knockIng Mize usually is around then Officials Laud I both of Cleveland. runs batted in with 29 while Recruit HandIe)3b35SS3H.un.p 25553 V lb. box ; Lou Boudreau __._____.30c ! the Cards out of the pennant where a hit will bring him In. Frank Baumholtz of Cincinnati .rh.n.b 3. 1 1 4 \lu..er.1I I S S I S tad Between them At his present homer hitttoi .321 each; Bob Kennedy, Chicago |i has banged out the most I Judd.p 15555 Sold by Feed Seed and year. they'vehelped .312: and Walt Evers, Detroit .310. &bau..p 55555sGtib.rt , whip the Cards five pace. Mize would whack a recon Local Track With of hits, 37. Del Ennis of the Phils ]I 1. S S I II I Hardware 70 for the year. His pace howeveris ::1 exception Kennedy a : \hune)'., Stores. two-base hits in straight this season with nary to the these paces the loop newcomer top ten I Giant defeat e* far. less amazing than the fact tha Directors of the Florida Quarter players all slumped during the I with 11 and 10 players are tied !I Tot.I. St--5!' 1. Tau.I. 2f. 4 ri PatentedWILLIAMS' Free your pet of irritating In 1946. the Giants won 10 of Mize is one of the few hitters ii 11 Running Horse Assn. formally expressed at two apiece for collecting the b a--valktd atrurk' cut for fur Krvtnn.fVhau la la 81k.SIt,. CHEMICAL CO. Disease carrying Ticks withTICKNOX the National League who does no t appreciation for the facilities : week.Other specialized leaders: Dillinger. most triples. Jackie Robinson of I Phll.dflphla _. ._ SOS 305-2 regard the Polo Grounds with it:II Adams of St. LOUII 50. .}3 Mi 4Ernra MANUFACTURERS offered by the Florida Brooklyn and Bobby , most hits. 41, and stolen : No*. Hum batted la: Sirs 2. Mualal :t 208 South i Parramore Be sure to visit foul-like stands within chipptoi r ; Livestock Exposition during their I bases six; Mullin, doubles, 13; Cincinnati are tied for stolen base I I t Rebuilt S. bit Lnnla. Horn run St. For Sale at Leading I.81:1: ; : ; ; ORLANDO Drug and Pet Stores distance of the sof t I . plate, as a 1947 Speed Trials and especially honors each having swiped four Blr* baa Kant Dovbl plays: and Dave 1.1I touch. I Thilley Chicago, I. I Handler'. >.rbin and Uchulli: Beam. Marion and I thanked the local individuals who mer Valo Philadelphia, and bases.. i, Mualal; Varban rwosm5 and Hchulta. Ltf Ml ORANGEFISHING "I'm not a pull hitter.- Mia I served as officials during the two- I Paul Lehner, St. Louis triples, Southpaw Warren Spahn of i b..... Pbilaclpblt J. *t. .Laula. 4. BaiM an bills: complained before the Giants wen t Judd 4. Hchau I. Maun*, 1. Hrara S StrlkemitaJudd : I day meet. I four each. Boston moved into a tie with 4. Hrfaani I. Hears S. Munftr. HIts: an LODGE West. "Where I usually hit 'em. In a resolution adopted at their i', Freddy Hutchinson, Detroit's i veteran Schoolboy Rowe of the Judd j In I I 3 innIngs; Urban* S In I 2-1Innlnta Wednesday Morning ONLYWe out In right center there's enougl 1 M.uney I la I losing. Hears i I. T 1-1Innlni. annual meeting in the Lamar for honors. Both . come-back continued Phils pitching . I flinger, toi! : Mun. r t la 1 S I Innlnia Wild plieS: outfield space to set down i I Hotel yesterday, the association top the pitchers with a 5-1 record i have won six games without suf- Bchani. Balk: W.u...,. Winning pltrhar: H..... LOCATED ON LAKE B29. Lain pluhar. Judd. Inplraa: Bo ..aa, Jorda j members declared that "the fa-1 for .833; while Hal Newhouser. another I fering a setback. Ewell Blackwell I Bart Tim' I-JL .111___: f.SSt, So he hit five of his first K() I.nd APOPKA BETWEEN homers in the Polo Grounds. I duties now in existence and projected ) Tiger tosser overtook Cleveland of Cincinnati tops the hurlers in : like to do a day's OCOEE AND APOPKA for short-distance horse 's Bob Feller in strikeouts at : strikeouts with 35. APPS WILL BE BACK When the Giants began their I. racing at Florida Livestock Expo- I II TORONTO (AP] Syl Apps vet- business in half a day, so Here in a b*:otiful setting of palms splurge which lifted them from sion, plus the strategic location of eran center star of the Stanley - U fisherman a Lodge heart.that wlU No excite expense every hat eighth place Into the first I Orlando, make this a highly desirable 50.Class 'A' I SportShortsSam cup-winning Toronto Maple Leafs we ore offering you a special ' division. lUbe led the revival of i LoopIn I I been ipared to provide the newest point for the promotion yesterday signed a contract for and beat in modern facilities andequipment. ) an esprit de corps the dreary I lof Quarter Horse racing.." i of Middleweight next season with the National inducement to come /J Jin Yet Plan, co-manager prices are reasonable Giants lacked all last Action season Here are Just a few of U R. D. Keene and Sheriff Jim TonightThe Champion Tony Zale, 'i Hockey League Club. Apps was \ many attractions available: well when deserved they finished last. a Shortening dead and Black,who served as judges with league-leading Denmark denied a rumor that the title bout recently appointed Ontario ath- ,0 ; EXCELLENT FISHING his swing' with men on baser Increasing R. G. Goolsby, Hollywood, were Sporting Goods nine, with Ollie between Zale and Rocky Graziano, letics commissioner. 1* his chances of bringing I cited by the association for their Barker on the mound will meet booked at Chicago Stadium July NEW BOATS AND MOTORS them around. Biff Jawn began to "impartial fairness and their the O'Brien Pharmacy team in the 16. might be transferred to Phila- EXPERIENCED GUIDES think of New York runs first I I high conception" of good sportsmanship II I first game of tonight's Class A delphia Enos Slaughter. 31- SPECIALSAND I C and Mire homers second. and Track Official Softball tilts starting at 7:45: at year-old outfielder of the St. Louis Cooper'sSport NEW TACKLE W. R. Hutchinson was commended Exposition Park. Southpaw Ken Cards/and Mrs. Mary Peterson "His value as a team man wa:I I AND MUCK NEW ULTRA-MODERN greatly enhanced." said Mgr. Me ', for his efforts In keepIng Hansen will do the pitching chores ;. Walker of Galesburg, Ill. were Shirts COTTAGES Ott. probably the greatest tean 1 the racing program on for O'Brien's. married The' welterweight TIRESFor WITH ALL-ELECTRIC man the Giants ever had. schedule throughout the meet. In the ni ht-cap. which begins I championship bout between Ray ' KITCHENS Presiding at yesterday's meetingwas at 9:15. the Bumby Hardware soft- ; Robinson and Jimmy Doyle, originally Spray Machines, Supply Trucks Sanforized shrunk Vice President Herman bailers with Jack Williams tossing, : scheduled for May 30. was All types of Grove Trucks Trailers C NEW RESTAURANTS Nats Release Harris Turner. Sarasota cattleman and )II will tangle with the JayCees who set back until June 17 because of and Fertilizer Distributors etc. and vat dyed for I head of the Sarasota County Rac- will probably start Gene Bacon on cuts Robinson suffered to his To Louisville ClubWASHINGTON eyes check S color neat PACKAGE STORE pat for free I tog Assn. I I. the mound. Ask trial demonstration for , I in last Friday's bout with Georgie .. [APt Th I t weeks at absolutely no obligation NEW BAR < Abrams. tern. Small, medium ,.. - Washington Nationals yesterda OUR BOARDING HOUSE I to you. , : . Phalanx was assigned topweightof and An outstanding PAVED ROADS INSIDE large. released Pitcher Luman Harris tl< I WE GUARANTEE!' 126 pounds for Saturday's $15- SATISFACTION CAMP GROUNDSWords Louisville of the American Associ VES.T VJEfiT HOMeMA30R. AMDSOTTUe { iri TME TRASH GAL, OR NO PAY value at 000 Added Peter Pan Handicapat ation. FOLLTREAT/WEiST/ CJOST Like )> ACE? OG-ULP/ don do I our place justice but I Belmont Park Johnny to see is to believe. Frankly we Harris has pitched only two an TrAeV 6A\IE BltfMt ATOLL OWE OP EXCUSE AV DASHING Thousands of Brand New doubt U there .1 a nicer place of two thirds Innings. while appearing .- I THE TUlUGS SUE CACOMEO OPP M'Aw BUT XAAV Greco Montreal welterweight was Tires in Our Warehouse $1.95 its kind in the U. S. I given a summons to before Flop by and appear in three games. During thl POMPADOUR \NA5 THAT VASE VOO i I 1.0 ';nc see us Well be gLad it show you I Roa the New York County Grand Jury DUDA round. brief time he gave up seven hit GE #tE.- T'S IM THE TRASU J\ ABOUT 60A\E CHINESE June 4 after appearing voluntarily - and five bases on balls. for questioning in the district TIRE SALES ,. attorney's probe of reports that OVIEDO I racketeers exert influence in box- : W P. 128M. Oviedo 2151JACKSON'S Wilson Bros. I ing. -- -- LUMBER Play Shorts kd u: = SPORT SHOP k ; Skipper gabardine play " BUILDING SUPPLIES 28 E. Church St. "Stonewair Jackson. Ot-iur Phone 7044 shorts 2 side pockets 1 hip 4 20% DISCOUNT COMPLETE . 10% DISCOUNT REPAIR SHOP pocket, belted. Sfte 2842. In S Oak Flooring Pine Flooring Siding Ceiling Sporting On All :Wilson Goods For and Blcyrlrs Reel Rods On All Bicycles Standard I natural canary, light blue, nile green. Stash Doors Mouldings Sash Weights Cord 'ft r Sash Locks Builders Hardware Nails Roofing tz L'J ( -4JL1 A'\\ I $2.95 RADIO REPAIRING i t Cabinets.! -.c- i L\ / __-,# I.., And f 0 (: \ '_ 48 Hr. Service by 3 Qualified Tech Many Afore Articles r rJ--- : --- S.:', 4' nicians. I BEACH SANDALSAll ; Lowest Rates-.Ml Work Guaranteed. ' -Ni I Pick-up and Delivery Service [No / J1J. eJ.- leather open work. PHILLIPS INDUSTRIES INC. p---, J7 GS I charge.] Iolhicr A. criss-cross or open saddle. / . OUT tTi& CaU Asfeiitrd 5300 When in Need of Radio or Phono Repairs 1 PHONE 2.1229 MICHIGAN AVE. AT ACL BY.I pJ.1 1I4 Si-t3ES OLD I jS I ORANGE 143 N. ASSOCIATED STORES PHONE 5300 I I. 206 N. Orange Ave. $3.95JiiP' 1 I ". a ,..' _p __ _ - Pr Orlando Draws Even With DeLand ; Saints Take Lead . Tuesday, May 20, 1947 (Q rlanba 1 fHnrning! Srnlinrl Page- 7t Si. Riley Rules Tourney Favorite9As Cuthbertson I i Augustine Zaharias Fails to Show UpNEW Morris, Taylor Lead BiddersI Smith Defeats I Pirates Rally Scores 6-1 Win ORLEANS [AP] Mrs. Babe Didrickson Zaharias Makes Debut By For Starting Berths in Meet : To Trip DeLand , surrendered her trans-Mississippi Women's Golf Cham- Gottlieb pionship yesterday and Polly Riley from Fort Worth, Tex., ATLANTA [AP] Johnny Morris of Montgomery, Ala., Enters Over Sanford became the logical choice for succession to the title. I Winning 54Special and Joe Taylor of Bristol, Va.-Tenn., turned in fourunderI I In 8-7 Battle , Mrs. Didrickson. winner of ,the last 15 tournaments in war 138's yesterday to lead 31 Southeastern golfers bidding (Sse 01 Orlando! * Sen for berths in the PGA's I to Morning :'l :Se-" to Or'onJo M-n Se'-" Tell which she has played failed to" starting 1947 Championship at DE-: City Golf FinalsLarry > ; : : 5 LEES BURG-The Leesburg PIT'ates appear for yesterdaYs qualifying [ to Orlando Morning Sentinel] irou! June .la. SANFORD-The St Augustine round In the 1947 Trans-Miss at fr PALATKA-Worth Cuthbertson I Morris shot the par 71 Capitol I won over the DeLand Red Saints worked George Green for Club here. win Smith defeated Ellis Hats, 8-7. here last night the eight hits and a 6 to 1 victory here the Metairie Country / hurled the Senators to a 5-4 City Course in as regulation figures 11 last night as Big Jim Ketcher effectively - Miss Babe Riley,in who last was year's runnerupto tourneyat over the Azaleas here last night In on the first 18. and then came I Rollins Wins I Gottlieb 2-1. yesterday to advance Pirates chalked up three talliesin ) scattered eight Sanford the into the finals of the fifth annual the last of the ninth for the Denver. Colo. won the medal his debut in a Senator uniform I back with a 67, while Taylor had singles which produced but one yesterday with a 38-38-76, two giving up nine hits and three I rounds of 70 and 68. City Golf Championship Tourna- victory. The win dropped De- run and lifted the Saints into the over women's par. walks and receiving plenty of help Ed Brooks of Winter Haven, 15th 1 Decision ment at Dubsdread Country Club. Land from the league lead into a league lead.Johnny . from his team mates by way of t McManus, diminutiveFed Women'i I Fla., was third 139. and Mike Smith who shot 74 for two-way The president of the I with a second tie for second place with keystone player the I paced three fast double plays. Coach Joe Justice's Rollins Trans- llss Golf Association. S. The Senators scored all of their DeMassey of Chattanooga was honors in qualifying) play, fireda Orlando who won over Palatka local attack on the ancient city Nelson Whitney of New 1 next with 140. Tied at 141 were Tars bagged their sixth win in Mrs; runs off Bill Loveys. nicking him one-over-par 72 yesterday to while St. Augustine was defeating hurler with three hits in three appearance - Orleans, said Airs. Zaharias. had Pete Cooper of Gainesville, Fla.. a row when they made a clean at the platter. informed tournament officials for nine hits and one walk and and Elmer Reed of Atlanta. eliminate Gottlieb in a semifinals Sanford to take the league lead. never hits off big sweep of their four-game series' Sanford booted away scoring opportunities - that she would not defend picked up three more Other scores' Johnnr Corhrmn of Orteo- match. 1 Paul Gormish, sent in to hit for Walt Wenclewicz who relieved wood. Mil. and Harold Williams of Ttuealooi with Stetson by taking a 14-4 decision '!'Boim in the third fourth. tripled down the first base her title. She was counted I Ala. 144. Pete Loveys in the eighth. Charlie Miller of Atlanta Dye medalist with a 73. fifth sixth, and eighth frames by and Jerry COM of Savannah. 145 at Harper-Shepherd Field line and Gardner to out when the drawings were ; our I I who defeated Graham gave! way Barr. 4-3 The game was halted for 30 I Criiman of Miami Beach and Joe Burch yesterday. It was the Tars' 15th Kinnaman who walked not having the punch to drive the made for the first day of match 4' minutes with Orlando at the bat of Mobile. Ala.. 146 I last weekend, will meet E. A. Ridgeway. men in scoring position home. I Todd Slouch of Memphis and Everett win in 20 starts. St bbins sacrificed Ridgeway to T play today.Qualifying. I Fleming 1-% winner Dr. ST. T SANFOROTulsls behind Miss Riley in the. fifth due to heavy rains Nelson of Saraaota. ria. 148; Jirnmi Milford Talton had a triple and over second and Mgr. Bill Good came : r N.1: aS r SpeaJualc.2b and trouble with a light'switch Lent ., Orlando 152: Huch Moon of Ma- John McKay in quarterfinalsplay 4 I I 4 319"1.? 4 I I I 0Asifrinais. two singles in four for the flight of 32 con. 1S3: Charles Banner of Nashville. trips batting through with a hot single to deep . championship ceased. I in the lower bracket semifinals I 5 5 I !I.I.211 S 5 I 1 4krtnti..tb , were Dot Kielty of Los Angeles. after the rain had I Tenn.. 155 Leo Beckman of Savannah in five runs. to lead the attack. match centerfield for his third hit. of I' III .IR".rf S. 1 0 . two fast 1S6.; Arnold Hears of Nashville, Tenn. I which must be . The Azaleas pulled while Lefty Dick Sauerbrun scat the k.rliiatki.1f S I S Ii..sg.ess.t I S 1 I 0 State and evening, bringing in both California champion 1112.'M , double plays to pull Loveys out I played before Thursday. 1 wiia.s.sb,.. : 45S51l.a0..hf! Sills former WASP. with 38-40-78; tered seven hits in hanging up I i Gormish and Ridgeway. J..h..rf 3 5 1 S 11".1..111 t 5 111 C- of trouble twice but he rave up his fourth win. The Smith-Gottlieb match was I Roth took the mound MtllI..II.e I I I r 1I1.a t 5 5 t 1.Sebte.f Mrs. Sam Israel. Jr. of New Or- over duties two runs in the sixth on four the only semifinals match played i ., t I I I rZais! t S I 4 CKefrbe.p leans, Louisiana champion with ; All four of Stetson's scores came I I in either i, for DeLand and Johnson filed out i! I I 1 5 lilreeu.p' I' S S S.Itkkrt.au 40-39-79; Margaret Gunther of POLLY RILEY hits to enable the Senators to as the result of home runs Gabby j 1 I the City, Town Village to first. Karl Campbell came. 1. S I S tie the at four-all and they 'or Hamlet Championship flights. ,,.neel... S S I S r Memphis. Tennessee champion. takes medalist honors. scored score what proved to be the :.& Boyd hit for the circuit with none Qu.rterfln.ls result In other flights through with a would be double to I' --- ,, - aboard in the while JimHal''ood (first U f II r 121 TM.l. U 1 1 IT 14 43-38-81: and Kay Pearson of first and second winners and third and right to bring home Good and winning run in the eighth on a belted fourth winners meet In seml-fln.ls a-.ntad'" out for Greta IB 7th another inside- end the i iI 1 Houston. Texas State champion game. and FLORIDA STATE LEAGUE matches): m AuniutUM HII 555.-I with 39-43-82. Racers hit batter and a sacrifice Team W L ctIT.: \ *", W L Pet: the-park homer with two aboard Town Bryan WUilntham defeated Dick I DELANO tEESBURS i i HanfnrH I"I Striking nicked Wink for a single to St. Aut. 2013 .6O IS.nford IS IT .514: the ninth. Amldon. 2-up. Bill O'Hara defeated | a. r hp.e' ak r k e* aRnaa I I ........: "'.11...... Krr>*.. 1. Krirft. Bum haS.I drive It home. lorl..d. 20 14 .S88IO'neivllle 17 1* .48H in Schultels. 3-2 Knox Jerry : .2b. iSlllRlde.'ay.n. 4 1 IS 4 I II I lied I 1.. I.aie. Judy 1. ......."...1. AMirm. Krta.I . : Glass 2014 .S88IPalatka 14 20 .412 STCT5ON .1 i ROLLIIdS I I defeated Ben 11I1R.rf l S I S 1 S "'rllhi..rf I' I 4 I I i'Ita S. Tw.-_ hits' loir. HiHrrmt' fttofem 7/ Voted PermissionTo Lou Bevil was the big man with Ltvsburt 19 15 SS9Dar. Bch. B 23 .242 .1 e .. .. as e Spit1 Ward. 1.up on the 20th hole, and Crate ,I''TbilekM. 5l21Mud.u 52S58 ',, IW.IM: )I "'....*. Job_ Horriflm: McMaaM.ivxihlo . RMult Tul..rf t. 5 3 "lc..311 5 t S 1 3Rod.Ib Jackson defeated Travis Crier. 3-2. i Alma 3k St511Jaau.s.Ie 4S1iImeats .. VMterdayORLANDO KrUte Left the stick. getting three for four I I I plays: Aadennn : kaor*: S. Palatka 4. : 4 1 I 5 7IW.llm.n.2b J a 1 I I Village Walter Leach defeated Jimmy : 4 1 S 11 S i'ampb.ll,35 i I S 1 1 I St AlulMln' T. ".., Enter Classic'INDIANAPOLIS and batting in four runs. Gomez i Daytona Beach 16. Gainesville 7. Fm.3b.p 1. S 3 IIBI.I..IT. 4 1 1 I IIeengjf '' Brass 1-up on the 19th Tom Hunter defeated -' U aild.ll.e t. I t 1 Halter.rf S I 1 I SI 1 I I I Krtrber. 1. Rna .. ntrrrtt .. dtmrk' cut brk batted in two Azalea runs with a I St. Autustlne 6. Sanford 1. 3I11)ltrln.oa.lf 15055 Joe! Beard. 4-2: Phillip Burrill de- Vega.if t. s I silM-nlerlk. 4 t IlJ 1 rbrr S. c... 1 Hill elf: Garrett la Ita.I. H.rna.1I 1. S I U T.II..... 4 I I I t feated Jimmie ........ _.Ir 4 e i i ma* ... 1 t 1 ... ' Leesburc 8. DeLand 7. i Cooper 1-up. and Bill Mal1 gu e S not* act iram a IB T lonlnn' f TUBS IUP] Ownersof long triple to left center for his I "......II.e 4 I 1 I 0 Rdeabah.. 1 S 1 1l.rf.3b I I ( . 1 . Today's Gams com defeated A. L Mile,. 1-up on the 19th. l..ln.r.p 4 1 t S : (Hirer 1111 a HlnniM toll.....: K........ l..l*( purSer: Grfrm. the 35 cars entered in the Indianapolis only hit in three trips. Palatka at ORLANDO. 4 I I S II ryi.r.ef. 'I I 1 S I I Hamlet: Kenneth Ktehl defeated Don klnne aa... s S e S 1,_""',.,. lit 5 \'....._. limirk. awl 1>. )I TISM ol SIB Leesburi at DeLand rstun.piSlsllJwsiee.d Soil.Binrk.m Mumford. It.aah.p S S S t lit.i..p, STotal. s s I:... 500- each'other 4-2.: R H Obermeyer defeated Motor Speedway The clubs face againat 1 1 I S I : Daytona Beach at Gainesville. aIklfrltrr.lb I S I S IS I1i&n.iS 1 -- -, -- - mile race mQved last night to per- Tinker Field in Orlando at 8 I Sanford at St Augustine.NATIOHAL 3 5 S 5 'III.-.rf I I I I SIlare..aI.lb Art Lester.See.1-up 2-up Ceorie Fair defeated Bob. 4S T 11 :. Ml Totals IS' 11 IT IIa i 2 I I I SIWiiiia..f S I S S on the 19th. and J N. Patterson baited tat 5.4. I. Slh.h MIKE BRITMBELOW mit members of the Boycotting p.m. tonight with Joe Jones prob- LEAGUE iioftat.p. I S S S 'lll! B".e I 2 I I S defeated Joe Wheeler. 1-up on the -IB .U whet. sliming ma .,..... OXFORD Miss IUP1 I Mike American Society of ProfessionalAuto ably getting Mgr. Lou Bevil's bid Team w L ret.:Team W L Pct: | 1.dler.p 3. S i .aiSrao..p I a s1m"r. 19thI HeUnJ Oil i;. 11-T Racing to drive in the Me- for the starting assignment for I Boston 18 12 .571 PIttsburgh 12 11 .522 ... S S I It'' I II Semi-finals palrlnss for the four consolation i mlMirt.' II. 111 MlIrnn -, Brumbelow has returned to the New York 14 11 .560 Brooklyn 14 13 .519 (rsvey..f i5IibYttala : flUhts: : dutl JubnMNi. Kld mr I. *tx**> University of Mississippi as head morial Day Classics the Orlando club. Chicago 15 12 .556 City Herb smith vi Harry V.ehmeyer Clolrk. KIM: Kum balled; ; l.: : d 5. Ftnm S, /7H The car owners circulated a ORLANDO I PALATSAab I Phil,'la, 15 13 53H'Cincinnati xSt. Louis 13 8 18 17 .308 433i I i f it 10TolIll\ 2511122714 I I and Bill Knauer Jr. TS Vern Oblander.. I H..bl.r. H'Mt.: (all..,. floltk" 1. <<......11 I. football scout and assistant coach. F .. .. ii r hpss Phd'lphla IS 14 RealMs 4 S I 1 1 i 4 5 a-I( I MlrMiliu. las but hlt: Kidg..ajr.HirklOT.. BOM.riolrk. Ole Miss athletic director Tad T.I petition which asked the Speedway 1.-10......... i S 1 1 IKhieuda t I 1 S X-playlnt night 517131. Louis. 9 18 .333 Stetne liIIIIil34Sm. I Town Johnny Wrilht WI Bert Robblns I .. ttadd.II. "._1.... Thins km hits Corp. to accept the late en- Thronpef I 1 I 4 lit.oawi.rr, I I I I S I tames.tMulta YMterday .,.. Tsllnn [11. Fol. Lee Runs ballad and M D Hurt 1'1 Austin Williams.Vlllaff He""" ..... ".., CorBlah. BMM rut: Peres.ptolM Smith announced yesterday. )I.'ln..I" I I I 1 S,Kr1nkn.il. I S S I S St. Louis 5. ID. Bojd Talton (15)) KUnrfelter. B.uerbrun. I II : Pop Yon TS Grady Cooksey and >-* ..: Btou. S. Pullet. ttolek.. HarririreifflehblM ' : tries of ASPAR members. A Philadelphia 3 (night .. ,... Bob rieckenstein "s E. Y. Harpole ..... ! J IUrll.ll SlsSaThIanId 15555 Chicaro 8. Brooklyn 7. I \\011. (III.) )I R.. Horwood [31 S. Peubl. pla; Attt I. P. Left COLLEGE ASEIALL _. 5 I t VildM I" S I S .. LML Hamlet: A. R Riley 1'1' Jack Blllinrham M kun: rwLaiMl S. Unhurt ?. Bu bails spokesman said aU but two entrants (; If 4 (Only tames scheduled). hits: UcBrjd Thn*-ban* blu: T.II. :, en I II Rollins 14. Stetson 4. ; c 3SCuuILb 4 S I 4 SPtnI.. 4 I I 5 I Today's G...... I Horn* run.: Boyd. H....._. ftol. bura: Fox.Wellnaa and Henry Amrhelm TS Dean Little field.. lee Gardiwr 1. BetS 1. Ktonenua 1. SlowS. out Indiana 7. Butler 5. : ____ had agreed to the plan and Brul.l.rf 4 1 I 1 Tocteoff.. 4 S I I 5 Prorsbl pitchers: (won and lost records [(21.] Trier.. Talt.... Doublo plan: PeaBinstoB. I by Gardner S. outer 1. Balm L Hits elf Gutmr I II Mt. St. Mary's 12. Baltimore ij. 11. that they were both out of town Ab..... 4 I I T tlN.polet.lb I S I 13 ICuUlber' in parentheses): Bojd and Uurr; PrtuUmlop\ to 80,... S la I Inntntf. f runt: in OUnr S te woke. Forest S. North Carolina 1. and to the ..! a I I S 1 I>-... 4 5 I 4 II Boston at PltUbursh-(nlcht)-Sain (3-3) Left oa banes: Btetxw' It]. Boiling (111. Bats Knot Hole 1-I Innlnn. I rum: off Klnnenua 1 <. 1-tinnlnc Auburn a. Georoo Toch 4. r expected sign petition. I, |Eima>.,.. I 1 1 5 1 vs BaSe (3-D. 'I oa tails-otr. Bsuerbnm' (IJ. HsrmU [41. Pot.ur Gang I 2 run: off Balm 1 la 1 JIroilnci.. 1 Dotrsxl 1. Michigan Normal I. :DS Speedway officials said the plan \\\jvm.9 1. S S 1 New York at Cincinnati-(nliht)-Har- 151.) Miller 11. Fox [II.] Struck' out. by "a'; off Rath 1 la 1-1 lanlni.. S ru.... Winningpllrbn Now Hampshire 1, Boston U. i. "appeared workable" and esti- ibW_ 'es.. S S S S I tuna U-4 vs Erautt (1-3). Bauerbrua' [II. rot_. (11. Mitt off: HsnreU Formed at Sanford BulB. Lailng' '".....: Klmwraua. t:.- Army 4. Maryland 1.Maryvillo . ' I IrDrligm 1. I I I Philadelphia at Chlcato-Schmidt (0-2) 1 IB S-1 Inninii 4 run.: eff. Potter la S 1-1 pinS; Brlbwk and BarILIslanders 3. Tonnoaioo 2. mated that it might permit "sev- ----- ---- vs Wine (2-3. I InalBcs niBs; off: Miller I U 1-1 lanlus. 4 I i.sI : .- _- en or eight" members of the I TbUta 15. Itsrill. ToUIi :r. 4 t 2J 11ob.ttd Brooklyn at St. Louis-(nlsht)-Branca I runs: off: Yes 1 la 1 1-1 Innlon. S runm. Hit !f5pe-iol to Orlando Momma Sentrnell! : COLLEGE GOLF lor Brt.k.sa U 5th.sr.u.M (3-3) vs.' Brethren (4-1) I"br pitcher, by Porter [ R Wild pltrhn: SANFORD-For the first time Illinois 15. Indiana 1U . ASPAR to get into the race Lorrjra 1* ..b. .... TrimGainesville .rt Fox. Louns Bsrwell. I >rua. pltrbor: lasi i Oklahoma A4 M HVa, Kansas U. 4><4h May ''o-II..ed for W.nk. _la ..... ', pinS: Boell. Belberk. Tim. of ,cams 1:65. this year there was a Knot Hole Minnesota 1$. Notes D..... t. _ Orlando M> .ftl Mf-4 AMERICAN LEAGUE PalalkaErran. __ ... 11' ae- Team W L Pct.lTtam W L gang in the local stands Saturday -- - - I 30."BUTANE" : : Lybrmnd. Cuthb.rt.aa." ... lI.tled u: Detroit 17. .654 Phils'phia 13 14 et'l: FSL Announces I night after a morning of registration INVESTIGATE BEFORE YOU BUY! ('uthb.rt." ... B.r1l 4. N.p.g... GMMS S. Flrtl. Boston 16 12 .571 New York 12 13 .480 that listed Two but hits: Brnlil.' NtpolM. Abrra. Thins Cleveland 12 10 .545 xWssh/ton 10 13 .43* I' over 75 names. ku hit: Gnm,& Hlolni BUM: ,.10...... DIBOOO.Hwrlfktr. xChlcaso 14 14 .500,St. Louis 9 18 .333Chleato ,Official RostersSecretary : The club membership is free and 16-7 : Until 1. -. )I'MlnlDeuhle IS 14 .S17Wash| 'cton 10 14 .417 entitles the card holder to all see , pl.,.: )I ullou.h. l.jtbr.ad and Boil: Ljrbnnd.MrCuIlouih t.'ults Yesterday 1 GAS APPLIANCES and Httll: UtMMda. l>...o. ..d N.polct .- Chicago 4. Washington 1 (12 Innlnn. Peter Schaal of the ; the Fed's home games. I !.; Tkno*. Akmi ud McOulIouik.: IAn night Florida State League yesterday released i Because of the increasing interest I fcp; ol to Orlando! Morning Sentinel] Soo Your : Available/ for on hiM: Orlando S. P.l.tk. L B... .. balM: Detroit 3-4. Boston 2-S. I Homo Tow* i "C. ) l ntt 1Ao.n 1. futbbortM* I. Kiiwk out: ky I Cleveland 9. New York 4. the following rosters of the the sponsoring JayCees and DAYTONA BEACH Daytona Aoont ;j j'. IMMEDIATE DELIVERY Lain. I. Cuthbnuoo 5. Hlti- off ....m 1* 1 (Only tames scheduled) eight clubs as of midnight last the Baseball Assn. believe that Beach*exploded for 18 hits and a T l-l Innlrt. '. I run: off Wrarlowlca 1 t-S Today's GamesProrabl I A HOME-TOWN TRANSACTION! I Innlnci S; off rmbbrrt.. la I Inninii L. 4 I pitchers: (won and lost records 'Wednesday, when squad rosters school children under 15 years of 16 to 7 victory over Gainesville ru... Hit ky ,It_: kj I_.,. iThroopl. Wild In parentheses: were trimmed to 15 active players. 'age will sign up in greater numbers -I, here last night before 801 of th- ORLANDOBUTANE pitch: Wuik. Wlnnlnf pllrker" : r"lh'I....- i Cleveland at New York-Black (2-3) Tf. I 1-- IBI pltrhcr. tofrjrt. I .plm: Motoley.ind WIIIII. Sevens (23)Chicago (Following the eight club rosters before tonight's game with faithful. The Shop Well Groomed Men GASSERVICE Burr. Tin ., gin*: 2.". at W..hlnlton-tnllhtJ-Huaf' were those changes reportedto St. Augustine. Cards are availableat 1 Lefty Ralph Pinch got the ver- PreferThe I' (1-1) vs. Scarborough: CO-II. the baseball business offic in dict over George Fultz. The Islet alr-condUionrd PIIILS TAKE POLAND St Louis at PbU.d.lpbla-Muncrlef (2-3)) I Schaal up to 6 p.m. last only shopIn 1f vs Savate (3-1)) nightl : the stands at the Municipal Ball southpaw was clipped for 13 hits Central Florida INDIANAPOLIS [API Hugh Poland Detroit at Bostaav-Trout (4-1) vs. DAYTONA Park, officials stated. I but he rode out a handsome lead Incorporated EOLA BARBER SHOP f .0. .., veteran catcher for the Indianapolis son (4-1). ROOKIES: Joseph Zander. Robert Horn ''all the - O 'KtlH S NC 4UMA16 N '-!. 1932 W. Robinson Ph. 2-1733 : American Association SOUTHERN.-ASSOCIATION Dob-I I sn. Donald Nepote. Henry PtUpskl.Herman Thomas : way.CAINESVILLE: DAYTONA A. L. Dickinson Prop Tftraull. Charles Mice. Mea I team has been signed by the : Team w L etIT..", w L 1 dows. Elwin Btabelfleld. Billy Selbee (suspended British Jockey Sets New 1 abrhpes' airSpis 22 E. Washington St. 'New Or. 2511 .694 Nsshvllle 13 17 !. H.rbis t.) S 5 s:Mrflralh. rf Ii I 1 1 S Philadelphia National League I MobU. 2213 .629Btr| 'tham If 21 .400 I World Mark for Riders ".II..IF. ;. I S I eizander.lk I I I S 1 LIMITED SERVICE Ceorte Boerner. . : team. the Indianapolis club man- Ch'noota 2015 .571Memphls| 12 11 .387 : H.rold 81111... William McOrath. Ralphw. I' B.......Ik S 1 1 5 KuenMr.tf: I 1 1 1 t I agement announced yesterday. Atlanta 17 18 .486 Lit. Rock 13 22 .371 pinch Glen Morton. William Sbep-. LONDON LAP Gordon Richards Tb.rp.rf. S2SOiY.ut.e Sill A Good Place To Fish THINKING ABOUT BUILDING? Moults Yesurday I Hasg.rf 4 I S S *Tetraull I t S * They said Poland had been released -I New Orleans 8. Atlanta 3. pardVETERANS I who quit as an office boy at I, Hulamr.. 1 I S T S Khll a tb S S S T 1F Non. other than nonplsiInc OAKLAND : - CONTACT WS Mobile I, i' ,tM.ib I' i n I ruiiuki. i IS' I so he could take the major Birmingham 0 Mlr. Ororer Hartley 14 to begin a turf career as a stable - Homes Built at m Price to save yoU money. I Nashvill at Llttl Rock, ppd. wet ;, <;.,.>n.b 41X1 \.prteSb i I I I 1 2 to 3-bedroom Home, $7.000 up. league job. grounds DELANO Juan Peres. lad set a world record yester- Yits.p 4 C S 4 Hmlner.ii S I 2 I 4 FISHING DOCK t Weeks Will Complete Your Home. I Chattanooga at Memphis ppd. rala. ROOKIES. Oulllermo: Bordie Alonzo.Waddell Robert Hair. Kenneth I I day with his 3.261st victory as a .flrkrtt. I. S t Flora.' 4 X 1 SiTouts " I -- - I -- 00 Lake popkamBoatsBaitMotors Also Remodeling MOBILE GETS HART Johns (disabled). Guellermo V.... ''jocket this time aboard Le Bosc I . 4* I 13 II131! Totals 44 U II XT 5 158 Brassle LEWIS BUILDERS INC. SB:: ::; MOBILE LAP Bill Hart, vet- Team SOUTH W L ATLANTIC PctlTsam LEAGUE Philip LIMITED Roth rothlesberter SERVICE: Richard*. Parkas.Carl 'Giard at Worcester. :,, a-baid fur Hag in 'IIL Drive W L Pet __ tlaliMiTlll. SIS ess Jtl- T John Cramlln ), J'la. I l ,. fP'. Oakland. eran third baseman who formerly I Columbus 2213 .629Augusta' 11 17 .500 Van Klnnamon Mario Perez. Ted The triumph exceeded by one Uartona eel 41:* Sis-HErran played with the Brooklyn Dodgers. Jack'vill 19 15 .55 ,]Macon 17 19 .472 Rosa Eugene Clolek Richard Henderson !I the number registered by Sam : HarMs- X. T........ X. Pul....,.. Katoa.Kader. . Savannah 18 17 .514 Greenville 16 19 .457 Mellon Sloan Bod...'. C.araioa. ShiMs X. Bum bailed la: has been signed by the Mobil Charl'ton 18 18 VETERANSBill: Btelnecke, Charles Heapy British-born Belgian rider. .SOOiColumbla 13 22 .371 I s._.. Mrtiratb *. Fliirk 1. ShllM. Flllp...l.Rodiwr. . Bears as a free agent. Pres. Edgar Result Yesterday Aleno. There are no exact statistics in I Z........ Barbla) 2. ...-. West iMlaMF.UaraMil. FREE DEMONSTRATION SWED DISTRIBUTING CO. Allen announced yesterday. Columbus Savannah 7.12,Jacksonville Macon 1. 6. ,, ROOKIES: GAINESVILLE Walter DeBerry Bites Jr. 'this phase of riding but Heapy's Them 10.. .Te.. hilt hM: Flnrk.kite Ho.MHiritb.. T...,..Hurke.... I. fllllPlk.Stales. ,. of the NEW MERCURY Columbia 4. 0 teeny Ills 3. Orln Smith Thomas C. Callsihsn. Da- mark generally is recognized as I .ka.; }I"r."" bench: FI....... Iiuuble alan1Bodner 10 II. P. Outboard Motor Augusta 11, Charleston Tld 1. Burke. Benjamin Thorpe Jr.. Glenn 7. Hhll Harbin Caramt. the I PHILLIPS TURNS PRO record. U e t. Goo * WISHES TO ANNOUNCETHE ,, Wayne Leiphart. Olenn Pirkett. Ralph Dui I Faton; KhllMvnaMlit>4). l.rft.5 ka.ej: See RALPH HAGOOD BALTIMORE [API Mike Phillips INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE i laney. L C. Smith (five day look). ,, It was another in a long string s.i.nvIihi 5. i'ayt.ns .. R... es .111: elrn..11 former all-State center for ,I Team W L Pet.I Team W L Pet : LIMITED SERVICEJoe O Eaton.: of records for the 42-year-old rid- X. Ktriirk set: .fcf rinrk 4. Fylll 5. Hit 124 W. Pin fAt Orlud. Welding OPENINGOF Jer. City 17 9 .654Rochester! 14 Charles Georie Pulti. John Rowland. Don kr pllrner by Pinch Uulaner). Wild pileS: Phon M4 13 .481 who mounted his first winnerin Western Maryland College. was J. Coker. Billy Harbin. Alvin J. Paszlo, er I Montreal 13 9 .591|Baltimore 13 15 464 Fulls. Panted balli, Delaney .. Faiplrei: cOIF .*- Complete Repairs Oa All MakesDON'T signed to a contract yesterday by : Newark 14 12 538 Toronto 10 16 .385 dlssbled). Brlre Oarmon. 1921. an4 1..t1$. TI. ef gave: X:SU THEIR I VETERANS Myrtl Oliver Host NEW WAREHOUSE415W.KALEYAVE. : the Baltimore Colts of the All- Syracuse 10 9 :5261 Buffalo 915 ..375Results I LEESSUKG America Football Conference.War Yesterday ROOKIES: James W. Herriniton. (temporarily - Baltimore 2-1. Syracuse 1-8 on disabled list). John Washington. AT Newark 3, Jersey City 3 (called 5th. Amorlello. - Irving Bolm Clarence Admiral was the heavy I rain Montreal 11. Rochester 10. 1 James Hechler. Valentine K.: Krysko (five betting choice Eastern fans (Only tames scheduled) day look among . I LIMITED SERVICE: Jack E: Bumtsrner - skeptical that a Western entry Paul Oormlsh. Benjamin Oliver. Mickey - FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL Phone 2-3841 could beat the great son of Man Team W L Pct.Tam| LEAGUE W L Pet. Mlholik. Doutlas E. Johnson. Earl Camp WORRY bell. Charles E. Rldcway. Jay Stebblns. I about I $ o' War. Havana 28 30 6 833W, PalmB. 18 21 462 Wm. Munch (disabled). your Tampa 12 .700 St. Pete 13 26 .333 Dee- Miami B. 21 18 .5J8LaIt..I.nd> 13 26 .333 I VETERANS Wilbur D. Oood Jr. II Miami 18 18 .500 Ft. L'dale 13 27 .325 I mood Sailers. I . Best Trailer Shop Results Yesterday ROOKIES: Joe ORLANDO Jones. Edward U.Praiale . Miami 4. Miami Beach 2. Stanley Zedalls. Ernest Motteler.Dennis , West Palm Beach 5. Petersburg L Awnings Ready To Go Tampa 7. Fort Lauderdale 3. K.: Brazlel Jr. Rex E. Throop John unsafe tires. 1L get (Only tames scheduled Garrison.LIMITED James Thomas McCullouth.Duane Hyde Oeno worn or . 2225 W. WashingtonDial AMERICAN ASSOCIATION Major Joe E. Abreu. Craig Lybrand. Gerald - ; A. Mannlnc. James O. Payne (fire day I Results YesterdaySt. I 6894 look startinc May 13) 'I [On Winter Garden Road let teams. Paul catch 4. Minneapolis train 4 Called 7th to ,I VETERANS Lou Bevll (be,Usequa). Joe ! (Only tames scheduled). 'I Justice. ,, ROOKIES Walter PALATKA Wenclewlci William r / I LoTeys. Vicente Quesada. Elwyn' Danson. i/ o1Ocn ANGEBILT Fights Last Night Vernon A. Plrtle. Joseph Sylvester (dls- 'l valueinthc FLORAL SHOPPEMEZZANINE BOSTON AP) Counter-flthtlnc moat of abled John Brinkman.. fUe day look the way. Johnny Cesarlo. 14S. of Boston beginning May 15i. holder of the New England welterweight : LIMITED: John Theobold. Avon Lea TO us * ANCEBILT HOTEL Drifters Edward McOarty. Julio Gomes SELL THEM 1' I title gained a one-sided decision over I Armand Valdes. Ralph Dulaney. ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS CORSAGES cowboy Billy Peterson. 148. of Billlns I , John VETERANS Joseph C. Cleary Special This Week: I Mont. In their ID-round feature boxing Potted Pansies 75c bout NEW at YORK the arena(API Leo Uatrlccian*. 208. 'I Toncoff. Jose Nspoles SANFORD \\__ \ \ We will pay top prices for the unused mileage I ROOKIESDon: L. Ricketson. John J.MeYanu. .t ,, ii o1Ocn Nettle L. Reynolds Phont KS1 Everett.Baltimore.202 won.. New the York.decision In a over dull. Cleo ten- ton. Ol-nn.. Georie Garrett Green. William O. Stan- \ '5' \ \ in your old tires and replace them with newt blend made fromy round main event before 3.104 tans atNlchol.s . LIMITED Dave W. Bride. Alphonio Bry St.MIAMI AP)arena.Vlnee Oambill. 148. El Reno.Okla ant. Jr. Jerome Sllverman. Charles J. Bls- /1 THOROBREDS at a cost which will surprise you. .. sen. Carl P. Kettles. Spence Edwards Martin I scored a unanimous decision over . NEPTUNEOUTBOARD Billy Blsrayne Moore. Arena.BALTIMORE 147'.(AP,) In Curtis 10 rounds"I4atchetman'Sheppard. at the Stewart.VETERANS Zuba MaYo: Lancston.UNCLASSIFIED Bernard .W. Lake Harold .: tif .7\\. \ \ Trade in today and enjoy the safe, carefree 199. Philadelphia knocked out : Abraham L. Powler and will with new MOTORS summer driving you get , Prank L. Chlros suspended and R. W. 1 Charley Williams 196. of Buffalo. N. Y. In 1 a : \ I1 Lee Jr.. five day look beilnnlnt May 13. ''i1olOcn: 1H to 9Vi II. P. In Stock the the Baltimore first round Coliseum of a 10-round here. main so at ST. AUGUSTINE I rugged, long mileag."f grain in ROOKIES: Harold Hetner. Jack Lorenz. \ - pre-icar qualityWedding James Howard Sosebee. Jerry Puffer (disabled \ III WASHING MACHINEREPAIRING LIMITED). : George Huthes. Sidney L. THO ROB REDS lrt Johnson. Stanley Karplnskl. Frank Krisz- If your washing machine need repair eI.lo..IU.1trIIU.. .). Rocco Rotunno. Arthur I \ :: Nick Ketch Stlllwell. E Buonato. Jim Just drop as a card or phone er. Dick Hallman. John Pawlick (disabled). !.U7!. , VETERANS Donald Anderson Lyle Pick-up and delivery service within Judy, Jack Wllkea.COLLEGE. II : a radius of 75 miles of Orlando. Li\IJIIIII\ : tEtolOcn I I CALDWELL & HARRISPhone Loyola T, Johns Mookins TENNIS 2. 2-IS7Z Z2H Edftw.ter Dr. Army 7, Amherst 2. J. Illmots I, Michi.an State 4. . ; ; ::; AUTOVISOR LICKS SUN GLARErr'F OVt4 NEW TUBES PROTECT NEW TIRES. I \ Buy the amazing new Thorobrtd Butyl Li:2: tub... They hold air many times . nu Md..o Mtt t PUrl NOW ( pP' 'OU / longer than ordinary rubber tubes. 368 I for ftft1 ,Hr, t ONLY i \\'t.3%'' { I (FITS$19.95 ALLMODELS I MORE H1UR RUBBER ER COMPOUHOS SAFETY TREAD AUTOMITIC: PILOT ) rlnls The NEPTUNE automatic pilot holds MAKE A DATE WITH DAYTON AT s-c : \ $1.18of I the motor on a steady course without p a Ch.ek. Eyestrain S Deflects Rain andSpatter . I guidance; another mark ofa "i. . and Fatau. quality motor. The operator is relieved -, ; from the ACME TIRE CO. monotony of steady C Banishes Sun and. 0 Easily Adjusted. steering on long tnps; he can change . H..clliaht Blinding ky Win. Nut POSition. adiust tackle or smoke in 0 . safety and convenience.WYCKOFF'S. Wholesale and Retail t Choice No holes to drill. No inUrferane with auto aerials Add comfort and MM to ", . of a lifetime jlIIUBU .v.ry mil* you drive.. Phone 2-4115 a ': Tuxedo Feed and Hardware MAIL ORDERS ACCEPTED I "Where Merchandise Moves"Ut r n UAVAC 1OIN.MAINST. ,1. Orange Blossom Trail at Church St. n A Z U > - IIIUIT U ram.71 SCUll! ILOILU ?1111. 'J8SEH L fllH It. :JCILIUT M S. Kohl Are. Phone I-ZtZl PHONE 978Z - -- - 4 , .... ........ -" ." .... . _0' ; .' . r Tuesday, May 20, 1.9471, Ann Barnes Shirley Slaughter REPRESENTATIVE HERE POM 8 (rlanba u morning &rnttnrl ,:'Kittle Wharton France Mahoney I Miss Betty Mclver representative RECORDS P ABC 'Alice Jane Sullivan Penny Money, for Marie Earle cosmetics, u [ Turner I Helena Gonday, Natalee Mauldin, at McElroy's Pharmacy through; CLASSICAL HILLBilLY DIAPER SERVICE fouS.iWITH for BIld about eJJ7/JzJ 1rYtirla.TMIE \ Sue McCrae and Sarah King. today from New York City I POPULAR New Accounts and FutureCOOPER'S I Reservations Are solicited To Be Feted i I MUSIC STORE liii ORLANDplephone WINTTER W2 PARK zo w Church st. Ph. l Mrs. Robert Witt and Miss Mar- We that \)\) are pleased to announce _ tha Adams will be joint hostesses ---- '- - today at 8 pjn. when they enter- increased volume of business warrants - e; LOM1 By KITTY HENRY, Society Editor tain with an after-dinner coffeeat Girls! Women! WhonmcTEMAU Suffer Distress OfWEAKNESS Miller the latter's home on E. I continuation of POTHERS FOX.DAUGHTER of Mr. and Mrs.E.R.Fox of Summer- Ave. honoring Miss Jean Turner, JEAN BARBARA bride-elect of James Coughlln. !CU Editor] list St.. has returned to Miami here she Is an airline hostess, : I With the honoree will be Included A Flat 10% Reductionon HUh School i will be interviewed - Junior Cherokee with her parents. She after spending the weekend here i the Mmes. R. J. Turner. Earl with its table Compound to relieve such Parent,Teachert Assn. will bruvj today over station WGBS, on the program Women Who Work I Turner J. O Adams Eleanor nervous symptoms It's famous for helping a close to its school year today at I in connection with a tour on whichshe I I I Peery, E. H. Barnes, George Luke regular price markings cranky feelings. girls and women in this way +!Jr.. Locke Williams John EL Florence I Taken regularly Plnkham'aDo when it I school with 7:30 p-m. at the I is being feted in connection E. C. Baggett. Gilbert A'1 female functional monthly disturbances Compound helps build up resist- meets for a short business session, her flying experiences, and an| Wall Kermit Spears Gene : I make'you feel nervous, ance against such distress. Just intallation of officers and a pro- c article on activities of airline hostesses i Hampton. Dennis McNamara : Jt L' I&- fidgety, cranky so tired and see If you too. don't remarkably gram. The operetta H. M. S. will feature her in next John R. Iseminger, Grady L. Rad- 'draggedout'-atsuchUmes'I'ben benefit. Also a great stomachic Pinafore will be presented by the weeks issue of the Saturday Eve- !! ford. Jim Blankner H. R. Crow- I do try Lydia E. Pmkhams Vege- tonic. Worth, trying eighth grade under the directionof x ning Post. I der. Ferris Ward. 483 N. Orange Ave. FURNITURE Tel. 2-1173 I /J.- /J'lLLuVEGETABLEi Miss Mildred Gibb. The 000 I ITHE The Misses Virginia Turner l i COMPOUND newly installed officers will meet ORLANDO ARMY,: Air Base i Carolyn Collins, Pauline Harrell,j during the social hour . the parents Club is .planning j in the dining hall. as ca n fashion show and tea in connection Advisory Council of the Young with! its regular meeting Friday. Women's Community Club will + The meeting will be held at 1:30 meet today at 10:30: am. at 117 pm. in the Main Lounge of the Of- Wall St. Each member is re- ficers' Club and the showing of Quested to bring a book to con- Summer cottons will be held immediatelY - tribute to the library at the club following Tea will also house. noo. be served. X Models for the show will include Veteran of Foreign Wan Auxiliary - & en's i the Mmes. Early E. W. Duncan. J. to Orange County Post 2093 ii i will hold its regular meeting todayat W. Rand R. J. Disher R. L. Smith. : & Elks Club. 7 S. F. Noonan. C.F. Jackson. C. R. 8 at the pm. 000 BARBARA FOX Scott. C. B. Hinkel J. T. Barrett I I rr Pick Your NATIONAL COTTON WEEK 19-21 d It Executive Board of the Ueklwa IS feted. Alfred Johnson. J. E. Hollwedel. R I '' : ,Assn has postponed its meeting : W. Doenges: and Jan RoUison and Darleen Millard. 4 to Tuesday May 27. from today : o o oMISS at 10 am. at the First Baptist Church. JULIA K. CHAPMAN is leaving today to spened the Summer 000 \ her cottage at Black Mountain N. C. and will be accompaniedby Excelsior Circle of the Needlework -: I Mrs Mary Ellis Mathews, and. Mrs. Annie L. Finne. Harold A'I IVEY'Swith Guild will meet today at 2:30 I Finne will drive the party up. and will return in a few days. at a pjn. with Mrs. Harry Lakin, 1954 mcther, Mrs. Annie L. Finne will go to Atlantic City N. J.. July 1 to I !( Harmon Ave.. Winter Park. II spend the rest of the Summer with relatives Mrs. Hubert Minard o o o I left Monday to attend the graduation exercises of her son Hubert I , Orlando Home DemonstrationClub N. y, Mrs. Harry confidenceBehold 4 -r' the clubhouse today i from the University of Rochester, in Rochester, I l r.' will meet at Ferran of Eustis spent the weekend with her mother, Mrs. Florence at 10 am. Demonstration I I on lamp-shades will be featured. I Reed miller, here Mr. and Mrs C. Arthur Yergey are in Sewanee, A covered dish luncheon will 'I' nn., and on their return will be accompanied by their son. Arthur I #, 4 r r be served at noon. a cadet at Sewanee Military Academy. I 000 o o o I our bolts of beautiful, Music Day at Sorosls today at THELMA HAMMOND was hostess Sunday night when she en SPECIAL! 3 pm. will feature a musical pro- MISS with a buffet supper at her home. 604 Delaney Park f + summer cottons, unsurpassed for good behavior t' . gram by Miss Helen Moore, pro- While a few hundred /+ I : houseguests.Mrs. E. Miller and Mrs. Alice lege fessor Conservatory of piano at the of Music.Rollins Dr.Winn.to of honor Savannah her Ga.. Mrs. William Floyd DeFord Cosden of Baltimore, 4 in the soapsuds. in the sunshine yards last 44i? ., i Her program will include cOI-1 and George Futch of Miami Mrs. L. T. Pottinger was honoi !, :t '% e > tions by Mozart Beethoven guest Saturday when a group of friends entertained with a surprise quality cottons to make sewing a joy LongWhite Waffle Pique \ In. Debussy. and Strauss. party in celebration of her birthday! at the home of Mr. and Mrs. M. J,. O O O I Carroll on Lake Conway Col. and Mrs. J. E. Matthews were hosts cloth, batiste, poplin, dotted swiss, chambray, 36-inch width, Women's Society of Christian Saturday when they invited a small group to dinner at the Officers''' regularly $1.19 per yd.I . Service Study Class of the Broad- : Club. The group also enjoyed cocktails at the Matthews' home in :If gingham, waffle pique, dimity, lawn I muslin, way Methodist Church will meet I Altamonte and the dance at the club. $1.00 yd. today at 10 ajn at the church. I percale, seersucker, and broadcloth! jL o 0NEWLY o Each person will furnish sand- t wiches, and a drink...will be pro I ELECTED CAMPUS Queen of Barry College Miami vided. The lesson will be concluded I is Barbara Lane, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Lane, of I . after luncheon. I 229 E. Concord Ave. Barbara won the election by a large majority, L GILBRAE FINE WOVEN ()) \ f4, . 000 being considered by the student body as having met the scholastic, ' All Pythian Sisters are moral and social requirements and possessing the character traits desirable CHAMBRAY r ,- 4,1..... ,.. ed to meet at the rpquest-I for this -' ....."\ \ /. bJ t i . ginton Funeral Home position.of the class and chairman of the invita Fine.combed and pre.shrunk; cham ... J I. ? - She is treasurer junior }l 9:45: am. to attend the funeral bray in !multiple stnpe or solid : 1 1it I tions and reception committee planning the junior-senior prom to beheld 36-inch width. Iyard colors. of Mr. A. E. Rambo father of Mrs. m $1 0 9 f ,l < :< / : 3 I I1. James Evans. Saturday at the college. Academic interests for Barbara an r !IIU { .\ I .::: 000 1 I sociology and English, aDd she plans to take a bachelor of philosophy t'r r Orlando Chapter of the United :I \M/ . World Federalists will meet today :I degree.Coronation of the queen-elect will take place in the Fall with an GILBRAE PIPPIN ;.t at 8 pm. at the Chamber of Com- elaborate ceremony. Barbara will reign during the 1947-48 school Pei i QUADRICA merce Bldg. year, and will be honored at the Junior-senior prom before her graduation PIQUE \'} I 000 next year. Regular meeting of Samar "- Clear-cut floral prints on white or , Swamp. Military Order of Lizard o o o pastel backgrounds 36-inch width 1 19 f ; and Snalxs. will be held tomorrowat ELLS CARTER WAS home for the weekend from Florida state yard. I N colorfast I Soft washable, the home of Mrs. Esther Le College for Women to visit her parents Mr. and Mrs. George i : , Fever 2211 E. 'Central Ave. Carter. The first of next month the Carters are leaving for Colorado ? l I .\.Q' Ind preshrunk cotton .. A covered dish supper will be held where Anne and Nelle will attend the University of Colorado for the t ,. '= GILBRAE WOVEN FAIRWAY I \ ://1( prints m i tiny: floral pattern ,. / ,At at 8 pjn., honoring Mrs. Le Fever, Summer term....Mr.and Mrs.Ed Erdman and her mother. Mrs. C. L. a f'11\p I y ; for children clothes. Also ' newly elected Grand Gila Monster. Duncan, have returned from a visit with relatives in Jacksonville CORDED CHAMBRAY l ( I I i y . Cards will be played followingthe Beach Mrs. J. C. Jenkins of Gainesville and Mrs. E. H. Ramsey x ; ... : ;il # bolder patterns. ;-' K rs meeting.o o o of Jacksonville, arrived yesterday for a visit with Mrs. Jenkins son-In.. Fine-combed, preshrunk; corded :', ', and ," chimbrar in blue beige red : ! Members of the American LegIon : law and daughter, Mr. and Mrs. Jim Rebstock at their'home on Long : green 36-inch width. $1 19 65c ;;.1' Auxiliary Unit 19 and members Lake. yard yard ... of other organizations may contact ( [ Mrs. Betty Vail. Poppy Day chairman Faoncs-I\'IY'I Street Floor if they are able to volunteer DELUXE DRY CLEANINGTry t1: their services as workers on. Saturday t ) Our BERLOU Moth Proofing, Guaranteed. Alterationsand ft '" during the annual Poppy c:."' '" and Repairs-Water Spotting Proofing. Expert EXTRA STRENGTH Day sale. Workers for part Quality Finishing. PACIFIC day will also be acceptable. .l 000 CITY CLEANERS I I IVANHOE LAUNDRY . Ladle Auxiliary Patriachs Mili S9 W. Colonial Dr. Fh. 75S7 I 1630 N. Orange-Ph. 5584CHRYSLER MUSLIN SHEETS & CASES r- tant. Canton No..2, will meet at the Fraternal Bldg. tomorrow at / + 8 pm. Pacific Extra-Strength Muslin sheets and pillow- , 000 lr"- + "....., cases, scientifically made to give extra years of wear r f Ladies Auxiliary of Townsend PLYMOUTH without sacrificing softness.Pacific ,, Club No. 2 will meet with Mrs. - Frank Newhart. 206 W. Amelia Shafts. (1" x 108' ,m, ; t .t t 4 Ave. at 2 pm. tomorrow.n BRAKES RELINED f : regularly S3.43 ... ..._.._...._.._ $2.89 : n 0 I Executive Board of the Concord s Pacific Sheets 72' x 108' # ,,Ys..o Park P-TA will meet tomorrow at DRUMS TURNED a .., .- regularly $3.17 .. .._...._.... $2.79 I r' 10 ajn. at the school. This I I / Pacific Sheets 45' x 36* f, 59c will be the last meeting of the Easy Payments On Overhauling regularly E9c .__... r school year. . Concord Park 000 1're-School Are I A. P. CLARK MOTORS, Inc. PACIFIC PERCALE t { Clinic is scheduled for tomorrowat I 9 am All mothers who have I 889 N. ORANGE PRONE 2-0746 I ...; SHEETS & CASES d children entering school next Fall . Pacific Sheets, 72' x 108" . are urged to take advantage of I regularly J 23 _: _. $3.89 : this health service ' Pacific Cases 43" x 38!a" $1.29 % .. regularly 11.50 ONE HOUR SERVICEON Expert WATCH Watch CRYSTALS Repairing 'sMARTf$ "II DAN RIVER'S VIRGINIA MANOR PACIFIC HEAVY DUTY TOWELS BLOCK'SJEWELRY AN SHEETS Size 63" x 99"A fem. Regularly 97c 18 West Church Street i 69c new shipment of the right-sized $2.66 < Large luxurious white towels for 1 sheet for Scout camp; fishing ?, ?4x . at special heavy duty a pace.HAYNES "JEFFS" trips, sleeping bags, hospital beds. each AItJ Q 1t ; EST. 905PRONE !J748 a''rc b1 t I ,, ( TOWELS CONTRACTORS: MERCHANTSSEE R I WILTON CRINKLE $ OUR FIXTURE DISPLAY N. MILLS ST. IN . COLOMALTOWN I Regularly $1.19 SUMMER BEDSPREADS Snap into a smooth, t.. '' I Solid color with floral borders 89c DR. P. D. NAPIER two-way stretch, The new, light-weight crinkle bedspread for ,, double-woven, extra soft and NERVE SPECIALIST elasticnet"SmartyPants" summer requires no Ironing and Is easily N* absorbent.- I CHIROPRACTOR I I ashed. +'' Complete X- Laboratory - ray by Archer ill CUirirt St. Phon J..,7. I 82" x 105" Bedspread $3".49 CANNONS MATCHED SETS "n u u, / uu aT whenever you want to look (Scalloped edges] I your youthful best. '" Now is the time to stock up on beautiful Cannons - $11.50 in colorfully-matched sets at a special i ks < ,;. LADY CHRISTINA BEDSPREADS price. DIAPER SERVICE I Corset*-l\ey'. Alr-Conditiooed v Fer ...."'.t...... er lm.wtfi.t. Delivery Fashion Floor Soft, fluffy combination of chenille and candlewick Cannon towels. 22" x 44" $1 27 PHONE 2-3357 regularly $1.59 ........... -.-, .....- --._.- . i : our Lady Christina bedspreads- AptcfurcofWATCH C I pastel tufts on white backgrounds. Twin Cannon Face towels, '- l..s: *59c regularly 75c . ---- IIIea I sizes only. 14 I Regularly $1450 Cannon Bath Cloths, .: .. 27c .I I On sale at._ $1 0.95 regularly 35c _____. -. con.Ix"'= I .A-.. -'t, ".. ,,:.d..'". GW LAWTON I Linens- y'l Fourth' Floor The Fashion and Quality Store Since 1894 Unens-Ivey**_Fourth FloorS ,. The Fashion and Quality Store Since 1894 s.t .r. ., .. us a.. r. s. ' I 1. S . .f . .. '_., _. ... .. . -a. >L _".c-p ;r Z.". : .. s i '.. *& t<.._ '._.,-SSL ," ,, .. ...- .- .#' 'r '-.... ...y.C'; '.sir Jet ..T : ." ' k/ I 'Tuesday. May 20. 1947 \1rnnb! LiarntnD rtttuirl Page 91 Kate Jane and Baby. Jean Cart son. Clifford Stanley Will born I .. I wright will appear as Delia Duffynd May 17 at the Florida Sanitarium.Elder DICKSON & IVES WILL BE CLOSED ALL DAY i Josette Stanciu as Hannah.I Will Is a minister of the The cast will be completed by South Carolina Conference of the Mrs. Lanier Girl Scout Junior Sorosis !Rollins PlayOpens Gene Buysse as Donough and 'Seventh Day Adventist Churches. I WEDNESDAYS! I Raoul. Salamanca as John Duffy. Mrs. Will is the former Bennie I To Honor Mariner\ Ship SponsoringStyle i Tonight Birth Announcement and Elizabeth Mrs. C.Taylor U. Taylor daughter of 1404 of Clay Mr. St.. Winter Park and a graduateof I The Whlteheaded Boy by Len- Elder and Mrs. Stanley S. Will the Florida Sanitarium Nursing <*|:Miss Steed Holds Court ShowRegular I the nox Rollins Robinson Players'the last schedule play for on are announcing the arrival of a School.VENETIAN . Mrs. L. L. Lanier will be hostess The Girl Scout Mariner Ship. program and social I this year will open at the Annie I Explorator. held Its final meeting meeting of the Junior Depart- Russell Theater today at 8:15 pm. today at a luncheon at her :home I of the year with a Court of Awardsat ment of Sorosis on Wednesdayat ,The famous Irish comedy, which I BLINDS I on Copeland Dr. when she enter- the home of Mr. and Mrs. A. H. 8 p.m. will have as Its special has been popular since Its first tains in honor of Miss Katherine Iseley on Glendonjo Dr. last night. feature a fashion show presentedby production at the Abbey Theater - 'Steed, bride-elect of J. H. Platt. Approximately 100 guests were Sorosis and Junior Sorosis Dublin in 1915 Is given new : Special For One Week-Stock Blinds treatment In this staging by How- present. children. Mrs. Lanier will be, assisted in Lake Concord served as a back- Mrs. Hary Ward Jr. will serve ard Bailey The cast Includes! j 1 I Aluminum 36x64 $5.50 Steel 36x64 $3.50 serving by the Mmes. A. C. Slaughter ground for the ceremony for as fashion commentator for the Anita Rodenbaeck and Ho Lor- I Many odd sires la both Alumlnem and Steel at greatly reduced prices. LeRoy Brewton and Jack Ped- which the members were dressedIn program and Introduce the young ens as Mrs. Geohegan and Aunt . their full dress uniforms of !models. Ellen and Reedy Talton Ray We also have Inlaid Linoleum Asphalt Tile Congoleum and rick.With blue and white. Middlemas. and Fred Congo Wall Linoleum. The group modelling Summer Taylor as the honoree will be Included - The program Included the salute morning clothes will Include Joy George. Dennis and Peter Geo- the Mmes. W. J. Steed. Robert ,, to the American Flag and the :Meiner. Dickie Morgan. Cooledge hegan. AMERICAN RUG AND LINOLEUM C O5 :- Murphy. Carter Whitmire Carl (Girl Scout Flag. followed by the 'Pace. Charlie Brown. Becky and Madge Martin. Elinore Bellen Miller: and the Misses Shirley ,,National Anthem, The Girl Scout 'I I Judy Ward. Beau Beard. Alice and Mary Jane Miles will play 883 North Orange Ave. Phone 2-2488 : Slaughter. Mary Ann Hitch, Jean'I I Promise,. the Mariner Pledge and Bra w ley. Ellen Igou, Warren the three Geohegan daughters. Yothers. Carolyn Rich Willa Steed 'i Hymn of Scouting, I Parks 3d.Those . and Fontaine Winston. I'| After a brief explanation of the wearing afternoon party ... ', wards by Mrs. R. H. Cotton and ---- -- -: apparel will be John. Gene leader skipper presentation of I,Kelly Waeringi Sissy Slemons.Rod i their ratings were made. The fol- (Metz, Sandy Turner. John Metz DICKSON & IVES says"SLIPCOVERS- ,lowing girls received them: Ann i Nancy Brown. June Heidrich Judy Scruggs. Clydeyne McKenzie. Ann 1 Yusem and Clare Louise Stuart. Burkett. Shirley Fretwell. Alyce I I Kit Mallory will bring a close THESE BETTER Alexander. Sue Mundee. Barbara I to the show wearing a night gown for SUMMER r BEANS Benson. Joan Pickerill. Margaret for "the end of the day scene." Special Values a Wilder Sissy Simonton. Jean Ann I Spaulding Beverly Stowe Ruth Bride-elect FOR TUESDAY ONLY! 'Travis, and Shirley Thomas.Three I barn girls admitted Into the troop as :: new members were Jean Lucius. ; Honor Guest a Joan Fisher and Marjorie Yar- O brough. The following girls received I Miss Ruth Mae King bride- I BETTER DRESSES their five-year pins lor elect of Edwin V. Williams was I l 'r tl unbroken of scouting: I 1 1. five years honor guest at a miscellaneous =- Alyce Alexander. Barbara Benson. ',shower this past weekend when a xIO Shirley Fretwell, Jean Lucius i Mrs. S. W. Speer entertained at 8 Margaret Powers. Sissy Simonton 'her home In Conway. I Regularly 25.00 to 45,00 1 O OO N s Beverly Stowe. Ruth Travis and I With Miss King were Included . Kathryn Wilder. 'the Mmes. A. M. King H. H. Godwin , Among the trips enjoyed this E. D. Broome. Madeline Malone l Rayon crepe dresses in a colorful array of smart were a cruise dn board a sub- year : C. B. Fowler. E. D. Nelson : chaser stationed In Sanford. a : Nan Bowers E. H. Curtis. W. A. styles flattering lines! In prints, stripes, weekend at the Girl Scout Campat Bishop F. H. Squires C. C. Doell- solid colors, sizes 10 to 40. Also a few evening j RUGSBEAUTIFULLY Deer Lake In the Ocala Na- man, Dahmar Livingston Stanley I tional Forest and several outingsto Curtis. Carrie Wurm. Charles dresses, sizes 10 to 16. : the beach. Rutzler. A. M. King; and MissKathryn : CLEANED Those responsible for the success - Irey.Stomach. Better Dress Shop Second Floor and of the ship are Mrs. R. II -- -- ' .; DEMOTI1EDThe I Cotton skipper: Mrs. Clyde McKenzie if EXPERT WORKMANSHIP SATISFACTION GUARANTEED FINE FABRICS ><> first mate: and Miss Vir- Gas or i ginia Powers, second mate. : > j' ", ; ,< [Average size] BUDGET SUITS 63.95 : FLOORMASTER Robs You of SleepHere's new Chair and sofa corded seams Pastel wool suits machine which removes all Pia-Worw Infection -o&Ilr spreads like How You May 19 9 5 wildfire. And It .U now known tbat the Help, I r with ruffles or band as you prefer. dirt grease germs and sand. ugly cmtorM Urine and growing iniid Whether You,Eat 500 Pounds Reqularly 32.95 . the human body can cam rah diltr a. So don't take thanes with Pin-Worm or 2000 Pounds of FoodIn : Reweaving Purifies And don t auger a single needless minute I a YearI Tailored suits of 100% wool in soft pastels! from the eis.lrs of the rectal aggravating Have with set of a living room a slip- ; Binding .. Beautifies itch or other trouble awed br the_ta.JAYNI'S I You cant feel cheerful be happy and summery Cardigan or convertible necks and plain gored Get 1-w at the ftrahll'lI l Pin. aleep well. U your stomach la always up Worma. t W .ia a medically sound treat- that dress old furniture skirts. Sizes 10 to 16. Moth set. As are advances the "old atomach"D8f'da covers up or protect new Sterilizes bawd Proofing went on an officially recognized drucpriaelple more help. Th. reason U this: i which baa proved ao wonderful I Crerytlme food enters the stomach in dealing with thia Infection. The small | Tltal caatrie Juice must flow normally to a i Have our expert craftsmen come into your home, worsted suits "T " r-W tablet act In ipeelal way to reDO"PID.Worma Tropical QC PICKUP AND DELIVERY certain food , : easily and safely.Ask break-up particles else the food ferment. Sour food, acid I 19.95 / .7.J may IndlCeatlon Regularly jour druggist r-W for Pinworms I and gas frequently cause a morbid cut and pin-fit the fabric and return the finished :' Orlando Winter Park touchy fretful peevish nervous . 5460 643-R I restless condition sleep loss weakness.To of appetite. Underweight. product to you. Come in today and make your Tailored tropical worsted suits In an assortmentof i i, FIOORMASTER CLEANERS lleal 18lfCHOW the authorities flow get of real this relief vital in Independent gastric you must Juice Increase laboratory Medical I j selection from our sparkling collection of tub-fast styles "suitable" for travel! In grey or beige. Broken sizes 10 to 44. J2J E. KING AVE. tests on human stomachs have by '" i positive proof shown that ESS Tonic Is I fabrics in beautiful floral MEIN Dinner, amazingly effective In Increasing this I prints or stripes or solid t! flow when It Is too little or scanty due Budget Shop Fourth Floor ti. to a non-orfanle stomach disturbance.This . ; colors. Values to 2.29 a yard. .. up I Is due to the SSS Tonic formula m. .. I which contains very special! and potent +- activating Ingredients. I Also 838 Tonic helps bund-up non- f II II organic weak watery blood in nutritional - WhySweat anemia-.o with a rood flow of Fabrics Ideal for: O I this gastric digestive Juice.plus rich red I II blood you should eat better sleep better CHILDREN'S DRESSES feel work Sofas better better play better. Avoid punlahlnc yourself with over iJse4tftItIJ4Draprrles i doses of soda and other alkallcers to s Chairs . t it counteract.. and bloating when what -;. i ; Regularly 2 00 3 and 00 I you you so digest dearly food need for to body SSS Tome strength to help and o 4.98 to 10.98Children's e . repair. Dont watt! Join the hat of . happy people SSS Tonic has helped. Pillows P i SSS Millions Tonic of from bottles your sold.drug Get store a bottle today.of Bedspreads Slipcover Service cotton dresses in flowery pastels, out thisSummer I SSS Tonic help. Build Sturdy Health Third Floor stripes or solid colors. Gay little styles to de- . light sassy little misses! Sizes 1 to 3, 3 to 6 k and 7 to 14.Young . 1. ? I Orlando Shop Third Floor c. J1 A BETTY McIVER, Marie Earle Beauty # , Consultant, will be at the McElroy V/IC I f. No steaming heat 0 , t Pharmacy May 19th and 20th. Consult no sticky humiditywith her about your skin problems. tR UNBLEACHED MUSLIN ' J ei 0 i a new ( F Y S Regularly 39c yard 25 C yd.Unbleached k Room Air CondItioner 36" wide . COLD STORAGE !7 i hi your office, your career. ; muslin: so versatile. so useful REMODELINGREPAIRS so practical! Suitable for draperies, mat- and your Horn 'fUoU; ( For OB'ice De tress covers and many other household uses! 9 . ? Fabric Center Street Floor .; I II , I et ' LA BELLE FUR CO. 15 H Or nSe Av TtL 235iJUptUirs : 0 MONITOR SWEEPERS tZ c-- J I i - for Regularly 8.98 4.98America's . '' Dressing Table , / Wherever .. . ;w you go fastest selling carpet . t Whoever you are .. sweeper the Monitor now streamlined in steel! t: Your f&clol and make-up , r.f I Self adjusting to any nap hangs flatly T d-me-ups" against the wall. All colors. : I Are made wttk this"allinone easy : f Home Furnishings Third FloorCRETONE ' t ,. 'J1 box" 1 I H.I i + : '. Work, rest, sleep in moun- I For Club l.odws ' ; tain-top comfprt even when j o : it's hottest. A Carrier Room I 1 S : Air Conditioner gives I'' SHAMPOO you ,, - : the climate you want-filters NO DULL : : out dust and pollen- DRAB HAIR Ii , ; t circulates dry, cool air with- wr..a rOIl U..TWa Aalezi.p Regularly 1.00 1 59c draft. Ventilates in win- ". :out 4 Purpose Rinse ; ter. Three smart models in . ; walnut for any room. Quiet IOVAICH" simple and quick to use For For lovely, lustrous hair hair that has the : easy to install. Built by of.,a shampoo,doe these 4 thing to ?rove,! "natural" glow about it O'O'' .here's Cretone liquid : Carrier, first name in air give YOUR hair glamour and b.autyi contents: . 1. Bring out lustrous highlights creme shampoo. ; conditioning.livery. See them Ready today.for de- i 3.2. Add Rroetowoy a rich,shampoo natural or tint lOOp to hair.R"':. Essential,Cream (cleanse and lubricates] Soothing Freshener Lotion .. Essential Foundation Cream Rouge Cosmetics Bar Street Floor 4. Lava hair loft to 1 does not permanently easy manage.LOYAION dy. Face Powder Eye Shadow Lipstick Comb. Full size mirror. Cleansing Tissues Cottoa :' .o - or bl.aoV-mer.ly tint the hair ct It .x m....Come In 12 flattering shads. .; .. No refund or exchanges FALKNERIncorporated Try...lovalon.Al ....4..A.H!MM.a..bLOV EXCLUSIVE ., J. ,' .:.<.;";. t : >I. "" ., > SS plus tax. l/1tlJ/ : 1JI..4 i5 WITH US I . k4wRJ Sales and Service I e t DH| I I1'ti.eeel.l ) Ph. !9SS9 160.:' N. Orange I V I EHrV Noi. ' r , ' . .... __ --.u. c .. 5 5 ."' .' _' ;' " ."" ,' . - W' '<"fFYOr -- rw: " . . Select Revival Daily Citrus Auctions f 1 Sanford Farmers' Market I Paae- 10 @rlunbn 'tnmbtg &mttntl I I The following prices reported by Tuecdnv. Mav, 20.(. 1q47i - uftAXGES 'the dealers on the Sanford State *!.*.*_ .td BO.M Tint CHICAGO LIVESTOCK [lambs ihowlng fun downturn Trade fair .t. ..... Wlrrbu ted SUe C.llI.5 Farmers' Market for produce sold CHICAGO (AP) uSDA) Salable bon I ly active at decline. Two usda around Rubber Ine. -- ___ 11 FOREIGN .<>RM to truckers and dealers up to 12:01: 8.500. t<. *l. 11.5OO.; *ery slow, generally; 0 112-lb mixed medium to Choice 'OGIed Kaiser-Fraser ::=::=_,___.____, = St. I EXCHANGENEW Mart CITY-Market term C-- a. cn A* Cart At Or. A* Cars AV tl lower than Prlday Including sows o l.mbs 21.15. Two loads mostly lJood Lone Star Gas Co. ..._.- 18V. YORK (AP Closing foreign exchange Highlights Tt I New York City (irrecular) 2 341 52 361 20 389 32525 __ am. May 20, 1947. Top 824 Bulk good and choice 170-250 I i grades 89-1b. hd clipped lambs. with short Niagara Niles-Beement-Pond Hudson Pw Corp. ===: 7- rates follow (Great Britain la dollars [ Philadelphia (Irregular) _n 32 3.17. 2 4 93 11 4 90 Beans. snap. bu. hpr. ... $l.3 -$2.00 1 41.. 823.00-23.75: 260-280 Ibs 21.75-23.00:: I No. 1 pelts 20.00. A few good an4 choice Pantepee Oil of Co. ____ lot 4 others In cents): Boston (lower ____. 290-300 Ibs. 20252150. i shorn ewes lu.d at 8.so down. Ven. 8S 10 341 4 394 9 480 __ Most good and .. Canadian Cabbage. 50-lb. sx. ..... 1502.50 I Sherwin-Williams _:==== doUar In New Tort open marbet == A GLANCE Pittsburgh (lower) ___ __ __ a 3.31 __ ___ 10 ".'It n. choice sows 17.50-19.25 weighing over 400 I' --- 131 MARKET NEW YORK Cleveland (irrecular) __ 0 3 62 __ 8 363 __ _-_ Celery. gOlden. crates .... 5.006.10 lb.. Lighter weights scarce. 'I i CURB STOCK LIST I Strock Sonotone if CO. ______________T_____ 204 U 8 1 <<1/16 ndo, per_cent 3/16 discount of cent or 91934 Cialca,. OiUhert ._ 3 3.70 ___ __ Corp. _______ L.--__,_ 3ls a STOCKS Mixed; Ute bi-Uinf ree4 81.oula bwher) ..,__, _? 33 O._ __ -S448 Celery Pascal. crate 4.506.10 Salable cattle 15.000; total 15.000: I Merrill Lynch. Pierce. Fenner and Beane I i Schulte. Inc------____________ 3a : EUROPE: Great Britain $402P 4., BONDS leaders.LMWI rail la supty. (hither) ________ __ 7 3.24 4 3 62 Corn sweet Y. B.. sack 1.75225 salable steers and calves heifer 1.200. total 1.200: fed I Aluminum Co. of Amer. ..______.-" 4954''I Stand Pw St Llcht; __________ 1*. of unchanged a cent: France (Franc) 84 S. of a cent : St. Sweden Krona 27 Detroit (lower* :_________ : _. : = moderately active, Amer. Cyn mld Co. B. 40 Regis Paper Co. ______ 7H ; ) 83. so- 4 3.51 8 4 66 i COTTON: trravuUrt hsdamg and millkuyinft. Baltimore (hlaber) _______ -___ 1 37- 1 557 Cucumbers bu. hpr. 1.004.00 steady to strong; load strictly choice 1)31- Amer.: Oa ft Elee. --==::::::: 371 i Tampa Electric n__________ 29'. changed Switzerland (Franc) (cool) 23. * Totals ____on- __ 2 3.45 125 3.45 27 3.97 105 4 69 Eggplant bu. hpr. ... .. 1.753.00 Ib beeves top at $27 Medium to low, Amer. Light ft Traction ________ 191. Technicolor -_n_.________ 11 unchanged _ CHICAGO choice fed steers 21.50-25.50, seven loads I Ark. Wat'l O*. A. ---_. _______ 31. Textron -- ._-________ 1H4 Latin-America: Argentina free 24 47. en WHEATl Mixd; .... _tracts GR"P FRUIT Lettuce. Iceberg crate. choice 1100-1250 Ib weights. 2000. strict, Ashland OU ft Ref ________ 10iAtL -, United Gaa Corp. ________- -____ >4". chanced; Brasll free S.SO. 1IDCbane Mex tower.CO t5eadecU Iced pack 5.005.25 IT good and choice fed heifers. 24 00-2C.5O, Fisheries __hn_____ 6 W. Va Coal & Coke ___ 9*. ico 20.62. unchanged.DUN . n. KM; Steady SR Ut. rally. Florida lad Rlv n. .U n most medium and good heifers 20.50-23.75. Barium; Steel _____________=:_- 31, -n OATS: Lwn trad light. Std Boxes Wlrebd Boirs Lettuce. Iceberg crate. Cows* mostly 25 to 50 lower; few good I Creole Pet. Corp. 57_. EGGS-POULTRY I AND RADSTRCCT HOGS: V,ry .... .._.11) $1 lower CITY-Market term Cars ACn. I\or Cars 4* dry pack n un..m 2.002.50 fed cows. 18.00-20 00. Most common and I !I Cities Service :_====::::=:" 26*. CHICAGO ( NEW YORK UP) Dun and Bradstreeff than Fn4-yT to* S24. New York City hither) ______. ___ 1404 2 2.34 1 4.03 medium cows 1000-17.00. Canners and L 'I Colts Patent Arm n________- 28V.. weak AP) The butter market was dally weighted price Index of 30 baste commodities - CATTLE: Moderately' active, steady .. Philadelphia (higher ___-__, __ ___ ___' ,_ Peas. field bu. hpr. .." 1.752.75 eu'ters 10.50-13.55. Bulls weak to a, Delay Store Inc. --___--________ 6uElee. scoreA yesterday; 93 score A.A. 6O-6O25; 92 : compiled for United Press (1930- trontl to* Ui.DOW.JOPdrS. Boston (higher) .__. _____ __ 1 2.20 .Peppers. bu. hpr. "._'h. 5.25750 quarter lower, good heavy bulls 17.25 and : Bond ft Share Co. ------____ 9Vi ,C 55 Eggs 59.5-59.75. 90 score B 57 89 score 32 average equate 100): Pittsburgh lower) __ 1750. Vealers steady to weak Fairchild Eng. ft Airplane were : large Np Yesterday ... 25350 -- Potatoes. Red Bliss top 27.00. Corp. __ 29. 1 and 2 extras. j.8..uM i - : ::= : AVERAGES: Cleveland (steady) __ _ ..:.. Stock cattle slow. weak. : Olen Alden Coal Co--------------- 17'. extras Week ago : _____ 25295 NEW: YORK (OP) Chlcafo (Irregular) __ _ bu. hpr. A's ........... 2.002.25 Salable sheep 1.000. total 1.800. slaugh Gr. Atl ft Pac. Tea Co ___ 85*. 40-41; standards. 40-40.5; current receipts. Year ago .__.-_..__----,_..- 19401 .'ock.: O.en High Low CloM Net Ch. St Louis .__- _. __ _ Potatoes. Red ter lambs 25 to 50 centa lower flipped ''Hecla Mining Co. --___ __-_-_ _"_ .. 39395. dirties. 375-38. checks. 1947 high March 18) 269 25 Bliss -- 54v -- 37-37.3 30 Indt 1C-.C2 164.41 161.38 IJJ5 u. 0J4 Cincinnati flower) _ __ -- 1947 low (Jan. 23) .. ,, ..-_.,._ -3280 20 Hail* 41.0* ...'5 40.43 41-1 off 0.O4If Detroit (hither _.._ __ __ _ bu. hpr., B's. .. no... 1.001.50 Utll U.M 32.50 JZ.06 3X29 off ..J, Baltimore (lower) , .. __--___ 1 2.2C u __ ___ __ __ Squash yellow C. N. - IS Sfka 7-U 37.77 M.54 S7J3offOO4 Totals -_ .. u--______ __ ___ 2 3.lC 2 2.3C 2 3.12 ontfu Cloeo Net Ch. GRAPEFRUIT n bu. hpr. ....h.. ........... .. 2.503.25 60 WHY DONT T)1O) A'AM-APPLTyPE IN'3 WEtL 5UMZE POWN ito Me.M. iooKw-3 FOR SOME mi STATKTIC* 40 Bond IOz.oI . (5.55 l 10 lit Mail r 1.0.01 eff..-, CITY-Market Term .i) Ind. HIV Texas Sweet potatoes bu. .._. 3.003.75 c von LOOK Litre A NUTEX YOU 60 HAUL 0.2 AKEf FO*. PASSIM. THE J TUg LOCAL FLEA PA5TIMS ; _. E CN OIL WELL COMPANIES IN THE COUNTY:*O 10 2nd Rail ________ M.ZO off ..74 Tomatoes. crates 10 Utils tn.rwmMimm. New '_U>rk City hither) _________ etd 2 B 3 lWtrrbtf.85 14 2 90 20 Bo.4 rs 07 4 Bow 265- 36 one lb. crtn 4.255.50 JO BOX CANYON ANP MACHINERY ANP5AY5 BurniEY U5.Aay eoMORAL IP CANYON 6ET5 TtoO A I THO-Srir 11> BSTTK BZIN6 ALONO A 10 Inds _____.104.26 of f ..1 .hm I Ii 'ELTA YOU WKPECENT 510P A5KIN3 ABOUT /! ON >0> JIM Philadelphia ( _ hither WI4N _. YOd ow N --- 6 2 45 1 3 63 3 2.22 Tomatoes crates. 50 1 Ib. 325- 5 C COOL PRINK FOR THE 6)0.) It ASK T > . Transaction .In stocks mod in avsrao55st.rdayi Boston (hither) __ ,. Tew ' 260 1 241 3 2.70 _. --- ? THATMkJHT HAVE THINJ* ". Industrials. 149.1001 r.i... 115.010) .- Pittsburgh (lower) ___ -__ .. ... 1 219 ... 6 209- : : : AgOtfTHE-IflDVMNo SOA1ETHIN5 EEApy TDPAOAY WI4AT 70, MW.W HELP ME OUT... V -SfUKAWILLV ptilitwe. 60MOi total 325410. Chicago Cleveland(Irregular(steady)) ? ... ,2 216 = 6 17_ i Oranges, box ....:...... m..... $ :1 P 1 AWAY ON YOUR PLANE 1 6 TV00PANKK>? INTO A WO c'EALI J PEL.TA... H ... 2 221 __ : 7 208 NEW YORK [API Belief that St. Louis ? .. 4 185 I Grapefruit box mU'U"m ..... THAT TIME CCVW SOUTH ., k Lt the market had been oversold Cincinnati nO..for-- -. .._ 1 fS3 5 184 ::: 8 198 I / Detroit (higher) .. 3 2.01 .. __ 4 1.99 I nnffht n ja li etlvf revival. In :yes: B.'t'moro Oowei) ___ few 2.40 1 2.19 .. ... 1 205 Citrus Report terday's stoCkdiViSion although Total. --_. --________--______ 3 341 35 246 24 386 43 2.03 leaders unable to make I' CARLOT SHIPMENTS REPORTED FOR t many were THE U. S. TOTALS FOR FRIDAY the grade and numerous Issues SATURDAY AND SUNDAY touched new lows for the past year 1//I C.mmo.hb' FIa.J Cal.IAn.La.' / IT.x.IG'nd' Closina Stock Quotations I II toeaunsIn-aII;: cars'cars total , or since so.mid-April.Dealings were the fastest I Or.pcofrult Orsng.'s: --. ) 5501 4791 1115/ 7 137 2 1038 327 STOCKS IN THE SPOTLIGHT Mixed: citrus 771 2j CI 83 commitments The covering of short i I Hd. High Low Last NEW YORK tAP) ftalM. I Unreported-May 15: California. 20 or.De. - closing rico Alaska Juneau 18 ..... 4V. . 414 by professionals and some : and not chanoo of tho 15 most activo ,, Allethany Corp __- 98 3V. 2* 3 .; Texas. 3 oranies. Texas. 67 grapefruit * Investment buying on the Idea I; stock Vsit.rdayzComwltk Alle. Lud Stl -__ 10 33V. 32 33 Texas. 3 mixed citrus. & Sou 43.9OO-3" 1Unt .. Al Florida truck movement out-3 oranges: that technical comeback was In Chum ft D, __ 4 168 165 166 a Carp 28OO-2% no. Ichnly 7 rapefrnlt AUis-Ch Uft __._ 28 30*; the cards provided the principal $ Distill 2S.10O-2SV4. 2. Am Airlines .140 8*. 30Vi 8. 304 SUMMARY OF PASSINGS THROUGH support. Brokerage customers. Std Q -> Cl $4 U 19.700-19H UP T.. .,Am Cable ft Rad- ?-.50 4V4 3'. 4 8Vt.... 'I THE. FLORIDA GATEWAYS ________ InS T.I & T.I SOO-lOi. u. 4- Am Can _. 16 Including dl-erslons at Savannah and however continued to lighten accounts Packard ItJOO-SV. \k. .1 Am Car ft: Fdy- 'n____ 11 -38V 87V. 37 864. 86".1\.2 Atlanta for 24-hour period ending 6am.: because of bearishness over NY C-ntral U.400-lm up %_. Am ft For Pow -- 48 3V. 394 3V. Atlanta for 72-hour period ending8am.: 2 Radio 1..S40-7 V.. Am ft F P 2 PT East West South Total the business outlook. tax relief labor Am Pew & Lt 1S.400-91!. ... *_. :Am Locomotive _.-. 60 39 20 17U'\ 17%2 Oranges _hU'___ 400 114 89 603 legislation and international Colum Gas .. El 16.300-10 up .... Am Pow ft Lt ._.152 10 1819V.9V. 9'.. Grapefruit . 110 29 24 163 US Stout, 1C..OO-C3V. up V4. Mixed citrus .. 42 8 31 71 Am Rad ft St S _110 complications. I South Pac 14,80O-3S. 4*. Am Roll Mill ___147 26 l.'i*. 114 12V4 Total ears held. Sam. .stf'rda--CT or.nlff' - Heavy liquidations In the fore Curtis Puk 14.00-' up ViParam Am Smelt ft R ___ 16 50'. 24S 49V. 49V.261.2 .: 17 grapefruit: 1 mixed citrus.PASSINGS '. 2 Pict 14.SOO-23V4 UP *>*. Am Etl Fdrs POTOMAC YARD AND PASS noon knocked pivotals for losses of n 16 27 25'. 27V. Studebaker 14300-17V up II.. Am Sutar Ref 1 35 INGS AND DIVERSIONS AT CINCINNATIfor 35 one to four points. A little bidding I Am Tel ft Tel ___n-_ 7 161 1594 160V4 35 72-hour period ending Sam. yesterday then appeared and the pace slowed New York AF) Closing stocks: Am Tob B -____n_ 30 84 V. 63 6CI%4 Tan- Hat. High Low" Last Am Viscose _____ 9 42 41 Vi Or. Grape-.r- Mixed for a while after midday. Activity I ACT-BrUl Mot u.. 10 6>4 b-i 6'. Am Wat Wkl ____ _101 12'. 12 12'.n. ...... fruit ino Cit,_ Air Reducuon ____ 25 30V. 291. 30V\. _____ __ quickened In the final hour as Am Woolen 113 29'. 284 29- Baltimore n 27 10 1 I B1SW-KOOX ___ 28 13. 12V. ------ I I I ___________ n 13V4 Anaconda Cop ... 116 32's 30'a 31*:, Boston 24 7 __ 4 trends stiffened and gains running I Boeing Airplane __ 42: 15 14 Vs 14V., Armour ft Co __... 72 10 94 10 Buffalo _____-n__ 7 4 __ 1 to two points or more were record Borden h____ S 40tt 39Va 39-+. Assd Dry Goods .. 38 14,i 14 14V. Chicago .._ .n____ 1Cleveland __ ! ed. Top marks were trimmed at'' Branllf Bors-Warner ___ 13 40Va, 37 H 40V., Atch T ft S P ____ 50 70 66 69 _un__ 15 4 __ _ Alrw 17 9V>, 8"81." s Atl Coast Lin 11 Columbus. 0------ 6 1 __ 1 42V. the close with declines widespread.'I!'I F Brltts loUr ___-_h 21 30', 30 30'la' All Refining __n n._ 12 Itd i2> 31V.404 42 32'i Detroit h_____ 8 8 __ 1 0 Budd ____ 4 Transfers of 1.800.000 [ Bulova Co Watch _____ 91 16 27 9H 9 gti' Atlas Corp -_______ 15 21% 21*. 21!. New Maven __on 11 __ I I 26ft 26S New ... ._ B York City 121 55 9 the largest since April 14 and compared Burllnc Uills ___ 68 l44s 14 14S __ Bald Loco ____ 59 37'16*. 17V. Philadelphia n 17 16 .. 6 I with 1.430.000 Friday. !SurrAdd,., Mach ___ 22 12!. 12V. 12H Bait ft Ohio _____127 8V.. 7*.. SV- Pittsburgh U'_n' 23 1 .. 1 Call!-Packing BaraadaU OU nn 23 22.21 ; 22'- Providence- 2 3 __ . Associated Press 60-stock Callahan Z-Lead- 8 26,' 25 U 26 Bell AM'C n______ 8 1194 119. 1144.' W. hlnlrtoD. D C. 15 4 1 .33 2 . 2 I of Can Dry O Ale .. 2 BendiX Ael.t ______ 25 294. 28'. 284. Held for reconslnnment.: Potomac Yard. composite was up .1 a pointat 34 13 13 13... I - Best Foods .____ Bam. 13 21 I. yesterday oranges; 5 grapefruit: 20g. Canad PacifIC __ n. 219. 586. due to the presence of I J Carrier Corp h___ 18 68 m.9'. 12Vs 9V. 12 9H*' I Beth Steel _n 59 781,2 769. 77',2 2 mixed citrus. : I IS JUSt J-ZGAD.-ANDI t1DCK M IF 'W WiLL. [EXHAUSTIVE: STUCTOF / )( PTY PLAHSlR. IS TO Wit..t.r VOU several key issues in the index.It I' Case (JI) Co __n____ 7 30 29V.. 29V. Enc Pub Service. -- S2 25 2H'. 2C'Ia' I I TOO SMART FOR OACT / WAS JIR BuT IN CONSlDR.0TION I THE. CHE>llCAU GATHER ALL 69 CHARACTERS TRY THIS PLAN . C.terpU Tractor ___ 9 50V. 49 U 50 Erie Fparna RR -_ _u 59 II 8'. 8 JACKSONVILLE FLORIDA(AP)FRUITS The Federal State |1 YOU.r MCS eXJT WITTED THE HOST OF k '(EARS c8 SERfKE, I STRUCTURE OP 'ANYFACES' SUSPECTED ON ONE. CONOiTlONTHAT.AS- < was the broadest market since Cent Celanes foundry Corp __--_- 40 58 18V' 1 H.* 17 Vi I Tel & R.d __ 45 5V. 4s 5 Market News Service HorlY New York mar I YOU AT EVERY HIGHLY /? ftJ E ONE PIORC O4ANE I FE REVEALS OF BEING 'ANYFACET April 15. Of 1,062 Issues register- I Cerro da Pas ._u--. 17 3U4 a14. 30 7 .* 30V4 8 PlH.tOfte T &I R .__ 6 ca 449k! 45". ket on Florid fruits and vegetables* TURN WHY DOIT 5PECTfD TO GET "ANYFACE"J1I I THAT. IF EXPOSED TO INTO ONE ROOM SOON AS IT FLOPS Ing. 509 fell and 344 rose. Certain-Teed Prod *' Fl1nttote ___ .nh 34 25''% 2C 2H. Snap beans bu plentlfuls, best 3. *3.25.I-!I 69 12% 11 12%. Florida Pow _____ few low.. 2.50. YOU QUIT- AND BE DETECTIVE __ 500 DEGREES OF HEAt RAISE THE HEAT TD50O 'IWLL TURN IN Cbet & Ohio .. h 12 159., 14'. 151% poorer 1.25-2.25. ctrlnn- 18 Among favorites. Chrysler added '- 42V.: 42 4-V4: IT WILL MELT "if DEGREES-AND YOUR BADGE- COMEAMISSENGER IMTUE I Ch M SP ft Pae 59 aOrn less Black Valentine3.504.00.. few hllJh . 2'a at 94",; Standard Oil [INJ1 Chi ft NW _.__.--. 3J 16 T 14"64"*. 1-H:7S Kite __n_____ 88 3294 32 321,2 I ss 4 50. poorer quality 1.50-300. Florida HORLDP) :i AMY FACE THAT AND STOPPES.TEPUNG : 1*. at 67%. Youngstown Sheet 1 Cm-filer Corp -. -. 8.: 95U 81*. 94H Den Food. _--_n_. 31 405. 39% 404. Belloo, :100-350. few 375. poorer 200250few : MELTS WILL BE I CIT finan h .__n_ 11 39 37V 39 OM Motors _____ lU 531. 52". 534. I 2 75. bountiful Irregular 1.00-3 00. war Z "ANYFACETrANYFACE" at 55':r. Kennecott 1 at 42 V. Eastman Coca-Cola _____h_. 1 141 141 141 Oen Pub Utli .h- 69 13 12' 12' poor quality 1.25-150. Kodak l'/4 at 45: ft and CoU-t* Palm P -U 38$6 33 36 Gillette Sal R nn 68 24'. 234. 234. Lima beans bu 2 50-5 00. Col Fuel ft Jr ____ 37 139. 12 Ooodrlch IBf") Un JO sis. 49". Cabb.ce 50 ponnd sacks dome tl.- round Schenley 2 at 25 V_. Ahead were I Colum 0 ft El: __161 109. 10 12 109%. Goodyear T A R 29 454. 449. .. .I'2 90-4 00. few 4 50. few low as 3.00. I I ' U. S. Steel. Bethlehem. General Com Credit _____ 7 36. 36 38 Graham Pain Mot 126 3\. 3 3 Celery 16 inrh crates Ooldenheart 2V4 I $ Com Solvents n__ 39 2H. 20V. 207. 10' loIorUln By PI _- 30 36'. 34 do. few 650-70O. 3 dm 00-7.50. 4 dor , Motors. Studebaker. MontgomeryWard. Coiiiwlth. LOla 48 289. 279. 211 Or.hound Corp 32 29 2794 28" 8.00-7.50. 6 I dew 550750. 8 do 4 50-5 2-S. ?AWN , Lockheed. United Aircraft. I ComwlUl ft South-- --.430 Z9g 23. 29. Grain Alrc En 13 1894 179. 17". ,i! 1 mark 7.00. 10 dot 3.50-4 50. xx'. few American Telephone. Consolidated Cons Edison: ___-__ 65 2S4: 2S 25%. 1 l Gulf] fob &: Ohio. 30 6'. 6%. 6Oult %. 2.50 few 4 00. Fiscal 2-4 do* 650-700 - I Cons Yulie -___ 36 11\.a\ 10% 11. 011 _- 21 599'. 583. 59 few "'dOI 600. S dos few 600. Edison. International Nickel. West- iI I Cool Bat ___._ 18 131. 1J%. '149., I H.rtHSch torn5 bu boxes yellow 2.15-3 215.wirebound . inghouse. General Electrie. Du l Cont Can: ___ '34 353. 35 35"% & M n._ 5 29 28' 29"2 crates 5 dozen ear 2.50-3 50. Cont Motor 71 7ta 64'. 7 Hayeg Mfc u__ 34 5 4.. 47. Cucumbers bu fair to good 400-7.00. , Pont. New York Central. Northern 1 Cont OU Del -_ 18 3'1;. 3b. 37Y. Home.take MID n_ 16 45 441,2 '4-, ordinary to fair 3 00-5.00. poor to ordinary , Pacific. Southern RailwayS Balti- o Corn Exchanie .60 53 527. 53 Houston 011 ___u- 35 19'. 18'. 19%I 2 00-3 00. few tilth as 4 00 i' Corn Product 7 66 Sa9a 6594 Hudson Motor .__n 69 139. 1213\ Eggplant bu 400-450. 1 mark 5.00-5.50. :' more & Ohio. Atlantic Coast Line 0 I' Crane Co .__= 30 27'. I poorer 2 50-3.50. ----1-r-llqLuLJn-- 269. 27 : American Woolen. Glenn Martin. 1 Crucible Steel 11 233, 229. 23%%, nhInl Central ___.130 19". 18'S 18'. Fscarole bu 200-250. few 2.75, poorer PUSH THE MACHINES CAB [i DONT WAMT VOUTO BE A Rexall Drug and Pepsi-Cola. Curtia Publishing __15U>> n. 0". 6"- Interlake Iron ____ 28 9'. 9'4 9'.21It and small 1.50-1.75. few 2 OO Curtua-WrUnt .:__ 62 4'. 45. 44. Harvester ____ 11 78'. 17W. 78". Limes Persians 1-5 bu cartons 2.50-3.75. WHAT! VOU TWO "CRIMESTOPPERS" SCJUETALER, WQ IP VtXJ DON'TWANT Norfolk & Western conceded Z I Cutler Hammer 6o I 195. 18'. 189. I lot NI"t Can __on 65ltd 291. 2994 19'lot I Okra bu best 11.00-12.00. poorer 4.008 TD TELL ME ABOUT 00. few high 10.00. UP HEREP as _ Paper 89 390. 38' 39"I . -, at 218, Santa Fe IV at 69 Inland I Deere'ft Co ----_ 14 3294 3134 32 lot T'l A Tel _nn___.190 109. 994 10% Peppers bu bullnose 800-850, few 900 WHY THIS SCRAPE YOU'RE IN.CXAV. . Steel 114 at 31. Douglas Del ft Hudson -_-- 14 333;. 3Z333;. I J poorer 350650. few 7.OO-7.50. 3UTITHAO BETTER Aircraft Hi at 48i Eastern AirLines Del Lack ft West 37 6 I% 51. (1"-" Johns-M.nTllIe ____ 2 108 1011,2 108 Potatoes 100 pound sacks Sebaro-Katah-: Detroit Edison: ___ 5 239., 23 234. Jones & L 8tl __n- 55 28% 271,2 28V.It.a 2 dIn type US One sire A 50-3.75. few ALL glCMT Hi at 18, American Can 1 I Dist Corp-beac 59 Ine 1194 11% K 4 00. US One 300325. few bllfb as 3 50 Hi at 86i and Johns-AIanville l>om. Mines ____ 7 11 16%. 11 I City South _u 48 161. 18 16""' B size 200-2.50. Jew 1.75. bu basket US Douglas Aircraft 35 50 484. ..8.". KelllleeoU COP _n_ 58 C2'. 41'. 1 One 275-300. B size 225. 1 at 108.Others. I Drwser Indust __ 20 1494 14 ... Co _-_nu_ 14 419-4 409. Squash *k bu hampers 300-350. few on the offside were duPont d* N ___ 12 174 i., 173K 174V.Eastern ?. KrOlJlr 4 00. Coco& 41es 2.50-3.00. acorn 2.50-2.75. I Goodyear. U. S. Rubber. Ii: Laekde Ou ______ 28 44 4% C2V.1 Packard. I Air L __132 19! Vi 17 Vi 18 Lehlrh C k N _n_ 19 93. 95. COTTON CLOSING Woolworth International El Power ft U __ 61 12 V* 11 V. 12 Ub 0 P mag _____ 7 48 411'a NEW YORK AP) Cotton futures cloud I Harves-I Emerson U: U 13 9*. Ubbv MeN A! 57 6" %. 1 CO conts a bal. high.r to 30 coats lowor ter. Soerry. Engineers hn 9 V4 9V. !- ---- : 84. :11f than ... u .... __0.0 ...... lU", 11 the previous close after doclinino a Ice. Anaconda. Union Carbide. Loew's Inc ____n_ 72 20% 20 20". little more than $1 a bale. Trading was Owens-Illinois. U. S. Gypsum 1 to up fi& of a cent a bushel f Lorlllard M"; Southern PaCific Texas Co., Col corn off is to up 1/ and oats Tracks ______ 8 42ft 414 42V demand. I The Census 4H gate-Palmolive. Homestake Mining r Mary (RH) 31,' 30ft 30ft Bureau reported April eot.I Baldwin ?i to l\\' lower. Marine Iagil l: fi .4 6V, 6S I ton consumption at 882.880 bales against. I, Locomotive. United I I Marshall Field ____ 23 22ft 22V 22ft 875124 bales in March and 812,749 :in Fruit and Gillette Safety. Improved In the curb were Atlas Martin (GL ______ 62 15s- 14 IS April last year. Stocks in consumer eitablishments 1 Bonds were uneven. Cotton was i, Mid Cont Pet n___ 15 344 33% 34ft a* of March 3tlh.showed they were 41,427 bales . Plywood. Cities Service and Mo Ran Texas 44 3' 3*. 3S lower previously i I : up 60 cents a bale to off 30 cents. 'I Montsom Ward ==: 55 5O%4 49 50ft : reported.Osin " At Chicago wheat United Light. In the minus ranks Murray Corp 26 10V. 9 : High Low Last \fl1 ended down N ---- % 10Vj 1 July __ 33.82 34.03 33.64 34.01 up 12 AS BARNEY ! were American Gas. Technicolor I N.sb-It lvln&tor .._ 82 14% 14 UI.I .' o Oct. _...29.-2 29.49 29.25 29.43: -44 off 3-4 RACKET HrS; American Light and Catalin. I Nat Airlines __n_ 13 12%, 12112>. Dee.:. .._28.48 2S-S7 28.32 28.SO cf' 6 PLANE INTO: : -cz----.i Turnover here was 490.000 shares Nat Auto Fb 20 94 9'. 9*., March 28.04n up II A SLOW ROLLNEAC.THE ' ; : Nat Biscuit _::::: 20 27H 27ft 27*., I I May _.27.60 27.62 27.48 27.58n off 3 %z:1:: fPt" . I , versus 380.000 in the preceding Nat Can _- 19 8*. Sft 8V.I July 26.80 26.80 26.75 26.93n off 3 GKOUND.HEPULLtTOTrlE 1 ) -u. -.E" f- r full session. Nat Cash Re* :=: 20 34ft 33 34 Middling shot .36.72n up 10. Id F'o IJ - Nat _._ N-nominal; b-bid; a.--asked. t A. ,j -- -1T " -- Dairy Prod 29 28 27ft\ 27'4, I CONnoL v-: p ... .s Nat Distillers __ 116 18ft 17, 18ft: ORLEANAp) V j \ ( .2' ( - Nat Gypsum ____u 45 15V. 14'. 15ft. NEW: : Cotton futures THAT WOtKfOKPINAKJLY mo ' Nat Lead _____ 17 27 28V. 26'4 were irregular her* yesterday and closing I .. f/T :. If1 ;; 45f You'll Like This Delicious Nat Pow & U _h. 53 1ft 1 1ft prices war steady 1.10 a bale higher FEED OIL INTO r- , JLO to 30 cents lower. \6 /A/STEAD .d-\! 4 Nehl Corp __n_ 10 184 18V. 18*. Z THE EXHAUST) 0. ..J . Newport Induct 3 25ft 25 25S: :1 Open High Low Close Chewing Gum laxative NY Central RR u. 175 12*. 12 12*,. Oct.July .__:____ 3373 33.M :3352 332-93 up 22 I :3 PKOPUCESWOICE ANDWr' ( ,ca f1 MEN NYchlastI.PfIo 81 80 81 I 2944 2949 29.24 2944 UP 2 GLUZF/MSE/Z GUS CVEK THE LEAKING WOMEN VSINGLE No Am Aviation :.. 30 7 6H 6'. DC. .n 2*.4& 3*.SS 2*.2S 3.4' *ff t FOE. AL/AG UTW/LER/.4tJ RED-HOT fXHAUST 15.o \ North Amer Co ____ 37 24V 24ft 24ft I March n 27.79 27.79 27.79 27.92b off 2 fIJ HIS ACT/-- '5AUJrAGGO}lIS GMOKS w RlNG-vlHZTWTLV fTJL MARRIED :May . 27.48 27.55 27.33 27.46b off 6 Northern Pacific _.106 14% 13V. 14V.Ohio ,. - o B-bid. FWPUClN(3I/NIT50-- /A FLY4V//il'E'Cfl"O/ - ALSO ALL AND WORKS Oil ___-____u 37 22 21ft 2U4 I , Omnibus Corp ___ 11 8 7'. 8 NEW ORLEANS (AP) Spot cotton closed (OTHER KINDS OF LOANS BEST BECAUSE Otis Elevator n__ 9 25 24 25 steady 7S cents a bale higher )O.rda,. (FAST SERVICE Owens HI Glass 4 73V. 72 73ft Sales 563. low ,middling 31.60. middling L'T' : PRIVACY ) DO ciie.i if! P 3585. good middling 35045. receipts. 4,865. lot ilO to.(300 Pac Gas ft Elee 37 33ft 35 35%I stock 167,0$6. |II ' Pae Tin Con. n__ 24.4 34 4 - Packard Motor ..180 Ss Sft. Sft 2 I NEW ORLEANS(AP) Tho average price c1yr Pan Am Airways_ 122 10 9ft 9*. o of middilng IS/lCths-inch cotton at 10 I mA Psrsm Pictures .144 23ft 22". 23 ft I Southern soot markets yesterday was 40 ; ivIG take old- / !. /: Park Utah Con M, 15 2*. 2ft 2S" cents a bale higher at 35.93 cants a pound: i' I S V fashioned bad- Parke Darts nn_ 8 35V. 35 35 average for the past 30 market days 35.47. I I tasting medicine when constipated Patino Mines __n_ IS 9'. 8% 9ft Middling 7/Sths-nch average 34.3S cents a Csndy< t d. mlt-flTorod Feea.unJnt Penney (,JC) ____ 21 .39... 39 39 ft I pound. U deUdoos Penn Cent AId SO 7V. 8ft I EMPIRE HOTEL BUILDING Science yet mild effective. Penn RR -_ --_::- 83 lr: 17'. 18V., I GRAIN RANGE: aays: Chewinj your food Pepsi-Cola .__ ___121 26V. 25 26ft CHICAGO (UP) 32 West Central Avenue helps It do the most rood. Similarly I Pfizer Chas ft Co __ t 40 39% 40 Open High Low Close chewing Feen-a-oiint prepare its r Phelps Dodge u... 5231\ % 36'. 37i WHEAT Orlando Tel. 9857 Bao medicine to rlye the Phila Elee ---_____ 24 24 23*. 23%I Msy ..--.: 270tt 1.73 368'i 170S I II greatest Phllco Corp ___ 10 22' I.June . 21'. beoefit 22V 247'July , -flows It n - Into digestive! gently and grad-allr Philip: Morris ___ 31 27*. 26'. 27*.' I I -::::: 2.29"2.30% 2.28 2 29',, I rr4r R. E. WOLF IrNWSDZII system. Chew tasty Phillips Pet .-...: 31 524 51V. S24' !I Sept------ 222ft 2.22'2.2011.. 221V4 Fecn-sv4nint exactly..directed.Con- i Pressed Stl Car nu 38 9*. 9ft 9V*' Dec. .:u 2.19 2194 2171 2.18 I T Woo very medicine maoy doctors Procter ft Gam ____ 24 58 '11. S7S I CORN- Jlr Cribe. Used by miliionsl 19 Pub Sve NJ _-_... 21 22*, 22V. 22*,' Msy.._n_ 177" 179 1.7694 178's I t} < tit at drugstores. (* Pullman __nn 16 52V. 51ft 52ft' j July ____h 167H 1685 166i4 167'. Y. Pure Oil Uh__. 68 22U-- .- 21V-- .*. -224.Rdio ..- Sept. ___n 157:. 158V. 1.56'. 1.5741 I R ..,., ..-- A....,. .&... .&...Jta I..... Corp __-_--_168 74 7V4 74 OATS- I rEEt4.A.MIPITO Radio-K-Orph ____ 72 11% 11 11% May ______ .97 97 94% .95V* 1 - Rrming Rand ____ 39 25". 24 Vi 25 July ___no ..8S'.55% 84 .84*. J'f/ ( :2c) I ( ? Repub Avia __h___ 20 ..*. 4*. C% Sept., __u_ .'1'l.. .77V. .76!'. .764 (1E .r -- Repub Steel __- .. 136 23'. 22V. 23*. Dee ..75V475Vi .74*. ,74. - , RevereCop ft Br _.43 14'14 144 BARLEY- = Remold Tob B .__ 25:>> 364 36V 36** May ___0.- _nn _____ n___ 1.36V. - "You herMor .Coursenomatter SSafeway how I say .V..". Its a Store nn 38 20% 20V4 20'4 Apples continued - fact that 4 out of 9 who ask Savage Arms ___ 6 7.s... 7V. 7'. to "breathe"even SHE RUNS \ 04. OH! A FL\'dPEO( for loan get one! Don't borrow Sean Roebuck ____ 79 311 Vi 30V., 30'. after they are picked and WGOSH.RX: VOALNCER needlessly but if you can S.nellno -__-_ 19 10V. 10.... 10V. 'put in storage. This apple breath MCVNJ08BJC 5WELL SARhE. K3 YOU SEE CtET44lN! i.E8JE MARKS use extra cash-avoid PETROLEUM SheU Union OU ... 30 25V. 24Vi 25 AN YOU WIPE WHAT I SEE? the risk includes VDUR ON THCOTA FENPE of "NO"_ Simmons Co .-.___ 11 28V4 27V. 28Vi acetaldehyde and various - a see me first. For Sinclair OU ___ 72 14V 14 esters 14V. which contain fast service phone first. Socony-Vacuum .._ 68 lC". 14 14 V4 the del- Sou Cam 0 ft P __ 25 3'. 3% 3*. icate perfume of the fruit. Loans S2S to S300 on sitnatun SHARESOF Boo Cal Edison ... ,..... ... 6 31 31 31 .. or aut. Southern Pacific -.155 364 344 35V4 Southern Ry ____. 76 30'. 28 Union Carbide 24 1 29V. u. 95H '3'. 94H Pick Your Os. Pjii OF Southern Ry Pf _h_ 2 58"... 574 574 Union Oil Cal Uu 11 20V 20V. 20V. : TrL T Spark Wlthinc ... 22 4V4 4\. 4V4 Union Pacific ___ 8 1249. 122 123 ; 120.. iSis. iza.I I II SECURITIES INC.A I Sperry Corp ------ 21 17 V4 164 17'-. United Air Lines _. 49 24 224 23<4, I Spiettl Inc ._ __ 64 8* United Aircraft s .h 8 8*. : 47 17% 11', ISO 15.53 a.3s I 7.2o Stand Brands u.__ 16 27*, 27'i 27V United Corp -- .== .8(1( 2H Ji; : 24 I ::3o :; 15.53 13.0) ct.Asso Stand OU Cal U'h 37 543524.. 53". United Fruit __.. 27 46*. 4194 -69. r 300 31.05 20.05 22.75 Stand OU Ind __-- 15 38 37V4 38 United Gas Imp _. 11 21 Vi 21 21 _ Stand OU NJ ..__ 77 68 65>. 674 U S Gypsum __ 14 8* 86 87 rnC. 1 $' bAgwy. .1w Stand Oil Ohio 11 26 V4 26 26 U S Ind-s Chem CI 43t4, 43 43 1.,3\ i : li. gi Std Sri Sort .n 26 11S 10'4 11V. U 8 Rubber 37 43 41"4 42 V . = ; Sterhnc Drug 9 36% 36 364 U 8 Steel 164 63'i ei*. 63V. Stok(4y-Vn .mp'_ 20 15V4 I44 15V4 V Stone ft Webster ..32 lit* loVa 11 I, Vic Them WksI 7 37V4 35: 4 38 : I Studebaker Corp -. 145 179. 16 17 V4 1 i WWalworth ; { Sunray OU 74 84 8*. B** I: Co 35 8*. oI7Y. 8'. __ - itiz&I PROSPECTUS ON REQUEST Sunshine Mug :::: 31 84 8*. 64 I II I, Warner BrM Plct 133 14V 13> 14 ei :;! I I from your "Invettment dealer or I Swift T ft Co .-__-n_ 16 32 31V. 31 Va j(i West West Ind Bug' A ._ h. 21 51 23 17'17 21'23 4 17 I - T.1. 2.14& Distributors TexaaCo.___ ___ 19 51 57 51 I nAT'B ==. 6 4 I 274 27 ' C{:1 .Sta.wa.. ..... tc 1 Group,Incorporated I Texas Cult Sulph u 7 484 48V. 48V. I Westing Elee 69 23*. 22V.4 23 27 V'. STOP WORRYING.VDITVE TAUGHT ME HOW TO I GOOD GI.k3T1\57XJ MAY LAY i HE THINKS TM GOING TO LUG -,,,..... I 03 WaD Street.Now York 5.N.Y. Tex Pac C & 0 n_ 14 26... 251, 26V Wheeling Steel .1": 11 33V, 31 32>, i I S1 ,, FOOD, AND LOOK AT THE SvVELL LEANHAVE I TO BUILD A RAFT TOO. LOGS R>?A BAFT; HEIS 1M..... ..., Tex Pac L Trust __ 17'. Whte Motor 4- CRAZY.CUSnE .... ..... Jir II 40 17Vt 17V.. Uh 18 20'. 1954 20'. I 1 I 6UILT. WE CANT STAY HERE. Tide Wat A Oil .._ 25 18>. 18 18'. ,- '98 7 I. THIS ISA OUR ItL WAIVLI. % 2lW-M. Traasameric* ? 33 10'. 10*. 10'. Wilson *f'gDd _=_ 50 Ii : lot. 10'7'4. I IWool..orUI HECK OF A WATER PURIFIER 15 ABOUT HE'LL BE SETTER - I Trana&WeatA1r- 15 141, 14*. I (FW) 17 43*. 43 43*. : %fr' THENAZJS WEVE Tri-Cont Corp -___ 37 SV4 S;. 5V. i Worthln P &; J.I. 8 49 48<; 48*. GOT TO SHOVE OM. Twent C-Fox _u__ 77 277. 26'4 271. I Y Thennold -. --- -- 10 9S 10 YannVst Sh ft: T .. 26 56 84 115 j jZfrolth _ I Fast Tellei I Twin Coach ___-__ __ lOVa 91. 10\ % I r Service I U : Radio __._ 7 IS 14 4 14H VbJoo Bag &; P -- 18 26% 25542651. I Zonite Products 18 64 6 I*. 6'I __. I Approximate final total I today 1860000. CITIZENS I LOWER .- -I, It'. 5aug85 --- - HA'rioNAL C05 T ... Tm. w.LOANS < .. __ PANKtANDO ,I ... fi"._ 1 1I" RADIO "OF OP \) SERVICE -/1/ I Member Federal Reserve Sy:;tern Member F.D.I.C. ROME MOTOROLA AUTO I I Installment Lo_. Exnert record' changer fWOTt l E. Robinson at Court St. Dial 7141 'I)! DepC 4th PIes guaranteed Pickup and Deliver I , I. FIRST NATIONAL BANK Economy Auto Supply Store I .. til S. OrsB.e A,.. MCBMT rederal Depoill! losorane CarptrsUo Pbope -443 1 / fffNO . : . '. I - . , -. T- -iw'r-' ,....- ". -,--- .- .- -- -. -. n-- -< .--- .. r -,. . . I \ , i H. Beauty Parlon 18. Laundry Work 19. Service Offered 19.Services Offered 33. Articles for Sale 33. Articles .for Sale : (! r1anbn firnitarlTTJE3. I 8ALOM-4t..1 FLOOR SANDING-Finishing. cleaning WELL DRILLING-W* speclslls In.m.U . Classified AMERICAN BEAUTY Rlaito HOME LAt1NDR-211 N. Lei.I .....In.. Exclusive agent for I diameter deep wells. 2". 2S4" ANTIQUES-Modern pieces and art I .MAY 20. PAGE 1 W. Church. opposite nea-1 Flor-Co Sealer which guarantees perfect and 3". Can Install well and puma goods. Buy them at auction for entertainment CONCRETE BLOCKS . ter. Bonnie formerly wltb satisfaction to you who desire of FHA plan. Call or writ F. P. and great savings. Every S3. Article for Sale i iS.nUn.l.Star frleads.Salon. Welcome For aapolntment her Patron.ph. 6931.and ;'I YOUR modern SELF equipment.SERVICF.-Laundri.No appointments AU Quality Lasting Floor Floors. Estlmstei: French. Lontwood. Fla. Phone 6. Thursday night at Doming Auction Tested delivered to Orlando. 8x8x16. Surfacing . Orlando Co free. Sales Co.. 733 W. Church. PENCE Cypre: T ft. lent. per 8140 Strack's. 316 W. 418.18. P necessary. : 18 tftuI.nd. AMMERMAN-20 E.: Fla. Mildred i I Washington. Corner Washington and Established since 1925.. 1809 N. Orange 30. Good Flares to Eat tosnd. Wright Block 3 C 4 1 '. '15 Mr 100. 4 to Flynn. France RhoaUes. Betty Hnthey SU.. Ave Ph. 7836.1h8NDING 8UU time to send your goods for 237 Black. Winter i In. 2S per 10. UU Phone 6924. T Want.Ad Rates Caldwell. Xlnora Phillip and Dorothy I AND FINISHING CERVANTES SPANISH restaurant. this Thursday's sale. Phone 2-0156. Garden. Co. Phone Winter $1.I Clement. All highly efficient with _Prompt service. Modern equipment I Spanish bean soup. Cuban sandwiches I FANS-Fan* ol ?ibi ..''Oaibr **. V... Ins year of eiperteoce. Phone 6462.CHARLOTTEKAY i I 19. Services Offered I II I : portable power unit. E-tabllsh- yellow nee and chicken. Real I ATTIC FANS American. Blower and i floor room a k :t (Minimum oharwo Ti*> BEAUTY Salon.Ph. ed 1939. Skilled workman: licensed; Italian spaghetti and sauces; IB W. Century-Hunter. 36. 42. 48- in. In ''CLOTH LLNES -Galvanized wire Payments lo a* 11.00 .. .tt. A unday .. .... BnMinimum 4014. lavltel you to see them i bonded: Insured. Steven Floor 8ur.I Church. stalled. Convenient terms. Wyckoffs line. 35c and up. Knox sociated Stor. 1U N. Orange . sham too for beauty culture. Hilda Monck. I I APPLIANCES SERVICED: Washing I facing Co. Phone 6582. 1 Hdw.. 2524 KuhI.I Store Co- 25 E. Pin*. Phone 2-3163. Phone 530. CLOVER GRILL Excellent: food 1s I Vivian Lawrene Margaret Whldden. i iI I machine serviced. Prompt efficient PANS-Fans-Fans-Excellent trom- FURNITURE repaired. refinished ACCORDIAN-Cornet. drums COMMERCIAL UTILITY steel always' served here. Horn mad .ee 3 CoBaoeuUv Days lie lino a day McCrory Bid*, upitalra. I Ioua's repair on all makes. We have made at coed at new. Pianos repaired Pie and yeast roll 7 8. Court. bone. trumpet .a.e. music books. aGOny In stock. All lb... Price tion of small fans from ." to . * 1 ConaocuUc Dais lie line a dar I the parts. Brltts. General Electric : ref In lined alto. Rust Mattress Music Shoppe. 18 W..rde Arcade; reduced 20V. Southeast steel Sale ".8 up. Orlando ApPI Co. 210 (Count I Araa. Word I Una) BEAUTS nOl"-8prlna ape- Franchlsed Dealer. 356 N. Oral1le.I Co.. 1122 W. Church 2-2213. I 506O. i I Co.. W. Amelia AYI.I N. or.nI Ave. , .at. clala. Big redaction la beat w.nL j GOODBREAD'S Our chicken boxes do"nlt.1 10 National Out ., State) Phone 8942.APPLIANC& I FAN Lateat model 10 inch dlf Unr Cold wave a _laltJ. 204 .. MaUL UPHOLSTERY ReflnIshlnc. : treat. For picnics AUTOMATIC WATER COOLERS by I i Stncl Inaertiona 300 per I I FURNITURE are a tasty or t r up to 3$ inch attic fan*. ,I 3 Consecutive Dan 85e lino day Phone 6686. 4 piece bedroom suite fishing trips they make your mea Westtnahouse. Cordley. Sunroc. I COTS-SteeL with .orlll.and mat- We.UII.boua. Emron. '1 ConsccuUv Days 20o fins a day RAY'$ UTOPIA BEAUTY SALON- :, SERVICE-Ranees. fana. 842.50. 2 piece living room suite 861 complete Specialising; in fried Chant your present dead expense tre *. Camp .tllo. bs*. Wnr. J. \n.Rbbt m. imum 3 Uaea) 805 E. Washington. 10* off on alt washer radios. All appliances. UP. Paulo Repair Shop. Ph. 2-1168. en We e.te C curb service. 8241. Into sired.a Walter real investment.J. Wllcox.Terms Inc., if 61 de&. Kuhl.cushion Hdw. 2524 tl Found*. 138.I .I An Want-Ads start to tha OrtaadrMornlnc permanent Phone 9725. I I Adapting oil lamps to electrle a FANS REPAIRED Cleaning and 1 HOWARD JOHNSON'S Rtur.nt|I "Founded February 1936." i I FCRMTCRE for S-roora hOU. AU SenUael sad are P/lnia I Ii speciality.; Pick up service. Caldwell servicing; expert electricians. Johnson i I You'll com back Rob1n.ol CHAISE LSGU&-Po porch out. 11 very tood. Owner la both th* Sentinel and Th. RAY I BEAUTY PARLOR.-AII typespermanent and and Harris. 2213 Edtewatcr Dr. I ElectriC: : Co.. 23 E. Church. Ph. one you try our Nationally Known ALUMINUM MOULDINGS and trirnmints. door Smith. 2332 transferred. Reasonable. 3017 CnlverMtv - Orlando Star oa tto tam oat*. I i wave Pro-heat Dial 4222. College Park phone 21972. 5186. GRADUATIONDAY delicious foods at reduced prices. We | Also sink rims. Standardi E. Jelena.l.ete.l I,I Dr.. "h. t-4772._ cold- specialty. . wave a Tho Want-Ad Department 1* open I I I APPLIANCE SERflCK Finishing. Specialise serve only the best. Visit our Dairy i Ibe 20% off. Southeast Steel Sales i FREEZERS sties In latest model. 38 East Pin. One place only. -AH appllance FLOOR SANDING COMMERCIAL I REFRIGERATORS Amelia downstairs. W. i 100 , from 30 am. to 6 PJB. dally.Sunday !i services (no radios) reasoa- Pentra-Seal treatment. 20 Bar for that short after the show"snack. AY. I from 8-49.50 ap. Prompt delivery.: ; 42 cu ft. capacity 1947 model for from I to 12 .... I SPRING PERMANENT: *-Machln* or I able. Work guaranteed. R. N. Med1m. '1'1. experience. Modern equipment. Take horns one of our delicious i Phone aH4.A1MINUM > Immediate delivery. Walter J. Wlleex I Waiter J .Wticei 10 1 E. Jtobla1 - Deadline for Sunday Paper Saturday mschlnsless 88 up; phone 9964. I II \ ph. 7364 or 2-3021. Work guaranteed. Licensed. Prompt 48 flavors ot le cream. I' WINDOWS Double Inc.. Robinson.: Founded 1936 1 rounded 1918.FURNTI'URZ. DOOD.Adnrt1Jtn. I Jewel charm Salon. SOt W. Amelia. I' aervle C. R. Bark 7851. LAMAR COFFEE SHOP-Our location Cot lea than ael .IDdo"a 8 , rroanted to notify Al.TERATION8-Drealm.klnl. bnU FURNITURE UPHOLSTERED In. REMEMBRANCES permit ui to serve better food I i Never paint. warp. CONOOLEUM RUGS In ill tizet. TJSEO 1-idase. oak immeaiattlT art! of anJ erron >a 15. Schools and Instruction t tonholes.,. Ferns Fcahlonetle.. 2202: is lined. Slip cover Intram-Brown at lowe prices. Banqueta. large 1 Price :dr 20% Southeast Steel Special .price on aU furniture.Slsuqhters. dining 10"suite I198.SO; 1-plee at Ins lr ads at the SenUncl-atar nil Edge ter Dr. 418 W. Central; 2-0006 or 2-2353. lnYltec W* are at your Sales W. Amelia Ave doan- 4 West Central Ave. blond lYI room talt. '98.: for only on* to- ACCOUNTING Engineering. High ADVICk TO BUILDERS And Supply service. stairs. 21442.AIRPLANE I CAMPSTOVES-Jurt received Hollywood with valaat 1.4oarc rcsDonsibio REPAIRS HOME From Do I the be HUOHEY'S - shopping ! School. International Correspondence -, your large "..50; Cypress lawn shipment. Bumby ar te. Insertion. I 'quotations. See Mr. Icon at Mills from roof to cellar.: back correct School Veuran approved. L. front to RESTAURANT special- I MOLiELS-Complet* stock : blond walnut bedroom I MRIE'S Church. I You Can Place Tour O. Row. P. O. Box 2974. Ph. 9282.. I i I' and Nebraska.'AWNINOS.' Including besting and ventilating easy way by readingClassification I "Southern Fried Chicken." model and accessories. HO I 2E.P 198 50: triple mirrored yeah ?. .ult tOrch curtains. Venetian All work guaranteed. Call 802(5. pie are horn made. Rid out boaU racing cart. 1 -Victor 10 cu. ft. Mather ot Orlando. 86 S. Cnveo.FURNTTTJRX .. Want-Ad by Telephone I HIGH SCHOOL-Complete your high 1 blinds, glider covering. Pull line of HOUSES WASHED: -Look* like pain) 33-1 the 8. Orange Blossom Trail.M'CLAMMY'S I supplies. 21 N. Orange. 6668 capacity. Orlando AppUance Co. school at horn la spare Urn wltn material .Phone 9826. Florida Awning job. Bungalows 815. 2 story 830. BEDS-Coll sprints mauls! 210 N. Or.n. 4537. m.tr.I" -Wicker **t. 4 plecet; 4161 furnished. RESTAURANT-Where Dial American SchooL Texts ,, Co.. 432 8. Hughey.ALU3 I Waxing floor's our specialty. AU work GRADUATION GIFTS I dinette tt. cheats rocker DRINKING fOUNA'-K.IYI.tor'l U bed. inner booklet. the finest foods served in Fre are an No classes. Diploma. CaU 6326. crocheted bedspread, lamp automatic guaranteed. hand * : _ th"rot.L lttr Ch dravtra a I Writ American School.: Dept. O. c.. CHALMERS SERVICE and atmosphere of cool comfort. Sea extra chair. Heabler. 132 19th St. Hard.arl'. 102 W. Church. : . HOUSE REPAIRING-AU kinds. Estimates 140 . I P. O. Boa 3161. Orlando. prt; tractors and power unlta. For fo. aleak prepared to cult the I I I IUAI. Farm and Homo Machinery Co.. 430 given without charge. Ph. mot discriminating tastes. Desserts BICYCLE-Ellin. Mans; practically DELCO PUMPS -Shallow wen. 25 : bed 169 50; II. Baby Sitter*-Child Care ESTATE LAW and practice. ; W. Robiiuum; phone 2-2713. Camp. Winter Park. 188. that satisfy the sweetest tooth.FICKARD8 new. 120O West Central. I I end 42-tal.. tankt. Installed. Easypayments. FNTR&-Holooc lee box. I Preparation for broker and tales-,' ALARM CL&.eK8ItEPAIRED-Any HOME SERVICE General repairs. WANTADSDIAL I BABY CARRIAGE-In good condltoa.Pne. 1 Wyekolfs Hdw 2524 Kuhl. I I SO-poand m.tre.r.plt7 12.60 812.0 8A.93.Whltmlre . CHILD CARE-In my bom. 81-2 man. Clause start each ".ck. 139 kind of clock or electric equip Hew construction. Windows sereeni i COFFEE SHOP-Where 1* 815. lee at 1515 \ DEWALT POSZRSAWS.-Also Parks I 3 W. Churea. per day. Or ISo per bo.,. As** E. Pine St. Phone 6566. I ment. We fix everything. Barker Repair and caulking service. Licensed and IO food Is served with a dailY Ave. planers. Mall saws, drill*. Logan !: FURHITURI-Nsw and Pay 3 years UP. Call 3015S.1L. THE SCHOOl. RECOMMENDED by I Shop. 48 W. Central. Ph. 7696. bonded. Dowiwell. Phone 9522. 4161 III.IU mide. 1125 eh.nle.Such Our Blvd.plea are home I BEVERAGE COOLER-Blue Flash. metal lathe. J. D. Pease, telephone each and save 10 to 2 De p cent I It. tridnate For men and women. i ACETYLENa and electric welding: HOUSES WASHED-Did your neighbor Wet or dry. Excellent condition. Mount Dora 3753. oa your purchases. Prntur fcpectal NoUces Orlando Secretarial and Accountancy machine work oa pump law mills spend 8400 or 8500 to paint 19. Services Offered ROSY GRILLE Good coffee and terse alz*. 875. Inquire at 53 B.Church. Co. 625 W. Church St. Pha. 582. School. 6 W. Church. over City Luc- and road construction machinery; tilt house-No! R* bad U team a phon 2-386 FOOD CHOPPERS pick Juicer ALICE CARL1H-Room 504. Florida: I cat*. phone 2-3256. aluminum and brass casting. MeKlnney : cleaned by the Steam House Cleaning RUGS UPHOLSTERY CLEANED. | hen) br.U..t) ..). Try starts us. your We spe daythe BICYCLE-Boy'* -vlctof'Yal 28'1: DUO-THERM HUTR: I cork screw wood salad fork and Bank Bnlldlnt. Superfluous hair Machine Works 131 W. Kaley. Co.. at the small fraction of Expert workmanship fast service. I helh menu. 212 W. needs new tires *15. : I WyckoffsHdw. 25. KohL removed. Fh. 4406. Information the cost of a paint Job. Tbat't why Guaranteed mothproofing service. Pb breU.1 I Duo-Therm' beaters art 2 'Pn. permanently I 16. Travel BUILDING. repairing and painting. Church. Call 716 W. Winter Park; after p.m. her I FURNITURE-Army officer I It looks like newt We also restore model The and dep.n Kleenlz Co. ol Orlando. AMANDA BkADf'OR.D-I'nchlo read- I Prompt service. Licensed and bond- the original colors to dirty asbestosroofs. 2-4318. I I BARBECUE GRILLS Camp stools I model 715. b.RUw the averagesize i .nlnf for overaeas. must ; tw: circle 230: Wed. 881 WeSt (;01- BOSTON. MASS.. or wants ylclnlt-EJ rid with: I ed. Superior Builders ph. 20123. call 2.3625.HOUSESWINDOWS. ROOFING Free estimate 3 yean i STAR LUNCH-Enjoy your favorite picnic ice boxes thermos luis. etc. home. W1 be" ,. r at once. $ 41-\: tmblaANNOUNCING AT13 pIL. 2.UJL perienced married driver couple. Must arrive BEAD AND PEARL STRINGING WASHED. Inside I to pay. Work guaranteed. Roll I food at your favorite "Drive-In." Mills and N.brak. Get your heater now and be sure I I two 5. bedroom suites. "p. SUPERIOR BUILD- lady May or 304 Magnolia SU Eustis. jewelry and watch repair; guaranteed and out. Floors waxed and shingles or built up and asbestos, I Fountain and Dining room service. BOATS-10 Mid 12 ft.; rompl.tb collipnible of it. Onll a few left. I' rool *, living room &hpb Norn.d)'.. 11 Magruder Arc. polished. Phone Bamberg. 7228 siding. Smith & Sons; 4688. 11. N.' Oranc Blossom Tr. : perfect for easy Phone ) Homes Plumbing Co. plete! with 2 eouche RCA radio 3 : ol r-J.. W. Montgomery. contractor. Fla.; or 189-Blue. I, chair 4 table 3 mirror and CLEANING AND' PRESSING: Cash cell night 2-3091. handling. Mills and Nebraska. 127 W. Fairbanks Ave.. Winter l.mp W* have th* tot and w* baT tb CARIBBEAN-GUATEMALAN cruises.Orlando ROOFING SERVICE-Let the man. Park. 266. plltur.2 beautiful r.L 9 X 11 and plant for -room bom doing to Travel Service. 118 X.: and carry prices will save you LAWNS GRADED grassed: top soil who knows how. do your roofing | 31. Good Things to Eat i i BATHROOM TILE la rust proof Stb 11%. 8f. Prlid.lr. gasraces. : of thus house downminimum. money. Brine us your clothe Superior All lawn work. Frs estimate 1 Prmtil AU color: low cost.I chair' and keep lbs Central; dial 95O4.: I for you. Its easy just call L. T. Jer. i telephone and I .; C Complete 85,700.. week Want ODD Cleaner 214 Boone St. Eberhardt. 21740. nican. 7427 or atop by and see us at VALENCIA ORANOE The best to i Free estlmat Bob Sweeney phi : I many mIscellaneous antcle. This U .1tL approved. If lnUreUd call CHICAGO In two CLEANING AND REPAIRING of aU 70 Alexander Place. I ship. W Also for i 2-4632. I Da.ab made of white pine furniture and been well Reference LAWN MOWING-With power mowCr. . Share expense. I car home pauencer. 81.50 bushel. Grapefruit .o use. . inIOrmiLlOLADYICEPucfllc kinds. In and chairs AU 2-0123 for I around your own 81 for 1000 ft. Estimate. I 14 outboard runabout and Srrn. rblDet. erI'd tor. Phone 2-42f. *. Writ Anna R. Llvincston. bom Gale 2-2037. square ROOF REPAIRING-New roofs Installed. ISc bushel. King Fruit Co.. 1401 W. BOAT- wood work. - I readings dally 414 South Beul.vard. DeLand. ; for complete garden care by season.W. .. Patching and palntlnc. Wanhlntton: 7267. I I trailer Elto Sr. ipeedster motor t'I' Industries. UOO W. Washington 1 FURNITURE-Nw' maple double bed . )* Tuea. I II.IIL Tburs. 230: DETROIT.: --MICH_Leavlnc end of I CONCRETE FLOORS etc. W* form C. Prase landscaplnc.. 2-4409. I "Red the Rooter." Phone 2-1255. i __ m m I Ph. 2-.25. St. i with box and Inner spring matn.. Suit.. I P-m 444 W. Church. Rm. week. 1 or 2 passencert to help pour and finish concrete floors 'I LETTER WRITING-Publlo stenog 1 3!. Articles for Rent BREAD BOARDS I. inch**. _- tM. Porcelain ink and . 12. RT. Cherry offlco pho. 708'. I drive. Mr. Ben Schwaru. Jefferson i I price drivewayswalks estimate call and 2-0256.steps.Dunh.mCOllrrete For raphy. MaU and phone service.: SEPTIC TANKS CLEANED; everything -, i I! SI S5. Knox Store .. 25 EPine < DU3T up. PAN8nr.1! tpl... 30and with flttint 10 1.. Sommerlla. hauled P. J. St. Parker Business pumped and : St. Phone E Service 21269. ready Court Hatel.HAVANA ; BULLDOZER for rent, with rake 2-3113. Phone 3-3163. h'IC&-6 chairs Co.CONCRETE . BARBER to air..S you with fast efficient and Nassau by boat or I : WOKK; anvcways; step LOTS CLEARED Prompt service: Burke Insured.Permanent Route 19. Box resident 231;:2-0678.bonded''I 7534.and disk. Hour or contract. Pb. BATHROOM ACCESSORIES HaU-good DURO PUMP_AND TANK-35 gal.. I I I FURNITURE nek sectional SPECIALB'-OIobo.Wer.bookcase. 4-pe. *eetlonal - I service. AH Unloo abop. W* clot plane. CaU Orlando Travel Service. walks floors Free estimates any time. 116 Irvln Mark huh IU.4t) chrome I W. A. .. 415i Bartir Shop. 60 Central dial 9504. septic tanks: licenced phone 3-1147. John Newton. SEPTIC TANKS INSTALLED and FLOOR SANDEKS New American election: *. pul. hota 121.SO. living r SDr at 8:30. East Sid 118 E. ; bonded; Southern States Floor I I holder etc. Co.. i W. RobllOD ATenue._. I' maborany love ,, chai. Pll L Church. LITTLE:: ROCK. Ark.-Learinc May Co.. H714 or 2-2206 for estimates. MATTRESSES recoTered. Sprints replaced cleaned. State approved. 20 7e.ntn 8" new edner. Reasonable rate paper E. Pine. Phone 2-3163- DOOR Screens suit: guns: Oeo- antique black walnut . 25 ,.. and reset. Complete comfort. business: Altermatt. Call 6730 or C. R. Burke. 1805 8. Bumb). 7851. clock. Room for two rid. Beth Thomas 21st 22nd. shadow box. or > graphics 1 bobbiet. Trade. have 925 South C. R8TKVE 3. Broker-1 I CONTRACT BUILDING of new I I IT bo ii. I from a Russ Mattressrebuilt job.. 7571 for service.TREESPALMS .rl.U coil sprints. JenkinsFurniture rLOOR 47 Call 23950.)4ORThERNINDIANAL.aTlnt edger beds Mills. metal moved my Real Xstat and Ingnranc car. homes and repair to home and Russ Mattress Co.. 1122 W. Church;; and i for .SANDER. .ad plahe. BTHOl splendid condition. __________ .I! Exchantt. 229 Boooe; aLto Jun. 64 M. Court buUdinsi of kind. TRIMMED busloe from any Repair fin 2-2213. Price 8200.00. Arthur H. Bourlay, P. ELECTRIC RANGES Immediate de- 301 W. Par AT*. Phone 3-3554. 3. Driver wanted: transportationfree anced. See T. P. Fullard. 39 J:. Amelia removed. Bonded. John Newton' Edtewater Drive telephone 2-0915. I O. Box 598. Leesburg. livery. Also original Deep Freezers. i 23795. , : take on*. Rt. 1. Sunnysldt ; phone 2-4032. 116 Into Street. Please phone 2-1147. FLOOR SANDER and edger: also cabinet F. I & Wiggins. Inc. 105 N. Oar- .I FLUORESCENT nrl lit* JOgS BARBER SHOP-Formerly of Drive and Alpine.NEWYORKLaavini. PAINT ESTIMATES! Color tutgettlont. .. trimmed. taken sander and floor polisher. BOAT.New 16-ft. 4-pIace inboard ChIOD. 7125. 14-15-20 watt , CONCRETE : SERVICE: !: DEMOSSED. o 'SO ut lUll Ploore.roofs. TREES : Church St. I wish to Inform Reliable runabout. Must Will ' last painter . recom J. Wyckoffs Hdw. 2524 Kuhl. 2-2821. .erltre. I Fair Store 10 W. around Junelit. driveways coverage. friends and customer: that 1 steps and walks. mended. Batch. 6001. At Olldden's. down. Full insurance demonstrate. First It. ELECTRIC H-P Westinghouse - my am now located at hit and West Room tot 3 riders. Rout 8. 'The belt In engineering workmanship B. Haughton. 525'\ S. Bummerlln I FLOOR SANDERS-Two: new. Two J. E. Richter Works opposite i : Z.ntb MOTOR. model radix FRNIR3 bedroom nit**: ieo- moreland Drive. Bolden Hetchtc. BOlC.. and materials. Free estimatesFor Ph. 9777. edsers and two polishers for rent C.blne Winter Garden Phone I I Box: 37S 8r.IIENCNolJm.ed . Open from 9 to 8. ST. LOUIS. Ho. Atlanta-Leaving concrete work of all kind call PAINTING Exterior. interior. All UPHOLSTERY,-Robert S. Brown. at reasonable rates. Smyth LumberCo. WOR2. ELECTRIC-REFRIGERATOR_: _6__ft._ i 'uPI7. 32 . 6780 or 9530. Buchanan Concrete Co. work auarantced. Licensed and offers finest, .. N' Orante and Railroad. - 25th. Room for 2 riders. Station 2911 N.' Orante AT- fence. Good condition. 8110. 2321 8. U-lh Ilnnl'l'd LIVE: BAIT- and cabins. Klllarney FUhlnt paving with surface OFFICE: MACHINES REPAIRED-Oui. 2-3163. treatment. D. C.-Letvlnc June UPHOLSTERING: maket your furniture I TUBS ELECTRIC : Camp star oonid Beck Bprtnts oa Work guaranteed. service guaranteed. Check wlta : TOOL RENTAL IAT SWEEPER weeper-Bae lit. Lady driver wanted. 6O4 Rldxo- Bumby ft Simp look Ilk new. W* tie and SERVICE with attachments. PILING CABINBTS-41007. Good condition 'awe Lets Apopka.MT Genre Stuart. 13 8. Main ; Inc. Phone son. SU phone 5437. I wood. Ph. 8656. condition soring Refinish frame csitlron enameled bath tubt 3330 N. Oranse. Orlando. letter *ls*. with or wlt' loD. PROPERTY at 639 Lake Dot CABINET AND MILLWORK to *pe- 815* Rum Mattress Co.. 1122 W. Church::. Paint sprayers: skll-saw: beneh- C.rlol received. Other fixtures on Immediate delivery. 81C-W Clreto 1* not for *al.. Mr. and 17. HaulIng and Moving dial order. Central Florida Lumber PAINTING-Brush or .pra). Industrial 2-2213. I saws; power mowers flooring hand. Including toilet .... Nothing I ELECIiCThANOE-prire 830. Can Co.. 401 W. C.at 159. be Sehaub. equipment snd misc. seen In operation. Telephone Mr Wm. Co. Mill and Nebranka. or residential. Water proof. UPHOLSTERING covers refinIshlng. -, Young's Tool dcwn. 36 months to pty. Libby & 2-M20. FLOOR SOc MURIEL PARKER. Spiritualist Readings Ing our specialty. Exteriors 1%e III.t RentaL 100 W. Washington St. 8454. Freemsn. W. Cburcb.BtCYCWhlzur RUNSEe rbb. ALLIED TAN LINES. INC.-Nation's I CONCRETE FLOORS Dnn...,*. t I We call without obligation.o i 1 so. . 1 dally. circle Thurs. 8 p.m. largest mover of household foods. t steps flagstone. Reasonable. Thirty t ft. 40.000 sq. ft. or over. Anywherein Call Ingram-Brown. 418 W. Central I ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES-Duplex receptseles. Smyth Lumber Co.. X. " 2613 E. Washington Dial 20601. Call Fidelity SWears If Warehouse years In business. Free estimates. State. Free estimates. Best In ref. 2-0006 or 2-2353. toggle switches boxes I.Urn.d.I . SPENCER SUPPORTS Individuallydesigned. Co.. for free estimate on your long ''C. W. Nld). Winter Park 469. erences. Ph. 4951. Rt. 1. Box 95 VENETIAN BLINDS REPAIREDSlats TYPEWRITERS-.Rental machines for motors to placet for cable both.and plates to match. Romex I GARAGE DOOR 1202 X.Washington. :. distance moving. 56-61 W. Jackson Klsstmmee Pla. T. K. OaUoway. Immediate delivery. Office Equipment connetllr. WrightsHdw. OPEJt.t Mrs. Warren. DRY replaced with aluminum.. miles per tallon. I CLEANING-We open & Phon 2-3606 or 2-3083. St. Phone 2.3164.AIRO skilled experienced employ help; only and PAINTING-Waterproofing; all masonry Guaranteed not to peelA run or chip. Ih.n... Smith-Corona Agents See your new 1947 Whlze motorI Gore. SlIOrnl Goods. 127 E, YOI without ever touching .t.. . 220 8. . SWEDISH MASSAGE:-For arthritis; : MAYFLOWER TRANSIT' CO.- modern machinery. Try us. UacDuff turfacet. Thoro system. For any kinds of blinds 20c per sq. Tel. 8850. the Whiner Motor 8.ln. 602: N. See display at our yard. neuritis: slenderlxinii Miss Oil- Lone ditneo moving. CaU Joiner Cleaners. 204 Rldgewood. corner Porches doors windows screened,. ft at factory. Refinishing and repairs I TYPEWRITER RU4TALS Special ... Phone 2-4687. ELECTRIC FANS Toesterilis. Lumber Co.. H. Orange AT. and bert. 1208 W. Yale AT*. 3-2918. Tan and Storage service for free Rosalind. Phone 21060. Bonded Insured. N. J. Barnes. 7452,. by factory trained employee. monthly and quarterly rates. Check BATTERIES for radio All type to I Store percolators 10 W.;Church.ice cream freezers. &, Railroad. Ladle only. estimates; also local moviac. storage PAINTING-When its painting you I Orlando Venetian Blind Mfg Co., with George Stuart 1 8. Main SL flash 1.' batteries large or GIFTS Auction sal Tour. May TO ALL REALTORS and broken. packing. ratlnc and shipping. 1400 need call 2-3930. Brush or corey, 1739 8. Kuhl): 8059. phone 8158. small. B. Goodrich Garland and ELECTRIC: WATER HEATERS! oI I I 22nd. at 7:15: p.m. abarp. Over 5000 This 1* to notify that my property. I S. Division; ph. 798'. Stanley P. Curtis licensed and bond.. VENETIAN BLINDS MADE-Best Robinson Ave. gas. Popular sizes select ,our this Items of various types of lift from 2301 8. RIo Grand AT*.. U BOW off DElHI: : DELIVERY: Service phone ed contractor. workmanship materials. Complet; 33. Articles for Sale .. Two 26". one, week. Walter J. Wllcox. 1c. E. one of Florid*'* finest tilt (hop*. the market. Mr*. H. D. Cas. 7673; light moving and hauling. DRYCLZAMNO SERVIC: S HR PLUMBING-Clyde Thompson renati. reconditioning shop. Adams. 919 W., BICYCLSMea'; ). Reasonable leaving Roblnsa. Founded 1936. All Item will be sold to the highest - John' Lab very load Insured: reasonable rate work. 24 hour service. Ph. 4789 Crnt,.&. 11558.WASHINO ARMY GOODS-New' gospel tent 11 town. Phone 464-M. Wlntei, ENGINES-Onan light welehTir bidder. regardless of cost. AI I CRUISE St. WEEK: Residence 1210 Eastln St. 50: camp cots; comforts; Park. cooled for dependable power. 2 china ruts linens , Georc and Welaka. Accommodate FULFORD VAN it STORAGE CO.- Why penalize your appearance with MACHINES!: REPAIREDAU Jw.t ; whit to 10 H-P. In stock. etc. paint Stilson wrenches Cohoon Machinery br1e--br. 4. 30-ft. eniUer. Skift and Caa handle part load to Jacksonville wardrobe absenteeism. Quality PLASTER PATCHING by an expert, makes. 24 hr. service and I mok tools insect: ; Co, 138 W. Sooth. I kicker. Capt. Jack. Ph. 7564. Fla. May 29. Also part Cleaners. 813 J:. Washington Phone Also minor repair Orlando Moms I pick up service. Caldwell and Har I : prayers. Low BABY BUGGY-'Thayer; 815. 2-4.Z4., miss tni too* *arly. load to SrracnM and Rochester, N. 0039. Maintenance: dial 094*. ris. 2213 Edcewater Dr.. College Park. prices; why not save? Morgan's Sal- ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES "Pay Pont .a , W. RelIIotera4 giltshop Surreyor dealer P.e11y. Y. Ph. I vage. 46 E. Church. Day Terms.. Buy what Note hYtrd. eIP. 5286. now 133 N. Mala. ; 2-1972. you 8 Church and Main Arcade. Phone PLUMBING REPAIRS: -BUI King fOIprompt BARBED WIRE:-.Poultry wire: plastic .I want and need under Firestone de.le a tt1 1 9346. KNOLLEMBKRO-8' Loral moving: guaranteed repairs. phone 1 I WASHING MACHINE REPAIRS -, lereenlnl; nails; .teDI.tdf; Budet Plan. Ladles the E.I I ero. Auetoneer. DISCOUNT all fur- storage crating packing. Also 5039. Residence 1729 Grand. I Service on all makes all workI I : grass rope. .. new lrr 10CMH nltnrt during the month on of ".,. agent for Delcher'l Lone Distance PLUMBING SERVICE-West CentralPlumbing i guaranteed. Al Wiggins. 2014 E.Kaley AIR UA TES30 in 1 72 in. with Central Hardware: 22317.BRIOGSSTRATON stone radios toasters vacuum .-Still time to senates M 'your I ers etc. Orange and Con- for MOTlnc. 508 Mary St. Dial 4965. DRESSMAKING and alterations. ,. Ave.. phone 6247.WELL 'I pump Int.Unl. Excellent MOTOR New' Flreton. foods for this Thursdays *al*. OrlndoPurnlturs Co.. 141 and 618 & Heating Co. IS N cord. Regular I.J ' camp : LOADS WANTED' to Jacksonville Some tailoring. Call at 1108 Anderson DRILLING-Let drill a. H. P. with kick starter. On.o.er furniture for our warehoo .1 W fhurrh and Bryan. Day 2-2236. Night 7538. ua ,our: price 829.75. close out 811.00.Lloyd . or dial 2-3065. 5 I lawn mower. 435 8. Esther St. I ELECTRIC LIGHT PLANTS-Kohler to be toon. Dem- la points between and return for weU and Install your pump foi . 12. Losf' and Found -' the week of May 16th. Fidelity Stor- ELECTRICAL: REPAIRING and house PAINTING walls. 812-9x12 Including rooms:flat ceiling oil. Lou and I, I home or Irritation Easy payment I I, 905 No. Orange Avt. BOAT-Richardson Sport Fisherman,, I 800 and 1500 watt. AC. Farm I.. Auction .anoae a.I (. na W. a.. _War.housi Co.. dial 2-3184. wiring. Call 4514. Miller Willis rates exteriors. Heltand. 2-4287. nothing down. 36 month to pay 1941. single rabln. sleeps 4. 33,: Home. Machinery Co.. 430 W. Robin I Church. 2-0158. BILLFOLD LOST Friday night. LOMO DITANCEMOVINQ..iJl- Electrical: Contractor. Belmany Well Drilling and Pump ft. x 10 ft.. 10 In.: draws 21 In. 10.I Lady't rd leather. Money and point. Packing crating local mov RADIO REPAIRING-Factory trained i Supply. Winter Garden Rd. 1 mils ATTIC FANS' AU .. Complete Large fishing cockpit: live weU.. I ELECTRIC IRONS-Automatic control I GARDEN HOSt A good "l.dioDI valuable papers. Reward. Mrs. B. T. ing. Suddatb Moving t, Storage Co. technicians plus genuine Q. X:.. tl CUrk. dial 2-3431. 115 W._Columbia. Phone 8154.ViT FLOOR SANDING-Flnlshlnc and parts assure highest quality serviceat << p WASHING MACHINE!: REPAIRS-All Appliance Co. Inc.. Orange Craft marine motors 130 H-P Crla, Bumby Hardware. 102 W. Church. I price ranies. Knox Stores Co.. U X. lowest cost. Brlttt O. E. Rsdlc Ave. Phone .31.AQUELontrol. DOG LOST: -Female red setter. Plain WITH laying. Modern floors with modern makes. Maytag official service Ship-to-shore radio approximate! ELECTRIC FANS-Several Pine. Phone 2-316. TRUCK desire Service. 356 N. Orange phone 8942. t'pel collar. ?'Nam **Roxy.** Reward. Ph. short hauling; equipped to haul methods; modern dustless equipment. Bsrton's. next to Colony Theater,: water leakage. 82000 in ... newcondition. K.lnll.tor DepU Bumby I GARDEN HOSt. KoreieaL 25 and Winter Park 27. Ml. Holt. furniture. lumber cement block Free estimates. Specialising In Penetreiao RADIO INTERCOMMUNICATIONInstallation Winter Park 93. on brick concrete Reduced from 89850 It885OO. I 102 W. Church.ELECTRICWATER. SO ft. length B. F. Ooodrtch. or. and repairs. Also and stucco. Any kind of masonry Phone 52O6. Orlando. repair finish. Price 6e ft. fin Orlnd and Robinson what have Phone per WATER CONDITIONING HEATERS-30 LOST Prescription sue classes you. 3-0271. ) and I AY. on aU home and car radios. Smyth Lumber Co.. N.' Orange - ished. Modern Floor Surfacing Co. Brunswick I red water nuisance from shallow and 40- allon: alto . Brown shell rims black caa*. Finder VEOZ-L Fuller Bro and Railroad. 30.lon GOLF CLUBS Matched 114-B Park 18. Phone 24150.FLOOR AT* SH, and food heater set 3 Work water Bnmby call 2-4708. Reward.! Laundry Winter Park wells cleared and controlled with .od Bad..re. Spanldlnc wood 10 ; Ph. 619. Mlcromet feeder. Cohooa Machinery: ATTIC FAN- 2 In. American Blow refrlteratton. Easy & Ieler W. Thureh. I Irons. Leather bat. Must Bbbl. JO". REFRIGERATION SERVICE Commercial .. Co.. 138 W. South St.WELL er. New; In original crate. 8139.30. storage capacity; f..le( ': ELECTRIC ROASTERS auto-<' one. MONEY FOUND-Box: 391 8-Star. HOME LAUNDRY. 2030 W. Church. SANDING-Finishing. clean- and household repairs Inquire at 53 E. Church phone mediate delivery easy terms. Or.. matte control. ;Nea.I 885. '1 E. Chureh.2-4078._ 21342. In*:. waxing; modern equipment. All Good work charges reasonable. FrrBotoa 2-386. Undo Appliance Co.. Inc.. 210 M.Orang I Kelvlnttor t Deot.. .. GASOLINE ENGINECUnt.'i RED IRISH SETTER LOST-Answers work guaranteed. Licensed, bonded. Refrigeration Service Ph. 9732.ROOFINGAspnclt : APARTMENT KITCHENS-Complete *. dial 4537. I 102 W. Church. I H-P air-cooled aU purpose entlnes. to "Red. Telephone .*... ; : DRILLING- Florida Pipe A Supply Co. 830 W. 10 experience. For shingles applied I electric range, clos j yn. prompt service with rfrllu.tor. CASEMtN ADUSTEDr I ELCRIC RANGE8Ap."m.nt * ONE SURE WAY to rent Church St. phone 611 . 80RREL MARES: LOST-3: Pleas phone 2-1370. :Bass Floor BurlacIng1 at 812 per sq. Materials laboi Guaranteed wells. Any size you require. sink and rblneu. Immediate ; : lok all. .Izd. lmmel.t. de' : $ notify by phon Apopka. Fla. rooms: Order a SentinelStarWant ( Co.FURNITURE. furnished.. a-1825 after II p.m. Sterilized and tested. Nothing AppUances. kinds. Smith Lumber Co.. N.' Oran livery. Modern .. 428 GARDEN HOSE 60-foot lengths: 3813. Reward. I Ad to contact folks who | REPAIREDand refln- I I RUGS AND UPHOLSTERY: cleanedIn t down. 36 months to pay. Llbb Inc.. 428 N. Or.n. 2-251. .e Ave. and Railroad. N. Orinte Av,. I heavy J duty Ir.rn Spl.l "..I..to WALLET LOST-Ladle*, with money need living quarters. Dial ished like new. Cabinets made to i your own home. Approved I & Freeman 711 W. Church. ASPHALT SHINGLS SQ.. thick CASH REGISTERS Florida Cash. FLOOR COVERING Inlaid end = Service. Bo. . and paper Browa souvenIr of I I order. TlndaU Furniture Co.. 2323 N. methods. Moth proofing. Prices re but sq. Call Register. Ohner Agents: ssle serv. printed llneoleum rubber-Ilk runI I Tampa. :310 Magnolia. 14161. I Oran*. can 654 j I duced. Dill Rut Cleaners ph. 764Z ; after 6 p.m. ice. suppUe 220 S. Main; 8850. I nets and broadfelt at GUddens. [Continued On Next rare] . &and James. A. Hleil. petition t snow rill nx *d 110. 810. wd 810. wd '10. I f I Wrlfht! et nx wd 810. r .t vir ,m. Orange County I I cans I C. C. Perdue et nx to .Joseph U. Whltt- I"e Iar, Deerinc to Elisabeth S. --Rice as- I City of Winter Garden to Robert E. I I R. E. Dean *t a t Tred 9) Steven Lawrence E. Wrth et .to First Fed. WUam Btlderitoa It al t Kb.r P. Court Records I Instruments Filed I L w et ux wd 810.Otccola I mtf 81297.38. I Rogers e ux, spl wd 81000. et nx. .m.Annual. Saving and Loan Aon mtf. 10,0. I BiMerstoa et ux wd 810 ( ) I City of Orlando to John L MacDonald Hardware Co to Henry Clay et M. Blanton et ux vs. Joseph Msslano Thomas C. Bronson nx to First NIt accounting ertttt of Humphrey | Louise W. Pore et vir to Eugene M.,1 John A. Kent et al to Ben K Kent 'adI - I deed. I al Qed t et al. final decree order. BankJ; I I A. Rourk. i qed 810. I mlnistrator's deed 81. MarrUe AppllcatlenaClaud Fir Nat Bank to Oaynor WIggins nxsm. I j J. 8. Eaton et ux to Willie Irannon Winter Garden. mtc 8400. Instruments Filed: srrlt.t: Saving and Loan Aisn. to 1 First Nat. Bank W. Garden t C. M.Braswell . Bruer Fielding Jr.. 31. .tdell&I e I W. B. Carlton e uz to F Nat Bank W. et ux. .'d 810. I A. P. Marshall to Joseph A. Robertson I A. P. Hadden et nx to Citizens Bank. A.nc : Brldler et Tlr *m. et ux sm. Clermont. and Evelyn Louise Eugene Wise to Harold W. Carver am. b Garden ml* 8J835. I J. 8. Eaton I III to Louie McCrae. wd qed 810. TltusTllle. mtt. S7SOO. Acne Beidler et Tlr te First Fed. Pint Nat. Bank W. Oarden t Joe LGufford > ecretary. 1JO7 Weber AT*. I Harold W. Carver et ux to R B. OrtiB.. U Compston to William If. Moritn I 110. I Jo.ph A. Robertson A. F. Marshall. Charles A. Chabot to A. P. Haddea et Saving and Loan Asm. mtf., 883PO. et al part Tel. ntf. Hamilton Dlckensoa Curlier Jr. 20. fills et u mt> 8ioO. t et ux sm.John John U. Blanlan et nx vs. J.me t..I qcd 810.Ethel t ox sm. H D. Hasen *t ax to Donald P. Wallln William I Trae Jr. tt II B. a Navy. Baa Antonio. Texas and Mar.Lou Fir Bank Scranton. to .Herman C. M. Pedrlck it nx to Carl C. Ban Wellman et at final decree- j J. Collier affidavit. : 8. Kendrick Guernsey to Freddie Gus- et agreement for deed 812.5. Coleman $ . Mitchell, 21. ttudrnt. 1003 I Johnson I ux am. I mt. 110. I H. F. H.I rot of claim of lien. Fla Humus Co. vs. Guaranty State Bank tin et ux sm.ClarcDc 1 Jennie Lee Lot t 1 A. Johnln. mtc.. Orant County Commissioners .rolotlon. > Butts la Common Law: I Fir Bank Orlando to M. A. Joyce Jones III vs Kathryn Don et ux to Mecltt W. Wil- and Trust Co. et al*. quiet title, order of 1.. Porter et ux to Lid May I200O.I . w. A. Woodcock T* Sea B. Smith I et ux administrators deed 813.750. Starbuck quiet title.Georie I fits et ux. ml* 119. dismissal final dlrl'& McCormack mtf.. 81000. I Elsie B. Bullard to Katy Rasper Uldtett First Nat.' B.n Orlando .WDllans I damans 82.0OO. A. Joyce ux to Josephine B. \ M. Burkett et nx to Frank I i Hewitt I to Don Gunnl I Fla. Bank and Trust Co. to Norma' Sue First Saving and Loan Asaa. to aulcn mtc i Dome et al . Suit In Chal I Ud'i mti SMOO. Sanlibury Jr et ux wd 810. al.1 I son et ux. wdW 810. eau I Boles: sm. Coy W. Pie: et ux im. : Blanche Push Wilson et vir mtc.. 18000. Uasdalen D. Fox t Flonmoy and Stanford and Or. T*. Frank 5 C. Hodges et nx to Robert S. Mer Leo J. Lilly to A. O. Parnhin e Jesse Stone to Wendell Llmlni et ux. I ADr L Allicer a al C Cltl of Orlando. Coy et ux to Lawrence E. Ethel B. Porter to Blanche PUb Wilson Cheanult Inc. .m( . -- -- -- -- --- -- ------ - r- II I I f r 1' "W4. kL 'IP J 3i'' fi'L'"sI' .. .Z15,.1'I' ,- I / U VA. ': 1cUV..Ar"J STEEPLE SOW? CMOAJJUMPMi VvWDERIF : .W DwwrnvKNEW MR. ; o 'P ?;; I'D QQ C'I : ,oQ- Ii; ,. !4'iz? /21ft' : STOP_ 4'? f-20 _ / - 31Jlino.m.ju. _ ;_ , 'Otl GUt1 7 .lt)4T) L1Kr VUCKNOWTl4l6! I Y P'IA'-W V Dr FORE TO P/ SURE! vE'L1. MUP ( 1(0 TU M5UNE AR1lJDURNElP _ COAIINb jiyfSssKI I CI DEVELOP INTO I ON! HAW! ,'EA 9' MIEAe T / ''EMiiPAwrjco! I iz i- :it I 11 L5 kI 77-1 DiDNT WORK CARS I THREE 6RANO FOR 1 : N TrlLM TO LOOK V RIG UP TrlE 6AtE5 I IN A BOOT 'E E D'5! ONE OF THE4E DETROIT'I ROM AM A5LV13V A PLAN! SHOP FORNOTHING! PNI LIN! , ;r *. :1 S)! " 1L.L1IIj ; ,I IL. I . - ; 'MU"U ,_ L j WEUL, THINtf. I IP THflT* \ ..' tAuSll ? WONT G Y-/d? Tvvrr TPACK! A FAKE. TM* TPACK W 3 MADE BV A TOO FAQ WlTM r-c'' NOBODY CAN I C-33TWN PAPTY fcg KNOW. I FEEL LOTS Z CE SV- HETHrtTS ws- fANCV-THEN TWT FORMULA Dc45l'tni.: LSANE3Y' WHAT t THINKS- WONT GET "TOO { ARFJAROL.D 7 : t _ 5 S.20.4W S' 0. S.C. A1s . _ t_ ___ ..J. / 131r I , ,. '-.r' ,,,,-. _--. ,.;. .- .-; -.- ..-, -. -..... -._ -_ .- r- - <.Dr1nuit &rnttttrl S3. Articles for Sale 33. Articles for Sale 40. Pet Stock and Supplies I POOR PA !, AUNT HET 51. Homes for Sale 51. nooses for Sale 51. Houses for Sale PIPE for grov and farm tuUoa CLOSE OUT-Electric, sts and Oil I I DALMATIAN p7fl'IE3-Male. regis If CLAUDE CALLAN By ROBERT QUILLEN COLLEGE PARK-No down payment FERN! PARK cash. (33 per I NORTHWEST SECTION S room 12 TUES. MAY 20. 1947 I furnaces. Telephone 821S appoint for eligible GI's on this three-bed - PAGE Florida ft SUPPl I water hetr.gas floor tered 'I month thl 2-bedroom partly frame house screen porch furnished Church Pp. Ph 818. An 15% oto radios at cost. Chil- room home lust being completed bYone furnished .. W.te. light H plenty fruit; near stores and (Coot from Prccedlnc Par*! ton Winl Inc.. 103 N. o.rl.n FOX of Orlando's expert builders acre. Paved Immediatesession. school: owner leaving city. Price only AND PIPE. galvanized. S section of It* Ph. DEE Red Bone HOUNDP'. Block construction with oak floors I Total price. (3950. A:5800. Term L. A. Pitt. Broker. 210 section of 1V.. some I P'tP If you act at once you inch. 2 may pick and Iort Peter. cor. Central 7683. Articles for Sale I Mr. Littleton. 220 8. Mala.PIANO WAER TURNER Radial eaw-3 H 15. 206 W. Orlando A., the colors for dfCor.tOD and be 2-0786.R.ltr. 8. Main: ph. _ u 5 : Power hack saw phon 2-1702. really satisfied. will NORTHEAST-Her* la one of ear runaround -Everett upright. Good con saw (SO; P (65 per P.ymmt. FERN PARK-I-bedroom furnished i best values. A beautifully kept five HOT WATER HT" 10 3 dition. Newly re1e. 880. 12 .10 &kW. pr.bl.amp. portabl DOG PDerecton Kibble be that much. See Kettle rent would, home. Large porch; 125 ft. fron room bungalow with handsome oat and 40 (lo I W. Vaaderbllt Av dr" 30 self : biscuit with O. P. Mot. tage. Paved street. (3.950. floor attractively decorated Interior 390 2(. welder prllD Realtor. .. r"1 Applianc* o. 10 charcoal and Meat-meal Swop. : 1 bltt pine phone Mrs. A. E. Barnett. Fern Park. attached sarase. wide land ( After AT*. Fhoo 4337.H I pump V.rlo. prt.bl. cereaL to a carload. 82. office hou.cU screened front self scaped yard a ter-g SUPPLIES phragm pump (100: 3" clean 1-bedroom PLUMBING Brownies Kennel Shop. and 2-08. GRAD AVE.-Net Q-12S-X RECEIVER-Uk* nw. priming pump portabl (ISO. O.bl V.rl Mo.e la. Price 3750. race for much leas than today Maka offer. Lt. U.O.) P. M- Zthot Toilet bath lavatories Construction Co. Phone 4073. Mnnola. CLGE PARK-Bunsalow. Pram reasonable terms. Lorraine Hoffman costs. Price $8.950. Call Peter Bree-Z Jr. Box 1. Flight Ill$A.$ .Baaana shower tub, heaters a.' I DOG FOOD. and X-ceU dog L'l .a il 2 nice-sized bedrooms with H. f. Boland. Realtor. 672 N. with Harra-Moore. 2-2380. 109 E. Post Xbbl. : RI? Fla. pipe. Harpers Plumbing Co. for M.lt.nd; .DUque. for furnace. With or without fur DOWavailable jjaZZ2ZR&-.KeIvIn&0t. 8. Orlando Ava. Winter X-eel Store. Dial 2-3524. Pat 4:5. . .. Jew Priced Klvtnator 13 .U.r..r. for quick sale C. R. at Bumby 102 Badw.r W. ..98MPUMPomplet 'curOI.. leather good furniture electrical POINTER PUP1 wka. old bird 1to Emerlck. Realtor; 610 N. Orang! HOUR GLASS LAKE SECTION-Cosy, NORTHEAST lovely brand newSroom Dp.rmen' supplies tools new sink and pups. Brownies Kennel 734$. 2-bedroom. frame. Insulated home.S ranch style" bunsalow. HAIR CfEoeona h.D stock of Demia lavatory. Many other teml. Shop; .tOI.39. I year old; aU electric kitchen: 2 bedroom Ian breeteway Interior.attached ft nnfuraiahed. Vacant carat Knotty pin purposes. F.r furnished or at B.rd..r.'Fp 102 W. Cue Home Co.430 W. Robla- Graduation Gifts TROPICAL FISH air- COLLEGE PARK-Out of town own present. Phone Charles ChaboU 3329. I Urge fireplace. Can b* bought with V.ebne 33-1. .qu.rum. " j\J er says. Let 'er ton pumps plants Cos go! 3-room bun with Mike Flower. 8. Main. (15OO down. Call for Joe Thompson .uppl. s. HEDGE TRIMMERS- Plncor eltr. ter. 138 ; oft Lawrence galow pr.etc.II furnished. Nice lot. J with Martie Williams. Realtor, 21 W. hedges better for PIANO-Oulbiaiison Spinet-Walnut panty acts. robe Park. p.ye .treet and fruit trees. Washington St. Phone 106. Winter TI Store 300 W. Robinson f1 (59S. Small down payment. BLuso.nl. Milady Specialty I AnN I Josephine is so good-na "I 1 reckon you're upper r t see or call Mar HARMON AVE.. 1513-Well built f terms. Al.t 144 N. Orante. TOY old. j tie Williams. Realtor. 21 W. WashIneton I two bedroom home with lane A. 53.HUSEH mont Shop. I hoineii- Stores. Orange Ay. MANCBETER.el tured that she has'' St. Phone service porch that could a sleep- I NORTHWEST-Modern 14 Ihon. never class wonder how (106. b SUPPLIES% if hosie d 5300. I CMPAcewel' lingerie Extelent. conditon.. .3 13. you 'I I ins porch. Living room fireplaceand nlshed. Ask me about the best buy ) spray furniture at I 1. In Orlando for 5750. The best location r "h an unkind word for mantle; dining room with corner - upholstery cleaner at Ollddeni.HXDGX other folks live. What . and REFRIGERATOR Eetc new Bo.ler Shop. &N. Orange A. any-I I can built-in china closet: larre and unusual term Jim M.CaldmtU CUPEH.n tl. (2.30 Korge. Itot Ins 2-JV. CAMERAS-All kinds; carryingcases: 41. Poultry and-Supple body in the wide COLLEGE PARK-3 bedrol. Nice i screened front porch aO. front with Asher Peter. Realtor and $ a Sk elt ROOFING-210 lb. thick butt ehingles. 'gadget bags; complete line of I I'm wonderin' is how me I '"""on- Owner i of house. Possibility of a hOI. with cor Central and Main: 2-0786. hedg cPpr Str.C. Colors green red. red blend. photo supplies. Vie G.rdne. S3 X. BABY CC.0. 8. Pullorlnm test except of course for her Will make liberal terms. See L A'I three lots. We will be clad: to submit * E. aU ed for future de and Pa live if Bryant with Martie reasonable offer Harlow PDe. Phn. 2-3113. also roll roofln color, Church. .tok. Immedl.t husband an' his sister can prices 21 W. WII.m any O. mat blend. felt. McCormlcl Roofing ELECTRIC CLOCKS' Telechroa livery. Feeds and poultry Supplies. I Ir. Phone Fredrick 118 N. Oraase Dial (188. NORTHEAST-Excellent high grad HOIST-1 boemr S hand Oral Co.. 918 8 m'llon Ib. 2-3583._ I alarm model all 1 color and designs. Orlando x-cel 8tr.. Dial 2-3924. Mary. I I stay up.I 108. I "It's great to live in Orlando. bunsilow of 6 room Automatic ompl.U with rambl- I Church.EARRING8PECIAl.A i furnace. Best of every appointment abl RUSTIC CYPRESS Johnson Electric Co.. 23 E. w J c.b. BABY CHICKS Tuxedo Store. COLLEGE' and lows and off tot Fe PARK-Pram* 2-bedroom IVANHOE SECTION-With So beautiful you'll surely fail in Must rat. ca b lag t mo.d bargain 8. tested. real : U. approved Iml (185 Holler : moved. I Rooms Rent 50. Wanted to Rent house Lane living room : I love with U. Unusually lane corner 1.lnled Hou. C.no at once. dismantled close out at SOe. value to $7.50.Rerman 906 W. Church phone or 7336. 47. for I I sleeping with fireplace lake. Owner built. 3 large e.b* 2-282 porch and oak landscaped lot. Price (11.750. Trade 53R4. Jiving lt 11 this and make offer. Phon 27 W. Church. I non room 1't baths. rom. ; S s L.n Offee. tender; weight CONCORD AVE.. 1115 X.-Beautiful APT. OR HOUSE-Furnished or un Kitchen equipment 24 central heat. Extra I.rl ; with Swald. Louis Geesllo Realloi. AND PAD-Wilton. ales 14xl$. I GRADUATION glrle' Wristwatches TRY8YouD. Two children. Phone .50. Allen Johnson. Realtor. 140 lot 143 N. Main; 2-1464. HOT WATER HEATER-New electric RUG GIns and egg. large Twin beds; privatebath. furnishe I 1 2-car l r" . Poult C rom. et 2 unit. ice box: cvenrud Maple chest of drawera. l-burn ; cr.a; pearls: D. Wilder Jr. Farm; 891. .*. All convenlencea. I .. ne 8612. ""Speciallztns i Robt. U : wr.I.YI N. I outboard 8ma 144 B. Merle oil heater. 3 Axmlnster scatter rugs. bracelets: pins; luggage. Herman's HOIJSE-2 bedroom or 5 room In or Hoo" 'I Orange; 2-5.8. 641 Hillcrest. ____ L.n Otte. 27 W. Church. TURKEYS-SOe Ib. Hatching el. CLOSE IN 206 HWere.t Booms. Orlando. By the Six COLLEGE I NORTHEAST SECTION-Horn* with IRRIGATION SYSTEMS suppliesfor 'double. apart- near ya. PARK-3 bedroom bungalow IVANHOE SECTION-Furnished 2. 20c. Poult SOe. FalrvlUa single or I' .D ROOFLNGGal,00iZod5VCrimP. GRADUATION GIFTS Put: 2588.Orlando. 2 bedrooms down and Ex advance. on up. Iron. f.r.. lw. Florida 6. 7. 8. bJ'-Wr'. Farm; dial 5927.WANTEDHens. ment. Semi-private bath and months rent In : hardwood floors sun pnh'l story frame house with 3 bdrom Lengths. Church 28 and 29 gang watches; biUfoldx; lun. Io. Fla. (7.650. tra lars living room and kitchen. Pip ; Mfali. la.U. teml. l'/a baths sun rom. 2- 6118. : C. 80 9. 10. 11 f. Imedl.t delivery. 29 Pak: tie sets; key chains military and fryer Will er. I' M J. .one. garage. Beautiful tile floors except In bed Phon Itoa. Lot. term squaTs.National brushes. Herman's Loan Off Ic.. Alalea Lodge. HOUSE 3 bedrooms. Prefer years S lOxl5. 3.5. avail ga. S7.C7; 1.2 per hair Orl.ndoni phone rooms. Special for few day at ICE BOX-Bonn SFPhon 100 lb. capacity. Pressed Stet Co.. 1601Atlanta 27 W. Church.GRADUATON pick UP and pay cash. CASSnERRY Americn Hotel; riding horse lease unfurnished. Government W.l'' able. I,. Alien John 8500. Term C. R. Emeries Perfect condition. Cheap. A. P.O. Box 3351. Ph Port- 4717.and Poultry Co. 609 W. Chlc. fishing bunting In .oa Winter I employee. Limit 10. Ph. 2-8261. CASSELBERRY-Besutflully furnished son. Realtor. In 140 Or.nr; 8812.h8pl.IIID Realtor: 610 N. Orange. 7348. P 874J1TM 7812 Orlando. OlRdIO. Park. 9174-W. 10 house. Concrete block I Hom. or uDurnlsh. SYSTEM-ExcutoM- and .ble. Pin tbl.wall lamps: cmbln.ton. ..el WEX OLD N. H. Red Chicks now on ST.. 730-Single. neat: I HOUSE td. option rom.to tion. 2 bedrooms. Near conlrt. 1.1. I IVAN HOE SECTION 6 rooms and I NORTH SIDE SPECIALS-We have a Instant control of everydsportmenlenablei RI0roleF "a.. Con ; bed lamp Orlando I Il.. Lake O' The Wood Chick I I FRANKL.orkln. man; salesman. $6 Senior High School. Ph. 2-3706._ Hibbard Casselberry. Phone Wintr I bath la perfect order. Oa a full (2000 few Sip real to good(20.000.buys Some In homes with from 30* At , you to speed up tables. Bumby Hardware. pr. Sales a Service. 608 N. Orange; m. north of Maltland on per week. HOUSE OR APT.-2 bedroom. fur- Park. 783. Brokers Invited. lot with a 1-car garage. (8SOO on for a down payment; Check with production get more work don. Fla. Church. 2-0959. Rt. GOREAVE.. 1 East. Attractive room I ntuhed. Permanent couple. 2 small CHEROKEE PARK-Far above the good term Mr. Busch wIth Sam C. U. Taylor. Broker 2516 N. Or.aase. . Business Equ. Co. 39O N. Orang REFRIGERATOR tn. 2 LMSA t'PI. 1/3 off on .U 13 YOUNG HENS. 10 Red. 3 WhiteLeshorns I I Single or double. 8ml-Prv.l. b.U. children. Box 28J_8-81.r.- average 1 this beautifully furnished Hutchlns: 206 a. Main. 7(11.JAMAJO 5644.NORT1IEAST'SECTION. Av*. 14 door Norse prel.ln U.e Complet I JohDn Electric Co. 2 E ; good 1.Fel. (: e.eh Kitchen privileges. I HOUSE WANTED- 2 or 3 bedroom solidly constructed 3-bedroom I II luu-new model 6 room a home. Owner leaving city. For quirk 6 room 6 months ly renditone. On 118. Church. 2516 Sanitarium Ave. CORE AVE.. 31 W.-Cool. charming Frnlsl.d. Yearly lease. sale I $17.500. Will finance. OttoItasmusen I hou. la.. Lt l0xl3. Direct frame bungalow partly furnished LINOLEUM Installed on Ph. 4702 Adults. tr >. graduationgift. Private ' le. D a Kele. RADIOS The perfect rooms. Twin beds or ln r.nt with Cavenaush. !. and 6-room Apt. completely sink Call top*21215.. Avdoyan 2501Xdgcwater ROOFING-Dutch-Lap asbestos roofIng :, RCA. Phllco O. E.. Willard & 45. Apartments for Rent home. Summer rates. Kitchen privileges. I After 4 p.m. __ _ 4308.: _ Re.ltr. 'I furnished; near garage Senior High and Hill- D. siding and shingles. Gutter Kelser. Vogue Theatre Block laColonlaltown I'I Phone 2-1:7. iuS- Alt.-2 bdrom. 3 In COLONIALTOWN (8.500 anearly I crest schools bu*. etc. For quick sale. and down spouts. L. T. 70 : 5136. CASSELBERRY-Separate studio apt. LIVINGSTON AVE.. 1228 E.Rootnwith old Permanent. buY. KALEY AVE. SCHOOL DISTRICT. Price reduced from (12.000 to (8.950. ICI BOX-75 lh*.; new J.rn.n Shell- twin til. small klth.n which will t Anwo representative. Call ne. 3-bedroom Broker 40. 7 eases of pracUct c.n Alexander Place. 7427. SHE JEWEY-Dn-D. earring laundry.bd. .bath amount kitchen to living privileges room kitchendinette Swltser. 2-3121 extension 132.I I (3.000 cash required. Large screened Ideal for a large family. 2-story Its 145 a N.real Main steal.; 5809.J. P. Mattox. 7Sc cas*. 414 E. Evans.ICI ROCK-7c per aquar lot. Correct for lake. Summer to November Apply front porch. Extra large living room frame home. 2 bedrooms and bath SHE : In delicate pastel r.tt for Summer. ke Telephone 6395. 1L1 I bath. Rent ; unfurDshor large combination kitchen dining - CHESTS-Fits i th* back of Na$18 per evening sports and daytime wear; Tel Winter after 4 p. m. I!, HOUSE bdoms room also a side .n4 with down two bedrooms and Vt bath up. ORANGE AVE.-Jsst writ of Orange car for picnics fishing. (8 So.Bmyth SEWING MCNE- Factory r See our wide variety at 120 N. Or- CENTRAL AVE.. 2007 E.-3-room AVE., 620 E.-Dublf!, Box 1:9 8 Star._ _ _ I.undl tubs. For appointment ask Lot 75'xlSO The most you ran Ave. we have a bedrooms house with) six some Lumber Co.. M. Orang and buU' new; pn O'Neal Arc.dt. nished apartment. On bus tur-I I LVIGSTN 1 Stewart with Harold Shepherd expect for $7.000 cash or 7300. rooms end bali 43 ; Kltchfn RESPONSIBLE Jrm.nen'I buhere's clai street. Railroad.INSULATION. conaol Al WlKlns; InnerRprn. CUPL. i ERe with ft cash. furnishings. Sand .bl 124. WHIZ2.ER. MOTOR BIK Factory Can b seen after 4:30: p.m laundry prl.I"IH. 8307. I residents dtslre Co.. 20 E. WashingtonSt. a lot of room for modeii -Balsam Money mounted on new com only. apartment locatedIn Phone 5124. house or METAL 21-1D nlshed from $7.800 Wo EQUMN- IVANHOE SECTIONFrontcorner price. Price reduced SEE LAKE Hall Bros. Agency. Realtors 112 N. back Hot will low neat. I guarantee. plete. (149 95. term as section. Must metal lua. CLOSE IN-310 Lake St. Attractive bedroom In nice privatehome. de.lr.blt b Call Ray Holcomb with O'Harra- Orange Ave. TeL CLOSE TO CITY-Small farm showing 5189. b her. kea hous to IS Wyckoff Hdw.. It way. your up sheer. Pipe seamen. Open : 10.26 per month efficiency. 1. 2 bedrooms. Privateentrance. Steady business man or trained clean. Will maintain good income. Only $8500 takeseverything. Moore. 2-2380. 109 E. Pine. degrees cooler. SIFt Lb Co.. 706 S. 14th St.. Leesburg. Fla. 2524 Kuh! On bus. Adults. nurse preferred.Telephqiiej2-2629. Expecting child. Ph. 5061. Furnished home. poultry . N. and this Or.n. STUDIO COUCH-Maple living room JABE AREN'8 new fitted CHURCH ST.. 431 E.-Newly decorated 618 YOUiVEERN and fiance tired cattle rltriM. good garden PARK LAKE SECTION-Se* - eor I.nd KALEY SCHOOL SECTION bedroom comfortable and tastefully decorated - IRRIGATION PUMP 4" black red. LUCREcfC due to East or marriage entru.1 uU cheap. 233 ki clean cool. 1-room efficiency Double Owner leaving the city. Act . 1It. W1 *. 1V bath frame. home Just three Corner three bedroom direct for house ump Small and to b* used a housing shortage. want end V- First Only Im.l W. I. with Harold A. tor. connecting running water. At see H.1 Shepherd lot. 76x150. Sure bargain." school and Colonlaltawn .p.rment. 7.000 blocks from grade - motor. Capacity Can b* hand bag as well as roomy enough for bath or apartment furnished unfurnished .. OPW Realty 20 E. mounted on trailer portableunit. S WIRE. 36 : .lnnle. Also the generous supply of beauty essentials 8 per wtl. Summer raf. 2-3003. by July 1st. Limit $50. Haveyousomethlng Washington total price. Don Dudley. Realtor. 2KALEY stores. With (2.500 down Coho. Machinery Co.. 138 aren doors grills. hard.ae. which U contains. 825. Mc- CLOSE IN.-Just; off Orange Ave.Housekeeping ORAS'OEAVE.. 4738.=Uvingbedroom. for us? Phone 8523. 8t.Phone5124._ 4745. payment this property can. by rentIng - W. South_St. Mill Nebraska. Elro,'. Pharmacy. 123 8. Orange. riom. Private bath nicely furnished. Private I! SCHOOL SECTION-Bunia- part as apartment carry your wast baby allowed. Phone 2.7081. want 5 room unfurnished CHEROKEE PARK A modern. 5- monthly payments. Cat O'Harra- In - KITCHEN double drain SCAFFOLD BRCKrDn" -_ bath Breakfa-j PrYU"f room DUrS rental soon. Box 392 low furnished. 2 bedrooms screen 8I and tol4s. GORE AVE. 17 E. Lower floor. rom masonry tiled roof home.Oak ed front porch large Moore. 2-O836. 109 E. Pine. Single 2 lots tie 34. Articles Wanted W .. 614 E. I garase. ; .tt mw .taler. S-Star. . tutet t.D Mills and Nebraska. Also with I I non. Tiled 2-car near school bus. and .1. ald met .blet. Complet I Very raonable. room room: $i0lS water. Excellent for stores. (6.000 PARK LAKE AVE.-New. modern value $119 9 ea 9 and SINK RIMS All .t.n4adl. .lt AXES-Fumltur* of all kinds: sewIng .. private bth. 2-3508. business Ph. 2.0030.- : 51. Houses for Sale ate.terms a.IF.n can e"e.I..t. Shown er-I terms. Sam Johnson Co. 208 8. Mala. masonry construction. Aluminum 7.46 mont Wyckoti'a Bdw. trtll. S.It machines. anything you have GORE AVE. 1401 W.-2 apts. turoI I .. Slnlt appointment. Robert S. Huey with RAllY SCHOOL SECTION-Don t I sa-h. Asbestos title floor Dandy 2- 2524 Rub .. do.ota.100 W. Amelia; dial to sell. Sewell-Thurmond Furniture ished. 1 block W. of WINTER- baths and ALTAMONTE SPRINGS Is truly a Robert R. Tyre. Realtor. W. wait a day to Investigate this Investment : bedroom home. Close to school (tore*, JH SIK-Ne. H-ID You D'.- Z-l42 Co.. 72 W. Pine St. Dial 4070. Theater. _ _ showers. Sun deck overlooking lake. lovely place to live you.W esp Washington 6174. 1 I opportunity. 2 blocks from bu*. Price reduced to 10000. Ex- UUtbnle and 3&a SELLING register: AUCTION GOODS WANTED Still JEFFERSON ST 2635 I Summer ratet. Winter Park 27. daily like this 3-bedroom Kaley School. 6-room frame house elusive with Huckel-O'Neal. Realtors: Youngstown ubteL SU 1 new OUca coler; new time to lend your valuable to the for couple. 2.room E.-Prnl.h. TALE AVE. 1432 W.-Room. twin or I residence. Clay tile construction. In need of repair but structurally 118 E. Robinson; dial 2-3753. cr.t. Phon 2-' _lel.l.tor ft. meat case; showcases .utOf for ThursdaYs sale. Call Gas. lights water furnished. single. Adjoining .th. Inner.springs. I Fronting 100 ft. on a beautiful lakeLandscaped sound. Fruit and a good bath. Over PRINCETON SCHOOL SECTION LAWN MOWERS-Powen new and : scales; large Juicer. 18 I ld- for free appraisal. Dmln week. b.tb'l I Constant hot,water. Near lawn many oaks hickories DUBSDREAD SECTION-Lovely new 2'/i pasture acres with land electric: It acres in good Close to everything. Lovely mod used. (40 and up. I> L Steel der 36 boxes; picking Auction Sales Co.. 733 W. Cureb preferred. P I and magnolia shade trees. $12.- fence. Paved 1 C. ; tiel. JEFFERSON COURT HOTEL-1 bus. Business woman bungalow 2 den. beautiful street. City water. (6.500. Sammle ern. 2-bedroom. frame bungalow 43 g. Bryan; phone 2-23 or 8 Chevrolet picku. S BRUCE BOXES-Want to buy used 2-room apartments available. Sum 6044. 500. terms. Asher Peter. Re.lor. cor. had tor.bdrom., .nne Francisco. .Realtor; Room 4 Central built 1938. Select hardwood floor: I.AWNAND GARDEN SPl Orange Blossom T.1 at 20t. la lo conctlD Winter mer rates. ROOM-Private home on bus 1 I Central and Main; 2-788. tian : wo. landscaped Arcade; 7407.LANCASTER lovely screened sun porch; attached Lawn.owerr. boa*, .prr SURF ROD-Burma cans. pre-war Garden Nuner. Inc. LAKE FRONT-Efficiencies: 3 kitchen privileges. Private ::I ALTAMON SPRIG8Prlshe! All this ton1 1 Move in for PARK garage with hot and cold water: complete lln of hand conditioned. Excellent rom. : (3.000 cash. mortgage SECTION A attic fan*} blower type furnace. This prUF tl H H grade newly DIAMONDS ..tcbe. Jewelry old no pets. (60 month tr nce. Please telephone 7056. I I 1' Ffder.1 nice lake view S-room P.n B.rd.a.220 8. reel. Star drag with 200 I gold. Highest price. M. M.Segal. Ault. utilities. unti furnished 83.250. terms. Asher Peter. Realtor (34 month. Kittredg bungalow of horn 1* pie and span: ready to cement block Including Nicely Ihon. 2184.LDEtp yards.ul 1f. newly punhaad 638 Jeweler. 32 W. Church. Ot. lt. UVNGBEDRM. privilegeIn cor Central and Main; 2-0786. Son. Realtors I: .1.1DUBSBREADRWI" boards: oak floors Tile aluminum bath and drain move into. Price. (10.750. lIberal 2159.LK case ' bah. term Jamerson and bedrooms Carter. Real ntemlon straight. N. I FURNITURE WANTED! Good and O' THE WOODS APTS-.Ef- room. Orange Ave. I!ADAIR LAKE SECTION ment windows. Priced below the tors. 70 E. Central. Phone A. T. .tl ca foldingchairs. SRVICCl14 model like new. bad. Any qu.ntt:. Cochrsn's Furnlture. Adult no DO YOU good singleor and sleeping porch. Strtl.nd.1 present market. (2.900 cash: balance (Buster) Carter 9516. It.re. buy. 21 O'NealArcade. call 2-931 or 22367. tcencF. W..p.rment.. double.'AN rom. pleasant home. 17.50. Wilbur MANOR sec (38 per month. Harry Heath Broker Ph. 2-3882. Jt. nfl.hborhoo. Broker; Church; 2-bedroom in Colonialtown. LUMBER and building materials con- 8253. RIDQEWOOD AVE. Or.n. FURNITURE-Used stoves; ice boxes; LIVINGSTON AVE.. 1631 5-Modern surrounding? ton. wel-buit -Only two block call Mill* and Ne Industrial tP. Sewing machine CaU you ADAIR LAKE &ICON-Ne. bungalow block 140. PitA finance. from Senior High and one from oa1 at exclusive N.turl STEE WNWs beor. after Sunday CORNER bath' . etclent. C.l ROM. 100 Telephon Veterans Reulr. $900down LAKE Catholic school some family desirous Jr.l. 11ht. U.lc. sell. We pay "too" price. home. preferred. References. 0. L.. payment. Mr. Nunes with Herman FRONT-2-story modern brick Edw. Walters. 2-3623. horn. of being so conveniently located la LUMBER Everything Ph. Thurmond Co. 72 W. Pine 6534. Tile roof- 3 bedrooms and a lumber and wood. t.bud Lu- SCREENS-Fui an kinds of metal St. Dial Furtue. LINCOLN APARTMENT8181 Morse Call ADAIR PARK-Rent or sell. 3-bed- .Oowl. Inc.. Broker; 677 N. 21( tile bath*; oak and tile floors. Automatic fine block of homes win b* glad to br. Cheney Hllhw. Ph. casement window Aluminum roofIng Blvd, Winte P.rl. 2-bed rom tile bath bungalow. Sacrifice. oil furnace. NIce sand beach get this two bedroom house with and siding. Also aluminum xa- room .p.ren" 1"lee. hot 1203 Gunntson ph. .2-1838 after 6 DELANEY ST.-New block and dock. Located on large lake front and rear porches double ca- If furniture near lf LAWN SITS-Rustic Bette, WANTED- ( :: "pre. FNE Year round or OPENED TO THE PUBLIC I II rage and furnished for mad. 10. 2 settee. rag door Automatic tp. Southeast Summer.te. .hea. only. Winter I p.m. Owner on premises days. I S rooms. Oak floors. 2 :' city limit Owner want to return (10.5OO. Call chi I O'Harra-Moore. 2-2380. 109 X. Pine. Laundry Fireplace with North Steel Sales Co Amelia trays. account of business. Furnished. Turner's. 1234 well buy It. Slather of .Wltr Pat Ave Phone 2-1442. Orlando Park 118.LERT Luxurlou.l furnished home lo.t: Excellent nee built II This the best buy $30.000. Terms. W. B. Nicholson. 1 Phone 676W for a down.t.lr. Livingston Ave. ADAIR LAKE SECTION- SUBURBAN-W* have 3 home Different - . ST, 101-2 In Orlando. (8.900 (3.000 print.b.t : Realtor 14 LAWN and t.bl. metal. STOVE AND UTILITY PAD-Chrom* 86.r. Church St. Phone 2-3808 front rom.porch. No and semi-private baths. Cool and one-.tOl home in quiet. lovely II Roper Realty. Church and cuh S. Mala 2-1619. parts of town for (1000 C B.rdwa.a 42 W. finish heat resistant easily clean- areDed please. clean rooms. Summer rates. nel.bbrho. 3 bedrooms. Nicely! 23433. W.I down; balance like rent. See Wm. Central. Lnard ed. 225. Knox Stores Co. 2 E. I I l.ndN.ped. and rear. Excellent LAKE FRONT 2-bedroom tram Mathews with Daniel Kolar. Broker. 2-211. Pine. Phone 2.:11.SRKO : ORAGE WATA' .mount MILLS ST. 919 N.-Small furnishedapt. conditon. 18.50. Call or see Morlar- 1 bungalow. Nicely landscaped lot. 206 8. Mala. 7811.SOUTHEAST . LUMBER -All kinds dimensions. A Galvanized prit. Kn. prt .. lower floor for 1 or 2 adults I Jo Mer. Realtor. 28 1 DUBSDREAD COUNTRY CLUB Private dock fruit tree*; price (8750 slab and edging. (10m. Doors. 101 CANS in -12 Co. 7267. until Oct. 1st. I NICE ROOM for two. Kitchen privileges. I, W. Washington. Dial 8881. Practically new. masonry constructed term*. Courtney Realty; 392 N. Or- -A mighty clean little aixe. W. Washington St. t.n. u.r OLD GOLD-W* highest prices On bus lnt. (10 a week. bungalow. Large lot Cool In the'Smme. ange. 2-2471. two bedroom home cozy and MYERS PUMPS AND (1.83. Knox Store Co. 23 Je.Phon. for dimond. gold watches ORANGE BLOSSOM TRAILER park 205 Princeton Ay. 8376. warm In Winter. Just tasteful Inside with electric kitchen SO. 800 gaL TANK4 2-3163. broken silverware.Berkmaa Efficiency. Electric! ref eiierativn.semI BUCKEYE COURT-Modern -rom : you have been looking for. LAKE LUCERNE SECTION-HoUow furnished throughout located oc Ave.. offers J.welr. tet. Y.M.C.A 311 Magnolia plap .I.. 11 Vfc h 182.5.orkt YERIKtd. sprayer dOe 11 Or.nl. 9363.prly.t bath. (45 per mODth Ph. single.rooms for working men or I cottage cash partly balance furnished.. Possession(4.SOO. (9.750 furnished or will sell unfurnished. floor construction.Furnished.-room Including bungalow linens; oak high cool lot looking toward Lake head 818250. W. A. Jury and pInt.quarts and furniture. I 11.0 t.I' Look this one over and you Davl Price $9.950. $2.000 down MACHINES weekly. Phone 41S W Robinson A,.. and 1.101 Knox atre. .. 25 X. OFFCS price Check with George PINE ST, 830 E.-Will share with students. a 801.! :__ 1 you want a home see this. will buy It. Marti Williams. Realtor. and dishes. Price 9500. Mr. Bryant payment Call O'Harra-Moore. 2-2380 Pin References with kitchenette. Adjoining I I Roper Realty Church and ; with Herman Goodwin Inc.. Broker: 109 . girl. X. Pins.SOUTHEASTHers }OV lor the Bom News Pa 2-318. Stuart. 13 8. Main StN phon 8158. working exeh.nle. ROM. Garage. Near bus. Phone 23433. I 2 W. Washington St Phone 8106.DUBSDREAD 677 N. Orange: 9855. adventure travel eoinlcs.Bowutsads 8PRNR8A good .eletlon many PIANO For Downey Wemorl.1Curch RIDGEWOOD AVE. 634.-FurnIshed. Park. S88-J. la another ter and LAKE reduced SECTION VIEW S Camera Shop; M. and If 3 rooms; couple preferred. (65; I Wln-j CONWAY rom. -Nice location., 2-bed- room and bath. Purnlshed. - :: grand. you price. A two-year-old a five r5; . 101 Large Orange; can 2-1515. Knox Stores X. Pin. Prefe.bl year round. SLEEPING ROOMS-18 and up. bath; double garage. screened Large landscaped lot. Price IP writeM. room frame bungalow. Oak floors: frame , know of on. pleas I room house modern and fur- Phon I feet from park: four porches. City Close to bus. 84500. Can be handled for (1000 cash. 2311.arDlo call SB26 PARK. 925 N. Orlando Ave. .te breezeway: attached garage: paved niched with land MoToanrRzwrnzzra.-.In good V. DeWald Route 4 or WITR Zola 2-3918. I Parrlnh Real Estate 36 X. Pine dial garden and chicken I Breakfast privileges. 211 ; .b.p 895. chaa R. 1007 COUCH; 40. Prewar con- between 1 and 12:30: noon. and two bedroom apartmentsfor C.l streets. Price 7800. terms. Ann I 2-1646. pen off Kaley for only 85.850. Call .. St. Cloud. lald Itructon newly covered and re- rent. way. CITY LWT8out All cement Goodwin with Herman Goodwin Inc.. Mr. Morskl with O'Harra-Moor 1 t P. 502 If. Huhe fur p.rk-I I with tie for. DltF Job. See Broker; 677 N. Orange; 985. LAKE VIEW-Will sacrifice equity la 2-0836. 109 X. Pin*. MOTOR A BIEWhnr good : USED rURNITURX WATa.nd' CTAGEm.l Completely 47-1. Rental Agencies U kitchen Dew modern S room home. Low phone SPRAYS Hou.hol Bug Bomb aU utilities. to with DUPLEX-Furnished. -Fine location. SUBURBAN B1 w..toU. nlb. tncldln. attached garage l.undl. monthly payment Box 393 8-Star. -73 ft. on 17-82 Hlgh- weed spray Furniture. 106 E. KsleyAv and cool for Home and Income. Prif Used h.ld lun. Inenl. NItf LANDLORDS will supply Ton (7.850. 1/3 cash. Loren O. Dunn. 11. way. 450 ft. deep with house. Bug Blaster. Hdw 2524 cash. Box 382 8-Star. LAKE LAWSONA SECTION-Here 1* Wyckoff Summer. only. 41.50 Month. Owner. *. Call phone '' N. Brown 2-1268. 20x40. 241.JE tempr.r 2-3981 desirable tenants fret of charge Broker; I ; Electricity and water; Only Kuhl. a prewar 2-story furnished 8-room LUGGAGE-Exclusively at between 2 P.m 733 8. Orlando Ave. Winter Park. and obligation. Just phone as your I, CLAY ST.. off. Near Orwln Manor. i DIXIE HIGHWAY-Four bedroom recently home la beautiful setting surrounded 81800 (1000 down balance month!,. .27 West Church Street. SWIM TUNK Bathing caps. APTS.-2. one room furnished except vacancy. Veterans' Real Estate A New modern cement tile bungalow.: built frame one .tor' by good neighbors: sun room and den. A. C. Golden. Broker. 1121 N. Orlando - nr. ht.. hUltn. knives croquet WE used furniture. Call u b for cooking utensil and linens. ey. 29 8. Court St. Ph. 4481. Electric kitchen. 2 Hlsh house with large'aIry rooms- porte-cochere and floor furnace Ave.. (Near Maltland Under, lt. W'tkoU' .. 2524 KohL BU Orlando Furniture Weber Corner. Blossom lot. Brick bdroma. cash. usable I duplex or one family garage past). Winter Park. Closed Wed. AIRPLANE I. Or.nl find rental wit tile roof. Before MODEL ENGINE-Vlvel3S Hlni. WE HELP you a .tra. 1.8 It yon buy see THRM03 JUGS-Portable ice boxes. No.2 615 W. Church phone Trail. WI Loren O. 6 N. Brown three acres of land fronting ; ; house Fgrftct condition (12.50. 833 Str. for service chale. Veter.o'Re.l Dnn. I highway and extending this that baa the feeling of SOUTHEAST SECTION-Thl* home Magnolia.MEAT tackle equipment boat cushions 24883.- 3-ROOM APARTMENT furnished. 2 I Estate Agency. 29 8. Court. 2-1269. I RR at rear. An excellent 1 roDA -Home" when you enter the door.C. has 3 bedroom. 2 bath*, and large DISPLAY CASES-Fixture* by ear*. W'tloU.* Hdw.. 2524 Kuhl. WE PAY highest cam pnet for old blocks from Lake Eol; no pet 10thUdrn. ROOMS Washing. Ironing cooking COLLEGE PARK-Horn* with garage commercial bulb or flower :: B. Davis. Realtor; 104 X. JeHerson. sun room. Exceptionally good. (8500 Tyler Picture Cor. 48 W. TUPJ82 Uk* new. 50. eeh diamond and In Phone privileges; home comton. Formerly apartment. Can be handled for or home and Industrial or 21649. easily financed. Speak to SplegeL" General Cooling 1 Centra Karellna. Winter any conditon City Luggage and Dixie House. 420 Ave. (2500 cash. Best deal In town. Best .1.1 use of land. 11500. Call I LAKE ADAIR SECTION-New masonry Whitney Spiegel Realty Co.. Realtor OFFICE FURNITURE Receptionroom. TRICYCLES-Two. Taylor. Good Je.ell Orang at Church. 4 6. houses'for Rent I ni location. Wm. Mathews With Daniel O'H.rn-Morf. -Pie. 109 E. Pine. I built home right every way 706 MetcaU Bldg. 3-3268. Chrom and condition. Reasonable. 2017 TJniver- 4$. Hotel Kolar. Broker. 206 S. Main. 7811. I DUBSDREAD Large living room. 2 bedroom this '- Florida "IU.. I.tb- sit, Dr.. ph. 2-4772. 35. Fuel Oil and Wood BUR DR. off Rub! 1 block East Roms CLOSE you are for SECTION 2 new bath and tile kitchen extra large SUBURBAN-'Thia well built bunsa houseg. house er. loln. Each hag 2 bed low Bu.lne. Co 31 I-I I is only a mil from City Limit 5 bath. Furnish' N. TILE Your bath -Moer rom. I LAKE ZOLA HOTEL-Summer rates ,, a home oak floors well screened porch. Central heating. Or.DI. and kitchen la rustproof Icome rooms decorated: Overlook lake. Large lot. City FUEL OIL A full tank 1* safer. preferred. H. Kruman. I Double must leave water. Complete hotel .. her it Is. Owners .p. I garage. Owner Orlando lathed Permatll Pre estimate now prevalL "It. and plastered throughout Flv : Oak room floors. Walter OUTBOARD MOTOR Johnson W. 181. Bob Sweeney. Phone Phone 8021. Have your tank filled. BEVERLY SHORES SECTION-2- Dining room open all meals: 3-1803. ,, rom. and bah. J1ul.ltel, furnished copper shower and tub.Lot priced right best of terms. Rose 18 b and new Century pluDbln. Investment Co. 48 N. Orange p. b.t. 2-82. A larger tank Insures heat on coldest 3 2H bath All I 2 apart 1 Immediate possession. Jim M. Caldwell - story or without trailer. Will .. .. J. TRACTORS and equipment-.Farmall mornings. McGraw Fuel Oil Service. 'edrom. ST. JAMES HOTEL-South and Roiallnd. with separate entrances. Owner ,155. Priced (7.450 and 18.45. with Asher Peter. Realtor cor. Av*. Orwln Manor office 3356 N. O. Howry and B. room spacious. Exquisite turnhtl. Summer rates: air eonditlon- menl I Easy tem.. Orange Avs.SUBURBANNear. Model H.mpton M steel on starter Central and Main: 2-0786. Weu BYd Ph llht. Responsible adult family 'I I at a lo'- and II. immediate N. . 307. Fla.. rubber front Case Model ed. Double ; 501.EAST on : Fertilizers and I .Inee. 1253 possession. C. P. 8bumw.F.R..ltor . 37. Soil'BLC 1-year lease. Robt. L. Pryde. Realtor, LAKE FRONT-Suburban. Well built : John Deer Model D on SIDE-3-bedroom home. nicely OIL HEATER-Vlklnc. Used only rbbr 668 N. Orange: 24596. i I ; 140 N. Orange; 23282. 2-bedroom bungalow. Sand bottom Orlando and Win en* season: 200. Telephone IWnter -' ltl; Fordson tractor both steel myrtle. Shrub 48-1. Beach and completely turnlshe. Electric Rntal lake. Dock nicely landscaped yard. ter Park city limit An excellently 2 I COLLEGE PARK-3 kitchen. .IRT-Put. Corner . and and rubber; Tom Houston tree , Park. 34e.OUB HPR Transplantingand baths new building S ont I I Motelrooms 'I COLLEGE PARK-New modern 6- $2.000 cash good Plt. 1.50.. Many fruit trees. (8.750. (4.000 cash built concrete block bungalow with stump puller log skldder. 90 or RENTALS BEACH i j jI MOTOR-Ivinruds 2.0 all yard work. Ph. 2-8441. COCOA constructed house will handle. King Real Estate. 30 X.Chnrch. two bedrooms bath dining room and room masonry : rental refrigerator and water heater Parrish Real motor; 1932 Diamond T 1 tb ton truck. for 2 at $25 per week. European 1 Estate. 36 X. Pine: . B-1 .. Also Old Several heavy grubber plows: disc BROWN BEETLES Have started furnished. See W. I. Hall with Harold I I plan. furnished 2 bedrooms and den; 1 car garage 2-1646. 8435. kitchen. Screened front porch and a canoes various length and harrows: small tools. Must b* sold be- I I eating Azalea and Camellias. Stopthem Shepherd Realty Co. 20 E. WashIngton cottages. 1 block from beach at <40 and l.und space. New range r. EAST SIDE 3-bedroom. LAKE VIEW-Overlooking Lake Lancaster large screened breezeway te lbs gar- front and models. Pin Castl Boat Construction now with Cold Smoke the easysafe St. Phone 5124. hot beater. a lovely 2 bedroom bunga ate. Fireplace. Built-ia laundry tubs. far Jun. 1st. m* an week or (ISO mo. Call or write PaulOrean w.te rear porches Co.. Ph. 3-2465. Nower. M.t 7th St way. Cold Smoke. 508 Brook- Ready to move In. Terms can be ar- .. : large lot with fruit low. Tile roof steam heat. A real Price unfurnished but Including kitchen tree . RUO-.8 Cloud.Ho..rd 15 ofer'l I haven Dr. 6314. COLLEGE PARK-Lr.*. 3bedroom2story Ice.OCOL ranged. Ask for L. A. Bryant with (5.5 tr. King Real Et.t. value at (8.750 furnished. Oeo. H. equipment (9.750. Reasonable 30 6 E. . 1 ! ORINTA I .rmal P.TAPAUUN81 mo* or __. Chur.h. 100 bag 1.50 Marti William Realtor. 21 W. Klttredse &Son.ftraltors. 2-3176. term McNntt-Heasley. Realtor. IS A. MANURE (8 yd. 1. Cnerd 0.. COW ; year'* lease with option to buy and . c.ny. Washington Phone 8106. EAST-(Between Central W Washlntgoa St. Phone S106. OVENS for oil stoves. Stock include e.IF Sites llil$. B. F.Och delivered. M. A. Knight. County will apply rent on sales price. Own- HOTEL melon) 6-year-old modern and bunl.-Waih- LAKE DOT SECTION-Duplex. 4 on* and 'w.bure types. BumbyHardware. Garland and Robinson 1902-M-4. P. O. Box 1351. tr 403 N. Shine. low nicely rooms each completely furnished '102 W. Church. DIRTS Rich black top soil fill and S. 2-bedroom COLLEGE PAK-UDurle. 3- Priced furnished. Clove to bug and fine condition. Income. 875 per DIXIE HIGHWAY Daytona Beach. Florida to sell at .9 850. terms. SHADY LANK. WBBT Three-bed PORTABLE SAWS-Genuine Skll Saw UPHOLSTERY FABRICS Abov clay. Guaranteed full loads. WriteH. furnished home. AU electric kitch I bedroom cODert. tl. blokto Jamerson and 70 month. Including owners quarters. school stores bus. Tile Care. Rf.ltor. Priced right for room furnished frame horn with metal carrying box. Knox stores Bray. P. O. Box 120. Lock- Outdoor Many double b.th E. Central. quick sal*. Robt. rates. (25 t standard stock quality. New A en. Low summer weekly ) rl large living Nicely .. 25 E. Pin Phone p.t Ph. Co. 33HlI.DIRTSRich sink and floors; laundry and ( U Pryde Realtor 668 N. Orange; roost arranged 23163. Fla. . terns and color.. R S. Brown. b.r citrus fruit. a door. uyeo.t"l i with bath. Beautiful Bar and Col- : in garag Aluminum Venetian blinds. Carter. 8518. 2-4596. little horn en paved street with established OUTBOARD MOTOR-16 h.p. oho N. Or.n. black. top soil t1 and June 1st. Ph. "Shop. Insulated roof; metal windows. Quiet EAST SIDE-CKM* In. Block bunga LAKE nelihborbood. Owner le.vIng - son with 12 hours time and 12 ft. VENEI BLD3 days d.U.r. clay. Guaranteed full .. Writ OSLO VITA 31 Hart Street furnished 1130 Rldgewood AT*. Charles Defers :I street. (3000 cash balance' (56 low built In 1942: terrasso floors; FRONT-Owner leaving make In June and lay sell for 9500. Swift runabout boat with steeringwheel. when you H. A. Bray. P. O. Box 102. -. S rooms. 2 porches Manager.TWO monthly. Furniture available. Ask for tile bath: atit ta Attractively fur- special price for quick sale. 3- Hsrlow O, Fredrick 118 N. Orange. ._1303 Bumter St.. Leesburg.OUTNOARDMOTORW.ter can get the best for Just a few unt Fla. Phone Co. 33-R-12. bath electricity water. H-IO. Harold V. Condict. Realtor; nished kitchen. fruit acre, estate etc. .7-room beautiful shade tree*, Dial 5155.1ts . With more Mad In Orlando by FILL-Good black top soil muck 2 BEDROOM house completely fur I I I 6137. 10.5 with immediate 1"f.don. ; 2 baths: 2 airplane large bungalow great to live la Orlando." 3S HI.O condllD(33. 102 Ed.ew.te Dr. ph. 20455. and dairy fertiliser. Delivered. nlshe. 8 miles North of Winter ROOMS-On* S15. other 820 Shumway.,. Realtor 10 : porches. Extra tucely furnished screened Par .. VENETIAN BLINDS-Factory under Telephone 24053. Rt. 426. second house North i week near ocean. Three bedroomhoue. CHEROKEE PARK-I stories. 3 bedrooms Orange;_2-3282._ I electric kitchen etc. Only 516 500. 8ANFORD Rouse and filling station. PAINT-Insidk .n.mel prewar (4 proudloD w. offer aluminum of St. Luke Church. (63 per monthor !: June 10th to Oct. 10th. Nice j, oak floors. 2-car garage. I EAST. 150 BLOCK-New In 1941". terms. C. U. Taylor. Broker: 2516 N. Five-room bungalow flame gallon: 83 and 85; n. sits SOC per aq. 38. Plants Flowers and Seeds will lease for on. year at 860 per I grounds near ocean. (500 for entire Comfortable home. Owner leaving clean new pin. you would not Orange. 5644. construction; two bedrooms bath. drain til*plcn 12H price: firewood ft. I factory. Immediate del"l. month.SROOM. perIo. Must nave cartful people. town. For quick sale. (15.000. know It had ever been lived In. large LAKE VIEW-Must sell this Lvng! room breakfast room kitchen 4 cheap: odds and end of plywood Also woef available. W AZALEAS cut flowers artistic table I BUNGALOW Furnished; your reservations now. Nice I I W. B. Nicholson. Realtor. 1 S. : living room with fireplace dining type bungalow. 2 ranch screened porches. Filling ststioa bedroom : good rictrola and 820: no obligation. Orlando decorations. We wire anywhere. o electric kitchen; acre land. home. 3 bedrooms beautiful grounds. 2-1618. trml'j room modern kitchen gas floor ing room dining liv brick and stucco eonitructlaa. Electric electric motor V. h p.; : ton truck Venetian Blind His Co. 1739 8. Ann's Florist. (Formerly Kittlnser'sl. Phone 7289. 2 p m. I 4 pm. sal 1. O. Fred B. Houshton. I furnace all tile bath h.11 2 Tile bath. Floor room and kitchen. PUB.P and water -.yntem. Owner good condition and tire boat t.U Kuhl: 151.VENEIN. 64 E. Central: 4643. t krl 403 Lenox Av*.. Daytona In. 41. bdrom. unfurnished.ne aown.. gaSJ screened porch furnace fireplace '* sal*, p. o. Box 1579. Saniord. BEDROOM COTTAGE; furnished; all Phone 183J-W. 7 I ears* and laundry I 85 6010 Cheney Highway. BLINDS Custom built. AFRICAN VIOLET PLANTS-Lacesstock electric kitchen. 2 screened porches Bech t eye COLNI SEON-BuU' .with. leaving. city. PlcI '10.. room. Lake privileges. Owner. 8984 Fla. PAINT.-Outside white and colo. S8c per sq. ft. Five-day of other blooming Summer 9. nlnl. furnished. AU gas kitchen. Garage.190ft. of a nice ter. U you need LAKE VIEW Cement block SOUTH SECTION room and bath- From 83.90 a dtlnr. Radblll Venetian Blinds Co. Also fresh shipment of house Ln.wo terms. Weir I home you will find In bunca- fruit .aUI I plant. this low. Tile bath. Lane trees. If old In this month. NEW. MODERN 3 49. Business Rentals lt. 10.500 property. Frank garage. Reduced rooms rear off South Bt. 1138 Dr.; phon 2-4167. In wide variety. Peggy Jo's turlhe ; 4641. Crebs Realtor (4750 Amol System. to ; Immediate possession. Paint Btore. 407 B. Orange; VENETIAN BLINDS-Aluminum out Garden. 2319 N. Orange: 2-1727.. W.or Inturlhed. Oeo. ORANGE AVE. Cool Pne 507_Metcalf_ Building; phone 2-1710. I Henry 8950.BarCh Call Brok'r Mr. 12 Smith 5. Main with down balance monthly. Se* W.(750 K. 1819Vi- spa- ; PUMPS deep and .hao. side and inside bUnda. RUlt-prot CUT ZINNIAS.-Giants and W.hln.ton. 1. COLONIALTOWN SECTION-3-bed- EDOEWATER DRIVE (3 blot west") 2-.MO. Price. Real Estate. 248 South Orange .lt dow steel and wood Inside blind F.HA. Frills Garden 2 blocks Ulput. FURNISHED two bedrooms. 2 bathroom cou. oflt'. Reasonable rnt. house built In 1840. Completely wa"i W the home You b0 LAKE Ave. Phone 63BS. .e titus Pnent. Bl- terms quick deliveries. Adams Venetian Mills on Virginia Dr.CAJ. concrete block house; all Pone further Inform.ton room furnished all electric kitchen l S tor-bth; '* looks and FRONT-Partly furnished J- Pr mont. 2 bedroom tile Blinds 919 W. electric kitchen June 10th to Sept. RAILROAD bdrom.. bmtn- bungalow perfect l.n, Well Dln. Pmp Brtf. Centr.l azaleas: palms; rONAGEwletr.ck. ', nice lawn and .hrbbr7. Beautiful tl. prlee'l condition, on lot 120x250 SUBURBAN-On lake small cottage. 1 cut Orlando I.Dd 15th. Call 716 W. Winter Park; 2 prcb. la. at Casselberry. Winter .Uehed of 1 o 1558 Pak tropical after 6 No objection to children. residential 'fCUOD: etat. nor. la.t Quick possession. 12500. aU furnlsfced. large lot. over 30 Orlo ; 7087. e.p. .hrbbl pm. Winter Park. J. r. 1608 tbrou.hout Large Vt. Orl.ldo Ph WINDOWS-(5.75 per pair. A MUSel.hlt. E. Princeton. Central. Ph. 8578. lrle. 11 I acre. B.rul at (12.500. Stone Mosa' Br0k'r' l" S. Main. alee full bearing fruit trees. Fishing PAINT-AlumInum. eb. flnh cypress: standard a. Nurlre. LOW RENT-Enjoy countl during I with Bailey. Realtor. 30 X.Church .tree' l.nd.nPd. On paved I Ph'on1. 6977.MODERN boating and swimming. All for (6.750. ready mixed. Vs ferries on all type mad to MANE. flU dir muck. 1.r.d.FU hot months. C.bln cooking STORE FOR RENT-W. Church near I I 4767.COLLEGE WI are delighted Uartle Williams. Realtor 21 W Wash _ Knox Bton* 23 X. Pin*. Phone order frames window and picturewindows. lu.rntt. Sh.de' .*. (10 and (12 per week.Pine Roxi Theater. Inqur. Mr. Bolo- for to offer this bargain I BUNGALOW Thre* bed- ington St. Phone 106. . 2-3163. C. 17th St. MUlworkS. 1120 n.lr. Rt. 3. 51. '03. Oro. Motor Court 6 mile man 234 W. Churh. n" **.950' "furnishedGueriieT room. 7850. Mostly furnished 17th St.. phone 9732 north of Orlando on U. 8. 17-92. PARK-Modern 8-room equipment 1 Deluded. (8500. Owner 2518 Ellz betth St. OVENS-1 and 2-ur FOR RNT-D second floor Indi I frame house completely furnished. and SOUTHEAST SECTION Not a - 39. Livestock and Supplies Ore.n. PTA WARDROBE SETTLED or elderly couple wanted 21 In. Re.ltor. MAITLAND-Modern. 2-story frame. .1.. Leonard Hardware. TRUNK and packing : w.reho. Storage compartments Screened porch attached garage. E. Central dial 4196. mansion but definitely a nice well W. Central. Phon trunk. 3-bume sos stove. 907 Old aU home privileges. Bungal .. ins following dimensions: Larg lot. All n Johnson. Colonial type home. 4 bedrooms. built 2-bedroom home Lot of sleeping 4 2-28. COW With 3rd call 3 wks old: good 18.85. 3 ; baths large England Reasonable. 6859. electric kitchen. Ave. 17' 8" 13' or phone 335J winter C.1 defp. 6" wide. 8' 3" high Realtor. 140 8612.Spe- tove. and short EAST-Just apace; screened porch. 2 beautiful Orall PRUNING milker. 1 mile South old 4 blocks from hot water heater handle ;SHn. Knox Pak. Orlando Highway. J. W.APpk.M.nlf. SHARE MY NEW cheerful home In' (1225 So. FtJ Fireproof building. 3 rialixing in I A perfect location for City H.1 guest cottage refrigerator; Modern lots with lovely shade tree plenty Stores Co.. 25 E. Pin. Phone 23163. WALL BOA- For aU purpose I Dubsdread with business lady. Ph. ton elevator. JUst the thing for 'I, CITY LIMITS New frame 3 rooms lag quick. easy walking I anyone : garage. S-acr producing furnished. 2-rar of fruit. Price 4750. Sammle Fran PRESSURE Telwo. UPD asbeato 2-6283. furniture or rh leaIng i I and bath unfurnished. ( KingReal downtown Orlando. distance to I assorted grov*. 346 cisco. Realtor Room 4 Central Arcade. COOKERS GenuinePTesto. hoO.f 3.5. bunl.low.p.rlF citru low cash HORSES. 3: sacrifice; 138. town very F.m. payment. 7407.WINTER . ." 2>* and 4-qusrt 11.95 VIl WINTER PAR-un. 10 to Sept. 10; house space for P.:' Estaie.30 E. Chur 845. furnished rooms and balance reasonable terms. Your and 812.83. Knox Stem Co.. 25 5.Pine. WATER 88TMSAla. for farm for children 8 room bdrom.; large Inc high Ave. Rentals. CLOSE IN-Duplex. completely: and Fine shade. Excellent neighbor I chance for nice Income property with Flions 23163. and & Home HORJne. .8a. porch; (loo a building Oranl Mark Su Juu': nicely furnished. Good neighbor hood. This property is moderately large returns. Johnson Henry Broker. PARK-Northeast section. , PYRIX W Pyrex. always W.rhlnfr Co. 430 W. Robinson. 110 110. Rldt. St.blt. 631M. four doors of Orange Ave. 800 block ,: hood. Price 18.75.James i. Hackett.Realtor. priced. but no phone Information.Please !. 6 W. Church St.MRRITfjiARK.ovei. Furnished frsme bungalow of four a Anu. 234.JEREY each furnish own padLxk. 11 Blvd.. 'Opposite McNutt-Heasley Re.ltor. 1: 3-bedroom rooms bath and two porches. Fir gift. Knox Stores 25 praUca. and Guernsey cows for sale. 1 47. Rooms for Rent metal panel front absolute privacy I: ACLRR ." dial 7588. W. Washington St. situated on beautiful high lot place. Circulating oU heater electric Phon 2.318.PUIO J. wIG SUPPLIES Ln. size le.D up to third. Sprinkle system In building low Insurance CITY LIMITS-H acre with 50 citrus shaded with giant oakg. Lake view refrigerator gas rnge. Very desirable - freshen thirty AMELIA AVE. 704 W.-Ons furnish for a couple but the studio e.l t r.t. Rental (25 month will treeg. 2-bedroom modern pcrth' Price unfurnished 200 Amp portable weldIng outfits. C.rtu delivery: with my own semi ed room. Private eltr.nc. Near I make one or two-year leases If de-' frame bungalow. For price and EEWAT HEIGHTS-First time tin'uvi. may be purchased furnished couch la living room give additional SUPPLIES Complete welding; .Upl.la ltt Alabama.'nUe. O. a..bbur Weowee. II bus. Ph. 2-7801. i 1 sired. Dixie !... 37 E. Marks terms see F. A. Allison Realtor. 37 W. bedrooms. 2'i baths. Jamerson and Carter. Realtors. 7O sleeping accommodations. Roomy gar Distributor of UDoin AMELIA AVE. 11 E.-Front corner I Washington.wNIALTOWNFurnIzhed. Oak flooring throughout. Spacloua I Central. Phone A. T. Carter.NORTH age. Nine bearing fruit trees and fin Anything you ltd la plumbing. W* chines and rods. H. R. WW.I MARE-Sound. 3-year-old. Borne room entrance. Inner- !I II tne word for this beautifully ihtde. Price (6.500. McNntt-Heasley. hava lbs and Supplies. N. Beach 1 colt. Eligible at present for re- and comfortably JO.te Realtors. IS W. Washington St. Phone w* have th* 81 St Duto. I sprlnes. Oarage. Adults. I FOR LEASE. ON ORANGE AVE.- house with glassed-in aleep- dea.ned Pl- Owner leaving! room Must aeU breeding. Forest Lake Academy ed for 5106. prices. 2220. $2S.OOO DoTer water he.tn B.ch Ph Ph AMELIA AVE. screened front and .if this completely Winter Park. 483. Bobby 39 E.-Nice close In. Inc porch service Shown d..lre. furnished 2-bedroom D.Ter fum&e. City HOI Bowel. desirable room near grills. Up t five :ta.. 2 story frame build- I II porches electric kitchen. 7500. by appointment only. bungalow on corner lot. (7x100: paved Co Fabal Av*. MILK COW-Can b* seen at 11''CATHCART I for or small business. terms available. Allen ohnson. Real Babrock Jr- with Robert R. ireet (6500. C. P. Shumway. Realtor WINTER PARK-Several mile north. Winter Ph. 266.PLTJMXXNa Mont Carlo Trail or call 4756.hilLs ST335-Cool double Get Realtor. 13 W. 6174. 140 N : On of the best buy on the market WASHING MACHINES-Easy Baby det.1 at- tor. 140 N. 8612. "Speclallx- W.hlnton C.j Orange; 2-3282. j room for light housekeeping. Single Ornl frame house Attractive Whirldry. Immediate delivery.Johnson's I i I tody. Free In I COWS-Closing out sale. Pri- Inc Homf __ NORThWEsT SECTION-Large. baths. aU electric ; well 214 Sewing MachIne Exchange. fish dinner 1 grounds. 1:00: p.m. I vat.IOral.uDrbliY: :: HaH Bros. Aency. Realtors 112 N. COLONIALTOWN-2-bedroom frame.I EDGEWATER MANOR built garage apartment. Partly with 3 bedroom large screened porch. 2- 1100 E. Colonial Dr. Ph. 4826. I I Wed May 21st. House and all property I 2-6001. : t Or.nl Av*. TeL 9188. Sleeping porch fireplace large tile new brick bungalow. 3 bedrooms furnished. 7 rooms. 2 b.lhs. Now far garage kitchen guest house. 4'4 acre of WATER COOLERS G.X. 10 gal i! sold; new owner forces him out. bath hardwood beautiful rented per CHURCH ST.. 511 modern kitchen. Fruit trees. Completely nr. as a duplex. Large corner Call Sam Wright with David I hour c.P.et,. (273. Room coolers Selling (4 head of top Tennessee E.-oE corner furled with washing machine I.rl lot. For sale with lot. Excellent condition and loca- rove. Realto!. wrnter Park 689.FASHWOTON . MitchcllJ For office or home (395.Orl.ndo Jerseys. Guernsey and Wisconsin room: prnt. entrlnt running Must sacrifice. kl.hef eQulmtnt. Geo. .. Klt- tlon. Price (9.000. and owner wIll Andrews._ _ B.t 1b. lavatories. toUt toilet APPU.lc. Co. Ie 210 N. HOltel; 21 bed of these cow are I! I 50. Wanted to Rent Make offer. 1800 Gamn._ trel.Bn. Reltr. 2-3176. lake house trailer ta trade. Be sure BT.4 I. Double and house bath M.t. 10. electric w.tr Orani A,*. 4537. .prtr 17-head of selected year- ; IN-31o Lake St. Delightful PFRNCREEK DR N.-Frame home. 5.54 see 00F, Brass Realty Co.. 19 like new. Lane room oil pip and fittings copper 2 hlih grad 1 corner room twin beds. Sum APARTMENT 2 ach. Nicely furnished. Excellent bay. 1 sleeping or 2-bedroom. E-geotralAve. Ph. !eter bu. furnished Nicely 2-3155. WATER HEATERS-Electric. (a* and Just reduc bro. prcb. Broker exclusive Blent. and fittings. Osrrels. Libby Ted cow Complete Near town. bus. CLsLTOW-Pt. I first Pip ,m automatic. Caldwell; tor. Yerl bUl .. consisting tumlhed. Ele klthfn Vene NORTHZfr.5"For the discriminat Ave. $581.iaiiq..I.f . Central .11 W. ChuePINQW.U oi a H.r equipment and serge milking ma I Box .. .. 118 E. _ EdeewaterDrlve; dial 2-t7. CLOSE IN-On busline; lakefront. Referenct. &t.r. of five nice rooms and screened Plt. ing." Newly furnished 3-bedroom - Everythingmut be M. : interested WINDOWS-Door*. with screens and ,, che.. 5320 Maxims ed. t -8u.mt.after Ill preered. Phone I APARTMENT OR HOUSE-Furnlsh- porch; tile b.t lrd.o floors: 185. Slayton. Realtor. 32 E. J. frame bungalow with beaitlful kitchen I In a new lovely you home ar*this 1$ It. frames: also large stock Petersburg. Fla. Rod : ed. Couple and two rh1ren all In excellent condtoD. beautifully 181. and sun porch. Quiet street. 2-car Concrete block stucco construction. for Joseph Bailey, new u doors. 22nd o CLOSE IN-Nice place. Just off Orange Please telephone 8387; after lanscaped some fruit FERN PARK-Here 1 a nice little garage: beautifully landscaped. 22. window gill*, fireplace and bath. 11 Nor MaD Avcna Opa Rio Grande. Dial 22370. I I PNY-u Real centl Excellent fo Ave. Double and single. Summer I APARTMENT teachers wish apU trees. Quick possession; good terms. value for some on In this pretty XX). c. B. Davis. Realtor; 104 Xleffenon. this Ur conditioned. Built-in kitchen t western saddle. rates. Phone 27081. for today. Ask for Zelxn tad peaceful community and next 2-1649. _ nntt HAR-VEY ELTDLNO door bridle.haltr.Ail$175. season beginning Sept. S Ul on besting system. Ian utility room PUV8 types tuU iu Complete.CE :I, Ph 2-253. CLOSE IN-251 8. very Box 376 8St.r. 1.t with W.ne WtU.m.. RealtoT. Boor to fine neighbor: a fiveroomPlastered back of lovely arate. B* ready la l.rwar. ou SADDLE HORSES Mexican M.t .pl.lrtt. 21 W. 8101.I house for (4.250. Call t domte Southeast Steel re roan fORTH[ FERNCREEK SECTION- 10 day*. Buyer can select outside 13 Church; Ph 6118.POMPS Co lne. 100 W. Amelia 8.l I with fancy ..ddle Big very Comforbl. rom : APARTv-m.l furnished: for I Dana Humpfer with O'Harra-Moore. Completely furnished with 1-nmedi- hatter color and trim yet. Phone down.t.1 .ttr. ,. Good refer -All types: Irrigation "I fast with western saddle. 8163 each. I COLEGE SECTION-Attractive 2-838 109 E. Pine. ate possession. 3 bedroom home convenient J395. Box tn. 2-142. CLOSE IN-400 South Main ences. 371 SStar.APT.Withtawalksng. PAK trial domestic. Florida 1118 W. Central. 5052. SrL I II 2 kitchens; CREEK school and bus Ph bed to shopping Ip a DIESEL Nice at Summer ': I I fEN SEON3 S. ROOMS AND BATH-2 lota. Oa Supply Co.. 630 W. Church- BL ENGIEDnl rol rt Al to double corner and fruit dlt.DC. 2 screened living room.butler's line. SO ft. lot Garage .n.I ply p.he bus One only (2.6SO. Term engine; 40. l> town. : (650 t Mock and I m.rD. leDr.tr Supplies f.w. Bu..e couple. cement floor. ro. 'ln $87M Owner lot. kitchen.Garaus. Price reduced to 4-car pantry tree enginei I T diesel hrm.DeD. la..wih down balance pumping (23 month A. T. rWE UNltent.f mnita. Phone $ . IU 8tt I Furnished rash. Lorraine Large lot plenty fruit. will finance. Harlow O. Fredrick 118M. Florida Ftp in,' I I Steal Florida aWea Co.Distributor 100 W. Amelia ) CL PUPS-2 males. Inoculated I CS IN-CooL Private b.t Near I I APT. for business woman; 2. or 3 I 1. 1.8 H P. Boland. 1'5. Terms. wIt with M. J. Orang Dial 8188.If Jersey Broker. 4412. Av . ataUUD. " Reasonable. Church Sk Jh,8U8 8uppl phon 2-1442. Rod Winter Park- '18.1241 L *. Reasonable. 644 X.lno1 able.rom Call fumle 2-321. doe In. reason Bldl.Re.ltr 672* 2-4551.V. CarrUan 6977.. Broker. 132 8. Main phone great to llv* la Orlando. [Continued On Next Fare] J J 4 p _ - .5 .. r'-- - _. S -" --.-- e>- % 1Cont - - 53. Acreage for Sale 55. Country Property for Sale I 58. Real WantedORVHOMBUSIES [ from Precedinr; Fare Ett Mister 69. Work Wanted Female Cars I I Breger I .It'aed_ for Sale (Srlanbn! LAKI BARTON-10-acre tracta Between Sanford and List: Srottarl 1125. 1 ACE 51. Houses for Sale M. J. WO.Broker. 132 8. M.I Orlado. Small orange and tan I propr7 Wit aggressive COMPTOMETER operator. 10 yeanexperience I : I TUES.. MAY 20.1947 PAGE 13 phone 6877. crn. grove. Approximately 225 I I Broker*. C.n.ul' Jennln.. Ine672 d..lr. tmPr.r or Urn work. Box DO YOU WANT A HOM 'for 1*** BLOSSOM 2V% &e. 2 grapefruit; 3 pnlloD I N. Or ni A. part 8Sla. CHEVROLET-1933 2-door. Jxun.ntlotr. than $9000. W* bav 17 Of \el OKANG' TRII.. houses 44VJ apartm' all steel top. good . tracts .t. lp u e e Com &today and get your*. V. Iar on each side. Priced proximately 6 acres tinder OROVE-Have purchaser .It $'. J EXERNCJ. be available June 1st. $ R smith. 33 J RobInson.i1iVOtFigJl4oorseds | Trallers-Trucki for Sale Hotea Clydg 12 8. Dnlplent pond. 2 sleeping 1 0 cash t Invest. Onl CU.Ut Would consider rooming Capable .IU McKcl. terms. Jim M. CaIdewith J bdrom. prch. Louis 10u. I 8. living I I eon.lderd. ?ORD.-194l 1't-toQ truck Llk Dl. middle aged nsw ..Ia 2115 Asher Pe.r. Realtor cor. Central rom. dlln. rom tUeea. Broker. 27 W. Washington. Ph. ld 78e I bath separate .ta 141I Box 374 Have to eec to be appreciated. J. and trad j ; I aSta.PRCCAL : NEW or HOtEPor .I. I Un.n tub el Completely redeco .. excellent motor. sood Kuit.5lTKarotina. Winter Prk._ running water tran. 10 ACRES sand land paved highway, out. Price. I WANTED.-.We have NURSE nc.d. G rlblr. ' pros- On highway near I .D SO.O. HOUSE Elpel cndltoa (225. Bo FORD-1939 cb *ver"ens1ne"T* toa Cle Write Box for 2. 3 and engagements day or night. 'I plumbI. electricity citrus section near 4-bedroom . I &ta. flat I $600 In- Colu Chevrolet 1942 and pel I I ; ti ton Post OUc.thol churcl mont. ( Appointment SFriday I in good locations. Call w. BNlcbol.on. Dial 2-2508. /) eur .. F. 10 c.h, O.ae. Box 387; : RURAL-About 2 to acres good land Realtor. 2-1619; 14 EMala CHEVROLTT-1937. two-door dump $800: Ford Picks 1938 $200i I wIt several cItrus trees. Locatedon 8ED COLORED WOMAN wants I Rood condition, with good raG, o bel Construction Co. Phone 4071. HOME AND RVNe.' 'I&.c a81a. and main highway, about 10 StHOUSE bou..ork by week. Hotel ,IP"1|I $4g3. In Sylvia 8t.; just .ff OraI : HOUSE TRAILER....in good condltl . tlv.. 3 kt BrNW.. SrHd 70 FT. Fronting Lake Irma and bad I mile from Orlando. Cottage nicely Ore; have le.lh card. .ohn. W.I Street. t ti 20 ft.. 1945 modeL Cheap: make .good porch. bearing 'assorted. urlete.ar.. ro.d. 1'0 c.h. .T. .'. Udorf. ., furnished "clean as a dish. wil for modern WAN'IED-We 5 and 6-room have prospects homes Burley 618 J.cklD I i CifEvREj42Feetu0yj' offer. Parker Trailer Camp 2711 N. two bedrooms 2-3183 and very I sedan. Lit Oranee Ave. T. O. Wallet la. new thruout. merh.nl- $14.500. Klllaa wlU Howad 30 or 2-4737. ,kitchen b live If your house Is for sale call STATE LICENSE NURSE will care , N. Mala: 7325. oaks .urrolnde ." Johnson. Realtor. 140 N. An.1 for patients In her horn I tally perfect. Priced to sell a(1.445. I HOUSE TRAILER-Innersprinx mattress . 2500 ACE OKEECHOBEE muck Good 10.1.11.. Pl. 8612. "Specialising In Hom...Orlnr. able rates. Ph. Winter Pak R.sa-388. R. 8. Evans. 60 W. Central. 4321. and stove. $225; 720 W HEW 2-BEDROOM drainage 1.0. tem. Jamerol Pine St.HOUSE. cm.at "lok Mrs. 8. Lang 13 70 CHRYSLER 1940 Windsor 4 , Bunk house r.r. per Also 1200 acre solid C.n&a LISTINGS have dor I . bl.k i the Moer ar. WANEW. i A TRAILER 1940 Chicago KlttlnserRealty. Phone A. T. 9516. car for only In.tmeaL 10. of land just off Cheney High C.rH. buyer If property.CaU '0. Work Wanted Male i I (1195.n81 375 N. Or- 'I II with large acreened-tn porch fur $20 13.500 acre* FARM AND ROME Nice 2-bedroom T. Carter. 9516 dui r 1M way. per 'er. At A. ; Jameraoa ense Ave. fiShed Reasonable. Ask for Foster Volnsla ,, million dwelling. Shrubbery: abagarage : Carten Main and I I i iI fet located I no.er at Ruff Trailer Camp. N. A NEW 2-BEDROOM bom for $740 C.nu.1 AUTOMOTIVE equipment; I Ii .., ad CBEVROLrr1967 PART Pleetllne of oil lease. $10 acre. timber per ; outbuildings: paved ; U3TING8WANTEii.of1 ; OrsOn. Blossom Trail. desired. Van Hotea 15 ,. counter .e.a' Orlando. Terms fine .r.xpr man. i 30O miles Will trade for I _ 1 Stripling with j. electricity. 12 of .th Cd. McKeaxle. 1 5". M.1 2n'a. 133 a Main; plo I In'MO. ...te. ." cleared and an.. 2Vimiles size Realtor homes under 104 $9.000. C. B and ..le.m.1 Pem.D.nt resident.; ; Standard MotOr 375 N. Or.nl HOUSE TRAU.ER-.1945 Continental. DavIs Irote'l from city some ; E Jefferson. 2- Box 2S4 8lr.BARTDER1. | h 1 2i', 4 wheel: electric brake I fl. _ Umlt. U60. 1649 7305. SUBDIVIDE 130 or complete and carpeted. Cash or consider BUYERS-For lole.t value Wn Highway terms. M. Lane G- ,e.r' experience. I CHEVRL-II4 club eoup. Very I I trade on property 420 8. Orange - bargataa. $ .cr tret. win. Broker; 677 N. LISTINGS WANTfliljiti. mixed drink maD ' \112.0. ral' No. 17-92. AU nl.e. St.ndad 375 AceinTERNAT1ONAl.l930 Dial 8613. I on I II 9855. E. F. Slaytoa. Realtor. 32 Pine Accept position anywhere, fll or N. Oranse Ave. Phone 2-4601. I " hU11 ol rll able for citrus or truck farming. J time/ Box S-Star. WJ FURNISHED new block house on St.. phone 6651. part 372 I 'I pick up. Per. accept cara. truck or farm CHEVROLET 1936 Tudor feet .I.n.I; condition reasonable. Inquire BUNGALOW Built I I chinery as payment. Apply to e hard road. With 6 .combination LUTINGS W ATEHome.: grove CONTRACTOR WANTS 29 W STREAMLINED : garden land. WOR-Ne.I Good motor and Urea; new Bay St., Winter Garden Ph. .x8uJoltelhruli.d. Box 364; Haloes City. grove and Font rentals. Let sell ye construction: repairs $425. See 205 W. I 29 ed. la 1941. 6 lovely rooms job. Amelia Ave. q back _ extra Qualities half high citrus land and property. Hall Broa. Agency. 112 N. the ground; furnish most any kIM.. _ Has aU those slopes back to stream of fresh water: CHRYSLER Royal buslneta KIT HAMPER 1947 all aluminum Orange dial 5189.IROFERTYIf Reasonable. J. B. Box n.Z.I.0. M caUGeorgia ! I to m.t It home. For del.t. 10'N.t Rntbe and Timberland fenced School bus by dor. R.le. Ol" New p.lt. good rubber trailers. Ideal for traveling bunting '. pllir. want toi Schiller. you buy Sammle Realtor; Room 4Central .u S4 418 Broadway.; and fishing trips. Equipped with .-18 miles from K- 7407. I rnt. trde right with H..Unl.Rr.ltr. MAN with 20 yrs. experience In building refrigerator and many extras Macs near nice door i Arcde. 4 NEW SMA CAOI Fenced. 1 mile ; 655k E. Central line. Been CHRY8aW ' (rcde. etm.tr. p.'m.': four left at bargain price of $495. lake. BE YOUR OWN LANDLORD on rental have < aQ aceessorles. I m. Iou G large lake. 900 muck 423' and Um Jou7Box acre garden 13.0. .01. cattle p..Ilr.8ne.1 terms. 4-room dwelling. 10 te 349 t"pr. Driven only 40 miles. Sell R. S. Evans. 101 W. Central. good men say Howard. 3. N. M.I; '32$. ranch north of Okrecbo- acres of land. Northwest .ectol, 9 ACRE of land on Orange BIOII 8Sla.MECHANICAL !! outright or trade and finance. ( 95.1 MODEL A Pica UP. 1930. Four almost bee." For details ask Asber Peter. Move right In. Mr. Lane .Ith Tr.l. Or.n. Count,. Wi p.y ENGINEER with dlattn. R- 8. Evans 60_W. Central._4321. | new 6-ply tires. Phone Wla- NEW. 6-ROOM under HOUSE-. be purchased Resltor cor. Central and W.1 man Goodwin Inc.. Broker 677 N. W\lam.. c.r I..Caw :Le3J1-4-- 0 production eallneerna. canning 1I 1--I I CHRYSLER-- -.-.1934- Airflow. Good con cc Park. 469.OTORCYCL7dnewRee. otheAI.I. Mill. ; 9855. and I Orange; KI.lmm. plant ex I ; owner at 436 Raehn 2- ''. elr.l dition. (395. See at 426B Uacy; ( A. S-acre tract with comfortable D.t" position near Court. models. 125 CC. 100 One prlaC. Infield 1947 phone I| I Ii Ii 2-15. 54. Lots for SaleSRNOSLt home. 30 fruit trn. excellent garden t ti I. .I. W"4 I.. w. I Bo SStar.RETURNED miles oa gal sis.. Fully equipped. 39 land. $9000 "Come David! I DO i i CHRYSLRI99 4 door sedan. Very left at S123 Off regular price Special 0. 13.0'13.001.00 on wish wouldn't be so : : VETERAN -Palnter. In- . you super- Motor In coed contition. hous , ALTAMONTE front One 2Vi acre with good ;* tenor decorator: Orlando resident: I ,1 225. terms. R. S. Evans, 101 W and spacious grounds overlooking $13.000 rash for unfurnished 3 bed stitious!" i Weekend special (695. R. 8.Evans. ''entral Ave.'RACTORCaierpiltar. " t IPEC business and Owner. :phone 7228 or after 8. . 2-3091 60 W. Central. 4321.ODOE'1940 i Lake Conway. Mak offer. room. IVi or 2 bungalow or Winter Park ( b.t 35. Good ---- --- D " Close In. eaiy walking distance. HOle le..U -314. Speak to Spiegel." Whitney Spiegel lake front house near lake I In I EXPERIENCE race horse groom wants ) 4 door sedan. Runs : Bpactoufroom.. 1-story Mel BEVERLY SHORES-Large lots at I Realty Co.. 708 Metcalf BId; Winter Park Orlando or near ,Ien-I 60. Business Opportunities 164. Help Wanted-Female job with saddle horse. No ridingicademy. good new paint new upholstery condition Winter Southland Park 8isee.BMt.ERRepossesse'Tske Fruit. Co. Urrancan tips hOU en larte well reasonable price for quality location. 1-3269. 17. Please furnish address f Box B1H Rt. 3. Orlando. (S9S. R B. Evans 60 W. phone landscaped converted I I lot today. Walter deselection and how SHORT beer. wine. Doing I DENTAL ASSISTANT : your - cme. E..t Select your big soon available. ORER. Exprl.nced 4321. ceatr.1// Into duplex. 2 .. 'P.n W. Rose Investment Co. 49 N. Orang* DRVE OUT HIGHWAY 1 to Box 346 S1a.8EL good Good prol.ltoa.priced I, Call 2-1419 for flre 10 I YEARS SELLING promotion; In pick Custom-built. $375. Shult. 20. rented 3356 N. Kathryn. north of C.lbr.nd 5-room. tlon. Iforma- side. Experienced advertising, photography DODGE-197. coupe: new rovers $675. Red Arrow 1$'. $775. Vacabend. < meat JO. wit rm Av*. Orwln Manor office II III the modern tile 1 rllh. radio electronics. AvaIl home and ry. '. Place, Pine Castle. I : lo motor. 350. 1440 West 21'. butane rani Perfect Income property. Completely furnished I Orange A.e.CLNIA of 3 bedrooms and 2 bathe on a a NURSES. Institutional work: uprl- sble at once. Energetic, copr.t.e. Church I 1425. National 25. tandem. ttknew. .> .I and available for GARDENS Corner lot acre plot fronting over I-f. : : BUYERS-See Claybauth. TURTc : GoB I enced In mental and dl ambitious. Box 354 88ta. I $1.750. Zimmer 27. worth twice Iedl.t fully main orders. Write P.O. Box 1461. 1941 model. Newly occupancy. Price reduced paxed streets II.h.F. and 400-ft. on Iha Reltor Metcalf Bids. Phone DDErd.a. 1650. Cen'nry 22 ft., a beauty, to ( Exclusive 12. landscaped; excellent neighbor hood. l.t. Plr. reduced to Ul.50. Our same ring alnce '23. .,. 10 rental units. 10 baths 6 71. Airplane Sales Service uelent car for sale Electrle refrigerator New Prairie 0 11.0. 111 X. .It CaU ph. 24247.ORNERNASHVILLI property. MO. FOR IMMEDIATE .. Property has 230 ft. on STENOGRAPljES-Wlthgeal. & by owner. 1446 Avenue of Schooner ether choice buy wingert. - Habl-'Nel Rnltr Rob .ne. Broker. 132 8. Main .6977 RESULTS 111.1 ..,, deep and paved road I lice eprl.ace. Must be prm.neat N. Orange at City Limits. I ; loa 4.1 2-3'3 and 23rd 8t pion. your property with Oeo. H. I. ft 8292 for rWIN ENGINE r.tn.on Ormm.nWld..on Manor. Phone 20077. Or.1 3330 8. Orange Blossom Trail 3 sides. time for . 8. Orange Blossom Trail. 24 lots. LARGE NEW BLOCK house. 3 rooms redge. Realtor 17 J Central oU.re ment. Southern Music Co. 'PllC : sea Instrument.Veteran's TRAILERS-New and used: 1947. at $50.000 270' Highway frontage. Cheap. H and bath: hit water; electricity.m hone* 231e.CUSTOMER. (., .Ith n.U.n' I iiior'aoffice. training. Orlando AI.ton. )ESOTO.--I942 custom built sedan. I American, $1895 DP. Electric refrigerator acres of good truck farm land: this Is aa unusual offering ontoday's SECRETARY-Part time. Club. Winter I 1946 motor. Radio and heater. A-I Farley.DUBSDREAD , Counlr Ph Pak optional. Accessories Coleman market. Exclusive George i For Information ' on State Highway; near school: WAITING for homes telephone I condition. Phone 4812 for details ,D01TT price MARl 1$ ( .. OPT. bottom! COUNTRY CUB w church. store. Bus stops at door.BOOO. properties. List yourstodsyl p.lnle with Airier Peter Realtor, 70 i 2-0783. II i iI 7%. Autos For Rent FORD-1946 Club coupe Ari acceTseries. and dollies prewar, (ana. stove bottle parts gas :tanks awnlnes.etc. .. . 4odera. 2-bedroora born.,0r. 66"r.1 I tlon. Large iota low lot p.tdfor 'Ft.r. $ Box 389 S-Sla. Llwoo Alol.te. 8 W. Central: 2-C786. I STENOGRAPHER and payroU clerk. ; &Truk Olins Used Cars. 242 N. Orange I South oranee Blossom TralL O. rfrult a.. N.a lake. Don't Jar .. Pay monthly. H. become SMALL FURNISHED semi-modern I Rblnln 2174.I WL TRADE equity In grove Call 4756, 209 B. Orange Ave.. ,CAR-RENTAL INC.Hlh grade insured Age. 2-4814. I II 8. 17-92 Ankney Trailer Sales. .mbl building .m.1 . oa Prcf. Stlmpson-Staten. Ra wh'l. Property l.t.rl.1 class camp. Good fishing l.k.P. O. Box WE HAVE BUYERS wanting automobile. .'. easy Room 9.WOMEN cars season tiIponslble I ILI"lnntn I FORD 1941 station ...on. DUMP AND UTILITY trailer. New. tr. Bids. Phone S1S9.DONT section Is bound to Increase rapidly 2562. Orlando. I business properties and homes..oe terms Owner P. O. Box 3244. 18 to 45i'is of .. re people, :8159. 36 W throughout Or will trade for ce.rl 2-wheel. Very cheap See at 139 of thisIncrease. I Immediate sale list with F. A. Al- wanted for cafeteria Ave.VARNESI model Be* at Joel The E. New Hampshire Ave. ahead I Iton. la value. Buy today WILL SELL half Interest of my n 1. cr. Tbld' beautiful 56. Business Property for Sale Uln. Realtor. 37 W. Washington.HAVE experience necessary to Ea'to 0. U-DRIV-IT-Drh. 299R Kuhl Ace .. We have some tourist eour of 12 units and living 1 reot.ur.n. VAN TYPE TRAILER- IB' 8" X 7' 6" MARX Brie of lars* lot right oa the golf course I BUYER for 10 to 20-acre grove l.n..e. Laundryand furnished.learn. 81-.F week. Uniforms. yourself; low rates: by mile or da FORD-1929 Model-A coupe. Chevro x 6' 6", manufactured by Standard OPT. this most .Urctl. I Water, light gas and bus available.Paved. APARTMENT Independent Please contact Vee Van Hotea with .tor.rooms. Ailo overnight .ortln. oadlton.. D. V.me U-Drlve-It. Inc.. 234 W let. 1936 2-door t.1 Very reason Auto Body Co.. Los Angeles. Model Apply Tramor furnished ba bdrom.\t.eor. I Carl..n A Bl.nd. Owners. modern HOUSE 3-room I CFd. MKenle'. office at once. 12 .I.plnc rom. with bath. I will CafeterIa j I C Ave. Phone 2-3153. able. 2619 S. ?. E004023. Metal body, glass wool Insulation Floor fur.c.attached .. arTiSan Bldg. 672 ,.; 2- 1nll; tub and .ho.e baths: also 2-4775.$. good deal to m'l with npel.ar. t C.ntrl HERTZ: DRIV-UR-SELF SYSTEMTrucks FORD 1940. VfOlr door aedaa. radio : detachable 4-wheel dolly 8 beautiful .d shrubs 4551: evenings 22534.LANCASTER 4-rom ultra penthouseapartment. MUST HAVE filling within manage it. be and .. WHITE LADY to oversee ten year old and passenger cars for rent hrte. good with almost new Cooper 730 x 20 tIres, Dumb.of other attractive features. PARK-lOf. corner AU electric. Large corner next 2 weeks. In or at.toD Orlando good references. $1.50 cash b.l I boy. 5 days a week. 9 tU 3 and til >y hour day or week. Reasonablerates. good tl... 950.00 cash. 168 Tlmkea axles, air brakes, hydraulic Ho.eU B safe. call Btlmpson-Statoa. Real shad tree*. lot. Priced to yield ance good terms. Geo. noon on Saturday during S. Avenue self-leveling Jacks Lights used little. *25. lOf. come.orD" b.t "cton. Please call Vee Van with .CUOI We furnish but the Lte.lw Metealf Bldg. Phone HOlD 1401 W. Washington. .nrthl First $850 cash Frank P. I $5. tree. 1170. 15f. 17 r*_, Broadway.CLOSE 8. 2-4775. I No house .ork. Addr. Box 904 N. Phone Fla.FORD. Stockton.'one 3500. Cyde 1 Star stating salary rnr. A. 2701. Eau Oallle. Fla.IN . 009. M. IN Apartment house. 6 units .retb expected. 1 East eleaa. 1941 ON In - a DON'T LIST DRIVE OUT HIOHWAT 17 tbij 132 8. Main; In first .-lassrepair. your property with me RUT Coat eoup. Oo p.IDt RESPONSE to furnished. government el' pion. nicely unless you want to seU. Henry ( is that WHITE WOMAN or. couple to llv* O INS INC.-New tires. Go appeal 1t Kathryn. north of Caaselberry. LAKE VIEW-Beutul high lot. Ex- Always rented. Gross income Burch. Broker 8. Main; 2-1090. property doing a profitable business I with widow Mrs. Lena Lawsoa forcompanionship for U-DRJVE-I.. per dayreek c.r P. O. Montverde. to join la patriotic campaigning; see the modern tile bungalow uU lo.Uon. Onrlotln. 2 ; 080 annually. Price $32.5. P. A. 1 The grounds are 136x230 feet on and Large rnt. r'll to lower prices, so as to avoid a fu of 3 bedrooms and 2 baths on a a .ku. COlrt.y aal, Co.. N. 1 Aln. Realtor 37 W. FOR CURTEOUS. helpful service Route 1. The building la built home no rent pro"ctlol, e 942 or lontl.. Open... eveningsUI FORD miles.-1940 Clean 2-or.Central 43.000 actual ture recession, all house trailers, new acre plot fronting over 500 ft. Orange; 2-241. and qllctrr .11 on aU types ofroprtF. I of Interlocking tile. buUt 60x9.carry 2nd I veniences. 5 miles northeast of : ,1.0. 2-11. Motors. Jefferson car.and Florida snd used reduced 10% effective Immediately. Garland dial hlfhway and 400 ft. on that larse St.CLOSE Ross Kay Anderson story. Has large dining large slmmee on Island Road. Frank Reed Trailer Sales TO * lake. LAKE CONWAY TOwN-.nle .I.Uo $ N. Orange 6823. rom HII.rd 3. Auto Service -2424. 201 N. P. reduced to 11.0. Our SION-b grocery one bath I Brote. 375 ; sandwich bar with counter and Orange Blossom Trail attn tween 2 3-rom FORD 1940 property. Tijdor. Excellent Moss. I.t. Ol pue S-room and bath bungalow stools. aU equipped. Also 3 offices and I motor. and WE HAVE I one BUYERS waiting for Broker. 132 8. road take ( HUTO fun going original black : phone 6977.&MAU. ; Gho shiny finish: radio. 1.35. J.A. Man S-acre Irrigated highway toilets the grounds Is frame 4- PAINNGJt' Real Estate. 106 Cour. on I tract I groves and country property. For : on YOUNG WOMEN wanted by Morrison's place* looking car ( rss. R. B. Evans 400 N. Orange e-room buntalow near Bun- grossing 6100O weekly. 14750. .onP Qlirt lalet call Richard H. Ka.rO. bedroom. furnlnhed home. AmpImParking I Cafeteria for training for Painting, and dents removed. Nomoney 71. Sawyer Wanted shin Park for 7500. P. O. Box LAKE O8CEOLA and-Winter residential Parkafinest with M. J. Moss. Broker 132 8. W.I I ; 672 N. Or.n. 2-99. space. The property can be office and counter personnel.: Neat In down easy terms. Orange lake 302$. M phone bought as a .hole or the restauranibuilding ambitious and have High I ISchol FOR 4-MAN Dock boat house and sandy 617.HOHWAY I WANTED TO BUY-10-20 acres offlr.kl. ap..rnre. Huto A Body Works. 2-0188. SAW MILL ton. LOCATION Close-in 135 with parking space onlyl'bls Apply Mr. Wagner. . NEW n.iji5. : bearing grove. Give fuU HOUSE larce lot . bncl We.ten exposure.Price Is really a hot spot with wonderful I ALGNMET Fr. In.peUon. FORD-1935 sedsn. Hog klllln good Inquire at stores. Electricity Good Realtor 10. Ideal lo.ton for motor d.t.11 In first letter H. F. b, w.te. Bol.nd'l I posslbUlUts. Will sell or I motor. Looks and drives nice. (285. 1. loca I l.k I fpr Cirrlecn lel.hbrlo. Ready move Ia nOl.LKE COlr trt.pat.. Bldg 672 99-year Belling terms ,tnlcs. A one-stop Goodresr's Smith doln the talkln. "I got more BITHLO SERVICE I. on property located ire: dial 2-4551. : 110. 130 (30 month to re DA lake One hOI. -- able. Por further Information A : I : Service 300 N. Orange Ave. [ Fords than a show dog can lump It froat to fit In development. See Mr. : cl STATION ,. Owner Oeo. Klnc. V2 HAVE YOU business or-I YOUNG LADY-For secretarial work " iU. Call Wlndham with O. P. Realtor. i a ror sale T. Carter. 9516. Jsmerson Cat SERVICE Experi over. Most any style or age. Model 1401 w. W.hlnlton. Winter Park 611-JX. Earl Pine. Phone S.oP.. guest home or apartment er. Realtors. 70 E. C.ntrl I No pr.lol. experience 1.ellr I AUTOMOTVE lech.nle.; prompt service: A's. trucks and passenger cars. V-8's. rrHLO. FLA. I . 2 BEDROOM By Will finish 6 Furnished or unfurnished home? G tood accessories and coupes' and sedans Priced right t. R.Smith . to buyers lefc.ton o.ne. or will let LAKE FRONT LOTS In I.rl.tel HOME AND INCOME-Excellent location It today. Joe Q. Mnr. Realtor. 29 J, WE SPECIALIZE CT'selling all typesof for .dnnc m nl. 19 O'Neal I tires. .tot.. p.rt.. .. 234 W. Ceatr.l 33 E. Robinson. . buyer finish Extra Unusual City Con.enlenc. r. on Orlando Ave.. Highway W. Washington. Dia 8111 or 6638.FOR lot Included. 11 lr. stricted. Nydegger In,. Co.. 506 E.Colonial 17-92. In City Limits of Winter P.rk.Nlc. 1 In any bu.lne. see us. Speak to Oam.and4p.n. & tot.finished .It. Dr. dial 8065. e home for Owner and 2 rental Splecel." Whitney Spiegel Realty Co.. I ItUTO-BRAKE JOB and wheelalignment. .250 morur which IMMEDIATE ATTENTION and I I Whel FORD-1936 coach Excellent condition. - I and finish yourself. PAL TERRACE-Beautiful building .p.rm.nt $are returning $250 results list your property with Realtors. 706 Mrtcl Bldg. 2211.W I| COMBINATION Sales Lady and window i bslsnced l-'F. you .Uk.. C. A.FrsnseAr Radio, heater. By Individual. LOANS LOANS LOANS 1021 24th St. Or seud card to Box lake and lake At- lonlh. Plc. 1.00. c.1 Brock Williams. LEASE Up-to-date I . view froat. Steel M.rl. Realtor 21 W TO I trimme. Permanent year Sons. 1010 W. Church Call at 390 N. Orange.uSALlE . 1022 Phi* Castle for appoIntmenticellent trcUn prices. Cal TKd r. Jnlopr. 672 .11. Ch.n.ut..Jrnnlnl.. Ic. W..llnlton Phone 6106. I I meat matt In Orlando. Please round assured. Cnmpe- 1939 convertible repairin and coupe: to party. Apply Box 384 DEATH IN FAMILY : reply < BODFEND divine away I. 2-4. 8-8ta. len aSta. lot In of gladly given. must sell his week. New top. newtires. BORROW BY PHOKE1 Chevrolet sedan with 128- PALM TERRACE. 1000. Cor IVETMEN-Lrn h.at RESPNSIBL FAMILY wants buy I MANUFACTURING business Satisfaction guaranteed. D. Completely overhauled 850. eono . foot room lt front. .2 Mi. New 2-b- I. lot Reading and Pracetoa. chain store to L.ld \long N'ton.1 3-b.roo.houe. unfurnished t j SMAL furnished home. Unlimited 65. Help Wanted-Male 834 W. Central Ave. Phone -V.rne.. Phone 71(1.MERCURY CALL, US-THEM STOP [ furniture. ess.I.Eleetrl b.mb. 110. 8trpln.. .with: M Mos. tem. Box 373 88ta. Prefer Colonlaltown; balance section.like What rent .business possibilities.I $6000 fuUprice. BRAKE REPAIRS-W* supply aU -1939 4 door sedsn. This IN THEJ'SAME HOUR FOR eD' Write Box 13 Coronado Landscaped sandy .laks. bass I 12 OMEPROPERTYAbOUjjk. B.ch your auto needs; also tires sac car In excellent condition. Olio's.Inc. . flb BUY that lot now. Builder haveyeujo offer? Box 380 New Bmyrns.IYOWNR7.. LAYERS, 1112 PoInsettia THE CASH! $50 to $300 In,. Ideal plan BER from North Orange Avenue on East 88ta.WANTDi ILK ind oil. Dx. Sales ot ServIce W.South 142 N. Garland Ave. Phone 24347. - t rI fie .. i iside. etc. Limited time ; .. CaUVee over. East A very spacious 5-bedroom house ER--Smal Four-unit at Bone St. i . ' Tan Hotea with Clyde UcKcnxle. bllt den: : 50x140 1050.; 950.720 E.East :f I II on '5fot lot excellent for 'U lt''' on Urge lake and ( Imlro"e j: apt. house. 2-car la.e.furDhC lUl'CHER.-.lsl class. For Information CAR WDiOandpollsh10gb,4p- MERCURY 1942 Convertible club Yes! Get cash quickly en your Simsture. - 12 8. SLain; 2-4'1. Id40 School good terms. Jaroer- I I m.nt> double lot. $7200 down: assume small inquire at Ferris and Georc. polntment. For prompt and expert coupe. Radio all accessories excellent 6 ROOMS: and hah .i 30-1 aL glee- I 100x136; :; ('o.Near Raid Princeton School: ion and ri Realtor. 70 E.: Central. SMALL neji jr IB.381 8Rlar.H0EfafltetNim. I monul. E. C. Kelly. Merry Mount 125 E. Oore Avenue. .eTlce call B & J Service St.toa tires and top. Olln's. Inc. 142 Auto or Furniture. Can today I IGFC trio water I P pump; 100x125 corner: ; 1050. Loren O. Phone C.ne.III. i i buyer* and Investors Drl. Winter Garden Road. COLORED PRESSER .VANTED-Man comer Boone and Jackson N. Garland Ave. Phone 2-4347. .!leetrle rnl. 1 mile from Lake Broken 6 N. Brown; 2111.'iNKIFN for business homes lqulrm. d.IF. WILL INVEST up to $ 'for a I or woman Apply New York Cleaners I lVZRTXIp5.Readi.., MOTORCYCLE_1936 Indian Chief Apopka: "1.. church bus Dll I Strout Realty 318 I small magaxlne cigar 20 and Hatters. 22 W. Pine St. Door panels. Tailor-made seat covers. I new motor. 1703 10th St. St.Cloud. . I I rrl. mt. (18. L.t 2 mJ.. .. : INVESTMENT PROPERTY-17-92. I AM HERE for the fr W. Colonial. business. Must be a fair 'Indr; CHRISTIAN COUPLE between SO'and I West. Auto Tri Shop. 641 Lexnston. Fla. LOAN COMPANY I i of Call . e Cron. Rod Realtor. Carrigan purP. buy- otherwise well both waste time business of I J ilICURY-1940 convertible MeliVwlaeQuer" Itthena. F. Boland. Bldl. Inir our 60 wanted for poultry - 1 ._. i ibf a 3-bedroom g.a.o n.hlPeto_ - ; .,.. ---- - h."n''W.dO ii.bedrm .:. -.I" UI N5m56b.4ucmy m 5!: fffsttisaALTAMOT ... asphalt FROM OWsiam-.on hJ1 I rodng-wroa-r- preferred. rI cranny. of your fob. Heavy duty SEDAN i t ck. house .It I 100" In or near '! to for many year APpt "nook and Paint '48 CADILLAC M owner front.l. Bank Loans-Services CU, C.b Co.__ I II IS touched. Smooth runmechanical generator: Pracllraily everything truck DcUOrlando. Furnished OPEN FOR INSPECTION til*I for. i uonable. D. P. Lyons. Gen. 61. i to Mr Mr.n. ; or assured you..ttortaan4ni&ke5 Hrdramsllc. radio heater. .ns on terma.C. Pr15. fhromiI. Only : I A.RYHAND-lxperienced. \ See tJlJI oJfvlewMe practically new. W.d. from 4 to I n Broker 1121 N. Orlando ) milking : r e. prolofl l.rd-Lore Harley Dvld- This ear Tad. ad SPRINGS A. aid.n. Underpass I yOu less running surge iln Sa. MOTORCYCLE 1945 x..tuek Winter Park.Betw'efl I .. Near W.I.nd 24STALLMZNT LOANS cot I wages. \ overhead. A-l tonrtltio" - 1244 A. Out-of-State Property work. pl.C -61" Clar and ?ornsoa*. Neat.fernlzh.d. packagefor ). Winter Pant. Cloe4 Wedneat" 59. at First N.ton.l B.nk. Compare for .10 b.rf ood ur. pl..sure. '1. Or.t 641 Lexington St.. phone 6012.OLDSMOBILE 4S BUICK SEDAN 2-bedroom hom.: .lot: 8-room hollIes 1 one cost. the loan I nice rr?eUrVed.NAPPly; 692 N. Or.n. dial Roadmaster Two ATTRACTIVE TWO STORY frame thel' 8 34I rum: Aftor.. Ale fri: gate.. This proper."l house-S$4200. room3. fern K\TU \ house in very b.uUfullo.tlon 3 Vmiles I, I I 100. yoU get get t3p'Fment. 12.50 Dairy.Leesbur(. Fla. Pnerld"\\ !! I Radio. Hester. This ear like new. sell Can 1'1 New Elevation $I 150. you 16 67i nl' 98Conver- t from Payments 1947. terms. floors: 1.25.ml.beP.clou. price (7. FRONTAGE uniquedouble Hend.non.lle. acrea of !I 200 you get 186- 25 00 DRIVERS WANTEare ) 73-1.: Auto Farts-Accessories I radio SEDAN home; \ RAILROAD ..lue.near ; f. I Y i I 279Payments I thoroughly familiar \ tlble club coupe. Hydramatlc. '43 FORD J-DOOR r.1 front double \ land fifty fruit tre.. .blnd.nt water iJSolmget 372-Payment 33.34I i will CI.hfF. Apply : completestock. ete. This I* the big Job with same mechanically OIL rail I I.ndo .trret Motorola I Offir. RADIOS- tires 10. SprIngs Paved .tet. I or 41 67 AUTO only 63 ft* 1 and 3-ro. *a- out AltanlOnte Can Winicr AC depL side. on rom mOlnt.11 .prlnl.. M. D, t 500. you set 4fp.Fmenta. 8334 Mr. Ho. CtF C'To \ B. F. Grch Garlandand body as Cadillac. Driven Evan 101 W. spur 8. -raVeApartment. Under 10. Call Home B.en..M.n.e. opposite dl.ldr side. Can have double ware-\t.rl' Cont.c and HO.PI.I.or-' 1100' ,0u.1 payments 12 months. I FOR.nrN apefflTWAND.AU e1. Robinson Av. \ miles. $3475. R 41 BUICK SITTER SEDAN Park CentraL with s. enclosed track. 120x norc. S.nl.ru. I .,: men. All .lxe' Mr JnUe Henr Rel\n 1. Rbla 10u" with Lt .Ie.Orl.ndo Ford.. 0.,m.nt- for 15 months are smaller.rr.ure. .nr BA'E1E for your 'lt. Radio heater. This car Main Hnkl.'Nel for Oirland $7.500 PU r 1 2-10. 2-3753. Price include life In'lr.n. to around \ F. Oorleh \ very clean.CADILLAC . napthUup. VTW 2-BEDROOM HOYI In coon I la lr.ln.. better Harold V. bU. Business Opportunities \ loan In ease of dr.ll. FirstNatIonal \ others ,led apply.Gibbs and Robinson A. OLDSMOBILE 1936. private party COD tlh No 1.lt.Iro.. &I.o.t MU.. HOME and Oro.A few dlct I. .Ask Realtor.for 19. Central. 6137. APARTMENTS (2>. and guest home.: ,I Bank .t nor. Job Machine 8hop. Co.. 3'5 N. oal.nd.\ FRONT available END for REPAIR almost .PART.10. \ cylinder.. refinished 5-pasenger.inside 2-door and out.sedan -> '42 Ii SEDAN Wl. RIGHT IN comfortable from Orlando on highway TOURIST COURT-East coast. Huh.way On excellent tourist court site. NATIONAL BANK loans mn \ NI0HT Exprltn.d auto. C. A. Prange & Bon*. 1010 W. Body Perfect condition. In Hydramatles radio; heater MOVE 2-bedroom tt- on two minutes Blo.aom Tri offer and river frontage. Nine 1nlU Presently showing good Income. *r'7 1 Insured to pay the entire hal. Inn.crlpt. ..Ithbad. I Church phone 8811. Radio heater.An outstanding buy at LIke New Ul (or. Box 363mond \ all respects. lots with garden and ehlrt n.. Bug ni aerea of with nine S room house rwtaurant. All $16.500. terms. Wilbur Srlckl.nd.. b of the loan li case of death good I' COVERS fans for ear I 8750; a car you'll b* proud to drive \I 0..nd crl and school near only (6.500. tw. nt.111 fruit. one all-room pletely.furnished and equipped. Broker; 23 W. Church; 11'_ of the borrower. I-SI.r. SET home. t.ctlrel Telephone during day. 8366; after I '41 81 CADILLAC SEDAN Otto Rlmu. with Cavenaugh .l los house well furnished includingelectric electricity. Not over 11.50 PL E n R:: \ and Kenyon Auto Store. pm.. 8111OLSSMOBILBi1939.. extra eleaa. tors. 4101. .ton. electrio w.te heaterand Alec c.h rNuled.I Wm. O. R DChe. BEAUTY SHOP-San Juan for sale 03. Loans Up to $306_ DickmOfl. 8e W. plant real-: ro.N. Or.nu.plul.3-2970. \ 4-door; good Radio heater well electrIc pump. Wlllniton. Cash re.la.ble. Il.un Office phone 15. . d..P :1 bv owner. Winter O.rd.n. ervlceabl tire rubber: excellent paint new SEDANETTB motor; tenant houae. propertY h. In 8. Hughe/ or 2-8812 for InformatolBUSINES Diamond loans USED ALtotubes. WinterPark. '41 61 CADILLAC Itice TI of highwayfrontage W AREHOUSEI. 1 AUTO. Fumltur. J. P. dent Phonejn9. and up. Job. 301 S. Orlando Ave. (1000 DOWN-Mov. ta several hundred"d approximately two fr.l. $bltdln.. Y rntd..r \I Economy Finance 1008 Company. Bulldln I lo:I Ito I 2501 N. Orange Ave. I I ._ Radio heater, hydramatlo OwnCr Will sell for wIh trl. LISTINGS NnDID Burger. M.n.ur. Mct.U phone 3-4655. I good mechanlcally ' frontage. lot. wages 1930. sedan; New 3-bedroom eenerete Woek-hons* thovaaad fet of lake property trade for small bouse ca O. .. phone 2-0339.- Autos-Trailcrs Wanted_ PACKARD- -throughout 43.0OO ml. BUICK SPECIAL SEDANRadIo. Only 5200. No eltyA.1" will accept good bualnela 4864. 118 N. Oranse. Quickly made on fur- 41 , Ilreplac FOREMAN ,7. 4Zf with In pact C.I Headquarters. CASH LOANS- SHOP new. Rt. or I good as nice In uch.n. 25x50 Orlando's SHEET good rubber; heater. C very orlando I diamond MEAL In MODERN store T autos and work and 1947. NEW. buldln. ttiture. to lay out to H. O. Ferguson Trailer Broker. N. Orlando at. Call Fred Reese 0'8.r.'Mor. 2 rooms Sine Finance Co.. 314 : Must b .U I CADILLAC WANED1tO Ooloenrod. clean ear. or with glass toiet OPPORTUNITIES I own Home a Pontlac.WestColonlaJDriv1 . 12 p'F front Also I * alden.*. (Near Underpass 101 'a\ Pine. 2-2310 tile floors. 1s3. P.e from BUSINESS 2-1008. Room 5. t W. Metcalf Bid. Dial 2-0304.- handle Sheet ned .,lo. Must be I PONTIAC lO4tclub .CCUI ; New top Closed Lt any 1920. Ihon. = around outside I radio and beater. Tip SPECIAL 20836ipect ). Winter P.rk W.4 street to CentraL cott V. Btetle. \ QUICK CASH LOANS frDlur.lole be sod of 10 mora car paint Btandai 41 CHEVROLET for this car. Base Must CONWAY 8CTION-Countrl hoe kind of Just beyond Air auto rl.bl. wages \: GET TOP CASHPRIC rur hape. A special oa Radio. Thts acres baln.. and Joan. t. Used Ave. sedan. .U your dectrea. 21 PrIce .. 501 FloridaBank cla.el Heisel k regardless Motors. 3756.Orang. Deluxe 10.5. and I. way. flUl1 oa and lunch. Stock Family .. Apply Ftnk Washington clean la every WINE L.n W. extra Ablnd.n..fb.rnl le. 219 4- car YOU FIND THE GIRL-.We will fid. ot curs..treeS coil. and manY othe Ph. 4964. BEER lnildlni building and ad- : Bldl.. R Callis. managerPhone \ Boa. P. O. Bol 43. 10. N. Grovegt.flsineovitle. Ca Phone Exch.n.- I rYMQUTH-194lsuper motor deluxe perfect horn. Clyd MeKensle. built f.tur. e 2-1661. 5. i door sedan. New the living well i Phone frititS. Two Stave a solid furnished I. : I hers; I CASH PAID for your used car.: Will take trad See Sun- '41 PACKARD CLIPPER 122 8. Mala. 2-'' including stock or SITES excellent business. Call :I IDeouehery OF 5 wa e-sktor a loan SPOT condition. 64ii . poultry BUIIG with a lot of Doing 4 34. McKellar.I "Your Psfjard Lucerne Terrace. Ph. Sedan 10111 and 1200 babycbickn. homesltes wIth P.rrtsh Real I I riet one. Personal Finance Co. I See J. C. day 919 4-Poor Property 500 l.n. and I Close-in adjoining one Phone Morrison's I Dealer." 342 N. or.nl Ave. or weekdays after 4 pm.PLYSIOUTffI936 Radio. Heater, Overdrive fruit 51-L Lake County O.r. work chop \ tre. residential 36 E. Pinel; 2-1646. I S. Orange. Rom 2 2311Robr' I I YOUNG MEN wanted by I .offiee.stewards. roomy bungalow of our fn.a aton for a 1 E. for for on. large Irlnln. WE HAVE *a excellent selection ft fed ro. modern antIcompletely I Someone a little lon CLOSE INExceUen.III.toa Wol.QUICKLY? Gd it heron Cafeteria peronn.l. Nut Inappearance. IiEUs BEFORE YOU SEL your of tram. cODtretloa worthwhile wanta a Iwentrom10u. I NEED $ 3 for .. thia for vision can develop this Into a buyer who 10 FloridiI cOlnl.r Sche.l.iieatiofl around you \ coupe. flood radio: ears old with a An \ shop and Sure These 1 homes as 1 you wish to purchase bl.lne.QI.UI prpr furalh.d.prllen Ink cannot. d.elomen& For fuU particulars Realtor.- .. that home can .. opr.I.d_ house. I I I Credit.,21 own Pine. lt.clrltF.. .' cad,I I :i: C' Apply Mr. can kr your before you sell runs and looks good; 1265. J. K, . us. 11.0.0 Tn Invergowe see ww.ms. 10t.l or ,_ : bid too. Central FlorIdaMotors. E. Robinson. priced .right?. _see Jlue.m.nor. 'o. IUt. Ih.t 21 W. Washington 8t 8ioe.. require rdeoraU. nu values--. el urnol' ..r. Wagner.ITPRESSEIIOO. I get our, eoo Jefferson. I Smith. 33 .u...v.-- in person. alight remodeling. I nUphonf 22424.ONTIlESPOT for Used CarL 7833. Cash Church St. Phon. Asking: B. We pay 29 E. while. See tor. worth And money 5%. Groves for Sale *" highway INVEST YOUR MONEY in a.oOd Steel dIstinctly 00. Call Mlii Fisk with O' AUTOS loaned FINANCED for any or business 4 'Appl, I II.t I I CASH PAID for good ''PONTIAC-1939 4-door sedan. Price CIWAY 8ZcION-On piece of business property. withapartments .15.0 2-O836. 109 E. PIne. pr'C.1 ; on pe.ona suit your City 39 W. Colonial clean used cars. Jim Cumble C.r.t4 agoo. 100 West Livingston Avenue. INC. Store tema building. Clr.ner. Heavy duty? 8 hug. rol.bah. md concrete on purple Corporation. North orange Annle. Phone PLYMOUTH-1939 4 door sedan. Llk. J. C. MCKELLAR. CONWAY SECTION-10 .rre grove / wrn.acre good eltrus above. Excellent lo.Uon. CLOSE I-ublrb.a up-to-date Dr. single.to sood. R. 8. Evan DEALER" I porch. 150 where value will continue to 480 N. Oranse. Phone Ofle. YOUNG MAN-Age 23 10 28. new thruout .run "YOUR PACKARD good condition. V.lnda*. 4750. Hlnton. R .ltr. Williams. Realtor Worra aDd b.r. Nets $400 ..ekIF.I Cocoa and Winter Haven. investIgationS WE BUY CARE-Any makeanymodelsny 60 W. Central. 4321. __. Phone (147 male Ave. ,.a. old. H Pm.pple.good land on E. Robln.on.CNWAT ._.___- eres.; ... W.rll St. Phone 8106.NVESTIGATE I taur..t This I. top. '36,50.good terms. Btoa. I for NatIonal I.ur.De At least High. year. Oln'. Used C.n. iiiiJTH-l94t Special Deluxe 2 342 N. Orange acres extra lit. I 3 paved road. S-room house with b.U I RA2Y acre Neat$3000 THIS well located income Re.ltr; RobinsOn. LOANS MADE from 810 to 10. School .dur.ton and .bll, t P.type.Needs O. 142N.Gsrland: 2-34 or 281.SUCS door .ed.a. Very eleaa. Special at light Lot 50x207 ft- Near- privacy; fast senl'e. car. Mr. Dla.D 1895. R. 8. Evens! 60 W. Central. 0 condltla. Oa rn.. la et\r Curry Ford Road-Itt acres, fencd. story brick property.building. 30x5. .2-1 DEPARTMENT WErs'v STOR"'U ." I Pln.n..trc Bervlre. Inc.. 32 W. Central [ Bog 1918. jacknviIle. F.. I 4321.__ _- pump. A real buy at ((.0. Small home. Deep .el storeroom on ground nor. ; siSa.. D..I.Re.ltr Ay. Pion. 9857. COMBINATION S.lrm.n and window THS FIRST TE i I'LYMOUTH-1947 4doorJf1w with M. D. .. ; 120. the rear. 104 K. J.U.rof \ permanent year TRUCKSR. Stone SUytoi 32 E. Finer phone menta above and cottage trimmer. ur \ cost luxury. Blue, chrome r 30 J Church. 47(7. Present income $185 month. 15 ft. FIlLING STATION on Highway 1792 i 63. Mortgage Loans I round employment assured Comp. I I Yr. getting too prices for your Largest tiful. R 8. Evans. 400 N. Orange. _ 6651._ -_ driveway and ample parking fsclltles. 441. Orease rack inventory. tent party. Apply Box 385 Evans World's I 1 C- B. DAVIS for PRPETI Property la very good eonol- and and Qulpment. $2000. : GROVE LOANS-4%-20 Jt .raaoI I 1 LIFE Insurance .: only one trIp tO our 4771._ --coupe. CONTACT trltl COUNTY lease I ESTABLISHED business River A.le P.r. lion and U best buy at $20.- with Veterans' Real Islet.Asenfy I i f nlre. Rex WeGW OLD a man for debit 1 rfr.Ri.. yourself further round PACKARD-1939 120 this S. EVANS the famous tou' Tompany. Come see B. Idl.n dltL 118. .... Cnt.1 and Mala. 000. Terms See Mr. Ltt. Call Jo: 2-4481. property ManageSTenT ,I Reltr.epromp\. 18 I. Oranse.F.H :, Oriando.I b* milling : .ork. .eUll t us today. \I 10.320 Central actual Florida miles. . : nlll10W42i 11 Realty tl one with Harold 'Department _ I . I ACRES of IOy en 10 acre aaL2t 20 E. .. Ih.phrd 8124. home. I: I 0 Box 864. __ in to any of our S Orlando son and Garland. _ Govern Drive Marsh and 2-bedroom low-rate. whecI door *e- lfl.. STATION 5296. deluxe 4 Lone 3 FORD ROAD BUY ON FLORIDA'S Main Street, OAS and bucinets. A.-Ln.-t.r. loana for Wanted or phone PLYMOUTH-1940 CHEVROLET-I47. fin tangerine trees. Sales Help lo.toD mil. c.r Ha. Dual trees. Fruit ment-ln'lred 66. 32.000 CRY Propr actual chassis. frontage on U. 8. 17-92. with H.n.Burb. Call I dan. An I cab and years orang trees. Price (6.500. Thi.speera Highway Call mll .\ building buying or refinancing. Original paint 1 base; 3 years. . crop U very prmlln.. Late Now that electricity ls .n.bl.,. Wit or without building. White UO.I.. Brote. 1 ; 3109.OROEYNe. or see Joe G. Myers. H.ltr. 29 W REAL ESTAT 5ALESSLAN.Eipeljenc.d been stored Ver7. eleaa. Colonial Motor wbetlj. No rnUeage. $1895.j In Oroveland. 8-tr. buy this 10 *cr*..r paved .Broker: 824 N. Mill*. stock and fixture. Washington St. Phone I I with real estate license andcar. I n VARNER INC. wants to buy jour top I Very. Colonial Drivs.I . outbuildings. 1. well will pay i 1239 Very room hous I.rl. See Mr. opportunity wIth \ or truck and pick-up. In. I , Close Excellent CIIEVROLET-IMl I Ibtp. 1.$0 cal 57. Real Estate 3.ichangedWAREHOUSESCo. Bolrs'tlJr with Henry JJ. Blrn. Bro I HOME LOAN&--We want \help yov I I, established. oUke. H Bol'Dd. R.1 .ut immediately.Sale and D Varner Service. Inc.234 I STUDEBAKER Smart- "and 47 Commande modern ai; I I 5004 goOd rubber. 8MAL ORv acre on high.\1 Bros. Agency. B"1.10"2 S. .'. 8. Hushey St. ker 12 8. Main; 2-100. I' buy a home or build service.new one Of.w..krOC.,o \ tor: C.rll.n Bld,. 12 N. Studebaker'.r r.ntnt..._. u Ave._ Plasma* 2.11153.get -- 1 to-morrow.club coupe.R. 8. Evana. 400 N. Or j 1 rfertCuy for $895.cellent . producing trees.aU \ building. IVt rented. Well 8TORICentra11Y loate We will give you prompt : 2-4551. n. .. with Orange Ay. Tel :189.FORET 2 frame GROCERY I 2 during < household r ant*. 4771. Nw Only (5500. Trade trade for small house ear or tot u .tlno d.U..t.. f. hnnra B to SALESMAN Expreneec : :: ,:: oDCE.-l8i0 panel delIvei7. Savings ; I Ii dollar t hith Oeesnn. Realtor. Specialising good leM i"S Li- Bwald. rent rd.P nFed.rl dl.trbltor 504 bodY. 'groc'erie.Low Sale for 4864. Lul Call I i iI I Trailers-Trucks | tires and MI I 76. Enod i- Cash mlnltC. motor, Droves.143 N. Robt. and . Orlando or I 1 I.U CITY ROAD-l ..cr.Moem Pan cash balance terms. 2- \I L'D .. Orlando Fla.i : :: :I eulF. away? us .. buy. $893.INTERNATIONAL. N. Orange; E. iiisssisiSALESMAN: give ; ..teeUtlllty i-no" 2-story. 2-bedroom resi- 571. Beach Property I pnd. H.ltr. 668 I i \I 201 N. Orange Blossom Trail; 1883. I I BANTAM-1947, '4 ton. all List den.. Immedl.t pc.lon. Owner 450- market-Brand I I all of property; long and cookie I LOSE MONEY! We will pay. I trailers. Fit any ear. price 1940 IVr'ton. talk 16 (North) 50 ft. GROCERY and meat i tANS oa "p. for candy DONT *". **>" price M5.. our special clearance wheelS. ?HW tires CREP'ULLYI.-2300 \ means COCOA BEACH 10b goods.New. I low : Immedl- Gertrude ? full value for your II Central bodY. dual THIS price. brand \ ; N. W. CHECK rte 42 101 Stake al around 18 eottase-or \ stock of Monarch \ tem. i route OUn's Cars, ,$159 SO. R. S. Ivan Only quIck Ideal for Summer | new A drlck. 118 2-24'1. u. U.d mechanically. Harlow O. realestate I see bptVr. hesitate large ? lars C ate IOW. pef'fcCt orD. 20 ..PfrIL Aster a&a UP. C. B. best l.nar.ctur.d. I I "nie. I W wir II Phone and 11.000 ba. I. er. he. 2- RnJor. vestment. 125 D.I fxlur" .. m- | N. Av.Phone 8188. SALUMAN ANU. .. .- I 242 N. Oran* 2-14. : t CHEVROLET -ton pickUP.good S795. and Main; | office 1928. now set 1500 trees. 3 yn. Nice 711.iN Realtor 2euenon. 2-181_ dyoo ho.Lot 751140. New I 194 .r car. I will i I - .1 veil all ROD ROAD WeU eon- Priceless ocean front piete. Oak floora. W.a'. I \ man ." Opprlnl .Idol ANY WAKI for the on. I running condition. 4-com- New nursery. 8I. ; f.n.f .t FRONT- Everlthint Vh? ( $ rl.1 which areS panel. 2-bedroom home. OEA lo. Pak pay .o tires. 2 of CHEVROLET19N frame available store offered. Copr. new Is-now "uUdll. remain needed. paratively 40 acres 1npl.nt.d. .lcte I d permit hIm 1 Low cost! ura M.rl'I'I sale. for most any IIon ESTATE New Immediate I buY and electc1 n.trct FlorIdl.n. .w and REAL LAS for interview.SALESMANTO e.r .. Priced for A tood Only Realtor gas rfr.rtor. Central I Church homei I 188. 101 Maln MO Ply. paint. In.5. Watea. ty. C un.c good i \Orl.ndo.n folks business. Roper Relt. i To buy. bl rfa.nc. sell ap- I I Used Cars. 'I'II 00 cash. C. 8. Taylor A Co- service, $595. 9616.8OME i prices c. 1f Trust : FI.I.lr I 1946 and 1947 I Iautomobiles $100 delivery .1 Or.n. i $2500. McKelvey 64 E. Central e' orcna" get I Main: 2-3433.__ -_ i and bUlne Tie Must have toM BADLY"IN NEED of Davenport. Florida. _ . OF most successful I I handle. Here Is olr ch.n. \ pump: of First : pu.ncu. and older H.r' ORND'S I Orlando OROCERYTmeat m.rtet gas Department N.ton.l R.n I Claude H. Wolfe Inc.I .I c.ra pick-up. Avery ., on proposition !In.-07.-2. and 2 something beautiful nearest within our (004 Price. at Orlando second flor. 1 Tole. Wadsworth. 615 N. Orange A.. ChEVROLET .sffi 2501 v-: DODCE.1940ton truck for $493.DODCE1$44 . northeast Ile.t I at prices still new 19 E. w..hlnaoa.NEWPROD For sale or cunning Ilk* this. 10 acres la flture. reaponsibte party. I I I 8597. _ motor. good or home and rental Call 10* to Cell intubes. phone Avenue. _ __ _. _ Orlando. 50O bearing oranc eoU.e reach. O'Ha.-More :593. 5. Goodwin. Inc.Broker. WtI PI.tll MINUTES Any Orange -Orlando'* groveguarantees tag buildings for income I I E. Pine. with H r.a 9855. I I VETERANS AND CIVILIANS C Li 5 1 II TRAILER i 47. very Lx- tree Income BOW Addiona dIal Over proft on'CH pIck-up. I' : lot or you mel l0 "i-ton Ideal for I will build on your St.rlll-Alu.adrr "uacutf speculation coa.erlioa rrupr.- LOOKING for good lo- OPr- I plywood construction.Fits C0n&ilOiljiroughouL ARE 1 lint beautIfIes I.tr. a.5 I YOU from e.r or"SOI Perfect In & I 1 )Rtown select a desirable home.lt I.UD I Mo N. AT. Equipped So. I cetlent buy. , I terms. Asher hte. Rnltr. Ce. I tloa rtSTellriTtree.. I cUOD on the East C.Ver MET Home and lot ned will, .ton. proucn. l.rd In., any ear. Sleeps two $1395.ocE1940 . tral and Main: s Wonderfu. a!I have for .I. r has otln ,!11tl. fn. loan. brm.nn. I 1711. and Cefrigerator. Ideal for tourlog. - below repl.ee stove Nearly I Bab. buildings home*. sell ; lOS _01_ _or___a._j" I .upr 1'08. Riverside st.tOD. bunting trips. Buillto OROVE 24 acres land. eTk apartment must. thi ..k .-. Wrte Bx Sale i fishing and . ORANGE Better today with Georgia II ..ul.m.lt oU.lenl. -- -- i for and bua.I this also wcUlocated r HDu Used Cars lift and 415 c .phsihwav Ne arl. hew cleared tatae. pl.nte lteV..r..L Rrhlller. Realtor: 7186. .slable Inn. building servlc I Evans Could be and ID Iother Cen.ul' - assorted 8. -* i VALUE-30 $095. R. mechanicafly. . hnnt to tot near b.ch 10- 7234. CARD sell at loss good Centrally GREETING will Very IS CItY will be sstfafare. u.O. \ nine Jn. 672 N. Orn. 52 for only I II'.ae AUCTION Every 1 __ I, many purpOsea. A the Ave. years r.t Jr.ra 14 acresheavy part of ( thorotis0- everyday .rd. ATTTO : 101 W. Central_ ccnvrTtPd for hammock land. hickory bedroom furnIb. sood future investmenta. See I. A. bUln. "* of for real non.y maker.Morey I Everybody seill. Prices ;ro and Ford tracks for *695' Send rRON2 NT 14 good ok AS til. CHEVROLET-Dodse LXI Butler.Falrvlew pta.tI cash LOW Lakes \ .in" Grestou.ertunlty Motor on Vero Beah. INTEREST satisfied. Holiy.Robss'n'a and typesaonable snasnoba. south side Apopka \ 1.0 established RAT A back I sires - Conway. All m giod Merlm.a. Reator.R- oa i 52.500 it. Here's I \ la Orlandcand and club. Blossom Tr.U .II of all descrlptlona. rabln. deep well hand plmp and block R n.551 LannOn en Impro.d brokerage.Retts for churches I I S. Orange 29 ts-us'ks in stock and an l-rol and worth asked. *>ee opportunity. Winter Park. No 434 No. Gay the dUoBUICK1M& We have WilI BARGAINLOT pn. Dial ndGoBaltimore _ department. ( No.1. I ; ' W.110.. 10. 3.15. Investitttion. Hair Dean with BetUS I"' "!"1Co i with Joe G. MIen. Realtor Investment Company. 25 W needing 2. Md. Super 4-aoor t.a discontinuing this of regular marke'prIce. TRUCK AND some half Johnston : noUr I I 25 w. W'lbln"o" phone 1 3.I ': 58. Real Estate Wanted < 0638. Washington St. Phone 8513. SI 2.300 miles. Radio. S. I sell for. Come exactly in. look around. No rca W. Church St. _ _ I RDO AND "u.m.Jtrlu. I I 67. AgencIesBROWNS 1.. P. H'D. Central FlorIda offer refuse R. 8- Evans, iCEflONAThRfJVt VALUE 1[ iURBAN-2's< acrea of fm..,11 USTNG5D le or bU1". owner 12 .other 8t.. Win-. I II Eployment AGINCY- Jrfterson and Garland. 22424.BUICIM.cr Maroon cor Garland_and_Amelia.Panel.. Comer CarUnd and AmelIa and SIr Must sell this week. 2 acre*. 10acres I l Small d, lbna. Milk cow 13t8)0. AFARTEN buaeS nutt. Wrt_ J p.rlnRTAUR 61. \anted-Frmale \ DpLYE want t 242 M. be ton Bua. you heavy Borders 2 dle horae. EUllt. 77 WUbur Brl.ad Bro b.ral Broker Downtown Interwted yoeI used nice lakes Lr.counl, loU need Herman G.i I. .. Church: 6'. 1.tf BLOUSE-SKIRT .l.om.a. Mart work come Ceatra I Orange An. 2IU.D1C193. mileage. See Mr. Knight Of Thomoson. OPEN SUNDAY : N. L_ for InPUn In .nnt I want help. eaU 6326.I A-I Need . 'Ft.TUI. crna I OR opn Potter I I condltol 310 W sutat.I rlo. Jrl.Un DUBSDREAD QLIEPP merchandise - payable and e*>-e- f H cash 'Pn.lbl. good knowledge of SERVICE HOUSE have I "EMPLOYMENT $. Bt.Appt. whed U Ions b.l.a. .It b.L waiting Ine. I Ion. eu. Realtors.Metcalf $ROM balaceUkV with Herman Brote.i and skIrt .xprl.nce. COLNS Stenograph- \ .eu Pl. I bOIiElfto ia to blouse yearly. tWa $4150. dO.a In aubdiviulun. If you want I ; Registry. Phone 32.ADiClt414 chassil sosid toni11lion. Phone 2-1023. Bldg. Phone W. A McKenney. RruL r H. P. Boland. Realtor. Car- i 677 N. Orange;_c It5.SDAANDWIC line with experience. AJI ? typists bookkeeper; domestic base cab and slso sva$ 11:1. rn\ call U engine sell 'toI35 , 4950 Cheney Highway;_2-714. Building, 672 N. Orange: SHOP-24 IL b.r I 24 Apply.I J. C. Penney er. 7228. \ W. Church_St. : ; Pew DOdC Knight OC Thomosot 53. Acreage for Sale Complet risan : panel booths: 9 am. only.____ lell C.I SERVICE-Of-\ wheels. able. Set Mr. I BUNGALOW l i 2-4551. ____ t 1 chrome St. ROOM f Yenmodern. accessOilesi I South to do I IUSINI Cadillac 310 W. _ LAKE HARNET oa St. John River.. fumlhd. Solar. 1 block system.off of L b l.GROVE WANT Client- 13 to waitIng 20 acre if cream machine. 195.;blines 1. fouatla. eulIm "!1, COLORED general house WOMAN-ttl.d..ork Da 4466. For \ fir Pine.II.; a.dem.a;; R. 8. EnD 40 N. Ornl', 4771.I . of 57 acre* bearing Gad 2-121. I Large A b.utfu Perfect tract sand b.b .r. Convenient to stores< rm'. Parr sch. 'iReal Price I right. Courtney Realty 392 l'I nt 13 1.1 St Wit I information. 3 1. 8SOOO. generous Priced at only U.a "Jan Ir. Price.Estate 36 E. Pine; 2-1646. iN. oa ni. 2-2n1 a Fa. 235 N. Mala 1:. A r - . l .--- .. .. -". .- . - -.;;;;.... : .......J...:_n. ... :.,. ..".... '- ..._. _' I''.'-VO ., .- > I , ""'..M M Sf1M" ft.tttt., ..,..i. Tuesday... May. 20 1947 Lehmann Extolls State VirtuesAs Clem Brossier, entertainment com- rating his work in the organization rage. it V '&&au..a M"'", J-- a" mittee chairman announced the during the past several years. annual JayCee Coronation Ball thing I prefer to be out on the would be held at the Coliseum on I RIDAS 1 water after any kind of fish that County Budget t Residential Safety LocationVirtues May 29. The highest per capita annual TWICE'"UMUCIIPUlOUUj I I CInTRAI: fl, ., are biting." R, Y. Rudler was presented witha egg consumption. 392 eggs was of Florida as a place of residence were extolledat Certificate of Achievement by reached in 1945. This figure was Kim4rdt 1 kwr,..old-.TwIN 14 0Iiiiti Mrs. Hugh Grime, housewife the Junior Chamber of Commerce luncheon yesterdayby Pres. Burton Thornal. commemo 24 per cent above that of 1940. u ftv much niTr for ednrtl..d 1011 u m bnM any.oUwrT .... and student Winter Garden: Hearings OpenOrange Karl Lehmann, secretary of the Lake County Chamberof MO RO LINE "My favorite pastime Is boating Commerce. : tntnl FI.rl/i. Urtnt DlitrtWhr Ottlt* t1.Ip.N l I and I usually make and swimming three or four County's Budget Com- "Our location gives us everything that makes Floridaa.desirable I SPECIAL THIS WEEK trips a week to : 'place of residence.**,4 - the lake. I like to mission which has just receivedthe Lehmann said, pointing out that I damage to the best advantage BATES STAPLERS f ATTIC FANS go to the beach 1947-48 budget from the coun- the State's climate Is the natural -our great industrial centers" 30" 38" tr" 48' tr HANLEY POGUE -b and usually ty board yesterday held the first of I result of its geographical loca- Lehmann said. 1 $6.85 InstaJ and Financed THE QUESTIONWhat s4 make a picnic a series of open sessions to hear tion.Citing "I suggest you tell your friends & Deep Well I is your favorite Summer event of it. I geta pleas and complaints from various I the fact that Florida Is that the hill and laKe country of Complete with Roll of 5WW Bran Staples Shallow recreation and pastime lot of enjoy- I I jeasly accessible to 75 per cent of Central Florida is the place they WE PUMPS ment out of fish- units and departments of the the( country's population he sue- should be." DELIVER Phone 8158 Gal. Tanks I i THE ANSWERS ing with a rod county government. 4'rested the State as one of the R. Y. Matheny pinchhitting for 13 S. Main St. 30 and 42 . Martha Lynch waitress. Orlo '- and reel but Budget commissioners It was safest localities in the event of ---.--- Installed and Financed Vista: don't care much announced will not make any im- atomic warfare. about it with a mediate changes in the figures "As we to Into the age of Wilson Leonard I I "I guess my favorite Summer Mrs. Grimes pole and bait. submitted by the board as they atomic warfare we know that 1 i g. I recreation Is visiting the beaches, Seriously, anything that is fun are not required to approve the atomic bombs will be used only I Hardware swimming and and is outdoors I enjoy in the budget until about July 1. where they can do the most = 42 W Central Ph. 2-2187 getting a good Summer time." The main delegation to appear I (See Our Classified Ads] I sun tan. Of I yesterday was the Community course. I have L. H. Schutt. builder Lake Welfare Planning Council head- I TOOLSLathes more fun when Apopka: ed by Pres. Charles O. Andrews I go there with ;iI I "My favorite recreations are Jr.There DUTCH-LAP my boy friend j fishing and traveling. I like to see were other representatives there from the State Wel- Table and we go every the country and Top Saws ':Sunday that we have made several '. fare Board Orange County Chapter ]/ & / Electric Drills. Asbestos RoofingASBESTOS . have an opportunity trips across ,4-' ;, .-"->:. American Red Cross: Orange SIDING I We Just the continent. !E>' ',1 j i County Tuberculosis and HealthI Disston Hand Saws ASPHALT SHINGLES : take life and easy When I have a I I ent-Teachers Association. Sorosis Associations.Club, and Par IV to I" S. A. E. Bolt Dies I swimming time ; vacation or : " GUTTER I lying t>n the Miss Lynch off of any length : Portable Welding Sets & sands. Sometimes go fishing I like to go fresh iU"N : State Union Official Stanley Bit Braces li \ DOWN SPOUTS and I like that too providing Idon't water fishing jb I Ia hook a fish so large that I Vi 2-Ton Yale Chain I castling t and prefer : Asks Labor Law Veto 1 L. T. JERNIGAN can't land It. I don't care too l with minnows r.I .:;. :>.: :: '. ,1I Hoists Roofing and Sheet Metal much hook about putting taking the the fish bait off on I and 11 vet.:1. .. .a:'1;_".::f,../.:,.11 1 Charging the Hartley-Taft anti' the or t 70 Alexander PL Tel. 7427 but my boy friend usually takes I nothing bait.There quite so 15. Schutt labor dictatorship legislation within"is a the pattern United for "If It's Hardware See Us First"H. 5 0 NOT TWICE AS MUCH. :i care of that Job. " relaxing'or invigorating to geta States of America John O. Lack- lraOUTTWICE good size bass or trout on your ner of Tampa pres. Florida State H. PARRISH Sam Patterson. Service Stationattendant. hook and land him. CIO Industrial Union Council, h f" """"1 BE SURE TO Ocoee: written President Truman urg asHARDWARE AS OOf I INVESTIGATEThe "I had rather go fishing than V. M. Gross, fernery worker that the legislation be vetoed. anything else I know of in the Apopka: "In the name of thousands of 220 S. Orange Ave. wS*" Summer time. "I have quite a few preferencesin working men and women, who are : Whenever I have Summer recreation. I like to go members of our CIO unions of . \, Revolutionary an opportunity I to as many baseball Florida, we call upon you to exercise I i ,L r: Concrete Block ., ,:) take my fishingparapherna games as the American authority of I \ j With theROUNDED ....k'l. possible and 1 your high office in the defense of YOWELL-DREW-IVEY'S IN ORLANDO OBSERVES NATIONAL COTTON WEEK .Jfri t 11 a and camping = visit the ocean American Democracy" Lackner ' " CORNERJust 1<< 'j equipment andfish beaches every I,said concluding. "We call upon :'fi.?ht'':l' day and chance I get. .I you to veto the un-American I the Thing ii ': night. I like to ": t.. The beach trips I Hartley-Taft legislation. , Home , For That New . .' fish with rodand I like to make , Holloway Concrete Products reel or live i weekend events Flint located Two BlMki South.. ..-{:. '. bait either one ..." and spend the -WANTED- of Undrrpai OB Orlando AT ,< SPECIALTY SALESMANMUST and and I care night day WINTER PARK PHONE US-K donut I Patterson whether its saltwater ,\ .,there, swimming HAVE CAR ,. II or fresh water fishing Justas and resting. In CALL IN PERSON AT 953 Ii I long as I'm trying to catch Gross the afternoons ORANGE AVE., WINTER PARK something. I like to see baseball I when I get off early I like to go From 8 to 830 AM & 430 to 5:30 PM i - WHENSUED and other sports games but for over to Lake Apopka and fish for Florida Applianct: & Supply Ct. I . WILL ? spare time that amounts to anyHEADACHE-. bass. I like both Softball and baseball formerly Horn Uiulatio Co. I I 1 II games. I See us forComprehensive II Personal . ... . . . . . . 1 C I jb .. dpi 0...... MMUU 4 *tcullrwk : at t YY - Liability ta ....I.n.4. 1gn4i..n that ' . $10,000 for $10.00 r Y ,-.m."C 1on4..... N4 t.ik......r.lifw .... . ".no..fmrttoft label iMt I. I M C for $13.50 1 : t I $50,000 ' * 'I",'", for $U.M iVj.l t IT L new creme that quickly, gently Hall Bros. Agency : 'Rtw.w n iltiJ1J : I 11i'{ , 112 N. Orange TeL 5189 Many like to Ir :f'.'QUALITY.'.'.'.'.BEDDING'.'.'.'.'' s lose weight ,-t .: Utiutu 1taib. : II II r : AT FACTORY PRICES fe THIS WAY 1 I 1 Ih aaat e I 0 SINCE 1920 You eat plenty..bat -I, --., ..._... ....ad i not too much. You 1 zherlu- . 0- _ Th rV* 'Pint 10' In Nell NUOII I : ECHOLS BEDDING : CO I Ie O. Sanford .e 7 7-('_.. It .Wkrkda'. ., .": ." H'w'7 Just gong .1 a-WM'I...1......... .ll. C iveys believes ,- - : Phone eke Winter J.derpasa II 9-(....,........._...,IIMII. . Part S5LW l0-WM'I. .. ' ,. p. O. Box 7117. Orlando F1a. .1 .1l cletili.. I ' " / only N.11 HUBS this season's 5 " '" 4 glY I yi. this. collection of 7' \ ...nu. F. .c. . . EisenbergOriginals . 4nn ;:'1 , sad eat ddioooa AYDS t 1 " to dull the appetite UDE tl tr i achieves a new high in brillianceand making it easier to eat loot > . In diDica1 testJ eooducted .ewu.w..u. b-medical docton l individuality. more than 100 penon. bit Th. TraDer we lIav been 14 to 15 poanda r y. for and waiting y the look ing furl Trailer YOU have been average in a few week* In our exclusive .N Built right. priced ripU No drugs.No exercise ? w rf Better than No laxative Harmlea anything ! since the wu.is W. have leal 30 days'supply only! $ .25. Eisenberg Gowns \ :: :t: Jt,7saz7 \ CaD OC'pbooe. 60c you'll see It. ----- eg ls plus taxYOWELLDREWIVEYCO. Stop 111 and look th-- Jer over Co.metlc.-lvey'i Street Floor a fresh handling of ; 1 4 l c YOUNGS' TRAILER SALES Cosmetics-Ivey1. street Floor 1 Ora.,. BI. nom Trail at AaaeUar silhouette YOWELL-DREW-IVEY CO. new richness , r _The Fashion.and Quality store Since.1894 of detail. u .00 M phi( NATIONAL COTTON WEEK MAY 19-2 / q.f 1 For '. : yonr . yF .' : O.f, ,. Slimmer , "r I ; I,. . 3-00 i faf 1tg. l %,,d .OOMPHIES ,1- h ,I :j ,. . .' 0 .Q Sketched from stock is one of our !t \ ; Suwanee Ensembles by Eisenberg. 4t'j ;_ t F Y \ i Is is designed: in Navy and White = ' azy'CTa. Gingham, a one-piece tunic dress .7 Iii= ' r split skirt, smoked I pearl but I '' . 1i 1. J ,. . i tons and grosgrain sash only :" " 1";" . of tI one a startling new collection. t., . '-"k." - ., t Here's the scuff $39.75 . d y- and comfortable to keep you foot-cool \ % \. . in 4 the ? hottest .J. kind of .. ., . weather. It's a a :' OOmphies Lazy 00-and a :: gayer ; looking summer scuf! you can't imagine With famous brands .' .. ' West of the 01' ;: t ; printed ; on natural colored " 00 cotton or playing! For traveling dude or vacations, I' ? I J! 4' -'-" ,') . ' ranch right in ' 'y ."our own back yard, choo.e { :'0' . J'a... Lazy 00 and relax in \ 'k p,. ." . -o 4f "Omphies cushion sole I \ - 1d % comfort! . ; FS I $2.50 , pair. oo. 1!> i 'JJfaG. I 9 / ' green et red i/if Setter ' Also to : . hlte or "'r-I7.. 01" \ cP' Ive i a'H oarondiueaeQ -: r . . pOda . FILES :' ;' L..If. . n. 1ra5Wan -- 5- 5 '!-- :;": e;: Honor the Dead . and - Quality Store Si ace 1894 ; '5 c. 7': Aid the Disabled I Women't r ....,,-tv.,'. street Floor The Quality Fashion Store and .>.'<' POPPY DAY ; Saturday May 24 Since f 1894 ' : ? American I Legion .,' Auxiliary Unit No. 19 , I _ , 1 ... r .J _"0_ Contact Us | Permissions | Preferences | Technical Aspects | Statistics | Internal | Privacy Policy © 2004 - 2011 University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries.All rights reserved. Acceptable Use, Copyright, and Disclaimer Statement Powered by SobekCM | http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00079944/00048 | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | refinedweb | 69,138 | 79.46 |
The Idea here is that when you are navigating through your pages you will select some filters on the way as here in Figure 1 where we have selected a Customer an Employee and a Shipper so what I wanted was not to throw away that information when I clicked insert and then get Figure 2.
Figure 1 – Filtered List page
Figure 2 – Values Defaulted on Insert
Steps to Accomplish this:
- Modify ForeignKey_Edit.aspx.cs to check for query string parameters relating the column.
- Create a couple of extension methods to get the filters and then return a string of key, value query string.
- Hook up the Insert hyperlink to have these parameters if available to the insert URL.
Hope that makes sense.
Modify ForeignKey_Edit to check for query string parameters relating the column
This is relatively simple we just add an event handler to the DropDownList1’s PreRender event ForeignKey_Edit FieldTemplate code behind file.
protected void DropDownList1_PreRender(object sender, EventArgs e) { // Adding a default value to a textbox // value aquired via query string string value = Request.QueryString[Column.Name]; if (this.Mode == DataBoundControlMode.Insert && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(value)) { ListItem item = DropDownList1.Items.FindByValue(value); if (item != null) DropDownList1.SelectedValue = value; } }
Listing 1 – DropDownList’s PreRender event handler
What this does is check to see if there is a QueryString parameter that matches the column name and if this matches a value in the DropDownList’s Items collection it set’s this value as the DropDownList’s SelectedValue.
Creating Extension Methods that get the FilterUserControls and Return a String of Key, Value query string
There are two extension methods required:
- Gets a collection of the filters from the FilterRepeater that have a value.
- Take the filters and extract the key values pairs and return them as a QueryString to be appended to the Insert URL
Here’s the first one:
public static IEnumerable<FilterUserControlBase> GetFilterControls(this FilterRepeater filterRepeater) { var filters = new List<FilterUserControlBase>(); foreach (RepeaterItem item in filterRepeater.Items) { var filter = item.Controls.OfType<FilterUserControlBase>().FirstOrDefault(); if (filter != null) filters.Add(filter); } return filters.AsEnumerable(); }
Listing 2 – GetFilterControls extension method.
This extension method shown in Listing 2 just loops through the FilterRepeater Items collection and using the OfType<T>() Linq extension method gets the FilterUserControl from it’s controls collection. Then adds this to the the list of found filters and finally returns the list. ""; }
Listing 3 – GetQueryStringParameters extensionmethod.
The second extension method shown in Listing 3 takes the output of the first and then loops through building the query parameters string for passing back to the caller.
Hook up the Insert hyperlink to the Returned Query Parameters
Now in the List page all you need to do is add the following code:
// setup the insert hyperlink InsertHyperLink.NavigateUrl = table.GetActionPath(PageAction.Insert) + FilterRepeater.GetQueryStringParameters();
Listing 4 – Putting the extension methods to use.
And this is why I like c# 3.0 extension methods so much
28 comments:
I am new to dynamic data and programming. I am trying to implement this solution but I do not know where the two Extension Methods goes. Where do I paste? In the ForeignKey_Edit.aspx.cs?.
Thanks
Just place the extension methods in a public class of their own in the App_Code folder (I usually call it ExtensionMethods and then put all my extension methods in there.
Steve :D
I create a new class and paste the two extension methods, but I tried to run with no result. It say among other things that the Extension methods must be defined in a non-generic static class and the type or namespace name 'FilterUserControlBase' could not be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?).
I know this is a blog not a support site, but I thank for the initial responds and any help that you can provide
Thanks.
mahiraldo@hotmail.com
public class ExtensionMethods
{
public static IEnumerable FilterUserControlBase GetFilterControls(this FilterRepeater filterRepeater)
{
var filters = new ListFilterUserControlBase();
foreach (RepeaterItem item in filterRepeater.Items)
{
var filter = item.Controls.OfTypeFilterUserControlBase().FirstOrDefault();
if (filter != null)
filters.Add(filter);
}
return filters.AsEnumerable();
} "";
}
}
Sorry for not being clear you class also need to be static:
public static class ExtensionMethods
{
Sorry again
Steve :D
Hello Steve, I appreciate all your help that you give me. The solution works well thank to you.
Hi,
I am logging all inserts and updates with user ID information. So i don't want to choose the user who created the insert or edited data. because i already who he/she is. So how can i insert user information when i insert data and user is foreign key.
i tried do it in detailsview1_iteminserting event but it's failed.
protected void DetailsView1_ItemInserting(object sender, DetailsViewInsertEventArgs e)
{
e.Values.Add("CreatedDate", DateTime.Now);
//e.Values.Add("aspnet_Users", Tools.GetCurrentUser());
}
I want your wonderful advices.
I would use the model in L2S <Table>Insert partial method on the data context or if you are useing EF look here
Steve :D
Steve, I'm in a bind. I just want to simply have the foreign key selected filters auto-filled in when a user clicks 'Insert New Record' in any dynamic data instance. I need this in VB.net but can't find any instructional videos or step-by-steps. Is there a simple solution for this for a novice? It's the last part I need for my application, save for the proper ordering of the foreign key dropdownlist fields, which are not alphabetized based on the value..rather the primary key behind the scenes. Dynamic data was so close on everything else, not sure why they left out these elements. I'd appreciate anything you can offer. - Matthew Leach (matthewhleach@gmail.com)
How do you 'wire up the event handler' as you noted in Step 1? Shouldn't this be listed in the tutorial for a few of the slower folks (myself!)?
Change to Designe mode and click the dropdownlist and select the event icon (lightening bolt) not you can see the events instead of the properties. Find th ePreRender event and click the drop down list and choose the name of the method you pasted in.
Steve :D
Thanks Steve. The event handler link solved my issue. I appreciate the quick responses as I'm almost there. One last question when you are less busy: Is there a way to apply the same behavior to the 'Insert New Item' button outside of the Gridview? The querystring pass and default set on foreign key filter work fine when inserting off the link within the gridview, but I'm hoping I can link it to the general insert outside of the gridview at the bottom. I tried the code from your steps, but it doesn't seem to operate the hyperlink in the same way. -m
Sorry Matt, I don't understand your question, why don't you e-mail me direct, my e-mail is in the top right hand side of the page.
Steve :D
Hi. Sorry to bother you. I tried to add your tutorial to my dynamic data project and know I get the following compiler error and I don't know how to solve it:
CS0121: The call is ambigous between the following methods: 'ExtensionMethods.GetFilterControls(System.Web.DynamicData.FilterRepeater)' and 'ExtensionMethods.GetFilterControls(System.Web.DynamicData.FilterRepeater)'
Sorry, forget about the issue. I solved it myself. Was a project setting thing. Thanks anyway.
Hello!
Thanks for such a grand nice example. However, I was wondering whether it would be possible to insert a new item on the basis of an existing one that would work similarly to the "Edit" button. Wouldn't it be a good idea for another post?
Hello!
Thanks for such a grand nice example. However, I was wondering whether it would be possible to insert a new item on the basis of an existing one that would work similarly to the "Edit" button. Wouldn't it be a good idea for another post?
There is a project on codeplex N41 which adds clone behavoir to DD already.
Steve :D
Unfortunately, it doesn't work with QueryableFilterRepeater/QueryableFilterUserControl. QueryableFilterRepeater doesn't have an easy way to iterate over filters (but it is not fatal), and DynamicFilter/QueryableFilterUserControl don't have a way to get the selected valuem only IQueryable.
Hi wRaR, is that in DDv2 with VS2010?
No, DD Preview 4 in VS2008.
Hi wRAR they are now superceded with VS2010 and .Net 4.0, I shall look at doing a version for DDv2 and VS2010 soon.
Steve :D
Where do you put the hyperlink in List? In the PageLoad? I tried that and get...
'System.Web.DynamicData.QueryableFilterRepeater' does not contain a definition for 'GetQueryStringParameters' and the best extension method overload 'ExtensionMethods.GetQueryStringParameters(System.Web.DynamicData.FilterRepeater)' has some invalid arguments
Hi there, this is an old post for DD in .Net 3.5 not .Net 4 sorry
Thanks again for the great article. Is there any way to make this work with the 4 framework or do you have an updated article using 4? Thanks again for the article and the quick response.
Hi again, yes you can get the values using this example see
Steve...?
Thakk you very much...
Hi Christian. send me a direct e-mail, I may have some code I can send you.
My e-mail is in the top right of the page.
Steve
Sorry Christian, just looked and my e-mail is no longer there?
Steve | http://csharpbits.notaclue.net/2009/01/getting-default-values-from-list-page.html?showComment=1467313727250 | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | refinedweb | 1,578 | 56.66 |
Tech Tips archive
December 22, 2000
WELCOME to the Java Developer ConnectionSM
(JDC) Tech Tips, December 22, 2000. This issue covers techniques for tracking and controlling memory allocation in the Java HotSpotTM Virtual
Machine*. The topics covered are:
These tips were developed using Java 2 SDK,
Standard Edition, v 1.3.
This issue of the JDC Tech Tips is written by Stuart Halloway,
a Java specialist at DevelopMentor ()
Memory management can have a dramatic effect on performance, and
most virtual machines expose a set of configuration options that
you can tweak for the best possible performance of your
application on a particular platform. To investigate this, let's
examine a simple application for allocating and unreferencing
blocks of memory. This application will be used in the second tip
("Controlling Your Memory Manager") to demonstrate some of the
configuration options in the VM for memory management.
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class MemWorkout {
private static final int K = 1024;
private int maxStep;
private LinkedList blobs = new LinkedList();
private long totalAllocs;
private long totalUnrefs;
private long unrefs;
public String toString() {
return "MemWorkout allocs=" + totalAllocs + "
unrefs=" + totalUnrefs;
}
private static class Blob {
public final int size;
private final byte[] data;
public Blob(int size) {
this.size = size;
data = new byte[size];
}
}
private void grow(long goal) {
long totalGrowth = 0;
long allocs = 0;
while (totalGrowth < goal) {
int grow = (int)(math.random() * maxstep);
blobs.add(new blob(grow));
allocs++;
totalgrowth += grow;
}
totalallocs += allocs;
system.out.println("" + allocs + " allocs, " +
totalgrowth + " bytes");
}
private void shrink(long goal) {
long totalshrink = 0;
unrefs = 0;
try {
while (totalshrink < goal) {
totalshrink += shrinknext();
}
} catch (nosuchelementexception nsee) {
system.out.println("all items removed");
}
totalunrefs+= unrefs;
system.out.println("" + unrefs + " unreferenced
objs, " + totalshrink + " bytes");
}
private long shrinknext() {
//choice of fifo/lifo very important!
blob b = (blob) blobs.removefirst();
//blob b = (blob) blobs.removelast();
unrefs++;
return b.size;
}
public memworkout(int maxstep) {
this.maxstep = maxstep;
}
public static void main(string [] args) {
if (args.length < 1) {
throw new error ("usage MemWorkout maxStepKB");
}
int maxstep = integer.parseint(args[0]) * k;
if (maxstep < (k)) throw new error("maxStep must
be at least 1KB");
memworkout mw = new memworkout(maxstep);
try {
while (true) {
bufferedreader br = new bufferedreader(new
inputstreamreader(system.in));
logmemstats();
system.out.println("{intMB} allocates, {-intMB}
deallocates, GC collects garbage, EXIT exits");
string s = br.readline();
if (s.equals("GC")) {
system.gc();
system.runfinalization();
continue;
}
long alloc = integer.parseint(s) * 1024* 1024;
if (alloc > 0) {
mw.grow(alloc);
} else {
mw.shrink(-alloc);
}
}
} catch (NumberFormatException ne) {
} catch (Throwable t) {
t.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(mw);
}
public static void logMemStats() {
Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime();
System.out.println("total mem: " +
(rt.totalMemory()/K) + "K free mem:
" + (rt.freeMemory()/K) + "K");
}
}
To run MemWorkout, specify it with a number argument, like this:
java MemWorkout 5
In response, you should see something like this:
total mem: 1984K free mem: 1790K
{intMB} allocates, {-intMB} deallocates, GC collects
garbage, EXIT exits
The first line of output indicates the total available memory and
the total amount of free memory. The second line is a prompt.
You can respond to the prompt in one of four ways. If you enter
a positive number, MemWorkout loads the system with approximately
that many megabytes by adding "Blob" objects to a blobs list.
The size of a Blob is a random number between 0 and the value of
the initial argument you specified to MemWorkout, in kilobytes.
So for the value 5, the size of each new Blob added to the list
is 5 kilobytes.
If you enter a negative number in response to the prompt,
MemWorkout attempts to unload the system of that amount of
megabytes by removing Blobs from the list.
You can also enter GC to run System.gc() and
System.runFinalization(), or EXIT to exit the application.
GC
System.gc()
System.runFinalization()
EXIT
For example, a MemWorkout session that adds 50MB of load, drops
25MB, and then collects garbage would look something like this:
java MemWorkout 5
total mem: 1984K free mem: 1790K
{intMB} allocates, {-intMB} deallocates, GC collects
garbage, EXIT exits
50
20617 allocs, 52430544 bytes
total mem: 64320K free mem: 11854K
{intMB} allocates, {-intMB} deallocates, GC collects
garbage, EXIT exits
-25
10312 unreferenced objs, 26216866 bytes
total mem: 64320K free mem: 11828K
{intMB} allocates, {-intMB} deallocates, GC collects
garbage, EXIT exits
GC
total mem: 65280K free mem: 38976K
{intMB} allocates, {-intMB} deallocates, GC collects
garbage, EXIT exits
EXIT
MemWorkout allocs=20617 unrefs=10312
This session exercises the Java HotSpot Client VM, which is part of Java 2 SDK, Standard Edition, v 1.3.
The session demonstrates several interesting things about the
HotSpot VM. First, notice that total memory increases immediately
to meet the 50MB allocation. Second, notice that free memory is not
immediately reclaimed when 25MB worth of objects are removed.
Instead the free memory is reclaimed when the garbage collector
is requested through System.gc(). The configuration options
described in the next tip ("Controlling Your Memory Manager")
give you several choices for controlling these behaviors.
Garbage collection performance can be very important to the
overall performance of an application written in the Java
programming language. The most primitive memory management
schemes use a "stop-the-world" approach, where all other
activity in the VM must halt while all objects in the system are
scanned. This can cause a noticeable pause in program execution.
Even when delays do not come in large, user-irritating chunks,
the overall time spent collecting garbage can still impact
performance. This tip uses the MemWorkout class to demonstrate
the following memory management flags. You can use these flags
to tune the garbage collection performance of the HotSpot VM
in the Java 2 SDK v 1.3:
***Warning*** The -X flags are non-standard options, and are
subject to change in future releases of the Java 2 SDK. Also,
the -XX flag is officially unsupported, and subject to change
without notice.
-X
-XX
Perhaps the most crucial setting in memory management is the
maximum total memory allowed to the VM. If you set this lower than
the maximum memory needed by the VM, your application will fail
with an OutOfMemoryError exception. More subtly, if you set the
maximum memory too close to your application's memory usage,
performance might degrade significantly. (Although there are
many different garbage collection algorithms, most perform poorly
when memory is almost full.) The HotSpot VM default for initial
memory allocation is 2MB. By default, HotSpot gradually increases
memory allocation up to 64MB; any memory request above 64MB fails.
OutOfMemoryError
You can control the initial memory setting with the -Xms flag, and
control the maximum setting with the -Xmx flag. Try these flags
out in a MemWorkout session. (The MemWorkout class is described in
the previous tip, "A Memory Testbed Application.") Start
MemWorkout as follows:
-Xms
-Xmx
Then respond to the MemWorkout prompt with the number 32, this
means allocate 32MB. After the response to the entry, enter 32
again, for another 32MB allocation. (To keep the text short, the
rest of the MemWorkout sessions in this tip will list only the
command line entries. So, for example, a MemWorkout session with
two entries of 32 will be abbreviated to "32,32".) Running
MemWorkout this way should generate an OutOfMemoryError exception
because the two 32MB allocations, plus the overhead of the
application and VM, are easily greater than 64MB.
To fix this problem, try MemWorkout again, but this time specify
the -Xmx flag as follows:
java -Xmx80m MemWorkout 5
Then run the session as before, that is, "32,32". The 80m argument
indicates that the VM can use a maximum of 80MB. This time
MemWorkout should succeed.
If you know that the memory footprint of your application remains
almost constant for the life of the application, specify a
starting memory allocation that is higher than the starting
default. You specify the starting allocation with the -Xms flag.
This saves the startup overhead of working up from 2MB. The
following command specifies both a starting and maximum allocation
of 80MB. This guarantees that the virtual machine will grab 80MB
of system memory at startup and keep it for the lifetime of the
application:
java -Xms80m -Xmx80m MemWorkout 5
The -verbose:gc flag causes the VM to log garbage collection
activity. Instead of guessing when and how your program interacts
with the garbage collector, you can use this flag to track it. Try
running MemWorkout with the -verbose:gc flag, as follows:
-verbose:gc
java -verbose:gc MemWorkout 5
Then run the session as before, that is, "32,32". You should see
trace output from the garbage collector similar to this:
total mem: 1984K free mem: 1790K
{intMB} allocates, {-intMB} deallocates, GC collects
garbage, EXIT exits
32
[GC 508K->432K(1984K), 0.0128943 secs]
[GC 940K->939K(1984K), 0.0061460 secs]
[GC 1450K->1450K(1984K), 0.0057276 secs]
[GC 1959K->1959K(2496K), 0.0056435 secs]
[Full GC 2471K->2471K(3772K), 0.0276593 secs]
etc.
You'll probably see many indications of garbage collection,
indicated by [GC ...]. You might wonder why so many garbage
collections are done. The answer is that before the virtual
machine asks for more memory from the system, it tries to reclaim
some of the memory it already has. It does this by running the
garbage collector. If you run the same application with 80MB
preallocated, as in the following example, some of the calls to
the garbage collector should disappear:
[GC ...]
java -verbose:gc -Xms80m -Xmx80m MemWorkout 5
total mem: 81664K free mem: 81470K
{intMB} allocates, {-intMB} deallocates, GC collects
garbage, EXIT exits
32
[GC 2046K->1970K(81664K), 0.0240181 secs]
etc...
[GC 32669K->32669K(81664K), 0.0220730 secs]
13200 allocs, 33558101 bytes
This time you should see fewer garbage collections. Also, you
should not see any full garbage collections (indicated by
[FULL GC...]). Full garbage collections tend to be the most
expensive in terms of performance.
[FULL GC...]
Intuitively, garbage collection should run when memory is low.
Because the MemWorkout application above starts with 80MB and
only allocates 32MB, the VM is never low on memory. So why are
there still some calls to the garbage collector? The answer is
that the HotSpot VM collector is generational. Generational
collectors take advantage of the reasonable assumption that
young objects are likely to die soon (think local variables).
So instead of collecting all of memory, generational collectors
divide memory into two or more generations. When the youngest
generation, or "nursery," is nearly full, a partial garbage
collection is done to reclaim some of the young objects that are
no longer reachable. This partial garbage collection is usually
much faster than a full garbage collection; it postpones the need
for a full gc. Generational gc can dramatically reduce both the
duration and frequency of full gc pauses.
The initial size of the object nursery is configurable; the
documentation often refers to it as the "eden space." On
a SPARCstation, the new generation size defaults to 2.125MB;
on an Intel processor, it defaults to 640k. Try to configure
MemWorkout so that it runs without any need for garbage
collection. To do that, make the nursery large enough so that
the entire application usage fits easily in the nursery. The
session should look something like this:
java -verbose:gc -Xms80m -Xmx80m -XX:NewSize=60m
MemWorkout 5
total mem: 75776K free mem: 75582K
{intMB} allocates, {-intMB} deallocates, GC collects
garbage, EXIT exits
32
13118 allocs, 33555324 bytes
total mem: 75776K free mem: 42073K
{intMB} allocates, {-intMB} deallocates, GC collects
garbage, EXIT exits
The -XX:NewSize flag sets the initial nursery size to 60MB. This
accomplishes the objective; the lack of gc trace output indicates
that the nursery never needed collection. Of course, it is
unlikely that you would ever set the nursery so large. Like every
good thing in life, the size of the nursery involves a painful
tradeoff. If you make the nursery too small, objects get moved
into older generations too quickly, clogging the older generations
with dead objects. This situation forces a full gc earlier than
would otherwise be needed. But a large nursery causes longer
pauses, eventually approaching the length of a full gc. There is no
magic formula. Use -verbose:gc to observe the memory behavior of
your application, and then make small, incremental changes to the
nursery size and measure the results. Remember too that HotSpot
is adaptive and will dynamically adjust the nursery size in
long-running applications.
-XX:NewSize
In addition to being generational, the HotSpot VM can also run in
incremental mode. Incremental gc divides the entire set of objects
into smaller sets, and then processes these sets incrementally.
Like generational gc, incremental gc aims to make pause times
smaller by avoiding long pauses to trace most or all objects.
However, incremental gc's advantages accrue regardless of the age
of the object. The disadvantage of incremental gc is that even
though collection is divided into smaller pauses, the overall cost
of garbage collection can be substantially higher, causing
throughput to decrease. This tradeoff is worthwhile for
applications that must make response time guarantees, such as
applications that have user interfaces. Incremental gc defaults to
"off." You can turn it on with the -Xincgc flag.
To see incremental gc in action, try a MemWorkout session that begins by
adding 32MB, and then adds and unreferences several fairly small chunks:
-Xincgc
java -verbose:gc -Xms80m -Xmx80m -Xincgc MemWorkout 5
total mem: 640K free mem: 446K
{intMB} allocates, {-intMB} deallocates, GC collects
garbage, EXIT exits
32
[GC 511K->447K(960K), 0.0086260 secs]
[GC 959K->964K(1536K), 0.0075505 secs]
(many more GC pauses!)
Notice that the initial 32MB allocation of system memory causes
a large number of incremental gc pauses. However, while there are
more pauses, they are an order of magnitude faster than the other
gc pauses you probably have seen. The pauses should be down in the
millisecond range instead of the tens of milliseconds. Also notice
that occasionally, unreferencing will appear to cause an
incremental gc. This happens because unlike the other forms of
garbage collection, incremental gc does not run primarily when
memory is full (or when a segment of memory such as the nursery
is almost full). Instead, incremental gc tries to run in the
background when it sees an opportunity.
Tuning the memory management of the HotSpot VM is a complex task.
HotSpot learns over time, and adjusts its behavior to get better
performance for your specific application. This is an excellent
feature, but it also makes it more difficult to evaluate the
output from simple benchmarks such as the MemWorkout class
presented in this tip. To gain a real understanding of HotSpot's
interactions with your code, you need to run tests that
approximate your application's behavior, and run them for long
periods of time.
This tip has shown just a sampling of the memory settings
available for the HotSpot VM. For further information about
HotSpot VM settings, see the Java HotSpot VM Options page
(). Also see the
HotSpot FAQ ().
The book "Java Platform Performance: Strategies and Tactics"
by Steve Wilson and Jeff Kesselman
() includes two
appendixes that are valuable in learning more about memory
management. One appendix gives an overview of garbage collection;
the second introduces the HotSpot VM.
Richard Jones and Rafael Lins's "Garbage Collection" page
()
provides a good survey of gc algorithms, and a gc biliography.DC Tech Tips archives at:
901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, California 94303 USA.
This document is protected by copyright. For more information, see:
* As used in this document, the terms "Java virtual machine"
or "JVM" mean a virtual machine for the Java platform.
JDC Tech Tips
December 22, 2000 | http://java.sun.com/developer/TechTips/2000/tt1222.html | crawl-002 | refinedweb | 2,599 | 54.73 |
Release Notes¶
Latest Changes¶
- ♻️ Update FastAPI People GitHub Action to send the PR as github-actions. PR #2201 by @tiangolo.
- 🔧 Update FastAPI People GitHub Action config, run monthly. PR #2199 by @tiangolo.
- 🐛 Fix FastAPI People GitHub Action Docker dependency, strike 1 ⚾. PR #2198 by @tiangolo.
- 🐛 Fix FastAPI People GitHub Action Docker dependencies. PR #2197 by @tiangolo.
- 🐛 Fix FastAPI People GitHub Action when there's nothing to change. PR #2196 by @tiangolo.
- 👥 Add new section FastAPI People. PR #2195 by @tiangolo.
- 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for External Links. PR #1443 by @Serrones.
- 🌐 Add Japanese translation for Tutorial - CORS. PR #2125 by @tokusumi.
- 🌐 Add Japanese translation for Contributing. PR #2067 by @komtaki.
- 🌐 Add Japanese translation for Project Generation. PR #2050 by @tokusumi.
- 🌐 Add Japanese translation for Alternatives. PR #2043 by @Attsun1031.
- ✏ Fix typo in Spanish tutorial index. PR #2020 by @aviloncho.
- 🌐 Add Japanese translation for History Design and Future. PR #2002 by @komtaki.
- 🌐 Add Japanese translation for Benchmarks. PR #1992 by @komtaki.
- 🌐 Add Japanese translation for Tutorial - Header Parameters. PR #1935 by @SwftAlpc.
- ⬆️ Upgrade GitHub Action Latest Changes. PR #2190 by @tiangolo.
- ⬆️ Upgrade GitHub Action Label Approved. PR #2189 by @tiangolo.
- 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for Tutorial - First Steps. PR #1861 by @jessicapaz.
- 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for Python Types. PR #1796 by @izaguerreiro.
- 🌐 Add Japanese translation for Help FastAPI. PR #1692 by @tokusumi.
- 🌐 Add Japanese translation for Tutorial - Body. PR #1683 by @tokusumi.
- 🌐 Add Japanese translation for Tutorial - Query Params. PR #1674 by @tokusumi.
- 🌐 Add Japanese translation for tutorial/path-params.md. PR #1671 by @tokusumi.
- 🌐 Add Japanese translation for tutorial/first-steps.md. PR #1658 by @tokusumi.
- 🌐 Add Japanese translation for tutorial/index.md. PR #1656 by @tokusumi.
- 🌐 Add translation to Portuguese for Project Generation. PR #1602 by @Serrones.
- 🔧 Update GitHub Action Label Approved, run at 12:00. PR #2185 by @tiangolo.
- 🌐 Add Japanese translation for Features. PR #1625 by @tokusumi.
- 👷 Upgrade GitHub Action Latest Changes. PR #2184 by @tiangolo.
- 🌐 Initialize new language Korean for translations. PR #2018 by @hard-coders.
- 🌐 Add Portuguese translation of Deployment. PR #1374 by @Serrones.
- 👷 Set GitHub Action Label Approved to run daily, not every minute. PR #2163 by @tiangolo.
- 🔥 Remove pr-approvals GitHub Action as it's not compatible with forks. Use the new one. PR #2162 by @tiangolo.
- 👷 Add GitHub Action Latest Changes. PR #2160.
- 👷 Add GitHub Action Label Approved. PR #2161.
0.61.1¶
Fixes¶
Docs¶
- Fix typo in NoSQL docs. PR #1980 by @facundojmaero.
Translations¶
- Add translation for main page to Japanese PR #1571 by @ryuckel.
- Initialize French translations. PR #1975 by @JulianMaurin-BM.
- Initialize Turkish translations. PR #1905 by @ycd.
Internal¶
0.61.0¶
Features¶
- Add support for injecting
HTTPConnection(as
Requestand
WebSocket). Useful for sharing app state in dependencies. PR #1827 by @nsidnev.
- Export
WebSocketDisconnectand add example handling WebSocket disconnections to docs. PR #1822 by @rkbeatss.
Breaking Changes¶
- Require Pydantic >
1.0.0.
- Remove support for deprecated Pydantic
0.32.2. This improves maintainability and allows new features.
- In
FastAPIand
APIRouter:
- Remove path operation decorators related/deprecated parameter
response_model_skip_defaults(use
response_model_exclude_unsetinstead).
- Change path operation decorators parameter default for
response_model_excludefrom
set()to
None(as is in Pydantic).
- In
encoders.jsonable_encoder:
- Remove deprecated
skip_defaults, use instead
exclude_unset.
- Set default of
excludefrom
set()to
None(as is in Pydantic).
- PR #1862.
- In
encoders.jsonable_encoderremove parameter
sqlalchemy_safe.
- It was an early hack to allow returning SQLAlchemy models, but it was never documented, and the recommended way is using Pydantic's
orm_modeas described in the tutorial: SQL (Relational) Databases.
- PR #1864.
Docs¶
- Add link to the course by TestDriven.io: Test-Driven Development with FastAPI and Docker. PR #1860.
- Fix empty log message in docs example about handling errors. PR #1815 by @manlix.
- Reword text to reduce ambiguity while not being gender-specific. PR #1824 by @Mause.
Internal¶
- Add Flake8 linting. Original PR #1774 by @MashhadiNima.
- Disable Gitter bot, as it's currently broken, and Gitter's response doesn't show the problem. PR #1853.
0.60.2¶
- Fix typo in docs for query parameters. PR #1832 by @ycd.
- Add docs about Async Tests. PR #1619 by @empicano.
- Raise an exception when using form data (
Form,
File) without having
python-multipartinstalled.
- Up to now the application would run, and raise an exception only when receiving a request with form data, the new behavior, raising early, will prevent from deploying applications with broken dependencies.
- It also detects if the correct package
python-multipartis installed instead of the incorrect
multipart(both importable as
multipart).
- PR #1851 based on original PR #1627 by @chrisngyn, @YKo20010, @kx-chen.
- Re-enable Gitter releases bot. PR #1831.
- Add link to async SQL databases tutorial from main SQL tutorial. PR #1813 by @short2strings.
- Fix typo in tutorial about behind a proxy. PR #1807 by @toidi.
- Fix typo in Portuguese docs. PR #1795 by @izaguerreiro.
- Add translations setup for Ukrainian. PR #1830.
- Add external link Build And Host Fast Data Science Applications Using FastAPI. PR #1786 by @Kludex.
- Fix encoding of Pydantic models that inherit from others models with custom
json_encoders. PR #1769 by @henrybetts.
- Simplify and improve
jsonable_encoder. PR #1754 by @MashhadiNima.
- Simplify internal code syntax in several points. PR #1753 by @uriyyo.
- Improve internal typing, declare
Optionalparameters. PR #1731 by @MashhadiNima.
- Add external link Deploy FastAPI on Azure App Service to docs. PR #1726 by @windson.
- Add link to Starlette docs about WebSocket testing. PR #1717 by @hellocoldworld.
- Refactor generating dependant, merge for loops. PR #1714 by @Bloodielie.
- Update example for templates with Jinja to include HTML media type. PR #1690 by @frafra.
- Fix typos in docs for security. PR #1678 by @nilslindemann.
- Fix typos in docs for dependencies. PR #1675 by @nilslindemann.
- Fix type annotation for
**extraparameters in
FastAPI. PR #1659 by @bharel.
- Bump MkDocs Material to fix docs in browsers with dark mode. PR #1789 by @adriencaccia.
- Remove docs preview comment from each commit. PR #1826.
- Update GitHub context extraction for Gitter notification bot. PR #1766.
0.60.1¶
- Add debugging logs for GitHub actions to introspect GitHub hidden context. PR #1764.
- Use OS preference theme for online docs. PR #1760 by @adriencaccia.
- Upgrade Starlette to version
0.13.6to handle a vulnerability when using static files in Windows. PR #1759 by @jamesag26.
- Pin Swagger UI temporarily, waiting for a fix for swagger-api/swagger-ui#6249. PR #1763.
- Update GitHub Actions, use commit from PR for docs preview, not commit from pre-merge. PR #1761.
- Update GitHub Actions, refactor Gitter bot. PR #1746.
0.60.0¶
- Add GitHub Action to watch for missing preview docs and trigger a preview deploy. PR #1740.
- Add custom GitHub Action to get artifact with docs preview. PR #1739.
- Add new GitHub Actions to preview docs from PRs. PR #1738.
- Add XML test coverage to support GitHub Actions. PR #1737.
- Update badges and remove Travis now that GitHub Actions is the main CI. PR #1736.
- Add GitHub Actions for CI, move from Travis. PR #1735.
- Add support for adding OpenAPI schema for GET requests with a body. PR #1626 by @victorphoenix3.
0.59.0¶
- Fix typo in docstring for OAuth2 utils. PR #1621 by @tomarv2.
- Update JWT docs to use Python-jose instead of PyJWT. Initial PR #1610 by @asheux.
- Fix/re-enable search bar in docs. PR #1703.
- Auto-generate a "server" in OpenAPI
serverswhen there's a
root_pathinstead of prefixing all the
paths:
- Add a new parameter for
FastAPIclasses:
root_path_in_serversto disable the auto-generation of
servers.
- New docs about
root_pathand
serversin Additional Servers.
- Update OAuth2 examples to use a relative URL for
tokenUrl="token"to make sure those examples keep working as-is even when behind a reverse proxy.
- Initial PR #1596 by @rkbeatss.
- Fix typo/link in External Links. PR #1702.
- Update handling of External Links to use a data file and allow translating the headers without becoming obsolete quickly when new links are added. PR #.
- Add external link Machine learning model serving in Python using FastAPI and Streamlit to docs. PR #1669 by @davidefiocco.
- Add note in docs on order in Pydantic Unions. PR #1591 by @kbanc.
- Improve support for tests in editor. PR #1699.
- Pin dependencies. PR #1697.
- Update isort to version 5.x.x. PR #1670 by @asheux.
0.58.1¶
- Add link in docs to Pydantic data types. PR #1612 by @tayoogunbiyi.
- Fix link in warning logs for
openapi_prefix. PR #1611 by @bavaria95.
- Fix bad link in docs. PR #1603 by @molto0504.
- Add Vim temporary files to
.gitignorefor contributors using Vim. PR #1590 by @asheux.
- Fix typo in docs for sub-applications. PR #1578 by @schlpbch.
- Use
Optionalin all the examples in the docs. Original PR #1574 by @chrisngyn, @kx-chen, @YKo20010. Updated and merged PR #1644.
- Update tests and handling of
response_model_by_alias. PR #1642.
- Add translation to Chinese for Body - Fields - 请求体 - 字段. PR #1569 by @waynerv.
- Update Chinese translation of main page. PR #1564 by @waynerv.
- Add translation to Chinese for Body - Multiple Parameters - 请求体 - 多个参数. PR #1532 by @waynerv.
- Add translation to Chinese for Path Parameters and Numeric Validations - 路径参数和数值校验. PR #1506 by @waynerv.
- Add GitHub action to auto-label approved PRs (mainly for translations). PR #1638.
0.58.0¶
- Deep merge OpenAPI responses to preserve all the additional metadata. PR #1577.
- Mention in docs that only main app events are run (not sub-apps). PR #1554 by @amacfie.
- Fix body validation error response, do not include body variable when it is not embedded. PR #1553 by @amacfie.
- Fix testing OAuth2 security scopes when using dependency overrides. PR #1549 by @amacfie.
- Fix Model for JSON Schema keyword
notas a JSON Schema instead of a list. PR #1548 by @v-do.
- Add support for OpenAPI
servers. PR #1547 by @mikaello.
0.57.0¶
- Remove broken link from "External Links". PR #1565 by @victorphoenix3.
- Update/fix docs for WebSockets with dependencies. Original PR #1540 by @ChihSeanHsu.
- Add support for Python's
http.HTTPStatusin
status_codeparameters. PR #1534 by @retnikt.
- When using Pydantic models with
__root__, use the internal value in
jsonable_encoder. PR #1524 by @patrickkwang.
- Update docs for path parameters. PR #1521 by @yankeexe.
- Update docs for first steps, links and rewording. PR #1518 by @yankeexe.
- Enable
showCommonExtensionsin Swagger UI to show additional validations like
maxLength, etc. PR #1466 by @TiewKH.
- Make
OAuth2PasswordRequestFormStrictimportable directly from
fastapi.security. PR #1462 by @RichardHoekstra.
- Add docs about Default response class. PR #1455 by @TezRomacH.
- Add note in docs about additional parameters
response_model_exclude_defaultsand
response_model_exclude_nonein Response Model. PR #1427 by @wshayes.
- Add note about PyCharm Pydantic plugin to docs. PR #1420 by @koxudaxi.
- Update and clarify testing function name. PR #1395 by @chenl.
- Fix duplicated headers created by indirect dependencies that use the request directly. PR #1386 by @obataku from tests by @scottsmith2gmail.
- Upgrade Starlette version to
0.13.4. PR #1361 by @rushton.
- Improve error handling and feedback for requests with invalid JSON. PR #1354 by @aviramha.
- Add support for declaring metadata for tags in OpenAPI. New docs at Tutorial - Metadata and Docs URLs - Metadata for tags. PR #1348 by @thomas-maschler.
- Add basic setup for Russian translations. PR #1566.
- Remove obsolete Chinese articles after adding official community translations. PR #1510 by @waynerv.
- Add
__repr__for path operation function parameter helpers (like
Query,
Depends, etc) to simplify debugging. PR #1560 by @rkbeatss and @victorphoenix3.
0.56.1¶
- Add link to advanced docs from tutorial. PR #1512 by @kx-chen.
- Remove internal unnecessary f-strings. PR #1526 by @kotamatsuoka.
- Add translation to Chinese for Query Parameters and String Validations - 查询参数和字符串校验. PR #1500 by @waynerv.
- Add translation to Chinese for Request Body - 请求体. PR #1492 by @waynerv.
- Add translation to Chinese for Help FastAPI - Get Help - 帮助 FastAPI - 获取帮助. PR #1465 by @waynerv.
- Add translation to Chinese for Query Parameters - 查询参数. PR #1454 by @waynerv.
- Add translation to Chinese for Contributing - 开发 - 贡献. PR #1460 by @waynerv.
- Add translation to Chinese for Path Parameters - 路径参数. PR #1453 by @waynerv.
- Add official Microsoft project generator for serving spaCy with FastAPI and Azure Cognitive Skills to Project Generators. PR #1390 by @kabirkhan.
- Update docs in Python Types Intro to include info about
Optional. Original PR #1377 by @yaegassy.
- Fix support for callable class dependencies with
yield. PR #1365 by @mrosales.
- Fix/remove incorrect error logging when a client sends invalid payloads. PR #1351 by @dbanty.
- Add translation to Chinese for First Steps - 第一步. PR #1323 by @waynerv.
- Fix generating OpenAPI for apps using callbacks with routers including Pydantic models. PR #1322 by @nsidnev.
- Optimize internal regex performance in
get_path_param_names(). PR #1243 by @heckad.
- Remove
*,from functions in docs where it's not needed. PR #1239 by @pankaj-giri.
- Start translations for Italian. PR #1557 by @csr.
0.56.0¶
- Add support for ASGI
root_path:
- Use
root_pathinternally for mounted applications, so that OpenAPI and the docs UI works automatically without extra configurations and parameters.
- Add new
root_pathparameter for
FastAPIapplications to provide it in cases where it can be set with the command line (e.g. for Uvicorn and Hypercorn, with the parameter
--root-path).
- Deprecate
openapi_prefixparameter in favor of the new
root_pathparameter.
- Add new/updated docs for Sub Applications - Mounts, without
openapi_prefix(as it is now handled automatically).
- Add new/updated docs for Behind a Proxy, including how to setup a local testing proxy with Traefik and using
root_path.
- Update docs for Extending OpenAPI with the new
openapi_prefixparameter passed (internally generated from
root_path).
- Original PR #1199 by @iksteen.
- Update new issue templates and docs: Help FastAPI - Get Help. PR #1531.
- Update GitHub action issue-manager. PR #1520.
- Add new links:
- English articles:
- Real-time Notifications with Python and Postgres by Guillermo Cruz.
- Microservice in Python using FastAPI by Paurakh Sharma Humagain.
- Build simple API service with Python FastAPI — Part 1 by cuongld2.
- FastAPI + Zeit.co = 🚀 by Paul Sec.
- Build a web API from scratch with FastAPI - the workshop by Sebastián Ramírez (tiangolo).
- Build a Secure Twilio Webhook with Python and FastAPI by Twilio.
- Using FastAPI with Django by Stavros Korokithakis.
- Introducing Dispatch by Netflix.
- Podcasts:
- Talks:
- PR #1467.
- Add translation to Chinese for Python Types Intro - Python 类型提示简介. PR #1197 by @waynerv.
0.55.1¶
- Fix handling of enums with their own schema in path parameters. To support samuelcolvin/pydantic#1432 in FastAPI. PR #1463.
0.55.0¶
- Allow enums to allow them to have their own schemas in OpenAPI. To support samuelcolvin/pydantic#1432 in FastAPI. PR #1461.
- Add links for funding through GitHub sponsors. PR #1425.
- Update issue template for for questions. PR #1344 by @retnikt.
- Update warning about storing passwords in docs. PR #1336 by @skorokithakis.
- Fix typo. PR #1326 by @chenl.
- Add translation to Portuguese for Alternatives, Inspiration and Comparisons - Alternativas, Inspiração e Comparações. PR #1325 by @Serrones.
- Fix 2 typos in docs. PR #1324 by @waynerv.
- Update CORS docs, fix correct default of
max_age=600. PR #1301 by @derekbekoe.
- Add translation of main page to Portuguese. PR #1300 by @Serrones.
- Re-word and clarify docs for extra info in fields. PR #1299 by @chris-allnutt.
- Make sure the
*in short features in the docs is consistent (after
.) in all languages. PR #1424.
- Update order of execution for
get_dbin SQLAlchemy tutorial. PR #1293 by @bcb.
- Fix typos in Async docs. PR #1423.
0.54.2¶
- Add translation to Spanish for Concurrency and async / await - Concurrencia y async / await. PR #1290 by @alvaropernas.
- Remove obsolete vote link. PR #1289 by @donhui.
- Allow disabling docs UIs by just disabling OpenAPI with
openapi_url=None. New example in docs: Advanced: Conditional OpenAPI. PR #1421.
- Add translation to Portuguese for Benchmarks - Comparações. PR #1274 by @Serrones.
- Add translation to Portuguese for Tutorial - User Guide - Intro - Tutorial - Guia de Usuário - Introdução. PR #1259 by @marcosmmb.
- Allow using Unicode in MkDocs for translations. PR #1419.
- Add translation to Spanish for Advanced User Guide - Intro - Guía de Usuario Avanzada - Introducción. PR #1250 by @jfunez.
- Add translation to Portuguese for History, Design and Future - História, Design e Futuro. PR #1249 by @marcosmmb.
- Add translation to Portuguese for Features - Recursos. PR #1248 by @marcosmmb.
- Add translation to Spanish for Tutorial - User Guide - Intro - Tutorial - Guía de Usuario - Introducción. PR #1244 by @MartinEliasQ.
- Add translation to Chinese for Deployment - 部署. PR #1203 by @RunningIkkyu.
- Add translation to Chinese for Tutorial - User Guide - Intro - 教程 - 用户指南 - 简介. PR #1202 by @waynerv.
- Add translation to Chinese for Features - 特性. PR #1192 by @Dustyposa.
- Add translation for main page to Chinese PR #1191 by @waynerv.
- Update docs for project generation. PR #1287.
- Add Spanish translation for Introducción a los Tipos de Python (Python Types Intro). PR #1237 by @mariacamilagl.
- Add Spanish translation for Características (Features). PR #1220 by @mariacamilagl.
0.54.1¶
- Update database test setup. PR #1226.
- Improve test debugging by showing response text in failing tests. PR #1222 by @samuelcolvin.
0.54.0¶
- Fix grammatical mistakes in async docs. PR #1188 by @mickeypash.
- Add support for
response_model_exclude_defaultsand
response_model_exclude_none:
- Add example about Testing a Database. Initial PR #1144 by @duganchen.
- Update docs for Development - Contributing: Translations including note about reviewing translation PRs. #1215.
- Update log style in README.md for GitHub Markdown compatibility. PR #1200 by #geekgao.
- Add Python venv
envto
.gitignore. PR #1212 by @cassiobotaro.
- Start Portuguese translations. PR #1210 by @cassiobotaro.
- Update docs for Pydantic's
Settingsusing a dependency with
@lru_cache(). PR #1214.
- Add first translation to Spanish FastAPI. PR #1201 by @mariacamilagl.
- Add docs about Settings and Environment Variables. Initial PR 1118 by @alexmitelman.
0.53.2¶
- Fix automatic embedding of body fields for dependencies and sub-dependencies. Original PR #1079 by @Toad2186.
- Fix dependency overrides in WebSocket testing. PR #1122 by @amitlissack.
- Fix docs script to ensure languages are always sorted. PR #1189.
- Start translations for Chinese. PR #1187 by @RunningIkkyu.
- Add docs for Schema Extra - Example. PR #1185.
0.53.1¶
- Fix included example after translations refactor. PR #1182.
- Add docs example for
examplein
Field. Docs at Body - Fields: JSON Schema extras. PR #1106 by @JohnPaton.
- Fix using recursive models in
response_model. PR #1164 by @voegtlel.
- Add docs for Pycharm Debugging. PR #1096 by @youngquan.
- Fix typo in docs. PR #1148 by @PLNech.
- Update Windows development environment instructions. PR #1179.
0.53.0¶
- Update test coverage badge. PR #1175.
- Add
orjsonto
pip install fastapi[all]. PR #1161 by @michael0liver.
- Fix included example for
GZipMiddleware. PR #1138 by @arimbr.
- Fix class name in docstring for
OAuth2PasswordRequestFormStrict. PR #1126 by @adg-mh.
- Clarify function name in example in docs. PR #1121 by @tmsick.
- Add external link Apache Kafka producer and consumer with FastAPI and aiokafka to docs. PR #1112 by @iwpnd.
- Fix serialization when using
by_aliasor
exclude_unsetand returning data with Pydantic models. PR #1074 by @juhovh-aiven.
- Add Gitter chat to docs. PR #1061 by @aakashnand.
- Update and simplify translations docs. PR #1171.
- Update development of FastAPI docs, set address to
127.0.0.1to improve Windows support. PR #1169 by @mariacamilagl.
- Add support for docs translations. New docs: Development - Contributing: Docs: Translations. PR #1168.
- Update terminal styles in docs and add note about Typer, the FastAPI of CLIs. PR #1139.
0.52.0¶
- Add new high-performance JSON response class using
orjson. New docs: Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others:
ORJSONResponse. PR #1065.
0.51.0¶
- Re-export utils from Starlette:
- This allows using things like
from fastapi.responses import JSONResponseinstead of
from starlette.responses import JSONResponse.
- It's mainly syntax sugar, a convenience for developer experience.
- Now
Request,
Response,
WebSocket,
statuscan be imported directly from
fastapias in
from fastapi import Response. This is because those are frequently used, to use the request directly, to set headers and cookies, to get status codes, etc.
- Documentation changes in many places, but new docs and noticeable improvements:
- PR #1064.
0.50.0¶
- Add link to Release Notes from docs about pinning versions for deployment. PR #1058.
- Upgrade code to use the latest version of Starlette, including:
- Add docs about pinning FastAPI versions for deployment: Deployment: FastAPI versions. PR #1056.
0.49.2¶
- Fix links in release notes. PR #1052 by @sattosan.
- Fix typo in release notes. PR #1051 by @sattosan.
- Refactor/clarify
serialize_responseparameter name to avoid confusion. PR #1031 by @patrickmckenna.
- Refactor calling each a path operation's handler function in an isolated function, to simplify profiling. PR #1027 by @sm-Fifteen.
- Add missing dependencies for testing. PR #1026 by @sm-Fifteen.
- Fix accepting valid types for response models, including Python types like
List[int]. PR #1017 by @patrickmckenna.
- Fix format in SQL tutorial. PR #1015 by @vegarsti.
0.49.1¶
- Fix path operation duplicated parameters when used in dependencies and the path operation function. PR #994 by @merowinger92.
- Update Netlify previews deployment GitHub action as the fix is already merged and there's a new release. PR #1047.
- Move mypy configurations to config file. PR #987 by @hukkinj1.
- Temporary fix to Netlify previews not deployable from PRs from forks. PR #1046 by @mariacamilagl.
0.49.0¶
- Fix encoding of
pathlibpaths in
jsonable_encoder. PR #978 by @patrickmckenna.
- Add articles to External Links: PythonのWeb frameworkのパフォーマンス比較 (Django, Flask, responder, FastAPI, japronto) and [FastAPI] Python製のASGI Web フレームワーク FastAPIに入門する. PR #974 by @tokusumi.
- Fix broken links in docs. PR #949 by @tsotnikov.
- Fix small typos. PR #941 by @NikitaKolesov.
- Update and clarify docs for dependencies with
yield. PR #986.
- Add Mermaid JS support for diagrams in docs. Add first diagrams to Dependencies: First Steps and Dependencies with
yieldand
HTTPException. PR #985.
- Update CI to run docs deployment in GitHub actions. PR #983.
- Allow
callables in path operation functions, like functions modified with
functools.partial. PR #977.
0.48.0¶
- Run linters first in tests to error out faster. PR #948.
- Log warning about
- Simplify Peewee docs with double dependency with
yield. PR #947.
- Add article External Links: Create and Deploy FastAPI app to Heroku. PR #942 by @windson.
- Update description of Sanic, as it is now ASGI too. PR #932 by @raphaelauv.
- Fix typo in main page. PR #920 by @mMarzeta.
- Fix parsing of possibly invalid bodies. PR #918 by @dmontagu.
- Fix typo #916 by @adursun.
- Allow
Anytype for enums in OpenAPI. PR #906 by @songzhi.
- Add article to External Links: How to continuously deploy a FastAPI to AWS Lambda with AWS SAM. PR #901 by @iwpnd.
- Add note about using Body parameters without Pydantic. PR #900 by @pawamoy.
- Fix Pydantic field clone logic. PR #899 by @deuce2367.
- Fix link in middleware docs. PR #893 by @linchiwei123.
- Rename default API title from "Fast API" to "FastAPI" for consistency. PR #890.
0.47.1¶
- Fix model filtering in
response_model, cloning sub-models. PR #889.
- Fix FastAPI serialization of Pydantic models using ORM mode blocking the event loop. PR #888.
0.47.0¶
- Refactor documentation to make a simpler and shorter Tutorial - User Guide and an additional Advanced User Guide with all the additional docs. PR #887.
- Tweak external links, Markdown format, typos. PR #881.
- Fix bug in tutorial handling HTTP Basic Auth
usernameand
password. PR #865 by @isaevpd.
- Fix handling form path operation parameters declared with pure classes like
list,
tuple, etc. PR #856 by @nsidnev.
- Add request
bodyto
RequestValidationError, new docs: Use the
RequestValidationErrorbody. Initial PR #853 by @aviramha.
- Update External Links with new links and dynamic GitHub projects with
fastapitopic. PR #850.
- Fix Peewee
contextvarshandling in docs: SQL (Relational) Databases with Peewee. PR #879.
- Setup development environment with Python's Venv and Flit, instead of requiring the extra Pipenv duplicating dependencies. Updated docs: Development - Contributing. PR #877.
- Update docs for HTTP Basic Auth to improve security against timing attacks. Initial PR #807 by @zwass.
0.46.0¶
- Fix typos and tweak configs. PR #837.
- Add link to Chinese article in External Links. PR 810 by @wxq0309.
- Implement
OAuth2AuthorizationCodeBearerclass. PR #797 by @kuwv.
- Update example upgrade in docs main page. PR #795 by @cdeil.
- Fix callback handling for sub-routers. PR #792 by @jekirl.
- Fix typos. PR #784 by @kkinder.
- Add 4 Japanese articles to External Links. PR #783 by @HymanZHAN.
- Add support for subtypes of main types in
jsonable_encoder, e.g. asyncpg's UUIDs. PR #756 by @RmStorm.
- Fix usage of Pydantic's
HttpUrlin docs. PR #832 by @Dustyposa.
- Fix Twitter links in docs. PR #813 by @justindujardin.
- Add docs for correctly using FastAPI with Peewee ORM. Including how to overwrite parts of Peewee to correctly handle async threads. PR #789.
0.45.0¶
- Add support for OpenAPI Callbacks:
- New docs: OpenAPI Callbacks.
- Refactor generation of
operationIds to be valid Python names (also valid variables in most languages).
- Add
default_response_classparameter to
APIRouter.
- Original PR #722 by @booooh.
- Refactor logging to use the same logger everywhere, update log strings and levels. PR #781.
- Add article to External Links: Почему Вы должны попробовать FastAPI?. PR #766 by @prostomarkeloff.
- Remove gender bias in docs for handling errors. PR #780. Original idea in PR #761 by @classywhetten.
- Rename docs and references to
body-schemato
body-fieldsto keep in line with Pydantic. PR #746 by @prostomarkeloff.
0.44.1¶
- Add GitHub social preview images to git. PR #752.
- Update PyPI "trove classifiers". PR #751.
- Add full support for Python 3.8. Enable Python 3.8 in full in Travis. PR 749.
- Update "new issue" templates. PR #749.
- Fix serialization of errors for exotic Pydantic types. PR #748 by @dmontagu.
0.44.0¶
- Add GitHub action Issue Manager. PR #742.
- Fix typos in docs. PR 734 by @bundabrg.
- Fix usage of
custom_encoderin
jsonable_encoder. PR #715 by @matrixise.
- Fix invalid XML example. PR 710 by @OcasoProtal.
- Fix typos and update wording in deployment docs. PR #700 by @marier-nico.
- Add note about dependencies in
APIRouterdocs. PR #698 by @marier-nico.
- Add support for async class methods as dependencies #681 by @frankie567.
- Add FastAPI with Swagger UI cheatsheet to external links. PR #671 by @euri10.
- Fix typo in HTTP protocol in CORS example. PR #647 by @forestmonster.
- Add support for Pydantic versions
1.0.0and above, with temporary (deprecated) backwards compatibility for Pydantic
0.32.2. PR #646 by @dmontagu.
0.43.0¶
- Update docs to reduce gender bias. PR #645 by @ticosax.
- Add docs about overriding the
operationIdfor all the path operations based on their function name. PR #642 by @SKalt.
- Fix validators in models generating an incorrect key order. PR #637 by @jaddison.
- Generate correct OpenAPI docs for responses with no content. PR #621 by @brotskydotcom.
- Remove
$from Bash code blocks in docs for consistency. PR #613 by @nstapelbroek.
- Add docs for self-serving docs' (Swagger UI) static assets, e.g. to use the docs offline, or without Internet. Initial PR #557 by @svalouch.
- Fix
blacklinting after upgrade. PR #682 by @frankie567.
0.42.0¶
- Add dependencies with
yield, a.k.a. exit steps, context managers, cleanup, teardown, ...
- This allows adding extra code after a dependency is done. It can be used, for example, to close database connections.
- Dependencies with
yieldcan be normal or
async, FastAPI will run normal dependencies in a threadpool.
- They can be combined with normal dependencies.
- It's possible to have arbitrary trees/levels of dependencies with
yieldand exit steps are handled in the correct order automatically.
- It works by default in Python 3.7 or above. For Python 3.6, it requires the extra backport dependencies:
async-exit-stack
async-generator
- New docs at Dependencies with
yield.
- Updated database docs SQL (Relational) Databases: Main FastAPI app.
- PR #595.
- Fix
0.41.0¶
- Upgrade required Starlette to
0.12.9, the new range is
>=0.12.9,<=0.12.9.
- Improve handling of custom classes for
Requests and
APIRoutes.
- This helps to more easily solve use cases like:
- Reading a body before and/or after a request (equivalent to a middleware).
- Run middleware-like code only for a subset of path operations.
- Process a request before passing it to a path operation function. E.g. decompressing, deserializing, etc.
- Processing a response after being generated by path operation functions but before returning it. E.g. adding custom headers, logging, adding extra metadata.
- New docs section: Custom Request and APIRoute class.
- PR #589 by @dmontagu.
- Fix preserving custom route class in routers when including other sub-routers. PR #538 by @dmontagu.
0.40.0¶
- Add notes to docs about installing
python-multipartwhen using forms. PR #574 by @sliptonic.
- Generate OpenAPI schemas in alphabetical order. PR #554 by @dmontagu.
- Add support for truncating docstrings from path operation functions.
- New docs at Advanced description from docstring.
- PR #556 by @svalouch.
- Fix
DOCTYPEin HTML files generated for Swagger UI and ReDoc. PR #537 by @Trim21.
- Fix handling
4XXresponses overriding default
422validation error responses. PR #517 by @tsouvarev.
- Fix typo in documentation for Simple HTTP Basic Auth. PR #514 by @prostomarkeloff.
- Fix incorrect documentation example in first steps. PR #511 by @IgnatovFedor.
- Add support for Swagger UI initOauth settings with the parameter
swagger_ui_init_oauth. PR #499 by @zamiramir.
0.39.0¶
- Allow path parameters to have default values (e.g.
None) and discard them instead of raising an error.
- This allows declaring a parameter like
user_id: str = Nonethat can be taken from a query parameter, but the same path operation can be included in a router with a path
/users/{user_id}, in which case will be taken from the path and will be required.
- PR #464 by @jonathanunderwood.
- Add support for setting a
default_response_classin the
FastAPIinstance or in
include_router. Initial PR #467 by @toppk.
- Add support for type annotations using strings and
from __future__ import annotations. PR #451 by @dmontagu.
0.38.1¶
- Fix incorrect
Requestclass import. PR #493 by @kamalgill.
0.38.0¶
- Add recent articles to External Links and recent opinions. PR #490.
- Upgrade support range for Starlette to include
0.12.8. The new range is
>=0.11.1,<=0.12.8". PR #477 by @dmontagu.
- Upgrade support to Pydantic version 0.32.2 and update internal code to use it (breaking change). PR #463 by @dmontagu.
0.37.0¶
- Add support for custom route classes for advanced use cases. PR #468 by @dmontagu.
- Allow disabling Google fonts in ReDoc. PR #481 by @b1-luettje.
- Fix security issue: when returning a sub-class of a response model and using
skip_defaultsit could leak information. PR #485 by @dmontagu.
- Enable tests for Python 3.8-dev. PR #465 by @Jamim.
- Add support and tests for Pydantic dataclasses in
response_model. PR #454 by @dconathan.
- Fix typo in OAuth2 JWT tutorial. PR #447 by @pablogamboa.
- Use the
media_typeparameter in
Body()params to set the media type in OpenAPI for
requestBody. PR #439 by @divums.
- Add article Deploying a scikit-learn model with ONNX and FastAPI by. PR #438 by @naxty.
- Allow setting custom
422(validation error) response/schema in OpenAPI.
- Fix using
"default"extra response with status codes at the same time. PR #489.
- Allow additional responses to use status code ranges (like
5XXand
4XX) and
"default". PR #435 by @divums.
0.36.0¶
- Fix implementation for
skip_defaultswhen returning a Pydantic model. PR #422 by @dmontagu.
- Fix OpenAPI generation when using the same dependency in multiple places for the same path operation. PR #417 by @dmontagu.
- Allow having empty paths in path operations used with
include_routerand a
prefix.
- Fix mypy error after merging PR #415. PR #462.
0.35.0¶
- Fix typo in routing
assert. PR #419 by @pablogamboa.
- Fix typo in docs. PR #411 by @bronsen.
- Fix parsing a body type declared with
Union. PR #400 by @koxudaxi.
0.34.0¶
Upgrade Starlette supported range to include the latest
0.12.7. The new range is
0.11.1,<=0.12.7. PR #367 by @dedsm.
Add test for OpenAPI schema with duplicate models from PR #333 by @dmontagu. PR #385.
0.33.0¶
0.32.0¶
Fix typo in docs for features. PR #380 by @MartinoMensio.
Fix source code
limitfor example in Query Parameters. PR #366 by @Smashman.
Update wording in docs about OAuth2 scopes. PR #371 by @cjw296.
Update docs for
Enums to inherit from
strand improve Swagger UI rendering. PR #351.
Fix regression, add Swagger UI deep linking again. PR #350.
Add test for having path templates in
prefixof
.include_router. PR #349.
Add note to docs: Include the same router multiple times with different
prefix. PR #348.
Fix OpenAPI/JSON Schema generation for two functions with the same name (in different modules) with the same composite bodies.
- Composite bodies' IDs are now based on path, not only on route name, as the auto-generated name uses the function names, that can be duplicated in different modules.
- The same new ID generation applies to response models.
- This also changes the generated title for those models.
- Only composite bodies and response models are affected because those are generated dynamically, they don't have a module (a Python file).
- This also adds the possibility of using
.include_router()with the same
APIRoutermultiple times, with different prefixes, e.g.
/api/v2and
/api/latest, and it will now work correctly.
- PR #347.
0.31.0¶
- Upgrade Pydantic supported version to
0.29.0.
- New supported version range is
"pydantic >=0.28,<=0.29.0".
- This adds support for Pydantic Generic Models, kudos to @dmontagu.
- PR #344.
0.30.1¶
Add section in docs about External Links and Articles. PR #341.
Remove
Pipfile.lockfrom the repository as it is only used by FastAPI contributors (developers of FastAPI itself). See the PR for more details. PR #340.
Update section about Help FastAPI - Get Help. PR #339.
Refine internal type declarations to improve/remove Mypy errors in users' code. PR #338.
Update and clarify SQL tutorial with SQLAlchemy. PR #331 by @mariacamilagl.
Add SQLite online viewers to the docs. PR #330 by @cyrilbois.
0.30.0¶
Add support for Pydantic's ORM mode:
- Updated documentation about SQL with SQLAlchemy, using Pydantic models with ORM mode, SQLAlchemy models with relations, separation of files, simplification of code and other changes. New docs: SQL (Relational) Databases.
- The new support for ORM mode fixes issues/adds features related to ORMs with lazy-loading, hybrid properties, dynamic/getters (using
@propertydecorators) and several other use cases.
- This applies to ORMs like SQLAlchemy, Peewee, Tortoise ORM, GINO ORM and virtually any other.
- If your path operations return an arbitrary object with attributes (e.g.
my_item.nameinstead of
my_item["name"]) AND you use a
response_model, make sure to update the Pydantic models with
orm_mode = Trueas described in the docs (link above).
- New documentation about receiving plain
dicts as request bodies: Bodies of arbitrary
dicts.
- New documentation about returning arbitrary
dicts in responses: Response with arbitrary
dict.
- Technical Details:
- When declaring a
response_modelit is used directly to generate the response content, from whatever was returned from the path operation function.
- Before this, the return content was first passed through
jsonable_encoderto ensure it was a "jsonable" object, like a
dict, instead of an arbitrary object with attributes (like an ORM model). That's why you should make sure to update your Pydantic models for objects with attributes to use
orm_mode = True.
- If you don't have a
response_model, the return object will still be passed through
jsonable_encoderfirst.
- When a
response_modelis declared, the same
response_modeltype declaration won't be used as is, it will be "cloned" to create an new one (a cloned Pydantic
Fieldwith all the submodels cloned as well).
- This avoids/fixes a potential security issue: as the returned object is passed directly to Pydantic, if the returned object was a subclass of the
response_model(e.g. you return a
UserInDBthat inherits from
Userbut contains extra fields, like
hashed_password, and
Useris used in the
response_model), it would still pass the validation (because
UserInDBis a subclass of
User) and the object would be returned as-is, including the
hashed_password. To fix this, the declared
response_modelis cloned, if it is a Pydantic model class (or contains Pydantic model classes in it, e.g. in a
List[Item]), the Pydantic model class(es) will be a different one (the "cloned" one). So, an object that is a subclass won't simply pass the validation and returned as-is, because it is no longer a sub-class of the cloned
response_model. Instead, a new Pydantic model object will be created with the contents of the returned object. So, it will be a new object (made with the data from the returned one), and will be filtered by the cloned
response_model, containing only the declared fields as normally.
- PR #322.
Remove/clean unused RegEx code in routing. PR #314 by @dmontagu.
Use default response status code descriptions for additional responses. PR #313 by @duxiaoyao.
Upgrade Pydantic support to
0.28. PR #320 by @jekirl.
0.29.1¶
Fix handling an empty-body request with a required body param. PR #311.
Fix broken link in docs: Return a Response directly. PR #306 by @dmontagu.
Fix docs discrepancy in docs for Response Model. PR #288 by @awiddersheim.
0.29.0¶
- Add support for declaring a
Responseparameter:
- This allows declaring:
- Response Cookies.
- Response Headers.
- An HTTP Status Code different than the default: Response - Change Status Code.
- All of this while still being able to return arbitrary objects (
dict, DB model, etc).
- Update attribution to Hug, for inspiring the
responseparameter pattern.
- PR #294.
0.28.0¶
Implement dependency cache per request.
- This avoids calling each dependency multiple times for the same request.
- This is useful while calling external services, performing costly computation, etc.
- This also means that if a dependency was declared as a path operation decorator dependency, possibly at the router level (with
.include_router()) and then it is declared again in a specific path operation, the dependency will be called only once.
- The cache can be disabled per dependency declaration, using
use_cache=Falseas in
Depends(your_dependency, use_cache=False).
- Updated docs at: Using the same dependency multiple times.
- PR #292.
Implement dependency overrides for testing.
- This allows using overrides/mocks of dependencies during tests.
- New docs: Testing Dependencies with Overrides.
- PR #291.
0.27.2¶
- Fix path and query parameters receiving
dictas a valid type. It should be mapped to a body payload. PR #287. Updated docs at: Query parameter list / multiple values with defaults: Using
list.
0.27.1¶
Fix
auto_error=Falsehandling in
HTTPBearersecurity scheme. Do not
raisewhen there's an incorrect
Authorizationheader if
auto_error=False. PR #282.
Fix type declaration of
HTTPException. PR #279.
0.27.0¶
Fix broken link in docs about OAuth 2.0 with scopes. PR #275 by @dmontagu.
Refactor param extraction using Pydantic
Field:
- Large refactor, improvement, and simplification of param extraction from path operations.
- Fix/add support for list query parameters with list defaults. New documentation: Query parameter list / multiple values with defaults.
- Add support for enumerations in path operation parameters. New documentation: Path Parameters: Predefined values.
- Add support for type annotations using
Optionalas in
param: Optional[str] = None. New documentation: Optional type declarations.
- PR #278.
0.26.0¶
Separate error handling for validation errors.
- This will allow developers to customize the exception handlers.
- Document better how to handle exceptions and use error handlers.
- Include
RequestValidationErrorand
WebSocketRequestValidationError(this last one will be useful once encode/starlette#527 or equivalent is merged).
- New documentation about exceptions handlers:
- PR #273.
Fix support for paths in path parameters without needing explicit
Path(...).
- PR #256.
- Documented in PR #272 by @wshayes.
- New documentation at: Path Parameters containing paths.
Update docs for testing FastAPI. Include using
POST, sending JSON, testing headers, etc. New documentation: Testing. PR #271.
Fix type declaration of
response_modelto allow generic Python types as
List[Model]. Mainly to fix
mypyfor users. PR #266.
0.25.0¶
Add support for Pydantic's
include,
exclude,
by_alias.
- Update documentation: Response Model.
- Add docs for: Body - updates, using Pydantic's
skip_defaults.
- Add method consistency tests.
- PR #264.
Add
CONTRIBUTING.mdfile to GitHub, to help new contributors. PR #255 by @wshayes.
Add support for Pydantic's
skip_defaults:
- There's a new path operation decorator parameter
response_model_skip_defaults.
- The name of the parameter will most probably change in a future version to
response_skip_defaults,
model_skip_defaultsor something similar.
- New documentation section about using
response_model_skip_defaults.
- PR #248 by @wshayes.
0.24.0¶
Add support for WebSockets with dependencies and parameters.
- Support included for:
Depends
Security
Cookie
Header
Path
Query
- ...as these are compatible with the WebSockets protocol (e.g.
Bodyis not).
- Updated documentation for WebSockets.
- PR #178 by @jekirl.
Upgrade the compatible version of Pydantic to
0.26.0.
0.23.0¶
Upgrade the compatible version of Starlette to
0.12.0.
- This includes support for ASGI 3 (the latest version of the standard).
- It's now possible to use Starlette's
StreamingResponsewith iterators, like file-like objects (as those returned by
open()).
- It's now possible to use the low level utility
iterate_in_threadpoolfrom
starlette.concurrency(for advanced scenarios).
- PR #243.
Add OAuth2 redirect page for Swagger UI. This allows having delegated authentication in the Swagger UI docs. For this to work, you need to add
{your_origin}/docs/oauth2-redirectto the allowed callbacks in your OAuth2 provider (in Auth0, Facebook, Google, etc).
- For example, during development, it could be.
- Have in mind that this callback URL is independent of whichever one is used by your frontend. You might also have another callback at.
- This is only to allow delegated authentication in the API docs with Swagger UI.
- PR #198 by @steinitzu.
Make Swagger UI and ReDoc route handlers (path operations) be
asyncfunctions instead of lambdas to improve performance. PR #241 by @Trim21.
Make Swagger UI and ReDoc URLs parameterizable, allowing to host and serve local versions of them and have offline docs. PR #112 by @euri10.
0.22.0¶
Add support for
dependenciesparameter:
- A parameter in path operation decorators, for dependencies that should be executed but the return value is not important or not used in the path operation function.
- A parameter in the
.include_router()method of FastAPI applications and routers, to include dependencies that should be executed in each path operation in a router.
- This is useful, for example, to require authentication or permissions in specific group of path operations.
- Different
dependenciescan be applied to different routers.
- These
dependenciesare run before the normal parameter dependencies. And normal dependencies are run too. They can be combined.
- Dependencies declared in a router are executed first, then the ones defined in path operation decorators, and then the ones declared in normal parameters. They are all combined and executed.
- All this also supports using
Securitywith
scopesin those
dependenciesparameters, for more advanced OAuth 2.0 security scenarios with scopes.
- New documentation about dependencies in path operation decorators.
- New documentation about dependencies in the
include_router()method.
- PR #235.
Fix OpenAPI documentation of Starlette URL convertors. Specially useful when using
pathconvertors, to take a whole path as a parameter, like
/some/url/{p:path}. PR #234 by @euri10.
Make default parameter utilities exported from
fastapibe functions instead of classes (the new functions return instances of those classes). To be able to override the return types and fix
mypyerrors in FastAPI's users' code. Applies to
Path,
Query,
Header,
Cookie,
Body,
Form,
File,
Depends, and
Security. PR #226 and PR #231.
Separate development scripts
test.sh,
lint.sh, and
format.sh. PR #232.
Re-enable
blackformatting checks for Python 3.7. PR #229 by @zamiramir.
0.21.0¶
On body parsing errors, raise
fromprevious exception, to allow better introspection in logging code. PR #192 by @ricardomomm.
Use Python logger named "
fastapi" instead of root logger. PR #222 by @euri10.
Upgrade Pydantic to version 0.25. PR #225 by @euri10.
Fix typo in routing. PR #221 by @djlambert.
0.20.1¶
Add typing information to package including file
py.typed. PR #209 by @meadsteve.
Add FastAPI bot for Gitter. To automatically announce new releases. PR #189.
0.20.0¶
Upgrade OAuth2:
- Upgrade Password flow using Bearer tokens to use the correct HTTP status code 401
UNAUTHORIZED, with
WWW-Authenticateheaders.
- Update, simplify, and improve all the security docs.
- Add new
scope_strto
SecurityScopesand update docs: OAuth2 scopes.
- Update docs, images, tests.
- PR #188.
Include Hypercorn as an alternative ASGI server in the docs. PR #187.
Add docs for Static Files and Templates. PR #186.
Add docs for handling Response Cookies and Response Headers. PR #185.
Fix typos in docs. PR #176 by @chdsbd.
0.19.0¶
Rename path operation decorator parameter
content_typeto
response_class. PR #183.
Add docs:
- How to use the
jsonable_encoderin JSON compatible encoder.
- How to Return a Response directly.
- Update how to use a Custom Response Class.
- PR #184.
0.18.0¶
Add docs for HTTP Basic Auth. PR #177.
Upgrade HTTP Basic Auth handling with automatic headers (automatic browser login prompt). PR #175.
Update dependencies for security. PR #174.
Add docs for Middleware. PR #173.
0.17.0¶
Make Flit publish from CI. PR #170.
Add documentation about handling CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing). PR #169.
By default, encode by alias. This allows using Pydantic
aliasparameters working by default. PR #168.
0.16.0¶
Upgrade path operation
docstringparsing to support proper Markdown descriptions. New documentation at Path Operation Configuration. PR #163.
Refactor internal usage of Pydantic to use correct data types. PR #164.
Upgrade Pydantic to version
0.23. PR #160 by @euri10.
Fix typo in Tutorial about Extra Models. PR #159 by @danielmichaels.
Fix Query Parameters URL examples in docs. PR #157 by @hayata-yamamoto.
0.15.0¶
Add support for multiple file uploads (as a single form field). New docs at: Multiple file uploads. PR #158.
Add docs for: Additional Status Codes. PR #156.
0.14.0¶
Improve automatically generated names of path operations in OpenAPI (in API docs). A function
read_itemsinstead of having a generated name "Read Items Get" will have "Read Items". PR #155.
Add docs for: Testing FastAPI. PR #151.
Update
/docsSwagger UI to enable deep linking. This allows sharing the URL pointing directly to the path operation documentation in the docs. PR #148 by @wshayes.
Update development dependencies,
Pipfile.lock. PR #150.
Include Falcon and Hug in: Alternatives, Inspiration and Comparisons.
0.13.0¶
- Improve/upgrade OAuth2 scopes support with
SecurityScopes:
SecurityScopescan be declared as a parameter like
Request, to get the scopes of all super-dependencies/dependants.
- Improve
Securityhandling, merging scopes when declaring
SecurityScopes.
- Allow using
SecurityBase(like
OAuth2) classes with
Dependsand still document them.
Securitynow is needed only to declare
scopes.
- Updated docs about: OAuth2 with Password (and hashing), Bearer with JWT tokens.
- New docs about: OAuth2 scopes.
- PR #141.
0.12.1¶
Fix bug: handling additional
responsesin
APIRouter.include_router(). PR #140.
Fix typo in SQL tutorial. PR #138 by @mostaphaRoudsari.
Fix typos in section about nested models and OAuth2 with JWT. PR #127 by @mmcloud.
0.12.0¶
- Add additional
responsesparameter to path operation decorators to extend responses in OpenAPI (and API docs).
- It also allows extending existing responses generated from
response_model, declare other media types (like images), etc.
- The new documentation is here: Additional Responses.
responsescan also be added to
.include_router(), the updated docs are here: Bigger Applications.
- PR #97 originally initiated by @barsi.
- Update
scripts/test-cov-html.shto allow passing extra parameters like
-vv, for development.
0.11.0¶
Add
auto_errorparameter to security utility functions. Allowing them to be optional. Also allowing to have multiple alternative security schemes that are then checked in a single dependency instead of each one verifying and returning the error to the client automatically when not satisfied. PR #134.
Update SQL Tutorial to close database sessions even when there are exceptions. PR #89 by @alexiri.
Fix duplicate dependency in
pyproject.toml. PR #128 by @zxalif.
0.10.3¶
Add Gitter chat, badge, links, etc. . PR #117.
Add docs about Extending OpenAPI. PR #126.
Make Travis run Ubuntu Xenial (newer version) and Python 3.7 instead of Python 3.7-dev. PR #92 by @blueyed.
Fix duplicated param variable creation. PR #123 by @yihuang.
Add note in Response Model docs about why using a function parameter instead of a function return type annotation. PR #109 by @JHSaunders.
Fix event docs (startup/shutdown) function name. PR #105 by @stratosgear.
0.10.2¶
Fix OpenAPI (JSON Schema) for declarations of Python
Union(JSON Schema
additionalProperties). PR #121.
Update Background Tasks with a note on Celery.
Document response models using unions and lists, updated at: Extra Models. PR #108.
0.10.1¶
- Add docs and tests for encode/databases. New docs at: Async SQL (Relational) Databases. PR #107.
0.10.0¶
Add support for Background Tasks in path operation functions and dependencies. New documentation about Background Tasks is here. PR #103.
Add support for
.websocket_route()in
APIRouter. PR #100 by @euri10.
New docs section about Events: startup - shutdown. PR #99.
0.9.1¶
- Document receiving Multiple values with the same query parameter and Duplicate headers. PR #95.
0.9.0¶
Upgrade compatible Pydantic version to
0.21.0. PR #90.
Add documentation for: Application Configuration.
Fix typo in docs. PR #76 by @matthewhegarty.
Fix link in "Deployment" to "Bigger Applications".
0.8.0¶
Make development scripts executable. PR #76 by @euri10.
Add support for adding
tagsin
app.include_router(). PR #55 by @euri10. Documentation updated in the section: Bigger Applications.
Update docs related to Uvicorn to use new
--reloadoption from version
0.5.x. PR #74.
Update
isortimports and scripts to be compatible with newer versions. PR #75.
0.7.1¶
Update technical details about
async defhandling with respect to previous frameworks. PR #64 by @haizaar.
Add deployment documentation for Docker in Raspberry Pi and other architectures.
Trigger Docker images build on Travis CI automatically. PR #65.
0.7.0¶
- Add support for
UploadFilein
Fileparameter annotations.
- This includes a file-like interface.
- Here's the updated documentation for declaring
Fileparameters with
UploadFile.
- And here's the updated documentation for using
Formparameters mixed with
Fileparameters, supporting
bytesand
UploadFileat the same time.
- PR #63.
0.6.4¶
Add technical details about
async defhandling to docs. PR #61.
Add docs for Debugging FastAPI applications in editors.
Clarify Bigger Applications deployed with Docker.
Fix typos in docs.
Add section about History, Design and Future.
Add docs for using WebSockets with FastAPI. PR #62.
0.6.3¶
0.6.2¶
Introduce new project generator based on FastAPI and PostgreSQL:. PR #52.
Update SQL tutorial with SQLAlchemy, using
Dependsto improve editor support and reduce code repetition. PR #52.
Improve middleware naming in tutorial for SQL with SQLAlchemy.
0.6.1¶
- Add docs for GraphQL:. PR #48.
0.6.0¶
Update SQL with SQLAlchemy tutorial at using the new official
request.state. PR #45.
Upgrade Starlette to version
0.11.1and add required compatibility changes. PR #44.
0.5.1¶
Add section about helping and getting help with FastAPI.
Add note about path operations order in docs.
Update section about error handling with more information and make relation with Starlette error handling utilities more explicit. PR #41.
Add Development - Contributing section to the docs. PR #42.
0.5.0¶
Add new
HTTPExceptionwith support for custom headers. With new documentation for handling errors at:. PR #35.
Add documentation to use Starlette
Requestobject directly. Check #25 by @euri10.
Add issue templates to simplify reporting bugs, getting help, etc: #34.
Update example for the SQLAlchemy tutorial at using middleware and database session attached to request.
0.4.0¶
Add
openapi_prefix, support for reverse proxy and mounting sub-applications. See the docs at: #26 by @kabirkhan.
Update docs/tutorial for SQLAlchemy including note about DB Browser for SQLite.
0.3.0¶
- Fix/add SQLAlchemy support, including ORM, and update docs for SQLAlchemy: #30.
0.2.1¶
0.2.0¶
Fix typos in Security section: #24 by @kkinder.
Add support for Pydantic custom JSON encoders: #21 by @euri10. | https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/release-notes/ | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | refinedweb | 8,475 | 54.79 |
memo about Botkit v4 (4.10.0)
So I inherited a bot that used run on an ancient version of Botkit. There were problems and we needed to upgrade the whole thing to Botkit v4. I found the Botkit documentation to be utterly lacking and confusing, so I decided to leave my notes here so I don’t have to look them up again.
(Note: this is a work in progress, as I’m still in the middle of work)
Botkit Mock
It only works with newer versions of Botkit. Upgrade if you were in the same boat as I was.
storage (Redis)
At least as of this writing, there is no Redis storage backend for v4. Write your own. Use
MemoryStorage until you are ready.
Writing the event handlers in Typescript
If you are using Typescript to write the event handlers, you are going to need to somehow give the handler object parameters some type information. That is, this won’t work:
controller.hears("foo", "message", async(bot, message) => {
...
});
You need to give
bot and
message some type. This information is not immediately obvious from the Botkit docs. Upon further inspection, you will find the definition for these in
botkit/src/core.ts , then you can write:
import { Botkit, BotWorker, BotkitMessage } from 'botkit';controller.hears("foo", "message", async(bot :BotWorker, message :BotkitMessage) => {
...
});
The asymmetry in naming between the various
BotkitXXXXX types and
BotWorker is just so-o-o-o-o deliciously dangerous.
controller.on and controller.hears
controller.on responds to event type names.
controller.hears responds to the message text that was received.
The doc is lying when they say
controller.on('event', ...) because this does not match any event. Instead of
'event' you need to specify the event name. So if you want to match a message, you need to say
controller.on('message', ...) .
Also, if you have controllers that match the same event, the first one wins.
controller.hears('^hello', 'message', ....);
controller.on('message', ...);
In the above case, any message starting with the text “hello” will be intercepted by the
controller.hears handler, and everything else will fallthrough to
controller.on .
Matching against ‘app_mention’ events
You can’t. Typing
@bot foo in Slack generates two events, one for an
app_mention event type and one for
message . The
message type can be matched using
controller.hears('foo', 'message', ...) but notice that the first string (the string that matches against the message text) is not anchored to the beginning of the string. This is because the message payload actually contains the bot’s user ID in the form of
"<@U********> foo" and therefore you cannot safely anchor the pattern to the beginning of the line.
On the other hand, using the type
app_mention in either
controller.hears() or
controller.on() does absolutely nothing, because the
message.type field is populated with the value
"event" and not
"app_mention" .
The only way to safely match against events of type
"app_mention" is to use
controller.on('event', ...) then filter out for the
"app_metion" type, but this needs more introspection, because the fields in the
message object just aren’t populated correctly.
You are going to have to write something that resembles the following:
controller.on('event', async(bot :BotWorker, message :BotkitMessage) => {
// message.incoming_message.channelData contains the raw
// data from the incoming message
let chData = message.incoming_message.channelData;
if (chData.type == 'app_mention') {
// Inspecting the message object reveals that when
// "@bot foo" is issued in Slack, this hook receives a
// message with message.text == null
//
// So we extract the raw text from and remove the
// bot's user ID from the beginning of the text so
// it's easier to match against the text pattern
let botID = message.incoming_message.recipient.id;
let text = chData.text;
if (text.startsWith('<@' + botID + '> ')) {
text = text.slice(botID.length + 4);
}
message.text = text; // Overwrite // now match against message.text, do whatever
}
});
Starting Slack Thread Conversations
As of this writing, no document properly explains this.
First, do not believe the documentation that you can find by searching for
startConversationInThread() because they are all lies. Well, they are about older versions of the library.
The way to do this as of this writing is by importing the
SlackBotWorker type, and casting the
bot parameter to it.
import { Botkit, BotWorker, BotkitMessage } from 'botkit';
import { SlackBotWorker } from 'botbuilder-adapter-slack';controller.on(..., (bot :BotWorker, message :BotkitMessage) => {
let sbot = bot as SlackBotWorker;
await sbot.startConversationInThread(...);
await sbot.reply(...)
});
To be continued… | https://lestrrat.medium.com/memo-about-botkit-v4-a7108d6f6e70?responsesOpen=true&source=user_profile---------0---------------------------- | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | refinedweb | 738 | 59.6 |
If you liked what you read feel free to connect with me on linkedin or follow me on dev.to :)
Ho, ho, ho merry... something 🎅
It is that time of year again MS ignite has past by and few new features\ updates have been announced for our favorite programing language C#. Today I'd like to show you how you can use a few of the new features that I have found very useful over the past month or so.
Field Initializers in Structs
I am really happy about this update to struct instantiation.
In the past if you wanted to set a default value for a property in a struct you might need to do something like this. See example below:
public class TestClass { public void CreateThing() { var thing = new Thing("Name"); } } public struct Thing { public Thing(string name) { Name = name; Id = 5; } public string Name { get; set; } public int Id { get; set; } }
Notice how we can't set the value of a property at property declaration nor can we set the value inside of a parameterless constructor as both would result in an error. This is why we needed to create a constructor with a parameter to set the default value for the 'Id' property.
Now in C# 10 you can do the same in fewer lines of code and no need for a new constructor.
public class TestClass { public void CreateThing() { var thing = new Thing(); } } public struct Thing { public string Name { get; init; } = "name"; public int Id { get; init; } = 5; }
Record Structs
So, records have been around since C# 9. A record is essentially an immutable reference type that is used when your data needs to be both immutable and encapsulate some kind of complex data value. It has all of the properties and behaviors of a class. See example of how to define a record below:
public record UserId(string Id);
The change here for C# 10 is that a record can now be declared as a struct as well. See example below:
public record struct UserId(string Id);
The advantage here is that the record can now contain all of the same properties and behaviors that a struct has all in one line of code.
Namespace declaration
This has been simplified in C# 10.
Normally this is how namespaces were defined in previous versions of C#.
namespace testLib { //some class }
In C# 10 it has been simplified to:
namespace testLib; //some data types
In my opinion it really makes code files look a lot cleaner by removing a set of braces and a level of indentation. It's not something that comes up so often but... it's nice when it does.
Thanks for reading my post on C# 10.0 features that I think are useful.
I wrote this post as part of the C# Advent Calendar event for day 5. Feel free to check out the other blog post already revealed during this event:
The entire list of updates for C# 10 can be found here:
Discussion (0) | https://dev.to/albertbennett/c-100-useful-features-to-know-2f3f | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | refinedweb | 505 | 75.03 |
In this article, I will show you a simple application that can help you navigate your XAML styles. You can download the source from the link given above.
I am sure every WPF developer has met with the following problem: a lot of styles...a lot of images, brushes, different textboxes, and textblocks. And sometimes it is hard to find a resource key you need. This problem is often met in large WPF projects with a lot of custom controls. When there are multiple developers - it can be much more hard! But for some cases, there is a rather simple solution. The application described in this article can help you make this process easier. Using StyleBrowser, you can select some XAML and look "inside" it. The application will show you all the styles, images, and brushes that are stored in a specified XAML file.
Also, this application can be used when you want to use styles that you have created before and don't remember what exactly is inside a XAML file. Just open the XAML, find the needed style, and use it!
When you open the application, you will see the following screen:
Push "Select XAML" and an Open-dialog will appear on your desktop. Select XAML the file with styles and press OK. If XAML is parsed, then you will see something like this:
In the middle of the application, there is TabControl with a number of tabs. Each tabs is a group of some styles from the XAML. In the screenshot, the tab "Buttons" is open and you can see the buttons from the XAML. "Sample content" is added automatically to each control that has the Content property. Reflection is used for detection. To the right, there is style key and its class name. All styles are sorted in alphabetical order.
TabControl
Content
Also, there are two useful features that can help you. You can select the background, because some styles are white, some black... some black and white :). Right now, there are only three predefined colors: black, white and gray. I think that there will be something like a color picker in future.
The second feature is searching. Just type any word in the Search textbox and you will see only styles that match the searched text. The color and search are shown on the following image:
The last interesting useful feature is that you can see XAML. Just click on the "XAML" button to the right of the style you want to see. But this feature has one disadvantage: it show you the XAML with the fully qualified class names and also XML namespaces are added. But simple XAML looks nice and can be useful.
Let's make a short trip through the code and take a look at how it works. In the beginning, an OpenDialog is used to select a file.
To parse XAML, I simply use the following code:
XamlReader reader = new XamlReader();
FileStream stream = new FileStream(dlg.FileName, FileMode.Open);
Uri uri = new Uri((new FileInfo(dlg.FileName)).Directory.FullName + "\\");
object xaml = reader.LoadAsync(stream, new ParserContext() { BaseUri = uri });
We have to specify BaseUri here, so the parser is able to process the relative paths to images or any other files, if they exist in XAML.
BaseUri
This code has a disadvantage. If a tag can't be parsed, the XAML will not be read at all. So here we have restrictions: the XAML should contain only the namespaces defined by default in the .NET version the source was compiled in. My solution uses .NET 4.0.
Also, you should be careful with images paths.
The next step is to fill the resources of the current window with the loaded styles. We need it because there can be some styles that use other styles from that XAML. If we don't copy the XAML to the resources, then the referenced XAML will not loaded.
this.Resources.Clear();
if (xaml is ResourceDictionary)
{
foreach (DictionaryEntry item in (xaml as ResourceDictionary))
{
this.Resources.Add(item.Key, item.Value);
entries.Add(item);
}
}
Right now, this code has another bad thing: sometimes a control in the main window that has its style in the resources will change its look, even if this control is not in the preview area. I am going to fix this in future.
So we have a collection on styles, brushes, and images, We can do everything with it. Sort, group, etc. In my app, styles are sorted in alphabetical order.
The next task is go through each item in a collection and create a preview in the related tab control.
foreach (var item in list.OrderBy(e => e.Key.ToString()))
{
StyleItem styleItem = null;
DictionaryEntry entry = (DictionaryEntry)item;
if (entry.Value is Style)
{
Style style = entry.Value as Style;
Type type = style.TargetType;
object obj = Activator.CreateInstance(type);
if (obj is AnimationTimeline) continue;
styleItem = new StyleItem(obj as FrameworkElement,
style, type, entry.Key.ToString());
if (type == typeof(Button) || type == typeof(ToggleButton))
{
buttonsPanel.Children.Add(styleItem);
}
StyleItem is a custom control that represents style preview. Each DictionaryEntry has a Key and Value (like a Dictionary :)). Key is a x:Key attribute from XAML. Value is the content of the XML element.
StyleItem
DictionaryEntry
Key
Value
x:Key
We have to check what type the value is, because for example, you can't apply a Style property if the current item is an image. Also, we need to skip any animation because it is impossible to create a universal preview for animations. If the item is a brush or image, I just assign the background of the preview as the image or brush.
Style
If the item is a Style, there are three important lines, which extract the style, object type, and create an instance of the extracted type.
Style style = entry.Value as Style;
Type type = style.TargetType;
object obj = Activator.CreateInstance(type);
Then StyleItem uses this info to create the related preview item in the TabControl.
Another interesting thing is how the preview XAML text is created.
string xaml;
try
{
xaml = XamlWriter.Save(entry.Value).Replace(">", ">\n").NormalizeXaml();
}
catch { xaml = "XAML cannot be parsed"; }
Why is the Replace method used here? Because Save() returns a string without line breaks. So I decided to insert a line break after each ">".
Replace
Save()
Also, there is an extension method for String: NormalizeXaml().
String
NormalizeXaml()
This method inserts spaces at the beginning of each line depending on its depth in XML. I am not sure if I should show this method implementation in this article.
As for now, there are a number of issues in this application. But if you will find it useful, please tell me about it. If developers will like what this app is doing, I will work on it and add new useful features and fix the current issues.
In the future, I am going to:
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)
General News Suggestion Question Bug Answer Joke Rant Admin
Math Primers for Programmers | http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/185443/Style-Browser-for-WPF | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | refinedweb | 1,177 | 75.2 |
I and test unusual and hard-to-reproduce scenarios. In this post, I’ll walk you through the key components of my API and some ways that I’ve used it.
I wrote my fuzzing API in Clojure. Clojure provides two essential capabilities: a REPL and the test.check library.
Create a Server
We’ll use Ring to create a simple HTTP server.
Starting a REPL with
lein repl, the following will start the server:
The server will now respond to requests on Port 5003, but it only gives empty responses. We’ll use Cheshire‘s
cheshire.core/generate-string function to serialize Clojure data structures as JSON.
Generate Fake Data
To get random data, we’ll compose some test.check generators together. Require test.check’s generators under the alias
gen inside the namespace’s
:require block:
Here’s a generator to create random IDs:
Generators are special test.check objects instead of normal values. To get a primitive value, use
gen/generate:
Now every time we call
/api/items/4, we’ll get an item with a random ID between 0 and 1,000,000.
To generate a list of items, we’ll want something that can generate whole items, not just IDs.
gen/fmap takes a function and a generator. It passes values from the generator into the function and returns a new generator of the results. We can use
random-items in our
item function in place of creating a map:
We can use
random-items to create a list of items:
Our list of items isn’t fully random. It always returns 20 items. Let’s get lists of random lengths, too:
Notice that we used
gen/bind instead of
gen/fmap.
gen/fmap takes values from a generator and produces a new value (which then gets turned into a generator).
gen/bind takes values from a generator and produces a new generator.
In this case, we’ll use
gen/choose again to randomly pick a number between 0 and 50, then pass it to our function to create a generator of vectors with the chosen length.
Our
random-list function is also an example of a higher-order generator, a generator that takes another generator as an argument.
Here’s how we use it:
That’s a very brief introduction to using test.check’s data generators. You can find more information in its docs.
Manipulate the Server
One of the chief pleasures of creating our server with Clojure is that we can change its behavior it at runtime. Because we started it from the REPL, we have access to the running instance and its code.
Let’s suppose that we want to see what happens in our app when it gets a response of 401 Unauthorized from the
/api/items endpoint.
From the REPL, re-require our namespace to get all the changes we’ve made:
Replace the
items functions with one that returns a 401:
When you make an HTTP call to
/api/items, it should now return a status of 401 Unauthorized.
To reset the server to its original state, reload the namespace again.
Experiment!
There’s a lot more that you can do with a random, REPL-driven API. You can delay server responses to see loading animations. You can make responses include certain text to see how search results are highlighted. You can freeze responses so they return exactly the same thing they did last. You can make them return in different amounts of time to test for race conditions. You can forward requests to another API. The tutorial above is just a taste.
The complete example code for this post is on GitHub. | https://spin.atomicobject.com/2016/06/17/fuzzing-api-test-check/ | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | refinedweb | 615 | 65.22 |
Hi!
Could you please help me to understand if it's possible (i'm newbie to seam):
I have a bean like:
@Name("myAction") @Scope(ScopeType.CONVERSATION) public class MyAction { private MyDTO myDto; public void setMyDto()... public MyDTO getMyDto()... @Create @Override public void onCreate() { myDto = new MyDTO(); //it needs to be created manually } }
then MyDTO:
public class MyDTO { private String name; public void setName... public String getName... }
and view:
<h:form> <ui:defineName:</ui:define> <h:inputText <s:link </h:form>
Despite i can see that view inputs are getting filled with initial values from the myDto i can't get them propagated back to the bean on form submit (
Next link). So, the question if it's possible at all, and if so then how?
Best regards, Eugene.
Hi,
the s:link and s:button don't submit any value. Change to a h:button or its ajax-family member ant it will probably work.
Leo
P.S. Try to get rid of DTO's which is a pattern longer needed in a
normal POJO - Seam application. Use dirctly the classes or make use of much simpler Home objects. If you're bridging to Spring, download the free Seam in Action chapter at Manning.com which explains very good how to do cooperate with Spring..
thank you, it did the trick (you probably meant h:commandButton). Regarding DTO's - i wish i could get rid of them but just can't because of legacy issues. | https://developer.jboss.org/thread/192889 | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | refinedweb | 246 | 65.93 |
On Thu, Dec 22, 2011 at 5:17 PM, Christophe Fergeau <cfergeau at redhat.com> wrote: > On Thu, Dec 22, 2011 at 02:26:48AM +0200, Zeeshan Ali (Khattak) wrote: >> On Thu, Dec 22, 2011 at 1:46 AM, Zeeshan Ali (Khattak) >> <zeeshanak at gnome.org> wrote: >> > On Thu, Dec 22, 2011 at 1:43 AM, Zeeshan Ali (Khattak) >> > <zeeshanak at gnome.org> wrote: >> >> From: "Zeeshan Ali (Khattak)" <zeeshanak). The patch improves the situation as it makes the whole API very consistent w.r.t what exactly is the namespace here. Curently that is supposed to be GVirConfig, judging from GIR and Vala bindings. I also agree that nested namespaces will be better. If we decide/manage to go towards nested namespaces, this patch actually helps in that regard as well since existing API is not consistent/correct for that purpose either. > I'm fine if it goes in too. Let's see what danpb thinks > about it :) I think his intention is pretty clear from the bindings but I can wait. > Christophe -- Regards, Zeeshan Ali (Khattak) FSF member#5124 | https://listman.redhat.com/archives/libvir-list/2011-December/msg00985.html | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | refinedweb | 180 | 74.39 |
:
What Makes CSS So Great?
Using CSS as a Diagnostic Tool
The CSS Anarchist's Cookbook
Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide
By Eric A. Meyer
May 2000
1-56592-622-6, Order Number: 6226
467 pages, $34.95
WebReview.com's Style Sheet Reference Guide
WebReview.com's "Sense of Style" CSS Columns
XHTML: The Clean Code Solution
Some time ago, someone posted a question to comp.infosystems. which was, on the face of it, a simple and reasonable request. All the poster wanted to do was style a single element and all of its descendants with an external stylesheet -- that is, they wanted to apply an external stylesheet to just a portion of the document, instead of the whole thing.
This required a capability for the attribute style that it doesn't currently possess. Having given this subject some thought and talked it over with a number of experts and interested parties, I firmly believe that we need to extend the style attribute in exactly the requested way.
style
(For those unfamiliar with the intersection of CSS and HTML, the attribute style can be applied to any element in HTML, and is used to attach a fairly simple set of styles to that element alone. This is sometimes referred to as inline styling, which is the term I'll use in this article.)
Of course, in order to extend its use, the style attribute needs to remain a part of Web markup. This state of affairs isn't quite as certain as you might suspect. In this article, I'll lay out the recent history of the style attribute and then explore a way to allow a vital enhancement of its abilities -- one that would actually promote the separation of style and structure. This enhancement is, all on its own, a powerful argument for retaining inline styling, as well as a necessary step forward in the development of the Web.
It was only recently that the style attribute was nearly dropped from the Web altogether. During the creation of XHTML, there was a great deal of debate over whether the style attribute belonged in XHTML at all, and its status drifted from one module to another -- at one point, it was placed in the "deprecated" module, dropped into the same trash can as FONT, and marked for eventual termination. After a long and often heated argument, the style attribute was moved into its very own module.
FONT
Why all the fuss over what might seem like a necessary part of Web markup? The arguments against the style attribute can be mostly boiled down to this: XHTML should be a purely structural language. Therefore, any close binding of presentation to document structure should be dropped. Since we have the STYLE element and the ability to use external stylesheets, there is no need for the style attribute.
STYLE
It was also argued that as an attribute, style does not contain any semantics as to which style languages are allowed. Setting it to default to CSS might make sense from a "widest use" point of view, but that has political ramifications. There is the view that if the style attribute's namespace defaults to CSS, then that is much the same as giving blessing to CSS as The Best Style Choice. Some members of the XHTML Working Group have problems with that implication, whether because they don't like CSS or because they simply don't want to get into the subject of what is The Best Style Choice for a given document.
These forces, among others, are what almost led the style attribute to be dropped from XHTML. Opposing this push were a number of authors and implementors who argued that the style attribute is a necessary part of the Web. Authors don't always have access to the entire document, they said, and so without the style attribute, these authors can't perform any styling at all. Besides, there are times when you just want to do inline styling. It might violate the perfect and holy schism of structure and presentation, but it's useful and convenient, goes this argument.
So now we have the style attribute dangling precariously off the side of XHTML, sitting in its own module and forever prone to being knocked out by a strong push from the Structuralists.
Personally, I don't think the style attribute goes far enough, even in its current form. As it stands, an author can have a single rule block as the value for the style attribute. This prevents authors from doing things like first-line styling as part of a style attribute. Why? Because selectors aren't allowed in style attribute values, and that includes pseudo-class selectors like :first-line. In other words, if you want to do a first-line style on a specific element, you're forced to give it a class or ID and style it from an embedded or external stylesheet.
This might not seem like much, but it's generated enough complaints that steps are being taken to fix the situation. If this work is taken to its conclusion, then authors will be able to accomplish first-line (and similar) styling inside style attributes. It might look something like this:
<p style=":first-line {color: green}; {font-family: Times, serif;}">...</p>
Assuming that this enhancement comes to pass, we'll have come very close to the point of allowing complete stylesheets as the value for a style attribute. This is a good thing, and it can be even better. Let's allow @import directives in style attributes, too:
@import
<div style="@import url(aside.css);">...</div>
This was, in fact, precisely what that long-ago poster to Usenet wanted to do, although in his case he wanted to style a table.
You may well be recoiling in horror at this moment -- or nodding your head in agreement. Either way, let's see how this enhancement of the style attribute can make life much better for authors.
Okay, so if we allow @import directives in the style attribute, how will this improve things for authors, implementers, and everyone else? First, consider the ability that you as an author will gain. Re-using style written by other people on portions of your document will be vastly simplified.
For example, let's say you're a CSS expert and you write articles about how CSS works. Let's further assume you maintain a CSS browser support chart, showing which browsers support which properties. When you write an article about, say, display, you'd like to include the portion of your chart that charts display support in your article. Further assume that you write your articles for an online magazine which uses a document publishing system that prevents you from changing anything in the head of the document. All you can do is fill content into a portion of the body element. And finally, just to round out our completely random hypothetical example (ahem), suppose that the aforementioned support chart's display is almost totally dependent on an external stylesheet for styling. You have the data in a table, but the color-coding and other aspects of the chart are all handled with CSS.
display
head
body
All right, so there's the situation. You have a chart that requires an external stylesheet for its presentation, and an article where you can't add an external stylesheet to the document. What do you do, hotshot?
At this point, you have but one choice. You get to strip the class and ID information out of the chart fragment, and convert all the styles to inline styles. As an experiment, I did this for the "display" portion of the CSS1 browser support chart. The result can be seen in Example 1; I put it into a separate file because including it here would have doubled the length of the article!
By contrast, let's assume that I can use @import directives in the style attribute. This leads me to the result seen in Example 2. It's a lot neater, and rather than destroy the structural markup, this approach helps me preserve it. Habitual readers of my column could establish their own styles for the tables, knowing that the structural hooks they need will be there.
Of course, there is much more at stake here than simply making support charts easier to split apart and display. Let's say that you want to include a fragment of someone else's document (fully credited, of course) as a part of a page you're hosting. You'd like to keep the same styles that the original author used, but how? You'll have to link in his stylesheet, make sure none of his class or ID naming conventions conflict with yours, and also make sure that his styles aren't going to start applying to your content. After all, if he set paragraphs to green and you're trying to make them purple, you need to make sure your styles win in your part of the document, and his win in the excerpt.
How do you accomplish this? You could set an ID on the excerpt, and then use a copy of his stylesheet where every selector is modified to only operate in the context of that excerpt. But then later, if he changes his stylesheets, then you'll either have an outdated look, or else you'll need to get the new stylesheet and massage it. What a nightmare!
On the other hand, if you could just write this:
<div class="excerpt"
style="@import url();">
... then life would be much, much simpler for you, wouldn't it?
Let's take this particular idea even further. Let's say that you're very interested in mathematical markup. You've even gone to the effort of creating a dozen different stylesheets for rendering equations, and you put them on your Web site for others to use. Which do you think they'd rather do: go through a fair amount of manual effort to hook up your styles to their markup, or simply point to your stylesheets from within a style attribute? Especially in cases where they'd like to use two or three of your stylesheets within the same document? If they can perform a series of inline @imports of your stylesheets, then these problems simply evaporate.
Better still, how about styling different parts of a document in a media-dependent fashion, or even having more than one stylesheet associated with a fragment? Consider, for example:
<div style="@import url(basic.css) screen;
@import url(printout.css) print;
@import url(royal-shakespeare.css) aural;">
Try accomplishing that with HTML and CSS today. Even if you figure out a way to modify the markup and styles and make it work -- and remember, you have to restrict the styles in those stylesheets to this single div -- try it when pointing to stylesheets maintained by someone else on a remote server, where you can't change the selectors. (This ability was also demonstrated in Example 2, in case you didn't go look at it the first time.)
div
In addition, allowing inline @import will let implementers get a huge leg up on a tighter integration of the Web and other applications. When copying text from a Web browser to a word processing application, for example, it is often very important to bring the styles along with the text. At present, the only way to accomplish this is to either create inline styles on the fly, or else do some kind of proprietary magic in order to get the text to look right. If @import directives are permitted in style attributes, however, neither is necessary. The word processing document can simply point to the original stylesheet, or perhaps to a local copy of the external stylesheet. Either way, the document's size and complexity is reduced in favor of a simple pointer.
It's really very hard to envision a downside to this enhancement of the style attribute, unless you count the screaming it will inevitably provoke in certain areas. By permitting @import directives in the style attribute, we'll gain the following:
Remember that in every case, the document's structure doesn't need to be changed at all. When a piece of one document is inserted into another, its original structure can be preserved. With current style association mechanisms, this isn't always possible. There are cases where attempting to bring in an excerpt will require special manipulation of the document structure and the styles used in order to make the inclusion work. This benefits almost nobody. As I believe I've shown in this piece, there is a better way to do things. Although the concept needs a little touch-up work to hammer out the fine details, it's a very positive step forward for Web authoring, and I believe it to be a necessary and logical enhancement of an existing mechanism. With all of the advantages this enhancement embodies, it's my fervent hope that we'll see it come into being in the near future.
Eric A. Meyer
is a member of the CSS&FP Working Group and the author
of Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide.
Discuss this article in the O'Reilly Network Forum.
Return to the O'Reilly Network Hub.
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All trademarks and registered trademarks appearing on oreilly.com are the property of their respective owners. | http://www.onjava.com/pub/a/network/2001/01/19/style_attribute.html | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | refinedweb | 2,263 | 68.81 |
Much !
Watch Bill Gates Live in the 5th anniversary celebration of Microsoft Research, India. Also, present would be the Chief Guest, Hon’ble Shri Kapil Sibal - HRD Ministry of India, Hon’ble Shri Prithviraj Chauhan - Minister of State for Science and Technology, India, Mr.N.R.Narayana Murthy – Chairman and Chief Mentor, Infosys Technologies, Prof.Ashok Jhunjhunwala – IIT Madras, Dr.P.Anandan – MD, Microsoft Research India.
When is this event: Friday, 24th July 2009 10:30 AM IST
Where do I watch this: Right out of your browser
What do I need: Simple, an Internet Connection & Silverlight (Install from here)
Cheers !!!
If you have played with the ADO.NET Data Service, you can experience how quickly you can build RESTful Services using the Entity Model and then consume them as you would do it with WCF Services. The ADO.NET Data Services offer more flexibility in terms of granular data URIs compared to REST enabling your WCF Service.
To begin with, if you are REST enabling your WCF Service using the WCF REST Starter Kit, you can enable your service to basic level of REST features. However, if you want to make this service as a drill down data URI mechanism to ensure each and every data item has a URI, you need to do a lot of plumbing work. With ADO.NET Data Services, there is very little work that you would need to do, to create a truly RESTful Service.
To begin with, lets start creating an ADO.NET Data Service. For this you would need Visual Studio 2008 SP1 (Download link) or the free Visual Web Developer Express Edition SP1 (you can download the same from ). Also, for the purpose of this demo, I am using the Northwind sample database that can be downloaded from here
Building the Service Layer
1. Once you have the above, select “File – New Project” and chose “Web” in the “Project Types” Chose “ASP.NET Web Application” and click Ok. You can delete the “Default.aspx” that is created since this application would just be having a Service and no UI Forms.
2. Select “Add – New Item” and under “Visual Studio Installed Templates” choose “ADO.NET Entity Data Model”. Give the name say “NorthwindDataModel” and click “Add”
3. The Wizard opens up and in that select “Generate from database” . Select “Next” and choose Northwind Database connection string if you have already used it or configure the connection string using “New Connection”. Select “Yes, include the sensitive data in the connection string” and select “Next”
4. The Wizard lists Tables, Views & Stored Procedures. Expand the “Tables” and select “Customers”, “Orders” and “Order Details” and click “Finish”
The Data Model preview shows the 3 tables in the designer view. It is important to have a Data Model to expose the data as a RESTful Service and we just created an ADO.NET Entity Data Model using the Northwind Database.
5. Build the solution to check if there are any errors. If all is fine, you should get a “Build Succeeded”
6. Now select “Add – New Item” and choose “ADO.NET Data Service” and give that a name “NorthwindService.svc” and click “add”.
7. The CS file opens up and under the “InitializeService” method, you can find a few commented lines. Uncomment the config.SetEntityAccessrule line and set its properties to look as follow:-
config.SetEntitySetAccessRule("*", EntitySetRights.All);
config.SetEntitySetAccessRule("*", EntitySetRights.All);
8. In the top next to public class NorthwindService : DataService, provide the name “NorthwindEntities” in the area “</ TO DO: put your data source class name here />”
9. Once you build the solution, you are ready with the Data Service.
10. You can run the solution to check the NorthWindService and it would open up the Atom Feed of your Data Model.
11. The URL looks something similar to:[portnumber]/SolutionName/NorthwindService.svc
12. You can append “Customers” or “Orders’ to view the respective records. You can also filter it to something like “Customers('ALFKI')/CompanyName” to view specific DataItem.
As you can see the ADO.NET Data Service provides a truly RESTful Data Identification pattern with an unique URI for every data item, out of the box without writing code. To achieve something of this sort, in an REST enabled WCF Service, you would have to write the method for filtering the customer name based on the customer id
Building the WPF Client
Now that we are done with building the Service. The next step is to consume this service and create a master detail view of the records. For this we would create a WPF Application.
1. In the Visual Studio project, select “File – Add – New Project” and choose a “WPF Application” and click “Ok”
2. Select the WPF Application Project and Right Click and chose “Add Service Reference”. The Service Reference dialog opens up.
3. Click on the “Discover” in the dialog and it would identify the “NorthwindService” we created above. Click on the Service to expand and download the service information.
4. Click “Ok” to create the ServiceReference
5. Now, we are building a TreeView to show a Master – Detail View of the “Customers – Orders – Order Detials” so we will be using a WPF TreeView and Hierarchical Data Template for binding. Paste the following XAML Code in the Window1.xaml file
<Window x:Class="WpfApplication1.Window1"
xmlns=""
xmlns:
<Grid>
<Grid.Resources>
<DataTemplate x:
<TextBlock Text="{Binding Path=UnitPrice}"/>
</DataTemplate>
<HierarchicalDataTemplate x:
<TextBlock Text="{Binding Path=OrderDate}" />
</HierarchicalDataTemplate>
<HierarchicalDataTemplate x:
<TextBlock Text="{Binding Path=CompanyName}" />
</HierarchicalDataTemplate>
</Grid.Resources>
<TreeView Name="CustomerTreeView" ItemTemplate="{StaticResource customerTemplate}" Background="#FF00BCFF" >
</TreeView>
</Grid>
</Window>
6. In the Window1.xaml.cs, add the following to the using statements
using WpfApplication1.ServiceReference1;
using System.Data.Services;
using System.ServiceModel;
using System.Data.Services.Client;
7. Add the following code within the Class definition
DataServiceContext context = null;
public Window1()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.WindowState = WindowState.Maximized;
}
private void Window_Loaded(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
context = new DataServiceContext(new Uri("ADD THE SERVICE URL HERE"));
CustomerTreeView.ItemsSource = context.Execute<Customers>(new Uri("Customers?$expand=Orders/Order_Details", UriKind.Relative));
}
8. You are good to go and press f5 to run the service as well as the WPF Application. If the WPF App doesn’t show up, make sure that it is set as the StartUp Project type.
9. Note that you can handle the TreeView_SelectedItemChanged event and add more functionality based on the Tree selection etc.,
What we saw here is a quick example of taking a relational database, exposing an entity model and building a IQueryable RESTful Service and then binding it to a WPF Client Application as a Master-Detail Tree View. In the above sample, we used the System.Data.Services.Client namespace and created the DataContext object to execute the Data Service query. Also, as you can see, the Data Service query uses the Expand operation to navigate to other related tables for getting the values, making it a truly IQueryable Data Service.
You can download the sample from the link here below. NOTE THAT YOU NEED TO REGENERATE THE ENTITY MODEL. YOU CAN DELETE THE EXISTING ENTITY MODEL (.edmx file) AND GENERATE AGAIN SO THAT THE CONNECTION STRING IS MODIFIED ACCORDINGLY.
The download link for Windows 7 RC (Release Candidate) would be unavailable post August 20, 2009. If one has a physical media (DVD, downloaded bits), they can still install post this date but the download option would not be available.
Windows 7 RTM would be available before end of this year and it should also be available in stores etc., by then. This post is just to create awareness that if you would like to install and play with Windows 7 RC, do it right away before the download becomes unavailable.
The Windows 7 Download page and product key page is
The Windows 7 Forum is
Let me now share my experience with Windows 7. It is purely unbiased and is a what is what, I have experienced with Windows 7 RC over the past few months.
I have been running my production machine on Windows 7 RC and haven't had a single crash, failure so far. I leave the machine on over night, for long hours and its battery consumption is optimal. Compatibility with applications and drivers has never been an issue. Whatever works on Vista, works here.
The Start-up and Shut Down duration has significantly improved compared to Windows Vista (Ask me why and I will explain). Visual Studio 2008, 2010, all the various CTPs I play with have all worked without having to install a separate version tailored to Windows 7.
Over the last 10 years, this has been the most stable operating system I have used (believe me, I have used various OSes including non Microsoft ones') at the RC level.
So, if you are still unable to believe, try it for yourself and you will see the difference.
If you want to catch up with the Indian Budget being presented today, i.e. July 6, 2009, you can watch it live at
All of this playing out of Silverlight !!! | http://geekswithblogs.net/ranganh/archive/2009/07.aspx | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | refinedweb | 1,508 | 64.61 |
I would love to use Flare3D on a mobile app. Im struggling to get FB to get set up for this.
I have overlayed AIR3.2 and added a flash player 11.2 debugger exe in the players folder as well as playerglobal.swcs for 11.2RC.
When I go to make a new actionscript for mobile project the air namespace is already properly 3.2 from the overlay. I set wmode to direct and the same even again in the actionscript [SWF(wmode="direct")].
When I make a mobile config and test on desktop from an emulated android the debug reports my version properly as 11,2 so I know the FlashPlayerDebugger.exe is working.
I make sure my compiler settings target -swf-version 15.
Yet I always have an 'unknown internal problem' using this type of project. If I do a standard MXML mobile project it works just fine.
I can export to a flash web app using stage3d and it works great. I have the 11.2RC debuggers installed in my browsers. But as soon as I try the same as-only for mobile project it wont work with that useless error.
I am new to flash builder, AIR, Stage3D and Flare3D so Im a bit of a fish out of water.
Can I use stage3d from air3.2 in mobile dev from Flash Builder 4.6? Thanks for any tips! | https://forums.adobe.com/thread/976406 | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | refinedweb | 234 | 86.71 |
The.
This module contains diophantine() and helper functions that are needed to solve certain Diophantine equations. It’s structured in the following manner.) set([, -9*m_0 - 5*m_1 - 14, -5) set([) set([(-2*t**2 - 7*t + 10, -t**2 - 3*t + 5)]) >>> diophantine(x**2 + 2*x*y + y**2 - 3*x - 3*y) set([(t_0, -t_0), (t_0, -t_0 + 3)])
The most interesting case is when \(\Delta > 0\) and it is not a perfect square. In this case, the equation has either no solutions or an infinte does not have solutions.) set() >>> diophantine(3*x**2 + 4*y**2 - 5*z**2 + 4*x*y - 7*y*z + 7*z*x) set([(-16*p**2 + 28*p*q + 20*q**2, 3*p**2 + 38*p*q - 25*q**2, 4*p**2 - 24*p*q + 68*q**2)])
If you are only interested about) set([. This is true about the general sum of squares too. Either you can call diop_general_pythagorean() or use the high level API.
>>> diophantine(a**2 + b**2 + c**2 + d**2 + e**2 + f**2 - 112) set([(8, 4, 4, 4, 0, 0)])
If you want to get a more thorough idea about the the Diophantine module please refer to the following blog.
These are functions that are imported into the global namespace with from sympy import *. These functions are intended for use by ordinary users of SymPy.
Simplify the solution procedure of diophantine equation eq by. Each tuple represents a solution of the input equation. In a tuple, solution for each variable is listed according to the alphabetic order of input variables. i.e. if we have an equation with two variables \(a\) and \(b\), first element of the tuple will give the solution for \(a\) and the second element will give the solution for \(b\).
See also
diop_solve
Examples
>>> from sympy.solvers.diophantine import diophantine >>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z >>> diophantine(x**2 - y**2) set([(-t_0, -t_0), (t_0, -t_0)])
#>>> diophantine(x*(2*x + 3*y - z)) #set([(0, n1, n2), (3*t - z, -2*t + z, z)]) #>>> diophantine(x**2 + 3*x*y + 4*x) #set([(0, n1), (3*t - 4, -t)])
Usage
diophantine(eq, t): Solve the diophantine equation eq. t is the parameter to be used by diop_solve().
Details
eq should be an expression which is assumed to be zero. t is the parameter to be used in the solution.
Solves the diophantine equation eq.
Similar to diophantine() but doesn’t try to factor eq as latter does. Uses classify_diop() to determine the type of the eqaution, -4*t_1 + 5, t_0 - 3*t_1 + 5) >>> diop_solve(x + 3*y - 4*z + w -6) (t_0, t_0 + t_1, -2*t_0 - 3*t_1 - 4*t_2 - 6, -t_0 - 2*t_1 - 3*t_2 - 6) >>> diop_solve(x**2 + y**2 - 5) set([(-2, -1), (-2, 1), (2, -1), (2, 1)])
Usage
diop_solve(eq, t): Solve diophantine equation, eq using t as a parameter if needed.
Details
eq should be an expression which is assumed to be zero. t is a parameter to be used in the solution.
Helper routine used by diop_solve() to find the type of the eq etc.
Returns a tuple containing the type of the diophantine equation along with the variables(free symbols) and their coefficients. Variables are returned as a list and coefficients are returned as a dict with the key being the respective term and the constant term is keyed to Integer(1). Type is an element in the set {“linear”, “binary_quadratic”, “general_pythagorean”, “homogeneous_ternary_quadratic”, “univariate”, “general_sum_of_squares”}
Examples
>>> from sympy.solvers.diophantine import classify_diop >>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z, w, t >>> classify_diop(4*x + 6*y - 4) ([x, y], {1: -4, x: 4, y: 6}, 'linear') >>> classify_diop(x + 3*y -4*z + 5) ([x, y, z], {1: 5, x: 1, y: 3, z: -4}, 'linear') >>> classify_diop(x**2 + y**2 - x*y + x + 5) ([x, y], {1: 5, x: 1, x**2: 1, y: 0, y**2: 1, x*y: -1}, 'binary_quadratic')
Usage
classify_diop(eq): Return variables, coefficients and type of the eq.
Details
eq should be an expression which is assumed to be zero. >>> from sympy import Integer >>> diop_linear(2*x - 3*y - 5) #solves equation 2*x - 3*y -5 = 0 (-3*t_0 - 5, -2*t_0 - 5)
Here x = -3*t_0 - 5 and y = -2*t_0 - 5
>>> diop_linear(2*x - 3*y - 4*z -3) (t_0, -6*t_0 - 4*t_1 + 3, 5*t_0 + 3*t_1 - 3)
Usage
diop_linear(eq): Returns a tuple containing solutions to the diophantine equation eq. Values in the tuple is arranged in the same order as the sorted variables.
Details
eq is a linear diophantine equation which is assumed to be zero. param is the parameter to be used in the solution.
Return the base solution for a linear diophantine equation with two variables.
Used by diop_linear() to find the base solution of a linear Diophantine equation. If t, c are coefficients in \(ax + by = c\) and t is the parameter to be used in the solution.) set([(-1, -1)])
Usage
diop_quadratic(eq, param): eq is a quadratic binary diophantine equation. param is used to indicate the parameter to be used in the solution.
Details
eq should be an expression which is assumed to be zero. param is a parameter to be used in the solution.
Solves the equation \(x^2 - Dy^2 = N\).
Mainly concerned in the case \(D > 0, D\) is not a perfect square, which is the same as generalized Pell equation. To solve the generalized Pell equation this function Uses LMM algorithm. Refer [R447] for more details on the algorithm. Returns one solution for each class of the solutions. Other solutions of the class can be constructed according to the values of D and N. Returns a list containing the solution tuples \((x, is the parameter to be used in the solutions.
Details
D and N correspond to D and N in the equation. t is the parameter to be used in the solutions. = 1`, only the solutions with \(x \geq y\) are found. For more details, see the References.
References
Examples
>>> from sympy.solvers.diophantine import cornacchia >>> cornacchia(2, 3, 35) # equation 2x**2 + 3y**2 = 35 set([(2, 3), (4, 1)]) >>> cornacchia(1, 1, 25) # equation x**2 + y**2 = 25 set([(4, 3)])
Uses brute force to solve the equation, \(x^2 - Dy^2 = N\).
Mainly concerned with the generalized Pell equation which is the case when \(D > 0, D\) is not a perfect square. For more information on the case refer [R450]. and N are coefficients in \(x^2 - Dy^2 = N\) and t is the parameter to be used in the solutions.
Details
D and N correspond to D and N in the equation. t is the parameter to be used in the solutions.
This function transforms general quadratic, \(ax^2 + bxy + cy^2 + dx + ey + f = 0\) to more easy to deal with \(X^2 - DY^2 = N\) form.
This is used to solve the general quadratic equation by transforming it to the latter form. Refer [R451], Subs >>> u = (A*Matrix([X, Y]) + B)[0] # Transformation for x >>> u X/26 + 3*Y/26 - 6/13 >>> v = (A*Matrix([X, Y]) + B)[1] # Transformation for y >>> v Y/13 - 4/13
Next we will substitute these formulas for \(x\) and \(y\) and do simplify().
>>> eq = simplify(Subs(x**2 - 3*x*y - y**2 - 2*y + 1, (x, y), (u, v)).do is the quadratic to be transformed. is the quadratic to be transformed. should be an homogeneous expression of degree two in three variables and it is assumed to be zero.
Returns an integer \(c\) s.t. \(a = c^2k, \ c,k \in Z\). Here \(k\) is square free.
Examples
>>> from sympy.solvers.diophantine import square_factor >>> square_factor(24) 2 >>> square_factor(36) 6 >>> square_factor(1) 1
Lagrange’s \(descent()\) with lattice-reduction to find solutions to \(x^2 = Ay^2 + Bz^2\).
Here \(A\) and \(B\) should be square free and pairwise prime. Always should be called with suitable A and B so that the above equation has solutions.
This is more is a general pythagorean equation which is assumed to be zero and param is the base parameter used to construct other parameters by subscripting.
Solves the equation \(x_{1}^2 + x_{2}^2 + . . . + x_{n}^2 - k = 0\).
Returns at most limit number of solutions. Currently there is no way to set limit using higher level API’s like diophantine() or diop_solve() but that will be fixed soon.
Examples
>>> from sympy.solvers.diophantine import diop_general_sum_of_squares >>> from sympy.abc import a, b, c, d, e, f >>> diop_general_sum_of_squares(a**2 + b**2 + c**2 + d**2 + e**2 - 2345) set([(0, 48, 5, 4, 0)])
Usage
general_sum_of_squares(eq, limit) : Here eq is an expression which is assumed to be zero. Also, eq should be in the form, \(x_{1}^2 + x_{2}^2 + . . . + x_{n}^2 - k = 0\). At most limit number of solutions are returned.
Details
When \(n = 3\) if \(k = 4^a(8m + 7)\) for some \(a, m \in Z\) then there will be no solutions. Refer [R454] for more details.
Reference
Returns a generator that can be used to generate partitions of an integer \(n\).
A partition of \(n\) is a set of positive integers which add upto \(n\). For example, partitions of 3 are 3 , 1 + 2, 1 + 1+ 1. A partition is returned as a tuple. If k equals None, then all possible partitions are returned irrespective of their size, otherwise only the partitions of size k are returned. If there are no partions of \(n\) with size \(k\) then an empty tuple is returned. If the zero parameter is set to True then a suitable number of zeros are added at the end of every partition of size less than k.
zero parameter is considered only if k is not None. When the partitions are over, the last \(next()\) call throws the StopIteration exception, so this function should always be used inside a try - except block.
Examples
>>> from sympy.solvers.diophantine import partition >>> f = partition(5) >>> next(f) (1, 1, 1, 1, 1) >>> next(f) (1, 1, 1, 2) >>> g = partition(5, 3) >>> next(g) (3, 1, 1) >>> next(g) (2, 2, 1)
Details
partition(n, k): Here n is a positive integer and k is the size of the partition which is also positive integer.
Reference
Returns a 3-tuple \((a, b, c)\) such that \(a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = n\) and \(a, b, c \geq 0\).
Returns (None, None, None) if \(n = 4^a(8m + 7)\) for some \(a, m \in Z\). See [R456] for more details.
References
Examples
>>> from sympy.solvers.diophantine import sum_of_three_squares >>> sum_of_three_squares(44542) (207, 37, 18)
Usage
sum_of_three_squares(n): Here n is a non-negative integer.
Returns a 4-tuple \((a, b, c, d)\) such that \(a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + d^2 = n\).
Here \(a, b, c, d \geq 0\).
References
Examples
>>> from sympy.solvers.diophantine import sum_of_four_squares >>> sum_of_four_squares(3456) (8, 48, 32, 8) >>> sum_of_four_squares(1294585930293) (0, 1137796, 2161, 1234)
Usage
sum_of_four_squares(n): Here n is a non-negative integer.
These functions are intended for the internal use in Diophantine module..
Returns \(True\) if a is divisible by b and \(False\) otherwise.
For given a, b returns a tuple containing integers \(x\), \(y\) and \(d\) such that \(ax + by = d\). Here \(d = gcd(a, b)\).
Examples
>>> from sympy.solvers.diophantine import extended_euclid >>> extended_euclid(4, 6) (-1, 1, 2) >>> extended_euclid(3, 5) (2, -1, 1)
Usage
extended_euclid(a, b): returns \(x\), \(y\) and \(\gcd(a, b)\).
Details
a Any instance of Integer. b Any instance of Integer.458] and D are integers corresponding to \(P_{0}\), \(Q_{0}\) and \(D\) in the continued fraction \(\frac{P_{0} + \sqrt{D}}{Q_{0}}\). Also it’s assumed that \(P_{0}^2 == D mod(|Q_{0}|)\) and \(D\) is square free.459]..
Simplify the solution \((x, y, z)\).
Returns the parametrized general solution for the ternary quadratic equation eq which satisifes is an equation of the form \(ax^2 + by^2 + cz^2 = 0\).
Uses Lagrange’s method to find a non trivial solution to \(w^2 = Ax^2 + By^2\).)
Returns a reduced solution \((x, z)\) to the congruence \(X^2 - aZ^2 \equiv 0 \ (mod \ b)\) so that \(x^2 + |a|z^2\) is minimal.
References
Details
Here w is a solution of the congruence \(x^2 \equiv a \ (mod \ b)\)
Simplify the solution \((x_{0}, y_{0}, z_{0})\) of the equation \(ax^2 + by^2 = cz^2\) with \(a, b, c > 0\) and \(z_{0}^2 \geq \mid ab \mid\) to a new reduced solution \((x, y, z)\) such that \(z^2 \leq \mid ab \mid\).
Represent a prime \(p\) which is congruent to 1 mod 4, as a sum of two squares.
Examples
>>> from sympy.solvers.diophantine import prime_as_sum_of_two_squares >>> prime_as_sum_of_two_squares(5) (2, 1)
Reference
Transform \(ax^2 + by^2 + cz^2 = 0\) into an equivalent equation \(a'x^2 + b'y^2 + c'z^2 = 0\) where \(a', b', c'\) are pairwise relatively prime.
Returns a tuple containing \(a', b', c'\). \(\gcd(a, b, c)\) should equal \(1\) for this to work. The solutions for \(ax^2 + by^2 + cz^2 = 0\) can be recovered from the solutions of \(a'x^2 + b'y^2 + c'z^2 = 0\).
See also
make_prime, reocnstruct
Examples
>>> from sympy.solvers.diophantine import pairwise_prime >>> pairwise_prime(6, 15, 10) (5, 2, 3)
Transform the equation \(ax^2 + by^2 + cz^2 = 0\) to an equivalent equation \(a'x^2 + b'y^2 + c'z^2 = 0\) with \(\gcd(a', b') = 1\).
Returns a tuple \((a', b', c')\) which satisfies above conditions. Note that in the returned tuple \(\gcd(a', c')\) and \(\gcd(b', c')\) can take any value.
See also
pairwaise_prime, reconstruct
Examples
>>> from sympy.solvers.diophantine import make_prime >>> make_prime(4, 2, 7) (2, 1, 14) | http://docs.sympy.org/latest/modules/solvers/diophantine.html | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | refinedweb | 2,315 | 65.01 |
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Is it possible to create *OUTPUT typemaps for my own types (classes)?
So, if I have a function that does:
void fillPtrs(Point* p1, Point* p2);
where Point is a class (that Swig knows about), I could do:
void fillPtrs(Point* OUTPUT, Point* OUTPUT);
and this would return a tuple of two Point objects?
In looking through the library source code, there are comments that say
that only the C built in types (int, long, ...) are supported by
*OUTPUT, but there's no explanation of how to have *OUTPUT work with
other types.
I'm using SWIG 1.3.29 to create Python code (if that matters).
Thanks,
mg
--
Michael Gleicher mailto:gleicher@...
Associate Professor
Computer Sciences Department
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Paul Melis wrote:
>?
>
SWIG needs some fixing up to take account of your usage. However, for
now you can workaround the problem. If say you are wrapping Foo, use an
extend *before* the class declaration...
%extend Foo {
~Foo() {
self->unref();
}
}
SWIG will then provide a proxy destructor/delete method which will call
the extended destructor. SWIG issues a warning that it is ignoring the
extended destructor, however it doesn't. Please make sure you log this
as a bug with all this information.
William
Dana Hackman wrote:
> Greetings all!
>
> In my swig interface file I have
> %module pyTOCR
> %include <windows.i>
> %include <typemaps.i>
> .
> .
> .
>
> extern long WINAPI TOCRInitialise(long *INPUT);
> ...
>
> After importing the module and executing: TOCRInitialise(long(1))
> I get the following
>
> ''' exceptions.TypeError : in method 'TOCRInitialise', argument 1 of type 'long *' '''
>
> I have python23 and swig 1.329 VC++6.0
>
> Can any help?
>
Works here and I have the same versions you listed above. There is
probably something else in your interface file, try the minimal example
I've put below.
William
/* File : example.i */
%module example
%include <windows.i>
%include <typemaps.i>
%{
#include <windows.h>
long WINAPI TOCRInitialise(long *INPUT) { return *INPUT; }
%}
extern long WINAPI TOCRInitialise(long *INPUT);
# file: example.py
import example
longVal = example.TOCRInitialise(200)
print longVal
Hi Sven,
On 6/15/06, Sven Bachmann <Sven.Bachmann@...> wrote:
> ok, I think I've found a solution.
>
> The following line has to be added after the @EXPORT line in the
> generated .pm file:
>
> sub dl_load_flags { 0x01 }
>
> This enables the RTLD_GLOBAL flag.
>
> Maybe there is a parameter for the .i file, but I didn't found one yet.
>
right - this instructs the dynaloader to share symbols across all libraries.
I don't know if there is any mechanism for Perl SWIG to do this in the
interface file - it could be added pretty simply
Cheers, jas.
I have a callback defined with:
%constant void callback(T_IPC_CONN conn, T_IPC_CONN_PROCESS_CB_DATA data, T_CB_ARG arg);
Unfortunately this gives a type error when I try and use it from python. Probably because the actual function
signature expected is:
static void callback(T_IPC_CONN conn, T_IPC_CONN_PROCESS_CB_DATA data, T_CB_ARG arg);
If I add the static keyword to the %constant definition I get an error; " Warning(305): Bad constant value (ignored)."
Is there another way of doing this?
Thanks,
Daniel.
--
Daniel Shields
Equities IT
+44(0)207 888 9248
daniel.shields@...
==============================================================================
Please access the attached hyperlink for an important electronic communications disclaimer:
============================================================================== | http://sourceforge.net/p/swig/mailman/swig-user/?viewmonth=200606&viewday=26 | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | refinedweb | 561 | 67.96 |
Haskell's REPL is the ghci tool. It works in a similar manner to Clojure's. The "Prelude" prefix indicates the module that we are currently in (similar to the namespace idea in Clojure). Prelude is the standard Haskell library consisting of standard definitions for various types and functions.
:?(or
:help) gives help on the available commands in the REPL. The most useful I've found so far are:
- :quit - exit a GHCI session
- :info - tells you about a specific type
Prelude> :info True
data Bool = ... | True -- Defined in GHC.Bool
- :type - gives you the type of the supplied type
Prelude> :type 1 + 2
1 + 2 :: (Num t) => t
Haskell uses infix (compared to Lisp's prefix) notation (though you can enclose an operator with parenthesis and make it prefix (e.g. (+) 1 1 is 2). A type is named with an initial capital letter, for example Boolean values use
Trueand
False. C style &&, == and || operators are used and do exactly what you'd expect! != is written /=.
The list data structure in Haskell is created using square brackets ([]). The biggest difference between this and Lisp lists is that the items in the list must be of the same type. For example, lists of numbers are fine but mixing numbers and characters is forbidden (tuples are the solution to this).
Prelude> :type [1,2]
[1,2] :: (Num t) => [t]
Prelude> :type [1,2.0]
[1,2.0] :: (Fractional t) => [t]
Prelude> :type [1.0,2.0]
[1.0,2.0] :: (Fractional t) => [t]
Prelude> :type [1,"a"]
:1:1:
No instance for (Num [Char])
arising from the literal `1' at
:1:1
headand
tailcan be used to get (as you'd expect) the first and rest of the list (car / cdr) (
head [1,2,3] ==> 1, tail [1,2,3] ==> [2,3]). Performing head/tail on an empty list raises an exception.
++is for appending lists together (
[1,2,3] ++ [4,5,6] ==> [1,2,3,4,5,6]). The number of items in a list can be determined using
length. A range of numbers can be created with the
..notation (e.g.
[1..5] ==> [1,2,3,4,5]). If the first two elements are provided then this gives the "step" for the range (e.g.
[1,3..10] ==> [1,3,5,7,9]).
To define functions within GHCI, use let to introduce a name.
Prelude> let myadd x y = x + y
Prelude> myadd 7 14
21
This doesn't scale very nicely (you have to use :{ and :} directives in order to have a multiple line function), so the preferred way is to put it in a file and use
:loadto bring it in. Note that the function is compiled as it is loaded.
Another key feature of Haskell is pattern matching. Multiple function definitions can be written and the body is executed for the pattern that it matches. For example, we can define our own length function as:
mylength [] = 0
mylength (x:xs) = 1 + mylength xs
This is a recursive function, so what happens to the stack? Running mylength [1..10000000000] results in a stack overflow, why's that? This is because of laziness and is covered in detail here. The problem is that because Haskell is a lazy language the computation is only evaluated when needed, this builds up a giant "thunk" (pending computations) for all the items in the list which in turn requires them to all be in memory. Laziness is hard to reason about - practise will make perfect.
List comprehensions provide a way for a list to be generated from a series of functions. In the example below <- is a generator function meaning use one of these values to substitute in for each value.
Prelude> [(x,y) | x <- [1,2,3], y <- [4,5,6]]
[(1,4),(1,5),(1,6),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6)]
List comprehensions are evaluated left to right, so in the example above x is fixed until all values of y have been exhausted. Hence don't make y an infinite range otherwise it'll never get to the next value of x...
Next on the list, exploring the basics of types! | http://www.fatvat.co.uk/2009/08/very-basics-of-haskell.html | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | refinedweb | 699 | 71.85 |
Hussein was last spotted kissing a baby in Baghdad in April 2003, and then his trace went cold.
Designed a deck of cards, each card engraved with the images of the 55 most wanted.
shows the strong predictive power of networks.
underlies the need to obtain accurate maps of the networks we aim to study; and the often heroic difficulties we encounter during the mapping process.
demonstrates the remarkable stability of these networks: The capture of Hussein was not based on fresh intelligence, but rather on his pre-invasion social links, unearthed from old photos stacked in his family album.
shows that the choice of network we focus on makes a huge difference: the hierarchical tree, that captured the official organization of the Iraqi government, was of no use when it came to Saddam Hussein's whereabouts.
An important theme of this class:
we must understand how network structure affects the robustness of a complex system.
develop quantitative tools to assess the interplay between network structure and the dynamical processes on the networks, and their impact on failures.
We will learn that failures reality failures follow reproducible laws, that can be quantified and even predicted using the tools of network science.
[adj., v. kuh m-pleks, kom-pleks; n. kom-pleks] –adjective
Source: Dictionary.com. Source: John L. Casti, Encyclopædia Britannica
While the study of networks has a long history from graph theory to sociology, the modern chapter of network science emerged only during the first decade of the 21st century, following the publication of two seminal papers in 1998 and 1999.
The explosive interest in network science is well documented by the citation pattern of two classic network papers, the 1959 paper by Paul Erdos and Alfréd Rényi that marks the beginning of the study of random networks in graph theory [4] and the 1973 paper by Mark Granovetter, the most cited social network paper [5].
Both papers were hardly or only moderately cited before 2000. The explosive growth of citations to these papers in the 21st century documents the emergence of network science, drawing a new, interdisciplinary audience to these classic publications.
The human genome project, completed in 2001, offered the first comprehensive list of all human genes.
Terrorism is one of the maladies of the 21st century, absorbing significant resources to combat it worldwide.
While the H1N1 pandemic was not as devastating as it was feared at the beginning of the outbreak in 2009, it gained a special role in the history of epidemics: it was the first pandemic whose course and time evolution was accurately predicted months before the pandemic reached its peak.
In January 2010 network science tools have predicted the conditions necessary for the emergence of viruses spreading through mobile phones.
- The first major mobile epidemic outbreak that started in the fall of 2010 in China, infecting over 300,000 phones each day, closely followed the predicted scenario.
The human brain, consisting of hundreds of billions of interlinked neurons, is one of the least understood networks from the perspective of network science.
The reason is simple:
Driven by the potential impact of such maps, in 2010 the National Institutes of Health has initiated the Connectome project, aimed at developing the technologies that could provide an accurate neuron-level map of mammalian brains.
Can one walk across the seven bridges and never cross the same bridge twice and get back to the starting place?
network often refers to real systems
Language: (Network, node, link)
graph: mathematical representation of a network
Language: (Graph, vertex, edge)
The choice of the proper network representation determines our ability to use network theory successfully.
In some cases there is a unique, unambiguous representation. In other cases, the representation is by no means unique. For example, the way we assign the links between a group of individuals will determine the nature of the question we can study.
If you connect individuals that work with each other, you will explore the professional network.
If you connect those that have a romantic and sexual relationship, you will be exploring the sexual networks.
%matplotlib inline import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import networkx as nx Gu = nx.Graph() for i, j in [(1, 2), (1, 4), (4, 2), (4, 3)]: Gu.add_edge(i,j) nx.draw(Gu, with_labels = True)
import networkx as nx Gd = nx.DiGraph() for i, j in [(1, 2), (1, 4), (4, 2), (4, 3)]: Gd.add_edge(i,j) nx.draw(Gd, with_labels = True)
nx.draw(Gu, with_labels = True)
nx.draw(Gd, with_labels = True)
import numpy as np x = [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3] np.mean(x), np.sum(x), np.std(x)
(1.6666666666666667, 10, 0.7453559924999299)
plt.hist(x) plt.show()
from collections import defaultdict, Counter freq = defaultdict(int) for i in x: freq[i] +=1 freq
defaultdict(int, {1: 3, 2: 2, 3: 1})
freq_sum = np.sum(freq.values()) freq_sum
6
px = [float(i)/freq_sum for i in freq.values()] px
[0.5, 0.3333333333333333, 0.16666666666666666]
plt.plot(freq.keys(), px, 'r-o') plt.show()
plt.figure(1) plt.subplot(121) pos = nx.spring_layout(Gu) #定义一个布局，此处采用了spring布局方式 nx.draw(Gu, pos, with_labels = True) plt.subplot(122) nx.draw(Gd, pos, with_labels = True)
bipartite graph (or bigraph) is a graph whose nodes can be divided into two disjoint sets U and V such that every link connects a node in U to one in V; that is, U and V are independent sets.
has a path from each node to every other node and vice versa (e.g. AB path and BA path).
it is connected if we disregard the edge directions.
Strongly connected components can be identified, but not every node is partof a nontrivial strongly connected component.
G1 = nx.complete_graph(4) pos = nx.spring_layout(G1) #定义一个布局，此处采用了spring布局方式 nx.draw(G1, pos = pos, with_labels = True)
print(nx.transitivity(G1))
1.0
G2 = nx.Graph() for i, j in [(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 0), (3, 0)]: G2.add_edge(i,j) nx.draw(G2,pos = pos, with_labels = True)
print(nx.transitivity(G2))
0.6
G3 = nx.Graph() for i, j in [(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 0)]: G3.add_edge(i,j) nx.draw(G3, pos =pos, with_labels = True)
print(nx.transitivity(G3))
0.0
THREE CENTRAL QUANTITIES IN NETWORK SCIENCE | http://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/computational-class/cjc2016/blob/gh-pages/slides/15.network_science_intro.slides.html | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | refinedweb | 1,042 | 55.74 |
Declaring Functions Using Prototypes
In the previous example, we defined the function in the code before calling it, so Objective-C knew about the greeter() function before it was called. But the function definition can also come after the call to that function in your code, like this:
#include <stdio.h> int main() { greeter(); return 0; } void greeter() { printf("Hello there."); }
In this case, you must tell Objective-C about the greeter() function with a function prototype:
#include <stdio.h> void greeter(void); int main() { greeter(); return 0; } void greeter() { printf("Hello there."); }
Listing 4.3. Starting functionprototype.m.
#include <stdio.h> void greeter(void); . . . void greeter() { printf("Hello there."); }
Listing 4.4. The functionprototype.m program.
#include <stdio.h> void greeter(void); int main() { greeter(); return 0; } void greeter() { printf("Hello there."); }
A function prototype is just like the line where you declare a function (the line just before the function body inside curly braces), except that you remove the names of any function arguments (leaving just their types) and end the prototype with a semicolon.
The function prototype is also called the function declaration (as opposed to the function definition, which includes the body of the function).
You can also put function prototypes in header files, whose names end with .h, and then include them with stdio.h as shown in the listings here. That include statement includes the stdio.h header file, which includes prototypes for functions such as printf().
To create a function prototype:
- Create a new program named functionprototype.m.
- In functionprototype.m, enter the code shown in Listing 4.3.
This code creates the greeter() function after the main() function and adds a prototype before the main() function so Objective-C knows about the greeter() function.
- Add the main() function to call the greeter() function (Listing 4.4).
- Save functionprototype.m.
- Run the functionprototype.m program.
You should see the following:
Hello there. | http://www.peachpit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1567320&seqNum=2 | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | refinedweb | 319 | 65.73 |
gstream-set_line_spacing man page
set_line_spacing
Synopsis
#include <gstream.h>
void set_line_spacing(int ls);
Description
Sets the line spacing in pixels. The supplied value is added to the height of the font so if your font is 12 pixels high, and you call this function with 4, then the outputter will go 16 pixels down each time a newline is encountered, effectively making the space between the lines be 4 pixels. Note that nothing prevents you from supplying a negative value which, for instance, could cause the lines to overlap.
Every time you select a new font, the gstream will call this function with 1.
See Also
gstream-get_line_spacing(3)
Referenced By
gstream-get_line_spacing(3), gstream-line_spacing(3).
version 1.6 gstream manual | https://www.mankier.com/3/gstream-set_line_spacing | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | refinedweb | 122 | 63.7 |
#include "Encoder.h"const int encoderPin_A = 8;const int encoderPin_B = 9;int counter = 0;void setup(){ Serial.begin(9600); encoder_begin(encoderPin_A, encoderPin_B); // Start the decoder}void loop(){ int dir = encoder_data(); // Check for rotation if(dir == 1) // If its forward... { counter++; // Increment the counter Serial.println(counter); } else if(dir == -1) // If its backward... { counter--; // Decrement the counter Serial.println(counter); }}
In my project, I'd need to declare an encoder dynamically. I mean, declare the encoder first, and assign pins in a second time after reading a sort of config file.is there a way to modify your library, creating a kind of "assign" function to dynamically declare the pins number instead of passing the values at declaration?
Were you aware of the Encoder library I published? might be nice to change your library's name slightly, so it can be used along side this long-established library without the .h files conflicting.
I'm about to use a rotary encoder to measure soil movement in a mountain.
What problems would I be facing?
Does it have something to do with my LCD displaying incorrectly?
Can I turn off the interrupt whenever the Serial LCD comes up in the code?
Any suggestions?
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Arduino
via Egeo 16
Torino, 10131
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Programming Optimization
Introduction Code Architecture Low Level Strategies Common Misconceptions A Few Good Tricks Links High Level vs. Low Level
Introduction
This is a page about the elusive subject of program performance optimization. Before you proceed towards such lofty goals, you should examine your reasons for doing so.. Be cautious and wary of the cost of optimizing your code. You ...
The General Task of Code Optimization
It should be pointed out, that over time the idea of code optimization has evolved to include "execution profiling" (i.e., direct measurement of "hotspots" in the code from a test run) as its guiding strategy. To understand this and put it into perspective, let us first break down the performance of a program down as follows:.
Code Architecture
In general design changes tend to affect performance more than "code tweaking". So clearly one should not skip straight to assembly language until higher level approaches have been exhausted. Simple mathematical analysis. Calculate the approximate running time of your algorithm (i.e., calculate its "O") taking all bottlenecks into account. Is it optimal? Can you prove it? Can you justify up your algorithmic design with theoretically known results? Understanding technological performance considerations. Even at high levels, you need to have a rough understanding of what goes fast, what doesn't and why. Examples follow:
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your mouse interface is likely to just look up a pair of coordinates saved to memory. In a PC the hardware devices that support these features are completely external to the CPU. Again. hard drive. large tables will typically be uncached and may perform even slower than a CPU divide. How often are data accessed? Does it make sense to cache certain data? Are you using standard algorithmic speed up tricks such as using hash tables? If your application has been written in modules. memory mapped local BUS device (graphics memory). or vice versa? Example: What is the fastest way to compute the nth Fibonacci numbers? What is the fastest way to compute the first n Fibonacci numbers? In the former case there is a simple formula involving an exponent calculation. using tables to avoid certain recalculations is often a good idea. 4 or 8 of them simultaneously by using word based instructions that are supported by your CPU. this concept may be obvious to many. This naturally leads to the recommendation of using a compiler for a high-level language like C. in more ways than just speed. In fact the algorithmic issues of artificial intelligence. it is a good bet that using asynchronous APIs will be the most important consideration. Modern processors essentially guess the direction of a control transfer. and keeping track of time are ordinarily a very low performance hit on a good CPU (like a Pentium.html (1) Data bandwidth performance for PC devices are roughly ordered (slowest to fastest) by: user input device. In its simplest form. The most typical mistake is believing that you must write your program in assembler to take maximal advantage of the CPU's performance. when an incremental approach can produce results faster. while() statements.com/qed/optimize. tape drives. and variable shuffling at each stage. The integer versus floating point differences are usually very platform dependent. keeping score. state based network management is better than polling based.) The usual approaches to improve performance of data bandwidth is to use a faster device to cache the data for slower devices to allow pre-emption of slower device access if the access is redundant. For example. But a larger additional concern with modern pipelined processors is the "predictability" of a control transfer. You know that optimization will be an important consideration from what you've heard of how established game companies do this sort of thing." (2) Arithmetic operation performance is ordered roughly by: transcendental functions. CDROM. They require graphics. and common knowledge on the net. uncached main memory. Using some kind of a trace with debugger or profiler can often be useful in ferreting out your wasteful code.) Understanding your multimedia devices will be far more helpful than knowing how to optimize every cycle out of your CPU. Further problem-specific improvements are found by heuristical ordering according to game specific factors which often yield further performance improvements by large factors. but in modern microprocessors. sound. However. However. Simplifying your formulae to use faster functions is a very typical optimization opportunity. At some stage you should take a step back and look at the entire flow of your algorithms. Although the typical programming model is a single threaded one. square root. multiply. often a modification in the API can lead to more efficient communication between modules. One of the most powerful techniques for algorithmic performance optimization that I use to death in my own programming is hoisting. possibly a network connection and user input. Localized tricks/massaging. the network ordinarily runs at such a slow pace as to justify running a separate thread to manage it. does your target system have multiple execution units? For example. and using flexible device libraries. and back out if and when they realize that they are wrong (throwing away what incorrect work they have done. Examples Suppose you wish to create an arcade style fast action game on a PC. but you have to look carefully at the data speed versus recalculation. do you have a graphics coprocessor which can draw in parallel to ordinary CPU computation and do you have an API for it? Taking a global view. examples and discussion. Parallelism. As such one must be aware of arithmetically equivalent ways of performing conditional computation.) Incorrect predictions are very costly. 2 of 12 23/5/2008 5:46 µµ .Programming Optimization: Techniques. In the latter case the recursive definition allows for an iterative approach which only requires an addition. More concretely. If your audio card support can use large buffered sound samples. divide. using potentially available coprocessors for parallel/accelerated graphics rendering is likely to be a better alternative to CPU based pixel filling. Applications. this can lead you into all sorts of strange and questionable decisions. fixed function calls. performance of each is usually quite similar. does your procedural break down allow for easy analysis of performance in the first place (see profiling below)? Often its difficult to know for sure if an algorithm is optimal. local/CPU cached memory. to know where you are pointing your mouse. sometimes the width of the data stream is a lot smaller than the naturally supported data types. One of the most impressive examples of this is in the field of artificial intelligence where Shannon's famous Min-Max algorithm (for calculating a game tree value) is substantially improved using a technique called Alpha-Beta Pruning. (3) Control flow is ordered roughly by: indirect function calls. if() statements. collision detection. Knowing how data bandwidth and calculations perform relative to each other is also very important. This is a technique where redundancies from your inner loops are pulled out to your outer loops. But consider it from a data types point of view. modulo. Nearly all programs have to do some rudimentary calculations of some kind. Are your results computed by complex calculations at each stage. For example. If not thought through correctly. For example. network. Designing the interaction with the hardware devices will be much more important in terms of the quality of your game. if your algorithm operates on bytes you may be able to operate on 2. The performance improvement is exponential even though the algorithms contain substantially the same content and identical leaf calculations. rather than poll the mouse directly every time.azillionmonkeys. Are you using a general architecture to solve a problem that could be more efficiently dealt with with a specific architecture? For that matter. when first written often contain hidden or unexpectedly expensive bottlenecks just from redundancy. local variables (registers. external cached main memory. add/subtract/mutiply by power of 2/divide by power of 2/modulo by power of 2.) Relatively speaking. that usually means that each module fulfills some sort of API to interact with the other modules. Action video games are multimedia applications. User input should be handled by a state mechanism rather than polling until a desired state to occurs (DOOM versus NetHack. switch() statements. This general idea is probably what inspired Terje Mathisen (a well known programming optimization guru) to say: "All programming is an exercise in caching. The wide variety of target hardware devices on your audience's PCs can make this a complicated problem. but what is commonly overlooked are cases where intentional outer loop complexification can lead to faster inner loops. Alternatively. you again will be better off than hand holding tiny wave buffers.
i++) { DoOneThing(i). Well. It got me to thinking that even so called "professional programmers" charged with the goal of optimizing code can miss really totally basic optimizations. This is what I am talking about: /* Set our cap according to some variable condition */ lpDRV->dpCAPS |= x. i++) { DoSomethingElse(i).com/qed/optimize. and impossible condition dead code elimination. WA..Programming Optimization: Techniques. Now the original authors of this game have a reputation for being highly skilled programmers. or worse may have missed entirely. i<n. . I would have duplicated massive amounts of inefficiencies that I would have spent much longer isolating. } else { DoYetAnotherThing(i).. hoisting (factoring). so when I was first presented with the source code I fully expected it to be difficult to find further performance optimizations over what they had already done.. I was recently working on some performance sensitive code based on the reference source from an enormous software vendor based in Redmond. } } else if( (lpDRV->dpCAPS) & ALREADYCULLED ) { for(i=0. i++) { if( (lpDRV->dpCAPS) & CLIPPING ) { DoOneThing(i). examples and discussion. i<n. I am talking about simply things like loop hoisting. I was shocked to see that they were making fundamental errors in terms performance optimization.html Staying on the subject of games.. i++) 3 of 12 23/5/2008 5:46 µµ . tail recursion elimination. But what I saw did not impress me.. I was able to apply many common tricks that could not be found with the compiler: obvious sub-expression elimination. } } Now assuming that there are no side effects which modify lpDRV->dpCAPS variable within the DoXXX() functions. I was recently working on a special assembly language based technology optimization project for a 3D shoot 'em up action game. Had I done this in the reverse order. i<n. /* This is an important inner loop */ for(i=0. } else if( (lpDRV->dpCAPS) & ALREADYCULLED ) { DoSomethingElse(i). . } } else { for(i=0. before making special assembly language optimizations. I found I had plenty of room to work on optimizing the original source code. in any event the program stood to gain from high level improvements that proved to be a valuable aid to the low level improvements added afterwards via analyzing the compiler output.
pipelining. The profiling/disassembling steps will tend to get you a lot of bang with relatively little effort. complex "for" loops may generate an extra jump to the condition evaluator to conserve on code size. side-effects. Typically one will see things like: multiplications for address generations when a shift could do just as well if only the array limits were a power of 2. One way or another. For example. lets do the math. See Optimized Block memory transfers on the Pentium for a specific example of this. the compiler doesn't know what I know. being that the platform was an x86 based PC. } } Now. For example most UNIX kernels will spend the vast majority of their processor cycles in the "idle-loop". With flexible optimizing compilers. Information was transferred from one unit to the other using a floating point normalization trick. memory access constraints (cache coherency). A good example of this is the Quake software only rendering engine.. counting down rather than up. The theory that you can inline assembly to make any routine faster is not always true of the better. Disassembling.certainly with the Athlon processor the technique used below will have no difference in performance) are very slow at converting floating point data types into integer data types including condition codes which are required for branching. There is a slight wrinkle here in that the IEEE specification say that both 0 and -0 can be distinctly represented.. generally the only way to be sure is to actually produce an assembly listings of your object code. Low Level Strategies When all algorithmic optimization approaches have been tried and you are still an order of magnitude away from your target performance you may find that you have no choice but to analyze the situation at the lowest possible level. So relying on x being in memory what I needed to do was match the bit patterns of each x[i] to 0.. But even with the best tools.com/qed/optimize. while loop is just as effective but wouldn't generate the extra jump. The result speaks for itself. } Well. So in the cases where n<1 the company in Redmond wins..) The process of code tweaking ordinarily involves iterating the above steps. . the world would be a much better place. you have to *know* where your performance bottlenecks are. This is not rocket science.html { DoYetAnotherThing(i). when a do . if that enormous Redmond based company only understood really basic elementary kindergarten optimizations like this. As is. Michael Abrash organized the code in Quake such that the floating and integer pipelines of the Pentium are executing simultaneously. Examples Continuing with the second example from the high level examples above. (With the WATCOM C/C++ compiler I've noticed that functions declarations will only "inline" if they are static. unfortunately. well known. One can also see the impact of declaring variables or functions as "static". examples and discussion. Good compilers will have comprehensive tools for measuring performance analysis which makes this job easier. I found myself faced with the problem of optimizing a bunch of floating point code. When writing in high level languages there can be huge complexity differences coming from subtle source code changes. multiple execution units. if( x[i] ) { . no amount of optimization of the "idle-loop" will have any impact on performance. Clearly. if you are trying to write a graphics intensive video game you will probably find that solving the graphics memory bottleneck will ordinarily yield more substantial results than radical CPU cycle optimization. however here are some things to watch out for: Burst write's. How much are the if statements costing us? In the first loop its n times the overhead for all the if-else logic. Fortunately. modern optimizing compilers (C compilers anyway. but for all computation purposes must perform identically.) How you deal with this is obviously CPU dependent. I swear. care is often required in analyzing profiling information when algorithms become complex. one of the things I was struck by was an unusually high propensity of if-statements that looked something like this: float x[MAX_ENTRIES]. One must be careful when deciding to invest valuable time into low level optimizations. But the results can really be worthwhile. In the second loop its 1 times the overhead for all the if-else logic. 3 useful resources at this point are (1) Assembly language Page (2) The Zen of Code Optimization (by Michael Abrash) and (3) an html page entitled Fog Paul Hsieh's x86 Pentium Optimizations by Agner Profiling. Now. as understanding of the architecture still takes precedence over shaving cycles here and there. Using platform specific features usually means rolling up your sleeves and doing some assembly coding. by now... but that local variables use shorter instructions if they are not static. memory is quickly accessible from both floating point and integer. branch prediction.Programming Optimization: Techniques. many of these effects can be achieved by merely "massaging" your high level source code. That is that all x86 processors (this was originally written before the Althon or Pentium 4 processor -. but in the case where n>1 I win.) Using CPU/platform specific features(even in cross platform situations. 4 of 12 23/5/2008 5:46 µµ . While experience can help you out a lot in this area.azillionmonkeys.
On a fast Pentium. The cogitations and bizarre operator fumbling that you can do in the C language convinces many that they are there for the purposes of optimization. (I wouldn't be surprised. low-level optimization has its place and only should be passed by if there is a conflicting requirement (like portability). but I figured that it wasn't that important since my K6s 32k L1 data cache was big enough to fit half my texture in. change the interface and turn around and sell the darn thing!) The fact is. A blatant example of this can be seen in the POV-ray FAQ. Wondering if my compiler had gone berserk. PC disk performance has remained relatively stable for the past 5 years. Remember ANSI C does not know the difference between cached and uncached memory. which outright recommends that there is no benefit to be had in attempting assembly language optimizations. there is no need. Of course not all C compilers are created equal and the effects of mixing C and assembly will vary depending on the compiler implementation. ANSI C only addresses a subset of your computers' capabilities and is in of itself too generic in specification to take advantage of all of your processor nuances. if( temp + temp ) { . if you couldn't simply low level optimize POV-Ray. Low level below.com/qed/optimize. Common Misconceptions The following is a list of things programmers often take as either self-evident or have picked up from others and mistakenly believe. Ever improving hardware.. whereas VC++ and Borland do not. Suddenly the performance went up 10-fold! Analyzing the access patterns I realized that previously *every* read from my texture had been a cache miss! Memory in modern computers is most definitely NOT "random access".azillionmonkeys. there are clever tricks for host based texture mapping if the stride of the source texture is a power of two. I was distantly aware that this made my memory accesses less linear. have taken it upon themselves to impress upon newbie programmers to avoid assembly language programming at all costs. an uncached memory access can take more time than a divide. but looking through the code I couldn't see anything that should improve speed by more than a factor of 3 or 4. examples and discussion. . When the frame rate that resulted were lower than my original 33mhz 486 got under DOOM I was rather startled and disappointed. (2) Hardware performance improvements expectations almost always exceeds reality. Click here for some more x86 based examples. its a 32 bit IEEE specific trick. } This idea is non-portable. But in doing so. makes software optimization unimportant (1) If you don't optimize your code. Tables that are too large will not fit in your cache and hence may be very slow to access. (3) Hardware improvements often only target optimal software solutions.Programming Optimization: Techniques. I started optimizing. independent of hardware improvements. I don't want to get into the details of the IEEE spec here. long temp. But for the substantial performance increase it gives.) 5 of 12 23/5/2008 5:46 µµ . Modern C compilers usually unify C's complex operators.) Unfortunately. temp = *((long *)&(x[i])). who might even know better. many research based. then there is a hidden multiply which can be costly if it is not a power of 2. Because the Z coordinate stays constant along the Y direction. To be really convinced the aspiring performance conscious programmer should write up examples and disassemble them (in the case of using a HLL like C) or simply profile or time them to see for themselves. and incremental calculation with the right formulations. which used the standard 2-dimensional array format... Using tables always beats recalculating This is not always true. or in particular 256 on an x86. it is impossible to ignore. or there are no resources to do it. and memory technology has been driven more by quantity than performance. Using C compilers make it impossible to optimize code for performance Most C compilers come with an "inline assembly" feature that allows you to roll your own opcodes. and therefore slower. For more. then they end up with a faster solution. I only offer half the solution.. Also many arithmetic redundancies allow for usage of processor features that C compilers to date have not yet mastered (for e. Most also come with linkers that allow you to link completely external assembly modules... semantics and syntax into much a simpler format before proceeding to the optimization and code generation phase.. (Example: WATCOM and DJGPP mix ASM in very smoothly. my routine drew by columns. If your table is multi-indexed.html Well. so I'll just show you the improvement: float x[MAX_ENTRIES]. In disputing these misbeliefs I only intend to improve awareness about performance optimization. Remember that in recalculating. Here's one sent in to me from "cdr": A while ago I wrote a simple routine to draw textured vertical walls DOOM-style. and work station programmers as well as professors of higher education. see High level vs. but your competition does. or if I was just a bad programmer. The second optimization I performed was to switch the X and Y coordinates when reading from my texture. My C compiler can't be much worse than 10% off of optimal assembly on my code This is something some people can only be convinced of by experience. you have the potential of using parallelism. all in the name of maintainability and portability.g.
html Modern C compilers will do a reasonable job if they are given assistance. Using smaller data types is faster than larger ones The original reason int was put into the C language was so that the fastest data type on each platform remained abstracted away from the programmer himself.) Both use lots of cache space. no x86 compiler I have see does a particularly good job of this. rather than relying on these kinds of language features. which rendered the compiled bitmap technique completely useless. paying non-overlapping sequential penalties whenever the pre-fetch buffer runs out. See Pentium Optimizations by Agner Fog for more information. While many processors can perform high throughput multiplies (the Pentium being an exception) general divides and modulos that are not a power of two are slow to execute (from Cray Super Computers right on down to 6502's.azillionmonkeys. one must be wary of cache usage. On the Pentium. but the compiled bitmap method uses far more.) Parallelism (via the usually undertaxed concurrent floating point units in many processors) and redundancy are often better bets than going to fixed point. 39 clocks of integer calculations can then be done in parallel and the result of the divide then retrieved in another clock. and therefore has more simplification optimization opportunities than with globals. The problem with it is. a good optimizing compiler is more than capable of deducing this feature of a local by itself. We are now at a point in the industry where floating point performance is truly matching the integer performance. While this might be able to assist the compiler's optimizer. or reciprocal square roots can be computed in a single clock. To exploit maximum optimization potential. CPU performance is usually more sensitive to instruction cache performance than it is to data cache performance. In more extreme cases. On older x86's this method worked well because the instruction prefetch penalties were paid on a per instruction basis regardless (there was no cache to put them into!) But starting with the 486. Furthermore. The Pentium can take up to 39 clocks to perform a floating point divide. About 41 clocks in total. if all variables in a given scope are local. On the other hand. Optimizing FPU usage takes careful programming. since it must encode a CPU store command for each source data word. Keep in mind that K&R and the ANSI committee did not design the C language to embody all of the performance characteristics of your CPU. in fact. without resorting to inline assembly whenever possible. changes to the high level source will tend to affect more target code at one time than what you will be able to do in assembly language with the same effort. that are as analogous to low level assembly as possible. Again your results will vary from compiler to compiler. use fixed point. This means that you can simultaneously do floating point and integer calculations. This is to be compared against a data copying routine which needs to read the source data from memory (and typically caches it. With the introduction of AMD's 3DNOW! SIMD floating point technology. Furthermore. that it chews up large amounts of instruction cache space. The reason is that data manipulations and resource contentions can be managed by write buffers and modern CPU's ability to execute instructions out of order. if you need only a few complicated results use floating point. you are better off going to hand rolled assembly. the biggest concern is moving data around to and from the FPU and the main integer unit. However. So. you should find the opposite tends to be true more of the time. On modern 32 and 64 bit platforms. Approximate (14/15 bits) divides. can forgo maintaining the variable outside the scope. If you are interested in the level optimizations available by hand assigning register variable aliasing. if they are not in the cache. or one of only a few possible fixed values there are ways to exploit fast integer (aka fixed point) methods. these older rules about floating point performance have been turned upside down.) Globals are faster than locals Most modern C compilers will alias local variables to your CPUs register's or SRAM. but only two of those clocks are actually spent issuing and retrieving the results for the divide itself. or other devices (that usually have their own independent clocks. small data types like chars and shorts actually incur extra overhead when converting to and from the default machine word sized data type. Fixed point always beats floating point for performance Most modern CPUs have a separate floating point unit that will execute in parallel to the main/integer unit. pipelining and parallelism. (Addenda: The only real purpose of "register" is to assert to the compiler that an auto variable is never addressed and therefore can never alias with any pointer.) They are also typically misleading with regards to hidden side effects of branch targets. Two multiplies and two adds can also be computed per clock allowing better than 1 gigaflop of peak performance. then an optimizing compiler. On the redundancy front. The bulk of the burden of optimizing your C source. nobody has a really good algorithm to perform them in general. (The WATCOM C/C++ compiler can be helped significantly with this sort of approach. you are likely going to have to go to assembly language. With instruction data. As a rule of thumb: if you need many simple results as fast as possible. is in the hands of your compiler's optimizer which will typically have its own ideas about what variables should go where. this was no longer a sensible solution since short loops paid no instruction prefetch penalties.) Compiled bitmaps are the fastest way to plot graphics This method replaces each bitmap graphics source data word with a specific CPU instruction to store it straight to graphics memory. Using packed data (and in this vein. such as exponential (usually highly recursive) algorithms. Using the register keyword in strategic places C will improve performance substantially This keyword is a complete placebo in most modern C compilers. At the very least. 6 of 12 23/5/2008 5:46 µµ . the instruction can be issued in one clock. than local algorithmic optimization issues. With such technologies the right answer is to use the data type format that most closely matches its intended meaning. The cycle counts given in processor instruction lists are usually misleading about the real cycle expenditure of your code. Performance optimization is achieved primarily by counting the cycles of the assembly code You usually get a lot more mileage out of optimizing your code at a high level (not meaning to imply that you need a HLL to do this) first. small structure fields) for large data objects may pay larger dividends in global cache coherence. I usually try to break my inner loops down into the most basic expressions possible.Programming Optimization: Techniques. if you are dividing or calculating a modulo and if you know the divisor is fixed. examples and discussion. thorough hand optimization often buys you significantly less than good up front design. They usually ignore the wait states required to access memory. they must be prefetched.com/qed/optimize.
this technique has the advantage that the jump taken case can be optimized according to the Condition probability and Undo Case B.com/qed/optimize. might be merged together to be more optimal than executing each separately. and bounding it by its input/output performance and the best possible algorithm in the middle in many cases is not an undoable task. The elimination of branching is an important concern with today's deeply pipelined processor architectures. Case A. For example. (On processors such as the ARM or Pentium II. See Iczelion's Win32 Assembly Home Page if you don't believe me. however. and usually acceptable amount of effort. "Else" clause removal The performance of if-then-else is one taken jump no matter what. you can also use conditional mov instructions to achieve a similar result. if it is.html In fact. Also since this optimization is dependent on sacrificing performance of one set of circumstances for another. } Clearly this only works if Undo Case B. these techniques clearly apply to other languages just as well. My main objection to this misconception is just that it cannot be applied globally. if( Condition ) { Undo Case B. thus it is pointless to sustain too much effort in pursuit of it This is not a technical belief -. Absolutely optimization is also not a completely unattainable goal. } else { Case B. some C compilers are clever enough to figure this out for you in some simple cases. you will need to time it to see if it is really worth it. Complete optimization is impossible. Even to the degree that it is true (in a very large software project. (See the RDTSC instruction as documented in Intel's processor architectural manuals.i<100. and the algorithm in the middle is approachable by considering the nature of the input and going with a standard algorithm such as heap sort or radix sort.) Use powers of two for multidimensional arrays Before: After: 7 of 12 23/5/2008 5:46 µµ . Case A.i). A Few Good Tricks Although I use C syntax in the examples below. Its one often heard from the folks that live in Redmond. Using proper profiling and benchmarking one can iteratively grab the "low hanging fruit" which will get most of the available performance.i*10). all modern x86 processors have internal clock timers than can be used to assist in getting real timing results and Intel recommends that programmers use them to get accurate timing results. sort its contents and write the result back out.) Of course. use constant increments instead of multiplies if this is possible. to read a file from disk. } This one should be fairly obvious.its a marketing one.Programming Optimization: Techniques. (The input/output performance is known.i++) { printf("%d\n".) Use finite differences to avoid multiplies Before: for(i=0. This delusion doesn't have anything close to logic backing it up. there's no need under Windows The benefits of assembly over C are the same under Windows or Linux as they are under DOS.) Assembly programming is only done in DOS.i+=10) { printf("%d\n". WA. and therefore doesn't deserve much comment. ought to be a very doable performance optimization exercise. there is always room left to optimize. Understanding the nature of your task. Before: if( Condition ) { Case A. examples and discussion. the degree of analysis that you can apply to your specific problem will vary greatly depending on its nature. However. Obviously you would swap cases A and B depending on which way the probability goes.azillionmonkeys.i<10. is possible. The reason is that a "mispredicted" branch often costs many cycles. } After: for(i=0. often the condition has a lop-sided probability in which case other approaches should be considered. } After: Case B. for example) it ignores the fact that optimal performance can be approached asymptotically with a finite. (Believe it or not. However.
y = x.sum. While this may seem to make sense from a space utilization point of view. Shifts are ordinarily much faster than multiplies.html char playfield[80][25].com/qed/optimize. do { map[i].sum3. int *y) { int t.visited = 0.sum0. 8 of 12 23/5/2008 5:46 µµ . it may be inlined without having to maintain an external copy. t = *y. Before: void swap(int *x. i--. chars for small counters. The conditional clause for any for loop must be evaluated on the first pass. does not allow it take advantage of abelian math operators for better scheduling. *y = *x. char playfield[80][32]. but often is a trivial TRUE: Before: for(i=0. } while(i>=0). If the function's address is never taken. float sum2. Ordinarily most CPUs have a conditional branch mechanism that works well when counting down from a positive number to zero or negative one. } Observe the large latency of modern CPUs The language definition for ANSI C. The advantage of using powers of two for all but the leftmost array size is when accessing the array. most CPUs have to end up wasting precious cycles to convert from one data type to another. shorts for slightly larger counters and only use longs or ints when you really have to. especially when preserving sign. y = x.) Before: float f[100]. int y.sum. *x = t. Ordinarily the compiled code would have to compute a multiply to get the address of an indexed element from a multidimensional array.sum1. Declare local functions as "static" Doing so tells the compiler that the function need not be so general as to service arbitrary general calls from unrelated modules. but most compilers will replace a constant multiply with a shift if it can. t = *y. Many compilers will see this optimization as well. int *y) { int t. } After: static void swap(int *x. y. *x = t.i++) { map[i].this allows for high frequency for the CPU. After: int x. as with any other time through the loop. Data type considerations Often to conserve on space you will be tempted to mix integer data types.azillionmonkeys.Programming Optimization: Techniques. examples and discussion. } After: i=99. This will become increasingly important as CPUs in the future move towards having ALUs with larger latencies (takes longer to perform operation -. After: float f[100]. *y = *x. Before: char x. Optimizing loop overhead Many compilers can't optimize certain loops into the form most suitable for them. the compiler can try to simplify and rearrange usage of it within other functions.i<100.visited = 0. If the function is small enough.
x<100.b.. unsigned int x..} #define abs(x) (((x)>0)?(x):-(x)) After: x = x = x = if( if( if( y &31.. y = x>>31. } unsigned int x. b = a. ) if( (x==2) || (x==3) || (x==5) || (x==7) || (x==11) || (x==13) || (x==17) || (x==19) ) {. a = (x & y) + ((x ^ y)>>1).sizeof(a)). 9 of 12 23/5/2008 5:46 µµ .com says. y <<3. y / w + z / w. code.c Use radix. /* Back to back dependent adds force the thoughput to be equal to the total FADD latency. a SIMD enabled compiler could direct the above to a SIMD instruction set (such as 3DNow!. examples and discussion Use the quicksort algorithm..} if( x&(x-1)==0 &&x!=0 ) if( (1<<x) & ((1<<2)|(1<<3)|(1<<5)|(1<<7) \ |(1<<11)|(1<<13)|(1<<17)|(1<<19)) ) {. Use fixed point DDA line algorithm.i<100.x++) { printf("%d\n". a.. /* overflow fixup */ if( a <x &&a <y ) a += 0x8000000. . a.} if( (x==1) || (x==2) || (x==4) || (x==8) || . in theory.} static long abs(long x) { long y.k<3. sum3 += f[i+3].} x & 5 ) {.azillionmonkeys.k++) a[i][j][k] = 0. The throughput is one add per clock.j++) for(k=0... code. Ignore suggestions from others. (y + z) / w.html .x++) { if( tx<=x ) { tx+=2*sx+3. for(i=0.) I definitely have not seen this yet..i++) for(j=0. Get examples from USENET/WEB/FTP Get suggestions but be skeptical.. however I have never seen any such thing.. Look through school notes for ideas.x=0. y. } /* Optimized for a 4-cycle latency fully pipelined FADD unit. for(x=0.. c:\>wpp386 /6r/otexan myprog. /* Not portable */ return (x^y)-y..j<3.sx).(int)(sqrt(x))). a==b &&c==d &&e==f ) {. Also.i+=4) { sum0 += f[i].... .0.i++) { sum += f[i]. SSE or AltiVec. for(i=0..sx=0. Strictly for beginners Techniques you might not be aware of if you have not been programming for the past 15 years of your life: Before: x = x = x = if( if( if( y % 32.. } Three3DType.Programming Optimization: Techniques. In theory this might allow them to see this sort of translation.j<3. .x<100. sx++..} x>=0 &&x<8 && y>=0 &&y<8 ) {..} ((unsigned)(x|y))<8 ) {. Some compilers allow for "trade accuracy for speed with respect to floating point" switches.. c:\>tc myprog. Think.c user% gcc -O3 myprog. Letters vincent@realistix. intro or heap(!) sort. } printf("%d\n". memset(a... */ sum0 = sum1 = sum2 = sum3 = 0.....com/qed/optimize.i<3.i++) for(j=0. y.. Three3DType a.i<3.. int b[3][3][3]. code ..} (x &1) || (x &4) ) {. code.c user% cc myprog... Use Bresenham's line algorithm. code . */ sum = 0. } for(tx=1.. for(i=0. y * 8. for(i=0..k<3.j++) for(k=0. ((a-b)|(c-d)|(e-f))==0 ) {..i<100. } typedef struct { int element[3][3][3]. . a = (x + y) >>1.k++) b[i][j][k] = a[i][j][k]. Code. sum2 += f[i+2]. } sum = (sum0+sum1) + (sum2+sum3). int a[3][3][3]. think. sum1 += f[i+1].. ..
This is when the pattern of the results of the comparison in the if() statement is not cyclical. Well predicited if() statements (that means comparisons that follow either a very simple short pattern. The penalty is basically the same as a non-predictable branch.. } static int int_min(int a. which is more expensive? IF statements or function calls? I need to choose between the two because of the rendering options that I pass to the rendering loop. For example to perform a max. The major point of which is that the CPU waits roughly the length of its pipeline before it can perform real work. The penalty for this is *MUCH* higher than anything listed to this point so far. Indirect function calls that have a high probability of going to the same address that it went to last time.. plus a few extra clocks (since it takes longer to fetch an address than compute a comparison.((a+a) & (a>>31)).) -Paul Hsieh. Low Level In the old days. This is when the indirect function call target changes on nearly every call. 4... 90% or more. you actually perform the work for both cases.) --The first three have relatively low clock counts and allow the CPU to perform parallel work if there are any opporunties. examples and discussion. 5.Programming Optimization: Techniques. One way to work around a situation such as 4/5 is that if there are only two cases. The ordering (fastest first) is roughly: 1. Changing indirect function calls.azillionmonkeys. A "static" function call will usually be faster and the fewer number of parameters the better (though if declared static. A CPU like the Athlon or P-!!! throws out about 10-18 clocks of work every time it guesses wrong (which you can expect to be about 50% of the time). and use a predicate mask to select between the answers. it was pretty easy to understand that writing your programs in assembly would tend to yield higher performing results than writing in higher level languages. } static int int_abs(int a) { return a . return a. 10 of 12 23/5/2008 5:46 µµ . to one result over the other.) 3. min and abs functions on an x86 compiler: static int int_max(int a. Thus the predictability of whether or not one result or the other is chosen does not factor into the performance (there is no branching calculation performed. } Notice that there is no branching. Compilers had solved the problem of "optimization" in too general and simplistic a way. . Modern CPUs will predict that the indirect address will be the same as last time. The address does not change. int b) { b = a-b.I've got a question on optimizing critical loops..pobox. sometimes this doesn't matter.html Links High Level vs.com/~qed/optimize.In the context of C/C++.. and sways back and forth in a non-simplistic pattern.. or are heavily weighted. a += b & (b>>31).html > > > > Hi. Fixed function calls. i.) 2. and had no hope of competing with the sly human assembly coder. The last two lead the CPU to specualtively perform wrong work that needs to be undone (this is usually just a few clocks of addition overhead). int b) { b = b-a.. Non-predictable if() statements. return a.. a -= b & (b>>31).
and that when it came to optimizations. that there is a significant performance margin to be gained in using assembly language. The MMX generation of x86 processors will pose even greater problems. Coincidentally I recently recompiled some code with VC++ 5 optimizing for both Pentium and PentiumPro. I got into a discussion with my brother about how he might optimize a totally C++ written program to improve the performance based on branching and floating point characteristics of modern x86 processors. The result was a pixel doubling blitter that ran 3 to 5 times faster. But given the lifespan of typical products. The pentium also has an auxiliary floating point execution unit which can actually perform floating point operations concurrently with integer computations. 8K data/code cache totals.. After I did a brain dump and suggested some non-portable. You overstate the risk. it is ordinarily beneficial to declare your data so that its usage on inner loops retains as much as possible in the cache for as long as possible. More recently.. examples and discussion. but those who are knowledgable and good have little trouble beating compilers. During a presentation I gave to some folks at AT&T Bell labs (a former employer) I explained that I was going to implement a certain piece of software in assembly language. in PowerPC assembly by an Apple engineer. : .Programming Optimization: Techniques. Comparing some 3D point transformations coded in C and Pentium assembly. Nevertheless I explained to the folks at Bell Labs that I owned the compiler that they suggested. and using such old code would not be a liability as you suggest. I could (can) easily code circles around it.com/qed/optimize.azillionmonkeys.html These days the story is slightly different. Ordinarily. On the other hand perhaps I should be thankful since these false beliefs about the abilities of C/C++ compilers in other programmers only. This can require bizarre declaration requirements which are most easily dealt with by using unions of 8K structures for all data used in your inner loops. that he was going to write a "100% optimal 3D graphics library completely in C++". the assembly code ran 30% faster than the Pentium optimized C code on a P5-100 and 12% faster than the PentiumPro optimized C code on a PII-300. He got most of the way through before abandoning his project. on the pentium. He emphatically defended his approach with long flaming postings insisting that modern C++ compilers would be able to duplicate any hand rolled assembly language optimization trick. The classic example of overlooking these points above is that of one magnanimous programmer who came from a large company and declared to the world. through USENET. while a simple recompile on a : decent PII compiler will make that C code surpass you old asm ..games. different implementation. I've personally seen a graphics intensive game get 5 more frames per second (25. Here's an off the cuff post from Anthony Tribelli on rec. which raised eyebrows. A friend had an algorithm reimplemented. I'm not advocating that everything should be done in assembly. He eventually realized that the only viable solution for existing PC platforms is to exploit the potential for pipelining the FPU and the integer CPU instructions in a maximally concurrent way. or by linking to a library of hand rolled assembly routines. The conclusion you should take away from this (and my other related web pages) is that when pedal to the metal kinds of performance is required. This way you can overlap data with poor cache coherency together. This can lead to algorithmic designs which require an odd arrangement of your code. Basically. and that assembly is often a good solution at times. up from 20. I always roll my eyes when the old debate of whether or not the days of hand rolled assembly language are over resurfaces in the USENET assembly language newsgroups. that is not worth worrying about. assembly 11 of 12 23/5/2008 5:46 µµ . Even on true RISC CPUs.. BTW. On a Pentium. superscalar CPU's a good compiler beats out most ASM programmers due to the complex issues for instruction pariing . same algorithm. C/C++ compilers have no easy way to translate source code to cache structured aware data and code along with concurrently running floating point. and burst device memory interfaces are something not easily expressed or exploited by a C/C++ compiler. Perhaps when spanning more than two architecural generations. While the older architecture's assembly code had less of an improvement on the newer architecture. multiple execution units.. one combines C/C++ and assembly by using the compiler's inline assembly feature. Just that claiming C compilers are hard to beat is naive.programmer: Chris Lomont wrote: : : : : Where do you get your ideas about experienced coders? On RISC chips and many of the pipelined. there would be such a problem. Inside some research organizations the general consensus is that compilers could do at least as well as humans in almost all cases. it was still faster. Compilers have gotten better and the CPUs have gotten harder to optimize for. Most assembly programmers are neither knowledgable or good. I'll redundantly stress that the algorithm was not changed. But have compilers really gotten so good that humans cannot compete? I offer the following facts: High level languages like C and C++ treat the host CPU in a very generic manner. and register resource contention are easy for compilers to deal with. while using as much of the remainder of the cache for data with good cache coherency. odd features like 32 byte cache lines. as in your 486 to PentiumPro example. Again. While local optimizations such as loop unrolling. by comparison. especially games. differentiates my abilities more clearly to my employer. on a P5-100) by replacing low level graphics code compiled by VC++ 5 with handwritten assembly. that has no sensible correspondence with high level code that computes the same thing. Your hand crafted 486 asm will probably run dog slow on later : processors with different pairing rules. Something no x86 based C compiler in production today is capable of doing.. One person went so far as to stop me and suggest a good C/C++ compiler that would do a very good job of generating optimized object code and make my life a lot easier.
html motivated techniques.com/qed/optimize. he said he was able to use those suggestions alone to make his program run 10 times as fast!. This stuff is not trivial. see Randall Hyde's Great Debate page.azillionmonkeys. For more. Paul Hsieh All Rights Reserved.Programming Optimization: Techniques. © Copyright 1996-2004. examples and discussion. 12 of 12 23/5/2008 5:46 µµ . | https://www.scribd.com/document/104664089/Programming-Optimization-Techniques | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | refinedweb | 8,202 | 59.4 |
How can I display an image from a file in Jupyter Notebook?
Courtesy of this post, you can do the following:
from IPython.display import ImageImage(filename='test.png')
If you are trying to display an Image in this way inside a loop, then you need to wrap the Image constructor in a display method.
from IPython.display import Image, displaylistOfImageNames = ['/path/to/images/1.png', '/path/to/images/2.png']for imageName in listOfImageNames: display(Image(filename=imageName))
Note, until now posted solutions only work for png and jpg!
If you want it even easier without importing further libraries or you want to display an animated or not animated GIF File in your Ipython Notebook. Transform the line where you want to display it to markdown and use this nice short hack!
 | https://codehunter.cc/a/python/how-can-i-display-an-image-from-a-file-in-jupyter-notebook | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | refinedweb | 138 | 56.35 |
Performance ImageIO read803039 Feb 26, 2013 5:05 AM
hi,
for our system i have to read a lot of png images and scale them down to about 25%.
The images are 2500x3500px.
the are read by following code
is there any way to speed this up?
greetings sascha
for our system i have to read a lot of png images and scale them down to about 25%.
The images are 2500x3500px.
the are read by following code
it takes 800ms to load on image. i tried on several machines, linux, windows without a big difference . Hardware acceleration like d3d and opengl seems not to help.it takes 800ms to load on image. i tried on several machines, linux, windows without a big difference . Hardware acceleration like d3d and opengl seems not to help.
BufferedImage image= ImageIO.read(new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream("c:/temp/1.png"),8192));
is there any way to speed this up?
greetings sascha
This content has been marked as final. Show 5 replies
1. Re: Performance ImageIO readStanislavL Feb 26, 2013 5:55 AM (in response to 803039)I tried a bit different approach. Instead of reading from file I load the file in memory and then read. Works ~ 20% faster for me
public class ResourceTest { public static void main(String[] args){ try { long start=System.currentTimeMillis(); BufferedImage image= ImageIO.read(new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream("c:/temp/1.jpg"), 8192)); long end=System.currentTimeMillis(); System.out.println("time="+(end-start)); long start2=System.currentTimeMillis(); File f=new File("c:/temp/1.jpg"); byte[] buffer=new byte[(int)f.length()]; new FileInputStream(f).read(buffer); BufferedImage image2= ImageIO.read(new ByteArrayInputStream(buffer)); long end2=System.currentTimeMillis(); System.out.println("time="+(end2-start2)); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
2. Re: Performance ImageIO readEJP Feb 26, 2013 6:00 AM (in response to StanislavL)There's no reason why the second would be any faster. It just adds latency and wastes memory, among other issues. All you're seeing is the effect of cache priming via the first.
3. Re: Performance ImageIO readStanislavL Feb 26, 2013 7:06 AM (in response to EJP)Yes. You are right. closer investigations show no real improvement.
4. Re: Performance ImageIO readMaxideon Feb 26, 2013 1:12 PM (in response to 803039)Passing a file should be a faster read than an input stream. That is, reading from a FileImageInputStream (what the file is wrapped in) is generally faster than reading from a FileCacheImageInputStream (what the inputstream is wrapped in).
Another way to improve speed is to read only each n'th pixel. This is effectively scaling an image down using nearest neighbor interpolation during read time. To do so, you use the #setSourceSubsampling method on an ImageReadParam that you pass to an ImageReader.
The last way to improve speed is to use a faster image reader. Something called the JAI-ImageIO package contains all of the readers and writers officially made by Sun/Oracle. It contains all reader/writers that you already have from installing the JDK, plus a TIFF reader/writer and a 'natively accelerated' jpeg and png reader/writer. You'll want the natively accelerated png one. It's called CLibPNGImageReader.
5. Re: Performance ImageIO readEJP Feb 27, 2013 5:14 PM (in response to StanislavL)
Yes. You are right. closer investigations show no real improvement.It will be slower, when you measure it properly. | https://community.oracle.com/thread/2506460?tstart=0&messageID=10875456 | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | refinedweb | 565 | 61.22 |
Now that we have our environment prepared we can deploy the function. To do this we need two files; the first is the requirements.txt file, this contains just two lines:
python-twitterkubernetes==2.0.0
The requirements.txt file lets Python know which external libraries to deploy alongside our code. In our file we are using the twitter library so that we can post the tweet easily, and also the kubernetes library to decode the secrets we created in the previous section. Using the libraries means that our code is quite streamlined, as all of the hard work takes place outside our core function. The code for the function is as follows:
import base64import twitterfrom kubernetes import client, configconfig.load_incluster_config() ... | https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/kubernetes-for-serverless/9781788620376/b365257c-e2ed-4acd-9408-0cdaae8132c4.xhtml | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | refinedweb | 121 | 65.42 |
using the code provided in the tutorial, I have created my own test program:
- Code: Select all
#!/usr/bin/python
from Adafruit_CharLCD import Adafruit_CharLCD
from subprocess import *
from time import sleep, strftime
from datetime import datetime
lcd = Adafruit_CharLCD()
lcd.clear()
lcd.message("test")
when I run this program, it usually prints "WFW7" on the LCD, although sometimes it's "GFW7" or "7FW7". when I try to run the time/date/ip program, I get strange characters. I have double and triple-checked my wiring, and everything appears exactly as the tutorial says it should, but I just can't get good output to appear.
can someone please give me some idea where to start looking for the problem? | http://adafruit.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=50&t=34361&start=0 | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | refinedweb | 118 | 61.67 |
On Sat, 2009-04-04 at 22:09 +0000, Antoine Pitrou wrote:
> Antoine Pitrou <pitrou@free.fr> added the comment:
>
> teardown
>
> Why should they? It's only an implementation choice, and not a wise one
> I would say (precisely because people are used to the fact that the
> standard tearDown() method does nothing, and doesn't need to be called).
>
> I explained my proposal in terms of actual use cases, but I don't see
> any actual use case of addCleanup() in your argument.
I was arguing by analogy: if we were to implement addCleanup as
something called at the end of the base class tearDown, then it would
clearly support LIFO tearing down of anything people have done [except
that we can't rely on them having called the base tearDown]. The next
best thing then is to call it from run() after calling tearDown.
If you want a worked example:
---
class TestSample(TestCase):
def setUp(self):
dirname = mkdtemp()
self.addCleanup(shutils.rmtree, dirname, ignore_errors=True)
db = make_db(dirname)
self.addCleanup(db.tearDown)
....
---
This depends on db being torn down before the rmtree, or else the db
teardown will blow up (and it must be torn down to release locks
correctly on windows).
-Rob | https://bugs.python.org/msg85443 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | refinedweb | 205 | 67.38 |
This is your resource to discuss support topics with your peers, and learn from each other.
12-11-2009 03:05 AM
According to the attached log, SetionMetrics without FontMetrics no longer has issues with verification/linking errors. It starts, but then fails because an UnsupportedOperationException is thrown (OpenGL not supported).
12-11-2009 10:43 AM
FontMetrics is not a public class, which means it can not be used by a third party application. You should only make use of classes listed in the BlackBerry API Documentation.
The BlackBerry Storm 9530 does not support OpenGL ES. Currently, only the BlackBerry Storm 2 9550 has support for it.
12-11-2009 12:45 PM
Ok, thanks for responding.
It's disappointing that OpenGL ES is not supported on the 9530 but it introduces some questions such as the program won't run unless GLUtils.isSupported returns true. It returns true on my 9530 and on the 9500/9530 simulator, that is why I was able to run the app on the device. May I ask why the 9530 (which from what I read has the same CPU/GPU combo as the 9550) does not support OpenGL ES?
Second, I don't know if the Eclipse BlackBerry plugin 1.1 Beta has an older documentation version then the online documentation but it lists FontMetrics as a public class. I now know ot to use it and will remove it to prevent problems from the other apps that currently have it as a place holder.
12-11-2009 03:41 PM
FontMetrics is also listed as public API in the javadocs of a JDE v5.0.0 beta that I have (I don't have access to the build/bundle number right now)...
12-11-2009 03:42 PM
There are other hardware limitations that prevent the use of OpenGL ES on the BlackBerry Storm 1.
GLUtils.isSupported should return false on this device. I have sent that issue to our development team.
FontMetrics is not listed in the API documentation in the current beta 5 release of the 5.0 BlackBerry Java SDK plug-in for Eclipse. It may have been accidentally included in a previous beta.
12-11-2009 03:47 PM
Thanks for a very prompt and clear reply, Mark!
12-11-2009 04:44 PM
Thanks for the response. I am a little disappointed that OpenGL is not supported but it gives me an incentive to get the Storm 2.
As for the GLUtils.isSupported I just checked and something must have changed since the last time I used it because previously it returned true, now it returns false. Sorry for the mistake.
As for the Eclipse plugin, was a new version released since the initial release after the BlackBerry Developer Conference? If so then I need to update.
12-11-2009 06:30 PM
Nevermind about the Eclipse question, I just checked the Update Site and found that updates were avalible. | https://supportforums.blackberry.com/t5/Java-Development/API-5-0-RIMAPPSA2-signing-required-for-app-that-doesn-t-use/m-p/397624/highlight/true | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | refinedweb | 494 | 65.52 |
Hi everyone, first of all sorry for the poor english wich will follow.
for the lamp's design, i borrow the inspiration from this instructable by Wildman Project...
He did all the cuts with a cnc ( you can find the files with the link), i haven't finish my own cnc so i did the differents decorations patterns with a manual scroll saw and i use the cnc like a milling machine (with a keyboard) to make the base of the lamp.
Compare to the original tutorial, i add a sensitive touch light switch based on a atmega 328p.
You can see the result in the short video below.
Step 1: Electronic Parts: What You Need and General Explanation
What you need :
- An atmega chip, i used an atmega328p-pu (i already had it, but you can take a smaller one, your choice)
like this one :...
- DC-DC Adjustable Step Down Power Supply
like the one below :...
- A transistor arrays (not sure about the terms) ULN2003, same things than the chips i used it because i had one, but you can use 3 separates transistors.
but i use this one:...
- A resistance, i used a 1 Mohm to do the capacitive switch
- You'll need some leds, i used 3 strips of 18 SMD3528 and the 12v adapter to power it.
- You will need also an arduino (uno, duemilanove etc...) to programm the atmega chip.
I won't explain the programming of the atmega, you will find the process on this page in the arduino official website....
How it works :
In a few word, you need to power supply the atmega chip in 3v after reducing the voltage from the adapter with the step-down from 12v to 3v, then two pins of the chip will be use to do the capacitive touch switch,and 3 atmega pins will be wired to the ULN2003 to switch-on the 12v power supply from a 3v atmega signal and turn on the led strips one by one.
Step 2: The Wiring : Power Supply the Atmega Chip
you'll need to power the atmega chip from the 12v power supply passing by the step-down module to power the atmega chip in 3v only.
Don't forgive to adjust the step-down with a screwdriver to 3v
Important!!! like describe on the picture, you need also to wire the pin vcc 7 to the pin arev vcc 20 on the Atmega chip.
Step 3: The Wiring : Wiring the Atmega to the ULN2003
- you need to connect the pins 11, 12 and 13 on the atmega (corresponding to the digital pin 5, 6 and 7 on the arduino uno and in the sketch software) to the pins 1, 2 and 3 on the ULN2003 (no matter the order)
- wire the ground from atmega to the ground of the ULN2003 (pin 8)
- wire the ground directly from the power supply (before the step-down) to the ground arduino/ULN2003, all the parts of the assembly needs a common ground
Step 4: The Wiring : Connect the Led Strip to the ULN2003 and to the Power Supply
Now you have to connect the ground of the led-strips to the pins OUT 1, 2 and 3 of the ULN2003 and the positive pins of the led-strip to the vcc of your 12v adapter (before the step-down, you need 12v for the leds)
-I used a led-strip, so there are some resistances already solder inside it, if you use single led do what it needs to keep it alive...
-i used 3 strips of 18 led, if you need more, read the datasheet of the ULN to see what is max current it can dissipate (heat) and adjust it to your assembly or change for biggest transistors.
Step 5: Capacitive Sensor, What Is It
It is too difficult for me to explain it in english, so i copy the DangerousTim explanation from this instructable :....
In his instructable DangerousTim use the Capsense library.
Here we will use the CapacitiveSensor library originally written by Paul Badger and now maintained by Paul Stoffregen.
Step 6: The Wiring : Wire the Capacitive Switch
Now to make the capacitive switch, you need to wire a 1Mohm resistance to the pin 15 (digital pin 9 on arduino sketch) and to the pin 19 (digital pin 13 on arduino sketch) of the atmega
then to solder a long wire to the resitance/pin19 to make the "antenna" (not really the good term) which will be used to switch on/off the led strip.
In this assembly, there will be 4 step to turn on/off the light.
one touch ( or hang over depending the settings) = turn on 1 led strip
second touch = turn on 2 led strips
third touch = turn on 3 led strips
fourth touch = turn off all the led strips
Now it's ok for the wiring, we just have now to upload the sketch inside the atmega.
Step 7: Programming the Atmega 328p-pu
Here is the sketch we have to upload in the atmega, refer to the link above to know the process to do it.
I'm not really good to write sketch, so i took some pieces here and there, i try and retry and finally it works.
So better "arduiner" than me, feel free and very welcome to give us better way to write this.
You will find the library here
#include <CapacitiveSensor.h> CapacitiveSensor capteurCapa = CapacitiveSensor(9,13); int seuilDeclenchement = 650; const int grp1 = 5; const int grp2 = 6; const int grp3 = 7; int etatgrp1; int etatgrp2; int etatgrp3; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); pinMode(grp1, OUTPUT); pinMode(grp2, OUTPUT); pinMode(grp3, OUTPUT); } void loop() { etatgrp1 = digitalRead(grp1); etatgrp2 = digitalRead(grp2); etatgrp3 = digitalRead(grp3); long mesureCapteur = capteurCapa.capacitiveSensor(30); Serial.print("Mesure : "); Serial.println(mesureCapteur); if ((mesureCapteur > seuilDeclenchement) && (etatgrp1 == LOW) && (etatgrp2 == LOW) && (etatgrp3 == LOW)) { digitalWrite(grp1, HIGH); delay(200); } if ((mesureCapteur > seuilDeclenchement) && (etatgrp1 == HIGH) && (etatgrp2 == LOW) && (etatgrp3 == LOW)) { digitalWrite(grp2, HIGH); delay(200); } if ((mesureCapteur > seuilDeclenchement) && (etatgrp1 == HIGH) && (etatgrp2 == HIGH) && (etatgrp3 == LOW)) { digitalWrite(grp3, HIGH); delay(200); } if ((mesureCapteur > seuilDeclenchement) && (etatgrp1 == HIGH) && (etatgrp2 == HIGH) && (etatgrp3 == HIGH)) { digitalWrite(grp1, LOW); digitalWrite(grp2, LOW); digitalWrite(grp3, LOW); delay(200); } delay(10); }
Feel free to test different settings
seuilDeclenchement = 650, this one allow you to play with the sensitivity of the assembly, if you put a low value, just approaching your hand will trigger the signal and light on a led strip.
With very low value just beeing in the area of the "antenna" wire will trigger it, so try and find the setting for your project.
You can also change the value of the resistance to change that sensitivity.
You can also connect the "antenna" wire to an aluminium sheet like i did to allow to touch all the surface of the lamp to turn it on (have a look on the picture in the beginning of this tutorial).
Ok, I think we're good now, it's my first instructable so be indulgent and don't hesitate to vote for it
Thank you | http://www.instructables.com/id/Sensitive-Touch-Lamp/ | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | refinedweb | 1,177 | 56.83 |
Silicon.
How do I change the Energy Profiler background color?
Press setup icon at the right of Energy Profiler.
Select Light on the Theme Selection to change the background color from black to white.
What is the frequency range of EFM32JG/PG HFXO?
The frequency range of EFM32JG/PG HFXO is 38 - 40 MHz. The minimum value is much higher than other EFM32s (4 MHz).
Are there any STKs for EFM32JG?
There is no STK for EFM32JG. Since the only difference between Jade Gecko and Pearl Gecko is the core, the hardware and software development for EFM32JG can be done using an EFM32PG STK.
Any projects developed for EFM32JG should be set to use the ARM Cortex M3 core so the DSP extensions and FPU operations of EFM32PG (ARM Cortex M4) will be disabled by default.
Is it possible to use HFCLKLE as LETIMER and RTCC clock source?
Unlike other EFM32s, the HFCLKLE cannot be selected as the LETIMER and RTCC clock source for EFM32JG/PG.
The LETIMER and RTCC can be clocked by LFRCO, LFXO or ULFRCO.
What are the new features of GPIO interrupts in EFM32 Gecko Series 1 and EFR32 Wireless Gecko Series 1 device?
All GPIO pins within a group of four (0-3,4-7,8-11,12-15) from all ports are grouped together to trigger one interrupt.
So pins within the same group from different ports (e.g. PA0 & PC0) can be selected for the same interrupt source. The example code below demonstrates how to set up PC6 and PF6 as a GPIO interrupt on EFM32JG/PG.
Note: The Gecko SDK V5.0.0 fixed GPIO_ExtIntConfig() to enable correct interrupt number so this feature does not function properly on previous Gecko SDK.
#include "em_device.h"#include "em_chip.h"#include "em_cmu.h"#include "em_emu.h"#include "bsp.h"/**************************************************************************//** * @brief GPIO_EVEN_IRQHandler * Interrupt Service Routine for even GPIO interrupt *****************************************************************************/void GPIO_EVEN_IRQHandler(void){ uint32_t gpioInt; /* Read and clear even GPIO interrupt */ gpioInt = GPIO->IFC; /* Check interrupt from PC6 or PF6 to toggle LED */ if (gpioInt & 0x0010) { BSP_LedToggle(0); } else { BSP_LedToggle(1); }}/**************************************************************************//** * @brief Main function *****************************************************************************/int main(void){ EMU_DCDCInit_TypeDef dcdcInit = EMU_DCDCINIT_STK_DEFAULT; CMU_HFXOInit_TypeDef hfxoInit = CMU_HFXOINIT_STK_DEFAULT; /* Chip errata */ CHIP_Init(); /* Init DCDC regulator and HFXO with kit specific parameters */ EMU_DCDCInit(&dcdcInit); CMU_HFXOInit(&hfxoInit); /* Switch HFCLK to HFXO and disable HFRCO */ CMU_ClockSelectSet(cmuClock_HF, cmuSelect_HFXO); CMU_OscillatorEnable(cmuOsc_HFRCO, false, false); /* Enable atomic read-clear operation on reading IFC register */ MSC->CTRL |= MSC_CTRL_IFCREADCLEAR; /* Initialize LED driver */ BSP_LedsInit(); /* Setup PC6 & PF6 as input with pullup */ GPIO_PinModeSet(gpioPortC, 6, gpioModeInputPull, 1); GPIO_PinModeSet(gpioPortF, 6, gpioModeInputPull, 1); /* PC6 as falling edge trigger on GPIO interrupt source 6 */ GPIO_ExtIntConfig(gpioPortC, 6, 6, false, true, true); /* PF6 as falling edge trigger on GPIO interrupt source 4 */ GPIO_ExtIntConfig(gpioPortF, 6, 4, false, true, true); /* Enable interrupt in core for even GPIO interrupts */ NVIC_ClearPendingIRQ(GPIO_EVEN_IRQn); NVIC_EnableIRQ(GPIO_EVEN_IRQn); /* Infinite blink loop */ while (1) { EMU_EnterEM3(false); }}
ARM Application Note 179 Cortex™-M3 Embedded Software Development provides example code for using SRAM and peripheral bit-banding:
}
I have followed this example to set-up bit-banding macros for my own application using EFM32. The SRAM bit-banding works as expected, but the peripheral bit-banding only works for bits [7:0] of a given 32-bit register. Is there something wrong with my code or is bit-banding broken on EFM32?
Bit-banding does work on EFM32; the problem is a lack of specificity in ARM's own documentation. For example, the aforementioned application note (see section 2.5 Bit-banding), states that "this allows every individual bit in the bit-banding region to be directly accessible from a word-aligned address using a single LDR instruction." However, the example code in that same section uses the 8-bit type unsigned char for the pointer to the bit-band alias region.
The requirement for aligned word accesses to the bit-band alias region is not stated in the Cortex-M3 Devices Generic User Guide or the Cortex-M4 Devices Generic User Guide. In fact, these documents state quite the opposite that "bit-band accesses can use byte, halfword, or word transfers. The bit band transfer size matches the transfer size of the instruction making the bit band access." Similar statements can be found in the reference manuals for ARM's version 4- and 5-series C compilers.
So, which statements and documentation about bit-band transfer sizes and access alignment are true?
It turns out that the latter statements regarding bit-banding are the correct ones. In simple terms, whatever access size is presented to the bit-bander is the same access size that accompanies the resulting bus cycle(s) for reads or atomic read-modify-writes.
This actually makes sense when you think about it. Every ARM MCU vendor has their own implementations of peripherals like timers, serial ports, etc. Each vendor can choose what size accesses a particular peripheral might support. For example, it's not uncommon for a simple timer to have only a 16-bit counter and 16-bit registers. GPIO ports are often organized into 8-port ports with associated 8-bit registers.
So, in this respect, the bit-bander is designed to work with whatever peripherals might be mapped into the bit-banded peripheral address space, regardless of whatever access sizes might be supported.
ARM's example code cited above assumes as much. Why, then, can the peripheral bit-band macro issue 8-bit writes to bits [7:0] of a peripheral register in the bit-band region but not otherwise write bits [31:8]? The answer is simple:
On the Gecko devices, the peripheral registers are 32 bits wide, and writes, specifically, must also be 32 bits in size.
For example, if you use this loop to set each bit in GPIO_PD_DOUT one at a time with bit-banded accesses...
for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) *((volatile uint32_t *)(0x42000000 + 0x6078 * 0x20 + i * 4)) = (uint32_t)0x1;
...it works as expected because the writes to the bit-band space are 32-bit, and the resulting atomic read-modify-write cycles are also 32-bit. However, if you try to clear each bit, one after another, in reverse order using this loop...
for (i = 15; i >= 0; i--) *((volatile unsigned char *)(0x42000000 + 0x6078 * 0x20 + i * 4)) = (unsigned char)0x0;
...it doesn't work. Bits [15:8] remain unchanged, but when the code gets to bit 7, it and each subsequent bit is cleared as expected. This all comes back to the peripheral registers on Gecko requiring 32-bit writes. Anything else will not behave as expected.
If you would like to use bit-banding in your application, there are two options for making sure it to works:
Please note that none of this applies to EFM32 devices that use the Cortex-M0+ like Zero Gecko or Happy Gecko. Bit-banding is not a feature of the M0+ core as delivered by ARM, and neither Zero nor Happy Gecko incorporates any logic to implement it.
32-bit Knowledge Base
Application Notes Covering Low Power Benchmarks
Software licensing for EFM32
How to perform a software reset
USB audio examples for EFM32
Energy Profiler background color
EFM32JG/PG HFXO frequency
STK for EFM32JG
Clock source for LETIMER and RTCC in EFM32JG/PG
GPIO interrupt in EFM32 Gecko Series 1 and EFR32 Wireless Gecko Series 1 device
Understanding Peripheral Bit-banding on EFM32 Microcontrollers | https://www.silabs.com/community/mcu/32-bit/knowledge-base?filter=added+gt+%272016-04-01T00%3A00%3A00Z%27&filter=added+lt+%272016-04-30T23%3A59%3A59Z%27&filter=isDraft%20ne%20true | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | refinedweb | 1,219 | 50.87 |
* information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see52 * <>.53 */54 package org.jboss.axis.wsdl.symbolTable;55 56 import javax.xml.namespace.QName ;57 58 /**59 * Get the base language name for a qname60 */61 public abstract class BaseTypeMapping62 {63 /**64 * If the qname is registered in the target language,65 * return the name of the registered type.66 *67 * @param qName QName representing a type68 * @return name of the registered type or null if not registered.69 */70 public abstract String getBaseName(QName qName);71 }72 73 ;74
Java API By Example, From Geeks To Geeks. | Our Blog | Conditions of Use | About Us_ | | http://kickjava.com/src/org/jboss/axis/wsdl/symbolTable/BaseTypeMapping.java.htm | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | refinedweb | 104 | 58.28 |
Cyrus IMAP 2.2.x Release Notes¶
Changes to the Cyrus IMAP Server since 2.2.13
- ctl_mboxlist now dumps/undumps the mailbox type flags, making it useful for remote mailboxes.
- Added sieve_allowreferrals option to control whether timsieved issues referrals or proxys traffic to backends..
Changes to the Cyrus IMAP Server since 2.2.11
- Revert index change which wasn't supposed to make it into 2.2.11
Changes to the Cyrus IMAP Server since 2.2.10
-).
Changes to the Cyrus IMAP Server since 2.2.9
- Fix 0 termination in mysasl_canon_user.
- Check for imap magic plus buffer overflow in proxyd also (CAN-2004-1015).
- Only send an over quota ALERT on SELECT if the quotaroot is different from the last ALERT, or we haven't sent an ALERT in over 10 min.
Changes to the Cyrus IMAP Server since 2.2.
Changes to the Cyrus IMAP Server since 2.2.7
- Fix a double-free bug in the notify code
- Fix a problem with idled and an empty mailbox list
Changes to the Cyrus IMAP Server since 2.2.6
- Fix handling of PARTIAL command and partial body fetches
- A large number of portability fixes supplied by Albert Chin <china@thewrittenword.com>
- Added client_timeout option to control connect() timeouts for proxy code
- Added popuseacl option
- Fix a number of issues with the quota -f tool
- Fix thread safety issue in saslserver()
- Fix possible stage file leak in append code
- Fix bugs in handling of MULTIAPPEND introduced in 2.2.3
- Fixed regression bug in Sieve vacation
Changes to the Cyrus IMAP Server since 2.2.5
- Fix a bug in the proxy code where a backend connection might get closed twice
- Improved consistency checking in chk_cyrus
- Fix segfault in APPEND code
- Fix a bug with an interaction between sieve and unixhierarchysep
- Fix a file descriptor leak in the quotadb code
- Fix a triggered assertation in service-thread services
- Add a number of internal consistency checks to the skiplist code
- Allow mbpath to handle virtual domains
- Fix various MANAGESIEVE client authentication issues
- Other minor fixes
Changes to the Cyrus IMAP Server since 2.2.4
- Bug fixed in hash table code that could sometimes cause crashes with the quotalegacy database
- Net-SNMP compatibility
- Significantly improved com_err detection
- Assorted minor NNTP improvements
- Assorted other minor bugfixes
Changes to the Cyrus IMAP Server since 2.2.3
- Quota now uses the cyrusdb interface (quotalegacy by default).
- All incoming messages are now staged to disk before locking the destination mailbox (locks are no longer held during a network read).
- Fixed off-by-one error in fetchnews (articles are no longer skipped).
- nntpd now uses the Followup-To: header (if exists) instead of the Newsgroups: header when constructing post address(es) and adds them to the Reply-To: header instead of the To: header.
- Added berkeley_locks_max, berkeley_txns_max and berkeley_cachesize options.
- Added imapmagicplus option.
- Substantial work on afspts/ptloader canonicalization code
- Much improved LDAP ptloader code (no more internal OpenLDAP dependencies)
- Fixed a number of IPv6 related bugs
Changes to the Cyrus IMAP Server since 2.2.2
-.
- Runtime configuration of the Cyrus databases. The cyrudb backend used for each database can be specified with an imapd.conf option. NOTE: You MUST convert the database using cvt_cyrusdb BEFORE changing the backend in imapd.conf.
- Sendmail socket map support (smmapd) for verifying that mailboxes exist and are deliverable before accepting the message and sending it to Cyrus.
- New userid mode for virtual domains, which does NOT do reverse lookups of the IP address.
- nntpd now supports the Xref header.
- nntpd can now use the POST command to feed articles to upstream servers.
- fetchnews can now be used with NNTP servers which don't support the NEWNEWS command.
- lmtpd now initializes duplicate.db only when it is necessary (when using Sieve or duplicatesuppression).
- Sieve now verifies that text strings are valid UTF-8.
- Sieve now verifies that address tests and envelope tests are done on headers which contain addresses (can be disabled with rfc3028_strict: no).
- Services will now notice that a new binary has been installed and will restart using the new binary once the existing connection is closed.
Changes to the Cyrus IMAP Server since 2.2.1
- Major bugfixes in murder altnamespace/unixhierarchysep/virtdomain support (Thanks in large part to work by Christian Schulte <cs@schulte.it>)
- Improved master process accounting (Henrique de Moraes Holschuh <hmh@debian.org>)
- Significantly improved message header caching (based in large part on code supplied by David Carter <David.Carter@ucs.cam.ac.uk> from the University of Cambridge)
- The sieve bytecode format has been updated once more, to correctly handle short-circuiting of the allof and anyof operators
- Support for warning quota based on absolute mailbox size
- Correct handling of annotations during XFER operations
- Simple support for IMAP BINARY extension
- Support for Automake 1.7 and Autoconf 2.57
- Support for IMAP initial SASL response (the SASL-IR extension)
Changes to the Cyrus IMAP Server since 2.2.0
- The improved directory hashing (fulldirhash) is now a runtime configuration option.
- The netnews.db has been integrated into deliver.db.
- Full r/w ANNOTATEMORE support, including more annotations that allow the control of operations such as message expiration. ANNOTATEMORE is also always enabled now.
- expirenews has been replaced by cyr_expire which uses annotations for fine-grained mailbox expiration.
- squatter can now use annotations for fine-grained mailbox indexing.
- Many nntpd enhancements including: reader-only and feeder-only modes, support for LIST NEWSGROUPS (via mailbox annotations) and gatewaying news to mail (via mailbox annotations).
- fetchnews can now authenticate to the remote server.
- Removed deprecated LAST command from pop3d.
- Sieve Bytecode is now stored in network byte order, meaning that bytecode files can be freely moved between different platforms
- Sieve relational extension now working again.
- Sieve vacation now uses the correct subject.
- A large number of bugs involving virtual domain support have been fixed, including issues with the Murder, and with Sieve.
Changes to the Cyrus IMAP Server since 2.1.x
- There have been extensive performance and consistency changes to the configuration subsystem. This will both ensure greater consistency between the documentation and the code, as well as a more standard format for specifing service-specific configuration options in imapd.conf. Important changes are detailed here:
- The tls_[service]_* configuration options have been removed. Now use [servicename]_tls_*, where servicename is the service identifier from cyrus.conf for that particular process.
- Administrative groups (e.g. admins and lmtp_admins) no longer union, service groups completely override the generic group.
- lmtp_allowplaintext is no longer a defined parameter and must be specified using the service name of your lmtp process if you require a specific value
- libcyrus has been split into libcyrus_min and libcyrus, so as to allow sensative applications (such as master) include the least amount of code necessary for operation
- Virtual domain support. See the virtual domains document for details.
- Users can now be renamed (even across domains). Note that this is not atomic and weirdness may occur if the user is logged in during the rename. See the allowusermoves option in imapd.conf(5) for details.
- The db3 and db3-nosync database backends have been renamed to berkeley and berkeley-nosync respectively (to avoid confusion over whether or not db4 is supported).
- The default mailbox list and seen state database formats have changed to skiplist from Berkeley and Flat, respectively.
- ptloader is now a regular cyrus service. This has several implications, see install-upgrade.html for more details.
- NNTP support. Usenet news can now be fed to and read from Cyrus directly via NNTP, without the need for a local news server. See netnews document for details.
- IPv6 support, provided by Hajimu UMEMOTO <ume@mahoroba.org>
- Sieve scripts are now compiled to bytecode to allow for faster execution (and lmtpd no longer needs lex or yacc). See install-upgrade.html for more details.
- The functionality of pop3proxyd has been merged into pop3d. Be sure to update cyrus.conf on your frontend machines accordingly.
- The functionality of ctl_deliver -E has been moved to cyr_expire -E. Be sure to update cyrus.conf on your machines accordingly. | https://www.cyrusimap.org/3.4/imap/download/release-notes/2.2/2.2.x.html | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | refinedweb | 1,356 | 56.96 |
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Last post 05-21-2009 8:30 PM by keith.ealanta. 30 replies.
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How about a very complex page which is composited by many different modules? e.g. a MSN home page alike web page, it need to display latest news, latest weather forecast, latest blog, forum updates, ...
For each module, it's pretty clean to make it a full "MVC" cycle, but if we mix multiple M together, mix multiple V together and make it one MVC cycle, it not that neat. Any good idea on design web sites like this?
--
Some similar idea is, a master page could contain multiple place holders for different piece of contents, it's clean if we handle each part of them in a MVC cycle, but how to do it in current ASP.NET MVC?
Sounds like you want "MVC for Web Parts" where the rendering of the overall page, and separately the parts goes through Controller + Model → View.
However web parts are closer to user controls than pages in their own right, and there is a lot of provider support associated with their use, so I'm not sure that MVC CTP #1 is a viaiable starting point for this.
However MVC view user controls could be a starting point (seem to be ASP.NET User Controls + Html, Url etc. helpers plus access to ViewData).
This has always been a small paint point for me and MVC web frameworks in general.
Coming from the Monorail world I have solved this in the past by using ViewComponents very similar ot UserControls.
Lets call my controller/view Dashboard/Index. My Index view page would mostly delegate to usercontrols passing ViewData that I set in my controller. Monorail has the concept of a dynamic action, meaning I can decorate my controllers with actions from other places without actually writing methods on my controller. So my options now become.
Option 1 is confusing, it would require a little plumbing, and I am not totally sold on it.
Option 2 I have personally always liked option 2 the best, the problem is now my UserControllers need to be aware of my application to do anything involving persistence, security, etc. Check this thread, I have a late response on how I would handle user controls without code behind.
Option 3 Don't know why, but I just don't like option 3. Seems like too much client side setup with script.
Following Option 2, if I wanted some really reusable controls, I think I would just make my usercontrol's controller virtual and use a template method approach for creating protected methods that the end users can override to do what they need. Now I just drop in my user control, I tell it where its controller is and I am done.
I am interested to see what MS recommends for third party components. I hope to God it does not involve code behind.
You'd want to use UserControls (similar to Rails partials) that you can Render using RenderUserControl(); In terms of where the logic resides - I always tell people to create Services that do this (similar, in a way, to Rail's plugins).
In Rails if you want to have a certain bit of functionality - like GoogleMaps or something - you download a Plugin and then "strap it" to the ApplicationController (or whichever controller you're using it in). In a sense what you're doing is extendin the controller by doing this.
You can use this same concept in C#/MVC by using a "Service" - an encapsulated bit of logic that does something specific, and is "horizontal" to your application (meaning it can be used everywhere). So if you wanted to get NYSE quotes, you could by 1) creating a NYSEService class (or call it what makes sense to you) that handles the logic and 2)Create a UserControl that exposes it.
I did this with the new SubSonic forums (not release yet) because I needed Akismet (for spam) and CSharpFormat for posting. You can put this stuff in your project, or keep it in a DLL externally.
robconery:I always tell people to create Services that do this
robconery:then "strap it" to the ApplicationController
When did C# get mixins?
I think the problem comes when you have portal like pages where you want to drop in functionality in some type of portlet. You can't add methods on your controller for every scenario. What happens when my usercontrol has some ajax capabilities, what controller/action is it calling to? What happens when my usercontrol wants to persist perferences or options?
Thanks Abombss, Rob.
Yes, this is a general problem...so I am wondering if ASP.NET will have some neat solution.
As my understanding partials in RoR is just a piece of presentation code (should belongs to View), so actually I had same problem when I played on RoR before. (though it's possible to put some M&C code inside partial, it's ugly) As you mentioned we can archive the same goal with RenderUserControl() in ASP.NET.
I think the key problem is not in the view part, it's inside M & C. A dashboard web page could pull all kind of data in the database, if we mix all those inside the M&C, it will be a mess. Yes, we can put those modulized logic into "services", we can even encapsulate them into different classes / assemblies / ..., however we need a place to put them together...then we may get a messed up "action". Image a real complex application, many actions may contain similar codes though those are just simple calls to some encapsulated services.
e.g.
public class BigWebController : Controller {
[ControllerAction]
public void Index()
{
LatestNewsService latestNews = new LatestNewsService();
StockQuotoService stock = new StockQutoService();
...
// we at least need to create and call those services somewhere, right?
RenderView(...);
}
public void MyCustomizedDashboard()
...
// we may have similar code here, right?
RenderView("...")
}
}
For the views, we can use user control, or simple "include" some aspx files which render partial content (is the include a good idea? I am very new to asp.net, but I did quite a lot such include in Java web develop) Since we have prepared all required data in M, C, we will get whatever we want in the V.
What if we need to add some "component" to a web page? Oh, besides change the view aspx files, we have to change the controller code, even those component are remain exactly same in another page!
This is not a neat enough idea sounds to me, because we not treat it as "component", we separated something which could done perfectly in a full M-V-C cycle into "service" and "partial" .
If we need to consider the cache, the logic could be much complex: we
may have a bunch of condition code somewhere to get "Model" from cache,
but how about the view? if Model can be get from cache, why we render
view again? would it better to directly pull the result from cache?
-----
What I did before is: (I didn't use asp.net before, so write some Java related stuff, but I believe it similar)
(1) Keep MVC stuff simple and only do one task in each MVC cycle. (It's not conflict to implement stuff as service)
(2) Use another container page to "include" each part of the "components", this could be a simple jsp page or another "MVC" cycle.
I think my solution have those advatange:* it's like real "component", they are self-contained.
* change the finally page is simple, just change the external contain page, you get different result. (the project I worked before, the web design changes from time to time, maybe we just have poor design and decision but that's real in many teams I believe... )
* it's easy to switch from "service side include" to "ajax include", just change the container page, all component remain unchanged! In one of my project, we even switch between the 2, if user agent support javascript, we use ajax, if not we use server side include, and it's very SEO friendly.
* The huge benefit I think is CACHE. We can have many level cache to archive best performance, in the container page level, we can use cached result if nothing changed from any inside component, for "component" they have cache for themselves, and the cache mechanism is same for the whole page and the "component", it's simple and very efficient.
I think the solution I have is like a "reversed" master page: the "container" page dispatch to each "component" and composite into a final web page. ASP.NET's master page is a great idea, however I am wonder if how to archive the above dash board alike application easily and keep the design neat and clean.
---
Of course, maybe I am wrong or maybe there are much better solution for this, that's what I am looking for and why I asked the question here.
I've got the same problem with master page which include M-V-C modules. I search on the net, ROR or PHP MVC have method: render_component which will render a view to solve this problem
<html>
<body
<div id="leftCol">
render_component(Controller="Category", Action = "List", {param1=value1, param2=value2})
</div>
<div id="mainCol">
render_component(Controller="Product", Action = "List", {param1=value1, param2=value2, param3=value3})
</body>
</html>
Can we have any same solutions for asp.net mvc ?
convit:ROR or PHP MVC have method: render_component which will render a view to solve this problem
I like this, conceptually, they are all seperate actions, so it's very natural, this gives you a good way of composing complex views without breaking the mvc. Got my vote too.
How is that any different than <uc:MyUserControl />?
How does your CategoryController/List action know what view to render, and know that it only needs to render a partial?
If we use <uc:MyUserControl> : we will breaking the MVC pattern because of view is direct accessed not throught its controller,
CategoryController/List, List Action already know what view to render, I dont know how to implement this idea :(
I have another question:
How to pass data cross modules ? With classic asp.net mode, I use query string to pass data.
But with MVC URL is very important to determine Controller, Action, with one URL, we only determine one controller, one action deal with that URL.
But in complex View scene, we have to instance many controller, each controller mush have data to process itself.
convit:But in complex View scene, khi have to instance many controller, each controller mush have data to process it selt.
The flow will look something like this. Take a portal type page with multiple components, most likely you hit the home controler/action first, inside the action you read the db and load up some profile settings for each individual component on your portal page, pass that to the view, inside the view, appropriate component is rendered with the setting you read from the db. preserves mvc. Basically, you either pass it through the original url when appropriate, or count on the first action to figure it out. Think of it as a parent action with a bunch of child actions, parent will tell the children what to do.
convit:If we use <uc:MyUserControl> : we will breaking the MVC pattern because of view is direct accessed not throught its controller,
Where does it say a view cannot call another view in MVC? We get our MVC separation because the model does not depend on the view.
convit:How to pass data cross modules ? With classic asp.net mode, I use query string to pass data.
Through parameters, everything has access to the RequestContext and if using UserControls you can use parameters.
convit:But in complex View scene, khi have to instance many controller, each controller mush have data to process itself.
This is why this is a weird idea. Why would you call an action on a 2nd controller just to render output? You call a controller to take action. Outputing a component will have no side effects. Only if the component needs to modify or presist state in some way does it need a controller to call into an action. I only want one action happening per request, otherwise it will turn into a bloody nightmare.
abombss:How is that any different than <uc:MyUserControl />?
Unlike user controls that will break the mvc pattern, render component will not.
Take implementing this forum for example, there's a top 10 poster list on the right panel. The obvious solution is we will make a master page that contains a Top10UserControl. now let's say we hit
how do we load the data into this Top10UserControl, one option is have the user control do it, but that is not mvc. option 2 is have ForumsController.Index load up the data and pass it on, but there's a problem, what if we hit other pages...
all these actions ForumsController.Show(forumId), PostsController.Index(forumId), CommentsController.New(postId) etc all have to know to load up the Top10 data for the master page. What if we decided to add something else to the master page? Code has to be changed in lots of places. We can refactor and make an utility function called GetMasterPageData(), but every action still have to remember to invoke that, not very clean. Maybe we use the template pattern so you will never forget to call GetMasterPageData(), but that's an extra class on the inheritance hierarchy.
With the render component approach, you don't have to worry about any of that, the master page will call render component with { controller = "top10", action = "index", forumId = forumId }. Just like you could alternatively have an ajax call on the master page that invokes and retreve a html fragment, except render component is done in the same request.
When you think about it, it's a pretty simple and neat solution.
Thanks shinakuma for the reply.Could you please help me to implement a helper function with prototype like this:
ControllerHelper.ExecuteAction(string url, object defaults, bool isAjaxRender) ;
url: we will build a url string to simulate a call to action,defaults: we will provide some other information for actionisAjaxRender: true if we want content will be render on client side, false if we want to execute action and render html in server side
Example:
<div> <% ControllerHelper.ExecuteAction("Post/Top10", {Controller=Post}, false);%></div>
or a control like this
<div id="leftCol"> <mvc:ExecuteAction </div><div id="mainCol">
<mvc:ExecuteAction
</div>
DTK
convit:<div id="mainCol"> render_component(Controller="Product", Action = "List", {param1=value1, param2=value2, param3=value3}) </div>
Yes, I also love this idea.
This is exactly like what I said, use a container page to separate a whole page into many small M-V-C components.
We can use user controls to archive that, since we can put whatever parameter inside Request, Response, or even session objects, but that is not neat.
I wish asp.net could bring us something looks neat, simple, easy to understand.
I don't think rendercomponent() will break the M-V-C, it's more straight forward.
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Kemper Freeman Jr. doesn’t like the fall roads/transit ballot measure. In fact, he’s funding the opposition. He’s been vocal for years about how he sees transit as a waste of money. Recently, he compared transit supporters to commies and terrorists.
But don’t think Kemper Freeman Jr. isn’t thinking for himself. See, Junior has his own roads plan..
Hmm… Only 6 percent more lane miles? But isn’t there another way to reduce congestion the “Freeman Family Way”? I got to thinking.
Kemper Freeman’s Jr.’s grandfather, Miller Freeman, was a renowned racist and white supremacist.
“To-day, in my opinion, the Japanese of our country look upon the Pacific coast really as nothing more than a colony of Japan, and the whites as a subject race.”
“My investigation of the situation existing in the city of Seattle convinced me that the increasing accretions of the Japanese were depriving the young white men of the opportunities that they are legitimately entitled to in this State.”
In fact, when Japanese Americans were herded into internment camps, nice businessmen (not unlike Miller Freeman) were kind enough to hold onto their property for them. In fact, some of them still do!
So is there a way to mix Miller Freeman’s racist vision for a “white’s only” region with Kemper Freeman, Jr.’s vision for wide-open freeways? Simple.
Intern The Asians. Stay with me, people.
Asians comprise 12.9% of King County, 7.4% of Snohomish County, and 5.7% of Pierce County [check out the scary facts here]. That means Asian people are more than 6% of the population of the three counties served by Sound Transit and the RTID.
Taking 6% of the region’s drivers off the road will free up highway space for loyal, hardworking Caucasians like me. Also, interning Asian people will be cheaper than building new highways, and we can lock them up quicker than pouring new concrete.
Instead of 6% more highway, how about 6% fewer drivers? As a loyal American, isn’t that my birthright? Isn’t it yours, too?
Will – let me clue you in to something. Pretend you already knew this. K. F. Jr. would gain enormous wealth (for himself, his partners, and his family) instantly if ST2 + RTID passes.
Light rail right to his commercial properties in Bellevue, and billions spent upgrading I-405. What does that mean for him and a half-dozen other obscenely rich commercial property owners in downtown Seattle and Bellevue? The value of their holdings would skyrocket the day after approval of this mess in November.
Suuuuuure, he’s being sincere when he says he’s against it. He’ll laugh AT YOU all the way to his offshore bank.
Why so over the top? Why play the fool? Because K.F. Jr. doesn’t want to be the object of truthful stories. The truth is that regressive sales taxes slamming this region for generations would make him filthier rich. So he dons the clown mask, and makes like he doesn’t want all the transportation upgrades for his properties.
Want to give a good stiff FUCK YOU to that prick? Vote no, and work your damndest to get everyone else to vote no. Dash Freeman’s hope for a get-rich-quick payday in November – make sure this bloated fucker-of-a-proposal fails at the polls.
@1
Wait a second, so you’re saying that he’s funding the opposition to ensure that it passes?
I guess you were trying to be funny, or at least I hope so. Using the views of Freeman’s relatives (and a dead one at that) to discredit him is a pretty cheap shot if meant seriously.
(And of course, if you want to call someone a racist with regard to the Japanese, why go after a guy who merely said things about them? Why not excoriate the person who actually ordered the internment – FDR? All the stuff said didn’t amount to a hill of beans against the actual taking away of their liberty).
One of Sound Transit’s most frequent ST Express Routes is Route 550 to Downtown Bellevue, I have seen it, it gets good ridership, but quarterly ridership reports show it gets stagnant ridership growth. Metro 7 will be getting a safety valve when LINK opens. It gets overloaded at times, even the Night Owl run fills most of it’s seats at least.(Those who claim empty buses never explain if there points are based on whether it is full of standing passengers, or if just the seats are full, and whether they actually rode the bus or not)
It looks like “Will” misses the good old Fascist days.
@ 2 —
All Freeman is doing is just throwing a few token dollars out there now.
Neither he, nor anyone else, is going to be spending big when it matters. He’s play-fighting: his punches are designed not to land. He’s hitting at areas ST wants hit. It is choreographed fighting, like in West Side Story.
In the weeks leading up to the election there will be millions spent by those who’d get rich off the measure if it passes. Virtually nothing will be spent on ads in opposition.
Moreover, by having a convenient “opposition” group on the scene, Sims can choose one of them to author the “Statement Against” in the Voters Guide. That means Bill Eagan (who authored the bizarre and wholly-unpersuasive Statement Against “Transit Now” last year) gets to draft something inane for the Voters’ Guide this Fall.
That’s a great way to up your chances of winning a ballot measure: have a stupid “Statement Against” in the Voters Guide.
To believe Freeman’s claim that 6% more lane acreage will reduce congestion by 36% and absorb a 45% increase in traffic, you have to believe there’s a lot of unused infill space on existing concrete.
You know, I think he’s right — it’s there alright, if you reduce the present following distance of 6 feet between vehicles to 6 inches. Now there’s efficiency for ya!
@5 It looks like you wouldn’t recognize satire if it hit you over the head with a two-by-four.
Is the public going to be told whether this tax increase takes care of the region’s transportation problems — or is just a down payment?
Is there enough money in this package to complete 520 bridge replacement … or only build the approaches?
If we dig deep to pay this enormous tax increase, will we find out later that we have to dig even deeper to finish the job?
The people who write transportation tax packages make car dealers look like kids selling Girl Scout cookies.
I don’t suppose it ever occurs to the pols and bureaucrats who shill for this stuff that people might walk away when they realize the base price doesn’t include everything and realize they can’t afford the optional steering wheel, optional seats, optional breaks, option door locks, optional fenders, and optional headlights.
When I read in news reports a few years ago that WSDOT had a Puget Sound wish list topping $100 billion, I knew right then the bullshit would be flying thick and heavy.
Considering half the state population lives in the 3-county Puget Sound area, that amounts to $100,000 for a typical family of 3, and there’s no way taxpayers would ever agree to that without deceiving them about how much the “wish list” really costs. So, you break it up into pieces, and stuff the pieces down their throats one at a time. And do it in such a way that, after the first piece, they can no longer say “no.”
This is the first piece, and this may be your only opportunity to say “no.”
“Is there enough money in this package to complete 520 bridge replacement … or only build the approaches?”
Well, Treasurer Murphy’s said he wouldn’t sell State bonds backed by the RTID taxes, and if RTID sells the bonds itself it will cost the region probably a billion EXTRA in taxes just because RTID is a local government that would need huge reserves before bondholders would buy the paper.
Plus designs and EIS studies are nowhere near complete.
So, I’d say if this abomination is passed in November we’d be looking at the State upping the sales tax (without a vote by the public) to cover the funding gap. After all, RTID (and ST for that matter) only have incentives to lowball the cost estimates now. There’d be zero accountability, for anyone, if the real costs were twice what voters are being told now. They’d just cut back on some projects, and tax to the max for another couple of decades.
Pass this pile of dog shit in November and everyone in the future will piss on our graves.
I’m not against transportation spending per se. We need transportation improvements, and they’ll cost money.
My objection is to (a) gold plating these projects and (b) taxing those least able to afford it. Such as senior citizens on fixed incomes who won’t use the transportation improvements.
This tax package is WAY too heavy on sales taxes and vehicle licensing fees, and not nearly heavy enough on user fees and employer taxes. Transportation infrastructure primarily moves commerce and gets workers to their jobs. This tax package transforms a cost of doing business into a cost of living. And that’s not fair.
Why should a senior citizen who drives 1,000 miles a year making neighborhood trips to the grocery store and doctor’s office pay the same vehicle fees as a Boeing engineer with seven times the income who commutes 80 miles a day?
13 Dunno about why should, but the answer to why does is that the asshole politicians think the engineers are more likely to vote than the retirees.
@14 Of course it’s politics. That’s why the poor always get hit up for the heaviest tax burdens … and are the first to get drafted for a war … and get the worse police and fire protection … and so on. As the late great Kurt Vonnegut said, “so it goes.” Always has, always will.
If you believe the newspaper polls, this tax package is going to pass overwhelmingly. But my vote won’t help pass it. That’s all I can do … and I’m going to do it.
Money talks. That’s why Seattle neighborhoods south of the Ship Canal get stuck with all the sewage plants, heavy industry, flight paths, bus barns, rail yards, and other high-impact activities.
Remember all the bitching from the upstanding citizens of Laurelhurst when Children’s Hospital wanted a helicopter pad a few years back? They’d rather let kids with medical emergencies die than have their peace and quiet disturbed for even 5 minutes. Of course, when you have to pay over a million dollars (nowadays) to get into a neighborhood, you do expect special privileges that other people don’t have. However, Laurelhurst residents are not better or more deserving than the rest of us; they merely have more money (and they didn’t necessarily work for it; some of them inherited it, others stole it).
And, lately, we’ve had the upstanding (and affluent) denizens of Woodinville bitching about Brightwater. They should’ve put it next door to Michael Dunmire’s spread, simply because he deserves to have a shit-processing plant in his backyard.
The righties are always talking about oil wells and refinery capacity – let’s build some of that shit in Spokane and in Bellevue.
Will,
Not to mention that if we send them back, they’ll have more people to make our cars.
I see someone’s been reading Jonathan Swift. I would propose a better solution in regards to this dilemma in interning all the righties, but that would take so many solo drivers off the road, all Roger’s oil stocks would crash. And no one would want to see Roger in such dire straits, sleeping in a crack under the sidewalk outside the UGM, peddling (bunny) tail in Pioneer Square…….
In the early 1940’s, a large strawberry farm occupied what later became Bellevue Square Mall. This farm had been farmed by Japanese-Americans who later became interned.
Kemper Freeman’s grandfather was not simply a racist. He published articles calling for Japanese to get interned.
Yes, FDR ordered the internment, but Kemper Freeman’s family directly profited by it. Kemper Freeman Senior, known as the “Father of Bellevue” opened up Bellevue Square Mall in 1946.
Do you think they paid market value for these former strawberry fields?
Kemper Freeman Junior has always been against anything transit related..It may be short sighted, but I think his view is that people who ride transit have less money to spend at his mall than the folks who drive alone to the mall in their Mercedes.
@ 20
But, aren’t lots of Japanese cars made in Mississippi and Alabama?
Hortense Slag: so by voting no, and doing what Neocon Dinosaur Kemper Freeman wants us to do, we will actually be giving him a big FU?
Makes sense.
The laughable conspiracy theory you use to back up your inane statements is equally entertaining.
Roger Rabbit needs to stick to his comedy routine. When he ventures into the world of transportation planning, Bugs Bunny digs his front teeth in to the dirt….witness:
“Considering half the state population lives in the 3-county Puget Sound area, that amounts to $100,000 for a typical family of 3”
Uh, Rabbit, that’s some serious Dori Monson / Sound Politics math yer doin’. While you’re at it, why not bring in the Reagan/Eyman/Freeman “free lunch” proposal – you know, where we get needed infrastructure without raising taxes?
The “no new taxes” legislature (buttressed by timid D Governors) tried that stunt throughout the 80’s and 90’s…up until 2003, actually. And look where it got us: where we are NOW.
Sticking your head in the rabbit hole isn’t going to fix the problems that lie ahead any more than Kemper Freeman’s obsession with building un-buildable and ineffective freeways will…
Typical ploy that I unfortunately have come to expect all too oftern.
Don’t have any reasonable policy arguments to refute the other side, so, hey, here’s an idea . . . let’s just defame the other side.
The pathetic thing is — there are lots of good policy arguments in favor of RTID and transit.
The posters at horsesass.org are just so pea-brained, they’ve more or less consigned themselves to complete irrelevancy when it comes to thoughtful discussion of varying viewpoints on serious public policy issues in this town.
So why are you here?
Boy @ 25
“The posters at horsesass.org are just so pea-brained…”
Mmmmm…peas. THAT’s what I’ll prepare for dinner tonight!
Oh…and were you going offer some serious public policy discussion, or did you just stop by to defame the posters?
Maybe superboy can practice what he preaches, and go out and find the Kemper Freeman quote where he renounces his grandfather’s sick racism (which bought him his mall, afterall) rather than calling the name-callers more names.
At least he would be consistent with his own statements.
Look, you can try and claim Kemper’s twisted right wing family history may have little to do with his his current fringe right wing views (good luck with that) but the fact of the matter is, his xenophobic past ties right in with the scare tactics Freeman has used – and will use – to scare the public into his “terrorists are among us” world view.
Another example of Roger Rabbit’s Republican math (if he was actually serious):
“For example, I have an old pickup I use for hauling yard waste once a year. Think I want to pay $100 for tabs for it? ”
Roger, is your 20 year-old pick-up worth $13,000? Is that thing sitting on a set of gold-plated 24′ rims worth $12,000? If so, the DOL doesn’t tax your rims…just an fyi.
But at least you were making a more rational argument the other day:
“To get people in south Pierce County to vote for it, they throw in a south Pierce County project. To get people in Bellevue to vote for it, they throw in 405 lanes. To get people in Snohomish County to vote for it, they throw in a bunch of projects in that county. Instead of building a few core projects the region needs, you end up with an ornament hanging from every branch, ”
Yeah, Roger Rabbit – such is one of the weaknesses of democracy. Get used to it.
Also, for the record: 405, 522, US2, Hwy 9,167…those “Christmas Tree projects” you refer to – each and every one of them is on the state’s key corridor and high priority list, but the state just doesn’t have the money to pay for them.
Somebody living in fast-growing E Pierce county would probably call Seattle’s $4 billion 520 floating bridge project “fluff” the same way you diss their critical projects.
See how that works?
@24: Voting NO shoots K. Freeman’s dream for a huge payoff in November to shit. Voting NO shoots the wealth wet dreams of a handful of other commercial property owners to shit. Limitless sales taxes that would directly enrich downtown Bellevue & Seattle property owners = double-sucky idea.
29 We’re really talking about the tonnage fee here, aren’t we?
Kemper Freeman, circa 1995:
“This thing is off by so much, it’s unbelievable,” said Kemper Freeman Jr., a Bellevue developer who is the primary source of opposition. His analysis: A solo driver in a four-passenger car is more efficient than public transit.
Kemper Freeman spent hundreds of thousands of dollars back in 1995 and 1996 against Sound Transit, and prevailed in the 1995 voting (lost in 1996, of course). There is no reason to think that he will do anything less in 2007..
Kirlikowske made me proud to be a liberal when he held back the officers from over reacting during the Mardi Gras fiasco. He did let some officers get out of control during the WTO protest, but for the most part did a commendable job. This is just deplorable.
This porkchop package is going to go thump so badly in the night, that Roger will think there was an earthquake in the Burough.
Good luck bringing it back in an Election Year.
Suuuuueeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Some jerkoff just posted the following tripe: “Kemper Freeman spent hundreds of thousands of dollars back in 1995 and 1996 against Sound Transit, and prevailed in the 1995 voting (lost in 1996, of course). There is no reason to think that he will do anything less in 2007.”
Here is a big, fat, hairy “reason” Freeman wants this particular ballot measure to pass so bad he can taste it – in ’95 and ’96 the taxing would not have given his sorry ass any personal riches. HOWEVER, THIS MEASURE WOULD.
Kemper’s sorry ass would get HUGE riches if ST’s light rail lines were extended to his properties’ doorsteps in Bellevue (as planned), and the $6 billion in roadwork is spent on I-405 and its feeders (as planned).
Freeman’s a greedy bastard and he wants ST and RTID to make his properties worth tons more. Duh.
Kemper’s feigned opposition to RTID/ST2 is transparent.
Fuck him sideways: vote NOOOOOOO.
And the moron calling itself “Richard Pope” lacks any semblance of a clue. Or it flat-out lies. Whatever. to you pocket book. that they have made over the years.
Be sure and write out your check for 18,333 per man woman and child in your family when you vote yes to this one of many of the planned takings. Be sure and drop this whopping check into the ballot box.
Or vote no and take one hell of a nice all expenses paid trip, buy a brand new Hybrid or two, or three for that matter, leave them in the garage like Mayor Nickels does, and hire a driver to take your old SUV or Lincoln for a spin.
Let’s see, what a tough decision that will be…….
NO
ACLU gives St. Louis residents video cameras to monitor police conduct in high-crime areas
Yes!!! We need more of this. The police profiling in these areas is simply out of control. We need to stop the harrassment of young black males who carry guns.
I am for a law making it illegal to ban tape recorders or video recorders in the public classroom. In fact I think it should be encouraged.
Why Asians???
how about taxing trips by the weight of the passengers???
Each car culd ahve a built in scale that would transmigt the passenger weight to the internet. That way we would decrease fuel consumption while imporving the nations’ health!
Worse yet, Goldberg stated that charter schools outperformed public schools without making it clear that, again, his example was drawn from Washington, D.C. Nationally, that is an absolutely false statement.
This idiot just made a good point for more charter schools. If there is no difference in performance between a charter school in the worst school district in the country and the rest of the nation, then he is saying that charter schools work. The problem with public schools is not a lack of money; rather it is that liberals are in control. Until people figure this out we will continue to have terrible public education.
C’mon Will, this is garbage thinking. I’m embarrassed for you.
And Henry Ford had pro nazi views
Have you ever driven a Ford, Will?
@24 I didn’t say I’m against building transportation infrastructure, nor did I say I’m against transportation taxes.
I’ve clearly stated, several times, that what I’m opposed to is gold-plating and regressive taxation.
@21 ” … interning all the righties … all Roger’s oil stocks would crash …”
I could live with that outcome. It seems like a fair trade-off.
@25 “Don’t have any reasonable policy arguments to refute the other side, so, hey, here’s an idea . . . let’s just defame the other side.”
Why should Republicans have a monopoly on that technique? If it’s good enough for them, it’s good enough for us, too.
@29 I don’t need the 520 bridge and won’t use it, but I haven’t called it “fluff.” I haven’t even called adding 2 more lanes “fluff,” but the extra lanes appear to be unaffordable.
@37 They can’t fix the congestion. Congestion is unfixable. Every large city has congestion.
I’ll tell you what will fix congestion: $6 gas.
Roads are what economists call a “free good.” According to economic theory, the demand for “free goods” is infinite. No matter how many lanes you build, drivers will fill them.
34, 39 Just what this blog needs, another wingfuck pretending to be a Democrat! Well, I can understand why they don’t want to call themselves Republicans. The GOP brand name is a bit tarnished these days.
@41 That’s discriminatory against well-fed rabbits.
Kemper Freeman is a family friend, and even if I personally can’t stand the guy, he’s very honest and up front about this light rail thing. He’s really against it, and he honestly thinks its bad for the east side.
The guy might be an egomaniac, and a dummie-lazy republican, but he honestly means well. This subject is just more proof that being rich is faaar from being right.
Windie: You mean like Dianne Feinstein & Barbara Boxer? They are rich and they are hardly ever right!
MS Tennis Shoes and MS Boyfriend on Sex Retainer are too stupid to be rich!
@53
I’m impressed by the unselfishness of SeattleJew’s comment @41. He’s not the slimmest of rabbits… :)
Will @23
You’re right. I’m behind the times. We need to send them to those states to do the whole Gung Ho thing (remember that movie with Michael Keaton, or are you too young?), doing calisthenics in the parking lot and shit…
@54 “This subject is just more proof that being rich is faaar from being right.”
Guys like Freeman and Blethen prove we need a confiscatory inheritance tax so every generation starts on a level playing field and acquires wealth and power through merit instead of who their parents (or grandparents, or great-grandparents) were.
“He’s really against it, and he honestly thinks its bad for the east side. The guy might be an egomaniac, and a dummie-lazy republican, but he honestly means well.”
Windie, that’s nice – but so far Kemper has spent over a million bucks fighting rail (his own claim) and hasn’t produced a single viable argument, or practical alternative to make his point. If you are able to come up with something yourself, please do so here.
And if “meaning well” equates to the implication that transit causes communism and terrorism, windie – I would hate to see what Kemper is like when he goes into the Karl Rove mode….
“Be sure and write out your check for 18,333 per man woman and child in your family when you vote yes to this one of many of the planned takings. Be sure and drop this whopping check into the ballot box.”
GS, it’s nice to see you got your ‘Republican math’ skills from talk radio and Sound Politics. Come back and visit when you figure out how to cite actual sources for such ridiculous and outlandish numbers.
Rog @ 49 & 50:
The UK has $7/gallon gas, and there’s still congestion.
Two Asian cities have whipped congestion problems. We’ll present both of their policies for consideration:
Singapore:
1) Amazing mass transit system, as long as no gum gets stuck in the doors.
2) Ruinously expensive Certificates of Entitlement which will double the sticker price of your car.
3) Gas taxes slightly above US levels.
4) Congestion pricing for entering downtown Singapore during peak hours.
Pyongyang:
Deprive people of food so that people are thinking of getting fresh tree bark to eat, and not thinking of cars.
“Freeman’s a greedy bastard and he wants ST and RTID to make his properties worth tons more. Duh.
Kemper’s feigned opposition to RTID/ST2 is transparent.
Fuck him sideways: vote NOOOOOOO.”
Oh, I get it, Hortense Slag/Onan Generator: you’re just another one of those psycho Absurdity Trolls, who makes silly contradictory arguments for sport.
Sorry – I thought you were actually serious for a while… | http://horsesass.org/puget-sounds-traffic-solution-internment/ | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | refinedweb | 4,511 | 72.05 |
bps_register_shutdown_handler()
Register a callback that will be invoked when the last shutdown function is called.
Synopsis:
#include <bps/bps.h>
BPS_API int bps_register_shutdown_handler(void(*shutdown_handler)(void *), void *data)
Since:
BlackBerry 10.0.0
Arguments:
- shutdown_handler
The function for platform services to call when the library is shutting down. BPS passes the data that the caller provided as the first argument.
- data
The user data that is passed as the first argument when the BPS calls the shutdown handler.
Library:libbps (For the qcc command, use the -l bps option to link against this library)
Description:
Shutdown handlers/callbacks are called when bps_shutdown() is called for the last time. BPS tracks how many times bps_initialize() has been called, and when bps_shutdown() has been called the same number of times (i.e., a reference count drops to 0), the shutdown handlers are called.
This function cleans up a service's global data. Typically, a service has to reset the domain ID to indicate it has been uninitialized. Other cleanup activities depend on the service's implementation.
Returns:
BPS_SUCCESS is returned if the handler registered successfully with the data, BPS_FAILURE with errno value set otherwise.
Last modified: 2014-09-30
Got questions about leaving a comment? Get answers from our Disqus FAQ.comments powered by Disqus | http://developer.blackberry.com/native/reference/core/com.qnx.doc.bps.lib_ref/topic/bps_register_shutdown_handler.html | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | refinedweb | 213 | 58.89 |
Some findings around the Internet.
XKCD-style graph using Matplotlib? In Ubuntu, you'll need to install these fonts to get the closest possible rendering.
$ sudo apt-get install ttf-mscorefonts-installer fonts-humor-sans $ rm -rf ~/.cache/matplotlib/fontList.cache
Using Matplotlib without X-server? Switch to Agg backend. Useful when you're rendering image through Docker container.
import matplotlib as mpl mpl.use('Agg') import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Sigh. Unresolved ImageMagick bug in most recently releases including the LTS, which text conversion still causing core dump. Switching to GraphicsMagick, a fork of ImageMagick did not resolve the issue as command line options have both diverted. My research made me aware that both tools were being used to massively batch process images in a very large scale.
Sometimes, the default Vim configurations/features is good enough without installing buggy extensions. We're relying too much on the external plugins without utilizing the fullest features of Vim itself.
Old time PHP developer switching to Perl? You should read this Reddit's post. The advice given was spot on and correlates with my own personal experience. Nothing against PHP, but in our journey to become a better developer, you'll need to expose yourself to other programming languages and environments. Otherwise you'll end up like those developer who claimed to be a ten-plus years developer but actually doing the same development development work for a year but repeated ten times. I will write another blog post on this in coming future.
"To finish projects on time, start every single step as late as possible" via HN. Full text of all the twitter posts. Catching and provocative statement coming from Tiago Forte, a productivity consultant. Despite the click bait title, HN user, bmh100 interpret his message correctly. Keywords here is "critical path". In other words, is Critical Chain Project Management. Sometimes I wonder is procrastination due to lack of awareness of a task? Or to rephrase it, procrastination is a mindfulness problem? Without awareness, there is no estimation and prioritization, hence the task will be postponed repeatedly or not completed within the time frame? | https://www.kianmeng.org/search/label/mindfullness | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | refinedweb | 355 | 60.21 |
.
Example 1: Find Frequency of Characters of a String Object
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { string str = "C++ Programming is awesome"; char checkCharacter = 'a'; int count = 0; for (int i = 0; i < str.size(); i++) { if (str[i] == checkCharacter) { ++ count; } } cout << "Number of " << checkCharacter << " = " << count; return 0; }
Output
Number of a = 2
In the example below, loop is iterated until the null character '\0' is encountered. Null character indicates the end of the string.
In each iteration, the occurrence of the character is checked.
Example 2: Find Frequency of Characters in a C-style String
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { char c[] = "C++ programming is not easy.", check = 'm'; int count = 0; for(int i = 0; c[i] != '\0'; ++i) { if(check == c[i]) ++count; } cout << "Frequency of " << check << " = " << count; return 0; }
Output
Number of m = 2 | https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/examples/frequency-character | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | refinedweb | 141 | 60.55 |
from collections import OrderedDict from nltk.stem import PorterStemmer as NltkPorterStemmer from overrides import overrides class WordStemmer: """ A ``WordStemmer`` lemmatizes words. This means that we map words to their root form, so that, e.g., "have", "has", and "had" all have the same internal representation. You should think carefully about whether and how much stemming you want in your model. Kind of the whole point of using word embeddings is so that you don't have to do this, but in a highly inflected language, or in a low-data setting, you might need it anyway. The default ``WordStemmer`` does nothing, just returning the work token as-is. """ def stem_word(self, word: str) -> str: """Converts a word to its lemma""" raise NotImplementedError class PassThroughWordStemmer(WordStemmer): """ Does not stem words; it's a no-op. This is the default word stemmer. """ @overrides def stem_word(self, word: str) -> str: return word class PorterStemmer(WordStemmer): """ Uses NLTK's PorterStemmer to stem words. """ def __init__(self): self.stemmer = NltkPorterStemmer() @overrides def stem_word(self, word: str) -> str: return self.stemmer.stem(word) word_stemmers = OrderedDict() # pylint: disable=invalid-name word_stemmers['pass_through'] = PassThroughWordStemmer word_stemmers['porter'] = PorterStemmer | https://www.programcreek.com/python/?code=allenai%2Fdeep_qa%2Fdeep_qa-master%2Fdeep_qa%2Fdata%2Ftokenizers%2Fword_stemmer.py | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | refinedweb | 189 | 58.48 |
Path Picker with Network Capabilities
Environment: VC6 SP2
This DLL displays a directory tree similar to the one found in "Find in Files" Browse button. See below.
I have noticed several applications requiring a user to select a path that often use CFileDialog which does not fit the task very well. A better option is to use a Tree control but I have not found any that allow access to the network other than via mapped drives. Both methods lack the style that "Find in Files" provides.
I have developed the Dialog as a DLL for easy implementation. The source is written to put the Dialog object into a single class so it can be hacked out and used in any willing developers code.
How to use it.I have provided two ways of using this code. Using the DLL directly requires the least effort, but allows least customisation.
Method 1 - Adding to your own project.
- Copy the source files DlgGetPath.cpp and DlgGetPath.h to your Project directory and add them to your project.
- Change #include "PathPicker.h" to the name of your project as necessary.
- From within your project open the PathPicker.rc file and drag the Bitmap and Dialog into your project.
- Add the following code where you want to activate the Picker dialog. ie in a button handler.
#include "DlgGetPath.h" //Definition to get path ... void CBlarOnButtonBrowse() { CDlgGetPath dlgPath( this ); dlgPath.SetTitle( _T("Blar..") ); dlgPath.m_sTopNote = _T("Blar blar blar..."); if( dlgPath.DoModal() == IDOK ) { //Do some cool stuff with it here //SetDlgItemText( IDC_EDIT_SEARCH_IN, dlgPath.GetPath() ); } }
- Link your project with PathPicker.lib and insert the following code where you want the dialog to appear.
- Place the PathPicker.DLL in the same directory as your app or the System directory.
#include "PathPickerDll.h" ... //Once the parent window is created TCHAR szPath[200]; ShowDialog( (long)m_hWnd, "Blar.", "Blar blar...", szPath, 199 ); MessageBox( szPath );
Notes.
- This code was developed using VC++ 6.0, SP 2.0.
- Notes on limitations are in Source file DlgGetPath.cpp.
Downloads
Download DLL files and Method2 sample - 12 Kb
Great stuff!!! Added a selection routine to select a given pathPosted by bgsommerfeld on 03/27/2006 05:06pm
Help : Tree Item link to directoryPosted by Legacy on 02/09/2004 12:00am
Originally posted by: zeus
Is there a possible way to link a directory directly
to a tree Item instead of starting from the C: directory???
Any help will be appreciated(sample code,etc..)
Thanks...Reply
Displaying files within directory???Posted by Legacy on 12/04/2001 12:00am
Originally posted by: Maitri Venkat-Ramani
How do you modify the code to display files in each directory???
Thank you!!Reply
Large Network ProblemPosted by Legacy on 10/19/2001 12:00am
Originally posted by: Schuster, CP
Local drives not Alphabetical order..Posted by Legacy on 09/06/2001 12:00am
Originally posted by: BwB
Folders listed under local drives on my machine (mainly my C drive, which is the only local one I have) are not listed in alphabetical order. I'm running Win2k Professional. Its very annoying and difficult to select a folder when you have to look through the entire list to find the one you want...
Anyone have a fix for this?Reply
I keep getting error at compilePosted by Legacy on 01/07/2001 12:00am
Originally posted by: David Gosbee
Linking...Reply
.\PathPicker.lib : fatal error LNK1106: invalid file or disk full: cannot seek to 0x3749f77a
Error executing link.exe.
Can anyone help?
thanx.
Error.. at cancelPosted by Legacy on 12/06/2000 12:00am
Originally posted by: Cho
Thanks for good source code.
But I have a question for your code.
I have met the same error whenever I push the
cancel butten without any directory selected.
Could you fix the error?
Double clicking on a directory.Posted by Legacy on 05/17/2000 12:00am
Originally posted by: Shlomi Ben-Zvi
Why do i get these errors?Posted by Legacy on 05/10/2000 12:00am
Originally posted by: Andreas H
Hi!
I tried your function here because it sounds so great, it
was just what i had been looking for. I added the files to my project like in method one. But when i try to compile later i get this error messages:
DlgGetPath.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _WNetCloseEnum@4
DlgGetPath.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _WNetEnumResourceA@16
DlgGetPath.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _WNetOpenEnumA@20
Debug/PlayList.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 3 unresolved externals
Error executing link.exe.
Im running VC++6.Reply
Please help me i kind of got a deadline on this project!
Thanks in Advance / Andreas
Some updates to version 2.0Posted by Legacy on 04/17/2000 12:00am
Originally posted by: Chris S.
Sorting can be done easily by adding
> if (bGotChildren)
> m_Tree.SortChildren(hParent);
into PopulateTree, if (hParent == m_hNetworkRoot) .. else if .. else, directly after while (bWorking)
Where is SetPath()-function ? added myself:
> void SetPath( CString sPath) { m_sPath = sPath; }
Display recycle bin:
add into PopulateTree, while (bWorking), if (finder.IsDirectory())
> bool bRecycleDir = finder.GetFileName() == "RECYCLED" && finder.IsSystem();
modify the following InsertItem(..)-call (or introduce a #define-constant DIR_RECYCLE or whatever)
> InsertItem( hParent, NULL, finder.GetFileName(), (bRecycleDir ? 15 : DRIVE_NO_ROOT_DIR), (bRecycleDir ? 15 : DRIVE_UNKNOWN) );
Image No. 15 (added by me) is an image of the bin as it is displayed by the Windows explorer
Possibility to hide the recycle bin
add bool m_bHideRecycleBin, let the constructor set a default value
add into PopulateTree, while (bWorking), if (finder.IsDirectory()) after bool bRecycleDir = ..
> if (!bRecycleDir || !m_bHideRecycleBin)
> { InsertItem(..); bGotChildren = true; } /*old stuff*/
Reply | http://www.codeguru.com/cpp/controls/treeview/directorybrowsers/article.php/c729/Path-Picker-with-Network-Capabilities.htm | crawl-003 | refinedweb | 931 | 60.21 |
You may want to download and install the converter pack update for your version of Windows.
I don't believe that dwg is a default conversion format that is installed when you install Office. You may want to run the installer again, and manually select image conversion formats to load.
Chas
The DWG file extension is an AutoCAD format. As far as I am aware you cannot import this directly into Word unless it has been exported from AutoCAD into a Word friendly format like BMP. This also has its pitfalls because if the orginal drawing was created by the user on a black background (most CAD users do) then this is how it will appear in your Word document.
Do you have access to AutoCAD? If you do I can let you know the steps for changing the background before exporting the file.
import a dwg in a word document
This conversation is currently closed to new comments. | https://www.techrepublic.com/forums/discussions/import-a-dwg-in-a-word-document/ | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | refinedweb | 159 | 70.53 |
I am just starting out with Windows Forms and .NET programming in general and I am learning my trade all over again. My background is as a C++/Win32 GUI and DCOM programmer with a strong MFC and Win32 Functions emphasis.
I relented and now do Windows Forms and ASP.NET programming, and I have discovered how effortless .NET development is when using Microsoft's excellent tool, Visual Studio 2005 and up. Truth is, I am never going back. My personal preference is to use .NET and the visual tools provided by Microsoft to do my development from now on. Unmanaged C/C++ and MFC is not worth the extra time I see myself spending using those languages.
However, now that I am coming to my trade all over again in some sense, I am having to learn where my old familiar Windows API functions are in the .NET world. I am sure I am not alone as there are other .NET beginners out there.
This series, "The ____ in .NET," is something I am going to publish on The Code Project from time to time in an effort to provide beginners and newbies with quick, piecemeal tutorials on your favorite functionality. This is not a re-hash of the VS "How Do I?..." docs, since they provide more comprehensive help. These are "tutorials to go," that focus very narrowly on one or other individual functionality items.
Because my employer is having me do things in C#, the sample code provided with the articles in this series will all be in C#. I take it Visual Basic, etc., developers are smart, intelligent, capable people who can translate between languages as necessary.
In Windows, APIs are provided to suspend threads and processes for a programmer-specified time period, usually given in milleseconds. In the old, Visual Studio-6.0-and-below-esque, unmanaged C++ and MFC, one could suspend the current thread (i.e., make your window stop responding) as such:
// A BN_CLICKED message handler
void CMyDialog::OnClickedSleep()
{
// Delay the program from responding for 1/2-second
::Sleep(500);
// Program is again responding
}
::Sleep()
Question is, where does this Sleep() function sit in the new .NET Framework?
Sleep()
To suspend an application, you must call the System.Threading.Thread.Sleep() static method. It takes one parameter, an int specifying the delay, in milliseconds.
System.Threading.Thread.Sleep()
int
This concludes this article. If you are a beginner and want help implementing this in your application, I invite you to follow the tutorial below to build the sample application distributed with this article.
This article presents a small sample Windows Forms application, Sleep.NET, demonstrating the use of the System.Threading.Thread.Sleep() static method.
Sleep.NET
Step 1: Open your copy of Visual Studio.NET
Step 2: Click the File menu, point to New, and then click Project
Step 3: In the Project Types box on the left, click Visual C#, and then click Windows
Step 4: In the Templates box on the right, under Visual Studio installed templates, click Windows Application
Step 5: In the Name box, type Sleep.NET
Sleep.NET.
Step 6: Using the Visual Studio Forms Designer -- which I am going to leave the use of for you to learn -- create a main form to match Figure 1 above.
Name
txtSleep
btnSleep
btnQuit
AcceptButton
CancelButton
Step 7: Once your form has been created, press CTRL+F5 to build and run the project, so as to test. In order to kill the app, you will have to press the ALT+F4 keys on your keyboard.
Step 8: Purely for aesthetics, we're going to program the form window to center itself on the screen before it's shown. Double-click anywhere in a blank area of the form.
Form1_Load
Form.Load (Windows Forms)
Step 9: Implement the Form1_Load event handler as follows:
private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
CenterToScreen(); Show();
titleOld = this.Text; /* save the default window title */
}
Step 10: Add a field to the Form1 class to store the window's default title. Open the Form1.cs file and add the code shown below:
Form1
namespace Sleep.NET
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
String titleOld;
...
}
}
Step 11: Double-click the Quit button in the Designer, which brings you to code for the btnQuit_Click event handler. Implement the handler as shown below:
btnQuit_Click
private void btnQuit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Hide(); Application.Exit();
}
Step 12: Double-click the Sleep button in the Designer, and add the following code:
private void btnSleep_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// sleep the application for the time period specified
// by the user -- during the sleep, gray out the text box
// user interface - gray out the text box and change this form's
// title to provide user feedback
EnableUI(false);
// the 'meat'
Int32 SleepTime = 0;
if (Int32.TryParse(txtSleep.Text, out SleepTime)) {
System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(SleepTime);
}
// change the user interface again - ungray the text box and put
// back the same window title on this form
EnableUI(true;)
}
Step 13: Add the EnableUI() method to the Form1 class, implemented as shown below.
EnableUI()
private void EnableUI()
{
txtSleep.Enabled = Enabled;
this.Text = Enabled ? titleOld : "Sleep.NET - Sleeping";
btnSleep.Enabled = Enabled;
Refresh();
}
Step 14: Press CTRL+S on your keyboard to save your changes, and then CTRL+F5 in order to build and test the sample code.
Sleeping
In this section, we shall review interesting facts and .NET features learned while implementing the sample. Among these are:
Control.Refresh()
Refresh()
Application.DoEvents()
String
Sleep
Int32.TryParse()
I want to take a moment and acknowledge message board posters dubbele onzin and norm .net below for their comments about avoiding the use of Application.DoEvents() in favor of Refresh().
Notice the setting of properties of controls to, say, enable or disable them, or change the text. Note that when using Sleep(), the application's Windows messages must be pumped (i.e., collected and distributed to all message handlers) or else the controls will not visibly change their state.
In the days of yore, or for those unlucky enough to still be maintaining legacy Win32 code, the way to pump messages is to run a message loop:
void MessageLoop()
{
MSG msg;
while(GetMessage(&Msg, NULL, 0, 0) > 0)
{
TranslateMessage(&Msg);
DispatchMessage(&Msg);
}
}
or some variant thereof, as appropriate to one's application. With .NET, things are simpler, and in particular only one line of code accomplishes the same. Note that the function shown below can be called either for the whole form, or the control whose UI you want to refresh. This is shown in 'Listing 3' below:
Refresh();
Whenever you change a UI-visible property of a control, such as Enabled, you want to make sure and force the UI to update with a call to Control.Refresh() before you implement other functionality.
Enabled
The int type -- as well as the other types -- appears to implement the TryParse() method, which takes as parameters a string and an out parameter which is the type into which to convert the string. The useful aspect of this method is that it returns false if there is garbage in the string and you can simply avoid processing the result if this occurs, as is shown in 'Listing 1'.
TryParse()
string
out
false
string
Int32.TryParse(string s, out Int32 result)
Notice how an out parameter is used. You first declare an instance of the variable to which the parsed value should be assigned. Next, supply the variable to the out parameter, with the out keyword in front of the variable name. Finally, test the method's return value for true before using the result.
out
return
true
Feel free to email me with specific questions about this article, and I will be happy to explain. I also want to invite you to make use of the Forums at the bottom of this article. I wish you well.
In this section, I will keep a running history of the changes and updates I've made to this article.
Convert.ToInt32()
This article has no explicit license attached to it but may contain usage terms in the article text or the download files themselves. If in doubt please contact the author via the discussion board below.
A list of licenses authors might use can be found here
dubbele onzin wrote:You should also avoid Sleep(). Invariably it indicates a broken design. You should use an appropriate wait handle, or other synchronisation object.
Sleep(0)
General News Suggestion Question Bug Answer Joke Rant Admin
Use Ctrl+Left/Right to switch messages, Ctrl+Up/Down to switch threads, Ctrl+Shift+Left/Right to switch pages. | http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/20876/The-Sleep-Function-in-NET | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | refinedweb | 1,439 | 64.2 |
public class AxesGraph extends Graph
The AxesGraph class represents any type of graph that's plotted against an axis - bar graphs, line graphs and so on.
An AxesGraph is made up of several components.
Series, representing the data plotted on the graph. A series may consist of bars, lines etc. A series is plotted against exactly two
Axes- the typical arrangement for a graph is against the
bottom and leftaxes. Each series is plotted in the order they are added to the graph, one behind the other.
Axes, positioned at the left, bottom, right or top of the graph. These represent the scale against which anything on the graph is plotted. The
Axisclass is the superclass of all the different types of Axes which may be used, and the
setAxisand
getAxismethods used to set and get the specified axis on the graph.
Axis.setWallPaintmethod. The AxesGraph as a whole may have a "back wall", which is set using the
setBackWallPaint(java.awt.Paint)method.
AxesGraph graph = new AxesGraph(); BarSeries series = new BarSeries("Fruit"); series.set("Apples", 20); series.set("Oranges", 30); series.set("Bananas", 15); graph.addSeries(series);
BarSeries,
LineSeries,
NumericAxis,
Graph
canvas, VERSION
addKey, addKey, addText, draw, getActualOffset, getActualZoom, interrupt, isInterrupted, isOverlapping, setAutoColors, setColorOrdering, setDefaultColors, setFixedAspectRatio, setFixedSize, setLicenseKey, setLightLevel, setLightVector, setMetaData, setOption, setXRotation, setYRotation, setZRotation
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait
public static final int BOTTOMLEFT
public static final int BOTTOMRIGHT
public static final int TOPLEFT
public static final int TOPRIGHT
public AxesGraph()
public void addSeries(Series series)
series- the
Seriesto add to the graph
IllegalArgumentException- if the series has already been added
public void addSeries(Series series, int pos)
series- the Series to add to the graph
pos- the axes to plot the series against. One of
BOTTOMLEFT,
BOTTOMRIGHT,
TOPLEFTor
TOPRIGHT.
IllegalArgumentException- if the series has already been added
public Series getSeries(String name)
nullif no such series has been added yet
name- the name of the series to return
nullif it doesn't exist in this Graph
public void setAxis(int pos, Axis axis)
NumericAxis, but this method can be used to override this to plot dates, currencies and so on. The "Z" axis can be useful when graphs are displayed in 3D - it can be set to a
ZAxisobject to show the names of each Series plotted on the graph
pos- which axis to set - one of
Axis.LEFT,
Axis.TOP,
Axis.RIGHT
Axis.BOTTOMor
Axis.ZAXIS
axis- the axis to use
IllegalArgumentException- if the specified Axis has already been used elsewhere
getAxis(int)
public Axis getAxis(int pos)
Get the axis that's currently in the specified position on the graph. If you've already
called
setAxis to set it, then that's the one that's returned.
If one hasn't been set, a default axis is used - this will be a
NullAxis if no series
have been plotted against this axis, a
NumericAxis if a series has been
plotted, or in the case of the X-axis of a BarSeries, a
BarAxis is returned.
Because the returned axis may change depending on which Series have been added to the graph, it's recommended that this method is called after all the Series have been added.
pos- which axis to get - one of
Axis.LEFT,
Axis.TOP,
Axis.RIGHT
Axis.BOTTOMor
Axis.ZAXIS
setAxis(int, org.faceless.graph2.Axis)
public void setBackWallPaint(Paint paint)
setBackWallPaint(Paint[], Color, int, int, double[])method.
paint- the paint to use on the back wall, or
nullto not paint the back wall
Axis.setWallPaint(java.awt.Paint)
public void setBackWallPaint(Paint[] paints, Color stripe, int axis, int alt, double[] dash)
Set the paint to use on the back wall to a series of stripes. Note this
now method calls
setBackWallPaint(StripedPaint), which is a more
flexible way to achieve the same results. The stripes
will be painted in the colors specified by
paints, and if
stripe is not null the stripes will be separated by lines of
that color. The stripes will be aligned with the Axis specified by
axis,
and if
alt is not 0, lines will also be drawn matching that
axis (which must be perpendicular to
axis).
Some examples to clarify: To draw horizontal stripes in blue and green:
setBackWallPaint(new Paint[] { Color.blue, Color.green }, null, Axis.LEFT, 0, null);
To draw a grid of gray lines with no fill color
setBackWallPaint(null, Color.gray, Axis.LEFT, Axis.BOTTOM, null);
paints- the colors to use to paint the background - may be null for no paint, or an array of one or more
Paintobjects which will be used to stripe the wall
stripe- the color to use to draw lines between the stripes, or
nullfor no stripes
axis- The axis to align the stripes to. One of
Axis.LEFT,
Axis.RIGHT,
Axis.TOPor
Axis.BOTTOM
alt- The alternate axis to use when drawing a grid. If
axisis
Axis.LEFTor
Axis.RIGHT, must be
Axis.TOPor
Axis.BOTTOM, and vice versa. If no grid is required this value may be -1.
dash- The dash pattern to use to draw the stripe - specified the same way as
Style.setLineDash(double[]). If no stripe is to be drawn (or if it's not going to be dashed) this may be null.
public void setBackWallPaint(StripedPaint paint)
Set the paint to use on the back wall to a
StripedPaint. See
the other method with the same name for some examples of what sort of
functionality is available
public void setHorizontalScale(double b1, double t1, double b2, double t2)
b1- first value on the bottom axis (aligned with t1)
t1- first value on the top axis (aligned with b1)
b2- second value on the bottom axis (aligned with t2)
t2- second value on the top axis (aligned with b2)
IllegalArgumentException- if b1<=b2 and t1>=t2
setVerticalScale(double, double, double, double)
public void setVerticalScale(double l1, double r1, double l2, double r2)
l1- first value on the left axis (aligned with r1)
r1- first value on the right axis (aligned with l1)
l2- second value on the left axis (aligned with r2)
r2- second value on the right axis (aligned with r2)
IllegalArgumentException- if l1<=l2 and r1>=r2
setHorizontalScale(double, double, double, double) | http://bfo.com/products/graph/docs/api/org/faceless/graph2/AxesGraph.html | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | refinedweb | 1,038 | 57.81 |
Hi im new to this community but i am quite ok in c programming. im using aso it will test if a value is equal/greater/less if not adds/subtracts what it needs till its condition is no longer true.so it will test if a value is equal/greater/less if not adds/subtracts what it needs till its condition is no longer true.Code:
while(condition){}
im using a while loop cause while loops will hold on to the statement till its false this will edit untill its where i want it to be.
This is in fact a peace of HW/Project but what i dont understand is why for exaple if i entered 2000 for ResLD why will the Neon Green while condition be true and add 10 more to R2 if its so clear that.
100 + 1900 < 2000 is not True. Jump to Neon Green
After that Blue while loop does its thing cause
100 + 1910 > 2000 its true till its false.
then this code should of ended right? wrong!!! it goes in to an Endless loop.
this is what make no sence as well while loop dark Red is tested @
100 + 1900 != 2000 whitch is true: so its false. (end Code)
it dosnt end hear. it just loops. again.
now if you ented 2222 for ResLD. then the code will end flawlessly. so code does work right. in this case.
im using Pelles C for Window XP to run/compile code. plz help and thanks in advance.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#define R1 100
/*----------------------------------------------------*/
double main(){
double ResLD;
printf("Enter ResLD to find R2 ");
scanf("%lf", &ResLD);
printf("you entered %lf\n", ResLD);
// Test 2000 for ResLD then Test 2222 ResLD
// i dont know why this is.
double R2 = 0;
while((R1 + R2) != ResLD){
while((R1 + R2) < ResLD) {R2 += 1000; printf("%lf\n",R2);}
while((R1 + R2) > ResLD) {R2 -= 100; printf("%lf\n",R2);}
while((R1 + R2) < ResLD) {R2 += 10; printf("%lf\n",R2);}
while((R1 + R2) > ResLD) {R2 -= 1; printf("%lf\n",R2);}
}
printf(" i found your R2 Value for ResLD :-)");
return(0);
} | http://cboard.cprogramming.com/c-programming/146288-maximum-power-transfer-theorem-printable-thread.html | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | refinedweb | 351 | 91.31 |
fstatvfs, statvfs - get file system information
#include <sys/statvfs.h> int fstatvfs(int fildes, struct statvfs *buf); int statvfs(const char *path, struct statvfs *buf);
The fstatvfs() function obtains information about the file system containing the file referenced by fildes.
The following flags can be returned in the f_flag member:
- ST_RDONLY
- Read-only file system.
- ST_NOSUID
- Setuid/setgid bits ignored by exec.
The statvfs() function obtains descriptive information about the file system containing the file named by path.
For both functions, the buf argument is a pointer to a statvfs structure that will be filled. Read, write, or execute permission of the named file is not required, but all directories listed in the pathname leading to the file must be searchable.
It is unspecified whether all members of the statvfs structure have meaningful values on all file systems.
Upon successful completion, statvfs() returns 0. Otherwise, it returns -1 and sets errno to indicate the error.
The fstatvfs() and statvfs() functions will will fail if:
- [EBADF]
- The fildes argument is not an open file descriptor.
The statvfs() function will fail if:
- [EACCES]
- Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix.
- [ELOOP]
- Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving path.
- .
The statvfs() function may fail if:
- [ENAMETOOLONG]
- Pathname resolution of a symbolic link produced an intermediate result whose length exceeds {PATH_MAX}.
None.
None.
None.
chmod(), chown(), creat(), dup(), exec, fcntl(), link(), mknod(), open(), pipe(), read(), time(), unlink(), utime(), write(), <sys/statvfs.h>. | http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908775/xsh/fstatvfs.html | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | refinedweb | 244 | 55.54 |
OpenPitrix 多云环境应用管理平台OpenPitrix 是一个将应用程序打包和部署到诸如 QingCloud，AWS，Kubernetes 等多个云环境中的开放平台
v0.4.4
Nov 4, 2019
Pre-release
zheng1 released this
Signed-off-by: Zhengyi Lai <zheng1@yunify.com>
Assets
8
v0.4.2
fix: add default category when create app (#954)
Assets
8
v0.4.1
May 9, 2019
chilianyi released this
v0.4.0
Mar 30, 2019
chilianyi released this
- feature: Implement attachment-manager && Refactor app lifecycle #759
- feature: Add metad service in frontgate node #765
- feature: Implement app version reviews #781
- feature: Add update env feature for vmbased cluster #782
- feature: Add app vendor management #785
- feature: Use IAM as third-party service #809
- feature: Add runtime provider manager and make plugin independent #811
- feature: Add notification to docker compose and k8s yaml #825
- feature: Add API: GetServiceConfig and SetServiceConfig #864
- feature: Add global runtime provider config #880
- upgrade: Add detail to error message #756
- upgrade: Display operation id when access swagger ui #764
- upgrade: Independent runtime credential from runtime #773
- upgrade: BuildUpdateAttributes support base type #774
- upgrade: Able to modify runtime credential #776
- upgrade: Add validate runtime credential #777
- upgrade: Add ingress for deploying in k8s #778
- upgrade: Refactor services with owner_path #788
- upgrade: Add config file for metad #790
- upgrade: Add metad to metadata image #791
- upgrade: Add display columns for each describe api #792
- upgrade: Add debug api for cluster and runtime #794
- upgrade: Add icon to category && Add reviewer and status_time to AppVersionReview #799
- upgrade: Refactor protos: add comment #800
- upgrade: Add new iam service to docker compose #802
- upgrade: Add status_time/reviewer to AppVersionReview #806
- upgrade: Add app_name/version_name to AppVersionReview/AppVersionAudit #808
- upgrade: Add appvendor to makefile #810
- upgrade: Use rp manager to unify etcd registration #813
- upgrade: Add owner path check permission #816
- upgrade: Add vendor infomation into app details #836
- upgrade: Refactor review/pass/reject APIs #838
- upgrade: Add IsvCreateUser && prevent delete group that contain users && add role isv #839
- upgrade: Parallel run travis test #840
- upgrade: Add appvendor data permission. #841
- upgrade: Add notification contents #844
- upgrade: Add owner path for cluster_node and cluster_link #848
- upgrade: Update cancel app version process #851
- upgrade: Create user with bind role && bind admin role by default #855
- upgrade: Binding role with iam #857
- upgrade: After pass isv apply, update user's role to isv. #860
- upgrade: Mv upload image package cmds into one bash script #865
- upgrade: Change DeleteRoles request to repeated string #875
- upgrade: A thorough reconstruction of iam #878
- upgrade: Add root group id for describe user and group #881
- upgrade: Send email to users with action bundle #891
- upgrade: Add email template and basic config setting #895
- upgrade: Add ValidateEmailService API in OP #902
- upgrade: Rename appvendor module to isv #904
- upgrade: Update k8s deploy #910
- upgrade: Add audit records for all operator #915
- upgrade: Deploy into k8s with specific versions #914
- upgrade: Deploy into allinone with specific versions #916
- bugfix: Fix X-Metad-Version header in metad client #757
- bugfix: Able to pass empty string as conf parameters #758
- bugfix: Not to overwrite configuration file when it is not empty #761
- bugfix: Add switch for fetching helm cluster additional information #766
- bugfix: StartClusters will trigger restart docker daemon #767
- bugfix: Fix frontgate start with default configuration #769
- bugfix: Fix without registry mirror when create cluster and frontgate together #775
- bugfix: Use env in table cluster for helm #783
- bugfix: Fix wrong table bug when modify runtime credential #784
- bugfix: Change validate credential from get to post #787
- bugfix: Fix could not get drone ip list #789
- bugfix: Revert app/repo/category path refactor #801
- bugfix: Fix appvendor issue and add a new statistics api #805
- bugfix: GetCluster will be able to return debug clusters #814
- bugfix: Remove filter access_path from DescribeActiveApps/DescribeActiveAppVersions #815
- bugfix: Add retry and wait for register runtime provider #817
- bugfix: Use latest tag dashboard image with same major version. #822
- bugfix: Simplify test log #834
- bugfix: Fix SyncRepo cannot sync repo type #835
- bugfix: Register owner path when create frontgate #837
- bugfix: Fix can not get password in notification #850
- bugfix: Fix can not get ownerpath. #852
- bugfix: Assign cluster zone for aws runtime provider #853
- bugfix: Not allow same runtime credential and runtime #858
- bugfix: Cancel app version and clear review_id #862
- bugfix: Fix nil pointer panic in account service #868
- bugfix: Create user without bind role && AccessPath is empty #874
- bugfix: Fix owner path when create and join root group #879
- bugfix: Fix get uuid failed when pod ip is public ip #885
- bugfix: Unbound role when delete users && Add system sender when init #886
- bugfix: Fix failed bind role for PassVendorVerifyInfo #887
- bugfix: Change role to reviewAccess in app review apis #888
- bugfix: Change role to operator type && Refactor app review apis && Refresh token use origin user #889
- bugfix: Fix owner permission && Refactor describe all func #890
- bugfix: Not allow to delete users && Fix describe audit permission && check app and version name #892
- bugfix: Grpc to metadata with timeout && Add version type for audit and review #894
- bugfix: Only update reviewer when action is review && Update dashboard env && Fix remove all other cluster mapping when deregister metadata mapping #896
- bugfix: Fix port issue and basic config default issue. #897
- bugfix: Return error when describe cluster details, not get response #898
- bugfix: Fix frontgate reconnect to pilot and add more log #899
- bugfix: Add log size and num limit for metadata && Return gerr when failed #905
- bugfix: Use different frontgate for debug runtime #906
- bugfix: Send email when recover app version && Unique send email #908
- bugfix: Fix validate email config issue. #909
- bugfix: Add darwin bin for mac system #911
- bugfix: Check company name when submit vendor info #912
- bugfix: fix the collide variable name #913
v0.3.5
Nov 22, 2018
chilianyi released this
Assets
5
- upgrade: Add column controller to table repo.
- upgrade: Fix aliyun plugin.
v0.3.5
Nov 22, 2018
chilianyi released this
Assets
5
- upgrade: Add column controller to table repo.
- upgrade: Fix aliyun plugin.
v0.3.4
Nov 13, 2018
chilianyi released this
Assets
5
- feature: Add aliyun provider plugin.
- bugfix: Change to patch when update namespace annotation.
- bugfix: Fix helm cluster name can't be empty.
- bugfix: Recreate pod when deploy latest version.
- bugfix: Add zoneinfo to docker image.
- upgrade: Optimize image pull policy in helm package.
v0.3.2
Nov 5, 2018
chilianyi released this
Assets
4
- bugfix: Fix sonyflake id generator with random machine id.
v0.3.1
Oct 26, 2018
chilianyi released this
Assets
4
- bugfix: Not timeout for db ctrl job.
- bugfix: Only upload config files to qingstor and push image on repo openpitrix/openpitrix.
- bugfix: Ignore empty cmd.info log file in drone.
- bugfix: Fix supervisor couldn't stop service.
- bugfix: Not cover frontgate.conf when docker default restart.
- upgrade: Refactor account service.
- upgrade: Auto upload image scripts into qingstor.
- upgrade: Limit mysql bin log to 1G 7days.
- upgrade: Add make check && Fix vet error.
- upgrade: Display more detail for helm cluster.
- upgrade: Change deploy parameters & change request and limit parameter format.
v0.1.9
- bugfix: Fix cluster nodes and env not updated when job is finished.
- upgrade: Add pilot port in global config.
- upgrade: Be able to change pilot ip and port when put global config.
v0.1.8
- bugfix: Check cluster.json.tmpl & config.json exist in app package.
- bugfix: Not format and mount when without volume.
- bugfix: Handle all HandleSubtask status in metadata.
- bugfix: Add screenshots to Devkit indexer.
- bugfix: Etcd put data into pvc to keep old data when upgrade.
- bugfix: No need to attach volumes to instance when volumeId is empty.
- bugfix: If app had category, do not add uncategorized id to it.
- bugfix: Exclude deleted resource from statistics.
- bugfix: Db and etcd pvc should not change label when upgrade.
- bugfix: Fix panic when pods is nil.
- upgrade: Add provider filter for DescribeRuntimes api.
- upgrade: Refactor app/repo category sync logic.
- upgrade: Pending clusters are able to attach key pairs.
- upgrade: Install docker through deb directly.
- upgrade: Check cluster name & namespace match with regexp and set cluster status to pending.
- upgrade: Add delete label/selector handler to repo.
- upgrade: Add Modify attributes && Add key pairs to describe apis.
- upgrade: Add opctl auto generator.
- upgrade: Attach/Detach key pairs to frontgate node.
- upgrade: Add opctl bash/zsh completion.
- upgrade: Refactor helm plugin.
- upgrade: Be able to modify runtime credential.
v0.1.7
- feature: Support UpdateClusterEnv api for helm release.
- feature: Add key pair apis which can attach ssh key to cluster node.
- feature: Add registry mirror service in frontgate cluster.
- bugfix: Fix failed when stop frontgate cluster.
- bugfix: Change apt-get to apt to avoid get lock failed.
- bugfix: Correct value when geting logger runtime depth.
- upgrade: Add
uncategorizedas app default category.
- upgrade: Auto delete apps after delete repo.
- upgrade: Add Eip for cluster node.
- upgrade: Use imageName to get imageId.
- upgrade: Change default image pull policy to
IfNotPresent.
- upgrade: Send push_event auto when db changed.
- upgrade: Reduce metadata docker image size, not install docker in image.
- upgrade: Add mutex lock to websocket writeMessage.
- upgrade: Cluster name should not be empty in helm plugin.
- upgrade: Check whether helm chart has resources defined.
- upgrade: Add boolean global conf frontgate_auto_delete.
v0.1.6
- feature: Add aws provider plugin, support CreateCluster, StopCluster, StartCluster, DeleteCluster in aws runtime.
- feature: Add websocket and push event.
- bugfix: helm chart template file allow empty.
- upgrade: Reduce docker image through compress all executable files with upx.
- upgrade: Add env for dashboard kubernetes deployment yaml.
- upgrade: Update mysql image to 8.0.11, etcd image to quay.io/coreos/etcd:v3.2.18.
- upgrade: Add parametes limits and requests to deploy-k8s.sh.
v0.1.5
- bugfix: gRPC client memory leak.
- bugfix: Modify task column executor from varchar 50 to varchar 100.
- upgrade: Add GetClusterStatistics & GetRuntimeStatistics & GetAppStatistics.
- upgrade: check k8s plugin api version before create cluster.
- upgrade: Add search_word for cluster/job/task describe api.
- upgrade: Move config parameter image url from cluster to runtime.
- upgrade: Not show credential when describe runtime.
v0.1.4
- upgrade: Hard code image tag to solve latest tag always pulling issue.
v0.1.2
Changelog
- bugfix: Create helm cluster failed without vpcId, refactor checker and register (#436)
- upgrade: Implement repo/category/app/runtime/cluster manager checker (#430)
- upgrade: Add download-openpitrix.sh for quick download and deploy (#431)
- upgrade: Auto upload package through travis (#432)
- upgrade: Add dashboard for docker-compose yaml (#433)
- upgrade: Add default order for describe apis: create time reducing order (#434)
- upgrade: Add dashboard for kubernetes yaml (#435)
- upgrade: Check resource quota before generate job (#437)
v0.1.1
v0.1.0
Feature
- Support CreateCluster, StopClusters, StartClusters, DeleteClusters on QingCloud.
- Support deploy release on Kubernetes through Helm, delete and update env are also supported.
- Support register repos, the repo can be github, qingstor and so on.
- Support auto index apps from repo.
- Support configuration update in user cluster.
热门度与活跃度
1.1 10.0
openpitrix
@openpitrix
基本信息
7a7b0f1
Verified | https://www.ctolib.com/article/releases/64299 | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | refinedweb | 1,821 | 54.42 |
#include <Servo.h>#include <SPI.h>#include <Ethernet.h>byte mac[] = { 0x90, 0xA2, 0xDA, 0x03, 0x00, 0x10 };EthernetServer server = EthernetServer(80);// Initialize ServoServo myServo;int pos = 0;long prevMillis;int dir = 1;int pause = 5;void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); myServo.attach(9); if (Ethernet.begin(mac) == 0) { Serial.println("Failed to configure Ethernet using DHCP"); // no point in carrying on, so do nothing forevermore: for(;;) ; } Serial.print("IP: "); Serial.println(Ethernet.localIP()); server.begin();}void loop() { // listen for incoming clients EthernetClient client = server.available(); servoSweep(); if (client) { boolean currentLineIsBlank = true; while (client.connected()) { if (client.available()) { char c = client.read(); if (c == '\n' && currentLineIsBlank) { // send a standard http response header client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK"); client.println("Content-Type: text/html"); client.println(); client.print("servo is at: "); client.print(myServo.read()); client.println(" degrees."); break; } if (c == '\n') { currentLineIsBlank = true; } else if (c != '\r') { currentLineIsBlank = false; } } } delay(1); client.stop(); }}void servoSweep(void) { if (millis() - prevMillis > pause) { if (dir) { if (pos < 180) { pos += 1; pause = 5; } else { dir =! dir; pause = 1000; // Pause for 1 second } } else { if (pos > 0) { pos -= 1; pause = 5; } else { dir =! dir; pause = 1000; // pause for one second } } myServo.write(pos); prevMillis = millis(); }}
I need to be able to request the servo position without affecting the servo itself. I know it's not the servo.read() call.
I would imagine it is the delay(1); which is causing the pause, as delay basically stops the arduino.Try taking the delay out and see what happens. You ought to avoid using delays wherever possible.
I don't know how you expect to be able to accomplish this. It takes time to accept and process a client request. Obviously, during that time, the servoSweep() function is not being called. You might see less impact on the servo movement if you call servoSweep() often during the processing of the client request.
I don't know the servo library, but it seems like you can just use the value of pos variable instead of calling read(), no?
So you're suggesting sprinkling the servoSweep() call inside of the "while (client.connected()) { ... }" loop?
QuoteSo you're suggesting sprinkling the servoSweep() call inside of the "while (client.connected()) { ... }" loop?Yes.
The only thing I can think of is you need to make your servoSweep function be interrupt driven if it is that critical.or use one of the many timer libraries based on "polling".you need to make the ethernet server routine "yield" to the servoSweep routine so it can execute. | http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=95644.msg718827 | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | refinedweb | 423 | 60.11 |
Ant - Quick Guide
Apache Ant is a Java based build tool from Apache Software Foundation. Apache Ant's build files are written in XML and take advantage of the open standard, portable and easy to understand nature of XML.
Why do you need a build tool?
Before diving deep into the definition of Apache Ant, one must understand the need for a build tool. Why do I need Ant, or more specifically, why do I need a build tool?
Do you spend your day doing the following manually?
Compile code
Package the binaries
Deploy the binaries to the test server
Test your changes
Copy code from one location to another
If you have answered yes to any of the above, then it is time to automate the process and take away that burden from you.
On average, a developer spends 3 hours (out of a 8 hour working day) doing mundane tasks like build and deployment. Wouldn't you be delighted to get back the 3 hours?
Enter Apache Ant. Apache Ant is an operating system build and deployment tool that can be executed from a command line..
Installing Apache Ant
It is assumed that you have already downloaded and installed Java Development Kit (JDK) on your computer. If not, please follow the instructions here.
Apache Ant is distributed under the Apache Software License, a fully-fledged open source license certified by the open source initiative.
The latest Apache Ant version, including full-source code, class files and documentation can be found at.
Ensure that the JAVA_HOME environment variable is set to the folder where your JDK is installed.
Download the binaries from
Unzip the zip file to a convenient location using Winzip, winRAR, 7-zip or similar tools, say c:\ folder.
Create a new environment variable called ANT_HOME that points to the Ant installation folder, in this case c:\apache-ant-1.8.2-bin folder.
Append the path to the Apache Ant batch file to the PATH environment variable. In our case this would be the c:\apache-ant-1.8.2-bin\bin folder.
Ant - Build Files
Typically, Ant's build file, build.xml should live in the project's base directory. Although you are free to use other file names or place the build file in some other location.
For this exercise, create a file called build.xml anywhere in your computer.
<?xml version="1.0"?> <project name="Hello World Project" default="info"> <target name="info"> <echo>Hello World - Welcome to Apache Ant!</echo> </target> </project>
Please note that there should be no blank lines or whitespaces before the xml declaration. If you do, this may cause an error message when running the ant build - The processing instruction target matching "[xX][mM][lL]" is not allowed.
All buildfiles require the project element and at least one target element.
The XML element project has three attributes :, and:
Ant - Property Task
Ant build files are written in XML, which does not cater for declaring variables as you do in your favourite programming language. However, as you may have imagined, it would be useful if Ant allowed declaring variables such as project name, project source directory etc.
Ant uses the property element which allows you to specify properties. This allows the properties to be changed from one build to another. or from one environment to another.
By default, Ant provides the following pre-defined properties that can be used in the build file
Ant also makes the system properties (Example: file.separator) available to the build file.
In addition to the above, the user can define additional properties using the property element. An example is presented below which shows how to define a property called sitename:
<?xml version="1.0"?> <project name="Hello World Project" default="info"> <property name="sitename" value=""/> <target name="info"> <echo>Apache Ant version is ${ant.version} - You are at ${sitename} </echo> </target> </project>
Running ant on the above build file should produce the following output:
C:\>ant Buildfile: C:\build.xml info: [echo] Apache Ant version is Apache Ant(TM) version 1.8.2 compiled on December 20 2010 - You are at BUILD SUCCESSFUL Total time: 0 seconds C:\>
Ant - Property Files
Setting properties directly in the build file is okay if you are working with a handful of properties. However, for a large project, it makes sense to store the properties in a separate property file.
Storing the properties in a separate file allows you to reuse the same build file, with different property settings for different execution environment. For example, build properties file can be maintained separately for DEV, TEST and PROD environments.
Specifying properties in a separate file file pair are separated by an equals sign. It is highly recommended that the properties are annotated with proper comments. Comments are listed using the hash character.
The following shows a build.xml and an
Ant - Data Types
Ant provides a number of predefined data types. Do not confuse the data types that are available in the programming language, but instead consider the data types as set of services that are built into the product already
The following is a list of data types provided by Apache Ant
File Set
The Fileset data types represents a collection of files. The Fileset data type is usually used as a filter to include and exclude files that match a particular pattern.
For example:
<fileset dir="${src}" casesensitive="yes"> <include name="**/*.java"/> <exclude name="**/*Stub*"/> </fileset>
The src attribute in the above example points to the source folder of the project.
In the above example, the fileset selects all java files in the source folder except those that contain the word 'Stub' in them. The casesensitive filter is applied to the fileset which means that a file with the name Samplestub.java will not be excluded from the fileset
Pattern Set
A pattern set is a pattern that allows to easily filter files or folders based on certain patterns. Patterns can be created using the following meta characters.
- ? - Matches one character only
- * - Matches zero or many characters
- ** - Matches zero or many directories recursively
The following example should give an idea of list data type is similar to the file set except that the File List contains explicitly named lists of files and do not support wild cards
Another major difference between the file list and the file set data type is that the file list data type can be applied for files that may or may not exist yet.
Following is an example of the File list data type
<filelist id="config.files" dir="${webapp.src.folder}"> <file name="applicationConfig.xml"/> <file name="faces-config.xml"/> <file name="web.xml"/> <file name="portlet.xml"/> </filelist>
The webapp.src.folder attribute in the above example points to the web application's source folder of the project.
Filter Set
Using a Filter Set data type with the copy task, you can replace certain text in all files that match the pattern with a replacement value.
A common example is to append the version number to the release notes file, as shown in the example below
<copy todir="${output.dir}"> <fileset dir="${releasenotes.dir}" includes="**/*.txt"/> <filterset> <filter token="VERSION" value="${current.version}"/> </filterset> </copy>
The output.dir attribute in the above example points to the output folder of the project.
The releasenotes.dir attribute in the above example points to the release notes folder of the project.
The current.version attribute in the above example points to the current version folder of the project.
The copy task, as the name suggests is used to copy files from one location to another.
Path
The path data type is commonly used to represent a classpath. Entries in the path are separated using a semicolon or colon. However, these characters are replaced a the run time by the running system's path separator character.
Most commonly,>
The env.J2EE_HOME attribute in the above example points to the environment variable J2EE_HOME.
The j2ee.jar attribute in the above example points to the name of the J2EE jar file in the J2EE base folder.
Ant - Building Projects
Now that we have learnt about the data types in Ant, it is time to put that into action. Consider the following project structure
This project will form the Hello World project for the rest of this tutorial.
C:\work\FaxWebApplication>tree Folder PATH listing Volume serial number is 00740061 EC1C:ADB1 C:. +---db +---src . +---faxapp . +---dao . +---entity . +---util . +---web +---war +---images +---js +---META-INF +---styles +---WEB-INF +---classes +---jsp +---lib
Let me explain the will be stored in the WEB-INF\classes folder.
The aim of this exercise is to build an ant file that compiles the java classes and places them in the WEB-INF\classes folder., the src.dir refers to the source folder of the project (i.e, where the java source files can be found).
The web.dir refers to the web source folder of the project. This is where you can find the JSPs, web.xml, css, javascript and other web related files
Finally, the doesn't exist. Then we execute the javac command (specifying jdk1.5 as our target compilation). We supply the source folder and the classpath to the javac task and ask it to drop the class files in the build folder.
>
Running ant on this file will compile the java source files and place the classes in the build folder.
The following outcome is the result of running the ant file:
C:\>ant Buildfile: C:\build.xml BUILD SUCCESSFUL Total time: 6.3 seconds
The files are compiled and are placed in the build.dir folder.
Ant - Creating JAR files
The next logical step after compiling your java source files, is to build the java archive, i,e the JAR file. Creating JAR files with Ant is quite easy with the jar task. Presented below are the commonly used attributes of the jar task
Continuing our Hello World project, let us add a new target to produce the jar files. But before that let us consider the jar task:
<jar destfile="${web.dir}/lib/util.jar" basedir="${build.dir}/classes" includes="faxapp/util/**" excludes="**/Test.class" />
In this example, the web.dir property points to the path of the web source files. In our case, this is where the util.jar will be placed.
The build.dir property in this example points to the build folder where the class files for the util.jar can be found.
In this example, we create a jar file called util.jar using the classes from the faxapp.util.* package. However, we are excluding the classes that end with the name Test. The output jar file will be place in the webapp's lib folder.
If we want to make the util.jar an executable jar file we need to add the manifest with the Main-Class meta attribute.
Therefore the above example will be updated as:
<jar destfile="${web.dir}/lib/util.jar" basedir="${build.dir}/classes" includes="faxapp/util/**" excludes="**/Test.class"> <manifest> <attribute name="Main-Class" value="com.tutorialspoint.util.FaxUtil"/> </manifest> </jar>
To execute the jar task, wrap it inside a target (most commonly, the build or package target, and run them.
<target name="build-jar"> <jar destfile="${web.dir}/lib/util.jar" basedir="${build.dir}/classes" includes="faxapp/util/**" excludes="**/Test.class"> <manifest> <attribute name="Main-Class" value="com.tutorialspoint.util.FaxUtil"/> </manifest> </jar> </target>
Running ant on this file will create the util.jar file for us..
The following outcome is the result of running the ant file:
C:\>ant build-jar Buildfile: C:\build.xml BUILD SUCCESSFUL Total time: 1.3 seconds
The util.jar file is now placed in the output folder.
Ant - Creating WAR files
Creating WAR files with Ant is extremely simple, and very similar to the creating JAR files task. After all WAR file, like JAR file is just another ZIP file, isn't it?. Below are the extension attributes that are specify
Ant - Executing Java code
You can use Ant to execute java code. In this example below, the java class takes in an argument (administrator's email address) and sends out an email.
public class NotifyAdministrator { public static void main(String[] args) { String email = args[0]; notifyAdministratorviaEmail(email); System.out.println("Administrator "+email+" has been notified"); } public static void notifyAdministratorviaEmail(String email) { //...... } }
Here is a simple build that executes this java class.
<?xml version="1.0"?> <project name="sample" basedir="." default="notify"> <target name="notify"> <java fork="true" failonerror="yes" classname="NotifyAdministrator"> <arg line="admin@test.com"/> </java> </target> </project>
When the build is executed, it produces the following outcome:
C:\>ant Buildfile: C:\build.xml notify: [java] Administrator admin@test.com has been notified BUILD SUCCESSFUL Total time: 1 second
In this example, the java code does a simple thing - to send an email. We could have used the built in Ant task to do that. However, now that you have got the idea you can extend your build file to call java code that performs complicated things, for example: encrypts your source code. | http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgi-bin/printversion.cgi?tutorial=ant&file=ant_quick_guide.htm | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | refinedweb | 2,188 | 65.73 |
Each Answer to this Q is separated by one/two green lines.
I am using truncated SVD from
scikit-learn package.
In the definition of SVD, an original matrix A is approxmated as a product A ? U?V* where U and V have orthonormal columns, and ? is non-negative diagonal.
I need to get the U, ? and V* matrices.
Looking at the source code here I found out that V* is stored in
self.components_ field after calling
fit_transform.
Is it possible to get U and ? matrices?
My code:
import sklearn.decomposition as skd import numpy as np matrix = np.random.random((20,20)) trsvd = skd.TruncatedSVD(n_components=15) transformed = trsvd.fit_transform(matrix) VT = trsvd.components_
Looking into the source via the link you provided,
TruncatedSVD is basically a wrapper around sklearn.utils.extmath.randomized_svd; you can manually call this yourself like this:
from sklearn.utils.extmath import randomized_svd U, Sigma, VT = randomized_svd(X, n_components=15, n_iter=5, random_state=None)
One can use scipy.sparse.svds (for dense matrices you can use svd).
import numpy as np from scipy.sparse.linalg import svds matrix = np.random.random((20, 20)) num_components = 2 u, s, v = svds(matrix, k=num_components) X = u.dot(np.diag(s)) # output of TruncatedSVD
If you’re working with really big sparse matrices (perhaps your working with natural text), even
scipy.sparse.svds might blow up your computer’s RAM. In such cases, consider the sparsesvd package which uses SVDLIBC, and what
gensim uses under-the-hood.
import numpy as np from sparsesvd import sparsesvd X = np.random.random((30, 30)) ut, s, vt = sparsesvd(X.tocsc(), k) projected = (X * ut.T)/s
Just as a note:
svd.transform(X)
and
svd.fit_transform(X)
generate U * Sigma.
svd.singular_values_
generates Sigma in vector form.
svd.components_
generates VT.
Maybe we can use
svd.transform(X).dot(np.linalg.inv(np.diag(svd.singular_values_)))
to get U because U * Sigma * Sigma ^ -1 = U * I = U.
From the source code, we can see
X_transformed which is
U * Sigma (Here
Sigma is a vector) is returned
from the
fit_transform method. So we can get
svd = TruncatedSVD(k) X_transformed = svd.fit_transform(X) U = X_transformed / svd.singular_values_ Sigma_matrix = np.diag(svd.singular_values_) VT = svd.components_
Remark
Truncated SVD is an approximation. X ? X’ = U?V*. We have X’V = U?. But what about XV? An interesting fact is XV = X’V. This can be proved by comparing the full SVD form of X and the truncated SVD form of X’. Note XV is just
transform(X), so we can also get
U by
U = svd.transform(X) / svd.singular_values_
If your matrices are not large, since numpy computes SVD by sorting singular values in order, this can be computed directly with
np.linalg.svd simply by taking the first k singular values from ?, first k columns of U, and first k rows of Vh. (Use
full_matrices=False to get thin SVD if one of your dimensions is huge.)
m = np.random.random((5,5)) u, s, vh = np.linalg.svd(m) u2, s2, vh2 = u[:,:2], s[:2], vh[:2,:] m2 = u2 @ np.diag(s2) @ vh2 # rank-2 approx
If your matrices are large, then the randomized algorithms provided by
sklearn.decomposition.TruncatedSVD will compute truncated SVD more efficiently.
I know this is an older question but the correct version is-
U = svd.fit_transform(X) Sigma = svd.singular_values_ VT = svd.components_
However, one thing to keep in mind is that U and VT are truncated hence without the rest of the values it not possible to recreate X.
Let us suppose X is our input matrix on which we want yo perform Truncated SVD.
Below commands helps to find out the U, Sigma and VT :
from sklearn.decomposition import TruncatedSVD SVD = TruncatedSVD(n_components=r) U = SVD.fit_transform(X) Sigma = SVD.explained_variance_ratio_ VT = SVD.components_ #r corresponds to the rank of the matrix
To understand the above terms, please refer to
| https://techstalking.com/programming/python/get-u-sigma-v-matrix-from-truncated-svd-in-scikit-learn/ | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | refinedweb | 658 | 54.39 |
51722/how-does-dns-work-in-kubernetes
DNS is a built-in service in Kubernetes. It gets launched automatically when Kubernetes is setup for the first time.
Kubernetes Domain Name Server schedules a DNS Pod and Service on the cluster, and setup the kubelets to inform individual containers to use the DNS Service’s IP to resolve DNS names.
Every Service which gets defined in the Kubernetes cluster (including the DNS server itself) is assigned with a DNS name.
By default, a client Pod’s DNS search list will include the Pod’s own namespace and the cluster’s default domain.
For Example: if we have a Service named serve1 in the Kubernetes namespace ns1.
A Pod running in namespace ns1 can look up this service by simply doing a DNS query for serve1. A Pod running in namespace collab can look up this service by doing a DNS query for serve1.ns1.
adding to @kalgi's answer
Using just the hostname ...READ MORE
You can use teleport to augment kubernetes ...READ MORE
Here is a solution to your problem:
You ..
A application deployment requires , web tier ...READ MORE
Add nodes in a HA cluster in ...READ MORE
OR
Already have an account? Sign in. | https://www.edureka.co/community/51722/how-does-dns-work-in-kubernetes | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | refinedweb | 205 | 74.49 |
#3192904, was opened at 2011-02-26 14:41
Private: No
Submitted By: j petrick (jpetrick1)
Assigned to: Nobody/Anonymous (nobody)
Summary: v215/py.32 win32 install fails 32 and 64-bit
Initial Comment:
Both pywin32-215.win32-py3.2.exe and pywin32-215.win-amd64-py3.2.exe throw and exception on install:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 604, in <module>
File "<string>", line 332, in install
File "<string>", line 15, in write
AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'write'
Exception AttributeError: "'NoneType' object has no attribute 'flush'" in <__main__.Tee object at 0x033995B0> ignored
As a result,
import win32com.client as win32
fails like this:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:\EQ\InventoryDumps\testScript1.py", line 1, in <module>
import win32com.client as win32
File "D:\Python32\lib\site-packages\win32com\__init__.py", line 5, in <module>
import win32api, sys, os
ImportError: DLL load failed: The specified module could not be found.
Importing sys and os separately works fine, looks like win32api install failed.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
>Comment By: Mark Hammond (mhammond)
Date: 2011-08-10 16:54
It is fixed in hg - I hope to release a new binary within a month or so.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Comment By: Aneesh (aneeshmbaby)
Date: 2011-08-10 16:44
Hi, When we can expect a fix for this issue? We have one product which
makes use of this and would like to go for a release of that with Python
3.2 and PyWin32 3.2.
Thanks a lot
Aneesh
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Comment By: Aneesh (aneeshmbaby)
Date: 2011-07-25 21:50
I am also facing same problem. Today I tried to install
pywin32-216.win32-py3.1.exe on two different Windows 7 Pro 32 bit machines
and this issue was there always. It got installed fine on a Windows XP
machine.
The work around mentioned by masinghal helped in installing it but that is
not good enough for us. Would like to have a solution for this quickly...
Thanks,
Aneesh
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Comment By: masinghal ()
Date: 2011-07-13 08:30
I ran the postinstall script manually and it failed while creating
shortcuts. It is actually trying to find the "python 3.2" folder in my user
profile roaming data folder. However, python32 is installed for all users
so it does not find the python 3.2 folder and fails. Easiest fix was to
create the "Python 3.2" folder. Better fix would be to modify the script so
that it finds the right folder.
C:\Python32\Scripts>pywin32_postinstall.py -install
Copied pythoncom32.dll to C:\Windows\system32\pythoncom32.dll
Copied pythoncomloader32.dll to C:\Windows\system32\pythoncomloader32.dll
Copied pywintypes32.dll to C:\Windows\system32\pywintypes32.dll
Registered: Python.Interpreter
Registered: Python.Dictionary
Registered: Python
-> Software\Python\PythonCore\3.2\Help[None]=None
-> Software\Python\PythonCore\3.2\Help\Pythonwin
Reference[None]='C:\\Python32\\
Lib\\site-packages\\PyWin32.chm'
Pythonwin has been registered in context menu
Can't install shortcuts -
'C:\\Users\\singhalm\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Win
dows\\Start Menu\\Programs\\Python 3.2' is not a folder
The pywin32 extensions were successfully installed.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Comment By: johanfo ()
Date: 2011-03-11 10:36
I just "double clicked the installer" in windows. Has tried both with
"admin" and "regular user" rights.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Comment By: Mark Hammond (mhammond)
Date: 2011-03-08 20:07
running the post-install script was to be my next suggestion :) How did
you start the installer - from a cmd-prompt? IThis has been reported
before, but it works fine for many (including me) too!
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Comment By: johanfo ()
Date: 2011-03-08 19:49
Update: I ran "C:\Python32\Scripts\pywin32_postinstall.py -install" after
the failed installation, and now it works :) I'm happy!
Still, the installer should be investigated though if you have the time.
Mark: Thanks for your time and effort on this project!
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Comment By: johanfo ()
Date: 2011-03-08 19:41
Hi! I am on Vista 64bit, using Python 3.2. It fails with
pywin32-216.1.win32-py3.2.exe! By accident, I noticed that I could install
the 64 bit python and the 64bit pywin without any problems. Unfortunately,
I have to control a 32 bit com object, so I uninstalled all python, deleted
registry and the python directory and started from scratch with 32bit
python and pywin, and then it fails.
Is there something I can do to help you debug this? I'm not sure where
to start.
JF
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Comment By: j petrick (jpetrick1)
Date: 2011-03-08 11:42
216 build, 64-bit installed OK. I didn't try the 32-bit version.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Comment By: Mark Hammond (mhammond)
Date: 2011-03-08 08:32
Do you have the same problem in build 216?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Comment By: johanfo ()
Date: 2011-03-08 06:01
I have the exact same problem! Solved it yet?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
You can respond by visiting:
View entire thread | https://sourceforge.net/p/pywin32/mailman/message/27925761/ | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | refinedweb | 807 | 68.77 |
guys,
the selector localizedName:locale: is missing from NSTimeZone
Will also need an enum for NSTimeZoneNameStyle
I tried writing my own but didn't get very far, I couldn't see a matching Messaging.void_objc_msgSend_xxx method to use.
Any suggestions?
I tried to reproduce this issue and I am able to reproduce this issue
Steps to reproduce
1. Create iPhone "Single view application".
2. Open assembly browser ( click on View=>Assembly Browser)
3. Search "NSTimeZone" class in "assembly browser".
4. Search "localizedName:locale" in "NSTimeZone class.
5. "localizedName:locale:" is missing.
6. Search for "NSTimeZoneNameStyle" enum.
7. "NSTimeZoneNameStyle" enum is also missing.
I have check the definition of class "NSTimeZone" and I observed that "NSTimeZone" class is missing the "localizedName:locale:" and also "NSTimeZoneNameStyle" enum.
Screencast:
Regression Status: This issue is also exits on "X.iOS 7.2.2.2".14.0 (Business Edition)
Android SDK: /Users/jatin66/Desktop/Backup_25"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_25-b15)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 23.25-b01, mixed mode)
Apple Developer Tools
Xcode 5.1 (5084)
Build 5B130a
Xamarin.iOS
Version: 7.2.3.39 (Business Edition)
Hash: fc6f56b
Branch:
Build date: 2014-05-19 19:10:29-0400
Xamarin.Mac
Xamarin.Mac: 1.8.0.8
Fixed.
maccore/master: 56be00a6a2b3e6f1671dc8e5c13a01dddb06f38a
monotouch/master: 1b73c53fee4ab0e1c79cf67c89d52a0995461431
Any chance of a code example for how I can do this now before it gets released?
It would be something likes this:
using MonoTouch.ObjCRuntime;
public enum NSTimeZoneNameStyle {
Standard,
ShortStandard,
DaylightSaving,
ShortDaylightSaving,
Generic,
ShortGeneric
}
NSTimeZone tz = ...;
NSTimeZoneNameStyle style = ...;
NSLocale locale = ...;
var ptr = Messaging.IntPtr_objc_msgSend_int_IntPtr (tz.Handle, Selector.GetHandle ("localizedName:locale:"), (int) style, locale.Handle);
var str = new NSString (ptr);
Lovely bubbly, worked like a charm. I was close but not quite there, love the whole selector message style you guys have developed. Very handy when you know how! | https://xamarin.github.io/bugzilla-archives/20/20453/bug.html | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | refinedweb | 307 | 52.87 |
17 November 2011 22:13 [Source: ICIS news]
HOUSTON (ICIS)--US Dow Chemical's crude acrylic acid (AA) capacity at ?xml:namespace>
The company would not be more specific about the duration of the expansion period, but a spokesperson said the company’s improvement projects and technological advances at its AA oxidation unit had been “an ongoing thing … for some time.”
“Basically, we wanted to show our customers that we are using everything we have to improve reliability and performance” at the site, the spokesperson said.
The company did not confirm current capacity levels, but according to ICIS, crude AA capacity at
Crude AA is used in the production of acrylate esters and glacial acrylic acid (GAA).
The company would not say how much of the new capacity would be available to the merchant market. The company also has significant internal demand for crude AA.
Coatings and adhesives customers said the acrylates market is in the midst of a seasonal slowdown and that supply is more than ample through the end of the year.
Producers are pinning hopes of demand resurgence on the
($1 = €0.74)
For more on Dow’s
For more on acrylic acid | http://www.icis.com/Articles/2011/11/17/9509448/us-dows-crude-acrylic-acid-debottlenecking-in-texas.html | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | refinedweb | 196 | 58.62 |
Functional Programming
What is functional programming?
We've got quite far into the tutorial, yet we haven't really considered
functional programming. All of the features given so far - rich data
types, pattern matching, type inference, nested functions - you could
imagine could exist in a kind of "super C" language. These are Cool
Features certainly, and make your code concise, easy to read, and have
fewer bugs, but they actually have very little to do with functional
programming. In fact my argument is going to be that the reason that
functional languages are so great is not because of functional
programming, but because we've been stuck with C-like languages for
years and in the meantime the cutting edge of programming has moved on
considerably. So while we were writing
struct { int type; union { ... } } for the umpteenth time, ML and
Haskell programmers had safe variants and pattern matching on datatypes.
While we were being careful to
free all our
mallocs, there have been
languages with garbage collectors able to outperform hand-coding since
the 80s.
Well, after that I'd better tell you what functional programming is anyhow.
The basic, and not very enlightening definition is this: in a functional language, functions are first-class citizens.
Lot of words there that don't really make much sense. So let's have an example:
# let double x = x * 2 in List.map double [1; 2; 3];;
- : int list = [2; 4; 6]
In this example, I've first defined a nested function called
double
which takes an argument
x and returns
x * 2. Then
map calls
double on each element of the given list (
[1; 2; 3]) to produce the
result: a list with each number doubled.
map is known as a higher-order function (HOF). Higher-order
functions are just a fancy way of saying that the function takes a
function as one of its arguments. So far so simple. If you're familiar
with C/C++ then this looks like passing a function pointer around.
Closures are functions which carry around some of the "environment"
in which they were defined. In particular, a closure can reference
variables which were available at the point of its definition. Let's
generalise the function above so that now we can take any list of
integers and multiply each element by an arbitrary value
n:
# let multiply n list = let f x = n * x in List.map f list;;
val multiply : int -> int list -> int list = <fun>
Hence:
# multiply 2 [1; 2; 3];;
- : int list = [2; 4; 6] # multiply 5 [1; 2; 3];;
- : int list = [5; 10; 15]
The important point to note about the
multiply function is the nested
function
f. This is a closure. Look at how
f uses the value of
n
which isn't actually passed as an explicit argument to
f. Instead
f
picks it up from its environment - it's an argument to the
multiply
function and hence available within this function.
This might sound straightforward, but let's look a bit closer at that
call to map:
List.map f list.
map is defined in the
List module, far away from the current code.
In other words, we're passing
f into a module defined "a long time
ago, in a galaxy far far away". For all we know that code might pass
f
to other modules, or save a reference to
f somewhere and call it
later. Whether it does this or not, the closure will ensure that
f
always has access back to its parental environment, and to
n.
Here's a real example from lablgtk. This is actually a method on a class (we haven't talked about classes and objects yet, but just think of it as a function definition for now).
class html_skel obj = object (self) ... ... method save_to_channel chan = let receiver_fn content = output_string chan content; true in save obj receiver_fn ... end
First of all you need to know that the
save function called at the end
of the method takes as its second argument a function (
receiver_fn).
It repeatedly calls
receiver_fn with snippets of text from the widget
that it's trying to save.
Now look at the definition of
receiver_fn. This function is a closure
alright because it keeps a reference to
chan from its environment.
Partial function applications and currying
Let's define a plus function which just adds two integers:
# let plus a b = a + b;;
val plus : int -> int -> int = <fun>
Some questions for people asleep at the back of the class.
- What is
plus?
- What is
plus 2 3?
- What is
plus 2?
Question 1 is easy.
plus is a function, it takes two arguments which
are integers and it returns an integer. We write its type like this:
plus : int -> int -> int
Question 2 is even easier.
plus 2 3 is a number, the integer
5. We
write its value and type like this:
5 : int
But what about question 3? It looks like
plus 2 is a mistake, a bug.
In fact, however, it isn't. If we type this into the OCaml toplevel, it
tells us:
# plus 2;;
- : int -> int = <fun>
This isn't an error. It's telling us that
plus 2 is in fact a
function, which takes an
int and returns an
int. What sort of
function is this? We experiment by first of all giving this mysterious
function a name (
f), and then trying it out on a few integers to see
what it does:
# let f = plus 2;;
val f : int -> int = <fun> # f 10;;
- : int = 12 # f 15;;
- : int = 17 # f 99;;
- : int = 101
In engineering this is sufficient proof by example
for us to state that
plus 2 is the function which adds 2 to things.
Going back to the original definition, let's "fill in" the first
argument (
a) setting it to 2 to get:
let plus 2 b = (* This is not real OCaml code! *) 2 + b
You can kind of see, I hope, why
plus 2 is the function which adds 2
to things.
Looking at the types of these expressions we may be able to see some
rationale for the strange
-> arrow notation used for function types:
plus : int -> int -> int plus 2 : int -> int plus 2 3 : int
This process is called currying (or perhaps it's called uncurrying, I never was really sure which was which). It is called this after Haskell Curry who did some important stuff related to the lambda calculus. Since I'm trying to avoid entering into the mathematics behind OCaml because that makes for a very boring and irrelevant tutorial, I won't go any further on the subject. You can find much more information about currying if it interests you by doing a search on Google.
Remember our
double and
multiply functions from earlier on?
multiply was defined as this:
# let multiply n list = let f x = n * x in List.map f list;;
val multiply : int -> int list -> int list = <fun>
We can now define
double,
triple &c functions very easily just like
this:
# let double = multiply 2;;
val double : int list -> int list = <fun> # let triple = multiply 3;;
val triple : int list -> int list = <fun>
They really are functions, look:
# double [1; 2; 3];;
- : int list = [2; 4; 6] # triple [1; 2; 3];;
- : int list = [3; 6; 9]
You can also use partial application directly (without the intermediate
f function) like this:
# let multiply n = List.map (( * ) n);;
val multiply : int -> int list -> int list = <fun> # let double = multiply 2;;
val double : int list -> int list = <fun> # let triple = multiply 3;;
val triple : int list -> int list = <fun> # double [1; 2; 3];;
- : int list = [2; 4; 6] # triple [1; 2; 3];;
- : int list = [3; 6; 9]
In the example above,
(( * ) n) is the partial application of the
( * )
(times) function. Note the extra spaces needed so that OCaml doesn't
think
(* starts a comment.
You can put infix operators into brackets to make functions. Here's an
identical definition of the
plus function as before:
# let plus = ( + );;
val plus : int -> int -> int = <fun> # plus 2 3;;
- : int = 5
Here's some more currying fun:
# List.map (plus 2) [1; 2; 3];;
- : int list = [3; 4; 5] # let list_of_functions = List.map plus [1; 2; 3];;
val list_of_functions : (int -> int) list = [<fun>; <fun>; <fun>]
What is functional programming good for?
Functional programming, like any good programming technique, is a useful
tool in your armoury for solving some classes of problems. It's very
good for callbacks, which have multiple uses from GUIs through to
event-driven loops. It's great for expressing generic algorithms.
List.map is really a generic algorithm for applying functions over any
type of list. Similarly you can define generic functions over trees.
Certain types of numerical problems can be solved more quickly with
functional programming (for example, numerically calculating the
derivative of a mathematical function).
Pure and impure functional programming
A pure function is one without any side-effects. A side-effect
really means that the function keeps some sort of hidden state inside
it.
strlen is a good example of a pure function in C. If you call
strlen with the same string, it always returns the same length. The
output of
strlen (the length) only depends on the inputs (the string)
and nothing else. Many functions in C are, unfortunately, impure. For
example,
malloc - if you call it with the same number, it certainly
won't return the same pointer to you.
malloc, of course, relies on a
huge amount of hidden internal state (objects allocated on the heap, the
allocation method in use, grabbing pages from the operating system,
etc.).
ML-derived languages like OCaml are "mostly pure". They allow side-effects through things like references and arrays, but by and large most of the code you'll write will be pure functional because they encourage this thinking. Haskell, another functional language, is pure functional. OCaml is therefore more practical because writing impure functions is sometimes useful.
There are various theoretical advantages of having pure functions. One advantage is that if a function is pure, then if it is called several times with the same arguments, the compiler only needs to actually call the function once. A good example in C is:
for (i = 0; i < strlen (s); ++i) { // Do something which doesn't affect s. }
If naively compiled, this loop is O(n2) because
strlen (s)
is called each time and
strlen needs to iterate over the whole of
s.
If the compiler is smart enough to work out that
strlen is pure
functional and that
s is not updated in the loop, then it can remove
the redundant extra calls to
strlen and make the loop O(n). Do
compilers really do this? In the case of
strlen yes, in other cases,
probably not.
Concentrating on writing small pure functions allows you to construct reusable code using a bottom-up approach, testing each small function as you go along. The current fashion is for carefully planning your programs using a top-down approach, but in the author's opinion this often results in projects failing.
Strictness vs laziness
C-derived and ML-derived languages are strict. Haskell and Miranda are non-strict, or lazy, languages. OCaml is strict by default but allows a lazy style of programming where it is needed.
In a strict language, arguments to functions are always evaluated first,
and the results are then passed to the function. For example in a strict
language, the call
give_me_a_three (1/0) is always going to result in
a divide-by-zero error:
# let give_me_a_three _ = 3;;
val give_me_a_three : 'a -> int = <fun> # give_me_a_three (1/0);;
Exception: Division_by_zero.
If you've programmed in any conventional language, this is just how things work, and you'd be surprised that things could work any other way.
In a lazy language, something stranger happens. Arguments to functions
are only evaluated if the function actually uses them. Remember that the
give_me_a_three function throws away its argument and always returns a
3? Well in a lazy language, the above call would not fail because
give_me_a_three never looks at its first argument, so the first
argument is never evaluated, so the division by zero doesn't happen.
Lazy languages also let you do really odd things like defining an infinitely long list. Provided you don't actually try to iterate over the whole list this works (say, instead, that you just try to fetch the first 10 elements).
OCaml is a strict language, but has a
Lazy module that lets you write
lazy expressions. Here's an example. First we create a lazy expression
for
1/0:
# let lazy_expr = lazy (1 / 0);;
val lazy_expr : int lazy_t = <lazy>
Notice the type of this lazy expression is
int lazy_t.
Because
give_me_a_three takes
'a (any type) we can pass this lazy
expression into the function:
# give_me_a_three lazy_expr;;
- : int = 3
To evaluate a lazy expression, you must use the
Lazy.force function:
# Lazy.force lazy_expr;;
Exception: Division_by_zero.
Boxed vs. unboxed types
One term which you'll hear a lot when discussing functional languages is "boxed". I was very confused when I first heard this term, but in fact the distinction between boxed and unboxed types is quite simple if you've used C, C++ or Java before (in Perl, everything is boxed).
The way to think of a boxed object is to think of an object which has
been allocated on the heap using
malloc in C (or equivalently
new in
C++), and/or is referred to through a pointer. Take a look at this
example C program:
#include <stdio.h> void printit (int *ptr) { printf ("the number is %d\n", *ptr); } void main () { int a = 3; int *p = &a; printit (p); }
The variable
a is allocated on the stack, and is quite definitely
unboxed.
The function
printit takes a boxed integer and prints it.
The diagram below shows an array of unboxed (top) vs. boxed (below) integers:
No prizes for guessing that the array of unboxed integers is much faster than the array of boxed integers. In addition, because there are fewer separate allocations, garbage collection is much faster and simpler on the array of unboxed objects.
In C or C++ you should have no problems constructing either of the two
types of arrays above. In Java, you have two types,
int which is
unboxed and
Integer which is boxed, and hence considerably less
efficient. In OCaml, the basic types are all unboxed.
Aliases for function names and arguments
It's possible to use this as a neat trick to save typing: aliasing function names, and function arguments.
Although we haven't looked at object-oriented programming (that's the
subject for the "Objects" section), "<html>\n"; out "<head>\n"; out ("<title>" ^ text title ^ "</title>\n"); out ("<style type=\"text/css\">\n"); out "body { background: white; color: black; }\n"; out "</style>\n"; out "</head>\n"; out "<body>\n"; out ("<h1>" ^ text title ^ "</h1>\n")
The
let out = ... is a partial function application for that method
call (partial, because the string parameter hasn't been applied).
out
is therefore a function, which takes a string parameter.
out "<html>\n";
is equivalent to:
cgi # output # output_string "<html>. | https://ocaml.org/learn/tutorials/functional_programming.html | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | refinedweb | 2,539 | 69.41 |
Red Hat Bugzilla – Bug 21505
mmap & unlink over NFS cause long-lived .nfs files which break rmdir
Last modified: 2008-08-01 12:22:51 EDT
Just build and try this small example. There are two pieces, some source
in "mapit.c", and the script that uses it to demonstrate the problem, in
"doit". If you place both of those in the same directory on an NFS
partition, and run the script, you'll see output like:
rm: cannot remove directory `dir': File exists
rm: cannot unlink `dir/.nfs0001081d0000042f': Device or resource busy
rm: cannot remove directory `dir': File exists
It's the nfs_sillyrename() code that's creating that .nfs file. I
understand its reason for existing.
The only trouble is that the kernel doesn't realize that it can delete it
in any kind of timely fashion. So, when a subsequent rmdir() is called on
the parent directory, it fails. And to make matters worse, a subsequent rm
-rf command fails (with EBUSY) trying to delete the .nfs file itself.
=====mapit.c=====
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
main()
{
int fd;
char* addr;
fd = open("dir/file", O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0666);
ftruncate(fd, 4096);
addr = mmap((void*)0, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
memset(addr, ' ', 4096);
close(fd);
}
=====doit=====
#!/bin/ksh
#
make -s mapit
rm -rf dir 2>/dev/null
if [ -d dir ]; then
echo "... waiting for directory \"dir\" to clear out to re-run test ..."
while [ -d dir ]; do
rm -rf dir 2>/dev/null
done
fi
mkdir -p dir
./mapit
rm -rf dir || rm -rf dir: | https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=21505 | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | refinedweb | 272 | 77.03 |
Jira exporting Word templates
Does anyone know what happens to the file when it's being exported? I'm succeeding to export a file with requirements and after making some small changes it cant get uploaded.
So I'm thinking there is some kind of conversion that happens when the file is being exported from Jira.
anyone knows what?
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let input, button, visualization; var img; function setup() { // create canvas createCanvas(600 , 600); input = createInput(); input.position(20, 65); button = createButton('submit'); button.position(input.x + input.width, 65); button.mousePressed(visualize); visualization = createElement('h2', 'Type a word to get its spelling'); visualization.position(20, 5); textAlign(CENTER); textSize(50); } function visualize() { const word = input.value(); visualization.html('This is the spelling of ' + word + '!'); input.value(''); }
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I am buying a house a car and a horse
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-? | https://quabr.com/66854122/jira-exporting-word-templates | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | refinedweb | 2,042 | 56.35 |
Raspberry Pi
Section 2: GPIO
Let's start with an introduction to using the Raspberry Pi's General Purpose Input Output (GPIO) facilities.
Operating a Simple Switch and LED on the Raspberry Pi
GPIO, as may have been explained in other tutorials, stands for General Purpose Input/Output and a GPIO pin can be set high (taking the value 1) by connecting it to a voltage supply, or set low (taking the value 0) by connecting it to ground. The Raspberry Pi can set the pin to take either value and treat it as an output, or it can detect the value of the pin and treat it as an input.
The Raspberry Pi's pin header looks like this:
There are twenty-six pins in total: three power supply pins, 3V3 (3.3V), 5V0 (5.0V) and GND (0V); 6 DNC (do not connect) pins; and seventeen GPIO pins. Some of these seventeen pins have alternative functions as well, but we won't dwell on those now.
Let's build a simple circuit with a switch and LED. You will
need:
– 1 × Working Raspberry Pi with an Internet connection
– 1 × Breadboard + jumpers
– 4 × Male/female jumper cables
– 1 × LED
– 1 × Pushbutton switch
– 1 × 270Ω resistor
– 1 × 10kΩ resistor
A breadboard has several key features. It has red and blue lines which demarcate the holes belonging to the supply voltage rails (which will be 3.3V for our purposes since the GPIO pins operate at 3.3V) and ground rails (GND) respectively. The holes in the same group are linked via connections inside the breadboard.
The rest of the pin holes can be grouped into segments of 5 shown in the black boxes. The holes in each segment are linked together, but the segments are not connected to one another.
It is recommended to link up all the supply voltage and ground rails as shown below for easy wiring later on.
The circuit diagram for the LED switch is:
GPIO10 is used as an output. When it is set low, the LED will be turned on, and vice-versa when it is set high. GPIO8 is used as an input, so when the pushbutton switch is pressed the pin is set high.
So, what can we actually do? Lots!
Connect the 3.3V and GND pins of the Raspberry Pi to the corresponding rails on the breadboard using the male/female jumper cables.
Connect the LED along with the 270Ω resistor and wire them to the 3.3V rail according to the circuit diagram. You will need to refer to the technical datasheet (this is only for the specific LED used in this tutorial) to determine which pin should be connected to the voltage supply (positive rail) and which should be connected to the pin (negative). From the datasheet, the shorter pin is labelled ‘anode’ and should be connected to the positive rail. The datasheets are usually found on the product page for electronic components.
Add in the switch and the 10kΩ resistor. Note that the pushbutton switch has 4 pins and you will have to decide which two pins to connect to the pin header by referring to its technical datasheet. The pins 1 to 4 according to the datasheet are connected as shown below..
Now, we'll write some code in Python to trigger the turning on of the LED upon pressing the switch. First, we need to install a Python module, RPi.GPIO, to control the GPIO pins for the Raspberry Pi.
Type the following lines in LXTerminal to do so:
sudo apt-get install python-rpi.gpio
Now, open a text editor and type the following code. This will
program the switch and LED, and the LED will be turned on when
the switch is pressed. To run the code, type python your_filename.py in a
terminal.
# Import the required module.
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
# Set the mode of numbering the pins.
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
# GPIO pin 10 is the output.
GPIO.setup(10, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO pin 8 is the input.
GPIO.setup(8, GPIO.IN)
# Initialise GPIO10 to high (true) so that the LED is off.
GPIO.output(10, True)
while 1:
if GPIO.input(8):
GPIO.output( 10, False)
else:
# When the button switch is not pressed, turn off the LED.
GPIO.output( 10, True)
Operating a bicoloured LED on the Raspberry Pi
Next we'll replace the normal LED with a bicoloured LED. You
will need:
– 1 × Working Raspberry Pi with an Internet connection
– 1 × Breadboard + jumpers
– 5 × Male/female jumper cables
– 1 × Bicoloured LED
– 1 × Pushbutton switch
– 1 × 270Ω resistor
– 1 × 10kΩ resistor
The circuit diagram for the bicoloured LED pins is:
GPIO10 controls the green LED, GPIO12 controls the red LED, and the switch remains the same.
- Swap the LED in the previous circuit with a bicoloured LED in the following manner. For the bicoloured LED, we need to check the technical datasheet to determine how to connect the pins. In this case, the central pin is the anode pin and should be connected to the power rail via a resistor. The remaining longer pin corresponds to the red LED and should be connected to GPIO12 (bottom) while the last shorter pin should be connected to GPIO10 (top).
- Connect the LED pins to the GPIO pins on the Raspberry Pi pin header using two jumper cables.
Now, let's have code that changes the state of the LED every second when the button is pressed:
# Import the required modules.
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time
# Set the numbering sequence of the pins, then set pins ten and twelve to output, and pin eight to input.
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
GPIO.setup(10, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(12, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(8, GPIO.IN)
# Turn both of the LEDs off.
GPIO.output(10, True)
GPIO.output(12, True)
# The SwitchState variable is 1 if the button is pressed, and 0 otherwise. LEDState is 0 when off, 1 when red, and 2 when green.
SwitchState = 0
LEDState = 0
while 1:
if GPIO.input(8)
# When the LED is off, keep the green LED off, turn the red one on, then change the state of the LED to reflect that it is red, and wait one second.
if LEDState == 0
GPIO.output(10, True)
GPIO.output(12, False)
LEDState = 1
time.sleep(1)
# When the LED is red, turn the green LED on, turn the red one off, then change the state of the LED to reflect that it is green, and wait one second.
elif LEDState == 1
GPIO.output(10, False)
GPIO.output(12, True)
LEDState = 2
time.sleep(1)
# When the LED is green, turn it off, then turn the red one off, then change the state of the LED to reflect that they are all off, and wait one second.
elif LEDState == 2
GPIO.output(10, True)
GPIO.output(12, True)
LEDState = 0
time.sleep(1)
Expanding the Raspberry Pi pin header.
This section will explore how to increase the number of I/O pins available in the scenario where we want to use a lot more switches and LEDs in large projects. To do so, we will use the PCF8574AN chip, which is an 8-bit I²C Bus I/O expander.
The I²C Bus is a network which contains a master (Raspberry Pi) and a slave (PCF8574AN). The two communicate via a data line (SDA) and clock line (SCL). The slave also has an address so that the master can identify it on the network, which usually has multiple slave devices.
Let's explore the pins of the PCF8574AN and revisit the pins of the Raspberry Pi pin header. The top of the PCF8574AN is denoted by a groove as shown in the datasheet.
Both headers have SDA and SCL pins which are to be connected to one another to form the data and clock lines. As mentioned previously, some of the Raspberry Pi pins have multiple functions. GPIO3 and GPIO5 are 2 of them and they act as SDA and SCL pins for I²C Buses as well.
The pins A0, A1, and A2 are address line pins which form the last three bits of the device address.
There are also 8 I/O pins, and to set or detect the values of these pins, we have to write or read 8 bits of data using the data line. Each bit will correspond to one of the values of the pins. For example, if we have 8 LEDs connected to all 8 pins on the I/O expander, and we only want to turn on the LED connected to pin 0, we write the data "01111111" to the I/O expander. (Assuming that the LED is connected between the voltage supply and the pin, it is turned on only when the pin is set to 0.)
To demonstrate the usage of the I²C Bus network we shall alter
our previous circuit such that the LED and switch are connected
to the pins of the I/O expander rather than the Raspberry Pi
pin header directly. You will need:
– 1 × Working Raspberry Pi with an Internet connection
– 1 × Breadboard + jumpers
– 4 × Male/female jumper cables
– 1 × Bicoloured LED
– 1 × Pushbutton switch
– 1 × 270Ω resistor
– 1 × 10kΩ resistor
– 1 × PCF8574AN I/O Expander.
The circuit board looks like:
The address pins are all set low, so the last 3 bits of the I/O expander's address are 000. To find out what the full address is, we'll have to refer to the technical datasheet for the chip. There is an address reference table which displays the various addresses in decimal or hexadecimal for every combination of the address pins. For the case when all address pins are set low, the address is 56 in decimal. There is also a section detailing the first 4 bits of the address which are 0111. With that, the 7-bit binary address is 0111000 which is equivalent to 56 in decimal.
The switch is now connected to Pin 1 of the I/O expander and the LED is controlled via pin 0.
- Connect the circuit according to section 1, but remove the male/female jumper cables connected to the switch and LED.
- Insert the I/O expander and connect the Vdd and Vss pins of the I/O expander to the 3.3V and GND rails respectively. Then, connect all of the address pins to the GND rail.
- Connect the LED to Pin 0 of the I/O expander and the switch to Pin 1.
- Finally, connect the SDA and SCL pins of the I/O expander to those on the Raspberry Pi pin header using male/female jumper cables.
To use the I²C adapter with the Raspberry Pi, install and enable the required drivers and packages:
- Enable the I²C driver on the Pi by typing sudo nano /etc/modprobe.d/raspi-blacklist.conf and commenting out (adding a # sign to the beginning of the line beginning) 'blacklist i2c-bcm2708', then exit the editor (Ctrl+X, y to save, Enter).
- Edit the modules file with the command sudo nano /etc/modules and add "i2c-dev" to a new line, then save the file as before.
- Update all of the packages installed on the Pi by typing sudo apt-get update. This could take several minutes.
- Install the i2c-tools package: sudo apt-get install i2c-tools.
- Add a new user to the i2c group: sudo adduser pi i2c.
- sudo shutdown -r now (reboot) the machine
- After the reboot, test to see if there is a device connected with the command i2cdetect -y 0.
- Install the python 'smbus' module: sudo apt-get install python-smbus.
Activate the I²C device with sudo modprobe i2c-dev. This must be done whenever the Pi is restarted.
Now for some code to turn the LED on and off when the pins are
plugged into the I²C:
import smbus
# Access the i2c bus now.
bus = smbus.SMBus(0)
# Now write 1 to the device with the address 56, turn off the LED by setting pin 0 to 1, and reset the switch by switching pin 1 to 0.
bus.write_byte(56, 1)
while 1:
# If the button is pressed, pin 1 will be 1 and the byte read from the device with address 56 will be 00000010 (2) or 0000000011 (3).
if bus.read_byte(56) in (2,3):
# Write 00000000, setting pin 0 to 0, turning on the LED, and resetting the switch with pin 1 to 0.
bus.write_byte(56, 0)
else:
# Write 00000010, setting pin 0 to 1, turning off the LED, and pin 1 to 0 to reset the switch.
bus.write_byte(56, 1)
Now you have a basic grounding in components, breadboards and electronics, it's time to build a Turing machine! | https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/projects/raspberrypi/tutorials/turing-machine/two.html | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | refinedweb | 2,141 | 71.24 |
I'm trying to use Wix Code to create a link on our website where I can control the "onclick" function to call a script that's already installed in our website just before the closing of the body tag. Any ideas or some direction on how I can accomplish this?
Hi,
Welcome to Wix Code :)
In order to control onclick event check out this tutorial.
To navigate you can use wixLocation method.
Feel free to paste your code here to consult.
Good luck!
Roi.
I have the button selected on the page and the code console open with the following code- see below. I'm just not sure... how does Wix know that I mean "#button9"? Where is that being connected to the code below?
// For full API documentation, including code examples, visit
$w.onReady(function () {
//TODO: write your page related code here...
});
import wixLocation from 'wix-location';
wixLocation.to("");
And why, when I go to "preview" the page do I get the following errors:
There was an error in your script
Error: wix-location.to cannot be used before the page is ready.
Hi,
In order to make it work you should add an onClick event handler and paste the wixLocation.to function inside of it.
At the end the code should look similar to this:
I'm assuming I should also remove the link that I placed on the button using the standard tools?
I get an error when I try to use the code above. It is highlighting the (event, $w) part?
It says these parameters are never used. Not sure what that means.
Hi,
Yes, you should remove the normal link.
And you can either disregard the error you mentioned or simply remove the event and $w parameters, leaving the parenthesis
Hi there, I did all this and when I pushed it live and click on the button, nothing is happening.
Hi!
Can you please share a link to the page you're having issues with?
One of the Wix Team will inspect it and provide you with a solution!
Doron. :)
Hi Doron- Thanks again for your help! I cannot leave the page live because the link does not work, but I copied the page for you and hid the copied page from the navigation:
It's the green button on the page that says "book now"
Hi again!
I checked out the site and the buttons you've mentioned and I couldn't find a problem.You've linked the buttons in the repeater to several Lightboxes from your site and it seems to work.Since you're not using a database to draw data from to your repeater, leaving it connected by links is probably your best choice at the moment.
Anyway, your code wouldn't have worked although it has no mistakes because you didn't create an event in the button's properties, the function you use should match the existing one in it.
Hope it helps.
Best of luck!
Doron. :)
Hi Doron, I realized I never got a response in my email inbox about this ongoing problem and decided to login to Wix and see where things were left off. Looks like you did respond and my spam filter caught it. I had to remove the event on the live page because it was not working.
I added it back and removed the link on the button:
And this does not work. When I click on the website button on the live site after I publish the above, nothing happens. I'm using the latest version of FF.
Hi,
Fix this line:
to
Roi.
Great! Well, the link works now, but
1: The script I'm using that I put on every page just before the close of the body tag:<script type="text/javascript" src=""></script> is not making the link open in a lightframe (additonal info:)
2: the link is opening in the same window of the website. Is there any easy fix for this?
Any additional help you can provide? Thanks so much for getting me this far! | https://www.wix.com/corvid/forum/community-discussion/modifying-links-to-call-a-script | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | refinedweb | 681 | 81.83 |
Introduction
It is not me that solve the challenge during the competition. Just take it as a warm-up for coming CTF.
Analysis
For those who are not familiar with GO binary, please read this post [1] first.
The binary will take a buffer[32] as its input. It only accepts 0-9a-fA-F in buffer. Then the 32-byte buffer will be translated into str[16] through combining every two bytes into one hexadecimal value.
For example, buffer[2] = “31” will be translated into str[1] = “\x31”.
Then we come to the verification process in the binary as below:
After some effort, we can get the verification logic as below:
str[1] ^ 3 = 0xae; str[0] & 0xfe = 0x10; str[3] | 3 = 0x1b; str[2] ^ 0xde = 0xae; str[5] ^ 0xaf = 0xfe; str[7] ^ 0x92 = 0xbe; str[4] | 0x3a = 0xfa; str[6] & 0x19 = 0x10; (str[8] | 0x3) ^ 0xde = 0x21; str[9] ^ 0x7f = 0xad; (str[10] ^ 0x32) | 0x8a = 0xdb; str[11] ^ str[10] ^ 0x13 = 0xba; str[12] ^ 0x30 = 0xdf; str[13] ^ 0x3a = 0xef; str[14] ^ str[13] = 0x32; str[15] ^ str[1] ^ str[2] = 0x25;
Exploit
from pwn import * DEBUG = int(sys.argv[1]); if(DEBUG == 0): r = remote("1.2.3.4", 2333); elif(DEBUG == 1): r = process("./crackme.go"); elif(DEBUG == 2): r = process("./crackme.go"); gdb.attach(r, '''source script'''); def halt(): while(True): log.info(r.recvline()); def exploit(): r.recvuntil(":"); payload = ""; payload += "10AD7018"; payload += "f051102c"; payload += "ffd263ca"; payload += "efd5e7f8"; log.info(len(payload)); r.sendline(payload); halt(); exploit();
Reference
[1]
Advertisements | https://dangokyo.me/2018/07/10/crossctf-2018-qual-re-gogogo/ | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | refinedweb | 255 | 66.44 |
Hi there.
i am trying to create an java class dealing with arrays though i am only new to programming.
i have created a class with a char array field though i am not sure how to initialise it in the constructor.
i am also trying to implement a few methods though a couple i am lost on:
•print(). This method prints the string it represents to the console.
•concat().This method takes a char array as a parameter. It returns a new char array, which is the concatenation of MyString and the input char array. E.g. if MyString represents
“Memorise “, and the input parameter represents the “syntax”. This method will return “Memorise syntax”.
•subString().This method takes a char array as parameter. It returns true if the input char array is a sub-string of MyString. Otherwise it returns false.
any help in any way would be greatly appreciated.
Cheers Nate
below is what i have got so far, (though not sure if right)
public class MyString { private char[] Array1; public int length; public MyString(char[] Array1)// my constructor though think i am way off { this.Array1 = Array1; } public int length() //returns length of array { length = Array1.length; return length; } public char[] copy() // copy's the entire array { char[] copy =new char[Array1.length]; for (int i=0; i > Array1.length; i++) { copy = Array1; } return copy; } public char duplicate(char j, int i) // duplicates and object in the array { Array1 = j; return j; }
//now iam lost | https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/142299/help-needed-with-basic-java-methods | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | refinedweb | 248 | 65.93 |
I've noticed how many programmers declare their variables in the constructo or in a Initializer method.
Why is this?
What is the pros of doing so, and not just declare it where you make your variable?
Posted 06 April 2013 - 07:32 PM
Posted 06 April 2013 - 10:29 PM
This post has been edited by Momerath: 06 April 2013 - 10:29 PM
Posted 07 April 2013 - 08:09 AM
using System; namespace DeclaringVariables { public class VariableClass { int justANumber; //Why not give it a value here? string justAString; //Same here? public VariableClass() { justANumber = 10; justAString = "HugoBob"; } } }
Posted 07 April 2013 - 08:18 AM | http://www.dreamincode.net/forums/topic/317839-declaring-variables-in-the-constuctor/page__pid__1832505__st__0 | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | refinedweb | 104 | 71.85 |
Data.
This page documents data modeling with YugaByte DB’s Cassandra compatible YCQL API.
Keyspaces, Tables, Rows and Columns
Keyspaces
Cassandra keyspaces are a collection of tables. They are analogous to SQL namespaces. Typically, each application creates all its tables in one keyspace.. track the order they are declared in the clustering column. It is also possible to control the sort order (ascending or descending sort) for these columns. Note that the sort order respects the data type.
In a table that has both partition keys and clustering keys, distribute data items across tablets based on their partition key values.
The clustering key columns are also referred to as its range columns. This is because rows with the same partition key are stored on disk in sorted order by the clustering key value.
Secondary Indexes
A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table. Typically, databases are very efficient at looking up data by the primary key. A secondary index can be created using one or more columns of a database table, and provides the basis for both rapid random lookups and efficient access of ordered records when querying by those columns. To achieve this, secondary indexes require additional writes and storage space to maintain the index data structure. YugaByte DB’s secondary index support is documented in detail here.
Benefits of Secondary Indexes
Secondary indexes can be used to speed up queries and to enforce uniqueness of values in a column.
Speed up Queries
The predominant use of a secondary index is to make lookups by some column values efficient. Let us take an example of a users table, where user_id is the primary key. Suppose we want to lookup user_id by the email of the user efficiently. You can achieve this as follows.
cqlsh> CREATE KEYSPACE example;
cqlsh> CREATE TABLE example.users( user_id bigint PRIMARY KEY, firstname text, lastname text, email text ) WITH transactions = { 'enabled' : true };
cqlsh> CREATE INDEX user_by_email ON example.users (email) INCLUDE (firstname, lastname);
Next let us insert some data.
cqlsh> INSERT INTO example.users (user_id, firstname, lastname, email) VALUES (1, 'James', 'Bond', '[email protected]');
cqlsh> INSERT INTO example.users (user_id, firstname, lastname, email) VALUES (2, 'Sherlock', 'Holmes', '[email protected]');
You can now query the table by the email of a user efficiently as follows.
cqlsh> SELECT * FROM example.users WHERE email='[email protected]';
Read more about using secondary indexes to speed up queries in this quick guide to YugaByte DB secondary indexes.
Enforce Uniqueness of Column Values
In some cases, you would need to ensure that duplicate values cannot be inserted in a column of a table. You can achieve this in YugaByte DB by creating a unique secondary index, where the application does not want duplicate values to be inserted into a column.
cqlsh> CREATE KEYSPACE example;
cqlsh> CREATE TABLE example.users( user_id bigint PRIMARY KEY, firstname text, lastname text, email text ) WITH transactions = { 'enabled' : true };
cqlsh> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX unique_emails ON example.users (email);
Inserts would succeed as long as the email is unique.
cqlsh> INSERT INTO example.users (user_id, firstname, lastname, email) VALUES (1, 'James', 'Bond', '[email protected]');
cqlsh> INSERT INTO example.users (user_id, firstname, lastname, email) VALUES (2, 'Sherlock', 'Holmes', '[email protected]');
But upon inserting a duplicate email, we get an error.
cqlsh> INSERT INTO example.users (user_id, firstname, lastname, email) VALUES (3, 'Fake', 'Bond', '[email protected]');
InvalidRequest: Error from server: code=2200 [Invalid query] message="SQL error: Execution Error. Duplicate value disallowed by unique index unique_emails
Documents
Documents are the most common way for storing, retrieving, and managing semi-structured data. Unlike the traditional relational data model, the document data model is not restricted to a rigid schema of rows and columns. The schema can be changed easily thus helping application developers write business logic faster than ever before. Instead of columns with names and data types that are used in a relational model, a document contains a description of the data type and the value for that description. Each document can have the same or different structure. Even nested document structures are possible where one or more sub-documents are embedded inside a larger document.
Databases commonly support document data management through the use of a JSON data type. JSON.org defines JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) to be a lightweight data-interchange format. It’s easy for humans to read and write. it’s easy for machines to parse and generate. JSON has four simple data types.
- string
- number
- boolean
- null (or empty)
In addition, it has two core complex data types.
- Collection of name-value pairs which is realized as an object, hash table, dictionary or something similar depending on the language.
- Ordered list of values which is realized as an array, vector, list or sequence depending on the language.
Document data models are best fit for applications requiring a flexible schema and fast data access. E.g. nested documents enable applications to store related pieces of information in the same database record in a denormalized manner. As a result, applications can issue fewer queries and updates to complete common operations.
Comparison with Apache Cassandra’s JSON Support
Apache Cassandra’s JSON support can be misleading for many developers. CQL allows SELECT and INSERT statements to include the JSON keyword. The SELECT output will now be available in the JSON format and the INSERT inputs can now be specified in the JSON format. However, this “JSON” support is simply an ease-of-use abstraction in the CQL layer that the underlying database engine is unaware of. Since there is no native JSON data type in CQL, the schema doesn’t have any knowledge of the JSON provided by the user. This means the schema definition doesn’t change nor does the schema enforcement. Cassandra developers needing native JSON support previously had no choice but to add a new document database such as MongoDB or Couchbase into their data tier.
With YugaByte DB’s native JSON support using the
JSONB data type, application developers can now benefit from the structured query language of Cassandra and the document data modeling of MongoDB in a single database. | https://docs.yugabyte.com/latest/develop/learn/data-modeling/ | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | refinedweb | 1,027 | 55.44 |
^$LOCK
Synopsis
^$|nspace|LOCK(lock_name,info_type,pid) ^$|nspace|L(lock_name,info_type,pid)
Parameters
Description
The ^$LOCK structured system variable returns information about locks in the current namespace or a specified namespace on the local system. You can use ^$LOCK in two ways:
With info_type as a stand-alone function that returns information on a specified lock.
Without info_type as an argument to the $DATA, $ORDER, or $QUERY functions.
^$LOCK retrieves lock table information from the lock table on the local system. It will not return information from a lock table on a remote server.
^$LOCK in an ECP Environment
Local System: When invoking ^$LOCK for locks held by the local system, the behavior of ^$LOCK is the same as without ECP, with one exception: the "FLAGS" info_type returns an asterisk (*), signifying that the lock is in an ECP environment. This means that remote InterSystems IRIS instances have the ability to hold the lock once it is released.
Application Server: When invoking ^$LOCK on an application server for a lock held on another server via ECP (either a data server or another application server), ^$LOCK does not return any information. Note that this is the same behavior as if the lock did not exist.
Data Server: When invoking ^$LOCK on a data server for a lock held by an application server, ^$LOCK will have slightly different behavior than on a local system, as follows:
"OWNER": If the lock is held by an application server connected to a data server that invokes ^$LOCK, ^$LOCK(lockname, "OWNER") returns “ECPConfigurationName:MachineName:InstanceName” for the instance holding the lock, but does not identify the specific process holding the lock.
"FLAGS": If the lock is held by an application server connected to a data server that invokes ^$LOCK, ^$LOCK(lockname, "FLAGS") for an exclusive lock returns a “Z” flag. This “Z” signifies a type of legacy lock that is no longer used in InterSystems IRIS except in ECP environments.
"MODE": If the lock is held by an application server connected to a data server that invokes ^$LOCK, ^$LOCK(lockname, "MODE") for an exclusive lock returns “ZAX” instead of “X”. ZA is a type of legacy lock that is no longer used in InterSystems IRIS except in ECP environments. For a shared lock, ^$LOCK(lockname, "MODE") returns “S”, the same as for a local lock.
Parameters
nspace
This optional parameter allows you to specify a global in another namespace by using an extended SSVN reference. You can specify the namespace name either explicitly, as a quoted string literal or as a variable, or by specifying an implied namespace. Namespace names are not case-sensitive. You can use either bracket syntax ["USER"] or environment syntax |"USER"|. No spaces are allowed before or after the nspace delimiters.
You can test whether a namespace is defined by using the following method:
WRITE ##class(%SYS.Namespace).Exists("USER"),! ; an existing namespace WRITE ##class(%SYS.Namespace).Exists("LOSER") ; a non-existent namespace
You can use the $NAMESPACE special variable to determine the current namespace. The preferred way to change the current namespace is NEW $NAMESPACE then SET $NAMESPACE="nspacename".
lock_name
An expression that evaluates to a string containing a lock variable name, either subscripted or unsubscripted. A lock variable (commonly a global variable) is defined using the LOCK command.
info_type
An info_type keyword is required when ^$LOCK is invoked as a stand-alone function, it is optional when ^$LOCK is used as an argument to another function. The info_type must be specified in capital letters as a quoted string.
"OWNER" returns the process ID (pid) of the owner(s) of the lock. If the lock is a shared lock, it returns the process IDs of all of the owners of the lock as a comma-separated list. If the specified lock does not exist, ^$LOCK returns the empty string.
"FLAGS" returns the state of the lock. It can return the following values: "D" — in delock pending state; "P" — in lock pending state; "N" — this is a node lock, the descendants are not locked; "Z" — this lock is in ZAX mode; "L" — lock is lost, the server no longer has this lock; "*" — this is a remote lock. If the specified lock is in a normal lock state, or does not exist, ^$LOCK returns the empty string.
"MODE" returns the lock mode of the current node. It returns 'X' for exclusive lock mode, 'S' for shared lock mode, and 'ZAX' for ZALLOCATE lock mode. If the specified lock does not exist, ^$LOCK returns the empty string.
"COUNTS" returns the lock counts for the lock, specified as a binary list structure. For an exclusive lock, the list contains one element; for a shared lock the list contains an element for each owner of the lock. You can use the pid parameter to return only the list element for a specified owner of the lock. Each element contains the owner's pid, the exclusive mode increment count, and the shared mode increment count. If both the exclusive and shared mode increment counts are 0 (or " "), the lock is in 'ZAX' mode. An increment count may be followed by a 'D' to indicate that the lock has been unlocked in the current transaction, but its release is delayed ('D') until the transaction is committed or rolled back. If the specified lock does not exist, ^$LOCK returns the empty string.
The info_type keyword must be specified in all capital letters. Specifying an invalid info_type keyword generates a <SUBSCRIPT> error.
pid
A process ID of the owner of a lock. Only meaningful when using the "COUNTS" keyword. Used to limit the "COUNTS" return value to (at most) one list element. The pid is specified as an integer on all platforms. If the pid matches the process ID of an owner of lock_name ^$LOCK returns that owner's "COUNTS” list element; if pid does not match the process ID of an owner of lock_name ^$LOCK returns the empty string. Specifying pid as 0 is the same as omitting pid; ^$LOCK returns all "COUNTS" list elements. The pid parameter is permitted with the "OWNER", "FLAGS", or "MODE" keyword, but is ignored.
Examples
The following example shows the values returned by info_type keywords for an exclusive lock:
LOCK ^B(1,1) ; define lock WRITE !,"lock owner: ",^$LOCK("^B(1,1)","OWNER") WRITE !,"lock flags: ",^$LOCK("^B(1,1)","FLAGS") WRITE !,"lock mode: ",^$LOCK("^B(1,1)","MODE") WRITE !,"lock counts: " ZZDUMP ^$LOCK("^B(1,1)","COUNTS") LOCK -^B(1,1) ; delete lock
The following example shows how the value returned by info_type "COUNTS" changes as you increment and decrement an exclusive lock:
LOCK ^B(1,1) ; define exclusive lock ZZDUMP ^$LOCK("^B(1,1)","COUNTS") LOCK +^B(1,1) ; increment lock ZZDUMP ^$LOCK("^B(1,1)","COUNTS") LOCK +^B(1,1) ; increment lock again ZZDUMP ^$LOCK("^B(1,1)","COUNTS") LOCK -^B(1,1) ; decrement lock ZZDUMP ^$LOCK("^B(1,1)","COUNTS") LOCK -^B(1,1) ; decrement lock again ZZDUMP ^$LOCK("^B(1,1)","COUNTS") LOCK -^B(1,1) ; delete exclusive lock
The following example shows how the value returned by info_type "COUNTS" changes as you increment and decrement a shared lock:
LOCK ^S(1,1)#"S" ; define shared lock ZZDUMP ^$LOCK("^S(1,1)","COUNTS") LOCK +^S(1,1)#"S" ; increment lock ZZDUMP ^$LOCK("^S(1,1)","COUNTS") LOCK +^S(1,1)#"S" ; increment lock again ZZDUMP ^$LOCK("^S(1,1)","COUNTS") LOCK -^S(1,1)#"S" ; decrement lock ZZDUMP ^$LOCK("^S(1,1)","COUNTS") LOCK -^S(1,1)#"S" ; decrement lock again ZZDUMP ^$LOCK("^S(1,1)","COUNTS") LOCK -^S(1,1)#"S" ; delete shared lock
The following examples show how to use ^$LOCK as an argument to the $DATA, $ORDER, and $QUERY functions.
As an Argument to $DATA
$DATA(^$|nspace|LOCK(lock_name))
^$LOCK as an argument to $DATA returns an integer value that specifies whether the lock name exists as a node in ^$LOCK. The integer values that $DATA can return are shown in the following table.
Note that $DATA used in this context can only return 0 or 10, with 10 meaning that the specified lock exists. It cannot determine if a lock has descendents, and cannot return 1 or 11.
The following example tests for the existence of a lock name in the current namespace. The first WRITE returns 10 (lock name exists), the second WRITE returns 0 (lock name does not exist):
LOCK ^B(1,2) ; define lock WRITE !,$DATA(^$LOCK("^B(1,2)")) LOCK -^B(1,2) ; delete lock WRITE !,$DATA(^$LOCK("^B(1,2)"))
As an Argument to $ORDER
$ORDER(^$|nspace|LOCK(lock_name),direction)
^$LOCK as an argument to $ORDER returns the next or previous ^$LOCK lock name node in collating sequence to the lock name you specify. If no such lock name exists as a ^$LOCK node, $ORDER returns a null string.
Locks are returned in case-sensitive string collation order. Subscripts of a named lock are returned in subscript tree order, using numeric collation.
The direction argument specifies whether to return the next or the previous lock name. If you do not provide a direction argument, InterSystems IRIS returns the next lock name in collating sequence to the one you specify. For further details, refer to the $ORDER function.
The following subroutine searches the locks in the SAMPLES namespace and stores the lock names in a local array named LOCKET.
LOCKARRAY SET lname="" FOR I=1:1 { SET lname=$ORDER(^$|"SAMPLES"|LOCK(lname)) QUIT:lname="" SET LOCKET(I)=lname WRITE !,"the lock name is: ",lname } WRITE !,"All lock names listed" QUIT
As an Argument to $QUERY
$QUERY(^$|nspace|LOCK(lock_name))
^$LOCK as an argument to $QUERY returns the next lock name in collating sequence to the lock name you specify. If there is no next lock name defined as a node in ^$LOCK, $QUERY returns a null string.
Locks are returned in case-sensitive string collation order. Subscripts of a named lock are returned in subscript tree order, using numeric collation.
In the following example, five global lock names are created (in random order) in the current namespace.
LOCK (^B(1),^A,^D,^A(1,2,3),^A(1,2)) WRITE !,"lock name: ",$QUERY(^$LOCK("")) WRITE !,"lock name: ",$QUERY(^$LOCK("^C")) WRITE !,"lock name: ",$QUERY(^$LOCK("^A(1,2)"))
$QUERY treats all global lock variable names, subscripted or unsubscripted, as character strings and retrieves them in string collating order. Therefore, $QUERY(^$LOCK("")) retrieve the first lock name in collating sequence order: either ^$LOCK("^A”) or an InterSystems IRIS-defined lock higher in the collating sequence. $QUERY(^$LOCK("^C")) retrieves the next lock name in collating sequence after the nonexistent ^C: ^$LOCK("^D”). $QUERY(^$LOCK("^A(1,2)")) retrieve ^$LOCK("^A(1,2,3)”) which follows it in collation sequence.
See Also
$NAMESPACE special variable
Configuring Namespaces in System Administration Guide | https://docs.intersystems.com/irisforhealthlatest/csp/docbook/Doc.View.cls?KEY=RCOS_slock | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | refinedweb | 1,798 | 61.36 |
#include <pthread.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <sys/select.h> #include <unistd.h> void *f (void*foo) { char buf[128]; //pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, NULL); while (1) { read (0, buf, sizeof(buf)); } } int main (void) { pthread_t t; pthread_create (&t, NULL, f, NULL); sleep (1); pthread_cancel (t); pthread_join (t, NULL); exit(0); }
read() is not behaving as a cancellation point, only setting the cancel type to asynchronous permits this testcase to terminate. We do have the pthread_setcanceltype glibc/libpthread hook in the forward structure, but we are not using it: the LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC macros are void, and we're not using them in the mig msg call either.
Provenance
IRC, OFTC, #debian-hurd, 2013-04-15
<paravoid> so, let me say a few things about the bug in the first place <paravoid> the package builds and runs a test suite <paravoid> the second test in the test suite blocks forever <paravoid> a blocked pthread_join is what I see <paravoid> I'm unsure why <paravoid> have you seen anything like it before? <youpi> whenever the thread doesn't actually terminate, sure <youpi> what is the thread usually blocked on when you cancel it? <paravoid> this is a hurd-specific issue <paravoid> works on all other arches <youpi> could be just that all other archs have more relaxed behavior <youpi> thus the question of what exactly is supposed to be happening <youpi> apparently it is inside a select? <youpi> it seems select is not cancellable here <pinotree> wasn't the patch you sent? <youpi> no, my patch was about signals <youpi> not cancellation <pinotree> k <youpi> (even if that could be related, of course) <paravoid> how did you see that? <paravoid> what's the equivalent of strace? <youpi> thread 3 is inside _hurd_select <paravoid> thread 1 is blocked on join <paravoid> but the code is <paravoid> if(gdmaps->reload_thread_spawned) { <paravoid> pthread_cancel(gdmaps->reload_tid); <paravoid> pthread_join(gdmaps->reload_tid, NULL); <paravoid> } <paravoid> so cancel should have killed the thread <youpi> cancelling a thread is a complex matter <youpi> there are cancellation points <youpi> e.g. a thread performing while(1); can't be cancelled <paravoid> thread 3 is just a libev event loop <youpi> yes, "just" calling poll, the most complex system call of unix :) <youpi> paravoid: anyway, don't look for a bug in your program, it's most likely a bug in glibc, thanks for the report <paravoid> I think it all boils down to a problem cancelling a thread in poll() <youpi> yes <youpi> paravoid: ok, actually with the latest libc it does work <paravoid> oh? <youpi> where latest = not uploaded yet :/ <paravoid> did you test this on exodar? <youpi> pinotree: that's the libpthread_cancellation.diff I guess <paravoid> because I commented out the join :) <youpi> paravoid: in the root, yes <youpi> well, I tried my own program <paravoid> oh, okay <youpi> which is indeed hanging inside select (or just read) in the chroot <youpi> but not in the root <pinotree> ah, richard's patch <paravoid> url? <youpi> I've installed the build-dep in the root, if you want to try <paravoid> strange that root is newer than the chroot :) <youpi> paravoid: it's the usual eglibc debian source <paravoid> tried in root, still fails <youpi> could you keep the process running? <paravoid> done <youpi> Mmm, but the thread running gdmaps_reload_thread never set the cancel type to async? <youpi> that said I guess read and select are supposed to be cancellation points <youpi> thus cancel_deferred should be working, but they are not <youpi> it seems it's cancellation points which have just not been implemented <youpi> (they happen to be one of the most obscure things in posix)
IRC, freenode, #hurd, 2013-04-15
<youpi> but yes, there is still an issue, with PTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED <youpi> how calls like read() or select() are supposed to test cancellation? <pinotree> iirc there are the LIBC_CANCEL_* macros in glibc <pinotree> eg sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/pread.c <youpi> yes <youpi> but in our libpthredaD? <pinotree> could it be we lack the libpthread → glibc bridge of cancellation stuff? <youpi> we do have pthread_setcancelstate/type forwards <youpi> but it seems the default LIBC_CANCEL_ASYNC is void <pinotree> i mean, so when you cancel a thread, you can get that cancel status in libc proper, just like it seems done with LIBC_CANCEL_* macros and nptl <youpi> as I said, the bridge is there <youpi> we're just not using it in glibc <youpi> I'm writing an open_issues page
IRC, freenode, #hurd, 2013-04-16
<braunr> youpi: yes, we said some time ago that it was lacking | https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/open_issues/libpthread_cancellation_points.html | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | refinedweb | 755 | 57.23 |
Many author do not include topics about returning array from a functions in their books or articles. It is because, in most of the cases, there is no need of array to be returned from a function. Since, on passing array by its name, the address of its first member is passed and any changes made on its formal arguments reflects on actual arguments. But sometimes, there may arise the situation, where an array have to be returned from a function, for example, multiplying two matrices and assigning the result to another matrix. This can be done by creating a pointer to an array. The source code of returning two dimensional array with reference to matrix addition is given here.
#include <stdio.h>int (*(Matrix_sum)(int matrix1[][3], int matrix2[][3]))[3]{int i, j;for(i = 0; i < 3; i++){for(j = 0; j < 3; j++){matrix1[i][j] = matrix1[i][j] + matrix2[i][j];}}return matrix1;}int main(){int x[3][3], y[3][3];int (*a)[3]; //pointer to an arrayint i,j;printf("Enter the matrix1: \n");for(i = 0; i < 3; i++){for(j = 0; j < 3; j++){scanf("%d",&x[i][j]);}}printf("Enter the matrix2: \n");for(i = 0; i < 3; i++){for(j = 0; j < 3; j++){scanf("%d",&y[i][j]);}}a = Matrix_sum(x,y); //asigningprintf("The sum of the matrix is: \n");for(i = 0; i < 3; i++){for(j = 0; j < 3; j++){printf("%d",a[i][j]);printf("\t");}printf("\n");}return 0;}
excellent, very insightful.
great!!
Thank you.
Awesome Code, Helped a lot, take away a lot of headache. Thanks
thank u...it helped me a lot...
thx brother. | http://www.programming-techniques.com/2011/08/returning-two-dimensional-array-from.html | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | refinedweb | 282 | 58.32 |
A z85 encoder and decoder. Implements the full
dart:convert Codec API.
z85 can be used just like all the
dart:convert codecs (e.g. base64):
import 'package:z85/z85.dart'; void main() { final testBytes = [0x86, 0x4F, 0xD2, 0x6F, 0xB5, 0x59, 0xF7, 0x5B]; final testString = 'HelloWorld'; assert(z85.encode(testBytes) == testString); assert(z85.decode(testString) == testBytes); }
Chunked conversions are also supported, again by following the same API. See the API docs for more information.
Add this to your package's pubspec.yaml file:
dependencies: z85: :z85/z85.dart';
We analyzed this package on Apr 12, 2019, and provided a score, details, and suggestions below. Analysis was completed with status completed using:
Detected platforms: Flutter, web, other
No platform restriction found in primary library
package:z85/z8585.dart. Packages with multiple examples should provide
example/README.md.
For more information see the pub package layout conventions. | https://pub.dartlang.org/packages/z85 | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | refinedweb | 145 | 53.98 |
XKCD Plots have Landed in Matplotlib!:
%pylab inline
Welcome to pylab, a matplotlib-based Python environment [backend: module://IPython.kernel.zmq.pylab.backend_inline]. For more information, type 'help(pylab)'.
plt.xkcd() # Yes... plt.plot(sin(linspace(0, 10))) plt.title('Whoo Hoo!!!')
<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x2fade10>.
By the way, this new functionality requires matplotlib version 1.3, which can currently be downloaded and installed from github. Also, if you want to have the font match above, be sure to download and install the Humor Sans font on your system. For matplotlib to recognize it, you may have to remove the font cache, found on your system at
$HOME/.matplotlib/fontList.cache
Even simple plots can be made much more interesting:
x = np.linspace(0, 10) y1 = x * np.sin(x) y2 = x * np.cos(x) plt.fill(x, y1, 'red', alpha=0.4) plt.fill(x, y2, 'blue', alpha=0.4) plt.xlabel('x axis yo!') plt.ylabel("I don't even know")
<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x31e3190>
3D plots work as well:
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D from matplotlib.collections import PolyCollection import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np fig = plt.figure() ax = fig.gca(projection='3d') x = np.linspace(0, 10, 30) colors = ['r', 'g', 'b', 'y'] y = np.random.random((len(colors), len(x))) y[:, 0] = y[:, -1] = 0 edges = [list(zip(x, yi)) for yi in y] poly = PolyCollection(edges, facecolors=colors, alpha=0.6) ax.add_collection3d(poly, zs=range(4), zdir='y') ax.set_xlabel('X') ax.set_xlim3d(0, 10) ax.set_ylabel('Y') ax.set_ylim3d(-1, 4) ax.set_zlabel('Z') ax.set_zlim3d(0, 1)
/home/vanderplas/PythonEnv/pydev/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/matplotlib-1.3.x-py2.7-linux-x86_64.egg/matplotlib/axis.py:695: MatplotlibDeprecationWarning: This function has been made private and movedto `_set_scale`. This wrapper function will be removed in 1.4 "removed in 1.4", mplDeprecation)
(0, 1)
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6)) ax = fig.add_subplot(211) years = np.linspace(1975, 2013) pct = 2 + 98. / (1 + np.exp(0.6 * (2008 - years))) ax.plot(years, pct) ax.set_xlim(1976, 2013) ax.set_ylim(0, 100) ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(plt.FormatStrFormatter('%i%%')) ax.text(1977, 67, ("Percentage of the US Population\n" "carrying cameras everywhere they go,\n" "every waking moment of their lives:"), size=16) ax.set_xlabel(("In the last few years, with very little fanfare,\n" "We've conclusively settled the questions of\n" "flying saucers, lake monsters, ghosts, and bigfoot."), size=16)
<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x35adc90>
from IPython.display import HTML url = '' HTML('<video controls'.format(url))
This addition to matplotlib is much more flexible than the little hack I wrote last fall; I hope you have fun playing with it. And as someone quipped at the Scipy conference in June, "First one to get an XKCD plot in a Nature paper wins!" | http://jakevdp.github.io/blog/2013/07/10/XKCD-plots-in-matplotlib/ | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | refinedweb | 478 | 55.4 |
Faster globals access on Sparc (part 1)
By nike on Jun 01, 2007
For unclear to me reason sparcv9 CPU doesn't have PC-relative addressing, what means that PIC variable access could become really problematic. Consider following innocently looking piece of code:
int a; int foo1() { return a; }compile it with
cc -c -xarch=v9 -KPIC -xO3 ~/pic.cand you'll get
0x0000000100000870: foo1 : mov %o7, %g1 0x0000000100000874: foo1+0x0004: sethi %hi(0x0), %o5 0x0000000100000878: foo1+0x0008: call foo1+0x10 ! 0x100000880 0x000000010000087c: foo1+0x000c: mov %o7, %o7 0x0000000100000880: foo1+0x0010: sethi %hi(0x100000), %o4 0x0000000100000884: foo1+0x0014: xor %o5, 928, %o3 0x0000000100000888: foo1+0x0018: inc 160, %o4 0x000000010000088c: foo1+0x001c: add %o4, %o7, %o2 0x0000000100000890: foo1+0x0020: mov %g1, %o7 0x0000000100000894: foo1+0x0024: add %o2, %o3, %o1 0x0000000100000898: foo1+0x0028: ld [%o1], %o0 // this part isn't so interesting 0x000000010000089c: foo1+0x002c: retl 0x00000001000008a0: foo1+0x0030: sra %o0, 0, %o0So we're getting 12 instructions just to load an integer variable from memory. So could one speed up access to critical piece of data, from the shared library? One of possible approaches is to take an absolute address in the address space, and just do direct loads from there. We can rewrite
foo1()as
int foo2() { return ((int\*)0x8000)[0]; }what gives us
0x00000001000008c0: foo2 : sethi %hi(0x8000), %o5 0x00000001000008c4: foo2+0x0004: ld [%o5 + 0x0000000000000000], %o3 ! 0x8000 // this part isn't so interesting 0x00000001000008c8: foo2+0x0008: retl 0x00000001000008cc: foo2+0x000c: sra %o3, 0, %o0So now we're getting only 2 instructions comparing to 12, to access integer variable. We intentionally chosen address
0x8000, as Sparc allows up to 22-bit immediates in
sethi. This approach has some drawbacks, although, most important one is ability to steal part of address space from the shared object, without introducing bugs. In my next posting I'll explain technology to avoid it. | https://blogs.oracle.com/nike/entry/faster_globals_access_on_sparc | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | refinedweb | 309 | 62.92 |
The EASE-2 grid is used for a number of NASA datasets including SMAP. It is described in the following paper:
Brodzik, M. J., Billingsley, B., Haran, T., Raup, B., & Savoie, M. H. (2012). EASE-Grid 2.0: Incremental but Significant Improvements for Earth-Gridded Data Sets. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 1(3), 32–45.
Files with the centre coordinate of each cell for EASE-2 grids at different resolutions are available from as well as tools for conversion.
To read these files into Python the following steps can be used:
- Download the relevant gridloc file.
The FTP link for the grid location files is:
For this example I’ve chosen the 36km cylindrical EASE-2 grid (gridloc.EASE2_M36km.tgz)
- Un-tar using:
tar -xvf gridloc.EASE2_M36km.tgz
- Read the files into Python:
import numpy # Read binary files and reshape to correct size # The number of rows and columns are in the file name lats = numpy.fromfile('EASE2_M36km.lats.964x406x1.double', dtype=numpy.float64).reshape((406,964)) lons = numpy.fromfile('EASE2_M36km.lons.964x406x1.double', dtype=numpy.float64).reshape((406,964)) # Extract latitude and longitude # for a given row and column grid_row = 46 grid_column = 470 lat_val = lats[grid_row, grid_column] lon_val = lons[grid_row, grid_column] | https://spectraldifferences.wordpress.com/tag/ease-2/ | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | refinedweb | 204 | 56.05 |
At 15.28 30/01/2007 -0500, Jamison Adcock wrote:
>Hi Alberto,
> Thanks for getting back to me so quickly. I've figured out how
>to force validation against a specific schema, but I still need to
>figure out how to first look at the XML document and pull out its schema
>reference (i.e., the value of "schemaLocation"). Does Xerces have this
>capability somewhere? I need to do this because the schema reference
>may be wrong (either the filename or path). Once I get the value of
>schemaLocation, I can easily do a mapping and then validate the XML
>against the right XSD file.
> So in short, I'm envisioning a three-step process: look at the
>XML document and get the value of schemaLocation, do the mapping from
>that value to the actual schema path, and finally do the validation
>against that schema.
Jamison,
you can do the three-step approach by first parsing the XML with
validation disabled (using a SAXParser with a content handler that
aborts parsing after receiving the first startElement notification);
what I was suggesting would allow you to do it in just one step, if
you already know the mapping namespace -> actual schema path.
Alberto
>many thanks,
>-Jamison
>
>
> > -----Original Message-----
> > From: Alberto Massari [mailto:amassari@datadirect.com]
> > Sent: Tuesday, January 30, 2007 2:10 PM
> > To: c-users@xerces.apache.org
> > Subject: Re: Getting the "schemaLocation" from an XML document
> >
> > Hi Jamison,
> > you can force a specific schema to be used in validation by using
> > parser->setExternalSchemaLocation("namespace_uri schema_file");
> > alternatively, if your XML file is allowed to point to other
> > schemas, you should register an XMLEntityResolver handler,
> > and inside its
> > resolveEntity() callback verify that the parser is trying to
> > open the schema for the namespace you are waiting, and return
> > an instance of LocalFileInputSource pointing to the schema
> > you want to force.
> >
> > Hope this helps,
> > Alberto
> >
> > At 13.23 30/01/2007 -0500, Jamison Adcock wrote:
> > >Hi,
> > > I'm somewhat familiar with XML documents, XSD schemas,
> > and Xerces,
> > >but I must admit I am relatively new to all three. I
> > understand that a
> > >schema reference in an XML document is just a hint, and when
> > parsing an
> > >XML document you can use loadGrammar() to tell the
> > DOMBuilder object to
> > >use a specific XSD schema file to validate that document.
> > > My question is this: is there a way to do some sort of
> > preparsing
> > >of an XML document so I can pull the "schemaLocation" from that
> > >document prior to doing any validation? I want to do this because I
> > >need to map the "schemaLocation" to the actual local XSD
> > schema file I
> > >would like to use for validation.
> > > Also, just to make things even more fun, schemas can
> > import other
> > >schemas. From what I've seen, this doesn't pose any problems for
> > >Xerces, so long as the imported schemas are all in the same
> > directory
> > >as the importing schema. However, is there a way to turn
> > this feature
> > >off in Xerces and explicitly specify all the schema files I
> > want to use
> > >to validate an XML document?
> > > This seems like something Xerces would support, and
> > perhaps I'm
> > >missing something. I've hunted through the API documentation, but I
> > >have not come across anything that looked like what I want. Any
> > >pointers would be greatly appreciated,
> > >
> > >thanks,
> > >-Jamison
> > >
> > >p.s.: Sorry if anyone received this email twice... I had some issues
> > >subscribing & I wasn't sure if this email got to the list.
> >
> >
> > | http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/xerces-c-users/200701.mbox/%3CNTEXFE02Yx3G5aYY61L00000055@NTEXFE02.bedford.progress.com%3E | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | refinedweb | 580 | 56.59 |
3.0.0.M1
Table of Contents.
Many thanks to our colleagues David Montag, Andreas Kollegger and Rickard Öberg who not only contributed to Spring Data Neo4j but also provided content and feedback for this book. we were off to a good start. allowing users to rate it.. So later.
We started out by doing some prototyping with the Neo4j core API to get a feeling for how it works..8.1< 26,.1.0.RELEASE< an id-field to store the node- and relationship-ids.
Example 6.1. Movie class with annotation
@NodeEntity class Movie { @GraphId Long nodeId; String id; String title; int year; Set<Role> cast; }
It was time to put our entities toquals("retrieved movie matches persisted one", forrestGump, retrievedMovie); assertEquals(.
That's why we also declare it as unique.
This time we went with a simple GraphRepository to retrieve the indexed movie.
Example 7.1. Exact Indexing for Movie id
@NodeEntity class Movie { @Indexed(unique=true) any many standard queries) it was possible to declare custom methods, which we explored about from Grails developers. Deriving queries from method names. Impressive! So we had a more explicit into the future. There is much more, you can do with repositories, it is worthwhile very much fun yet, just storing movies and actors. After all, the power is in the relationships between them. Fortunately, Neo4j treats relationships as first class citizens, allowing them to be addressed individually and have properties assigned to them. ; }");
Saving just the actor would take care of relationships with the same type between two entities and remove the duplicates. Whereas just saving the role happily creates another relationship with the same type...findByIdLike.(movieId); if (movie == null) { // Not found: Create fresh movie = new Movie(movieId,null); } Map data = loadMovieData(movieId); if (data.containsKey("not_found")) throw new RuntimeException("Data for Movie "+movieId+" not found."); movieDbJsonMapper.mapToMovie(data, movie); movie);.
There was this query language called Cypher that looked a bit like SQL but
expressed graph matching queries.Repository queries and index lookups. Most of them already matched our needs but the Cypher exercise. and Cypher, a basic understanding of the graph data model is required. The graph data model is explained in the chapter about Neo4j, see Chapter 19, Introduction to Neo4j.
Relationships between entities are first class citizens in a graph database and therefore worth a separate chapter (???) Spring Data Neo4j - Repositories per mapped entity class are based on the API offered by the Neo4j-Template. It also provides the operations of the Neo4j Core API in a more convenient way. Especially the querying (Indexes, Cypher any other entity type. That is useful as long as they share some properties (or relationships). The entities don't have to share any super-types or hierarchies. How that works is explained here: Section 20.11, “Geospatial Queries”.
Using computed fields that are dynamically backed by graph operations is a bit more involved. First you should know about traversals and Cypher queries. Those are explained in Chapter 19, Introduction to Neo4j. Then you can start using virtual, computed fields in your entities Section 20.10, “Projecting entities” .
If you like the ActiveRecord approach that uses persistence methods mixed into the domain classes, you will want to look at the description of the additional entity methods (see Section 20.12, .13, 's advanced mappings introduced an entity lifecyle and added support for detached entities which can be used for temporary domain objects that are not intended to be stored in the graph or which will be attached to the graph only later. (Section 20.15, “Entity type representation”)
Spring Data Neo4j offers basic support for bean property validation (JSR-303). Annotations from that JSR are recognized and evaluated whenever a property is set, or when a previously detached entity is persisted to the graph. (see Section 20.(); firstNode.setProperty( "message", "Hello, " ); Node secondNode = graphDb.createNode(); of complex, interconnected data and queries }-[:FRIEND]-()-[r:RATED]->movie return movie.title, AVG(r.stars), count(*) order by AVG(r.stars) desc, count(*) desc.12, ..
IDEs not providing full AspectJ support might mark parts of your code as having errors.
You should rely on your build-system and tests. is set,
@Query and
@GraphTraversal.
For the simple mapping this is a required field which must be of type
Long. It is used
by Spring Data Neo4j to store the node or relationship-id to re-connect the entity to the graph.
For the advanced mapping such a field is optional. Only if the underlying id has to be accessed, it is needed. = when the entity is persisted.
If the field is set to
null, the relationship is removed..
Methods of the same semantics exist in the repositories to be used in the simple mapping mode. only link node entities
via relationships, but it provides no way of accessing the relationships themselves.
Relationship entities can be accessed via by @RelatedToVia-annotated (???).12, .
type attribute which can be set to
IndexType.FULLTEXT..
Spring Data Neo4j offers limited support for spatial queries using the
neo4j-spatial library. See the
separate chapter Section 20.11, .() or result.singleOrNull()
methods.
template.getGraphDatabase().traversalDescription()..11, ); //); EndResult<Person> devs = personRepository.findAllByPropertyValue("occupation","developer"); EndResult<Person> aTeam = graphRepository.findAllByQuery( "name","A*"); Iterable<Person> friends = personRepository.findFriends(dave);
Neo4jTemplate has a generic convert method which might also use projection underneath.
The same conversion facilities that are used by default in the result handling DSL are offered here for individual use.
Supported conversions are: Nodes to Paths and to Entities, Relationships to Paths and to Entities, Paths to Node (EndNode), Relationships (LastRelationship) and to EntityPaths. Entities to Nodes or Relationships.
It is also possible to provide a custom ResultConverter that additionally takes care of conversions.
For both queries executed via the result conversion DSL as well as repository methods, it is possible to specify a conversion of complex query results to POJO interfaces or objects. Those result objects are then populated with the query result data and can be serialized and sent to a different part of the applicaton, e.g. a frontend-ui.
Use an interface annotated with
@QueryResult and getter methods which might be annotated with
@ResultColumn("columnName") to match the query-result column names. Or use a plain POJO, both work.
Example 20.27.); @QueryResult public class MovieData { Movie movie; @ResultColumn("AVG(rating.stars)") Double rating; @ResultColumn("COLLECT(actor)") Collection<Actor> cast; } // alternatively use @QueryResult public interface MovieData { @ResultColumn("movie") Movie getMovie(); @ResultColumn("AVG(rating.stars)") Double getRating(); @ResultColumn("COLLECT(actor)") Iterable<Actor> getCast(); } }.28. Projection of entities
@NodeEntity class Trainee { String name; @RelatedTo Set<Training> trainings; } for (Person person : graphRepository.findAllByProperty.29. Neo4j-Spatial Dependencies
<dependency> <groupId>org.neo4j</groupId> <artifactId>neo4j-spatial</artifactId> <version>0.7-SNAPSHOT</version> </dependency>
To have.30. Fields of Well Known Text
@NodeEntity class Venue { String name; @Indexed(type = POINT, indexName = "VenueLocation").31..32.); }. nicely
with both the declarative transaction support with
@Transactional as well as the
manual transaction handling with
TransactionTemplate. It also supports the rollback
mechanisms of the Spring Testing library..
Example 20.33..34. Neo4j Spring integration
id="graphDatabaseService".35..36..37. save parameterized in the future).
If the relationships form a cycle, then the entities will first of.39..40.-neo4j-aspects<, the persist operation..
The Hello Worlds application is available both for the simple mapping (
hello-worlds)
and for the advanced mapping (
hello-world-aspects). in-graph (see???),:. with.12, “Active Record Methods for Advanced Mapping Mode” however.,
or server-side traversals (
RestTraversal). | http://docs.spring.io/spring-data/neo4j/docs/3.0.0.M1/reference/htmlsingle/ | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | refinedweb | 1,245 | 50.43 |
I have run into a peculiar behavior with the Flex 3 ComboBox. If you have a combo box that initially defaults to no item selected and a required validator, the behavior is incorrect given one particular set of user actions. See the below code which is a minimal application I came up with the reproduce the problem.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<mx:Application xmlns:
<mx:Script>
<![CDATA[
import mx.controls.Alert;
private function boxChanged(event:Event):void {
Alert.show("selection changed");
}
]]>
</mx:Script>
<mx:Validator
<mx:VBox>
<mx:TextInput/>
<mx:ComboBox
<mx:ArrayCollection>
<mx:Object
<mx:Object
<mx:Object
<mx:Object
<mx:Object
</mx:ArrayCollection>
</mx:ComboBox>
</mx:VBox>
</mx:Application>
If you use only the mouse to select an item from the combo box, it works fine. If you tab into it and use keystrokes to select an item, it works fine. However, if you click the down arrow with the mouse to display the list and then hit a key (e.g. A or B or C), it immediately selects that item in the list (normally, it just highlights the first matching entry and you have to click or hit enter to actually select it) but does not dispatch the change event. Once you have selected the item the first time, the same click and keypress combination works correctly ... it only fails the first time when the combo box doesn't have an item selected. And it only happens if there is a required validator on the field ... if you remove the validator, it works correctly.
Any ideas what is going on? And any suggestions for a workaround that achieves the same result but bypasses this issue (which appears to me to be a bug in the ComboBox control)? Upgrading to a newer version, sadly, is not an option for us at this time. Thanks.
As luck would have it, I found a workaround shortly after posting this. If you add the 'prompt' property (e.g. prompt="Select") to the combo box such that it does not display blank initially, it fixes the problem. Further evidence I think that this is a bug since I can't think of a logical reason this should have fixed it.
i have a flex 3 project someone developed it and he wirte the code such as the below example:
<mx:FormItem
<widget:ValueComboBox
</mx:FormItem>
i have similar problem as you mentioned above, but it seems he use a different approach to create the ComboBox in the mxml file, and i added the prompt property such as you mentioned befire, but unfortunately it still not working, do you have any idea !!!...
thanks in advance,
Try using the valueComit property on mx combobox. | https://forums.adobe.com/thread/888818 | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | refinedweb | 454 | 61.46 |
0
Hey everyone, I'm new to C++ programming and have just started the semester and having a bit of trouble with my second homework assignment. Here's the assignment: Write a program that accepts a 7-9 digit integer andechoes the number with commas between every three
digits from the right. Here's what I have so far:
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() //Needed in every program, where program execution begins { int number; cout << "Please enter a 7 to 9 digit number" << endl; cin >> number; cout << "The number you entered is: " << number << endl; return 0; }
As you can see from my code above that my issue comes in when it comes to placing the commas. Would I use an if statement and mod division? I don't want you to do my homework, I want you to point me in the right direction. Thanks in advance for the help. | https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/86295/c-help-write-a-program-that-accepts-a-7-9-digit-integer-and | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | refinedweb | 152 | 63.53 |
On 12/11/06, Fawad Halim <fawad at fawad.net> wrote: > The syntax is correct, but you're using the wrong namespace. The file at > that URL uses the namespace for wpt. > > -fawad thanks fawad, I hate it when I make a mistake like that, though sometimes finding a stupid mistake is a relief when trying to figure out why something complicated isn't working. it's like, d'oh, at least it's only a stupid thing and not some horrible bug. in this case, no, it is not a relief, but nice it can be amusing since nothing important was going on and I didn't waste a day on it. -- sheila | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/chicago/2006-December/001508.html | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | refinedweb | 114 | 79.09 |
Fredrik Lundh wrote: > I'd say that for a typical user, > > $ python -m foo.bar arg > > is a marginal improvement over > > $ python -c "import foo.bar" arg This doesn't work. Any code protected by "if __name__ == '__main__':" won't run in this context (since 'foo.bar' is being imported as a module, not run as a script). Even 'python -c "from foo.bar import _main; _main()" arg' isn't quite right, since sys.argv[0] will be wrong (it will say '-c', instead of giving the module's filename). There's also the problem that there is no standard idiom for _main() functions. > compared to > > $ bar arg This is true, but it has its own problems, mainly in the area of namespace conflicts on the packaging side: 1. Namespace conflicts between different Python versions 2. Namespace conflicts between different Python packages 3. Namespace conflicts between Python packages and other programs 4. Additional overhead to create an installed module that is usable as a script a. Add a shebang line for *nix style systems b. Think about how to deal with the previous 3 points c. Update the installer to copy the file to the right place with a good name d. Realise you're screwed on Windows, since you can't control the file associations and the script will always run with the default interpreter. An extended -m, on the other hand deals with all those problems automatically: python -m foo.bar arg # Default interpreter, foo's bar python -m bar.bar arg # Default interpreter, bar's bar python24 -m foo.bar arg # Force Python 2.4, foo's bar python24 -m bar.bar arg # Force Python 2.4, bar's bar bar arg # Unrelated application called bar Points 1, 3 & 4 were the justification for adding the current version of -m to Python 2.4 (obviously, point 2 didn't apply, since the current version doesn't work for modules insides packages). Specifically, it makes it trivial to get hold of the right version of pdb and profile for the interpreter you're working with. For usability, you can hide all of the above behind a menu item or desktop shortcut. However, the major target of the feature is Python developers rather than the end-users of applications built using Python. Cheers, Nick. -- Nick Coghlan | ncoghlan at email.com | Brisbane, Australia --------------------------------------------------------------- | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2004-December/289868.html | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | refinedweb | 393 | 76.52 |
Koans have been proposed as an effective way to learn a new programming language. But what exactly are Koans? According to Wikipedia a Koan (where the o has a macron, a straight bar placed above it - which my text editor refuses to produce) is a "case, story, dialogue, question or statement in the history and lore of Zen Buddhism". Huh? Reading the Wikipedia article did not help me at all. All I understand is that a Koan is something the Buddhist monks would work with, a mystical sentence or maybe a kind of poem, which does not make any sense, but somehow helps them on their way to enlightenment. It seems the metaphor has been transferred from Buddhism to software, e.g. Hacker Koans and Koans are related to the TAO of Programming. (Again no idea what TAO is supposed to mean here. This is like a recursive definition.)
Ruby Koans
As far as I know, the first Programming Koans were available in Ruby, created by the late Jim Weirich, a popular Ruby hacker. Ruby Koans consists of several little exercises, starting with basic things and building on each other to move to more advanced topics in the end. The goal is to learn Ruby, to walk the "path to enlightenment" as Jim put it. He also wanted to teach the Ruby culture. The Ruby community has a strong focus on testing, which is considered essential to "do great things in the language". In fact the exercises are a list of failing test cases, where tiny pieces of code have to be filled in to make them pass. For example, here is the exercise to learn accessing array elements,
def test_accessing_array_elements array = [:peanut, :butter, :and, :jelly] assert_equal __(:peanut), array[0] assert_equal __(:peanut), array.first assert_equal __(:jelly), array[3] assert_equal __(:jelly), array.last assert_equal __(:jelly), array[-1] assert_equal __(:butter), array[-3] end
Testing Koans
I took the idea for Testing Koans from Carlos Blé's training JavaScript for Testers. He created some Koans for JavaScript with inverted work-flow. The code was already in place, but the assertions were missing. That was reasonable as the training was created for tester.
xUnit Koans
Earlier this year I ran an introductory unit testing workshop for the local PHP community. I expected a junior audience and aimed for the most basic exercise for xUnit assertions and life cycle methods. I wanted the participants to focus on PHPUnit alone. I created some sample code, together with unit tests, and then deleted the assertion statements. The first test looked similar to the following Java code:
import org.junit.Test; public class Session1_GreeterTest { @Test public void shouldReturnHelloName() { Greeter greeter = new Greeter(); // TODO check that "Hello Peter" is greeter.greet("Peter") } @Test public void shouldReturnHelloForNull() { Greeter greeter = new Greeter(); // TODO check that "Hello" is greeter.greet(null) } // more tests skipped... }The participants went through the tests one by one, adding assertions or fixing incomplete statements, making the tests pass. While this looked like a very basic and short exercise, developers unfamiliar to PHPUnit (and xUnit in general) needed several hours to complete all my PHPUnit Testing Koans.
Due to the uniform nature of all xUnit ports, the style and structure of the exercise can be used for other programming languages. I ported the exercise to Java using JUnit, creating Java/JUnit Koans. Both Koans cover the basic functionality of PHPUnit and JUnit, e.g. assertions, testing for exceptions and before- and after-methods. More advanced features could be added. I will port the Koans to C#/NUnit and Ruby/minitest as soon as I will need them.
Conclusion
Koans are a great way to partition the process of knowledge acquisition into a series of little exercises. They verify themselves, giving you fast feedback but you can still learn at your own pace. Language Koans are established and available for many languages. These can be extended to any library or public API you want to master. Testing Koans work similar, just inverted. They are available for PHPUnit and JUnit for now. I would love to see more ports and also Koans for different testing styles, e.g. RSpec or Jasmine Testing Koans.
2 comments:
Thanks for the mention mate! I'll use your koans, thanks for sharing;-)
Thank you Carlos for introducing me to the idea. I would love to see a translation to C#/NUnit - afaik that is the platform you are using right now. | http://blog.code-cop.org/2015/12/testing-koans.html | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | refinedweb | 743 | 64.81 |
IRC bot - full featured, yet extensible and customizable
Project description
pmxbot is bot for IRC and Slack written in Python. Originally built for internal use at YouGov, it’s been sanitized and set free upon the world. You can find out more details on the project website.
Commands
pmxbot listens to commands prefixed by a ‘!’ 3. It also requires a few python packages as defined in setup.py. Some optional dependencies are installed with extras:
- mongodb: Enable MongoDB persistence (instead of sqlite).
- irc: IRC bot client.
- slack: Slack bot client.
- viewer: Enable the web viewer application.
Testing
pmxbot includes a test suite that does some functional tests written against the Python IRC server and quite a few unit tests as well. Install tox and run tox to invoke the tests. your favorite process = pmxbot.mymodule', ], },
During startup, pmxbot will load pmxbot.mymodule. plugin name can be anything, but should be a name suitable to identify the plugin (and it will be displayed during pmxbot startup).
Note that the pmxbot package is a namespace package, and you’re welcome to use that namespace for your plugin (e.g. pmxbot.nsfw).
If your plugin requires any initialization, specify an initialization function (or class method) in the entry point. For example:
'plugin name = pmxbot.mymodule:initialize_func'
On startup, pmxbot will call initialize_func with no parameters.
Within the script you’ll want to import the decorator(s) you need to use with:
from pmxbot.core import command, contains, regexp, execdelay, execat`.
You’ll then decorate each function with the appropriate line so pmxbot registers it.
A command (!g) gets the @command decorator:
@command(aliases=('tt', 'tear', 'cry')) def tinytear(rest): "I cry a tiny tear for you." if rest: return "/me sheds a single tear for %s" % rest else: return "/me sits and cries as a single tear slowly trickles down its cheek"
A response (when someone says something) uses the @contains decorator:
@contains("sqlonrails") def yay_sor(): karma.Karma.store.change('sql on rails', 1) return "Only 76,417 lines..."
Each handler may solicit any of the following parameters:
- channel (the channel in which the message occurred)
- nick (the nickname that triggered the command or behavior)
- rest (any text after the command)
A more complicated response (when you want to extract data from a message) uses the @regexp decorator:
@regexp("jira", r"(?<![a-zA-Z0-9/])(OPS|LIB|SALES|UX|GENERAL|SUPPORT)-\d\d+") def jira(client, event, channel, nick, match): return "" % match.group()
For an example of how to implement a setuptools-based plugin, see one of the many examples in the pmxbot project itself or one of the popular third-party projects:.
pmxbot as a Slack bot (native)
To use pmxbot as a Slack bot, install with pmxbot[slack], and set slack token in your config to the token from your Bot User. Easy, peasy.
pmxbot as a Slack bot (IRC)
As Slack provides an IRC interface, it’s easy to configure pmxbot for use in Slack. Here’s how:
Install with pmxbot[irc].
Enable the IRC Gateway <>.
Create an e-mail for the bot.
Create the account for the bot in Slack and activate its account.
Log into Slack using that new account and get the IRC gateway password <> for that account.
Configure the pmxbot as you would for an IRC server, but use these settings for the connection:
message rate limit: 2.5 password: <gateway password> server_host: <team name>.irc.slack.com server_port: 6667
The rate limit is necessary because Slack will kick the bot if it issues more than 25 messages in 10 seconds, so throttling it to 2.5 messages per second avoids hitting the limit.
Consider leaving ‘log_channels’ and ‘other_channels’ empty, especially if relying on Slack logging. Slack will automatically re-join pmxbot to any channels to which it has been /invited.
Project details
Release history Release notifications
Download files
Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages. | https://pypi.org/project/pmxbot/1121.1/ | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | refinedweb | 662 | 65.22 |
Created on 2009-01-10.15:43:16 by billiejoex, last changed 2009-02-04.15:34:15 by amak.
def add_channel(self, map=None):
#self.log_info('adding channel %s' % self)
if map is None:
if hasattr(self, '_map'):
map = self._map
del self._map
else:
map = socket_map
if not hasattr(self, '_fileno'):
self._fileno = self.socket.fileno()
map[self._fileno] = self
The line "del self._map" breaks pyftpdlib [1] and, I presume, all other
other applications built on top of asyncore not using a custom socket_map.
There's really no reason to delete that attribute.
[1]
This bug refers solely to the previous version of asyncore.
I have just checked in a new version, which is the cpython 2.5 asyncore
ported to jython 2.5.
Therefore this bug is no longer relevant; closing as "out of date". | http://bugs.jython.org/issue1226 | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | refinedweb | 139 | 71.82 |
.
Polymer PhysicsThe eld of polymer science has advanced and expanded considerably in recent years,encompassing broader ranges of materials and applications. In this book, the authorunies the subject matter, pulling together research to provide an updated and systematic presentation of polymer association and thermoreversible gelation, one of the mostrapidly developing areas in polymer science. Starting with a clear presentation of the fundamental laws of polymer physics, subsequent chapters discuss a new theoretical modelthat combines thermodynamic and rheological theory. Recent developments in polymerphysics are explored, along with important case studies on topics such as self-assembly,supramolecules, thermoreversible gels, and water-soluble polymers. Throughout thebook, a balance is maintained between theoretical descriptions and practical applications, helping the reader to understand complex physical phenomena and their relevancein industry. This book has wide interdisciplinary appeal and is aimed at students andresearchers in physics, chemistry, and materials science.Fumihiko Tanaka is Professor in the Department of Polymer Chemistry at the GraduateSchool of Engineering, Kyoto University. Professor Tanaka has published extensivelyand his current research interests are in theoretical aspects of phase transitions inpolymeric systems, polymer association, and thermoreversible gelation.
Polymer PhysicsApplications to MolecularAssociation andThermoreversibleGelationFUMIHIKO TANAKAKyoto University, Japan
Contents
Preface1
page xiii
1.1
Conformation of polymers1.1.1Internal coordinates of a polymer chain and its hindered rotation1.1.2Coarse-grained models of polymer chains1.2The ideal chain1.2.1Single-chain partition function1.2.2Tensionelongation curve1.2.3Distribution of the end-to-end vector1.3Fundamental properties of a Gaussian chain1.4Effect of internal rotation and stiff chains1.4.1Characteristic ratio1.4.2Persistence length and the stiff chain1.5Excluded-volume effect1.6Scaling laws and the temperature blob model1.7Coilglobule transition of a polymer chain in a poor solvent1.8Coilhelix transition1.9Hydration of polymer chains1.9.1Statistical models of hydrated polymer chains1.9.2Models of the globules and hydrated coils1.9.3Competitive hydrogen bonds in mixed solventsReferences
1135581011131315161921233333383944
Polymer solutions
46
2.1
46464852555758
2.2
viii
2.2.2Viscosity2.2.3Diffusion of a polymer chain2.3Lattice theory of polymer solutions2.3.1The free energy of mixing2.3.2Properties of polymer solutions predicted by FloryHugginslattice theory2.3.3Extension to many-component polymer solutions and blends2.3.4Renement beyond the simple mean eld approximation2.4Scaling laws of polymer solutions2.4.1Overlap concentration2.4.2Correlation length2.4.3Radius of gyration2.4.4Osmotic pressure2.4.5Phase equilibria (reduced equation of states)2.4.6Molecular motionReferences
61656969
97
3.1
7479818787899091929495
What is a gel?3.1.1Denition of a gel3.1.2Classication of gels3.1.3Structure of gels and their characterization3.1.4Examples of gels3.2Classical theory of gelation3.2.1Random branching3.2.2Polycondensation3.2.3Polydisperse functional monomers3.2.4Cross-linking of prepolymers3.3Gelation in binary mixtures3.3.1Finding the gel point using the branching coefcient3.3.2Molecular weight distribution function of the binary mixturesR{Af }/R{Bg }3.3.3Polydisperse binary mixture R{Af }/R{Bg }3.3.4Gels with multiple junctions3.A Moments of the Stockmayer distribution function3.B Cascade theory of gelationReferences
97979798100103104106111113114114
128
4.1
128128131131
116118119121122127
ix
4.2
133133134139141142143145146150153154156159
160
5.15.2
160161167168168169170173175177178
180
6.16.26.36.4
180186189
Thermoreversible gelation
222
7.17.2
222224
197200207212219
7.2.1Pregel regime7.2.2The gel point7.2.3Postgel regime7.2.4Phase diagrams of thermoreversible gels7.3Thermodynamics of solgel transition as comparedwith BoseEinstein condensation7.4Thermoreversible gels with multiple cross-linking7.4.1Multiple association7.4.2Distribution function of multiple trees7.4.3The average molecular weight and the condition forthe gel point7.4.4Solution properties of thermoreversible gels with multiplejunctions7.4.5Simple models of junction multiplicityReferences
226227228232
242243245
247
8.18.2
233235235237240
250250252258262262265266268269269273276276277279
281
9.1
281282286289290292
10
xi
9.2
292295296297298299300302303305309309311316321322323328329
331
10.1
Polymersurfactant interaction10.1.1 Modication of the gel point by surfactants10.1.2 Surfactant binding isotherms10.1.3 CMC of the surfactant molecules10.1.4 High-frequency elastic modulus10.2 Loop-bridge transition10.3 Competing hydration and gelation10.3.1 Models of competitive hydration and gelation10.3.2 Degree of hydration and the gel point10.4 Coexisting hydration and gelation10.5 Thermoreversible gelation driven by polymer conformational change10.5.1 Models of conformational transition10.5.2 Theory of gelation with conformation change10.5.3 Simple models of excitation10.6 Thermoreversible gelation driven by the coilhelixtransition of polymers10.6.1 Models of helix association10.6.2 Multiple helices10.6.3 Multiple association of single helicesReferences
331333335336338339345345349352359361363367
Index
383
370372374378379
Preface
Polymer science has expanded over the past few decades and shifted its centre of interestto encompass a whole new range of materials and phenomena. Fundamental investigations on the molecular structure of polymeric liquids, gels, various phase transitions,alloys and blends, molecular motion, ow properties, and many other interesting topics, now constitute a signicant proportion of the activity of physical and chemicallaboratories around the world.But beneath the luxuriance of macromolecular materials and observable phenomena,there can be found a common basis of concepts, hypotheses, models, and mathematicaldeductions that are supposed to belong to only few theories.One of the major problems in polymer physics which remain unsolved is that ofcalculating the materials properties of self-assembled supramolecules, gels, molecular complexes, etc., in solutions of associating polymers from rst principles, utilizingonly such fundamental properties as molecular dimensions, their functionality, andintermolecular associative forces (hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic force, electrostaticinteraction, etc.).Theoretical studies of polymer association had not been entirely neglected, but theirachievements were fragmentary, phenomenological, and lacked mathematical depth andrigor. What I have tried to do, therefore, is to show how certain physically relevantphenomena derive from the dening characteristics of various simple theoretical modelsystems.The goal of this book is thus to present polymer physics as generally as possible,striving to maintain the appropriate balance between theoretical descriptions and theirpractical applications.During the decade that has just ended the application of the method of lattice theory(by Flory and Huggins), the scaling theory (by de Gennes) of polymer solutions, and thetheory of gelation reaction (by Flory and Stockmayer) has resulted in the developmentof what has become known as the theory of associating polymer solutions. This hasbrought the aforementioned unsolved problem markedly nearer to the resolution.In this book special reference is made to polymer associations of various types binding of small molecules by polymers, polymer hydration, block-copolymerization,thermoreversible gelation, and their ow properties. These topics do not, by any means,exhaust the possibilities of the method. They serve, however, to illustrate its power. Theauthor hopes that others will be stimulated by what has already been done to attemptfurther applications of the theory of associating polymer solutions.
xiv
Most of the subject matter treated in the present book has been hitherto availableonly in the form of original papers in various scientic journals. These have been verydiverse and fragmented. Consequently, they may have appeared difcult to those whostart the research and practice on the subjects. The opportunity has therefore been taken todevelop the theoretical bases from the unied view and to give the practical applicationsin somewhat greater detail.The rst four chapters, making up the fundamental part, contain reviews of the latestknowledge on polymer chain statistics, their reactions, their solution properties, and theelasticity of cross-linked networks. Each chapter starts from the elementary concepts andproperties with a description of the theoretical methods required to study them. Then,they move to an organized description of the more advanced studies, such as coilhelixtransition, hydration, the lattice theory of semiexible polymers, entropy catastrophe,gelation with multiple reaction, cascade theory, the volume phase transition of gels, etc.Most of them are difcult to nd in the presently available textbooks on polymer physics.Next, Chapter 5 presents the equilibrium theory of associating polymer solutions,one of the major theoretical frameworks for the study of polymer association andthermoreversible gelation.This is followed by three chapters on the application of the theory to nongelling andgelling solutions. Chapter 6 on nongelling associating solutions includes block polymerization by hydrogen bonding, hydration of water-soluble polymers, hydrogen-bondingliquid crystallization, and micellization by hydophobic aggregation. Chapter 7 treatsmore interesting but difcult gelling solutions, with stress on phase separation and thermoreversible gelation with junctions of variable multiplicity. Chapter 8 presents twomajor methods for the study of gels near the solgel transition point. One is the topological method on the basis of graph theory, and the other is scaling theory on the basis ofthe percolation picture.Chapter 9 presents the transient network theory of associating polymer solutions,which is the other one of the two major theories treated in this book. It studies thedynamic and rheological ow properties of structured solutions from a molecular pointof view. Thus, linear complex modulus, nonlinear stationary viscosity, start-up ows,and stress relaxation in reversible polymer networks are studied in detail.Chapter 10 presents an application of the two theoretical frameworks to more complex,but important systems, such as a mixture of polymers and surfactants, and networkformation accompanied by polymer conformational transitions.This work is a result of the research the author has done over the past two decades withmany collaborators. I would like to thank Dr. A. Matsuyama and Dr. M. Ishida (Shoji) fortheir outstanding contribution to the hydration and thermoreversible gelation of watersoluble polymers while they were graduate students at Tokyo University of Agricultureand Technology. I would also like to thank Dr. Y. Okada who, while studying for his Ph.Dunder my supervision at Kyoto University, took the initiative of studying the cooperativehydration of temperature-sensitive polymers, giving me no option but to get up to date onthis topic. The contribution by Dr. T. Koga to the rheological study of transient networksmust also be acknowledged.
xv
It is also a great pleasure to thank Professor Franoise M. Winnik for her researchcollaboration over the past decade: she has never stopped stimulating and encouragingme with her enthusiasm in the research of water-soluble polymers.Finally, it is my great pleasure and honor to thank Professor Ryogo Kubo and Sir SamEdwards, who in my early career introduced me to the fascinating world of statisticalmechanics.Fumihiko TanakaKyoto July 2010
This chapter reviews the elementary statistical properties of a single polymer chain in solventsof different nature. Starting with the ideal random coil conformation and its tensionelongationrelation, the excluded-volume effect is introduced to study the swelling and collapse of a randomcoil. We then focus on the conformational transition of a polymer chain by hydrogen bonding.Coilhelix transition by the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between neighboring monomers,hydration of a polymer chain in aqueous media, and competition in hydrogen bonding in the mixedsolvents are detailed.
Conformation of polymers
1.1.1
23
120g
120g+
(b)
(a)Fig. 1.1
Internal rotation of the carbon atom 4 in a contiguous sequence on a polymer chain. (a) The bondangle is xed at cos = 1/3, while its rotational motion is described by the angle around thebond axis 23. (b) The potential energy is shown as a function of the rotation angle. Forpolyethylene, there are three minima at = 0 (t) and = 120 (g ).
The energy difference between the t position and the g , g positions decides theaverage population of the carbon atoms in thermal equilibrium state. It is related tothe exibility of the chain. For instance, the average length of the continuous transsequence ttttt... is given by = l exp( /kB T ),
(1.1)
where T is the absolute temperature, and kB is the Boltzmann constant. This averagelength is called the persistence length of the polymer. It is, for example, approximately = 5.1 nm at room temperature if the energy difference is = 2.1 kcal mol1 .On the other hand, the frequencies of the transition between different isomeric statesare determined by the potential barrier E between t and g , g positions (Figure 1.1).The average time for the transition from t to g , g is given by = 0 exp(E/kB T ),
(1.2)
where 0 is the microscopic time scale of the torsional vibration of a C-C bond (0 1011 s). When the temperature is lowered, there is a point where becomes sufcientlylonger than the duration of observation so that the internal motion looks frozen. Sucha transition from a random coil with thermal motion to a frozen rigid coil is called theglass transition of a single chain.Polymers with simple chemical structure take values of order 1 kcal mol1 ,E 45 kcal mol1 , but the barrier height E can be higher if the side groups arereplaced with larger ones, and also if there is strong interaction, such as dipole interaction,hydrogen bonds, etc., between them.
1.1.2
1(li a),4 a 2
(1.3)
where li xi xi1 is the bond vector, li |li | is its absolute value, and (x) is Diracdelta function. The probability characterizes a linear sequence of the statistical repeatunits, and is often referred to as the connectivity function. The vector R which connectsboth ends of a chain is the end-to-end vector. Figure 1.3 shows an RF chain with n = 200which is generated in three dimensions projected onto a plane.
Beadspring modelA model chain with n + 1 beads linearly connected by n springs is called the beadspring model (BS) (Figure 1.2(b)). Each spring is assumed to have a spring constant
nRl1
n-1
2n
(a)Fig. 1.2
(c)
Typical coarse-grained models of a polymer chain: (a) random ight model, (b) beadspringmodel, (c) lattice model.
15
1515Fig. 1.3
Random coil formed with the random ight model with 200 bonds produced in three dimensionsand projected onto a plane.
1(2 a 2 /3)3/2
exp(3li2 /2a 2 ).
(1.4)
This is a Gaussian distribution with a mean square separation li2 = a 2 between adjacentbeads. The bead in a BS chain also indicates a group of monomers as in RF.The Gaussian bond (1.4) can easily be stretched to high extension, and allows unphysical mutual passing of bonds. To prevent this unrealistic mechanical property, themodel potential, called the nitely extensible nonlinear elastic potential (FENE), anddescribed by kli a 22,(xi ; xi1 ) = C exp (lmax a) ln 1 2lmax a
(1.5)
is often used in the molecular simulation [6], where k is the spring constant and C isthe normalization constant. The bond is nonlinear; its elongation is strictly limited inthe nite region around the mean bond length a so that bonds can never cross eachother.
Lattice modelA chain model described by the trajectory of a random walk on a lattice is called thelattice model (Figure 1.2(c)). The lattice constant a plays the role of the bond length.The simplest lattice model assumes that each step falls on the nearest neighboring latticecell with equal probability [1], so that the connectivity function is given by(xi ; xi1 ) =
1(li ae),z e
(1.6)
where z is the lattice coordination number, and the sum should be taken over all latticevectors e. For instance, e takes ex , ey , ez for the simple cubic lattice. In a moresophisticated lattice model, one of the nearest neighboring cells is selected as transposition and the rest are regarded as gauche position by introducing the energy difference described in Figure 1.1 [7, 8].Because the statistical unit of a chain has nite volume, the condition implies that, inthe random walk, a lattice cell should never be passed again once it is passed. A randomwalk with such a constraint is called a self-avoiding random walk.
1.2
1.2.1
n
li .
(1.7)
i=1
The canonical partition function for the statistical distribution of the specied end-to-endvector is dened byZ(R, T ) =
...
(xj ; xj 1 ),
(1.8)
j =1
R21l10
Fig. 1.4
i-1li
The bond vectors li , the rst bond vector l1 , and the end-to-end vector R. Tension is applied atone end bead (i = n) with the other end bead (i = 0) xed.
u1 (i ) +
u2 (i1 , i ) +
(1.9)
by using the rotational angle of the bonds. The rst term depends only upon the angleof the repeat unit under study (one-body term), the second term depends on the nearestneighboring pairs (two-body term), etc. Because the potential energies of the internalrotation involve only local neighbors along the chain, their interaction is called local,or short-range interaction. When interactions other than the one-body interaction arenegligible, the rotation is called independent internal rotation. When all U is smallenough to be neglected, the rotation is called free rotation [1, 2].However, the potential energy V describes the interaction between the repeat unitswhen they come close to each other in the space, even if the distance along the chain isfar apart. It is usually given by the sumV=
u(rij )
(1.10)
i<j
over all pairwise interactions, where rij | xi xj | is the distance between the i-th andj -th units. Such interaction between distant statistical units along the chain is calledlong-range interaction. For instance, van der Waals force, Coulomb force, etc., belongto this category [1].A chain for which the interaction energy is negligibly small is called an ideal chain.For an ideal chain, we may treat U = V = 0, so that we have only to study the connectivityfunction .The Helmholtz free energy of a chain can be found by the logarithm of the partitionfunctionF (R, T ) = kB T ln Z(R, T ).
(1.11)
From the Helmholtz free energy, we can nd the entropy S and the average tension f ofthe chain using the law of thermodynamics:dF = SdT + f dR.
(1.12)
n
(1.13)
for the partition function. We have changed the integration variables from the positionvectors of the joints (beads) to the bond vectors. The subscript 0 indicates that the chainis ideal. Because of the constraint (1.7), we cannot complete the integration in this form.To remove this constraint, we consider its Laplace transformQ(f , T ) Z(R, T )ef R dR,(1.14)where 1/kB T . The integration of the bond vectors is independent of each other inQ. We ndQ(t, T ) = g(t) n,
(1.15)
(1.17)
Let us dene the new function G(f , T ) by the log of the Laplace transformed partitionfunction Q(f , T ):G(f , T ) kB T ln Q(f , T ).
(1.18)
(1.19)
Hence we nd that G is identical to the Gibbs free energy. For the ideal chain, it takesthe formG0 (f , T ) = nkB T ln g(t),
from (1.15).
(1.20)
sinh t,t
(1.21)
(1.22)
(1.23)
nG0 (f , T ) = kB T t 2 .6
(1.24)
and hence
For small elongations of the chain, these two models give the same result.
1.2.2
Tensionelongation curveUsing the thermodynamic relation (1.19), we can nd the average end vector R under agiven tension f by the differentiation
GR=f
.
(1.25)
Because the vector R lies in parallel to the tension, we can write the result for the RFmodel in terms of its absolute value asRfa=L,nakB T
(1.26)
dsinh t1L(t) ln= coth t ,dttt
(1.27)
and called the Langevin function [4]. The tensionelongation relation is shown in Figure1.5.In the linear region where the elongation is small, the graph is a straight line with slope3, but there is an upturn in the high-extension region due to the nonlinear stretching ofthe chain. Such a nonlinear amplication in the tension in the high-elongation region isreferred to as the hardening effect.
50
40
30
fa/kT
4200.0
Fig. 1.5
A = 10L1
20
A=1A = 0.1
100.2
0.4
0.6R/na(a)
0.8
1.0
(a) Tensionelongation curve of the Langevin chain (solid line) and its Gaussian approximation(broken line). (b) Simplied model (1.30) of a nonlinear chain for different nonlinear amplitudeA. The curve with A = 1 (dotted line) is close to that of the Langevin chain.
(1.28a)(1.28b)
3kB TR,na 2
(1.29)
so that it obeys Hookes law. A chain that obeys Hookes law is called a Gaussian chain.The proportionality constant depends on the temperature. The BS model with a linearspring obeys a similar law. Because the origin of the tension is not the intermolecularforce but the entropy of the chain conformation, the spring constant of the chain increasesin proportion to the temperature. This is the opposite tendency to the elastic constant ofsolids made up of low molecular weight molecules such as metals.Because the Langevin function and its inverse function are mathematically difcult totreat, we introduce here a simple nonlinear model chain whose tension is described by
2r 2t = 3r 1 + A,3 1 r 2
(1.30)
where A is a parameter to specify the degree of nonlinearity of the chain (Figure 1.5(b)),and referred to as the nonlinear amplitude [9, 10]. When A = 0, the chain is Gaussian. Itdeviates from Gaussian with an increase in A, and the nonlinear effect caused by chain
stretching becomes stronger. For A = 1, the chain is close to a Langevin chain with veryhigh accuracy (95%). This simplied model of the tension is used extensively for thestudy of shear thickening and strain hardening in transient networks in Chapter 9.We can describe the temperature coefcient of chain tension (f /T )R in termsof the coefcient of the thermal expansion (R/T )f /R at constant tension andthe extensivity T (R/f )T /R as
fT
R
.T
(1.31)
(1.32)
for gases, and hence infer that the origin of the chain elasticity is the entropy as for thetemperature coefcient of gases.
1.2.3
R/na
L1 (y)dy
2 43R 2RR= exp 1 + C1+ C2+,nana2na 2
(1.33)
where C1 and C2 are numerical constants. They are found to be C1 = 3/10, C2 = 33/125from the expansion (1.28b) for a Langevin chain.The partition function, when regarded as a function of the end vector, is proportionalto the probability of nding the end vector at a position R. It gives the canonical distribution function of the end vector after normalization. If the chain is sufciently long,or the degree of elongation is small, terms higher than C1 can be neglected, so that theprobability is found to be
300 (R) =2na 2
3/2
3R 2.exp 2na 2
(1.34)
Since this is a Gaussian distribution, a chain with this probability distribution functionis called a Gaussian chain. The mean square end-to-end distance of a Gaussian chainis given byR 2 0 = na 2 .
(1.35)
11
It is proportional to the number n of repeat units, and hence the molecular weight ofthe polymer. The tensionelongation relation (1.29) of the Gaussian chain gives the freeenergyF0 (R) =
3kB T 2R2na 2
(1.36)
(1.37)
and hence we can nd the mean end-to-end distance of a free chain from the coefcientof t 2 .Because the energy of orientation measured from the reference direction parallel tothe end vector is f li R/R = f a cos i , the orientational distribution function of the bondvector is proportional to exp[f a cos i /kB T ]. Because the tension is related to the endto-end distance by (1.28b), the orientational distribution under a xed R is given by theprobabilityf ( ) = C exp[L1 (R/na) cos ].
(1.38)
(1.39)
by using the Legendre polynomial of the second-order P2 (x) (3x 2 1)/2, where is the average over the orientational distribution function f ( ). By taking the averageover (1.38), we nd(r ) = 1 3r /L1 (r ),
(1.40)
for a RF model.
1.3
12
(1) The probability distribution function of nding an arbitrary pair i and j of the repeatunits at the relative position vector rij xi xj is given by
300 (rij ) =2a 2 | i j |
exp
23rij
2a 2 | i j |
,
(1.41)
2 = a 2 | i j |.and hence we have rij0(2) Let si xi XG be the relative position vector of the i-th repeat unit as seen fromthe center of mass of the chain
XG
xi /n.
(1.42)
i =0
1 2si s n2
(1.43)
(1.44)
(3) The probability of nding the relative position vector rij connecting the two repeatunits to be found at r isG(r) =
1(r rij ).n
(1.45)
i,j
This function is called the pair correlation function. The Fourier transformation
S(q)
G(r)eiqr dr =
1 iqrijen
(1.46)
(1.47)
S(q)= nD(s 2 0 q 2 ),
(1.48)
13
2 xe 1+x ,2x
(1.49)
S(q)/n= 1 s 2 0 q 2 + ,3
(1.50)
S(q)/n= x
1/2
2s 2 0q
q 1 .
(1.51)
This shows that the random coil locally looks like a rod-shaped molecule, becausethe scattering function of a rod is proportional to the inverse power q 1 .
1.4
1.4.1
Characteristic ratioIn this section, we study the effects of local interaction on chain properties. A real chainhas a xed bond length (l = 0.154 nm) and a xed bond angle ( = 109.47 ) betweensubsequent carbon atoms. The internal rotation experiences a potential energy whichdepends upon the rotational angle i . It is generally described by (1.9).Because the one-body potential u1 () has minima at the trans and two gauche angles(Figure 1.1(b)), a simple model in which only the three states t, g , g+ are allowed maybe proposed (the rotational isomeric state model, or RIS).The internal hindered rotation affects the chain statistics in many ways, but the fundamental nature of a Gaussian chain, such that its mean square end-to-end distanceand radius of gyration are proportional to the molecular weight of the chain, remainsunaltered, although the rotional potential energy modies the proportionality constants.Therefore, to study the proportionality constant, we introduce the characteristic ratioCn R 2 /na 2 ,
(1.52)
as a function of the potential of rotation. A polymer chain with a large characteristic ratiois difcult to bend. It takes an extended conformation along its axis.
14
Temperature [ C]
13834742429
6.710.27.06.69.2
polyethylenepolystyrenepolypropylenepolyisobutylenepoly(vinyl acetate)
Let us rst consider the free rotation model. The free rotation model has a mean squareend-to-end distanceR 2 =
li lj =
i,j =1
li 2 + 2
li lj
2 cos 1 (cos )n2 1 + cos = na,
1 cos n (1 cos )2
(1.53)
due to the independent nature of the rotational motion, where is the bond angle.For a large n, the second term can be neglected. The characteristic ratio is then givenby the Eyring formula [12]:C =
1 + cos .1 cos
(1.54)
When the potential is not uniform, the characteristic ratio takes the more general formC =
1 + cos 1 + cos ,1 cos 1 cos
(1.55)
where cos is the thermal average over the rotational angle using the Boltzmann factorexp(u1 ()/kT ).
(1.56)
This is called the Oka formula [13]. For the RIS model, the average is cos =(1 )/(1 + 2 ), where exp( ) ( is the energy difference between transstate and gauche state (Figure 1.1)(b)), the Oka formula takes the formC =
1 + cos 2 + .1 cos 3
(1.57)
The textbook by Flory [2] includes the major results on the potentials of rotation and thecharacteristic ratios calculated on the basis of the chemical structure of polymers.The experimental values C of some typical polymers are shown in Table 1.1.Polyethyrene has = 0.5 kcal mol1 , cos = 1/3, and hence = 0.54 at T = 413 K.
The RIS model (1.57) gives C = 3.1, but the experimental value is C = 6.7, almosttwice as large. This discrepancy is attributed to the effect of two-body and higher bodyinteractions.
1.4.2
(1.58)
is called persistence length. The memory of the initial bond direction is lost in thecontour distance lp along the chain. For the free rotation model, we nd nn1 (cos )nR l1 1 li l1 = a(cos )i1 = a=.aa1 cos i=1
(1.59)
Hence, in the limit of the long chain n , the persistence length reduces toR l1 a=.na1 cos
lp lim
(1.60)
1 + cos cos .(1 cos )(1 cos )
(1.61)
(1.62)
(1.63)
for the mean square end-to-end distance (1.53), where x L/lp . The function D(x) isDebye function dened by (1.49). The ratio x L/lp (the number of the persistencelength in the chain) is called the Kuhn step number. A chain dened this way in thelimit of small bond angles in the free rotation model is called a KratkyPorod chain(KP chain) or wormlike chain [14].A KP chain has a nature similar to the Gaussian chain when the total length is longerthan the persistence length (L lp ); its mean end-to-end distance becomes R 2 2lp L,which is proportional to L. In the opposite case where the total length is shorter than thepersistence length (L lp ), it has a similar nature to the rigid rod because R 2 L2 .
16
21u (r) 0
(a)
32
u(ri,j)
(r) 1
j(b)
5r
Fig. 1.6
(a) Potential energy u(r) of LenardJones type as a function of the distance between a pair ofrepeat units on a chain shown in (c). (b) Mayer function constructed from the potential energy (a).
1.5
Excluded-volume effectThis section studies the effect of long-range interaction. Molecular interaction throughvan der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic forces, and hydrophobic forces,all fall into this category.We rst consider the van der Waals force. The total interaction energy is given by thesum of the pairwise potentialV=
u(ri,j ),
(1.64)
where u(r) is the effective interaction potential between the monomer i and j in thesolvent. It is assumed to have a hard core repulsive part and a long-range attractive part(Figure 1.6(a)).The partition function (1.8) for a given end-to-end vector R isZ(R, T ) =
ndx1 dx2 dxn1 exp u(ri,j )(xj ; xj 1 ).i<j
(1.65)
17
term in the series. To avoid this problem, we introduce the Mayer function, dened by (r) eu(r) 1,
(1.66)
and expand the interaction part in the partition function in powers of this function as 1 + (ri,j ) = 1 + (ri,j ) + (ri,j ) (rk,l ) + .(1.67)i<j
i<j k<l
We then carry out the integration term by term. This is the method referred to as clusterexpansion, which was developed in the theory of condensation of interacting gases [15].For a polymer chain, the condition of linear connectivity is added.To calculate term by term in the power expansion, let us introduce a further approximation. The Mayer function takes the form shown in Figure 1.6(b). It can be roughlyreplaced by (r) v(T )(r)
(1.68)
in order to study the chain properties in scales larger than the size of monomers, wherethe excluded volume of a monomer v(T ) is dened by the integralv(T ) (r)dr.(1.69)Carrying out this integration separately from the repulsive force inside the diameter of the hard core and from the repulsive force outside of it, we nd 4 3v(T ) =u(r)4 r 2 dr,(1.70) +3
where the attractive part is expanded in powers of u(r) because it is nite. The rstterm v0 4 3 /3 gives the volume of the space region to which the monomers cannotenter due to the existence of other monomers. This is the origin of the term excludedvolume. The second term takes a negative value due to the attractive nature of u(r).When summed, they are combined asv(T ) = v0 (1 /T ).
(1.71)
3kB 3
u(r)r 2 dr,
(1.72)
which is a positive number with the dimension as temperature. This gives the referencetemperature for the study of the polymer chain, and called the theta temperature.1 In1 The theta temperature of polymer solutions is conventionally dened by the temperature at which the
second virial coefcient of the osmotic pressure vanishes. In this book, we write 8 for this theta
18
Radius of gyration
C1C2C3
4/3 = 1.3332.0756.297
134/105 = 1.2762.082
(1.73)
3z2a 2
v(T ) n n.
(1.74)
(1.75)
which has alternating coefcients. The series does not converge, but the absolute valuegradually approaches the exact value as higher terms are included. The ratio R 2 denedby the left of this equation is called the expansion factor of the mean end-to-end distance.The expansion factor S of the radius of gyration is similarly dened. The results obtainedso far are summarized in Table 1.2. We can see clearly that the chain expands or shrinks,depending on the temperature.The perturbational analysis is theoretically clear in principle, but has weak points suchas (1) calculation of the higher-order terms is seriously difcult, (2) it is not a convergenttemperature of the solutions to distinguish from the single-chain at which the attractive and repulsiveinteractions balance and the total excluded volume vanishes. The relation between the two is studied in thefollowing chapters.
19
series, and (3) the series has physical meaning only in the vicinity of the theta temperature
= 3/5.
(1.76)
The exponent of n changes from 1/2 to this Florys 3/5 law at high temperatures [18]. Theexponent 3/5 of the polymer dimensions is called the Flory exponent. We cannot reachthis result by continuing the calculation of higher-order terms in the cluster expansion.
1.6
= 1/2.
(1.77)
In this section, we focus on the dependence on the temperature and DP, so that wemay neglect the unimportant numerical prefactor of order unity. Therefore, R on theright-hand side can also be interpreted as the mean radius of gyration, RG .In the high-temperature region, the chain expands not uniformly but forms temperature blobs, groups of correlated monomers consisting of an average number g ofmonomers [16] (see Figure 1.7). Each of the blobs has the nature of a Gaussian chainwith the scaling law, but they repel each other due to the excluded-volume effect. Theaverage radius of gyration of a blob is given by = ag .
(1.78)
The polymer takes a conformation which looks like a pearl-necklace made up of blobs.The number g of monomers inside the blob can be found using the condition such thatin the length scale larger than the excluded-volume effect is signicant. The boundaryis given byv(T )
g 1,3
(1.79)
= 1- /T
g monomers
1/n1/2
T=
Fig. 1.7
Thermal blob model describing the conformational change of a polymer chain with thetemperature. The vertical axis is the dimensionless reduced temperature with the thetatemperature as the reference temperature.
where v is the excluded volume (1.71). Substituting and v into this equation, we ndg 1/ 2 .
(1.80)
= 1/5 n3/5 ,(1.81)RF (ag ) gwhere F = 3/5 is the Flory exponent. This is Florys 3/5 law shown with the temperaturefactor.The crossover temperature where the theta region changes into the high-temperatureswollen region is decided by the condition R . This gives 1/n1/2 for the boundarybetween them.At low temperatures, the chain forms blobs as in the high-temperature region, but theblobs attract each other and are packed into a compact form by the negative excludedvolume interaction (see Figure 1.7). If we assume close packing of the blobs, the radiusof gyration of the chain becomes cn
= a 1/3 n1/3 ,(1.82)RG (ag ) g
21
where c = 1/3 is the critical exponent for close packing.2 The close packed blobs formwhat is called a polymer globule.The change from Gaussian chain to globule by cooling is generally a gradual crossover,but discontinuous change (collapse transition) is also reported in the literature [1922]Under what conditions the collapse transition takes place remains an open question.Such a discontinuous collapse is considered to be thermally reversible, and is calledcoilglobule transition (referred to as CG transition).
1.7
n 2 n 3Fint () = n v(T )+w+VV
(1.85)
in the density virial series, where v(T ) is the two-body interaction parameter (1.71), wis the three-body cluster integral, etc. Taking up to the third-order term, and minimizingthe total free energy (1.83) with respect to , we nd the equationf () 5 3
y C n = 0,3
(1.86)
for . We have employed the form v(T ) = v0 for the excluded volume, and introducedtwo constants y w/22 and C v0 / ( 4 a 3 /3 is the volume of a monomer).They both have numerical values of order unity.2 If we pack n rigid spheres of radius a as closely as possible into a spherical form, the radius of the bodyformed is proportional to n1/3 .3 The nal term 3 ln is necessary when the volume change is associated with the deformation.
22
(4) In the transition region, where | n| 1, the expansion factor is close to unity 1. The nature of the transition depends on the value of y. If y takes a value largerthan the critical value yc = 0.0228, the transition from swollen coil to globule is agradual crossover. If it is smaller than the critical value, the equation (1.86) has threesolutions, so that the transition becomes discontinuous similarly to the rst-order
phase transition (Figure 1.8(a)). The transition temperature c lies 1/ n below thetemperature . It approaches the temperature in the limit of innite molecularweight.
f()/ 4
3000z= 0.188
0.2
2500
0.1
0.180
0.4 0.5
0.6 0.7
(a)Fig. 1.8
2000
1500
RH
1000y = 0.01
Radius ()
0.184
RG
500
020
405030Temperature (C)(b)
60
(a) Function f () (divided by 4 to show Maxwells rule of equal areas) plotted against .There is a discontinuous coilglobule transition for y < 0.0228. (b) Radius of gyration RG andhydrodynamic radius RH of a polystyrene (PS) chain in cyclohexane measured by static anddynamic light scattering plotted against the temperature. The molecular weight of PS isMw = 2.6 107 . (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [22].)
In the region occupied by the polymer chain, solvent molecules are mixed. Let 0 bethe chemical potential of the solvent molecule measured from the value in the pure solvent. From the thermodynamic condition 0 = (F /N0 )n = (/n)(F /) = 0that the chemical potential of a solvent molecule inside the region occupied by the polymer should be equal to that in the outside region, we can derive Maxwells rule of equalarea for the osmotic pressure in the form 2d3f () 4 = 0,(1.87)F (F2 F1 ) =
1for the free energy, where 1 is the swollen state and 2 is the collapsed state (Figure1.8(a)).The nature of the CG transition has been investigated by many researchers. A typicalexample is polystyrene (PS) in the solvent cyclohexane ( = 34.5 C). Neutron scattering,light scattering, osmotic pressure measurements, and viscosity measurements have allconrmed the points (1)(3) above, but no consensus has yet been reached about thenature of the transition (4). Light scattering experiments on PS of ultrahigh molecularweight (Mw = 2.6 107 ) indicate that the transition is very close to the discontinuousone with y yc (Figure 1.8(b)) [21].
1.8
Coilhelix transitionSome polymers, such as isotactic polypropyrene (iPP), polyisobutadiene (PIB), andpoly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), form helices in the crystalline state. A helical structure isrepresented by pm with p number of monomers and m the number of turns in one periodof the helix. The length d of one period is called pitch of the helix. The length along thehelical axis per monomer is then given byb d/p.
(1.88)
For example, iPP forms a 31 helix with d = 0.65 nm, and hence b = 0.22 nm; PIB formsan 85 helix with d = 1.863 nm, b = 0.233 nm; and PEO forms a 72 helix with d = 1.93 nm,b = 0.28 nm (see Figure 1.9). Short-range interactions (local interactions), in particularhydrogen bonds, are important for stabilization of a helical conformation.Several synthetic polypeptides, such as the poly(L-amino acid)s, the poly( -Lglutamate) (PBLG), poly(-benzyl-L-asparate) (PBA), and poly(L-glutamic acid)
d = 1.93 nmFig. 1.9
Helix structure 72 of poly(ethylene oxide). The period is d = 1.93 nm. One period includes sevenethylene oxide monomers and forms two turns.
24
Hydrogen Bonds
RRRRFig. 1.10
Alpha helix of polypeptide. Type 185 has a period of 2.7 nm. Hence, 3.6 residues (0.54 nm) forma turn. The pitch per monomer is b = 0.15 nm.
(PLGA), also form -helices in the solid state (see Figure 1.10). When they are dispersed in strongly interacting solvents, polymer chains are not merely separated fromeach other but also change their conformation from helical to random coil. For instance,PBLG forms an -helix with b = 0.15 nm in chloroform (CF), but melts into a statisticalrandom coil in dichloroacetic acid (DCA). Hence, the chain changes its conformationin mixed solvents of CF and DCA depending on the solvent composition. Such a conformation change is an example of coilhelix transition (referred to as CH transition).In the transition state, a chain generally takes a conformation with rod-like rigid helicesof polydisperse length that are sequentially connected by random coil segments. CHtransition may also be induced by changing other environmental parameters, such astemperature or pH.Theoretical studies of CH transitions focus attention on the behavior of the poly(aminoacid) in the transition region. The most basic information is the change in the fractionof the residues in helical states as functions of the molecular weight of the chain and ofthe environmental parameters (solvent composition x, temperature T , and pH).From the late 1950s, many papers in the literature studied this problem [23]. Most ofthem employed either the matrix method or the generating function method to calculatethe chain partition function. However, in order to apply the theoretical method directly tomany chain problems in solutions and gels, we here reformulate the single chain problemusing the combinatorial counting method.Consider a polymer chain carrying a total number n of statistical units (Figure 1.11).Let the symbol 0 indicate a monomer (an amino acid) in the random coil part, and let1 indicate the same in the helical part. Let u be the statistical weight of the adjacentpair (0,0) of monomers, v be that of a pair (1,1), and w be that of the pairs (0,1) and(1,0). These can be derived by integrating over the rotational angle of a monomer underthe potential of internal rotation (1.9). Because a hydrogen bond is formed between
25
v v v
1 1
Fig. 1.11
Statistical weight of the conformation of a chain with mixed helical parts (1) and random coilparts (0). After integration over the internal rotation angle, we nd the statistical weights u, v,and w for the adjacent pair (0,0), (1,1) and (0,1), (1,0). The number of repeat units (an aminoacid) in the helix is designated .
neighboring pairs in the helical part, the statistical weight v is different from u for thepair in a coil part.The partition function of the chain is then given by the formZm (T ) =
(u)w(vv)w(uuuu)w(vvvvvv) ,
(1.89)
where the summation should be taken over all possible distributions of the helical partsalong the chain under the given number m of the helical monomers.Let us study this partition function from a different viewpoint. In order for the helicesto be generated on this chain, helical sequences must be selected from the nite lengthn. Let j be the number of helices with length = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n (counted in the numberof statistical repeat units).We rst consider that helices are temporarily contracted into single units. The totallength is therefore reduced to n = n j . (In order to distinguish the neigboringhelices, we assume that there should be at least one nonhelical monomer between them.)The number of ways to choose j units from n is given by n !/( j !)(n j )!,but since we cannot distinguish the states that are obtained by exchanging helices of thesame length, we instead have to multiply by the factor ( j )!/( j !).We thus nd that the number of different ways to select j {j1 , j2 , j3 , . . .} sequencesis given by(n j )!.(j) = ( j !)(n j j )!
(1.90)
We next divide the partition function by its value un in the reference state of the perfectrandom coil, and introduce the relative statistical units s(T ) v/u. The ratio w/u is then
26
expressed as s(T ), where w/v is associated with each boundary between theneighboring coil part and the helical part.In general, for a run of helical monomers, the statistical weight = s(T )
(1.91)
is assigned [24]. The parameter associated with the helix boundary is called the helixinitiation (nucleation) parameter, or the cooperativity parameter. If it is small, theprobability to create the rst hydrogen bond to generate the helix (nucleation of the helix)is low due to the large penalty for adjusting the local conformation to form the hydrogenbond. But once one bond is formed, adjacent bonds are formed more easily, so that thereis a strong tendency to form continuous chains of bonds.The partition function of a chain measured relative to the random-coil conformationis then given byZm (T ) =
(j)
( )j .
(1.92)
Because the total number m j of helical monomers is not a xed number butthermally controlled, we introduce the activity of the helical monomers, and move tothe grand canonical partition functionF(, T )
Zm (T )m .
(1.93)
m0
This function is the helical counterpart of the binding polynomial in the literature [25]on biomacromolecules, which is frequently used to study the adsorption of ions, legands,protons, etc. onto proteins.In order to nd the most probable distribution (m.p.d.) of helices, we maximize thepartition function (1.93) with = 1, or minimize the free energy G(T ) of a chain, bychanging j. The condition is
ln (j) +j ln = 0.j
(1.94)
By using the Stirling formula for ln (j), we nd that the m.p.d. is given byj /n = (1 ) z ,
(1.95)
where
n =1
j /n
(1.96)
27
is the average helical content (number of statistical units in the helical parts divided bythe total number of units), and
j /n
(1.97)
=1
is the average number of helices on the chain. The parameter z in (1.95) is dened byz (1 )/(1 ).
(1.98)
(1.99)
(1.100)
and
z ,
V1 (z)
z .
(1.101)
Similarly, substituting (1.95) back into the original partition function (1.92), we ndF(T ) = zn ,
(1.102)
(1.103)
(1.104)
If n is allowed to go to innity in V0 (z), this is the same equation as that found by Zimmand Bragg [24] (referred to as ZB):z sz= 1.1 z 1 sz
(1.105)
28
1.0z0.8
z, , ,
0.6
n = 100 = 0.01
/n
0.40.2
0.02
Fig. 1.12
0TEMPERATURE ln s
Helix content (solid line), number of helices (broken dotted line), mean helix length (broken line), and probability z (thin broken line) for a randomly chosen monomer to belong tothe random coil part shown as functions of the temperature. The temperature is measured interms of ln s = const + | H |/kB T by using the probability s of hydrogen-bond formation.
(1.106)
x 1 ,
w1 (x)
x 1 .
(1.107)
v 2 w 2 (for 2).
(1.108)
The result does not differ signicantly, so that, in the following study, we employ thesimpler ZB weight.Figure 1.12 plots z, , , and the mean helix length / as functions of thetemperature. Temperature is measured in terms of ln s(T ). The CH transition takes placeat around ln s = 0. The transition becomes sharper for a smaller nucleation parameter (stronger cooperativity). The transition also becomes sharper with molecular weight,and becomes a real phase transition with discontinuous in the limit of innite chainlength.Consider next the CH transition of a polymer chain under tension applied at the chainend (Figure 1.13) [27]. For simplicity, let us also assume that the helices are rigid rodsand have a pitch d with p monomers in one period. The length along the rod axis permonomer is then given by b (1.88). The length of a helix with monomer sequence isgiven by b .
fFig. 1.13
29
Polymer chain forming helices under an applied tension f . Coil parts and helical parts appearalternately along the chain.
Let ei be the unit vector specifying the direction of the i-th helix along the chain, andlet rk be the end-to-end vector of the k-th random coil part along the chain. We then havethe relationR=
rk + b
i ei
(1.109)
{j }
( )
(lk )dlk
(li )dli ,
(1.110)
under the condition (1.109), where (l) is the connectivity function (1.3) for the helixof length .We next move to the ensemble where the external tension f is the independent variable,and integrate over end-to-end vectors R and orientation ei of helical rods. We then ndQm (T , f )
j
( )j
g(t
)j , (1.111)
(1.112)
is the helical pitch per monomer in the unit of the fundamental step length of a repeatunit.
We next introduce the activity for a helical monomer, and move to the grand partitionfunctionF(T , , f )
m Qm (T , f )
m=0
= g(t) n
( (t) )j ,
(1.113)
)/g(t) . (t) g(t
(1.114)
At this stage, we can see clearly the effect of tension on the CH transition. The statisticalweight of a helix with length is changed to (t),
(1.115)
) of a rod-like helix,where the factor includes the effect of the orientation g(and the entropic force g( ) from the corresponding random coil segments. In fact, bytaking the logarithm of the total statistical weight of a helix, we nd that the free energyof a helical sequence of length is given byf ( )/kB T = ln ln[sinh( )/ ] + ln[sinh / ] ln .
(1.116)
By minimizing this free energy with respect to for a given statistical weight , wecan see in a simple way that the average helix length is increased by stretching to thelimit where they are nally destroyed. The physical reason why helices are enhanced bytension is that the linear growth of rod-like helices gains a larger end-to-end distancethan that of the random coils, and hence it is advantageous for a chain under tension.The m.p.d. of helices is found by maximizing the grand partition function (1.113) bychanging j . As before, we ndj /n = (1 ) (t)(z)
(1.117)
(1.118)
To see the physical meaning of this parameter, we substitute the equilibrium distribution (1.117) into the grand partition function, and x at = 1. We nd that it is givenbyn.F(T , t) = [g(t)/z]
(1.119)
31
Since the probability p(m = 0) for nding a completely random coil is given byg(t) n /F(T , t), we ndp(m = 0) = zn ,
(1.120)
and hence the physical interpretation of the parameter z is the probability such that anarbitrarily chosen monomer belongs to the random coil part.Repeating the same procedure given above under no tension, we nd = zV1 (t, z)/ [1 + zV1 (t, z)] ,
(1.121)
(1.122)
(t)z ,
V1 (t, x)
(t)z .
(1.123)
The condition to nd z iszV0 (t, z) = 1.1z
(1.124)
This is basically the ZB equation, but here it is properly extended to include the effectof tension. The solution of this equation gives the probability z(t) as a function of thetemperature and the external force.Let us next nd the tensionelongation curve. The average end-to-end distance R canbe found by the fundamental relationR=
(1.125)
so that we haveR/na = L(t) (z/t)/z= (1 (t))[L(t) + zW1 (t, z)],
(1.126)
for k = 0, 1, 2, . . ..
k (t)L(t )x ,
(1.127)
(1.128)
(1.129)
of the parameter z and the expansion of the relation (1.119) in the formR 2 0 /na 2 = 1 6z1 /z0 .
(1.130)
(1.131)
where (0) is the helix contents at t = 0, which was studied in the preceding section, andw V2 (0, z0 )/V1 (0, z0 )
(1.132)
is the weight-average helix length of the chain under no tension (see Figure 1.14).The end-to-end distance as a function of the tension is calculated in a similar way asbefore. We ndR(t) = R (c) (t)[1 (t)] + R (h) (t) (t),
(1.133)
4Helix Content
<R 2>/na 2
0.0010.01
= 0.1
0.50
01
Fig. 1.14
01Temperature ln s
Mean square end-to-end distance (solid lines) and helix content (dotted lines) plotted against thetemperature. A minimum appears in R 2 at the coilhelix transition temperature.
33
where R (c) and R (h) are the end-to-end functions dened for the coil part and helicalpart in a similar way as above [28, 29].
1.9
1.9.1
exp[A(i, j)],
(1.134)
( )i ( )j .
(1.135)
34
rg
Fig. 1.15
rc
Sequential hydration along the polymer chain, with the end-to-end vector R under tension f , dueto the cooperative interaction between the nearest-neghboring bound water molecules. Thevector rg connects the incoming and outgoing point of a globule, while the vector rc is theend-to-end vector of a hydrated coil. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [30].)
The combinatorial factor is the number of different ways to place the sequencesspecied by (i, j), and is given by( i )!( j )!(i, j) = .(1.136)i ! j !This method is generally applicable to any chain along which two different structuresare alternately formed [30].The statistical weight for a globule of size can be modeled by considering itscondensation free energy f . The cohesive energy of the globule due to hydrophobicaggregation is given by , where (> 0) is the binding energy per repeat unit. Theglobule has a surface tension at the surface in contact with water, so that the total freeenergy is given by f = + 2/3 . Thus the statistical weight takes the form (T ) = e
2/3
(T ) ,
(1.137)
(1.138)
where s(T ) is the association constant for the H-bonding of a water molecule onto a repeatunit of the polymer chain. It can be written as s(T ) exp[( H + )] in terms of theH-bonding energy H . The parameter exp( ) is a measure of the cooperativity
35
(1.139)
of ve contiguous hydrated repeat units on the coil part has a statistical weight of s(T )5
with an additional factor ( )2 from the two boundaries in contact with the globularparts.Instead of summing over all possible distributions (i, j), we nd the m.p.d. thatminimizes the free energy A(i, j) under the conditionn
i =
j ,
(1.140)
because a pearl and string appear alternately, and also under the condition that the totalnumber of repeat units is xed atn
(i + j ) = n.
(1.141)
Let us introduce two Lagrange indeterminate coefcients and for these constraints,and minimizeA(i, j) = ln (i, j)
(i ln + j ln )
(i j ) (i + j ) n ,
(1.142)
i = e z ,
j /
j = e z ,
(1.143)
e V0 (z) = 1,
(1.144)
whereUk (z)
k z ,
Vk (z)
k z
(k = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
(1.145)
36
are the k-th moments of the distributions i and j , respectively. By eliminating , theLagrange constant z can be found by the equationU0 (z)V0 (z) = 1.
(1.146)
(1.147)i /n =j /n = [U1 (z)/U0 (z) + V1 (z)/V0 (z)]1 .
(1.148)
The fraction of the hydrated part, or the number of bound water molecules, is given by
The fraction of the globules is given by 1 . This equation can be written in a morecompact form as = h(z)V1 (z)/[1 + h(z)V1 (z)],
(1.150)
(1.151)
In the original ZB (1.146) for CH transition with = 1, the factor h(z) is reduced to z.(The upper limit of the sum is allowed to go to innity.)The number-average size of the globules is given by(g)n j /j = U1 (z)/U0 (z) = U1 (z)V0 (z).(1.152)
Similarly, the number-average sequence length of the hydrated random coils is given byn(c) j /j = V1 (z)/V0 (z) = U0 (z)V1 (z).(1.153)
The superscript (c) indicates the random coils swollen by bound water.Finally, by substituting the m.p.d. into the original partition function (1.134), we ndZ(T ) = 1/zn , as in (1.102).
37
(r)ef r dr,g
(t)
c (r)ef r dr,
(1.154)
we can easily see that the partition function Q(f , T ) takes a form similar to Z asQ(f , T ) =
(i, j)
[ g (t)]i [ (t)]j ,
(1.155)
where t f a/kB T , as dened in (1.17), is the dimensionless tension in the unit of thethermal energy. The statistical weight is now renormalized by the effect of tension as (t) g (t),
(t) z (t).
(1.156)
(1.157)
whereR (g) (t) na
U0 (t, z)/t,U1 (t, z)
R (c) (t) na
V0 (t, z)/t.V1 (t, z)
(1.158)
(1.159)
must be used for z. Thus the total length is decomposed into a globular part and a swollencoil part.The mean square end-to-end distance is written in compact form as(g)
R 2 0 = R 2 0 (1 0 ) + R 2 0 0 ,
(1.160)
R 2 0 6na 2
U (1) (z0 ),U1 (0, z0 )
V (1) (z0 )V1 (0, z0 )
(1.161)
are the average square end-to-end distance of each component, where U (1) (z0 ), V (1) (z0 )are the coefcients of the O(t 2 ) terms in U0 , V0 .
38
1.9.2
G = 1/3.
(1.162)
The Laplace transform of the end-vector distribution for a globule then takes the formGg (t) = sinh( G t)/ G t g(
t),
(1.163)
where g(t) is the Laplace transform (1.21) for the orientational distribution of one bondvector of the chain segment.We next introduce a simple model for the swollen hydrated coils. The mean end-to-enddistance of the chain segment with length is given byR = w a F ,
F = 3/5,
(1.164)
according to Florys law (1.76) for a swollen chain with the excluded-volume effect,where F = 3/5 is Florys exponent and w is a numerical constant of order unity. TheLaplace transform of the end-vector distribution for a hydrated coil then takes the form (t) = g( w F t).
(1.165)
We rst solve the ZB equation (1.149), and obtain 0 by (1.149). The end-to-enddistance can be calculated from the explicit formulaR 2 0 /na 2 = 2 2G 1 (1 0 ) + w 2 w2F 1 0 ,
(1.166)
where 2G 1
2G z0 /
w2F 1
z 0 ,
(1.167a)
2F z0 /
z 0 .
(1.167b)
For the numerical calculation, we assume the form s(T )/(T ) = 0 exp[ (1 )] forthe association constant of the H-bond, where 1 8/T is the reduced temperaturedeviation (1.73) from the theta temperature of the polymer solution without H-bonds,
39
and ( H + )/kB 8. (The fraction and the expansion factor R depend onlyupon the ratio s(T )/(T ).)Figure 1.16(a) shows the test calculation to see how the coilglobule transitionbecomes sharper with cooperativity. The DP is xed at n = 100 and the cooperativityparameter is varied from curve to curve. We can see clearly that the transition becomessharper with . The broken lines show the fraction of the hydrated parts.Figure 1.16(b) shows the tensionelongation curves at three different temperatures.At = 0.5 in the transition region, there appears a wide plateau in R, and we noticethe existence of the critical tension tc 3.0 for = 0.5 at which chain segments startto be reeled out from the globules. For the balance between a globule of the size anda hydrated coil of the same size, we nd a scaling lawtc2 .
(1.168)
The critical tension becomes smaller as the transition temperature is approached. Hence,we can expect that chain segments are easily reeled out from the globules by a smalltension near the transition temperature. If the chain is stretched by tension above a criticalvalue (the critical tension tc ), segments are reeled out from the globules, and exposed towater. Hydration proceeds while the random coils grow, so that the collapse temperatureis shifted to a higher value. The tension stays constant during the reel-out process, andhence a plateau appears in the tensionelongation curve [30].
1.9.3
0.01
= 1.5R/w na
R/R( = -1.5),
0.001
(a)Fig. 1.16
L(t)
0.01.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.7TEMPERATURE
0.5
0.0
46TENSION t
(a) Theoretical calculation of the expansion factor R (solid lines) and the degree of hydration (broken lines) plotted against temperature for three different cooperativity parameters = 103 , 104 , and 105 (n = 100, w / = 0.31). (b) Tensionelongation curves at threedifferent temperatures. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [30].)
bound CH3OHcollapsedglobule
bound H2O
free H2O
Fig. 1.17
free CH3OH
= w, m.
(1.169)
To take into consideration the difference in molecular volume of the solvents, let p bethe volume of methanol molecule relative to that of water. It has a numerical value ofbetween 2 and 3. We assume that the chain segments covered by bound water and boundmethanol are swollen because both solvents are good, and the remaining free segmentsare collapsed by hydrophobic aggregation (see Figure 1.17).Now, the number of different ways to choose such sequences from the nite totalnumber n is given by (w) (m)( i )!( j )!( j )!(i, j) =.(w) (m) [i !j !j !]
(1.170)
41
The canonical partition function of a chain for given numbers n(w) , n(m) of bound waterand bound methanol under tension f is given byQ(n(w) , n(m) , t) =
(w)
(m)
(1.171)
()
where (t) is the statistical weight of length for a solvent under tension, andn() 1 j () is the total number of adsorbed molecules of the solvent .Since the mixed solvent is a particle reservoir of both components, we introduce theactivity a of each type of solvent as independent variables (functions of the solventcomposition), and move to the grand partition function:n
F({a}, t)
aw n am n
(1.172)
n(w) ,n(m) =0
The m.p.d. of sequences that maximizes this grand partition function under the conditions
(w)(m)(j + j ),
(1.173)
) = n,
(1.174)
(1.175a)
(i + j
+ pj
are given by
/n = (1 )
z(am z ) ,
(1.175b)
1 j
(1.176)
= (w) + (m)
(1.177)
is the total number of sequences with () 1 j () /n being the number of sequencesof each solvent. The parameter z is dened by z 1 /(1 ), and is the probabilitythat an arbitrarily chosen monomer belongs to the free part. The grand partition functionis given by F({a}, t) = z(t)n .
42
U0 (t, z) V0 (t, aw z) + V0
!(t, am zp ) = 1,
(1.178)
for z for the mixed solvents. This is basically the same as the ZB equation in the precedingsection, but here it is properly extended to describe competiton in p-w and p-m Hbonding. The functions Vk are dened by
()Vk (t, x)
k (t)x .
(1.179)
The upper limit of the sum is n = n for water, and n = [n/p] for methanol, where [k]means the maximum integer smaller than, or equal to k.By using the solution z of the ZB equation, we nd that the total coverage is givenby"#(w)(m)h(t, z) V1 (t, aw z) + pV1 (t, am zp )"#,=(w)(m)1 + h(t, z) V1 (t, aw z) + pV1 (t, am zp )
(1.180)
whereh(t, z) U0 (t, z)2 /U1 (t, z).
(1.181)
The end-to-end distance as a function of the tension is given in a similar way as beforebyR(t) = R (g) (t)[1 (w) (t) (m) (t)] + w R (w) (t) (w) (t) + m R (m) (t) (m) (t),(1.182)where R (g) (t) and R () (t) are dened by a similar equation as in a pure water.The mean square average end-to-end distance of a free chain can be calculated by theequation [10, 29, 30](w)
R 2 0 /na 2 = 2 2G 1 (1 0
0 ) + w 2 w2F 1 0
+ m 2 m2F 1 0 . (1.183)
If we employ the ZB form for the statistical weight , the arguments of the V functionsbecome the combined variable aw sw t for water, and am sm t p for methanol. We assumethat the solventsolvent interaction is weak, compared to the solventpolymer interaction, and neglect it. The mixed solvent is regarded as an ideal mixture.4 Then the activity is (T )(1x )proportional to the mole fraction of each component. We can write aw sw =awm (T )x , where a s are functions of the temperature only.and am sm = amm4 The activity of w/m mixture can be treated more rigorously by using the theory of associated solutions.
43
1.2 = 1.01.00.1
R ,
0.010.001
0.00.0
Fig. 1.18
xm
Normalized end-to-end distance (solid lines), the total of the bound water and of bound methanol(dotted lines), plotted against the mole fraction of methanol. The DP of the polymer chain isxed at n = 100 for a test calculation. For a test calculation, perfect symmetry is assumed. Thevolume ratio of the solvents is xed at p = 1. The cooperativity parameter w = m is varied = a = 1.8. The monomerfrom curve to curve. The association constants are xed at awmexpansion factors are xed at w / = m / = 2.0 (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [10].)
Figure 1.18 shows the expansion factor for the end-to-end distance R2 R 2 0 (xm )/R 2 0 (0) (solid lines) and the total coverage 0 (broken lines) plotted againstthe molar fraction xm of methanol. Here, R 2 0 (0) is the value in pure water.The calculation was done as a test case by assuming that all parameters are symmetricand with p = 1. The cooperativity parameter varies from curve to curve. We can clearlysee that the coverage takes a minimum value at xm = 0.5 (stoichiometric concentration)as a result of the competition, so that the end-to-end distance also takes a minimumvalue at xm = 0.5. As cooperativity becomes stronger, the depression of the end-toend distance becomes narrower and deeper. In a real mixture, the association constantand cooperativity parameter are different for water and methanol, so that we expectasymmetric behavior with respect to the molar fraction.Figure 1.19 shows a comparison between the experimental mean radii of gyration(circles) obtained from laser light scattering measurements [31] and the mean end-toend distances obtained from theoretical calculations (solid line). Both are normalizedby the reference value in pure water. The total coverage = (w) + p (m) , includingbound water and bound methanol, is also plotted (broken line). The molecular weight ofthe polymer used in the experiment is as high as Mw = 2.63 107 g mol1 , and hencewe xed n = 105 . The volume ratio is set to be p = 2 from the molecular structure ofmethanol.For larger p, it turns out that the recovery of the expansion factor at high methanolcomposition is not sufcient. In order to have a sharp collapse at around xm 0.17 thecooperativity must be as high as w = 104 . Similarly, to produce a sharp recovery ataround xm 0.4, we used m = 103 .
44
1.2p(m)1.0
Fig. 1.19
Comparison between the theoretical calculation (solid line) of the expansion factor for the meansquare end-to-end distance for n = 105 and p = 2 and the experimental data of the radius ofgyration (circles). The degree of hydration (p-w H-bonding) (w) and of p-m H-bonding (m) = 1.13,are also plotted (broken line). The tting parameters are aw
References[1] Flory, P. J., Principles of Polymer Chemistry, Chap. X. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY,1953.[2] Flory, P. J., Statistical Mechanics of Chain Molecules. Wiley: New York, 1968.[3] Tobolsky, A. V.; Mark, H. F., Polymer Sience and Materials. Wiley: New York, 1971.[4] Rubinstein, M.; Colby, R. H., Polymer Physics. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2003.[5] Graessley, W. W., Polymeric Liquids & Networks: Structure and Properties. Garland Science:London, 2004.[6] Kremer, K.; Grest, G. S., J. Chem. Phys. 92, 5057 (1990).[7] Gibbs, J. H.; Dimarzio, E. A., J. Chem. Phys. 28, 373 (1958).[8] Dimarzio, E. A.; Gibbs, J. H., J. Chem. Phys. 28, 807 (1958).[9] Indei, T.; Tanaka, F., Macromol. Rapid Commun. 26, 701 (2005).[10] Tanaka, F.; Koga, T., Macromolecules 39, 5913 (2006).[11] Debye, P., J. Phys. Chem. 51, 18 (1947).[12] Eyring, H., Phys. Rev. 39, 746 (1932).[13] Oka, S., Proc. Math. Phys. Soc. Japan 24, 657 (1942).[14] Kratky, O.; Porod, G., Rec. Trav. Chim. 68, 1106 (1949).[15] Mayer, J. E.; Mayer, M. G., Statistical Mechanics. Wiley: New York, 1940.[16] de Gennes, P. G., Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics. Cornell University Press: Ithaca,1979.
References
[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]
45
Yamakawa, H., Modern Theory of Polymer Solutions. Harper & Row: New York, Pub. 1971.Flory, P. J., J. Chem. Phys. 17, 303 (1949).Ptitsyn, O. B.; Kron, A. K.; Eizner, Y. Y., J. Polym. Sci. Part C 16, 3509 (1968).de Gennes, P. G., J. Physique Lett. 36 L-55; 39 L-299 (1975).Nishio, I.; Sun, S.-T.; Swislow, G.; Tanaka, T., Nature 281, 208 (1979); Sun, S.-T.; Nishio, I.;Swislow, G.; Tanaka, T., J. Chem. Phys. 73, 5971 (1980).Park, I. H.; Wang, Q.-W.; Chu, B., Macromolecules 20, 1965 (1987).Poland, D.; Scheraga, H. A., Theory of Helix-Coil Transitions in Biopolymers. AcademicPress: New York and London, 1970.Zimm, B. H.; Bragg, J. K., J. Chem. Phys. 31, 526 (1959).Wyman, J.; Gill, S. J., Binding and Linkage. University Science Books: Mill Valley, 1990.Lifson, S.; Roig, A., J. Chem. Phys. 34, 1963 (1961).Toda, M.; Tanaka, F. Macromolecules 38, 561 (2004).Okada, Y.; Tanaka, F. Macromolecules 38, 4465 (2005).Tanaka, F.; Koga, T.; Winnik, F. M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 028302 (2008).Tanaka, F.; Koga, T.; Kojima, H.; Winnik, F. M., Macromolecules 42, 1231 (2009).Zhang, G.; Wu, C., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 1376 (2001).
Gibbs principle of multiple phase equilibria is applied to model polymer solutions to explore thepossible types of heterophase coexistence and phase transitions. The fundamental properties ofdilute polymer solutions and liquidliquid phase separation driven by van der Waals-type interaction is reviewed within the framework of FloryHuggins theory. No specic molecular interactionsare assumed. Renement of the polymersolvent contact energy beyond FloryHuggins description is attempted to study the glass transition of polymer solutions at low temperatures. The scalingdescription of semiconcentrated polymer solutions is summarized.
2.1.1
(2)
(n)
1 = 1 = = 1 ,...(2)(n)(1)c = c = = c .
(2.1)
If such balance breaks, the free energy can be reduced by the appropriate transfer ofmaterials between the phases.The total number of these conditions is c(n1). The total number of intensive variablesnecessary to describe the system is n(c 1) + 2 (the number n(c 1) added by 2 forT and p). Hence the total number f of the independent variables is given byf = n(c 1) + 2 c(n 1) = c n + 2.
(2.2)
47
pressure p
phase=123ntemperatureTFig. 2.1
Phase equilibrium of a multicomponent mixture under the given pressure p and temperature T .The mixture is separated into = 1, 2, . . . , n phases.
This result is called Gibbs phase rule. The variance, or thermodynamic degree offreedom, f , is the number of intensive variables that can be independently changedwithout breaching the thermal equilibrium of the system.A system with f = 0 is invariant; all intensive variables are xed, and hence the statecan be represented by a point in the phase space.A system with f = 1 is monovariant, with f = 2 it is bivariant, with f = 3 it istrivariant, etc. In the phase space, the boundary between two distinct phases is described by a line for a monovariant system, a plane for bivariant system, and a cube fora trivariant system.When some reactions take place in the phases, the variance is reduced. Consider thereversible reaction1 A1 + 2 A2 + 1 A1 + 2 A2 + .
(2.3)
Equation (2.3) is in equilibrium in phase . The condition for the chemical equilibrium is
i i =
i i
(2.4)
which is added to the original Gibbs conditions (2.1), and hence one degree of freedom isreduced. If there are r reactions in the entire system, the number of independent variablesis reduced from c to c r, and hence the variance is given byf = (c r) n + 2
(2.5)
in a generalized form.For a one component system with c = 1, we have f = 3n. Hence, for a uniform statewith n = 1, the variance is f = 2. For a two-phase equilibrium with n = 2, it is f = 1.
p [atm]
maximum densityn
270218.31
L (water)S (Ice Ih)
CP
l/g
s/l1.000.0080.006028
s/g
TP
T0 80 CTemperature [C]
48
60P
40SA+L
sA/l
205.50TE
l/s B DL+SB
SA+SB0.875
202.07 0.013.98
Fig. 2.2
374.15T [C]4.004
10 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8A (naphthalene) B (benzene)
Examples of phase diagrams: (a) one-component system (water), (b) two-component system(naphtalene/benzene).
2.1.2
Stability of a phaseThis section describes the necessary conditions for an arbitrary system to remain stablein a specied uniform phase under the given environmental conditions. In order for a
49
Adiabatic wall
EnvironmentSystem P
Nc = 0
U (e)= 0
Wmin= 0Fig. 2.3
Minimum work required to change the state of a part P in the closed system.
state to be stable, the system does not change spontaneously, i.e., it can change only if apositive work is applied to it from the environment [15].Consider a part P of the system surrounded by an adiabatic wall where a small changeis caused by work applied from the environment (Figure 2.3). The minimum work Wminto cause this change is that of a quasi-static process. It is given byWmin = U + U (e) ,
(2.6)
where U is the change of the internal energy of P, and U (e) is the change of the internalenergy of the remaining part P of the system outside of P (regarded as an environmentto P). If we take a part of the system containing a xed amount of the special component(usually the solvent i = c), we have Nc = 0 during this change. The innitesimal changeof the environment P isU
(e)
=T
p V
c1i=1
i Ni .
(2.7)
Ni = Ni .
(2.8)
Because the entropy of an isolated system must increase (or stay constant) due to thesecond law of thermodynamics, the inequalityS + S (e) 0
(2.9)
holds. For a quasi-static process, the equality holds, and hence the minimum work isWmin = U T (e) S + p (e) V
(2.10)
2 U1 2U 2U22(S)(V)+2+(S)(V )22SV2SV 2U (Ni )(Nj ) + .(2.11)+Ni Nj
This work must be positive, Wmin 0, to ensure the stability of the system, and hencethe right-hand side of (2.11) must be positive-denite.First, the coefcients of the linear terms must vanish because the sign of the terms canchange if they are nonzero. Hence the conditionsT = T (e) ,
p = p (e) ,
i = i
(2.12)
must hold. The temperature, pressure, and chemical potentials must be the same as theremaining part.The second-order terms are a quadratic form of the independent variables S, V ,Ni (i = 1, 2, . . . , c 1), and hence the matrix made up of these coefcients must be apositive-denite matrix. We can express this matrix by using the thermodynamic relationsU /S = T and U /V = p in the form
TS V
T VS
pS V
pV S1N1
c1N1
c1Nc1
(2.13)
51
(2.14)
2TV,T
(2.15)
the specic heat Cp at constant pressure must also be positive. The general relationS =
CVTCp
(2.16)
2G
xi xj p,T
2Gx12
2Gx1 xc1
2G2xc1
2Gxc1 x1
(2.17)
D = 0,
(2.18)
are added, where determinant D is the new determinant obtained by replacing the lastrow of D byD DD,, ...,.x1 x2xc1The variance of the critical phases is given by f = c n.
(2.19)
52
Because two phases merge into one, we have n = 1, and hence f = 0 (critical point)for c = 1, f = 1 (critical line) for c = 2, and f = 2 (critical surface) for c = 3.Let us specically consider a two-component system. Because the Gibbs determinant2
is simply D = ( 2 G/x1 )p,T , the critical condition is 3G
2G== 0.x12x13
(2.20)
(2.21)
G= 1 2x1
(2.22)
1 2 1x1 11 2G.= 1+==
x1 x1x2 x1 1 x1 x1x12
(2.23)
the differential of
is transformed into
3G1=3(1 x1 )2x1
11 2 1+.x11 x1 x12
(2.24)
1x1
T ,p
= 0,
(2.25)
2 1=x12T ,p
(2.26)
2.1.3
53
p+
MFig. 2.4
Schematic representation of the osmotic pressure. The liquid part is separated into the solutionand the pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane M. The gas phase is in equilibrium with thetwo liquid phases. The solute is assumed to be involatile.
Since the solvent molecules can pass freely through M, the chemical potential of thesolvent (i = 0) must be the same,0 (T , p) = 0 (T , p + , {x}),
(2.27)
in the equilibrium state of L and S, where p is the external pressure. Developing theright-hand side of this equation in powers of , and taking the rst-order term only, wend0 =,(2.28)V0where V0 is the molar volume of the solvent. We have used the relation (0 /p)T = V0 .It stays approximately the same as that of the pure solvent. The difference 0 0 (T , p, {x}) 0 (T , p) is the chemical potential of the solvent measured relative tothe pure solvent.Let p0 be the pressure of the vapor G (assumed to be an ideal gas) in equilibriumwith the solution. The osmotic pressure is connected to the activity a0 = e0 /RT andthe ratio of the vapor pressure p0 /p0 of the solvent through the relation RTp0 =ln .
pV00
(2.29)
54
(2.30)
where S is the area of the membrane. In a state of equilibrium, this work must be zero,i.e., F = 0. Because Sl is the volume change, the ratio Sx/N0 = V0 is the molarvolume of the pure solvent. Hence, we conrm the relation (2.28).For an ideal solution, the chemical potential of the solvent is given by
0 = RT ln x0 = RT ln 1
xi ,
(2.31)
where the solvent is excluded in the sum over the component. The vapor pressure isp0 /p0 = 1
xi ,
(2.32)
(2.33)
(2.34)
Because weight concentration is more often used than the mole fraction, let us convertthe unit of concentration. For a dilute solution, we havei =0
xi =
i =0 ni
n0 +
n0
RT RT cni =,VM n
(2.35)
ni Vi
(2.36)
wherec=
Mi ni /V
(2.37)
55
is the weight concentration [kg dm3 ] of the solution (Mi is the molecular weight of thecomponent i). The averagei =0 Mi ni
(2.38)Mn i =0 niis the number average molecular weight of the solute molecules, i.e., the molecular weight averaged by the number distribution function. Equation (2.36) is vantHoffs law.Because the osmotic pressure of a polydisperse polymer solution in which polymersof the same chemical species but different molecular weight are dissolved is related tothe average molecular weight of the polymers, we can infer the molecular weight of thepolymers by measuring the osmotic pressure of their solutions.For nonideal dilute solutions we can study the osmotic pressure using virial expansion. For simplicity, let us specically assume that the solute is one component. Thevirial expansion of the osmotic pressure,"c#(c, T ) = RT(2.39)+ A2 (T )c2 + A3 (T )c3 + ,Min powers of the concentration is just the same as the virial expansion of interacting gasesin powers of the density. The rst term shows vant Hoffs law because c/M = n/V isthe mole concentration. The rest are corrections to this ideal law. The coefcient Am (T )of the m-th power term is the m-th virial coefcient.In dilute solutions, the second virial coefcient, which appears as a result of theintermolecular interaction, is important. Plotting the ratio /c as a function of the concentration, we can nd RT /M from the intercept by extrapolating the data into theinnite dilution c 0, and hence we can estimate the molecular weight M of the solutepolymers. The initial slope of this curve in dilute region is A2 . We will see this in Section2.2 in more detail.
2.1.4
variable, and assume that they are given by xB in phase and xB in phase. The Gibbsconditions areA (p, T , {x }) = A (p, T , {x }),
(2.40a)
(2.40b)
The slope of the tangent line drawn at a given value of xB on the molar Gibbs freeenergy, xA A + xB B ,G(2.41)
56
B A = B A =
xB xB
(2.42)
From the condition (2.22), it is evident that this condition is equivalent to the conditionfor the phase equilibrium (2.40).The stability limit of a phase is found by the condition
or, equivalently,
BxB
2G2xB
p,T
(2.43)
= 0.
(2.44)
The inner region inside the boundary determined by this condition is an unstable region2
with 2 G/xB < 0.For the critical point, the additional condition
or
2 BxB2
3GxB3
(2.45)
(2.46)
(2.47)
(2.48)
on quenching the temperature from a stable uniform state with the composition xB to thetemperature inside the unstable region as shown in Figure 2.5. The solution eventually
57
spinodalA0
B0
t1t2Gt3t4
t1BA
t2C
-phase
t5
-phasemetastable unstable metastable
region
0Fig. 2.5
G0
x x
x
The composition (x , x ) in a two-phase equilibrium (white circles) and the spinodal point ofthe stability limit (black circles). The free energy difference between the uniform state at thecomposition x and the phase separated state is indicated by the line G0 G.
decomposes into two phases which are indicated by the endpoints of the lines t1 , t2 , . . . inFigure 2.5, and approaches the nal state with and . Such decomposition of a solutioninto two phases by temperature quenching is called spinodal decomposition.If similar quenching is carried out at the composition xB = x lying inside themetastable region between the binodal and spinodal lines, the free energy of the solution once goes up to the line t1 (AB), and then after passing the change BC, thesolution decomposes into and phases. Because the free energy will not increase spontaneously, thermal excitation or external work is necessary to realize such an activationprocess.
58
N1,V
c=
mnN1,V
x=
N1,N0 + N 1
nN1,N0 + nN1
in terms of the unit given above, where m is the mass of a repeat unit.The characteristic feature of polymer solutions is that they largely deviate from theideal solution. We will look at this step-by-step in the following subsections.
2.2.1
59
Activity a0 = p0/p0o
Ideal solution
0.5M = 103
M = 3 10500
0.5Mole Fraction x
Fig. 2.6
Vapor pressure depression of polymer solutions. The solvent activity (vapor pressure normalizedby the reference value of the pure solvent) is plotted against the molar fraction of the polymers.
1.850C
/c
40C
1.41.2
30C1.00
2.0
c[g/100 cm3]Fig. 2.7
originates in the interchain interaction, is very important. Figure 2.7 plots /c of thesolutions of polystyrene in cyclohexane against the weight concentration c. In the limitof dilution c 0, we can nd RT /M, and hence we can nd the molecular weight Mof the polymer. The initial slopes of these lines give A2 . Its sign changes between thetemperatures 30 C and 40 C from negative to positive. The temperature at which theconditionA2 (T ) = 0
(2.49)
Polymer
Solvent
polyethylenepolystyrene
diphenyletherdecalincyclohexanecyclohexanoneisoamyl acetatebenzyl alcohol2-heptanoneacetonytril2-octanonemethylethylketonchlorobenzene
polypropylenepoly(vinyl chloride)Poly(methyl methacrylate)
poly(dimethyl siloxane)
161.43134.59234155.41130522068
41(2R)3 2 ,3M
(2.50)
where M 2 in the denominator is required to change the number of the sphere to the massdensity c used in the denition. Because the radius of gyration of a random coil in a goodsolvent is R M , we haveA2 M 32 ,
(2.51)
and hence the power law A2 M 0.2 holds for the swollen chain with the Flory exponent = 3/5. Experiments report that the exponent lies in the range 0.10.5, with a typicalvalue of 0.2. Detailed calculation of the second virial coefcient on the basis of theperturbation expansion is presented in the classic textbook by Yamakawa [7].1 In this book, we discriminate it from the molecular theta temperature dened in Chapter 1 based on the
intramolecular interaction. 8 depends on both intra- and intermolecular interaction. If the interactionbetween the statistical repeat units can be described by a single excluded volume parameter v in (1.71),these two are identical. In the perturbational calculation of the third virial coefcient, simple substitutionof (1.71) cannot explain the observation of positive A3 > 0 at the 8 temperature. In such a case, the thirdcluster integral must be introduced in addition to the binary cluster integral v.
61
2RFig. 2.8
Excluded volume (broken line) between the equivalent spheres representing polymer chains. Thesecond virial coefcient of the osmotic pressure is proportional to the excluded volume.
2.2.2
ViscosityThe viscosity of a liquid is dened as follows. Keep a liquid between the two parallelplates, and apply a force xy per unit area to the upper plate in the x-direction perpendicular to the y-axis. The force xy is called the shear stress. The rst index indicates theforce direction, and the second indicates the direction of the normal vector perpendicularto the surface. The liquid ows in the x-direction, and the stationary velocity eld vx (y)with a constant velocity gradient (shear rate)
vx,y
(2.52)
The viscosity of the polymer solution depends in general on the shear rate . The termviscosity usually indicates ( ) in the limit of the small shear rate 0,0 lim ( ). 0
(2.54)
Whenever its dependence on the shear rate is studied, ( ) is referred to as the nonlinearstationary viscosity. The CGS unit of the viscosity [g cm s1 ] is called poise. Its MKSunit is [kg m s1 ] [Pa s].The viscosity is related to the energy dissipation in the liquid. Let d be the separationbetween the two plates, and let us consider the lower part with area S. The upper areamoves by a distance d in the x-direction per unit time, and hence the stress does thework ( d)(xy S) on the liquid. This work is dissipated as heat generated by the friction
62
yd
xy
Area S(a)Fig. 2.9
(a) Shear ow and viscosity of the solution. Polymers ow toward downstream while they rotate.(b) The work done by the shear stress in a unit time for the solution to ow.
between the molecules in the liquid. By denition, the stress is xy = , and the workdone by the stress is ( d)(xy S) = ( 2 )(Sd), so that the heat quantity generated in aunit time in a unit volume is proportional to the viscosity as 2 .The small shear rate region where the nonlinear viscosity is independent of the shearrate is called Newtonian region. With an increase in the shear rate, the viscosity ofordinary polymer solutions decreases. This phenomenon is known as shear thinning.In polymer solutions in which polymers associate with each other by strongly attractiveforces, such as hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic association, etc., the viscosity increaseswith the shear rate, reaches a maximum, and then decreases. The increase of the viscosityby shear is called shear thickening. Typical examples of thickening solutions aresolutions of associating polymers. Shear thickening caused by nonlinear stretching ofthe polymer chains will be studied in Chapter 9.The viscosity of a solution is a function of the concentration. Its increment due tothe solvent relative to the reference value 0 of the pure solvent is the specic viscositysp
0.0
(2.55)
The specic viscosity is proportional to the concentration in the dilute region; the reducedviscosity dened by red sp /c is often used. It can be developed in a power series ofthe concentration:sp= [] + k2 c + k3 c2 + .(2.56)cThe rst term [] is the intrinsic viscosity (or limiting viscosity number). It has thedimension of the reciprocal of concentration, and has a value of order unity whenmeasured by the unit of g dm3 . More precisely,[]c 1,
(2.57)
63
1.00(7)0.90
(1)
(2) (3)
(4)
0.80
(6)
0.70
(5)
0.600.1
Fig. 2.10
1.Dimensionless Shear Rate
Relative intrinsic viscosity as a function of the shear rate: poly(-methylstyrene) in toluene withmolecular weight is (1) 690 k, (2) 1240 k, (3) 1460 k (4) 1820 k, (5) 7500 k, polystyrene with amolecular of weight 13 000 k in toluene, (6) and in decalin (7) The viscosity exhibits shearthinning phenomena. The Newtonian plateau region depends on the molecular weight. (Reprintedwith permission from Noda, I.; Yamada, Y.; Nagasawa, M., J. Phys. Chem. 72, 2890 (1968).)
where c is the overlap concentration, the concentration at which polymer random coilsstart to overlap with each other. The overlap concentration will be described in detail inSection 2.4.1.Figure 2.10 shows an example of the viscosity of a polymer solution measured as afunction of the shear rate. The relative intrinsic viscosity []( )/[]( = 0) is plottedagainst the reduced shear rate , where is the characteristic relaxation time. Crossoverfrom the Newtonian region to the thinning region can be seen.The coefcient of the second term k2 gives the effect of hydrodynamic interactionbetween two polymer chains. The interaction is mediated by the ow of the solventaround them. The strength of the hydrodynamic interaction is usually described by thedimensionless number called the Huggins coefcient:kH k2 /[]2 .
(2.58)
In commonly occurring polymer solutions, the Huggins coefcient takes the value in therange 0.30.7 (see Figure 2.11).The intrinsic viscosity contains the information on the conformation and molecularmotion of each individual polymer chain. It depends on the molecular weight in thepower law (the MarkHouwinkSakurada relation)[] = KM a ,
(2.59)
64
3.1sp/c2.92.72.52.30
Fig. 2.11
(ln (/0))/c0.04
0.080.12 0.16 0.20concentration c[g dl1]
0.24
Specic viscosity of polystyrene in benzene plotted against the polymer concentration [g dm3 ].The molecular weight of the polymer is Mw = 360 000.
polystyrene
cyclohexanebutanonebenzeneacetoneacetonebenzenetoluene
(cis-)polybutadienepoly(ethyl acrylate)poly(methyl methacrylate)poly(vinyl acetate)poly(tetrahydrofuran)
34.5253025203028
K 103[dm3 g1 ]
84.63933.751552225.1
0.500.580.720.590.730.650.78
Let us derive the relation (2.59) by comparing the random coil of a polymer with ahard sphere. It is known for a suspension of rigid hard spheres of mass m and volume vthat the specic viscosity is given by5sp = + 2 2 + ,2
(2.60)
where N v/V is the volume fraction of the spheres in the suspension. The coefcient5/2 was found by Einstein in 1906. The exact value of the second coefcient 2 is difcultto nd, but is estimated to be 7.6 from the approximate solution of the hydrodynamicequation. Because = vc/m, we nd that [] = 5v/2m by comparing this equation with(2.56). The intrinsic viscosity depends on the mass density m/v of the sphere and isindependent of the total mass (molecular weight). Hence we have a = 0.Let us assume the random coil in the solution as a hard sphere of the radius RH as in thethermodynamic sphere (Figure 2.8). This hypothetical sphere is not the representativeof the segment distribution, but shows the region inside the coil where the solvent owcannot pervade. It is called the hydrodynamically equivalent sphere (Figure 2.12). Its3 /3. The radius R is not the same as the radius of gyration, but isvolume is vH = 4RHH
Fig. 2.12
65
Hydrodynamically equivalent sphere dened by the region into which the solvent ow does notpervade.
s 2 3/2vH=0.mM
(2.61)
s 2 0 3/2M 31 ,)(2.62)[] = 0(M
(2.63)
and the index a is a = 3 1. (The subscript 0 indicates a Gaussian coil. The radius ofgyration s 2 0 of a Gaussian chain is proportional to the molecular weight M.) K is aconstant independent of M. At the theta temperature, polymer chains can be regarded asGaussian with = 0.5, and hence a = 0.5. At high temperatures where chains are swollenby the excluded volume effect with the Flory index, = 3/5, and hence a = 0.8. Theexperimental results summarized in Table 2.2 can thus be explained.
2.2.3
66
Jx (x,t)
x(a)
Fig. 2.13
Jx (x+dx,t)
x+dx
x(b)
Molecular diffusion. (a) Counting the number of molecules moving across a hypothetical unitarea in the solution. (b) Counting the number of molecules entering and exiting the regionbetween parallel planes separated by an innitesimal distance dx.
The mass of the solute molecules moving across an innitesimal area dS in the solutionin a unit time is given by J ndS, where n is the unit normal vector perpendicular to thisarea, and J is the ux vector. For instance, the mass ux of solute molecules movingacross the unit area perpendicular to the x-axis is Jx .The ux is proportional to the gradient of the concentration,J = Dc,
(2.64)
because of the diffusion. This is Ficks law. The negative sign shows that the diffusiontakes place from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Theproportionality constant D is the diffusion constant. It is a material constant of thesolute molecules in a given solvent.To derive Ficks law, consider a ctitious plane perpendicular to the x-axis at theposition x, and count the number of molecules that cross the small area dS on this plane(Figure 2.13(a)). To describe the random Brownian motion of the solute molecules dueto thermal agitation, let us assume for simplicity that each molecule moves by one stepof width a in a xed short time in random directions with equal probability. Becausethere are three axes in the space, and each axis has direction, on average 1/6 of thetotal molecules move to the + direction of the x-axis. The number of molecules that passthe area during the time interval is therefore 1/6 of the molecules in the cylindoricalvolume adS in the left-hand side of the plane. If the number density in the volume isrepresented by n(x a/2, t) at the central position P(x a/2) of the volume, then a totalof1n(x a/2, t)adS6molecules cross the area to the positive direction. A similar formula holds for themolecules moving in the negative direction. Taking the difference and dividing by thearea, we nd
21an1jx =(n(x a/2, t) n(x + a/2, t)) a 6
6 x
(2.65)
67
for the number ux to the positive direction. The multiplication of the mass of a moleculeto this equation leads to Ficks law for the mass ux Jx mjx . Hence the diffusionconstant is given bya2(2.66)D= .6(The squared step length a 2 divided by the fundamental time scale necessary for onestep of movement.) The number 6 comes from the space dimensions d multiplied by 2for the directions. The diffusion of a marked particle obtained in such a way is theself-diffusion constant or marker diffusion constant.Let us next count the number of molecules that are entering and exiting the regionbetween the parallel planes at the position x and x + dx separated by an innitesimaldistance dx in the system (Figure 2.13(b)). Because mass Jx (x, t) enters from the lefthand plane per unit area per unit time, and mass Jx (x + dx, t) exits from the right-handplane, the mass inside the region changes byJx
dx.(cdx) = Jx (x, t) Jx (x + dx, t) xtSubstituting Ficks law (2.64) into this equation, we nd that the concentration obeysthe diffusion equation 2cc(2.67)=D 2.txIf we observe the displacement of a Brownian particle over a long time interval t, itlooks like the conformation of a random ight polymer chain with a fundamental steplength a and number of repeat units n = t/ (Figure 1.4). The displacement R of theparticle corresponds to the end-to-end distance, and its square average should be equal tota 2= 6Dt.(2.68)
D=
kB T
(2.69)
(2.70)
In the case of polymers diffusing in a solvent, we can replace the random coil by thehydrodynamically equivalent sphere of radius RH . We nd = 6 0 RH ,
(2.71)
68
Molecular weight
D [107 cm2 s1 ]
5810 60067 000606 000
waterbenzenebenzenebenzene
80.011.74.11.5
and hence the friction coefcient should obey the power law M . The molecularweight of the polymer can therefore be estimated by measuring the diffusion constant.The absolute values of the diffusion constant for different materials are in the range107 106 cm2 s1 . Table 2.3 shows some examples.The diffusion constant obtained by tracing the selected particle among many is themarker diffusion constant. The marker diffusion constant is indicated by the labelingsymbol *, as D . In contrast, the diffusion constant in Ficks law is dened for the manyparticles involved in the local concentration, and is called the concentration diffusioncoefcient. In dilute solutions where particles move independently of each other, thesetwo diffusion constants are the same. In concentrated solutions, the assumption of independent motion of the particles breaks down by molecular interaction, so that the twodiffusion coefcients are not identical.To study the concentration diffusion coefcient, let us focus on a solute particle insolution. Its average velocity u is decided by the balance condition between the thermal
(2.72)
where (r, t) is the chemical potential of the particle at the position r, and is the frictionconstant. The mass ux J = cu then takes the formJ = (c/ ) = (c/ )(/c)T c,
(2.73)
c
c T
(2.74)
Although the marker diffusion coefcient is always positive, the concentration diffusion coefcient may become negative when the thermodynamic instability condition(/c)T < 0 is fullled (Section 2.3). Particles spontaneously move from the regionsof low concentration to the regions of high concentration. When a solution is quenchedfrom a high-temperature uniform state to a low-temperature unstable state in the spinodalregion, it separates into two phases through such negative diffusion. The method usedto observe the time development of the phase separation process by such a temperaturequenching is called the spinodal decomposition method.
69
(2.75)
(where 0 (T ) is the reference value) by using the activity coefcient . The concentrationdiffusion coefcient is
kB T ln D(c) =,(2.76)1+ (c) ln c Twhere the friction coefcient may also depend on the concentration as (c) = 0 (1 + kf c + ).
(2.77)
When there is no interaction, the activity is given by = 1 and = 0 , so that the diffusioncoefcient reduces to the marker diffusion coefcientD = kB T /0 = D .
(2.78)
The factor in the parenthesis of (2.76) appears due to the molecular interaction, and iscalled the thermodynamic factor of the diffusion coefcient. The diffusion coefcientcan be expanded in powers of the concentration in the dilute region asD(c) = D (1 + kD c + ),
(2.79)
(2.80)
2.3
2.3.1
70
Fig. 2.14
number W (N0 , N1 ) of different ways to place N1 chains and N0 solvent molecules on thishypothetical lattice, whose total number of cells is N V /a 3 (Figure 2.14). We assumethat the solution is incompressible, and hence N = N0 + nN1 holds. The congurationalentropy is given by the Boltzmanns principleS(N0 , N1 ) = kB ln W (N0 , N1 ).
(2.81)
The entropy of mixing, as measured from the standard reference state in which polymersand solvent are separated in the hypothetical crystalline states, is then given by thedifferencemix S = S(N0 , N1 ) S(0, N1 ) S(N0 , 0).(2.82)To nd W (N0 , N1 ), we tentatively assign the number 1, 2, 3, . . . , N1 to the polymers. Letj +1 be the number of possible ways to place the (j + 1)-th chain on the lattice withoutdouble occupancy, one repeat unit by one starting from one end unit, under the conditionthat all polymers to the j -th are already placed on the lattice.The number W is then given byW (N0 , N1 ) =
N 1 11j +1 ,N1 ! N1
(2.83)
j =0
where the prefactor 1/N1 ! is the correction for the overcounting by assigning the sequencenumber to the identical polymers. The factor is the symmetry number, which takes the
71
value 2 for a symmetric polymer, and 1 for an asymmetric polymer. (For a symmetricpolymer, there is no difference in placing the polymer at one end unit or the other.)The rst repeat unit of the j + 1-th chain can be placed on any vacant cell, and thenumber of its placement is N j n. The second unit can be placed on one of the vacantcells in the nearest neighboring z cells of the rst unit. There are zRj ,1 ways to do this,where Rj ,k is the probability for one of the nearest neighboring cells to be vacant whenj chains and the rst k units of the j + 1-th chain are already placed.Similarly, the third unit has (z 1)Rj ,2 different ways to place. We assume that allrepeat units after the third one (k 4) have similar (z 1)Rj ,k ways of placing, althoughsome of them may hit a cell that is already occupied by the former repeat units by formingloops.We then haven1 j +1 = max (N j n)Rj ,k ,(2.84)k=1
where max z(z 1)n2 is the maximum exibility of a chain, i.e., the maximumpossible number of internal conformations the chain can take.The probability Rj ,k of the nearest neighboring cell of the (j , k)-th repeat unit beingunoccupied may be given by the condition that the position of the repeat unit underinvestigation is the surface of the vacant cell. Because the total number of surface cells,including those of polymer chains already arranged on the lattice and those of the vacantsites, is z(N j n k) + [(z 2)(n 2) + 2(z 1)]j + (z 2)k + 2, the probability isgiven by the ratioRj ,k =
z(N j n k).z(N j n k) + [(z 2)n + 2]j + (z 2)k + 2
(2.85)
(2.86)
of the vacancy, when j and k are assumed to be small compared to N and n. Theapproximation of replacing the nonoccupancy probability by this volume fraction iscalled the molecular eld approximation. In this section, we look at the solution withinsuch molecular-eld treatment.We thus nd maxjn nj +1 N 1.(2.87)
NDetailed study using a more rigorous formula (2.85) will be presented in Section 2.3.4.Substituting (2.87) into (2.83), and using Starlings formula, ln N ! N ln N N fora large number N, we nd
nmaxS(N0 , N1 )/kB = N1 ln 1 N0 ln 0 + N1 ln en1
(2.88)
72
for the conformational entropy, where 0 N0 /N , 1 nN1 /N are the volume fractionof the polymer and solvent. Unlike the solutions of low-mass solutes, the volume fractionshave appeared in place of the molar fractions.The conformational entropy of pure polymers can be found by xing N0 = 0 as
nmax.S(0, N1 ) = N1 kB ln en1
(2.89)
nmax, en1
(2.90)
when it is transformed from the hypothetical straight rods to amorphous states of randomconformation.For the pure solvent, there is only the unique arrangement, so that S(N0 , 0) = 0 holds.The entropy of mixing is thenmix S(N0 , N1 ) = kB (N0 ln 0 + N1 ln 1 ).
(2.91)
(2.92)
hypotheticalcrystalline state
reference state
entropy of disorientationN1Sdis(n)amorphouspolymers
solvent
entropy ofmixing
mixS
solution
Fig. 2.15
Method to nd the entropy of disorientation and the entropy of mixing in polymer solutions.
73
Hence, the mixing entropy has reduced by kB (n 1)| ln 1 | per chain through chemicalbonds. Every time a repeat unit is connected to the chain, the center of mass degree offreedom is reduced by 1. The entropy of mixing in polymer solutions is thus smaller thanthat of the solutions of low-molecular weight molecules.Let us next nd the enthalpy (internal energy) of the solution with the assumptionof random mixing. Let 0,0 be the interaction energy between a neighboring pair of thesolvent molecules, 1,1 be that between repeat units, and 0,1 = 1,0 be that between asolvent molecule and a repeat unit. We then haveU = 0,0 N0,0 + 1,1 N1,1 + 0,1 N0,1 .
(2.93)
If the average probability for one of the z 2 available nearest neighboring sites ofa repeat unit (except the chain ends) to be occupied by a solvent is 0 , the numberof solventmonomer pairs is N0,1 = N1,0 = nN1 (z 2)0 . Similarly, N0,0 = N0 z0 /2,N1,1 = nN1 (z 2)1 /2. If we replace z 2 with z for simplicity in these relations, wend11U=(2.94)zN0 0 0,0 +znN1 1 1,1 + (znN1 )0 0,1 .22The rst two terms are the internal energy of each component. By subtraction, the mixingenergy is given by
11mix U = znN1 0 0,1 + zN0 0 0,0 + znN1 1 1,122
11 znN1 1,1 + zN0 0,0 = zN 0 1 ,22
(2.95)
(2.96)
(2.97)
(2.98)
by using this -parameter. The mole fraction is replaced by the volume fraction.If > 0, the solution tends to separate into two phases with different concentrationsbecause the energy increases when molecules of different species are brought into contact. If < 0, on the other hand, molecules of different species tend to mix. If = 0,there is no mixing heat, and the solution is called an athermal solution.
74
Putting the entropy and enhthalpy together, the free energy of mixing is found to bemix F /kB T = N0 ln 0 + N1 ln 1 + N (T )0 1 .
(2.99)
ln + (1 ) ln(1 ) + (T )(1 )n
(2.100)
per a lattice cell using the unit of thermal energy. The mean eld approximation on thebasis of random mixing is called the FloryHuggins theory [811].The approximation becomes poor for the systems in which concentration uctuationsare large. For instance, in dilute polymer solutions, monomers distribute unevenly insideand outside the region occupied by the polymer chains. The spatial variation of theconcentration is so high that the mean eld assumption cannot be expected to hold.Also, in the region near the critical point of phase separation, where the concentrationuctuation is large, the mean eld picture breaks down.
2.3.2
Osmotic pressureThe mole chemical potential of the solvent is
10 = RT ln(1 ) + 1 + 2 ,n
(2.101)
RT 111 32= 3+ + +(2.102)n23aby expanding (2.101) in powers of the polymer volume fraction. Comparing with (2.39),and after changing the volume fraction to the weight concentration, the second virialcoefcient is found to be
a3 1A2 (T ) = 2 (T ) ,(2.103)m 2where m is the molecular weight of a repeat unit.The coefcient A2 depends on the temperature through the -parameter, but is independent of the polymer molecular weight. It vanishes at the temperature where = 1/2is fullled, and hence the theta temperature is found by the condition (8) = 1/2.
(2.104)
75
(2.106)
and is different from the form obtained by the mixing energy (2.97). However, if we addthe entropy s to the energy of molecular contact, and replace it with the free energyf T s of interaction, these two are identied. In fact, when molecules ofdifferent species come into contact, not only the interaction energy but also the entropyof orientation, rotation, etc., may change. From the experimental data, separating intoan energy part and an entropy part, we can often see that the entropy change is largerthan the energy change. The form (2.105) is called the ShultzFlory formula.
Solubility parameterThe interaction energy between neighboring molecules is related to the cohesiveenergy of each species. The cohesive energy of a pure A component in a crystallinestate is EAA = (zNA /2) AA . Per unit volume, it is EAA /VA = (z/2a 3 ) AA . Since AA isnegative, let us introduce the solubility parameter AA byEAA /VA AA 2
(2.107)
Gi ,m
(2.109)
where is the density of the monomer, m is its molecular weight and Gi is the molarattraction constant, which is a numerical value assigned to the each fundamental group.
76
GroupCH3
214
CH2
single-bonded 133
CH <> C<
G = 28
H2C
2893
CH
190
CH2CH
G = 133
double-bonded 11119
>C
285222
CH CC CPhenylPhenylene (o,m,p)
735658
G = 735
1146
Naphthyl(a)
Fig. 2.16
(a) Molar attraction constants G at 25 C assigned to the fundamental groups. (b) Example ofcalculation of the solubility parameter. Each monomer of polystyrene is decomposed into threefundamental groups. The solubility parameter of polystyrene is estimated from the sum of theirmolar attraction constants.
For instance, polystyrene has = 1.05 g cm3 , m = 104 g mol1 . The molar attractionconstant can be found from the table in Figure 2.16(a). The solubility parameter isestimated to be (Figure 2.16(b)) = 1.05 (133 + 28 + 735)/104 = 9.05 (cal cm3 )1/2 .
(2.110)
The tables of solubility parameters edited by Hansen [12] accommodate all the presentlyavailable values in the form of a database.The solubility parameter of many materials can be decomposed into three parts as22 2 = D+ P2 + H,
(2.111)
where D is the part contributed by the dispersion force, P by the polar force (permanentdipoledipole interaction), and H by hydrogen bonds.
Osmotic compressibilityOsmotic compressibility is dened byKT
(2.112)
analogously to the compressibility of gases, and serves as the measure of the relativechange of the concentration due to small change of the osmotic pressure.2 Taking the2 The compressibility of the solution need not be considered because the solution is assumed to be
incompressible.
77
a 3 /kB T 2 F (, T )
(2.113)
11+ 2 (T )n 1
(2.114)
is the second derivative of the free energy (2.100). As shown in Section 2.1, KT mustbe positive for stable systems. If it is negative, the osmotic pressure becomes lower inthe region where the concentration is higher, and hence polymers spontaneously moveto the region of high concentration. Such a negative diffusion indicates that the systemis unstable against phase separation.The boundary between the stable and unstable states can be found by the spinodalconditionF () = 0,
(2.115)
where KT is divergent.
Phase equilibriaThe chemical potential of the polymer is similarly found to be1 = RT {ln (n 1)(1 ) + n(1 )2 }.
(2.116)
The Gibbs condition for the phase equilibria can be written in the form of the coupledequations0 ( , T ) = 0 ( , T ),
(2.117a)
1 ( , T ) = 1 ( , T ),
(2.117b)
whose solutions give the coexistence curve, or binodal curve, for liquidliquid phaseseparation into a dilute phase with a volume fraction and a concentrated phase with . This Gibbs condition is equivalent to drawing a common tangent to the total freeenergy (2.100) of mixing.Comparison between the theoretical calculation of the coexistence curve and the experimental cloud-point curve is made in Figure 2.17(a). The experimental data (dottedlines) are wider than the theoretical binodals, but the shape of the curves, including themolecular weight dependence, is well reproduced.The critical point is the point where both binodal and spinodal conditions0 2 0==0
(2.118)
78
1T
T [C]
030
25C
2015
0.3
1/n
(a)Fig. 2.17
(a) Comparison of the experimental cloud-point curves (symbols) and theoretical coexistencecurves (dotted lines) of the solutions of polystyrene in cyclohexane. Data for the differentmolecular weight polymers: A (43 600), B (89 000), C (250 000), D (1 270 000). (Reprinted withpermission from Ref. [13].) (b) Coexistence surface in three-dimensional phase space with anextra axis for the reciprocal molecular weight.
(1 + n)2.c =2nc =
(2.119)(2.120)
For the high-molecular weight polymers with a large number of repeat units, the critical
concentration is approximately given by c 1/ n 1. It is extremely small for highmolecular weight polymers. The critical temperature is approximately (Tc ) 1/2 +
11. +n 2n
(2.121)
The extrapolation point to the vertical axis in the limit of n gives the theta temperature, while the slope of the curve gives the ShultzFlory constant . Such an analysisis called a ShultzFlory plot.
3.41/Tc103
79
3.3
3.2
8461 + 1 102n2n
Fig. 2.18
Relation between the critical temperature of polymer solutions and the molecular weight of thepolymer. A (polystyrene/cyclohexane), B (polystyrene/diisobuthylketon). (Reprinted withpermission from Ref. [13].)
2.3.3
12ln 1 + ln 2 + (T )1 2 ,n1n2
(2.122)
(2.123a)(2.123b)
where 1 /n1 + 2 /n2
(2.124)
is the total degree of freedom for translational motion (the number of mass centers in thesystem). If 2 = is taken as an independent variable for the concentration, the criticalpoint of the binary blend is given by
c = n1 /( n1 + n2 ),
c = ( n1 + n2 )2 /2n1 n2 .
(2.125)
In particular, for a symmetric blends for which n1 = n2 is satised, they are reduced toc = 1/2, c = 2/n.
80
We can extend the theory still further to the many-component polymer blends whosecomponents are indicated by i (= 1, 2, . . . , c), each carrying ni repeat units. The freeenergy per lattice site isF ({}) =
ii
ni
ln i +
i,j i j .
(2.126)
By using the relation i = (F /Ni )Nj ,T , we can nd the chemical potential iof the i-th component asi1= (1 + ln i ) +i,k k j ,k j k ,ninik
(2.127)
j <k
where the number Ni of chains of the i-th component is related to the total numberN = i ni Ni of lattice cells. As in the two-component blends and solutions, the totalnumber of mass centers in the system is given by
c
i /ni .
(2.128)
*1 /2 **,2 /2 *
(2.129)
because the chemical potentials fulll the GibbsDhem relation, and hence two of thethree components are independent.The condition D = 0 should be calculated to nd the stability limit. We nd that thespinodal condition is given byi=1,2,3
ni i 2
i,j ni nj i j n1 n2 n3 1 2 3 = 0,
(2.130)
2 + 2 + 2 2 2 2 .where 1,21,2 2,32,3 3,13,1 1,22,33,1If we assume the interaction parameter takes the form (2.106), the temperature coefcient B is positive; the polymers are more easily dissolved into the solvents at highertemperature. Hence the solutions phase separate at low temperatures with an upper critical solution temperature (UCST). Many polymers dissolved in organic solvents showa phase separation of the UCST type. Aqueous solutions of polymers, however, oftenexhibit the opposite tendency. They dissolve more easily at low temperatures. Hence thesolutions separate into two phases with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST)on heating.Some water-soluble polymers, such as poly(ethylene oxide), have the phase separationregion of loop shape on the temperatureconcentration plane. The cohesive energy dueto van der Waals interaction is not sufcient to explain their phase behavior. Hydrogen
81
bonds and hydrophobic interaction, combined with van der Waals-type interaction, mustbe considered to have a negative temperature coefcient (B < 0).Phenomenological analyses are often attempted by using the free energy in the formF () =
12ln 1 + ln 2 + g(, T )1 2n2n1
(2.131)
with the interaction parameter g(, T ), which is allowed to vary with the concentration.In particular, the formg(, T ) = h/T + g1 (2 )
(2.132)
is often used, where h is a constant, or depends only upon the pressure [11]. Such analyseswere rst applied to the mixtures of interacting gases by Van Laar, and later developed forliquid mixtures by Heitler [14], Hildebrand [5], and Scatchard [15]. Because the molecular foundation of the phenomenological description was done by Bragg and Williamsfor metallic alloys, the theoretical framework is called VLBW theory in [11], after theirinitials.
2.3.4
Rj ,k =
(2.133)
82
we ndW (N0 , N1 ) =
N!N1 !N0 !
max
N1 z (n1)N12
(2.134)
(2.135)
maxW (N0 , N1 )
N1
N!(N0 + qN1 )! z/2,N1 !N0 ! (N0 + nN1 )!
(2.136)
(2.137)
(2.138)
= NA ln
(2.139)
(i = A, B).
(2.140)
These results are an improvement of the simple molecular-eld approximation, and arereferred to as the quasi-chemical approximation. It is known to be equivalent to theBethe approximation in the theory of ferromagnets.
83
(2.141)
in the state dened above. The factor (z 2)(n2)f appears because there are (n 2)fgauche bonds.3 The second term is the entropy to choose the trans bonds among the totaln 2 bonds.The enthalpy change accompanying such conformation change isconf H = f (n 2).
(2.142)
The entropy of mixing solvent to the polymers in such disoriented chains is the same asthat of FH theory, so that the total free energy isF (N0 , N1 ; f ) = N0 ln 0 + N1 ln 1 + N (T )0 1 + N1 conf F (n, f ),where
nz(z 2)(n2)fconf F (n, f ) ln en1
(2.143)
(2.144)
+ (n 2)[f ln f + (1 f ) ln(1 f ) + f ]is the conformational free energy per chain.Let us minimize the total free energy by changing f , and nd the most probable(equilibrium) value f . By differentiation, we ndf = (z 2)e /[1 + (z 2)e ].
(2.145)
3 In the original paper [8], the second bond is not included in the trans-gauche category because of its strict
denition presented in Figure 1.1 in Section 1.1. Hence the number of gauche bonds is (n 3)f .
84
(z 2)e n1 + ln[1 + (z 2)e+ (n 2)N1].1 + (z 2)e n2
(2.146)
For instance, f = (z 2)/(z 1) for completely exible chains for which = 0, andhencenz(z 1)(n2)
(2.150)
(2.151)
85
Dimarzio [18] identied this state of vanishing entropy as the entropy catastropheintroduced by Kauzmann [19], and regarded T2 as the glass transition temperature Tgof the polymer. Because the temperature derivative of the entropy is discontinuous ifthe entropy is kept constant at S = 0 below T2 , the glass transition on the basis of thispicture is classied into a second-order transition by Ehrenfests denition.As an example, for polystyrene of n = 200, the trans-gauche energy difference is = 1.44 kcal mol1 , or /kB Tg = 1.27. For the observed free volume 0 = 0.025 at theglass transition temperature, the exibility is estimated to be f = 0.359. Therefore, 36%of the bonds are in the gauche position.Let us next consider the total free energy (2.143) for a polymer melt with no vacancy(0 = 0, N1 N ). If F (0, N; f ) < 0, the disordered amorphous state is thermally morestable than the crystalline state chosen as the reference state. In order for this conditionto be fullled, the exibility must satisfy [20]
f > 1
nz(z 1) en1
1/(n2)(2.152)
(2.153)
The exibility must be larger than 0.63 for the existence of a stable disordered phase.Compared with the maximum exibility f = 0.80 for z = 6, = 0, this critical value isvery high. If this condition breaks down, or if there exists a temperature Tm at which theconditionF (0, N; f ) = 0
(2.154)
S = (n 2)
(z 2)e + ln[1 + (z 2)e]1 .1 + (z 2)e
(2.155)
(2.156)
86
By xing = 0 in S, in the limit of long chain the number takes the formlim
1ln WH (n) ln H ,n
(2.157)
(2.158)
H = (z 1)/
zz2
(z2)/2(2.159)
where n/6 is the number of layers counted from the central cell. The entropy permonomer vanishes in the long chain limit, so that the residual entropy (2.157) is 0,and H = 1. Hence the degeneracy does not reach O((const)n )(2) For a two-dimensional square lattice (z = 4), FH theory gives H = 1.104. The upperbound can be estimated by using ice model [22] to be H = (4/3)3/2 = 1.5396.Numerical simulation evaluates H = 1.38. The estimate of the lower bound ispossible by using the model of the Manhattan walk [23]. The Manhattan walkis a Hamilton walk on the directed lattice. Walks have to follow the arrows onthe edges, which are alternately up/down and left/right, as the trafc regulation inManhattan downtown.Exact solution of Manhattan walks on the square lattice is known. The number ofwalks is given byWH (n) = eCn/ = (1.338 515 152 . . .)n = e0.292n ,
(2.161)
(2.162)
(3) Miscellaneous [21]for a three-dimensional diamond lattice (z = 4), the lower boundis known to be H = 1.398. For the simple cubic lattice, the lower bound is H =1.810, while FH theory gives H = 1.84.
2.4
87
2.4.1
Overlap concentrationRandom coils of polymers are separated from each other in a dilute solution. Withan increase in the concentration of the solution, the mean distance between them isreduced, and they start to overlap. With a further increase in concentration, the polymersinterpenetrate each other so deeply that the properties of each individual chain becomedifcult to observe (Figure 2.19). The concentration at which polymers start to overlapis called the overlap concentration. The overlap concentration can be found by thecondition such that the volume fraction na 3 /R 3 of monomers within the region occupiedby the random coil of each polymer becomes the same order as that of the concentration of the solutionna 3 /R 3 ,(2.163)where R is the mean radius of gyration of the random coil. (We shall neglect the numericalfactor of order unity in all equations in this section as in Section 1.6.)Let us rst nd the overlap concentration for various temperature regions. In the hightemperature region where Florys law R = RF = a 1/5 n3/5 holds, we nd from (2.163)that = 3/5 n4/5 .(2.164)The overlap is indicated by the symbol . The superscript indicates that the property isin the high-temperature region. For high-molecular weight polymers, the number n ofthe repeat units is so large that the overlap concentration is small. For example, it isapproximately = 0.1% for n = 104 .
dilute regionFig. 2.19
overlap concentration
semiconcentrated region
88
(2.165)
(2.166)
It is independent of the temperature. The symbol at the side of a letter indicates thatthe property is in the theta region.Finally, in the low-temperature region where R = RG = a 1/3 n1/3 holds, we nd =| | .
(2.167)
The subscript indicates that the property is in the low-temperature region. The resultsare summarized by the boundary lines (thick lines) on the temperatureconcentrationphase plane in Figure 2.20. The liquidliquid phase separation line (coexistence curve)in the low-temperature region is shown by the solid line in the gure.reducedtemperature
* = 3/5n 4/5semiconcentratedregiondiluteregion
** =
concentrated region
1/ n
region
0* =CP
*= ||2-phase
Fig. 2.20
2.4.2
89
Correlation lengthAt concentrations higher than the overlap concentration, polymers interpenetrate eachother and form a structure like entangled network. The average size of the meshin such a network, the region where there is no polymer segment, is the correlationlength (Figure 2.21). It is more precisely dened by the mean distance where the effectof uctuation in the concentration at one space point is propagated (the correlationlength of the concentration uctuations).Above the overlap concentration, the correlationlength is smaller than the mean radius of gyration.To nd as a function of the concentration and temperature, let us assume that itobeys the power law m
=R(2.168)
of the ratio / , the polymer concentration divided by the reference value of theoverlap concentration. Such an assumption that a physical quantity does not depend onthe temperature and concentration independently, but depends on the combined variable/ , is called the scaling assumption.For concentrations well above the overlap concentration, the radius of gyration of arandom coil is larger than the correlation length (R >> ), so that the molecular weightwill not affect the correlation length. In the high-temperature region, by using Florysexponent for R =RF , and assuming that (2.168) is independent of n in the region >> ,we nd the power exponent m to be m = 3/4. Hence, the correlation length dependson the concentration and the temperature as = a( 1/3 )3/4 .
(2.169)
A similar argument for the theta region leads to = a 1 ; the correlation length isindependent of the temperature.For the low-temperature region, it is impossible to nd the solution for which is independent of n. This indicates that it is impossible for the compact globules to
Fig. 2.21
90
interpenetrate each other no matter how high the concentration becomes. Hence, theconcept of correlation length does not work in this region.
2.4.3
Radius of gyrationWhen polymer chains overlap, they take conformations that are different from those ofisolated individual chains because monomers interact in a different way. Figure 2.22schematically shows the conformation of a polymer chain in a concentration well abovethe overlap concentration. It has a structure like a pearl-necklace; a train of blobs (calleda concentration blob) made up of groups of monomers connected in sequence. The sizeof each concentration blob is called the correlation length . The monomers in the blobare directly in contact with the solvent so that they swell by the excluded-volume effect,in the same way as an isolated random coil does.Let g be the number of monomers in a concentration blob. Since the number densityg / 3 inside the blob must be equal to the concentration /a 3 of the solution, we ndg / 3 = /a 3 .
(2.170)
(2.171)
This is much larger than the number of monomers g = 1/ 2 in the temperature blobstudied in Section 1.6.Similarly, in the theta region, we x = a/ and ndg = 2 .
(2.172)
g monomers
Fig. 2.22
91
When the chain is seen as a whole with blobs as the structural repeat unit, the excludedvolume effect by monomer interaction is screened by the presence of the blobs of otherchains, and hence considered to behave as an ideal chain. If we assume such a screeningeffect, the radius of gyration is given byn 2,R =g
(2.173)
since there are n/g blobs per chain. In the high-temperature region, this relation gives 1/4
R = (na ).
(2.174)
This result is called the Daoud radius of gyration, since it was found by Daoud [24].This equation suggests that, if the concentration is increased still further at a xedtemperature , the radius of gyration becomes the same order as the Gaussian chainR 2 = na 2 at the concentration satisfying the condition .
(2.175)
In other words, the screening is so perfect that a blob reaches the size of a monomer.Although many chains are entangled and interpenetrated with each other in complex waysin the concentrated solution, each chain takes a very simple Gaussian conformation as aresult of the cancelation of the excluded-volume interaction. Because Flory rst noticedthis fact [10], it is sometimes referred to as the Flory theorem. The assertion that the chainconformation becomes simple in the limit of high concentration was initially difcult forresearchers to accept, but it was proved in the 1970s when neutron scattering experimentsusing labeled polymers succeeded in directly observing polymer conformation.The high-temperature concentrated region can therefore be divided into two parts:the lower one covering the range < < is called the semiconcentrated region,while the higher one with < is called the concentrated region (Figure 2.20).In the theta temperature region, the solution changes directly into the concentratedregion on crossing the overlap concentration. All of these results are summarized in thephase diagram shown in Figure 2.20.
2.4.4
Osmotic pressureLet us apply the scaling concept to the osmotic pressure of polymer solutions in a goodsolvent (in the high-temperature region). The osmotic pressure , when multiplied by thevolume of a repeat unit a 3 , gives the negative chemical potential of a solvent molecule(2.28), or equivalently the free energy necessary to remove a solvent molecule fromthe solution. If we compare this with the thermal energy kB T , the ratio should give thenumber density /n of the polymer chains by vant Hoffs law (2.36) in the dilute region.
92
m,
(2.176)
as usual with the fractional power m of the reduced concentration. The power index isxed to be m = 5/4 by the condition that the osmotic pressure should not depend on themolecular weight of the polymer. Hence we havea 3= ( 3 )3/4 .kB T
(2.177)
(2.178)
where d = 3 is the space dimension, C is a numerical constant of order unity. The lefthand side of this equation gives the dimensionless free energy contained in a spaceregion of size in the solution. Comparing with vant Hoffs law V = N kB T for anideal solution (V is the total volume, N the number of polymer chains), the volume V /Nper chain is replaced by the correlation volume 3 in the semiconcentrated solutions.The result (2.178) for the osmotic pressure is called des Cloizeauxs scaling law.
2.4.5
93
0(1/n)x 1c
(1/n)x 21/n(a)Fig. 2.23
1/n(b)
a (c) c
Scaling laws near the critical point of the polymer solutions. (a) Critical line on thetemperaturemolecular weight plane, (b) critical line on the concentrationmolecular weightplane, (c) coexistence line on the temperatureconcentration plane
the reciprocal of the number of the repeat units. The coexistence curves for differentmolecular weight form a coexistence surface. The line connecting the critical points isthe critical line.The critical line when projected onto the ( , 1/n) plane rises from the origin in theform x11|c (n)| g1,(2.179)nwhere g1 is a numerical constant and x1 is the crossover index (Figure 2.23(a)). Thecrossover index takes a value of around 0.5.Similarly, when projected onto the (, 1/n) plane, the critical line rises as x21c (n) g2,(2.180)nwhere the other crossover index is given by x2 = d 1 ( = 1/2 is the scaling indexof the radius of gyration (1.77) in the theta region, and d is the space dimension) (Figure2.23(b)). It takes a value around 0.5.The coexistence curve on the ( , ) plane for a xed molecular weight can be scaledin the form
=F,(2.181)cc (n)by using the critical values. This is the reduced equation of state for the polymersolutions. The width of the coexistence curve obeys the scaling law = a(n)(c (n) ) ,
(2.182)
near the critical point (Figure 2.23(c)), where is the concentration of the higher concentration phase, and is that of the lower concentration phase. The critical exponent takes a value around = 0.31.The osmotic compressibility is divergent near the critical temperature in the formKT | c (n) | ,
(2.183)
94
where the exponent is around 1.25. The divergence originates in the concentrationuctuations with large spatial scales. The power laws that characterize the type of singularity are called the scaling laws of critical phenomena. The critical exponents areknown to be universal; they do not depend on the details of the materials studied, butonly on the spatial dimensions, the internal symmetry of the system, and the range ofinteraction (short- or long-range interaction). The critical exponents of polymer solutionsare known to be the same as those of the Ising model for ferromagnets [24].
2.4.6
Molecular motionLet us next consider how the blob chains move in the semiconcentrated solution. Thechain cannot move freely because it is entangled with other chains in the neighborhood.Such a constraint is called a topological constraint, since the force originates in theentanglements and has a more topological nature than a geometrical one.When there is a uctuation in the concentration, the polymer under study tries to moveto ll the vacancy in the low-concentration region, but it is impossible for the whole chainto move simultaneously due to the topological constraints. Instead, a blob plays a role ofthe moving unit. It can diffuse into the neighborhood to restore the concentration back tothe average value. This movement can be seen as a diffusion of a rigid sphere of radius in the solvent, so that the diffusion constant Dc is estimated to beDc =
kB T= D0 1/4 3/4 ,60
(2.184)
Dc = D,(2.185)
(2.186)
95
RFig. 2.24
The blob model of a polymer chain which reptates along the tube formed by the surroundingchains.
The time required for the original tube to disappear by the motion of the blob is the timefor the chain to reptate the distance Lt , and hence it is given by t = L2t /Dt . Sustitutingthe relation = a( 1/3 )3/4 and g = ( 1/3 )5/4 into this equation, we ndt = 0 n3 3/2 3/2 .
(2.187)
However, the displacement of the center of mass of the chain in the space is only itsradius of gyration R. Therefore, by the fundamental relation (2.66) for the diffusion, thediffusion constant Drep of the chain by reptation isDrep = R 2 /t ,
(2.188)
(2.189) a 2 /D
References[1][2][3][4][5]
Lewis, G. N.; Randel, M., Thermodynamics, 2nd ed. McGraw Hill: New York, 1961.Guggenheim, E. A., Thermodynamics. North-Holland: Amsterdam, 1967.Prigogine, I.; Defay, R., Chemical Thermodynamics. Longman: London, 1954.Prigogine, I., The Molecular Theory of Solutions. North-Holland: Amsterdam, 1957.Hildebrand, J. H.; Prausnitz, J. M.; Scott, R. L., Regular and Related Solutions. Van NostrandReinhold: New York, 1970.[6] Graessley, W. W., Polymeric Liquids & Networks: Structure and Properties. Garland Science:London, 2004.[7] Yamakawa, H., Modern Theory of Polymer Solutions. Harper & Row: 1971.
96
This chapter presents the denition of gels and gives some typical examples, followed by adescription of their structures and fundamental properties. A statistical mechanical treatment ofthe chemical gels in the polycondensation reaction is developed to nd the molecular weightdistribution, average molecular weight, gel point, and the gel fraction.
What is a gel?
3.1.1
Denition of a gelGels are three-dimensional networks made up of molecules, polymers, particles, colloids,etc., that are connected with each other by the specic parts on them such as functionalgroups and associative groups. The connected parts are called cross-links. Gels usuallycontain many solvent molecules inside their networks, and hence they are close to liquidin composition, but show solid-like mechanical properties due to the existence of thecross-links [14].Although this statement can be adopted as a formal denition of gels, there are manyexceptional ones that do not fall neatly into this categorization. For instance, colloidalsuspensions exhibit gel-like rheological behavior at high densities. Entanglements oflong rigid brillar molecules or an assembly of molecules mutually hinder their motion,and lead to gel-like rheology due to jamming of the rigid segments. In such materials,there are no direct cross-links, but geometrical or topological constraints play similar roles to the cross-links, although they are delocalized. Therefore, to dene gels byconnectivity only is not sufcient to include these materials.
3.1.2
Classication of gelsGels can be classied by their constituents. Gels made up of aggregated particles orcolloids are particulate gels. Networks made up with covalent bonds, H-bonds, etc., oflow molecular weight molecules are low-mass gels. Networks formed by cross-linkingof the primary polymers are polymeric gels. If the primary molecules are biopolymers,gels are specically called biopolymer gels [2].Gels are also classied into chemical and physical ones by the persistence time (lifetime) of their cross-links. Chemical gels (or strong gels) have covalent bonds as thecross-links, so that the connection cannot be broken by thermal motion of the constituent
98
molecules. The topological structure of a chemical gel is therefore preserved as it is prepared [5]. Random variables with xed statistical property but different assigned valuesdepending on the sample are called frozen variables. A system with random variablesas structural parameters is called a random system. Chemical gels are examples of random systems. A general theoretical scheme to treat random systems was developed byEdwards and his collaborators [6, 7].On the other hand, physical gels (or weak gels) are networks cross-linked by physicalbonds. The binding energy is of the order of thermal energy, and hence cross-links canbe reversibly formed and destroyed by a change in temperature. If the cross-links aresufciently weak to be created and destroyed by the thermal motion of the constituents,the gels are often called transient gels.In physical gels, the equilibrium between connected and disconnected states is reachedif the average lifetime of the cross-links is shorter compared with the time of observation. In the opposite case, the topological structure of the network is observed to befrozen [5]. Because gels are reversibly formed and melted by changing temperatureand concentration, physical gels are also called thermoreversible gels [3, 4]. However,not all gels are clearly classied into chemical and physical ones, but are distributedin-between the two extremities according to their lifetime.According to this classication, gels with mobile cross-links, such as sliding ringgels [8], are chemical gels because the number of junctions is preserved. Jamming gelswith delocalized cross-links should be regarded as viscoelastic uids with long relaxationtimes. There are many gels in which both chemical and physical cross-links coexist.
3.1.3
(3.1a)
= ( + end ) + 1.
(3.1b)
99
cross-link(functionality 4)
subchain434
54cross-link(functionality 8)free end
cycle
k=4=8
Fig. 3.1
Global structure (network topology) and local structure (cross-links) of a network. There areseveral fundamental parameters that characterize these structures.
(a)Fig. 3.2
Model networks: (a) perfect network, (b) network made by random cross-linking of primarypolymers.
A network with no free ends is called a perfect network (Figure 3.2(a)). A networkformed by pairwise cross-linking of the primary polymers is a polymer network whosenumber of free ends is twice as large as the number of primary chains (Figure 3.2(b)).
100
113
232
422
Fig. 3.3
3.1.4
Examples of gelsChemical gelsBranched polymers are produced by the polycondensation of multifunctional moleculeswhose functionality is greater than or equal to 3. If the reaction proceeds to the stagewhere the products grow as large as the space dimensions of the entire system, a threedimensional network whose parts are connected by covalent bonds is formed. This is thegel point. The reaction continues after this gel point is passed. The polycondensationreaction is irreversible under ordinary conditions, so that the gelation of chemical gelsis irreversible.Let us use the symbol R{Af } for a monomer unit carrying the number f of A functional groups, R{ABf 1 } for a monomer carrying one A functional group and f 1 ofB functional groups, etc.As an example, let us consider esterication of tricalvaryl acid and ethyrene glicohol (Figure 3.4). Let us use the symbol A for a COOH group, and B for an OHgroup. Tricalvaryl acid is the trifunctional monomer R{A3 } and ethyrene glicohol is thebifunctional monomer R{B2 }. Since the esterication reaction is, COH + HOCH2 COCH2 + H2 O##OOthree-dimensional branched polymers are produced (Figure 3.4).
101
CH2COOH
CH2OH
AB
CHCOOH
ACH2OH
ABA
BA
AABBA
(d)Fig. 3.5
Fig. 3.4
AAB
(f)
Various types of physical cross-links: (a) hydrogen bonds, (b) dipole association, (c) micellarformation of hydrophobic groups, (d) microcrystalline junction, (e) ion association and complexformation, (f) entanglements of long rigid polymers.
Physical gelsPhysical cross-linking often makes complex junctions. The cross-links are not strictlylocalized but extend in the form of junction zones.
102
103
is necessary to form such complex junction zones, so that coilhelix transition oftentakes place before gelation. The gelation of polysaccharides, such as carrageenan andalginate, falls into this category.
(7) EntanglementEntanglements of long rigid polymers in concentrated solutions and melts often lead togel-like rheological properties (Figure 3.5(f)) [9]. The entanglements are regarded asdelocalized cross-links whose spatial range is difcult to specify. They are created anddestroyed by the thermal motion of the polymers or by external force. The number ofcross-links is not conserved. The name pseudo-networks is therefore more appropriatefor such viscoelastic liquids.
(3.2)
This gel point uses the denition of a gel based on the connectivity of the system[10, 11, 12, 1]. The gel point is the point at which the reacting system is geometrically percolated by the connected objects. The appearance of a macroscopic object inthe products is called gelation, or solgel transition. In chemical gels, the transition isirreversible, while in physical gels it is generally thermoreversible.For the polycondensation of polyfunctional molecules, we can theoretically nd themolecular weight distribution of the products, and hence the average molecular weight,as a function of the reactivity of the system under the assumption of equal reactivity.The principle of equal reactivity states that all functional groups of the samespecies are equivalent, that is, the reactivity of all functional groups on the polymersis the same irrespective of their molecular weight and structure [1]. In other words,there is an intrinsic reactivity of the polycondensation. We shall derive the molecular weight distribution function of nonlinear polymers under the assumption of equalreactivity.
104
3.2.1
Random branchingConsider the polycondensation of functional monomers of the type R{ABf 1 }. Thereaction is assumed to take place between the A group and B group only [1]. Nonlinearpolymers with a tree structure are formed by reaction. They may have intramolecularcycles, but to nd the exact solution we consider only branched tree-type polymers whichhave no cycles (Figure 3.6). These are sometimes called Cayley trees, named after themathematician who studied tree-type graphs. The approximation under this assumptionof no intramolecular cycles is called the tree approximation.Let Nm be the number of m-mers (nonlinear polymers consisting of m monomers),and let p be the reactivity of the A groups and q that of the B groups. Then, we havethe stoichiometric relation p = (f 1)q. In what follows, we use q as the independentvariable, and write it as q = . It varies in the range 0 1/(f 1).An m-mer has a total number m of A groups and (f 1)m of B groups, amongwhich m 1 of A groups and m 1 of B groups are pairwisely reacted. A total of(f 1)m (m 1) = f m 2m + 1 B groups remain unreacted. Because each m-mercarries only one unreacted A group (A in Figure 3.6), the probability for an arbitrarilychosen unreacted A group to belong to an m-mer, i.e., the fraction of unreacted A groupsin the m-mer among the total of unreacted A groups in the system, is given by the numberdistribution of the m-mersfm Nm /Nj ,(3.3)j
(1 )f m2m+1 ,fm = m
(3.4)
A*
Fig. 3.6
Tree structure formed by polyfunctional molecules of type AB3 carrying one reactive A group(black circles) and three reactive B group (white circles).
105
(f m m)!.m!(f m 2m + 1)!
(3.5)
(3.6)
= (1 )f 2 .
(3.7)
fm =where is dened by
The physical meaning of will be detailed later. The rst three moments of thedistribution (3.6) are calculated in Appendix 3.A.Because the number of monomer units is reduced by 1 every time a new bond isformed, the total number of clusters isM
(3.8)
m1
This is equal to the number of A groups that remain unreacted in the system. From therst few moments shown in Appendix 3.A, we can ndmn =
11 (f 1)
(3.9)
1 (f 1) 2[1 (f 1)]2
(3.10)
106
3.2.2
PolycondensationWe next consider the condensation reaction of polyfunctional molecules of the typeR{Af }. The molecular weight distribution for the special case f = 3 was rst studiedby Flory [10]. The result was later extended to the general case of f by Stockmayer [11]under the assumption of no intramolecular cycle formation. Their theories are called theclassical theory of gelation reaction.
Pregel regimeLet p be the reactivity of A groups, and write it as (the reason for this will be detailedbelow). Let N be the total number of monomers in the reacting system. An m-mercontains 2(m 1) reacted groups, and f m 2(m 1) = f m 2m + 2 unreacted groups(Figure 3.7). The probability for an unreacted A group, which is arbitrarily chosen fromf N(1 ) unreacted A groups in the system, to belong to an m-mer isPm =
(3.11)
The number of different ways of connecting the remaining m 1 monomers is the same derived in the preceding section, and hence we ndas m m1Pm = m
(1 )f m2m+1 .
(3.12)
(1 )2m m ,
(3.13)
where the parameter is the same as (3.7). The new number of congurations,m
(f m m)!,m!(f m 2m + 2)!
.has appeared instead of m
Fig. 3.7
(3.14)
107
Because one monomer is connected every time a new bond is formed in the treestructure, the number of molecules reduces by one. The number of reacted A groups,or equivalently the number of bonds, is (f N )/2, and the total number of clustersM m1 Nm is given byM = N (f N )/2 = N (1 f /2),
(3.15)
from which the number distribution function fm Nm /M of the products takes the formfm =
f (1 )2m m .(1 f /2)
(3.16)
By using the rst few moments calculated in Appendix 3.A, we nd that the numberaverage degree of polymerization ismn =
1.1 f /2
(3.17)
mNm ,
(3.18)
is found to bewm =
f (1 )2mm m .
(3.19)
1+.1 (f 1)
(3.20)
Gel pointSince the weight average molecular weight diverges when the reactivity reaches = 1/(f 1) ,
(3.21)
we nd that this is the gel point in the tree approximation. The number average remainsat a nite value mn = 2(f 1)/(f 2) at the gel point. The solid lines in Figure 3.8below show these two averages together with the z-average dened bymz
m2 wm /
mwm .
(3.22)
Average MW
108
(m)z
(m)w
m* = 2(f1)/(f2)
(m)n
* = 1/(f1)
Reactivity Fig. 3.8
Number-, weight-, and z-average molecular weights as functions of the reactivity in the gelationreaction of polyfunctional molecules R{Af }.
Postgel regimeAfter the gel point is passed, the gel part coexists with the sol part in the reacting system.The reactivity in each part may in principle be different. Let S be the reactivity of thesol part, and let G be that of the gel part. The average reactivity of the entire systemshould then be given by = S (1 w) + G w,(3.23)where w is the fraction of the A groups that are connected to the gel part, and calledthe gel fraction. It agrees with the weight fraction of the gel for the monodisperse system consisting of polyfunctional molecules whose functionality (the number of reactivegroups) and molecular weight are uniquely xed. The sol fraction is 1 w.If we take the limit of innite molecular weight in the tree approximation, it is naturalto assume that the gel network remains in the tree structure. Because the gel can beregarded as the m of an m-mer, its reactivity is G = lim 2(m 1)/f m = 2/f 0 .m
(3.24)
Therefore, in the postgel regime where the average reactivity is larger than the criticalgel value , we see that clusters of nite sizes are connected to the gel in the way suchthat the reactivity of the sol part stays at a constant value S = . The relation (3.23)then gives(f 1) 1w=(3.25)1 0for the gel fraction. It rises linearly from = 1/(f 1), and reaches unity at 0 = 2/f .All monomers are connected to the gel before the reaction is completed. The sol partstays at the critical condition = . Such a theoretical treatment is rst proposed by
109
Gel Fraction w
ZS
FS
Fig. 3.9
* = 1/ (f1)
0 = 2/f
Weight fraction of the gel part plotted against the reactivity. (Stockmayers treatment (S), Florystreatment (F), and ZiffStells treatment (ZS).)
Stockmayer, and is called Stockmayers treatment of the postgel regime (the solid lineS in Figure 3.9).This theoretical treatment is, however, not a unique way of describing the reaction inthe postgel regime. Flory postulated that the reactivity of the sol part S should be foundby the condition = (1 )f 2 = (1 )f 2 .(3.26)In other words, for the average reactivity larger than the critical value , the equation (1 )f 2has two roots, and S
(3.27)
(1 )2 .(1 )2
(3.29)
Substituting into (3.23) and solving for the reactivity G of the gel part, we ndG =
+ 2 .1
(3.30)
This G takes a value larger than 0 = 2/f . Therefore, in Florys treatment, cycleformation is allowed in the gel network. The number of independent cycles, or the cycle
110
1000.28w10.20
w2
Gel Fraction
w30.12
w4
f=3
w60.040
w100.2
01.0
Reactivity Fig. 3.10
The molecular weight distribution function wm and the gel fraction w for polycondensationreaction of trifunctional monomers R{A3 } plotted against the reactivity.
f G 1.2
(3.31)
All monomers belong to the gel part only in the limit of complete reaction = 1 (thesolid line F in Figure 3.9).Figure 3.10 shows the molecular weight distribution function and the gel fraction forthe polycondensation of trifunctional monomers by Florys treatment plotted againstthe average reactivity. The gel fraction w rises linearly from the gel point = 0.5 andapproaches unity in the limit of 1. This result leads to the three curves for thenumber-, weight-, and z-average in the postgel regime in Figure 3.8.The difference in the two approaches was later claried from a kinetic point of viewby Ziff and Stell [13]. It was shown that Stockmayers treatment allows reaction neitherbetween sol and gel, nor between gel and gel. The increase of the gel fraction is onlyby the cascade growth of the sol clusters to innity, while in Florys treatment sol andgel interact, and reaction within the gel is also allowed. Ziff and Stell proposed a newtreatment in which intramolecular reaction of the gel is not allowed but reaction betweensol and gel is allowed. Their result on the gel fraction is shown in Figure 3.9 by the brokenline (ZS).In the classical tree statistics, the number of the functional groups on the surface ofa tree-like cluster is of the same order of that of the groups inside the cluster, so that asimple thermodynamic limit without surface term is impossible to take. The equilibriumstatistical mechanics for the polycondensation was rened by Yan [14] to treat surfacecorrection in such nite systems. He found the same result as Ziff and Stell. Thus thetreatment of the postgel regime is not unique. The rigorous treatment of the problemrequires at least one additional parameter dening relative probability of occurrence ofintra- and intermolecular reactions in the gel.
111
ff
5f-functionalmolecule
325
Fig. 3.11
3.2.3
f Nf /
Nf =
f /f
1
(3.33)
f 2 Nf /
f Nf =
f f .
(3.34)
To specify the type of products during reaction, we use the index m = (m1 , m2 , . . .).It indicates that the cluster consists of mf f -functional monomers (Figure 3.11). Forexample, the label of the cluster in Figure 3.11 is m = (1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1).1 We use the symbol for the distribution function of the reactants to avoid confusion with the molecularf
112
By repeating the similar counting method as in the previous section, we nd that thenumber N (m) of clusters specied by the type m is given by f mf mf !N (m) =f Nf f mf 2 m f + 2 ! (f )mf Pmf 1 (1 )Pf mf 2Pmf +2(3.35)mf !f 1
at the reactivity . This result can be easily found by replacing the factors as f N f Nf , m mf , f m f mf , 1/m! (f )mf /mf ! in the monodispersesystem (3.13).Because the weight average molecular weight is+
f mf
,w
fw (1 + ),1 (fw 1)
(3.36)
(3.37)
Let us consider the special case of the binary mixture of f =2 (unbranching monomers)and f ( 3) (multifunctional branching monomers). Types of clusters can be speciedby the label (m2 , mf ). To simplify the notation, write m2 = l and mf = m. The numberof clusters is thenNl,m =
f Nf
(l + f m m)!2l fm l+m1 (1 )f m2m+2.(f m 2m + 2)!l! m!
(3.38)
Let f be the fraction of the functional groups which belong to the branchingmonomers. We then have the relation 2 = 1 , andNl,m =
(1 )2
l,m l m ,
(3.39)
(3.40)
(1 )f 2 .
(3.41)
The special case = 0 reduces to the linear polymerization, and = 1 reduces to thecondensation of f -functional monomers. The molecular distribution (3.39) connectsthese extreme cases.The total number of clusters M Nl,m decreases by one every time a bond isformed, and henceM = N2 + Nf (2N2 + f Nf )/2(3.42)- ./ 0 ./0monomerscross-links
3.2.4
(3.43)
Cross-linking of prepolymersLet us next consider that the primary molecules are polymers. Mixing cross-linkers,exposure to -ray radiation, etc., results in the random cross-linking of monomers onthe prepolymers [12,1]. We assume that the prepolymers are monodisperse with n repeatunits, and the cross-linking process is independent and random. Each monomer on thechain can be regarded as a functional molecule, so that we can x f = n in the previousstudies. The DP of the polymer is assumed to be sufciently large that we may take thelimit of n under the condition that the number of reacted monomers on a chainn
(3.44)
is kept constant. We may take the limit of 0 with a constant cross-link index .By using the approximations e 1,n(nm m)!(nm)m2m =m!(nm 2m + 2)!m! (1 )n2
(3.45)(3.46)
in the molecular weight distribution (3.19) for large n, we nd that the molecular weightdistribution function takes the limiting formwm
mm11( e )m ( e1 )m . m!m
(3.47)
(3.48)
by the condition that e reaches the maximum value as a function of . It turns outthat one cross-link on average per chain is sufcient for gelation.In the postgel regime, we take the similar limit in the relationm1
wm =
f (1 )2S1 ( )
(3.49)
w = 1 /
(3.50)
114
for the sol and gel fractions, where (or ) is the shadow root of the equation = (1 )f 2
for a given . For this shadow root , which is smaller than unity, the relationS1 ( ) =
22f (1 )n
holds.
3.3.1
3A3glycerinFig. 3.12
B2dicalboxylic acid
(3.51)
115
A2
1Fig. 3.13
3Fig. 3.14
Gel point condition as seen from the existence of a path that continues to innity.
(g1)qA
= p(g1)q
A(f 1)pFig. 3.15
The method for nding the gel point by the branching coefcient is very convenientbecause it does not require information of the molecular weight distribution.For the binary mixture R{Af }/R{Bg }, the condition (3.51) gives(f 1)p(g 1)q = 1,
(3.52)
since the probability for a pair of R{Af } monomers to be connected by a reaction pathis = p(g 1)q (Figure 3.15), where p and q are the reactivity of the A and B groups,respecitvely.Let us study the slightly more complex mixtures of R{Af }/R{A2 }/R{B2 }. R{A2 } andR{B2 } are nonbranching monomers. The structure of the branched polymers is shownin Figure 3.16. Let f Nf /(2N2 +f Nf ) be the fraction of functional A groups on thebranching monomers among all A groups in the system. Summing up all the possiblereaction paths from one branching monomer R{Af } to the next one (the bottom part of
116
A1
AB2
B2
i=3Fig. 3.16
p{q(1 )p}i q =
i=0
pq.1 p q(1 )
(3.53)
(3.54)
(3.55)
In particular, for stoichiometric mixtures with the same number of A and B groups, thereactivities are equal, p = q, so that = p 2 /[1 p 2 (1 )].If there are no R{A2 } monomers, = 1 and = p q hold, so that the gel point is(f 1)p q = 1. If there is no R{Af }, we have random copolymerization of R{A2 } andR{B2 }, for which = p2 . The polymerization point is the point with c = 1 where allgroups are reacted.
3.3.2
117
system is OA = f NA and OB = gNB for each species. The reaction is assumed to takeplace only between A and B.Under the assumption of tree statistics (no intramolecular reaction allowed), Stockmayer [15] found that the number of clusters consisting of l A monomers and m Bmonomers is given byNl,m =
(f l l)!(gm m)!xl ym,l!m!(f l l m + 1)!(gm l m + 1)!
(3.56)
(3.57)
By putting (l, m) = (1, 0), or (0, 1), parameters x and y turn out to bex = f N10 , y = gN01 .
(3.58)
These are the numbers of A and B monomers that remain unreacted in the system,multiplied by the equilibrium constant .Because f N10 is the number of A monomers on the unreacted monomers, it must beequal to OA (1 p)f by the denition of the reactivity p. Therefore, x can be written asx = OA (1 p)f . Similarly, y = OB (1 q)g holds.Let us express x and y in terms of the reactivity p and q. Because the number ofreacted A groups OA p is the same as the number of reacted B groups OB q, let us writeit as . This is also equal to the number of bonds formed by reaction. The equilibriumconstant can be found by the equilibrium condition in the reaction (3.57) as=
OB qOA p=.OA (1 p)OB (1 q) OA (1 p)OB (1 q)
(3.59)
qq(1 p)f 1 (1 p)f =.(1 p)(1 q)1q
(3.60)
y=
pp(1 q)g1 (1 q)g =.(1 p)(1 q)1p
(3.61)
Similarly, we have
(3.62)
(3.63)
118
Nl,m =
OA OB+ .fg
(3.64)
From the information of Nl,m , we can nd the weight average molecular weight byMw
(MA l + MB m)2 Nl,m /(MA l + MB m)Nl,mlm
(3.65)
l,m
where MA and MB are the molecular weights of the monomers. By using the distribution(3.56), the sum turns out to be
Mw =
+ fq MA2 + pg MB2
(3.66)
(3.67)
3.3.3
119
l xff ygmg
,(3.68)lf !mg !g
q(1 p)f 1,1q
p(1 q)g1.1p
yg gB
(3.69)
q OBp OA=OA (1 p)OB (1 q) OA (1 p)OB (1 q)
(3.70)
f fA , gw
ggB ,
(3.71)
Mf fA , MB
Mg gB ,
(3.72)
the weight average molecular weight of the products can be found by replacing MA /f ,MB /g by MA /f , MB /g in (3.66). The gel point condition is(fw 1)(gw 1)p q = 1.
3.3.4
(3.73)
120
BAA
Fig. 3.17
There are two fundamental geometrical relations which hold for clusters of tree typewith multiple junctions. For the total number of monomers in the cluster, the relation
lf =
(k 1)jk + 1
(3.74)
f lf =
kjk
(3.75)
holds.The combinatorial factor in the molecular weight distribution function (3.68) simpliesas the factor p(1 p)q(1 q) disappears, and the limit q 1 of complete reaction canbe taken. As a result, the molecular weight distribution is transformed toN (j, l) =
( )lf (p )jkfkjk 1 !lf 1 !,lf !jk !f
(3.76)
which agrees with the tree statistics with multiple junctions derived by Fukui andYamabe [16] directly by using the statistical-mechanical method.The gel point turns out to be given by(fw 1)( w 1) = 1,
(3.77)
after the replacement of the symbols as above. We will derive these results more efciently in Appendix 3.B by using the probability generating function (p.g.f.) of thecascade theory.The branching coefcient of this system when regarded as an A/B mixture is foundto be = (gw 1)pq by generalizing (3.52) to polydisperse systems. Fixing q = 1 in
121
Fig. 3.18
(k 1)pk , we nd that the
= w 1.
(3.78)
Because there are k 1 paths going out of the k junction, the result can be understoodin the form (Figure 3.18)=(3.79)(k 1)pk = w 1.k1
Thus, the gel point condition (3.77) is also derived from the branching coefcient method.Most physical gels have multiple cross-links. They are formed by the association ofthe particular segments on the polymer chains. Therefore, gels with multiple junctionsmay be understood more profoundly when they are treated by thermodynamic theoryrather than reaction theory. In Section 7.1, we shall present some of the equilibriumthermodynamics of physical gels with multiple junctions.
Appendices to Chapter 33.A
Sk
m=1
mmk m ,
mk m m .
m1 fm =1
S0 = /(1 ).
leads to
122
Appendices to Chapter 3
The rst moment is calculated by the relation S1 = (dS0 ()/d). Because dS0 /d =(dS0 ()/d)(d/d), and dS0 /d = 1/(1)2 , d/d = (1)f 3 [1(f 1)],we have
S1 =.(1 )[1 (f 1)]Similarly, from S2 () = 2 (d 2 S0 ()/d 2 ) + S1 (), we ndS2 =
[1 (f 1) 2 ].(1 )[1 (f 1)]3
3.B
,f (1 )2
S2 =
(1 + ).f (1 )2 [1 (f 1)]
wm () m ,
(3.80)
where is the reactivity (the fraction of functional groups that have reacted), wm () isthe weight distribution function (3.19), and is the dummy parameter used to constructthe p.g.f. The sol fraction is given bywS S = W (, 1).In the pregel regime, the weight fraction is normalized as
wm () = 1,
(3.81)
123
so that (3.81) has a trivial solution S = 1, while in the postgel regime it has a nontrivialsolution in the region 0 S < 1. The number average molecular weight is calculated bythe relation 1
1wm ()d
W (; ) .=
mnm0m=1
Wmw =
mz =
, =1
1W,
mw
and so on.Starting with the 0-th generation, the p.g.f. for the total number of molecules in therst, second, . . ., r-th generations, can be seen to beW (; ) = F0 ( F1 ( F2 ( Fr ( )) )),
(3.83)
where Fi ( ) is the p.g.f. for the children of the molecules in the i-th generation(Figure 3.19). Rigorous proof of this relation is given by Good for the vectorial cascade random branching problem [19]. For an innite tree (r ), all Fi for i 1 havethe same structure as F1 , so this relation can be written as
xu (x)
W ( ) = F0 (x),
(3.84a)
x = F1 (x).
(3.84b)
u(x)
R{Af}
xR{Af}
i=0Fig. 3.19
i=2
Diagram for the p.g.f. of the cascade tree. Each junction is accompanied by a factor u(x). The0-th generation has f branches, while the generations higher than the rst have f 1 branches.
124
F1 (x) = u(x)f 1 ,
whereu(x) 1 + x,
(3.85)
for the pairwise reaction. (An arbitrarily chosen functional group may either remain unreacted with the probability 1 or react with the probability .) For multiple reactions,it is given byu(x) =pk x k1 .k1
f u(x)f ,
F1 (x) =
f u(x)f 1 .
From (3.84a), we have u(x) = (W ( )/ )1/f , and from (3.84b), we have u(x) =(x/ )1/f , where f f 1. These two must be the same, so thatx = 1/f W ( )f
/f
and henceu(x) = S 1/f .In particular for pairwise reaction (3.85), this relation may be solved with respectto as = (1 S 1/f )/(1 S f /f ).For S = 1, the reactivity at the gel point = c = 1/f is obtained.Let us nd the average molecular weight by the p.g.f. By taking the derivative of(3.84b), we nd1 F1 (x)d =dx.F1 (x)Hence we have
xF0 (x)u (x)d ln F1 (x)u(x) 1 f x1dx =dxd ln xu(x)0 F1 (x)0 x*x*=fu(x)dx f xu(x)* ,
1=mn
where x = S f
125
In the pregel regime, we have S = 1, and hence we nd (3.17). For the multiple reactionf1= f pk S f k/f ,kmnk1
which leads to
1f [1/ n + 1/f 1]in the pregel regime, where n is the number average junction multiplicity.Similarly, from the relationmn =
F1 (x)F0 (x)W= F0 (x) +,
1 F1 (x)we ndmw = F0 (x) +
F0 (x).1 F1 (x)
In the pregel regime of pairwise reaction, this equation reduces to (3.20). For multiplereaction, this equation givesmw =
1,f [1/ w + 1/f 1]
where w is the weight average junction multiplicity, and hence the gel point condition is(f 1)( w 1) = 1,which is the monodisperse case of (7.96).Higher order average may be calculated in a similar way. For instance, the z-averagemolecular weight of pairwise reaction ismz =
in the pregel regime. Similar calculation of the average molecular weights in binarymixtures in which different functional groups A and B react with each other in the formof multiple polycondensation is presented in the literature [20, 21].We can also nd the weight fraction distribution function wm () from the cascadeequations (3.84a) and (3.84b) by expanding the function F0 (x) in powers of the dummyparameter . This procedure is easily feasible if we apply the following Lagrangetheorem [22, 23]. The theorem states that if the variable x is related to by the equationx = (x),
126
with an analytic function (x), then any analytic function f (x) can be expanded asf (x) = f (0) +
n d n1
f (x)(x)n .n! dx
(3.86)
n1
f u(x)f , and
f (x)n f (x)11 d=f (x)n+1 ,u(x)nu(x)n n + 1 dx
nn!(n + 1)
ddx
1 df (x)n+1 .u(x)n dx
f (x)
= (n + 1)!
m f fmf !
{m} f
where mf are integers satisfying the condition f mf = n + 1.On substitution, the function f (x) has the expansion
m d n1 1 d f f
u(x) f mf nf (x) = f (0) +u(x)n dxmf !dx{m} f
= f (0) +
{m}
m f f d nf mfu(x) f mf n .( f mf n)mf !dxf
f mf n
==
pk x k1
f mf n
p jk kf mf n !x (k1)jk ,jk !{j }
where k1 jk = f f mf n must hold. After taking the derivatives n times andputting x = 0, the only term satisfying the condition k1 (k 1)jk = n = f mf 1remains. Hence, we have f mfjk 1 !nf (x) = f (0) +n1
{j ,m}
mf p jkfkmf 1 !mf !jk !f
127
The rst term corresponds to the n = 0 term in the p.g.f. We therefore nally ndW () =
m f f p jk k(f mf )(jk 1)!(mf 1)!
,mf !jk !n
References[1] Flory, P. J., Principles of Polymer Chemistry. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY, 1953.[2] Clark, A. H.; Ross-Murphy, S. B., Adv. Polym. Sci. 83, 57 (1987).[3] Guenet, J. M., Thermoreversible Gelation of Polymers and Biopolymers. Academic Press:London, 1992.[4] te Nijenhuis, K., Adv. Polym. Sci. 130, 1 (1997).[5] de Gennes, P. G., Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics. Cornell University Press: Ithaca,NY, 1979.[6] Deam, R.T.; Edwards, S. F., Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 280, 317 (1976).[7] Ziman, J. M., Models of Disorder. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1979.[8] Okumura, Y.; Ito, K., Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 485.[9] Weiss, R. G.; Terech, P., Molecular Gels: Materials with Self-Assembled Fibrillar Networks.Springer: London, 2006.[10] Flory, P. J., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63, 3091 (1941).[11] Stockmayer, W. H., J. Chem. Phys. 11, 45 (1943).[12] Stockmayer, W. H., J. Chem. Phys. 12, 125 (1944).[13] Ziff, R. M.; Stell, G., J. Chem. Phys. 73, 3492 (1980).[14] Yan, J. F., J. Chem. Phys. 78, 6893 (1983).[15] Stockmayer, W. H., J. Polym. Sci. 4, 69 (1952).[16] Fukui, K.; Yamabe, T., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn 40, 2052 (1967).[17] Gordon, M., Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 268, 240 (1962).[18] Good, I. J., Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 272, 54 (1963).[19] Good, I. J., Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 45, 360 (1949).[20] Tanaka, F., J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 41, 2405 (2003).[21] Tanaka, F., J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 41, 2413 (2003).[22] Good, I. J., Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 56, 367 (1960).[23] Whittaker, E. T.; Watson, G. N., A Course of Modern Analysis, 4th edn. Cambridge UniversityPress: Cambridge, 1969, p. 133.
Rubbers and gels are three-dimensional networks composed of mutually cross-linked polymers.They behave like solids, but they still have high internal degrees of freedom that are free fromconstraints of external force; the random coils connecting the cross-links are free in thermal Brownian motion. The characteristic elasticity of polymeric materials appears from the conformationalentropy of these random coils. In this chapter, we study the structures and mechanical propertiesof rubbers on the basis of the statistical-mechanical models of polymer networks.
4.1.1
(4.1)
where U is the internal energy, S the entropy, and V the volume of the sample. Becausethe volume stays constant during deformation of rubber, we set dV = 0.
129
Dividing this relation by dL under the condition of constant pressure and temperature,we nd the tension USf=.(4.2)TL p,TL p,TAs for the Gibbs free energy, we have the relationdG = SdT + V dp + f dL.Comparing with the mathematical relationGGdG =dT +dL,T p,LL p,T
(4.3)
(4.4)
=(4.5)T p,LL p,Tholds as one of the Maxwell relations.The tension can be transformed toUff=+TT p,LL p,T
(4.6)
fe ln f ln(f /T )= 1= T,(4.7)f ln T p,LTp,L
130
slope
p,L
TC
( )T
BUL
( )0Fig. 4.1
[K]
Experimental method to separate the tension into energetic and entropic parts.
12fB
4A020
Elongation 1Fig. 4.2
Separation of the tension f into the energy part (curve A) and the entropy part (curve B). It turnsout that the major part of the elasticity originates in the entropy for rubber. (Reprinted withpermission from Ref. [3].)
from (4.6). The partial derivative (f /T )p,L on the right-hand side is the temperaturecoefcient of tension, which is analogous to (1.31). According to the molecular theoryof rubber elasticity, this fraction is connected to the mean end-to-end distance r 2 0 ofthe subchains connecting two adjacent cross-links through the relation [4]d lnr 2 0fe=T.fdT
(4.8)
131
natural rubbercis-1,4-polybutadienepolydimethylsiloxanepolyisobutylenepolyethyleneelastine
fe /f
d lnr 2 0 /dT 103 (K 1 )
0.180.130.200.060.420.26
0.600.440.670.201.410.87
We shall discuss this relation in the following sections presenting the molecular theoryof rubber elasticity.Because the left-hand side is a thermodynamic quantity, the macroscopic phenomenological picture is related to the microscopic picture through equation (4.8). Table 4.1 [5]shows a comparison of both sides of this relation at T = 298 K.Polyethyrene (PE) has a negative value fe /f = 0.42. This is because the extendedtrans zigzag conformation of -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 - at low temperatures changes to the gaucheconformation upon heating, so that end-to-end distance reduces. Poly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS) has a large positive value fe /f = 0.20. The skeletal form of -Si-O-Si-Otakes a compact structure in the trans conformation, but with an increase in the gaucheconformation upon heating, the end-to-end distance increases sharply.
4.1.2
Thermoelastic inversionFigure 4.3 plots the tension of a rubber vulcanized with sulfur as a function of temperatureunder the constant length L in the small deformation region. The elongation L/L0 1is indicated by the gures beside the curves. The reference value L0 is chosen to be thatof the equilibrium state of the sample at T = 20 C. In the small elongation region below36%, the temperature coefcient (f /T )p,L is negative, while it is positive at higherelongation. The sign change of the temperature coefcient at small deformation is calledthermoelastic inversion. It is natural that the tension increases with the temperaturebecause the origin of elasticity is entropic, but there is thermal expansion of the sample that leads to a reduction of the tension with temperature. Thermoelastic inversionindicates that thermal expansion exceeds the entropy reduction when the deformation issufciently small.
4.1.3
GoughJoule effectIn 1805, Gough1 discovered that a rubber shrinks when heated under a constant load.The rubber was restored to its initial length when cooled down, which showed that thechange was thermoreversible. Contraction of a rubber by heat was conrmed in detail by1 John Gough (17571825) was an English natural philosopher.
132
438%Force [kg cm2]
22%
13%16%3%0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Temperature [C]
Fig. 4.3
Tension of a vulcanized rubber plotted against the temperature. The tension is measured byvarying temperature under a constant length L of the sample. The elongation is shown by theratio = L/L0 by using the reference value L0 at 20 C. The value 1 is converted into %.(Reprinted with permission from Ref. [3].)
0.20(a)(b)
0.12
T [K]
0.16
0.08
0.04000
200
300
400
1 [%]
1 [%]Fig. 4.4
(a) Magnication of the small deformation region. Thermoelastic inversion is seen around = 1.13, as indicated by the thin broken line. (b) Temperature rise (depression) by adiabaticelongation (contraction) of a rubber.
Joule in 1859, and hence it is called the GoughJoule effect. The GoughJoule effectsuggests that the temperature coefcient of tension is positive.The phenomenon of heat production when a rubber is adiabatically elongated is closelyrelated to the GoughJoule effect. When a rubber is quickly elongated, it produces heatand the temperature of the sample goes up. The temperature rise by such an adiabaticelongation is plotted in Figure 4.4 [6]. At high stretching (1 500%), the temperatureincrease is as high as 10 K (Figure 4.4(b)), but there is a region of temperature drop asshown in Figure 4.4(a) for small elongation (below 20%). By releasing the tension, thesample restores its initial equilibrium state with the initial temperature.
133
The entropy change of the rubber sample under a constant pressure is given bydS =
ST
dT +
SL
dL.
(4.9)
Rewriting the rst term in terms of the specic heat Cp T (S/T )p,L under constantpressure and length, and by using Kelvins relation (4.5) for the second term, we nddS =
CpfdL.dT T p,LT
(4.10)
Because the entropy change is dS = 0 for the adiabatic process, the temperature changeof the sample is proportional to the temperature coefcient of tension
TL
T=CpS
(4.11)
so that the sign of the temperature change is the same as that of the temperature coefcientof tension. Comparison of Figure 4.3 with Figure 4.4(a) suggests that thermoelasticinversion can be studied in the region below 13% elongation (for details see Section 4.4).Thus, the GoughJoule effect can be understood as the manifestation of thethermoelastic inversion when seen from a different viewpoint.
4.2.1
4 2 3/2 s 03V
(4.12)
be the number of spatial neighbors in the spherical region (the broken line in Figure1/24.5) with the radius s 2 0 , the mean radius of gyration of the subchains, where isthe total number of cross-links in the sample and V its volume. For common rubbers,Q is as large as Q = 25100. There are many cross-links in the neighborhood whichare not directly connected to the particular one in focus. For random cross-linking of
134
P< r 2 >01/2
Fig. 4.5
Due to such densely packed molecularly interpenetrated structures, rubbers are incompressible under deformation. Each chain takes a Gaussian conformation following theFlory theorem for screened excluded-volume interaction. On the basis of these characteristics, we can derive the elastic properties of rubbers from a microscopic pointof view.
4.2.2
3P0 (r0 ) =2r 2 0
3r0 2exp 2,2r 0
(4.13)
with the mean square value r 2 0 = na 2 (n is the number of repeat units on the subchain).This is called Gaussian assumption. The chain vector r0 connects the neighboring twojunctions.Kuhn [7] and Wall [8] assumed further that the chain vector r0 deforms in proportionto the macroscopic deformation (x , y , z ) in spite of the molecular interaction andtopological entanglements in the network. On the basis of this afne deformation, theyfound the relationship between the applied force and the deformation of the sample.This assumption of afne deformation is written asr0 r = r0 ,
(4.14)
135
deformation tensor
equilibriumdeformed
r0
Fig. 4.6
where is the deformation tensor, and r0 and r are chain vectors before and after thedeformation. The deformation tensor takes the form
x 0 0 0 y 0 (4.15)00 zfor a uniaxial elongation. In more general deformation, the tensor has nite off-diagonalelements.The physical base of afne deformation lies in the intricate structure of rubberdescribed above; polymer chains are randomly coiled, highly interpenetrated and entangled, but may follow the deformation freely by adjusting the positions of the chainsegments.Let be the total number of subchains in the sample. The number of subchains whosechain vector falls in the region r0 and r0 + dr0 is given by P0 (r0 )dr0 . They take thevector between r and r + dr after deformation, and hence the following relation holds:P0 (r0 )dr0 = P (r)dr,
(4.16)
where P (r) is the chain distribution after deformation. The assumption of afne deformation connects r to r0 by the relation (4.14). Because the free energy stored in a subchainwhose chain vector is r is given by (1.36)(r) =
3kB T 2r ,2r 2 0
(4.17)
(4.18)
136
Substituting (4.17) into this equation, and by using the afne deformation (4.14), we nd3kB T( r0 )2 P0 (r0 )dr02r 2 0kB T 2=( + 2y + 2z )r 2 0 .2r 2 0 x
F ( ) =
(4.19)
(4.20)
1 2 .
(4.21)
Dividing (4.21) by the initial area L2 of the cross section gives the elongational stress (tension by a unit area). The stresselongation relation turns out to bekB T=L3
(4.22)
Because the cross section under deformation is L2 /, the stress per unit area of thecross section under deformation is1kB T2 .(4.23)=
L3The number of subchains /L3 in a unit volume is given by /L3 = NA /M in termsof the density , and the molecular weight M of the subchain. Hence we have=
RTM
2
1.
(4.24)
The molecular theory of rubber elasticity on the basis of afne deformation assumptionis the afne network theory, or the classical theory of rubber elasticity.
Youngs modulusThe Youngs modulus E of a rubber is found by further differentiation of the stressRT2
=+ 2E =
(4.25)
137
The linear Youngs modulus E is dened by the Youngs modulus for an innitesimaldeformation. Fixing at = 1 in the above equation, we ndE=
3RTM
(4.26)
Tensionelongation curveThe main characteristics of rubber elasticity is well described by afne network theory,but the prole of the tensionelongation curve deviates in the high-elongation region fromthe experimental observation. Figure 4.7 compares the experimental data (circles) of thetension f with the theoretical calculation (broken line) as functions of the elongation [9]. Data show the shape of the letter S. There is a sharp increase in the high-elongationregion. They largely deviate from the theory because the chains are stretched beyond thelinear regime, and the Gaussian assumption of the afne network theory breaks down athigh elongation.Toreloar improved this deciency of the Gaussian assumption by introducing theLangevin chain (1.26) instead of the Gaussian chain to incorporate chain nonlinearity[9] (see Section 4.6). The effect of nonlinear stretching can thus be studied by reningthe single-chain properties of the subchains.
Chain entanglementsThere are also some discrepancies between theory and experiments regarding the nonlinear stretching effect. Figure 4.8 plots the ratio /(1/2 ) against the reciprocal deformation 1 for a cross-linked natural rubber (MooneyRivlin plot) [1013].Becausethe ratio increases in proportion to 1 , the experiments can be tted by the linear curve = 2C1
11 2 + 2C2 1 3 ,
(4.27)
with two constants C1 and C2 . Equation (4.27) is called the MooneyRivlin empiricalformula.
138
Fig. 4.7
45Elongation
4.0
GF3.0EDCAB
1/
Fig. 4.8
MooneyRivlin plot of a cross-linked natural rubber. The curves AG have different degrees ofcross-linking with sulfur content covering from 3% to 4%. (Reprinted with permission fromGumbrell, S. M.; Mullins, L.; Rivlin, R. S., Trans. Faraday Soc. 49, 1495 (1953).)
139
Because the constant C2 decreases when the rubber is swollen by solvents, thisextra term is deduced to be caused by the topological entanglements of the subchains.The entangled parts serve as the delocalized cross-links which increase the elasticity.Networks are disentangled on swelling, and the Mooney constant C2 decreases.
4.2.3
Florys correctionWhen networks are formed by cross-linking of the prepolymers, the end parts of the prepolymers remain as dangling ends in the network. Flory made a correction by subtractingthe number of such trivial free ends from the number of chains which appeared in thestress [14].Let M be the molecular weight of the prepolymers, and let Mc be that of the subchainsafter cross-linking. The latter is the average value over the subchains whose distributionis assumed to be sufciently narrow. The number of subchains in a unit volume is = /Mc , where is the density of the rubber sample. Because the number of ends ofthe prepolymers is given by 2/M, the number of the effective chains should be2Mc
eff =1,McM
(4.28)
RTMc
2McM
12 ,
(4.29)
where the factor 1 2Mc /M has appeared to exclude the free ends.
140
McM
Fig. 4.9
danglinggroup
i =1, k =2Fig. 4.10
Junctions whose path number is larger than or equal to 3 are called elastically effective junctions. Junctions with path number 1 connect dangling chains (Figure 4.10);junctions with path number 2 are not active because they merely extend the alreadyexisting paths. Both types should not be counted as effective chains.The ScanlanCase (SC) criterion states that a subchain is elastically effective if bothits ends are connected to the elastically active junctions, i.e., whose path numbers i andi are larger than or equal to 3 (Figure 4.11). The criterion leads to 2k
eff =
1 iik2
(4.30)
k=2 i=3
for the number of elastically effective chains, where the factor 1/2 is necessary to avoidcounting the same subchain twice.
141
( i' , k' )
(i,k)
Fig. 4.11
ScanlanCase criterion for elastically effective chains. Chains with i 3 and i 3 are effective.
The number i,k of junctions with specied type can be found as a function of thedegree of reaction for polycondensation systems and the random cross-linking of prepolymers. Also, there has been much research into the nature of the active chains andelastic moduli near the gelation point. Some results will be presented in Section 8.2.
4.2.4
= 3kB T0 0 . If the sample is heated to the temperature T under the constant length, thesample increases its volume, so that the length in equilibrium at T0 is elongated, whichresults in a reduction in the degree of elongation by
= 0 (T T0 ),3where
VT
(4.31)
(4.32)p
3kB T 0 (T T0 ) .(4.33)3If the temperature coefcient is calculated under the condition that the degree of elongation 0 measured relative to the equilibrium length at the reference temperature T0 isconstant, it is
= 3kB 0 (2T T0 ) .(4.34)T 03The critical degree of elongation at which the sign changes is found to be 0 =
(2T T0 ).3
(4.35)
142
The tension reduces on heating in the small elongation region below this critical value.For instance, if we take T0 = 293 K, T = 343 K, and = 6.6 104 K1 , the criticalelongation is 0 = 0.086. It turns out that, for the deformation below 8.6%, thermalexpansion dominates the entropic elasticity.
4.3
(4.37)
where is the cycle rank of the network. For networks with a constant branchnumber , the cycle rank is = (1 2/). For instance, = /2 for = 4.
143
R0Fig. 4.12
R = R
Phantom network theory. Network junctions are classied into -junctions at the surface and -junctions lying inside the rubber sample.
Therefore, the phantom network theory gives smaller elastic free energy due to the freeuctuations of the junctions.The main idea of the phantom network theory (Figure 4.12) is summarized as follows[1, 5]. It rst classies the junctions into two categories: -junction and -junction. The -junctions are those xed on the surface of the sample. They deform afnely to thestrain .The -junctions are those inside the sample. The external force does not act directlyon them. They only receive the stress transmitted through the chains. They are free fromthe constraints, so that they may uctuate around their average positions.To nd the free energy of the phantom network, we count the total number of possibleconformations of the subchains by integrating over all possible displacements of the -junctions. However, because there is no denite criterion to distinguish the surfacefrom the inside of the sample from the microscopic viewpoint, it is difcult to identifythe - and -junctions uniquely. We therefore start here from a microscopic network forwhich one can nd the exact free energy, and grow the junctions step by step to reachthe macroscopic one.
4.3.1
(4.38)
These end points are assumed to be -junctions that deform afnely to the strain. Theinternal junctions are all regarded as -junctions. The total number of chains in thenetwork isl = [1 + ( 1) + + ( 1)l1 ] = [( 1)l 1]/( 2).
(4.39)
144
fixedmobile
central
Al=1
Al=2
l=3
=3l =3
Fig. 4.13
Starting from the central -junction A, we can integrate over possible positions of the -junctions one generation after another, and nd the elastic free energy(def F )micro = Rl ()
lkB T (2x + 2y + 2z 3),2
(4.40)
l 1 ( 2)( 1)l1,=l( 1)l 1
(4.41)
which indicates the difference from the afne network [22, 23].For instance, if we x l = 2, we haveR2 () =
1.
(4.42)
This agrees with the result of the tetrahedra model studied by Flory and Rehner [24] toinvestigate the effect of junction uctuations in a micronetwork consisting of four chainswhich start from the corners of the tetrahedra and are connected by one central junction.For a macroscopic network, the prefactor becomeslim Rl () =
2, 1
(4.43)
by taking l limit. It is R (4) = 2/3 for a tetrafunctional tree, R (3) = 1/2 for atrifunctional tree. Both are smaller than the afne network value.The micronetwork of tree form, however, has a signicantly large fraction of -junctions relative to the total number of junctions. A correction to improve thisdeciency is necessary for application to real networks [22].
145
There are l subchains with one end of type and other end of type ( , ), andthere are l l chains of type ( , ). The fraction of each type to the total number ofchains is l /l = ( 2)/( 1) and 1 l /l = 1/( 1). Because the factor R is( 1)/ for type ( , ), it can be decomposed into two types asR =
2 1 2 21+.=
1- ./ 0- ./ 0( , )
(4.44)
( , )
2(def F )ph =1kB T (2x + 2y + 2z 3).2
(4.45)
4.3.2
(4.46)
3 kB T(r 2 r02 ),2r02
(4.47)
where r is the chain vector after deformation, and r0 is that before deformation. Thesymbol indicates the average over all possible distributions of the chain vectorbefore deformation.For the afne networks, the relation r = r0 is assumed, but the phantom networksdiscard this relation. Let us separate the chain vector into its average and the deviationfrom the average asr = r + r,(4.48)where r is the average chain vector that minimizes the free energy before deformationunder the constraints of the xed positions of the -junctions. Its mean square average isr 2 = r 2 + (r)2 ,
(4.49)
(4.50)
146
(4.51)
2x + 2y + 3z3
1 r02 .
(4.52)
By the relations (4.47) and (4.51), the free energy turns out to be
(4.53)
4.4
Swelling experimentsThe number of elastically effective chains = (1 2/) in phantom network theory issmaller than its afne value . In an afne network, all junctions are assumed to displaceunder the strict constraint of the strain, while in a phantom network they are assumed tomove freely around the mean positions. In real networks of rubbers, the displacement ofthe junctions lies somewhere between these two extremes. To examine the microscopicchain deformation and displacement of the junctions, let us consider deformation ofrubbers accompanied by the swelling processes in the solvent (Figure 4.14) [1, 5, 14, 25].Let L0 be the length of one side of a cubic sample (volume V0 = L0 3 ) when it is made.We choose it as the reference state before deformation. If the sample is synthesized andi
f3
iLiL0
V0
Reference StateFig. 4.14
(i )
Vi
Initial State
f2
f1
Deformed State
Swelling experiments. The sample swollen by the solvent is deformed by the applied force.
147
cross-linked in a solvent, this cube includes solvent molecules. In such cases, let Vdry bethe volume of the network when it is dried, and letc Vdry /V0
(4.54)
LjL0
(j = x, y, z).
(4.56)
When the volume change by deformation can be neglected, the relation Vi =V =Lx Ly Lzholds. The deformation tensor relative to the initial state is then given by 1/3LjV0j .j (i) =VL
(4.57)
.(4.59)f=L0V0 2xV02L(i)The prefactor F takes the value for the afne networks, and for the phantom networks.By dividing the area A= (L(i) )2 / of the sample under deformation, the stress x isgiven by FkB T V 2/3 2 1x =.(4.60) VV0
148
To compare with the experimental data with the theoretical prediction, we introducereduced stress [ f ] by the denition[f ]
f 1/3.Adry ( 2 )
The area in the denominator is not the area in the reference state, but in the dry state.From (4.59), it is given byFkB T[f ]=c 2/3 ,(4.61)Vdrywhich is independent of the degree of elongation.Figure 4.15 plots the reduced tension of a natural rubber against the reciprocal degreeof elongation 1 . As predicted by the theories, the experimental data lie in-betweenthe upper limit of the afne network theory and the lower limit of the phantom networktheory [5].The data depend on the elongation , however, suggesting that the uctuation of thejunctions is not completely free from the strain. The degree of constraint depends on theelongation.The upturn of the data in the limit of high elongation indicates partial crystallizationof the polymer segments that are oriented in parallel to the direction of elongation.For uniaxial compression of the sample, the stress in the swollen state is much smallerthan the unswollen states. This may be attributed to the disentanglement of chains dueto swelling; swelling reduces the topological constraints, and makes the motion of thejunctions easier.Figure 4.16 shows the detailed experimental data on the depression of the stress. Theextrapolation to gives the rst Mooney constant 2C1 , which turns out to beindependent of the polymer volume fraction . In contrast, the slope of the lines decreases
affine
vkTc2/3/Vd
unswollen[f ]swollen2/3
kTc
/Vd
phantom0
1Fig. 4.15
Reduced stresses in the swollen (upper line) and unswollen (lower line) states. Experimental datalie in-between the limits predicted by the afne and phantom network theories. The tensionreduces on swelling. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [5], Chap. 8.)
149
=1.00 =0.79
C1 [105 N m 2]
2.5
=0.61 =0.42
1.61.41.21.0
=0.36
1.50.5 0.6
=0.24
(a)Fig. 4.16
(a) Detailed data of the reduced stress in the range 0.5 1 1.0 plotted against 1 . (b) Therst Mooney constant C1 is obtained by the extrapolation into 1 0. (Reprinted withpermission from Ref. [26].)
by dilution of the rubber. Thus the second Mooney constant 2C2 decreases by swelling,suggesting that it is related to the degree of entanglement of the chains.We can understand the thermoelastic inversion by noticing the difference between thetwo distinct concepts of elongations; one dened relative to the reference state (), andthe other dened relative to the initial state ().Suppose the volume expansion from V0 to V is induced not by swelling but by thermalexpansion. Then, the volume in the initial state is V = V0 (1+T ), where T T T0 .For a small deformation = 1 + ( 1), the stress (4.59) takes the formFkB Tf=L0
1 + T1+ (1 + )2
3FkB T
=L0
T .3
(4.62)
3FkB (2T T0 ) .L03
(4.63)
150
rubber film
Fig. 4.17
Extension of a rubber lm. A spherical balloon made of rubber lm is swollen by a gas, and thetwo-dimensional stress is measured.
(4.64a)
(4.64b)
from (4.59). In the special case of the expansion of a spherical balloon made of rubberlm (Figure 4.17), we have a symmetry x = y , so that =2
FkB TV
VV0
2/3 2
In the case where a shear deformation in the x direction is given while the y directionis kept undeformed by adjusting the force fy , we have x , y = 1, so that the stressesare 2/3 FkB TV12x = 2 2 ,VV0
2/3 FkB T1Vy = 21 2 .VV0
(4.65a)(4.65b)
4.5
151
reference stateF
V0=(N*+n)a3=L03
xL0
y L0Fig. 4.18
of the network) and for the network to restore its initial state (elastic force) balance,the mixed system reaches an equilibrium state. Combining the elastic free energy ofthe network with the free energy of mixing, we study the swelling equilibrium of thecross-linked polymer networks under specied environmental conditions [1, 28].The volume in the reference state of the gel when it is prepared (cross-linked) iswritten asV0 L0 3 = (N0 + nN )a 3 ,
(4.66)
where N0 is the number of the solvent molecules in the preparation stage, N is the totalnumber of subchains, and n the average number of repeat units on a subchain. The lengtha is the size of a repeat unit, which is for simplicity assumed to be the same as the size ofa solvent molecule (Figure 4.18). The volume fraction of polymers in the reference stateis c = nN a 3 /V0 . When the gel is immersed after being dried, the reference volume isVdry = nN a 3 or c = 1.The gel adsorbs solvent molecules and swells to the volume V . If the number of solventmolecules inside the gel network is N0 in the initial state, the volume is V =(N0 +nN )a 3 .The volume fraction of the polymer inside the gel is Vdry /V , and the degree ofswelling isQ V /V0 = c /.
(4.67)
Let x , y , z be the expansion factor of the side in each direction. The swelling ratiois then given by Q = x y z .
152
In particular, when the gel swells under no tension, it undergoes an isotropic freeexpansion, so that x = y = z . Let be the expansion ratiox = y = z = (c /)1/3 .
(4.68)
When the gel swells under uniaxial tension in the x direction, the expansion ratios areby symmetry 1/2cx = ,,(4.69)y = z =
2 c
2def F = kB T +,+ ln2 c
(4.70)
within the theoretical scheme of the afne network (4.20). The last term ln(/0 ) isthe correction term for the volume change. The coefcient depends on the cross-linkdensity.For free swelling, (4.68) gives
2/3
def F = kB T 3.+ ln2cc
(4.71)
VkB T [(1 ) ln(1 ) + (T )(1 )]a3
(4.72)
by the FloryHuggins lattice theory, where the mixing entropy term due to the translational motion of mass center has been neglected because the molecular weight of thepolymer (gel) is innity.The tension can be found from the differential of the free energy with respect to Lx .It turns out to beFkB T FkB Tf==
t,(4.73)Lx TL0
L0where t is the dimensionless tension, given byf L01t= 2kB T
c.
(4.74)
153
In the equilibrium state, solvent molecules are free to pass between the inner and outerregions of the gel. Hence the chemical potential of the solvent molecule inside the gel
0 = A(, ) + ln(1 ) + + (T ) 2 ,n
(4.75)
should be equal to the chemical potential in the environment 0 (= 0). The number of elastically effective chains differs in general from the total number of chains N ,so that it is written as = N , where is the fraction of effective chains. For uniaxialelongation, the elastic part of the free energy is 1 c
A(, ) = ,(4.76) 2and for free swelling it is
cA(, ) =
.2
(4.77)
The rest of the terms in (4.75) represent the effect of the osmotic pressure of the network.The equilibrium condition takes the form
A(, ) + ln(1 ) + + (T ) 2 = 0.n
(4.78)
The solution of the coupled equations (4.74) and (4.78) gives the degree of elongation and the volume fraction as functions of the temperature and the tension.
4.5.1
Free swellingBecause the swelling ratio Q lies above 10 in common gels, the volume fraction issmall enough to expand the logarithm in (4.78) in powers of . Taking (4.78) up to thesecond order, we have
c 2/3 1
(4.79)
2.n
22If we further neglect /2 in [ ] on the left-hand side, we nd the swelling ratio asQ0 =
n2/3
3/5.
(4.80)
We have employed the interaction parameter of the ShultzFlory type (2.105) with 1 8/T the dimensionless temperature deviation from the theta temperature.2 Aswe are studying swelling by good solvents, therefore we have > 0.Thus, the volume of the gel increases continuously with the temperature if we employthe usual ShultzFlory interaction parameter. However, it was observed that cross-linked2 should not be confused with the stress.
154
1.0A
0.6C
0.60.431
Temperature [C]
(a)Fig. 4.19
Temperature [C](b)
Volume transition of gels. (a) Experimental data of cross-linked PNIPAM gels. (b)Phenomenological description by the concentration-dependent interaction parameter.Discontinuous transition can be derived by a special form of (4.81) and (4.82) with h =7.505 kJ mol1 , s = 2.841 J K1 mol1 , 2 = 0.518, = 1. Curve A: 0 =0.075, N /V0 = 0.017 mol dm3 ; curve B: 0 = 0.114, N /V0 = 0.040 mol dm3 ; curve C:critical value 0 = 0.090, N/V0 = 0.023 mol dm3 . (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [30].)
(4.81)
as in the VLBW treatment (2.131), and attempted to reproduce the discontinuous swellingcurve [29, 30]. He separated the rst term into enthalpy and entropy parts as1 (T ) = (h T s)/RT ,
(4.82)
where both h and s are negative. If hT s < 0, 1 increases with the temperature,leading to high-temperature collapse. Figure 4.19 shows some swelling curves withdifferent values for h, s, and 2 . The molecular modeling for the origin of theseparameters of PNIPAM chains is possible through the detailed study of hydration.
4.5.2
1 c
2.n 22
(4.83)
155
5t=2
free swellingt=0
t=1
210
3.0
ln [n(1/2-)]Fig. 4.20
Ratio for a uniaxial elongation under a constant tension plotted against the reducedtemperature. The dimensionless tension is varied from curve to curve.
Eliminating by using the relation (4.74), and neglecting /2 on the left-hand side, wend the relation between the tension and elongation as 31 ( t)2 c .n2
(4.84)
n c
(4.85)
In Figure 4.20, the elongation ratio is plotted as a function of the reduced temperatureln(n/). The swelling ratio increases with the tension t, and hence the gel absorbsmore solvent molecules when stretched.The ratio between the deformation parallel with and perpendicular to the tension,3 =
ln y,ln x
(4.86)
3K 2,2(3K + )
(4.87)
156
where K is the bulk modulus and is the shear modulus4 [31]. Since K and mustbe positive for a stable matter, must take a value in the range 1 1/2. If thematerial is incompressible (K ), then = 1/2. This is the upper limit of the ratio.For the soft limit K 0, the lower bound of the Poisson ratio = 1 is reached [31].In reality, most materials have between 0 and 1/2. For a single chain swollen ina good solvent, scaling argument leads to = 1/4 [32]. The measurement of the ratioK/ of the swollen polyacrylamide gels [33] showed that takes a value between 0.26and 0.29 depending on the preparation condition.For a gel swollen under tension, the Poisson ratio (4.86) is given by=
1ln(n/)1.4ln
(4.88)
Hence, it may take negative values in a certain temperature range. When gels are stretchedin the x direction, they absorb solvent molecules and enhance swelling, so that theyexpand in the y and z directions as well. Because they are open systems that solventmolecules can enter and leave, a negative Poisson ratio is possible. It does not contradictwith the stability condition of the matter.
4.6
(4.89)
in the limit of large n by (1.15), where t f a/kB T is the dimensionless tension, and0 (t) = sinh t/t.
(4.90)
is the factor that appears after integration over the rotational angle. It is regarded as themaximum eigenvalue for the partition function. The mean end-to-end distance is derivedfrom the relation
R=(nkB T ln 0 ),(4.91)f4 Do not confuse this with the numerical coefcient in (4.70).
157
ln 0 (t).t
(4.92)
Let us solve this relation for t, and express it as t = (l). The free energy of the chain isthen given by
(l) =
f dR = nkB T
td l
= nkB T0
tdlt dt = nkB T lt ldt ,dt0
(4.93)
or equivalently,(l) = nkB T [l(l) ln 0 ((l))].
(4.94)
(4.95)
(4.96)
C=
4 l 2 eng(l) d l.
(4.97)
The elastic free energy of an afne network made up of such Langevin chains iswritten as(4.98)def F ( ) = [( R0 ) (R0 )]P0 (R0 )dR0 ,by using the single chain free energy (R) similarly to (4.20), where is the deformationtensor, R0 is the chain vector before deformation, P0 (R0 ) is its distribution function, and is the number of elastically effective chains. This is transformed todef F ( )=nkB T
(4.99)
(4.100)
(, )
11 1/22cos . +
(4.101)
158
2l 3 d l0
(, )(l)P0 (l)d cos ,(, )
(4.102)
g(| l|)= g(l) = g (l) l = (l) l
(4.103)
has been used for the differentiation of g(| l|). The factor (, ) is dened by11(4.104) (, ) 2 + 2 cos2 2 .
= 2nd l l 3 P0 (l) (l) d cos .(4.105)kB T
002
Wang and Guth [34] and Treloar [2] simplied the result by introducing three independent representative chains instead of carrying out the integral of cos . The chainunder consideration is replaced by its three projections onto the x-,y-,z-axis, and theirsummation is taken. These projected chains have = 0 (x direction), /2 (y, z direction).Because / = 2 for = 0 (one chain), / = 1/3/2 for = /2 (two chains), we ndfor such a three-chain model that 1
1f L0l(l) 3/2 (4.106)=nP0 (l)4 l 3 d l.kB T
0Moreover, the integration with respect to l is approximated by the value at the mean
f L0
1 11n1/21 3/2 L.=LkB T3n1/2
1/2 n1/2
(4.107)
159
References[1] Flory, P. J., Principles of Polymer Chemistry, Chap. XI. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY,1953.[2] Treloar, L. R. G., The Physics of Rubber Elasticity, Chap. 2. Oxford Univ. Press: New York,1975.[3] Anthony, R. L.; Caston, R. H.; Guth, E., J. Phys. Chem. 46, 826 (1942). Copyright (1942)American Chemical Society.[4] Flory, P. J., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 1976, 351, 351-380.[5] Mark, J. E.; Erman, B., Rubberlike Elasticity: A Molecular Primer. Wiley.: New York, 1988.[6] Dart, S. L.; Anthony, R. L.; Guth, E., Ind. Eng. Chem. 34, 1340 (1942).[7] Kuhn, W., Kolloid-Zeitschrift 68, 2 (1934).[8] Wall, F.T., J. Chem. Phys. 10, 485 (1942).[9] Treloar, L. R. G., Trans. Faraday Soc. 40, 59 (1944).[10] Mooney, J. Appl. Phys. 11, 582 (1940).[11] Mooney, M., J. Appl. Phys. 19, 434 (1948).[12] Rivlin, R. S., Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) A240, 459; 491; 509 (1948).[13] Rivlin, R. S., Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) 1948, A241, 379.[14] Flory, P. J., Chem. Rev. 35, 51 (1944).[15] Scanlan, J., J. Polym. Sci. 43, 501 (1960).[16] Case, L. C., J. Polym. Sci. 45, 397 (1960).[17] Shen, M., Macromolecules 2, 358 (1969).[18] James, H. M.; Guth, E., J. Chem. Phys. 11, 455 (1943).[19] James, H. M., J. Chem. Phys. 15, 651 (1947).[20] James, H. M.; Guth, E., J. Chem. Phys. 15, 669 (1947).[21] Graessley, W.W., Polymeric Liquids & Networks: Structure and Properties. Garland Science:London, 2004.[22] Graessley, W.W., Macromolecules 1975, 8, 186190.[23] Graessley, W.W., Macromolecules 1975, 8, 865868.[24] Flory, P. J.; Rehner, J., J. Chem. Phys. 11, 512 (1943).[25] Flory, P. J.; Rehner, J. J., J. Chem. Phys. 11, 521 (1943).[26] Flory, P. J., Polym. J. 17, 1 (1985).[27] Hill, T. L., An Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics. Dover: New York, 1986.[28] Hirokawa, Y.; Tanaka, T., J. Chem. Phys. 81, 6379 (1984).[29] Hirotsu, S., J. Chem. Phys. 88, 427 (1988).[30] Hirotsu, S. J. Chem. Phys. 94, 3949 (1991).[31] Landau, L. D.; Lifshitz, E. M., Theory of Elasticity, Section 5. Pergamon Press: New York,1981.[32] Geissler, E.; Hecht, A. M., Macromolecules 13, 1276 (1980).[33] Geissler, E.; Hecht, A. M.; Horkay, F.; Zrinyi, M., Macromolecules 21, 2594 (1988).[34] Wang, M. C.; Guth, E., J. Chem. Phys. 20, 1144 (1952).
This chapter presents a general theoretical framework for the study of polymer solutions inwhich polymers are associated with each other by strongly attractive forces, such as hydrogenbonding and hydrophobic interaction. The FloryHuggins free energy is combined with the freeenergy of association (reversible reaction) to study the mutual interference between phase separation and molecular association. The effective interaction parameters renormalized by the specicinteractions are derived as functions of the polymer concentration.
5.1
(5.1)
and in others particular types of oligomers such as cyclic m-mer (Am (ring)) are stabilized.They studied the molecular association (chainring equilibrium) within the theoreticalframework of athermal associated solutions. Prigogine and coworkers focused on thestrong orientational effects seen in hydrogen bonding, such as in acetic acid, benzoic acid,etc., and augmented the conventional theory of regular solutions to include dimerization, hetero-dimerization (addition complex), chain association, and three-dimensionalnetworks. Their works are compiled in two books [4, 5]. The main problems posed bythem were: (1) Is association equilibrium established in the solution? (The existenceof a well-dened equilibrium constant.) (2) Do solutions separate into two phases onlythrough molecular association? (3) Do associated molecules disperse to unimers throughdilution? However, the relationship between association and phase separation was notclaried in their studies, and, ever since, these problems have been the main issues inthe study of associated solutions.
161
On the other hand, Hirschfelder et al. [6] pointed out that the lower critical solutiontemperature appears as a result of heteromolecular association in solutions of wateror alcohol with ammonia derivatives. The problem posed by them has been studied inrelation to reentrant phase separation in liquid mixtures.In contrast to the history of science of low-molecular weight associating molecules, themain stream in the study of polymer solutions had been conned until recently to chainconformation in dilute solutions and the excluded-volume effect in semiconcentratedsolutions caused by van der Waals-type nonspecic interactions [710]. The studies ofassociation in polymer solutions by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction arerelatively new. In the following sections we reformulate the theory of regular associatedsolutions in an attempt to apply it to high-molecular weight polymer solutions. The KMinnite series, which drives the solution into three-dimensional networks (gelation), isstudied in detail by incorporating the classical theory of gelation (Section 3.2) into theconventional FloryHuggins theory of polymer solutions (Section 2.3).
5.2
162
where l,m Nl,m / R is the number of clusters per lattice cell. Similarly, the total volumefraction of B-chains in the sol isBS = nBml,m ,(5.3)l,m
The total volume fraction of the sol in the system is S = AS + BS . This should beequal to unity for nongelling systems, or in the pregel regime of gelling systems, but canbe smaller than unity after an innite network (gel) appears (i.e., in the postgel regimeof the gelling systems).In the postgel regime, we have innite clusters. Let NiG be the number of chains ofspecies i in such macroscopic clusters. The total volume isR=(nA l + nB m)Nl,m + nA NAG + nB NBG .(5.4),m
The volume fraction of the chains of species i in the gel network is given by iG =ni NiG /R for i =A,B, andiS + iG = i
(5.5)
holds for normalization, where i is the total volume fraction of species i that is xedat the preparation stage of the experiments. The gel fraction wiG for each component isdened by the fractionwiG iG /i
(5.6)
163
Reference state
reaF(0,1)
(0,1)
Gel
(l, m)
mixF
Real mixtureFig. 5.1
Construction of the free energy of associating mixtures. The total free energy is the sum of thefree energy of reaction and that of mixing. The standard reference state is chosen in such a waythat each species of molecules is regularly placed on a hypothetical crystalline lattice withreference intramolecular conformation (a straight rod in the case of polymers).
(5.7)
Such decomposition into a sol part and a gel part automatically takes place in the mixtureby thermal processes. Since we have the identity A + B = 1, we can take A as anindependent variable and write it as . The volume fraction of B is then B = 1 .The cluster distribution Nl,m and the gel fractions wiG are unknown at this stage, butwill soon be decided by the equilibrium condition in association.In order to study thermodynamic properties, we start from the standard referencestate in which unconnected A-chains and B-chains are prepared separately in a hypothetical crystalline state [7, 9] (see Figure 5.1). We rst consider the free energy changerea F to bring the system from the reference state to a ctitious intermediate state inwhich chains are disoriented and connected in such a way that the cluster distribution isexactly the same as the real one [1820]. It is given byrea F / R =
l,m l,m + A AG + B BG ,
(5.8)
164
where l,m is the free energy change when a single (l, m) cluster is formed from l Achains and m B-chains in the reference state. We refer to this as the free energy ofreaction.Let l,m be the internal free energy of an (l, m) cluster. The free energy differencel,m is given byl,m = (l,m l1,0 m0,1 ).
(5.9)
Under a constant pressure, l,m is equivalent to the internal free energy necessary forcombination, congurational change, and bond formation of the constitutional primarymolecules. Specic forms of these contributions will be considered in each problem westudy in the following chapters.Similarly, i (i = A,B) is the free energy change produced when an isolated chain ofspecies i is connected to the gel network. They are given by
A = (GA 1,0 ),
(5.10a)
B = (GB 0,1 ),
(5.10b)
where Gi is the internal free energy of an i-chain in the gel network. The two last termsin (5.8) are necessary in the postgel regime because the number of molecules contained inthe gel part becomes macroscopic; it is a nite fraction of the total number of moleculesin the system.In the second step, we mix these clusters with each other to reach the real mixturewe study (see Figure 5.1). According to the conventional lattice theory of polydispersepolymer mixtures (see Section 2.3) [9,10], the mixing free energy mix F in this processis given bymix F / R =
(5.11)
(5.12)
is the volume fraction occupied by the (l, m)-clusters, and is Florys -parameter(2.105), which species the strength of van der Waals type non-associative interaction between monomers of different species. Since clusters formed by association aregenerally polydisperse, and have largely different volumes, a mixing entropy of theFloryHuggins type must be used even if the primary molecules are low-molecularweight molecules. Macroscopically connected clusters, such as gel networks, innitelylong linear aggregates, etc., do not have the mixing entropy since their centers of masslose the translatonal degree of freedom.The number of contacts between the two species may change upon molecular association, and hence the mixing enthalpy, the last term of (5.11), may be modied. We assume
165
here, however, that the same form remains valid after association except when the modication is signicant due to polymer conformational change, etc. We can improve thisterm whenever necessary.The total free energy from which our theory starts is given by the sum of the abovetwo parts:F = rea F + mix F .
(5.13)
We next derive the chemical potentials of the clusters in order to study the solution properties. By the thermodynamic denition of the chemical potential lm (F /Nlm )T ,Nl m for clusters of size (l, m), we ndlm = 1 + lm + ln lm (nA l + nB m) S + {nA l(1 ) + nB m 2 } (5.14)+ nA l(1 ) nB m A()AG B ()GB ,whereS
lm
(5.15)
is the total number of nite clusters (per lattice cell) in the mixture. This number givesthe total number of molecules and clusters that possess translational degree of freedom.Within the ideal solution approximation, they equally contribute to the osmotic pressure.Obviously, the gel part is excluded from S because it is macroscopic, and its center ofmass is localized. The ratio dened byPn [/nA + (1 )/nB ]/ S
(5.16)
(5.17a)(5.17b)
Similarly, the chemical potentials of the polymer chains included in the gel part aregiven by#"S2GGGA /nA = A /nA + (1 ) + A ()A B ()B (1 ),"#S2GGGB /nB = B /nB + A ()A B ()B .
(5.18a)(5.18b)
166
(5.19)
for all possible combinations of the integers (l, m). Upon substitution of the specicforms of the chemical potentials, we nd that the volume fractions of the clusters aregiven byl,m = Kl,m x l y m ,
(5.20)
where for simplicity we have used x and y for the concentrations 1,0 and 0,1 ofunassociated molecules. These unassociated molecules in the solution are sometimescalled unimers to avoid confusion with monomers. The new constant Kl,m (equilibriumconstant) is dened byKl,m exp(l + m 1 l,m ),
(5.21)
which depends only on the temperature through l,m but is independent of theconcentration. Similarly, the number density of clusters is given byl,m =
Kl,mxl ym.nA l + n B m
(5.22)
To simplify the notations and to stress analogy to the condensation phenomena of classicalinteracting gases, we introduce the coefcients bl,m bybl,m Kl,m /(nA l + nB m).
(5.23)
We then have S (x, y) =
(5.24a)
S (x, y) =
(nA l + nB m)bl,m x l y m
(5.24b)
where the G functions are the moments of the cluster distribution function of variousorders, and dened byGi,j (x, y)
l i mj bl,m x l y m .
(5.25)
5.2.1
167
Pregel regimeIn nongelling mixtures, or a pregel regime of gelling ones, the total volume fractionshould be given by S (x, y) = 1
(5.26)
since all clusters are included in the sum. The volume fraction of each species form thecoupled equationsG1,0 (x, y) = /nA ,
(5.27a)
(5.27b)
for the unknown variables x and y. We solve these equations with respect to x andy, and substitute the result into the physical quantities we consider. For instance, thenumber-average numbers of A-chains and B-chains in the nite clusters areln =
(5.28a)
mn =
(5.28b)
(5.29)
(5.30)
The weight-averages of the aggregation numbers l and m in the clusters are then givenby ln S (x, y)= nA G2,0 + nB G1,1 , ln x ln S (x, y)= nA G1,1 + nB G0,2 .mw = ln ylw =
(5.31a)(5.31b)
(nA l + nB m)lm = nA lw + nB mw
= n2A G2,0 (x, y) + 2nA nB G1,1 (x, y) + n2B G0,2 (x, y).
(5.32)
168
5.2.2
0,1 = GB,
(5.33)
B () = 1 + ln y
(5.34)
for the gelling component in the postgel regime. The chemical potential of each speciestakes a uniform value in the solution, so we can write them as A and B instead of1,0 and 0,1 .
5.3
(5.35)
1 + ln y1 + ln x+(1 ) S (x, y) + (T )(1 ).nAnB
(5.36)
(5.37)
whereFFH ()
(1 )ln +ln (1 ) + (T )(1 )nAnB
(5.38)
169
x1
FAS () ln+ S (x, y)(5.39)ln++nA
nB1nAnBgives the effect of association.The effect of association can be regarded as a renormalization of Florys-parameter. It produces a shift from to + in (5.13), where (, T ) FAS ()/(1 )
(5.40)
is the associative part of the interaction. The short-range associative interaction energyoriginally introduced in the reaction terms is now interpreted as a composition-dependentmodication of the -parameter. We can expand the renormalization term in powers ofthe concentration = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + ,
(5.41)
with temperature-dependent coefcients i = i (T ). We thus go back to the phenomenological VLBW description (2.131), but now the molecular origin of the concentrationdependent -parameter is clear. Specically, we nd 0 = F1 , 1 = F1 + F2 , whereF1 , F2 are explicitly given in Appendix 5.A.
5.4
Osmotic pressureThe osmotic pressure of the A component is essentially the chemical potential of theB component with the opposite sign. It is given by#" a 3 /nB = (1 + ln y)/nB + S (x, y) 2 + A(5.42)()AG B ()BG In a polymer solution in which the B component is a low-molecular weight nonassociativesolvent (nB = 1 and B () = 0), this denition reduces to the osmotic pressure in theconventional meaning.If we expand this pressure in powers of the concentration with nB = 1, we have thevirial seriesa 3 /kB T = /nA + A2 2 + A3 3 + ,
(5.43)
(5.44)
170
Hence, the second virial coefcient has a reduction from 1/2 due to the associativeinteraction. The explicit form of A2 will be shown in the following sections for somespecic systems.At a higher concentration across the gel point, the osmotic compressibility KT (/ )T /, or its higher derivatives, may have a discontinuity due to the appearanceof the gel part.
Phase separationThe two-phase equilibrium conditions, or a binodal line, can be found by equating thechemical potential of each component [9, 10]:A ( , T ) = A ( , T ),
(5.45a)
B ( , T ) = B ( , T ),
(5.45b)
where and are the compositions of the A component in the dilute and concentratedphase respectively. If either phase, or both of them, lies inside the postgel regime, thechemical potentials must be replaced by their postgel forms.
Stability limitThe thermodynamic stability limit, or a spinodal line, can be found for the binary systemby the single condition (A /)T =0, or equivalently, (A /nA B /nB )/ =0. We have the equationA ()B ()+ 2 = 0,nA nB (1 )where the new functions are dened bydG dA () 1 + Aln x,ddddB () (1 )1 BGln y.dd
(5.46)
(5.47a)(5.47b)
In the pregel regime, these equations are related to the weight-average aggregationnumber of clusters. For homopolymer association where onlyA-chains are associated, forinstance, A reduces to the reciprocal of the weight-average cluster size as in conventionalpolydisperse polymer solutions [10, 21]. In heteropolymer association, however, isrelated to the average cluster sizes in a more complicated way.
5.5
171
To study the scattering intensity from such polydisperse binary blends, we tentativelygive a sequential number = 1, 2, . . . , N = R S to the clusters. Let the set of the numbers(, i) show the i-th monomer in the -th cluster. The monomer density for (, i) at latticesite r is then dened byi (r, t) (r xi (t)),
(5.48)
where xi (t) is an instantaneous position of the monomer at time t, and (r) is Kroneckersdelta. In the following we consider equal-time correlations only, so that we ignore thetime variable.Since the thermal average of i gives 1/ R, we can rewrite it asi (r) = 1/ R + i (r),
(5.49)
where i shows the uctuating part of the density. The incompressibility condition
,i i (r) = 1 leads to,i
i (r) = 0,
(5.50)
,i, j
bi bj Tij (q)
(5.51)
in the Fourier space, where bi is the scattering amplitude of the (, i) monomer, and
(5.52)
(5.53)
if (, i) is an A monomer,
if (, i) is a B monomer,
(5.54)
172
Substituting (5.53) into (5.51) and using the incompressibility condition (5.50), wendI (q) = (A B)2 T (q),
(5.55)
whereT (q) =
i Tij (q)j .
(5.56)
In order to obtain the specic form of T (q), we now apply the random phaseapproximation (RPA) [2226] to our system. The RPA provides a classical treatment ofconcentration uctuations for incompressible mixtures of very large molecular weightmolecules. It assumes a self-consistent potential uniformly acting on all species ofmonomers to ensure the incompressibility condition. The details of the RPA method,as applied to our polydisperse block copolymer blend, are given in Appendix 5.B. Theresult leads toT (q) =
1,S(q)/W (q) 2
(5.57)
S(q) SAA(q) + SBB(q) + 2SAB(q),
(5.58)
W (q) SAA(q) [SAB(q)]2 ,SBB
(5.59)
are both related to the intracluster scattering functions. (The superscript showsthe scattering intensity contributed from a single cluster.) The RPA assumes Gaussianstatistics for each chain, which leads to the result
SAA(q)
1 Jij i j ,R
(5.60a)
1 Jij (1 i )(1 j ),R
(5.60b)
1 Jij i (1 j ),R
(5.60c)
SBB(q)
SAB(q)
for the intracluster scattering functions [27] with Jij exp(nij ), where nij is thedistance between i-th and j -th monomers along the chain measured in terms of thenumber of monomers, and (aq)2 /6 being the dimensionless squared wavenumber.This result provides a complete set for the calculation of the scattering function for thebinary blends made up of the assembly of block copolymers.
173
For our associating blends clusters are characterized by the set of two gures (l, m),so that the sum over can be replaced by the sum over the type (l, m). Hence we have
(q) =SAA
Alm (q)l,m ,
(5.61a)
Blm (q)l,m ,
(5.61b)
Clm (q)l,m ,
(5.61c)
SBB(q) =
SAB(q) =
whereAlm (q)
Jij i j ,
(5.62a)
Jij (1 i )(1 j ),
(5.62b)
Jij i (1 j ),
(5.62c)
i,j (l,m)
Blm (q)
Clm (q)
are the monomer correlation functions of an isolated single cluster of the type (l, m).We now consider the divergence condition for I (q). This is equivalent toS(q) 2 = 0,W (q)
(5.63)
within RPA. If this condition is satised for a nite q, the system becomes unstableagainst the concentration uctuation whose spatial dimensions are characterized by q 1 .If it is satised for q = 0 on the other hand, it is unstable against demixing into twocoexistent macroscopic phases. In fact, as we will show in Appendix 5.C explicitly, theRPA condition (5.63) for q = 0 gives exactly the same equation as (5.46) for the spinodalcurve. Owing to this fact, the study of the phase behavior on the entire temperatureconcentration plane can start from a single equation (5.63).
Appendices to Chapter 55.A
(5.64a)
y = y0 + y1 + y2 2 + .
(5.64b)
174
Appendices to Chapter 5
K0,m mg0 (y) y ,nB mm=1
g1 (y)
g2 (y)
K1,mym,nA + n B mK2,mym.2nA + nB m
The function g0 (y) is related to the association within the B component (solvent), g1 (y)is related to the adsorption of the B molecules onto the polymers, and g2 (y) is related tothe pairwise cross-links of polymers by B component molecules. The fraction of the Bmolecules associated to the polymers is related to g1 (y) by (y) = yg1 (y)/g1 (y).Substituting these power expansions into FAS (5.39), and expanding it in powers ofthe concentration, we ndFAS = F0 + F1 + F2 2 + ,after a lengthy calculation, where1 + ln y0 g0 (y0 ),nBln x1 ln y0F1 =
,nAnB 21y111 x2y1F2 =
1+ y02 g0 (y0 )nA x12nBy02y0 y1 x2 g1 (y0 ) x12 g2 (y0 ). x1 y0 g1 (y0 )y0F0 =
175
1,nA g1 (y0 )
1 + bx1y1=,y01 + a0
x2a1b2g2 (y0 )=+
,x1 1 + a01 + a0g1 (y0 )
where a0 (d ln g0 /d ln y)0 , a1 (d ln g1 /d ln y)0 and b g1 (y0 )/g0 (y0 ).For instance, if association takes place only within the A component, we nd F0 =F1 = 0 andF2 = K2,0 /2nA .If B molecules are adsorbed onto the A component as in hydration, side-chain association,etc., y0 = 1, b = nB (y0 ). We nd F0 = F1 = 0 and"#nBF2 = (y0 ) 1 + (y0 ) ,2where (y0 ) is the fraction of adsorbed B molecules in the limit of innite dilution. Somespecic examples will be presented in the following chapters.
5.B
e =
,i
i = R,
176
1e + ,R
by the use of this notation. According to the conventional lattice theory, the monomermonomer contact energy takes the value when the neighboring pair is (A,B), while itis zero for a (A,A) or (B,B) pair. We must therefore introduce a matrix dened by = [ :t (e ) + (e ) :t ],where a :t b shows a dyad formed by the two vectors. Specically we have a relationt
e e = 2 R2 (1 ).
We now consider linear response i of the density to an arbitrary external eld actingon each monomer with strength Ui . Linear response theory gives(q) = T U(q),
(5.68)
where T is a matrix whose components are given by the correlation (5.52). The RPAassumes that this average is approximately equivalent to = S (U + Ueff ),
(5.69)
e = 0,
e T = 0.
(5.70)
where U is a scalar. To nd U , we substitute (5.68) and (5.70) into (5.69) and multiplyt e from the left. Solving the result for U , we ndU =
te S (1 + T) U
(t e S e)
177
Substituting this equation back into (5.69), and solving it with respect to , we nallynd1
Q,T = 1 Qwheret
S (S e) : ( e S) .Q(t e S e)
The true correlation function T is thus expressed in terms of the intracluster correlation this is the fundamental idea of the RPA. Now the simple algebra givesfunction S;t
T =
5.C
nb[y y + y(yx x + yy y )] = 1,
(5.71a)(5.71b)
where a prime indicates the derivative with respect to , and xy , etc., are the partial derivatives of S . By the use of the identities x 2 xx = l(l 1)l,m = (l 2 l) S , y 2 yy = (m2 m) S , and xyxy = lm S , we eliminate the partial derivatives
178
alm + bm2 l,b(l 2 m2 lm2 )
B () =
al 2 + blmm.a(l 2 m2 lm2 )
The -functions have thus been expressed in terms of the average cluster sizes and theiructuations. Substituting the result into (5.46), we conrm that it is equivalent to (5.63)with q = 0. The RPA scattering function has thus been most generally proved to give thelattice-theoretical spinodals in the limit of vanishing wavenumber.
References[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]
[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]
179
This chapter presents some important nongelling binary associating mixtures. Throughout thischapter, we assume the pairwise association of reactive groups, the strength of which can beexpressed in terms of the three association constants for AA, BB, and AB association. Weapply the general theory presented in Chapter 5 to specic systems, such as dimerization, linearassociation, side-chain association, hydration, etc. The main results are summarized in the formof phase diagrams.
6.1
(6.1)
(AB A B )
(6.2)
(6.3a)
181
+AFig. 6.1
Associated diblock copolymer formed by a pairwise bond between the end groups.
01 = 1 + ln y nB S + nB 2 ,
(6.3b)
11 = 1 + + ln z n S + [nA (1 )2 + nB 2 ],
(6.3c)
(6.4)
for the volume fraction z of the block copolymers, where K exp (1 ) is thetemperature-dependent equilibrium constant. Because of the nongelling nature, we havethe identity S = x + y + Kxy 1.(6.5)The number density of clusters is given byS = =
1 x y+ + Kxy .n a b
(6.6)
(6.7a)
y(1 + bKx) = 1 .
(6.7b)
(6.8a)(6.8b)
#1 "a(1 ) + b + K 1 D() .2ab
(6.9)
The logarithmic derivatives of x and y yield specic forms of the -functions for thedimerization1 az1 + bzA () =,B =,(6.10)1 az/1 bz/(1 )
182
( 1)2, enab
(6.11)
for the entropy change. The free energy is given by fconf = T Sdis . Combining thefree energy of bonding f0 = T s, we nd that the equilibrium constant is givenin the formK = 0 e ,(6.12)where 0 ( 1)2 es/kB / enab is a temperature-independent constant.Let us proceed to the calculation of the scattering functions. Simple algebra givesA10 = A11 =
nA
(6.13)
(6.14)
exp (|i j |) =
iA j B
n2{D(Q) a 2 D(aQ) b2 D(bQ)},2
(6.15)
SBB= B01 + B11 = nbD(bQ)(1 ),nbnz n
SAA= A10
(6.16a)(6.16b)(6.16c)
(6.17)
183
where the function F , dened by F (Q) nS(Q)/W (Q), takes the formF (Q) =
(6.18)
11+aD(aQ) b(1 )D(bQ)
(6.19)
This RPA scattering function of a binary blends was analyzed by de Gennes [5]in relation to the spinodal decomposition. The function F (Q) shows no peak atnite Q.(ii) Chemically connected block copolymers (K = ):F (Q) =
D(Q)a 2 b2 D(aQ)D(bQ) 14 [D(Q) a 2 D(aQ) b2 D(bQ)]2
(6.20)
The microphase formation in this limit was elaborated by Leibler [6] and Bates [7].The function F dened by (6.18) bridges these two. It can either be a steadily increasingfunction or exhibit a single maximum at nite Q. At sufciently high temperatures wehave F (Q; , ) > 2n ( ) for any Q, so that the homogeneously mixed state is stable.As the temperature is decreased the condition (6.17) is rst satised for Q = 0 in a certainrange of the concentration, where F (Q) is the monotonic functionF (0; , ) 2n ( ) = 0.
(6.21)
This is the spinodal point (SP). This condition is met for the concentration , whichis either small or large so that the population of the produced diblock copolymers isinsufcient to form a microphase.However, when the numbers of A- and B-chains are comparable, F (Q) exhibitsa maximum at nite Q . Sufciently many copolymers are produced to form amicrophase. In this case the instability condition is rst fullled at this wavenumber as the temperature is lowered, which indicates that the microphase separationtransition (MST) takes place before SP. The condition for this situation to be realizedis given byF (Q; , )= 0,Q
for
Q = Q > 0,
(6.22)
together with (6.17) for Q = Q . Even in this concentration region the spinodal conditionis met if one goes further down into the low-temperature region. The microphase remainsstable only in the region surrounded by the MST and SP.
0 = 1.2
0.510
HM
Me
HHeM MH
MH
MMLP
MM
Volume Fraction (a)Fig. 6.2
HMM
0.5 MM
MHMH
MMH
0 = 10
=1 /T
HMMLP
0 = 1.26
184
Volume Fraction (b)
Volume Fraction (c)
Typical example of the phase diagrams for the associating diblock copolymer blends ofrelatively short chains (nA = nB = 20). MST (broken line) and SP (solid lines) are shown on thetemperatureconcentration plane. Points indicated by (LP) are Lifshitz points, while those shownby (e) and (e ) are eutectic points. Existence of a reentrant microphase (M ) is one of theremarkable features of the associating systems. /kB 8 = 3. (a) 0 = 1.20, (b) 0 = 1.26,(c) 0 = 10.0. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [1].)0.2
MS
= 1 /T
LP
LP0.220.4
EMS'
0.60.0
Fig. 6.3
0.20.40.60.8volume fraction
Typical phase diagram of associating diblock copolymers in which macro- and microphaseseparation compete. Binodal (solid line), spinodal (dotted line), and MST (broken line) aredrawn. Critical points are indicated by CP. At the crossing of the spinodal and MST lines, Lifshitzpoints (LP) appear. At the stoichiometric composition where the number of A groups equals thatof B groups, a eutectic point (E, E ) appears. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [2].)
185
They are examples of a Lifshitz point a point where an order parameter with nitewave number starts to appear [3, 8].The whole plane is divided into several regions, each indicated by capital letters. Theregion with the letter H has a homogeneously mixed uid phase. Those shown by Mand M exhibit microscopically ordered phases where the microdomains are regularlyordered. The region with the letters 20 in the gure is a biphasic region (or miscibilitygap) where two distinct phases coexist.The point indicated by the letter E in the middle of the phase diagram is a eutecticpoint, where the single microphase melts into the two coexisting homogeneously mixeduids when the temperature is lowered (see Figure 6.3).At extremely low temperatures, we observe that the miscibility gap starts to split againat the point E in the center of the concentration axis, and a new homogeneous microphase(shown by MS ) is stabilized in between. Such a low-temperature microphase (called areentrant microphase) is stabilized simply because the population of block copolymersbecomes so large in this low-temperature region that they homogenize the two demixeduid phases into a single one.Experimentally, hydrogen bonds are expected to lead to a thermoreversible MST if theyare strong enough compared to the repulsive interaction between the polymer segments,but still weak enough to break by temperature. In this respect, a single hydrogen bondis not strong enough, but through elaborate effort [9, 10] a reversible lamellar formationwas conrmed to be possible for semi-crystalline block copolymers, i.e., a blend of oneend-aminated polystyrene and one-end-carboxylated polyethylene glycol. In contrast, avariety of liquid-crystalline ordered phases induced by multiple hydrogen bonds havebeen the focus of recent research interest [1114].The mutual interference between MST and SP is strongest around the Lifshitz point.Near the LP, the order parameter has smaller wave numbers, so that we can expand thefunction F (Q) in powers of Q asF (Q) = F0 + F1 Q + F2 Q2 + .
(6.23)
Here the coefcients Fi are functions of and . (F0 is identical to F (0; , ), whichappeared in the SP condition.) Then, the LP is the point at which F1 changes its sign frompositive to negative. Combination of the condition (6.21) with F1 ( , ) = 0 determinesthe position of the LP.In the microphase region near the LP, we can writeF (Q; , ) 2n = + F2 (Q Q )2 ,
(6.24)
F12 2n ,4F2
F12F2
(> 0).
(6.25)
(6.26)
186
The parameter measures the temperature deviation from the LP. The squared wavenumber Q gives the periodicity of the unstable mode. Near the LP, where = L and = Lhold, F1 is proportional to | L | or | L | in accordance with the direction weapproach on the phase diagram. Hence we nd q | L |1/2 or q | L |1/2 .
6.2
m(NmC + NmR ).
(6.27)
Let N0 be the total number of solvent molecules (nB 1). The number of cells is R =C nmN C / R and R nmN R / R be the volume fraction of chains andN0 +nN . Let mmmmrings. The volume fraction of polymers is then given by=
CR(m+ m) = 1 0 ,
(6.28)
where 0 is the volume fraction of the solvent. The fraction of rings among the totalpolymers is
m/.(6.29)m=1
We follow the general strategy given in Chapter 5, and start with the free energy of thesolution!CR RC(6.30)F =m Nm + m Nmm1
+ N0 ln 0 +
!CRNmC ln m+ (1 )R,+ NmR ln m
187
where are the free energies of reaction, dened for chains and rings as
CCm (m m1 ),
(6.31a)
Rm (m m1 ),
(6.31b)
We rst consider open chains. The number of different ways to connect m identicalpolymers into a linear array is given by 2m , but since the connected chain is symmetric,we have to divide it by the symmetry number C = 2, and hence we have 2m1 for thecombinatorial factor. The conformational term is given by the difference Sconf (m) =Sdis (mn) mSdis (n) as before. The bonding free energy is assumed to be given by f0for each bond.Hence, for the equilibrium constant of the chains, we ndC= 2m1 mKm
C ( 1)2n
(ef0 )m1 m
m1,
(6.32)
(6.33)
for the volume fraction of chains, where x 21C /n is the number density of associativegroups on the unassociated chains.However, the equilibrium constant for the rings includes an extra factor of the probability to form a ring. This factor is proportional to (mn)3/2 for a Gaussian chain ofthe length mn, but again we have to divide it by the symmetry factor R = m for a ring,because we can close a chain at any one of m bonds to form a ring.We thus haveR= 2m1 mKm
2=mn
(ef0 )m1
B0m5/2
B,m5/2
(6.34)
B B0 ef0
(6.35)
(6.36)
188
The total volume fraction of polymers is given by the sum of the two xm22 = ( C + R ) =mx m + Bnnm3/2m1
x+ B0(x; 3/2)(1 x)2
(6.37)
xmm
(6.38)
The upper limit of the summation is given by the maximum possible aggregation numberand should not exceed the total number N of polymers. But here we have taken thethermodynamic limit, and allow N to go to innity.Similarly, the total number of clusters and molecules is given by S = (1 ) +
xm + B
xmm5/2
x= (1 ) ++ B0(x; 5/2)1x
(6.39)
Solving (6.37) with respect to x, and substituting the result into (6.39), we completeour general procudure, and can nd the equilibrium solution properties. The extent ofreaction p is given byp = x + (1 x)B0(x; 3/2)/(6.40)The functions 0(x; ) with = 3/2, 5/2 appear in the study of BoseEinstein condensation of ideal quantum particles [21] that obey BoseEinstein statistics. Theirmathematical properties were studied by Truesdell [22] in detail, so that it is calledthe Truesdell functions. Their radius of convergence is given by x = 1. Both the functions 0(x; 3/2) and 0(x; 5/2) remain at a nite value at x = 1, but diverge as soon as xexceeds unity.Jacobson and Stockmayer [15] showed the fraction of chains and rings on thetemperatureconcentration phase plane, and found very interesting phenomena that areanalogous to BoseEinstein condensation. When the parameter B exceeds a certain critical value, 100% rings are formed below a critical concentration of polymers. In fact,when p = 1, we have the coupled equations/B = 0(x; 3/2),
(6.41a)
/B = 0(x; 5/2),
(6.41b)
(6.42a)
(6.42b)
189
for the density and pressure of an ideal BoseEinstein gas. Such a transition appears fromthe singularity in the Truesdell functions, and hence loop entropy. This is an interestingexample of BoseEinstein condensation in classical statistical mechanics.Another singular property of this model is the divergence of the weight-average molecular weight at the point x =1. The condition gives the thermal polymerization line whenmapped onto the temperatureconcentration plane, because at this point the average chainlength goes to innity.Application of our theory gives essentially the same results as thoseoriginally found by Scott [17], and later rened by Wheeler and Pfeuty [18,19,20] on thethermal polymerization of sulfur. More recently, Dudowicz et al. [23, 24] theoreticallystudied living polymerization using a similar approach.In a similar way, we can study the mixed linear association of R{A2 } moleculesand R{B2 } ones. The sequence distribution along an associated chain can be alternative, sequential, or statistically random, depending upon the strength of associationconstants. All these associated chains, or rings, are block copolymers if the primarymolecules are polymers, so that they undergo microphase separation transition as wellas macroscopic phase separation. This problem of competing micro- and macrophaseseparation in associating polymers is one of the important unsolved problems to bestudied.In the case of the linear association of low-molecular weight rigid molecules, theproblem we are studying is related to the brillar association of bifunctional moleculesby (multiple) hydrogen bonds, such as seen in hydrogen-bonded supramolecular liquidcrystals [11,12,13], low-molecular weight gelators [25,14], etc. Readers can study theirequilibrium properties and phase diagrams within the theoretical framework presentedhere.
6.3
Side-chain associationThe next system we study is a mixture of high-molecular weight polymers R{Af } (DP nA 1) bearing a number f of associative A groups, and low-molecular weightmonofunctional molecules R{B1 } (DP nB ) [26,14]. The latter can be solvent moleculesS (nB = 1) [29]. We assume that a B group, or solvent molecule, can attach onto an Agroup from the side of the polymer chain. The adsorption of surfactant molecules ontopolymer backbones by hydrogen bonds (Figure 6.4) is an important example of theformer. The hydration of water molecules in an aqueous polymer solution (Figure 6.7)is an important example of the latter.To simplify the theoretical description, we write the DP of molecules as nA na andnB nb by using n nA + nB . The type of clusters formed is specied by (1, m) withm = 0, 1, 2, . . ., while the unassociated R{B1 } molecule is indicated by (0, 1).As in the general theoretical scheme, we start with the free energy of the mixture
F =
fm=0
m N1m + N01 ln 01 +
N1m ln 1m + R (1 ).
(6.43)
Af
B1
Fig. 6.4
a1m .a + mb
(6.44)
The free energy change to form a (1, m)-mer from the primary molecules in the referencestate ism (1m 10 m01 ).
(6.45)
(6.46a)
(6.47)
(6.48a)
y + nB xG1 (y) = 1 ,
(6.48b)
191
f
mk bm y m .
(6.49)
by = 1 1 + f (y) ,a
(6.50)
(6.51)
whereis the fraction of the adsorbed sites.The chemical potentials areA = 1 + ln 1,0 nA + nA (1 )2
(6.52a)
B = 1 + ln 0,1 nB + nB 2
(6.52b)
The condition for a low-concentration homogeneous phase with to coexist with a highconcentration homogeneous phase with is given by the coupled equationsA ( , T ) = A ( , T ),
B ( , T ) = B ( , T ).
(6.53a)(6.53b)
If one of the phases lies in the microphase separated region, its chemical potentialmust be replaced by that of the corresponding ordered state. The chemical potential ofthe microphase depends on the ordered structure and its precise form is unknown forthe associating polymers at this moment. Therefore, in what follows we show in thephase diagrams the binodal lines calculated on the basis of (5.6), together with the MSTboundary and spinodal lines, to examine under what conditions the microphases remainthermodynamically stable.The parts of these binodal lines lying inside the microphase separated region shouldshift to some extent if the free energy of ordering is correctly taken into account. Theirpositions therefore only suggest the possibility of the phase equilibrium near them.BecauseA () = 1 f (y)y /y,
B () = (1 )y /y,
(6.54a)(6.54b)
[1 + (b/a)f (y)]y 2 = 0.nB y
(6.55)
192
(6.56)
(6.57)
is the difference between weight- and number average of the adsorbed sites, orequivalently, the uctuation in the number of bound molecules.The spinodal condition can be written as1nA
[1 + (b/a)f (y)]2 2 = 0.nB [y + (b/a)f (y)m]
(6.58)
The spinodal condition depends not only on the average degree of association (y) butalso their uctuations m.
(6.59)
11 = 0 1 + nB 0 ,2
(6.60)
where 0 = 0 and
1(Scomb + Sconf ) + mf0 .kB
(6.61)
193
(6.63)
a + bm(T ) mC,f manB
(6.64)
for the equilibrium constant, where (T ) [ ( 1)2 /e ] exp(f0 ) is the association constant. The cluster distribution function takes the formf 1m =f Cm xy m .
(6.65)
y (T )01 /nB .
(6.66)
These give the number density of A and B groups on the molecules that remain unassociated in the solution. They are always accompanied by the association constant , sothat the concentration can be scaled by this factor. The association constant thereforeworks as a temperature shift factor of the concentration.By counting the number of molecules and clusters moving together, the total numberdensity isx S (x, y) = y + G0 (y).(6.67)fThe G functions are G0 (y) = (1+y)f , G1 (y) = fy(1+y)f 1 . The average number mof B-chains associated to an A-chain is calculated by using the distribution 1,m as (y) = m/f = y/(1 + y).
(6.68)
Hence the degree of adsorption (coverage) of A-chain dened by takes Langmuir form(Langmuir adsorption).The coupled equations are transformed toxG0 (y) = f /nA ,y + xG1 (y)/f = (1 )/nB .
(6.69a)(6.69b)
194
Elimination of x leads to
y+
f (1 )(y) =,nAnB
(6.70)
cB (1 )/nB ,
(6.71)
to describe the concentrations. These variables give the total number density of A and Bgroups. Eliminating y, we have the equationy + cA (y) = cB .
(6.72)
"#y() = cB cA 1 + D() /2,
(6.73)
(6.74)
Hence we ndwhere
(6.75)
Substituting these results into physical properties, in particular into S (x, y), we ndthem as functions of the temperature and concentration.The scattering functions of the mixture are calculated in the forms
SAA=
(SAA)1,m 1,m = nA D(nA ),
(6.76a)
=SAB
(SAB)1,m 1,m =
nA (1 nB y/)E(nB )f E(nA /f )
SBB=
(6.76b)
(SBB)l,m l,m = nB (1 )D(nB )
l=0,1 m=0
nA (1 nB y/)2 E(nB )2f E(nA /f )2
(6.76c)
where D(x) is the Debye function (1.49), and E(x)(1ex )/x. From the RPA formula(5.63), we can nd phase boundaries of the MST.
195
0.4 = 4.0
= 6.0
1-
1 / T
MU
U0.40.0
st
0.41.0 0.0
CONCENTRATION
(a)Fig. 6.5
Phase diagrams of side-chain association. The binodal (solid line), the spinodals (borderline ofthe gray areas), microphase separation transition line (broken line), critical solution points (whitecircles), and Lifshitz points (black circles) are shown. The homogeneous mixture region,microphase region, and the macroscopically unstable region are indicated by H, M, and U,respectively. Parameters are xed at nA = 1000, f = 200, nB = 10, 0 = 1.0, and 1 = 1.0. Theconcentration st (vertical broken-dotted line) indicates the stoichiometric concentration. (a) = 4.0, (b) = 6.0. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [26].)
Figures 6.5(a) and (b) compare the phase diagrams for two different binding energyparameters . The solid line shows the binodal, the broken line the MST, and the shadedareas the unstable regions with the spinodal lines at their boundaries. The area withhorizontal lines indicates a phase with microstructure. In Figure 6.5(b), two segments ofthe binodal lines that lie inside the microphase region only indicate their existence nearthese positions.The overall structure of the diagram is similar to that of the A/B blends with addedAB block copolymers, but it differs in detail near the concentration where the number ofA groups coincides with that of B groups. We call this concentration the stoichiometricconcentration st (vertical broken-dotted line). It is explicitly given byst nA /(nA + f nB ).
(6.77)
196
0.3 = 10.0
6.0
(aq*) /6
5.04.0
st 0.4
CONCENTRATION Fig. 6.6
Dimensionless wave number q along the MST curve as a function of the polymer concentration.The binding energy /kB 8 is changed from curve to curve. Black circles show the Lifshitzpoints where periodic structure starts to appear. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [26].)
(the dark-shaded area in Figure 6.5(b)). This microphase differs from the conventionalone found in chemical block-copolymers in that it is caused by molecular association between repulsively interacting polymers, and hence the entire phase is thermallycontrolled.Figure 6.6 shows the inverse periodicity q as a function of the concentration alongthe MST line. The binding energy is varied from curve to curve. At the stoichiometricconcentration the periodicity of the microphase is smallest (q largest). Also, as thebinding energy is increased, the periodicity is reduced. In the limit of the innite bindingenergy , the periodicity approaches the limiting value. In the region away from thestoichiometric concentration, the excess unassociated chains swell the periodic structureformed by the saturated (1,f )-clusters, and modify its periodicity.Ruokolainen and coworkers [30,31,32,33,34] observed MST in the mixture of poly(4vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) and surfactant molecules 3-pentadecyl phenol (PDP). In thissystem the hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl group of PDP and the basic aminonitrogen in the pyridine group lead to the formation of comb-shaped block copolymers with densely grafted short side chains (called a molecular bottlebrush [33]). Theyobserved lamellar structures at low temperature. The lamellar period L was found todecrease in proportion to the reciprocal of x, the fraction of surfactant molecules perpyridine group in P4VP, and the MST temperature takes a minimum value (easiest MST)near the stoichiometric concentration x = 1. The structures of possible mesophasesinside MS region were recently studied by Angerman and ten Brinke [35] by constructing RPA free energy of nonuniform systems. Structure and material properties ofsupramolecular hydrogen-bonded polymers and their applications are reviewed by tenBrinke et al. [36].
6.4
197
(6.78)
Figure 6.8 (a)(c) shows the possible phase diagrams. In Figure 6.8 (a), we x theparameters as 0 = 0.002, and = 3.5 (from the measured strength of the hydrogen bondin a solution) as a typical example. The number n is varied from curve to curve. Thefunctionality f (number of attaching sites on a polymer chain) is assumed to be equal ton because each monomer carries one hydrogen-bonding oxygen. For such a small value
Fig. 6.7
198
1 10
0=0.002
104 103
1022
.1.2VOLUME FRACTION
1020
0.5 = 1- /T
Phase diagram of the hydrated polymer solutions. The number n of repeat units is varied fromcurve to curve. Binodals (solid lines) and spinodals (broken lines) are drawn. The criticalsolution points are indicated by the open circles. (a) 0 = 0.002, (b) 0 = 0.003, (c) 0 = 0.005.(Reprinted with permission from Ref. [29].)
1.01.52.00.0
1.01.5
Volume Fraction (a)Fig. 6.9
0 = 0.005
Fig. 6.8
0 = 0.003
= 1 / T
3002
2.00.0
(a) Hypercritical point where a miscibility loop shrinks to a point (n = 37). (b) Double criticalpoint where the LCST of the miscibility loop merges with the UCST of the miscibility dome(n = 1670). 0 = 0.002, = 3.5.
of 0 , there are two miscibility gaps for low molecular-weight polymers: one ordinarymiscibility dome and one closed miscibility loop above the dome (see n = 102 curve).The miscibility loop [3842] has one upper critical solution temperature (UCST)at its top and one lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at its bottom. Themiscibility dome has an ordinary UCST. As the molecular weight is increased, theLCST of the loop and the UCST of the dome come closer. Figure 6.9(b) shows howthe miscibility loop and dome merge. At a certain value of n (1670 for the parametersgiven in this gure) the LCST and UCST merge into a higher-order critical point, which
199
Temperature T[C]
240
100103
.5Volume Fraction
Fig. 6.10
Phase diagram of aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) showing the closed-loop miscibilitygap. Theoretical curves (solid lines) are tted to the experimental data of the cloud points(symbols) measured by Saeki et al. [45, 46]. The number-average molecular weight in theexperiment covers the range 2.17 103 1.02 106 . (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [29].)
is called the double critical point [43] (DCP). For a molecular weight higher than thiscritical value, the two gaps merge into a single hourglass shape.However, the miscibility loop shrinks with a decrease in the molecular weight, andeventually vanishes at a certain critical molecular weight (n = 37 for the Figure 6.9(a)).This vanishing loop is called the hypercritical point (HCP).For a slightly higher value of 0 as in Figure 6.8(b), however, it was found that thetwo miscibility gaps remain separated for any high molecular weight [29]. Under suchconditions, there are three theta temperatures to which each critical point approaches inthe limit of innite molecular weight. In particular, the second is the critical point of theLCST phase separation. It approaches the inverted theta temperature in the limit ofhigh molecular weight (about 100 C for PEO, see Figure 6.10 below.)For a still larger value of 0 (Figure 6.9(c)), the closed loop does not appear; there isan ordinary miscibility dome only. Since the parameter 0 is small if the entropy lossduring the bond formation is large, there must be a strong orientational or congurationalconstraint in the local geometry for the appearance of an hourglass.Figure 6.10 compares the theoretical calculation with the observed phase diagram [4446]of polyethylene oxide (PEO) in water. The miscibility loop expands with an increase inthe molecular weight. The UCST phase separation expected at low temperatures cannotbe observed due to crystallization of the PEO. The solid curves show the calculatedbinodals. The number n of the statistical units on a chain is varied from curve to curve.Parameters used for tting are: = 1, 8 = 730 K, = 6, and 0 = 1.66105 . Fitting ismade mainly by adjusting the unkown parameter 0 . The agreement is very good. The
TEMPERATURE =1/
UCST2
LOOP
LCST
HCP(n=42)
n = 1800
DCP(n =1800)
1.5UCST2
2.05
MOLECULAR WEIGHT n 1(a)Fig. 6.11
0.0025x10
0.05
DOME0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
CONCENTRATION (b)
(a) Shultz plot of PEO. UCST (dotted lines) and LCST (solid lines) of homopolymer PEOsolutions as functions of n1 . (b) Phase diagrams of PEO solutions on an ordinarytemperatureconcentration plane. The DP of the polymer is changed from curve to curve.(Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55].)
calculation of PEO/water phase diagrams was later examined by taking into account thehydrogen-bond networks in water [47]. The effect of pressure on the miscibility loopwas studied to derive temperaturepressure phase diagrams [48].Figure 6.11 (a) presents the theoretical plots of the LCST and UCST of homopolymerPEO solutions as functions of the reciprocal DP. This is an example of a Shultz plotapplied to an associating polymer solution. Figure 6.11(b) displays the correspondingphase diagrams on the conventional temperatureconcentration plane. DPC is the doublecritical point where the LCST and UCST merge into a single critical point. The HCP(hyper critical point) is where the phase separation region of the loop shape shrinks intoone point. For PEO, the DCP occurs at n = 1800, while the HCP takes place at n = 42. Thedisappearance of the loop (HCP) was observed experimentally by Saeki et al. [45, 46]as in Figure 6.10.
6.5
201
if we introduce positive correlation between the neighboring hydrogen bonds along thepolymer chain, i.e., if adsorption of a water molecule onto the sites adjacent to the alreadyadsorbed ones is preferential, phase separation may take place in a narrow temperatureregion.For PNIPAM, it is in fact the case because the hydrogen-bonding site (amide group) isblocked by a large hydrophobic group (isopropyl group). The random coil parts sharplyturn into collapsed globules on approaching the phase separation temperature [50], sothat hydrogen-bonding is easier at the boundary between an adsorbed water sequenceand a collapsed coil part. Such steric hindrance by hydrophobic isopropyl side groupsis the main origin of the strong cooperativity between neighboring water molecules.This section shows that the formation of sequential hydrogen bonds along the polymerchain, or cooperative hydration, in fact leads to miscibility square behavior of aqueouspolymer solutions [55].To describe adsorption of water, let j {j1 , j2 , . . .} be the index specifying the polymerchain carrying the number j of sequences that consist of a run of H-bonded consecutivewater molecules, and let N (j) be the number of such polymerwater complexes whosetype is specied by j (Figures 6.7 and 6.12).The total number of water molecules on a chain specied by j is given by j , andthe DP of a complex is given by n(j) n[1 + (j)], where(6.79) (j) j /nis the fraction of the bound water molecules counted relative to the DP of a polymer.By the association equilibrium condition, we nd(j) = K(j)xy n(j) ,
Fig. 6.12
(6.80)
Sequential hydrogen bonds formed along the polymer chain due to cooperative hydration. Thetype of polymerwater associated complex is specied by the index j (j1 , j2 , . . .), where j isthe number of sequences that consist of a run of hydrogen-bonded consecutive watermolecules (pearl-necklace conformation).
202
where x (j0 ), y fw for the number density of the hydrated chains specied by j,and K(j) is the equilibrium constant. The total polymer volume fraction is given by = xG0 (y).
(6.81)
(6.82)
(6.83)
The coupled equations (6.81) and (6.82) should be solved for x and y to nd the clusterdistribution function in terms of the polymer volume fraction and the temperature.Upon eliminating x, the second equation is transformed to1 = y + (y),
(6.84)
(6.85)
(6.86)
xyFAS (, T ) = ln+ (1 ) ln+1 yn
(6.87)
(6.88)
is the additional free energy due to hydrogen bonding association. This part can be writtenin the form
(6.89)
(6.90)
203
(6.91)
(6.92)
[1 + (y)]2 (1 )y + (y)m
(6.93)
j ,
(6.94)
j )!/Tj ![n
( + 1)j ]!
(6.95)
is the number of different ways to select sequences specied by j from a chain, and is the statistical weight for a single water sequence of length formed on the chain.Because summing up all possible types j in the above functions is mathematicallydifcult, we replace the sum by the contribution from the most probable type j (onemode approximation). The necessary functions are then given byG0 (y) = (j )
( y )j ,
(6.96)
and G1 (y) = (j )G0 (y) and (y) = (j ). The function reduces to the coverage ofthe bound water in the type j .The most probable type j, or sequence distribution, can be found by minimizing thefree energy FAS by changing j, i.e., by the condition FAS /j = 0. We nd that it isgiven byj /n = (1 )t q ,(6.97)where q is dened by the equationq (1 )z.
(6.98)
204
(6.99)
(6.100)
(6.101)
q ,
V1 (q)
q .
(6.102a)
Now, and z must be regarded as functions of q, so that (6.98) is an equation for theunknown variable q to be solved in terms of the concentration .The function in the spinodal condition (6.92) now takes the form(q; ) =
(1 )(1 + )2,y (1 )Q
(6.103)
whereQ(q) (q) [1 (q)]w (q),
(6.104)
(6.105)
(6.106)
205
= 1.00.80.50.30.1
2.00.00
0.10
BOUND WATER
TEMPERATURE = 1- /
0.30.8
n = 100 = 3.50 = 0.0020.20
VOLUME FRACTION
0.30
0.60.50.4
0.02.0
= 1.0
= 2.0*1030 = 0.21.51.00.5TEMPERATURE = 1-/ T
(a)Fig. 6.13
n = 100 = 3.5
(a) Spinodal lines drawn on the (reduced) temperature and concentration plane for differentcooperative parameters . Other parameters are xed at n = 100, = 1.0, 0 = 0.002, and = 3.5. The bottom part of the miscibility square becomes atter with an increase in thecooperativity (miscibilty square). (b) The coverage of a polymer chain by hydrogen-bondedwater molecules plotted against the temperature. The cooperative parameter is changed fromcurve to curve. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55].)
is changed from curve to curve. Dehydration of bound water takes place near the phaseseparation temperature, and becomes sharper with an increase in the cooperativity.From the curve of the bound water as a function of the temperature, we can nd theenthalpy H of dehydration. If a fraction is dehydrated by a small temperaturerise T , the absorption of heat is given byH = | + |/M.
(6.107)
It shows a peak at the temperature where changes most sharply, i.e., at the phaseseparation temperature. The polymer chains collapse into compact globules as soon asthe bound water is dissociated.Figure 6.14 plots the critical points (UCST and LCST of the miscibility loop, andUCST of the miscibility dome) against the polymer molecular weight (Shultz plot). Forrandom hydration ( = 1.0), miscibility loop shrinks to a point at about n = 40 at thehyper critical point (HCP). Also, at a high molecular weight of about n = 1800, the loopmerges with the miscibility dome at low temperatures, and turns into an hourglass. Forcooperative hydration with = 0.3, however, the DCP does not appear. The HCP shiftsto a smaller n, and has the shape of an angular square. From this plot, it is evident thatcooperative hydration leads to a at LCST with almost no molecular-weight dependence.Figure 6.15(a) compares theoretical calculations with experimental data [52] on thespinodal points, and Figure 6.15(b) shows the fraction of the bound water moleculesplotted as functions of the temperature for three different polymer concentrations. In theexperiments, the upper part of the miscibility square cannot be observed because the
206
TEMPERATURE = 1- /T
0.0HCP
1.0 = 0.3 = 1.0
DCP1.5
2.00
20 25x103
n1Fig. 6.14
Molecular-weight dependence of the LCST and UCST (Shultz plot). The critical temperaturesare plotted against the reciprocal of DP. The hyper critical point (HCP) and double critical point(DCP) are indicated by arrows. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55].)
360340
320300
TEMPERATURE T
3800.80.60.40.2
2802600
10152025CONCENTRATION wt%
(a)Fig. 6.15
300400500TEMPERATURE T
(a) Experimental data () of the spinodal curve in an aqueous PNIPAM solution is comparedwith theoretical calculations. The DP of the polymer is n = 100 (solid line) and n = 1000 (brokenline). The theoretical parameters used are 8 = 555 and 0 = 0.002 for n = 100, and 8 = 565 and0 = 0.003 for n = 1000. Other parameters are xed at = 3.5, = 0.3. (b) Content of thebound water plotted against temperature for three polymer volume fractions = 0.1 (solid line), = 0.2 (dotted line), and = 0.3 (broken line) for n = 100. (Reprinted with permission fromRef. [55].)
temperature is too high. Also, UCST phase separation seen in the theoretical calculationis not observable because of the freezing of water. The molecular weight of the polymerused in the experiment is Mw = 615 500, so that the nominal number of monomers isroughly given by n = 5, 400. Since the statistical unit used in the lattice theory must be
= 0.10.30.50.81.0
0.2SECOND VIRIAL A2
207
n = 100 = 3.50 = 2.0103 = 0.2
0.62.0
=1 /TFig. 6.16
Second virial coefcient A2 plotted against temperature. The cooperative parameter is variedfrom curve to curve. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55].)
regarded as a group of monomers, tting is tried for n = 100 and 1000. (Theoreticalcalculation does not depend so much upon the number n if it is larger than 500.)Figure 6.16 plots the second virial coefcient A2 as a function of the temperature.The cooperative parameter is varied from curve to curve. There are in principlethree theta temperatures where A2 (6.91) vanishes. The one lying in the middle temperature is the relevant theta temperature (inverted theta temperature) to which theobserved LCST approaches for innite molecular weight. With an increase in cooperativity, the dehydration becomes sharper, so that the (negative) slope of A2 becomeslarger.An attempt to derive the phase diagram of the PNIPAM solution by using the effectiveinteraction parameter eff (T , ) was made by Baulin and Halperin [58, 59]. They used,however, the empirical power expansion formula of Afroze et al. [51] with many phenomenological numerical coefcients, whose molecular origin is unknown. Althoughthe above renormalization formula (5.40) due to hydrogen-bonding depends implicitlyupon the concentration, it can be expanded in power series in dilute regime, and directlycompared with the experimental measurements on the second virial coefcient of theosmotic pressure.
6.6
208
dimer type
side-chain type
HydrogenBondingmesogeniccoretrimer typeComplex typeHydrogenBondingmesogeniccoreFig. 6.17
Various types of hydrogen-bonded liquid crystals, such as dimer, trimer, side-chain, andmain-chain complex.
mesogeniccoreFig. 6.18
OO H
O(CH2)n1CH3
trans-4-alkoxy-4-stilbazole
Hydrogen-bonding liquid crystal by dimerization. The rigid heads become sufciently long to bethe mesogenic core when hydrogen-bonded.
combined type, and network type are known [13, 60] (Figure 6.17). These are calledhydrogen-bonded liquid crystals (H-bonded LC).For example, aromatic acid derivatives with alkoxy or alkyl terminal groups formdimers by H-bond between their carboxylic acid groups, and show mesomorphism [6164]. The most remarkable case is that the non-mesogenic molecules form compoundswith mesogenic cores when H-bonded (Figure 6.18). In such a combination of molecules,isotropic materials undergo liquid crystallization by mixing.To describe liquid crystallization by association, we introduce the orientational freeenergy in addition to the free energy of reaction and mixing [65]. Let us assume thatthe R{Af } molecule (DP nA ) carries f linear rigid associative groups A of length nA ,and R{Bg } molecule (DP nB ) carries g rigid groups B of length nB . The total DPs arenA = nA + f nA and nB = nB + gnB .
209
(6.108)
(6.109)
where NM is the total number of mesogenic cores formed in the system, and M NM / Ris their number density.In contrast to conventional liquid crystals, NM changes depending on the temperatureand composition, and should be decided by the equilibrium condition. The symbol expresses the nematic order parameter dened by P2 (cos ),
(6.110)
(6.111)
and similarly
is the smectic order parameter.1 The coupling constant is the nematic interactionparameter (MaierSaupes nematic interaction parameter), and is McMillans smecticinteraction parameter.The averages refer to the statistical weight for orientation of each mesogeniccore, whose partition function Z is dened byZ(, )
1d
d0
dz
(6.112)
where d is the distance between the neighboring planes in the smectic A structure onwhich the centers of mass of mesogenic cores are located (layer thickness). The symbol shows the angle of the longitudinal axis of each mesogenic core measured from thepreferential orientational axis.By using this statistical weight, the denitions (6.110) and (6.111) become selfconsistent coupled equations to nd these order parameters. We solve the equationswith equilibrium conditions for M , and then by substitution nd the chemical potentialof each component as functions of the temperature and composition [65].1 The function P (x) (3x 2 1)/2 is the Legendre polynomial of degree 2, as in (1.39).2
0.06=0.3, =0.5
0.4N
=0.4, =0.5
= 0.5
0.020.06
0.050.04
0.40.03
Sm
0.01.0
0.60.4
NBN
=0.5, =0.5 0.05
N 0.04
0.035
0.03
0.04
0.040
BIC
0.030
t3CI
CS
0.20.00.01
Sm0.02
N0.03t
(a)Fig. 6.19
0.05M
I0.04
0.020.05
0.0250.2
0.7
(a) Number M of mesogenic cores (dotted line, right axis), nematic order parameter (solidline, left axis), and smectic order parameter (broken line, left axis) plotted against temperatureat three compositions (top: = 0.3, middle: = 0.4, bottom: = 0.5) in the dimer model(nA = nB = 10, nA = nB = 1). The smectic interaction parameter is xed at = 0.5. (b) Phasediagram of the athermal mixture corresponding to (a). The thin solid line is the I/N transitionline, the thick solid line is the N/S transition line, and the dotted line is the binodal due to the I/Ntransition. The hatched area is the metastable region, and the gray area with U is the unstableregion. The lled circle represents a critical end point.
Figure 6.19 shows an example phase diagram for the athermal solvent = 0, togetherwith the nematic and smectic order parameters, and the number of mesogenic cores Mas functions of the temperature for different composition.Figure 6.20 shows the phase diagram for an athermal symmetric mixture with nA =nB = 10, and nA = nB = 1 (small rigid head groups carrying short aliphatic exible tails).The temperature is measured by the ratio t T /TNI in the unit of the nematic/isotropictransition temperature TNI .We have assumed that Florys -parameter takes the form (2.106) C1 +C2 /t withconstants C1 and C2 specied by the combination of molecular species. They are xedat C1 = 0.5 and C2 = 0.05 in this gure. The association constant is assumed to takethe form (T ) = 0 exp(C/t), where C | |/kB TNI is the dimensionless energy of thehydrogen bond. We have xed 0 at 30.0 and C = 0.3.The inset magnies the important part of the gure. The thin solid line is the I/Ntransition line, and the thick solid line the N/Sm transition line. The letters I, N, and
0.045
211
0.052
0.044
nA = nB =10 = 0.5
0.047
0.0430.042
U'
0.042
0.0410.0400.0
0.10.20.30.4CONCENTRATION
0.037
SmU0.0320.0
U0.6
Fig. 6.20
Phase diagram of dimer-forming hydrogen-bonded liquid crystal. The thin solid line is the I/Ntransition line, the thick solid line is the N/Sm transition line, and the dotted line is the binodal.The hatched area is the metastable region. The dark gray area with U is the unstable region due toentropy difference between two different species of N structures. The light gray area with U isthe unstable region due to mixing two different species of molecules. The open circle representsthe critical solution point. Parameters are xed at nA = nB = 10, nA = nB = 1, 0 = 30.0,C = 0.3, C1 = 0.5, C2 = 0.05, and = 0.5. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [65].)
Sm represent the state whose free energy is lowest in the area. The dotted lines limitingthe hatched metastable region are binodals. The dark gray area indicated by U is theunstable region hidden inside the coexistent region, whereas the light gray area withU is the conventional unstable region due to demixing. Open circles represent criticalsolution points.An unstable region hidden in a two-phase coexistence region due to its rst-ordernature is well known in metallurgy as a metastable phase boundary [68]. Recently theexistence of the spinodal curve hidden in a metastable region has been the focus of astudy on the crystallization of polymers [69]. These hidden unstable regions usuallyaccompany the rst-order phase transitions, and lie in the region where the liquid statehas the lowest free energy.At high temperatures, the coexistence regions are caused by rst-order I/N phase transition, and the two different species of molecules appear by demixing. Depending uponthe composition, the mixture separates either into two I phases by the effect of mixingenthalpy, or into I phase and N phase by the I/N transition. At intermediate temperatures,the two coexistence regions merge, but the U and U regions remain separated.At lower temperatures, the two unstable regions U and U also merge, so that themixture separates directly into stable I and N phases, or into stable I and Sm phase bythe cooperative driving force. If we divide the phase diagram into two at the middleand consider the left half, it is similar to the theoretical phase diagram of a lyotropicliquid crystal rst derived by Flory [70], and later conrmed by an experiment by Milleret al. [71]. The narrow I/N coexisting region extending from the macroscopic phase
212
separation region is called the miscibility chimney. In lyotropic liquid crystals, thechimney goes straight up to high temperatures, but H-bonded LCs show that there is alimiting temperature (the top of the N phase) to which the chimney approaches, becausethe number of mesogenic cores decreases with increasing temperature.
6.7
Polymeric micellizationWe next study the micellization of self-assembling solute molecules R{Af } in an inertsolvent. Amphiphilic low-molecular weight molecules, polymers carrying hydrophobicgroups, etc., are typical examples.In the equilibrium state we have solvent (0, 1) and l-mers (l, 0), where l = 1, 2, 3.... Tosimplify the symbols, we contract the double sufces into single ones, and write l for anl-mer, 0 for a solvent. Our starting free energy isF =Nl ln l + N0 ln 0 + (1 )R +l Nl + ()N G ,(6.113)l1
l1
where 0 1 is the volume fraction of the solvent, and N G the number of R{Af }molecules in the macroscopic cluster if it exists. In general, such a macroscopic clustermay have any structure; it can be a three-dimensional branched network, a worm-likemicelle, an innitely long string, etc. In what follows, we call the association that leads tosuch connected macroscopic aggregates open association. In contrast, we call it closedassociation if the association is limited to a nite size.By differentiation, we nd for the chemical potentialsl /n = (1 + l + ln l )/n l S + l(1 )2 + l () G (1 ),
0 = 1 + ln(1 ) + () ,S
whereS = 1 +
(6.114a)
(6.114b)
(6.115)
is the total degree of freedom for translational motion. The chemical equilibriumcondition leads to the volume fraction of the clusters in the forml = Kl x l ,
(6.116)
where x 1 is the volume fraction of the molecules that remain unassociated. It servesas an activity of the solute molecules. The equilibrium constant is given byKl = exp(l 1 l ).
(6.117)
l=1
Kl x l ,
(6.118)
213
bl x l ,
(6.119)
where bl Kl /l.To study the convergence of the innite sumG1 (x) =
(6.120)
let us dene the binding free energy l l /l required to connect a single molecule ina free state to a cluster of the size l. Application of the CauchyHadamard theorem [72]gives the convergence radius x of the power series in the form1/x = lim (Kl )1/l = e1 ,
(6.121)
where the lower upper bound of the limit is indicated by the bar. The quatity liml l is dened by the limiting value of l as l . Within the radius of convergence, the normalization condition G1 (x) = gives a one-to-one relationship between and x.The difference in spatial structures to be formed can be seen from the behavior of l .Figure 6.21(a) schematically shows the exponent l +1/l 1 of the equilibrium constant1/lKlas a function of l. This function may either take a minimum at a certain nitel + 1/l - 1
micellization
type Il*
gelationtype I
l*l
l =1
singular point
type II
type III(a)Fig. 6.21
1*
(a) Binding free energy per molecule as a function of the aggregation number. (b) Total volumefraction as functions of the unimer concentration. Type I leads to micellization with niteaggregation number. Type II and III lead to macroscopic aggregates, such as innitely longcylindrical micelles or three-dimensional networks. In the latter, the volume fraction 1 ofunassociated molecules in the solution as a function of the total volume fraction of themolecules shows a singularity at the point where the weight-average molecular weight ofaggregates becomes innite.
l (curves I and III) or decrease monotonically to a nite value 1 (curve II). Theformer leads to closed association, while the latter open association. In either case, wend the l at which the curve shows a minimum using the conditionl 1 = 0.l l 2
(6.122)
If we plot the total concentration as a function of the activity x, we can easily seethe difference between open association and closed association (Figure 6.21(b)). Forclosed association, there is a convergence radius x to which the curve continuouslyapproaches and asymptotically diverges. For open association the curve reaches a nitevalue at x and goes to innity above x , and hence there is a singularity appearing x ;the derivative of the curve shows discontinuity at x . Open association thus leads to adiscontinuity of the thermodynamic quantities when the activity x is differentiated withrespect to the concentration.In contrast, closed association may lead to a sharp change in the number of micelles,but the transition is continuous as far as the size of micelles remains nite. There is nothermodynamic singularity because the number of molecules involved in the clustersremains nite.
(6.123)
critical micelle concentration (CMC), since the volume fraction xcmc = (Kl )1/l ofthe clusters with aggregation number l takes a nite fraction at this value of the totalvolume fraction [73].The sharpness in their appearance is controlled by the curvature of the function l +1/l 1 around l .In the case where l is innite, however, a macroscopic cluster appears as soon as xexceeds the critical value x exp( 1). The macroscopic clusters can be branchednetworks (gels) [74, 75], innitely long polymers [17], or worm-like micelles [7683], etc. We call the former case gelation and the latter case polymerization (includingworm-like micellization). The total concentration obtained from x gives the concentration at which this transition takes place. It depends on the temperature through .For above , the sum in (6.118) cannot reach . The remaining fraction lbelongs to the macroscopic clusters.
(a)Fig. 6.22
215
(6.124)
(6.125)
with p = 1.For two-dimensional disk-like aggregates, as in Figure 6.22(b), we have the sameequation with p = 1/2, because the aggregation number l is proportional to the area R 2 , and there are no bonds from outside along the edge. Similarly, we have p = 1/3for the three-dimensional aggregates in Figure 6.22(c).All these examples give monotonically decreasing curves of type II. Hence (1 )cmc =exp[(1 + )] for the critical micelle concentration. Above the CMC, the unimer concentration is nearly xed at thisfraction of aggregates with specied value. The volumenumber is given by l exp (1 + l 1p ) , or
(p = 1)
e1/2(6.126)l el 1 (p = 1/2) .
el 2/3 1 (p = 1/3) We therefore expect a widely polydisperse distribution for linear aggregates because lis almost constant. For two- and three-dimensional aggregates, the distribution functiondecays quickly with the aggregation number, and the sum (6.120) gives a nite number.Since the total concentration easily exceeds this nite number, aggregates of innite sizeoften appear.Let us next consider types I and III where stable micelles of nite size are formed (seeFigure 6.23). We expand the binding free energy around l as1a b(l l )2 + ,1 l =l
(6.127)
216
l + 1/l - 1
1(1)cmc1/(2l *b)1/2
l =1Fig. 6.23
l*
cmc
Distribution function of the micellar aggregation number. Those corresponding to the minimumof the free energy give the largest population. The width of the distribution function is related tothe curvature of the free energy at its minimum.
where a, b are positive constants. Since the volume fraction of l-mers is given byl = ebl(l) (ea 1 )l ,2
(6.128)
Hence we have
(1 )cmc = ea .
(6.129)
2l = el b(l) ,
(6.130)
near l = l . The distribution function of the micelles becomes Gaussian with mean value
l and variance 1/ 2l b.It is well known that the geometrical form of the micelles varies with the type ofsurfactants and the concentration of the solutions (micellar shape transition) [84]. Thespontaneous curvature is the fundamental factor to decide the micellar shape. For highspontaneous curvature the micelle takes a spherical shape. For intermediate spontaneouscurvature, the micelle takes the shape of a cylinder terminated by two hemispheres.The cylinder can be very long, reaching several micrometers. In some situations, suchworm-like giant cylindrical micelles are formed by tuning the value of the spontaneouscurvature.Typical examples of giant worm-like micelles are cationic surfactants cetylpyridiniumbromide (CPyB) or cetylpyridinium cloride (CPyC) [7679] with added NaBr, NaCl,
217
Polymeric micellizationLet us apply the above model to the micellization of amphiphilic diblock copolymersA-block-B. Let us assume that the A-block is hydrophilic and the B-block is hydrophobic.We split the free energy of association into two parts as usuall = bond+ conf.ll
(6.131)
(6.133)
is the association constant, and f0 is the free energy gain when a hydrophobic blockis absorbed in the micellar core, which depends upon the length of the B-block and theinteraction parameter BS between the B-block and solvent.Also, since the micelle is of nite size, there is interfacial free energy at the contactsurface between the core of a micelle and solvent. Such an interfacial free energy inbondmay take the form of l 2/3 , which is included in the coefcient l in the equilibriumlconstant. The volume fraction of the polymers is then given by
=ll x l = G1 (x) x u(x),
(6.134)
l x l = G0 (x) x U (x),
(6.135)
218
ll x l1 ,
(6.136)
U (x)
l x l1 =
1x
u(x)dx.
(6.137)
Solving (6.134) for x, and substituting the result into (6.135), we can nd as a functionof the volume fraction.The chemical potentials are1 /n = (1 + ln x)/n S + (1 )2 ,0 = 1 + ln(1 ) S + 2 .
(6.138a)(6.138b)
The total number of clusters and molecules that possess a translational degree offreedom is S = 1 + .(6.139)We can nd the osmotic pressure from the chemical potential of the solvent 0 . Thenumber average aggregation number of micelles is given byln = u(x)/
U (x).
(6.140)
lw = 1 + x u (x)/u(x).
(6.141)
becomes u(x)
11 + 2c 1 + 4c .2c
(6.142)
(6.143)
(6.144)l /n l(1 1/ c)l .Hence, the aggregation number at which the volume fraction of micelles becomes largestis given by
l = c = /cmc ,(6.145)
219
ln = 1 + 4c.
(6.146)
We can see that it is 1 for << cmc , and 2 /cmc for >> cmc . The aggregationnumber increases with concentration in proportion to its square root.
References[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]
Tanaka, F.; Ishida, M.; Matsuyama, A., Macromolecules 24, 5582 (1991).Tanaka, F., Polym. J. 34, 479 (2002).Kielhorn, L.; Muthukumar, M., J. Chem. Phys. 107, 5588 (1997).Tanaka, H.; Hashimoto, T., Macromolecules 24, 5398; 5713 (1991).de Gennes, P. G., Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY,1979.Leibler, L., Macromolecules 13, 1602 (1980).Bates, F. S.; Fredrickson, G., Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 41, 525 (1990).Hornreich, R. M.; Luban, M.; Shtrikman, S., Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 16781681 (1975).Haraguchi, M.; Nakagawa, T.; Nose, T., Polymer 36, 2567 (1995).Haraguchi, M.; Nakagawa, T.; Nose, T., Polymer 37, 3611; 4223 (1996).Lehn, J.-M., Supramolecular ChemistryConcepts and Perspectives. VCH: Weinheim, 1995.Ciferri, C., Supramolecular Polymers. Marcel Dekker: New York, 2000.Kato, T., Structure and Bonding 96, 95 (2000).Weiss, R. G.; Terech, P., Molecular Gels: Materials with Self-Assembled Fibrillar Networks.Springer: Dordrecht, 2006.Jacobson, H.; Stockmayer, W. H., J. Chem. Phys. 18, 1600; 1607 (1950).Tobolsky, A.V.; Eisenberg, A., JACS 81, 780 (1959).Scott, R. L., J. Phys. Chem. 1965, 69, 261; 352.Wheeler, J. C.; Pfeuty, P., Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 1409 (1981).Wheeler, J. C.; Pfeuty, P., Phys. Rev. A 24, 1050 (1981).Wheeler, J. C.; Pfeuty, P., J. Chem. Phys. 74, 6415 (1981).Mayer, J. E.; Mayer, M. G., Statistical Mechanics. Wiley: New York, 1940.Truesdell, C., Annals of Mathematics 46, 144 (1945).Dudowicz, J.; Freed, K. F.; Douglas, J. F., J. Chem. Phys. 111, 7116 (1999).Dudowicz, J.; Freed, K. F.; Douglas, J. F., J. Chem. Phys. 112, 10021010 (2000).Terech, P.; Weiss, R. G., Chem. Rev. 97, 3133 (1997).Tanaka, F.; Ishida, M., Macromolecules 30, 1836 (1997).Tanaka, F., Macromolecules 37, 605 (2004).Yashima, E.; Matsushima, T.; Okamoto, Y., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119, 6345 (1997).Matsuyama, A.; Tanaka, F., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 341 (1990).Ruokolainen, J.; ten Brinke, G.; Ikkala, O.; Torkkeli, M.; Serimaa, R., Macromolecules 29,3409 (1996).Ruokolainen, J.; Torkkeli, M.; Serimaa, R. et al., Macromolecules 29, 6621 (1996).ten Brinke, G.; Ruokolainen, J.; Ikkala, O., Europhys. Lett. 35, 91 (1996).ten Brinke, G.; Ikkala, O., Trends Polym. Sci. 5, 213 (1997).Ruokolainen, J.; Torkkeli, M.; Serimaa, R.; Komanschek, B. E.; ten Brinke, G., Phys. Rev. E54, 6646 (1996).
220
[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]
221
[74] Guenet, J. M., Thermoreversible Gelation of Polymers and Biopolymers. Academic Press:London, 1992.[75] te Nijenhuis, K., Adv. Polym. Sci. 130, 1 (1997).[76] Porte, G; Appell, J.; Poggi, Y., J. Phys. Chem. 84, 3105 (1980).[77] Porte, G; Appell, J., J. Phys. Chem. 85, 2511 (1981).[78] Appell, J.; Porte, G., J. Coll. Interface Sci. 81, 85 (1981).[79] Appell, J.; Porte, G.; Poggi, Y., J. Coll. Interface Sci. 87, 492 (1981).[80] Shikata, T.; Hirata, H.; Kotaka, T., Langmuir 3, 1081 (1987); 4, 354 (1988); 5, 398 (1989).[81] Shikata, T.; Hirata, H.; Kotaka, T., J. Phys. Chem. 94, 3702 (1990).[82] Candau, S. J.; Hirsch, E.; Zana, R.; Delsanti, M., Langmuir 2, 1225 (1989).[83] Hofmann, H.; Rehage, H., Mol. Phys. 5, 1225 (1989).[84] Degiorgio, V.; Corti, M., Physics of Amphiphiles: Micelles, Vesicles and Microemulsions.North-Holland: Amsterdan, 1985.[85] Sakaguchi, Y.; Shikata, T.; Urakami, H.; Tamura, A.; Hirata, H., J. Electron Microsc. 36, 168(1987).[86] Clausen, T. M.; Vinson, P. K.; Minter, J. R.; Davis, H.T.; Talmon, Y.; Miller, W. G., J. Phys.Chem. 96, 474 (1992).
This chapter presents several models of common gelling associating mixtures. They are constructed by combining the classical tree statistics of the branching reaction (Section 3.2) with theFloryHuggins lattice theory of polymer solution (Section 2.3). They serve as the ideal modelsof thermoreversible gels and enable us to study the nature of gelation which interferes with phaseseparation. As application of the model, physical gels with multiple junctions are studied.
7.1
Nl ln l + N0 ln 0 + (T )(1 )R +
l Nl + ()N G .
(7.1)
In the last term, N G is the number of polymer chains that belong to the network. Itbecomes a macroscopic variable after the gel point is passed. This additional term appearsonly in the postgel regime. The free energy () for a chain to be bound to the networkdepends on the concentration . It is negative, and its absolute value increases withthe concentration because the network structure becomes tighter and denser with theconcentration.The chemical potentials of nite clusters composed of l chains, and that of the solventmolecules, are derived by the differentiation of the free energy asl /n = (l + 1 + ln l )/n l S+ l(1 )2 + l () G (1 ),0 = 1 + ln(1 ) S + 2 () G ,
(7.2a)(7.2b)
l .
(7.3)
223
Similarly, the chemical potential of the polymer chain in the gel network isS2GG1 /n = /n + (1 ) + () (1 ).
(7.4)
for the volume fraction of l-mers, where the equilibrium constant can be expressed asKl = el1l ,
(7.5)
1F= G0 (z) + (1 + ln z) + (1 ) ln(1 ) + (T )(1 ),Rnn
where functionsGk (z)
l k bl z l
(bl Kl /l),
(7.7)
(7.8)
(7.9)
is transformed to the equation for the volume fraction of the sol part(1 w) = G1 (z).
(7.10)
l = G0 (z)/n.
(7.11)
(7.12)
224
in Mayers theory of condensation [4], where the volume v per particle and pressure pare given byv 1 = G1 (z),
(7.13a)
p/kT = G0 (z).
(7.13b)
It is known [4] that the activity z can be eliminated from these equations, and the equationof state
k1kp/kB T = v1(7.14)k vk +1k=1
is obtained, where k are the irreducible cluster integrals that are constructed from bl .The coefcient bl in the condensation theory is the l-th cluster integral, but in gelationproblem it is replaced by the association equilibrium constant bl = Kl /l. In the pregelregime, we therefore have
kkn = 1 k .k +1
(7.15)
k=1
The coefcients k can be explicitly calculated in the present gel problem by using theStockmayer factor.Assuming the structure of the gel for xing the specic form of bl and the gel fractionw, and solving (7.10) for the activity z in terms of the concentration and the temperature,we nd the free energy (7.7) as a function of and T , and hence the entire problem issolved. We carry out this program for a simple model system for which the coefcientsbl can be explicitly found.
7.2
(7.16)
(7.17)
wherel
225
(f l l)!l!(f l 2l + 2)!
(7.18)
is Stockmayers combinatorial factor (3.14) [6]. The free energy is given by comb=lSlcomb /kB .For the conformational free energy, we employ the lattice theoretical entropy ofdisorientation (2.90), and ndSlconf
( 1)2 en
l1 l .
(7.19)
(7.20)
because there are l 1 bonds in a tree of l molecules, where f0 is the free energychange of a bond formation.Combining all results together, we ndKl = f ll
fn
l1,
bl =
l
l,
(7.21)
(7.22)
(7.23)
(7.24)
which gives the number of functional groups f z/n carried by the unassociated polymerchains in the solution.The total number concentration of the nite clusters is then given by
l = S0 (x).
(7.25)
l = S1 (x).n
(7.26)
226
ll /
l = S1 (x)/S0 (x),
(7.27)
l 2 l /
ll = S2 (x)/S1 (x).
(7.28)
(7.29)l k l x l (k = 0, 1, 2, . . .).Sk (x) l=1
(7.30)
To see the physical meaning of , let us calculate the probability for a randomlychosen functional group to be associated. Since an l-mer includes the total of f l groups,among which 2(l 1) are associated, the probability of association (extent of reaction)is given by(7.31)2[S1 (x) S0 (x)]/f S1 (x) = .Thus, in fact gives the extent of association.By using , the average cluster sizes are given by
7.2.1
ln = 1/(1 f /2),
(7.32a)
lw = (1 + )/[1 (f 1)].
(7.32b)
Pregel regimeThe weight-average cluster size diverges at = 1/(f 1). This suggests that = 1/(f 1) is the gel point. The number-average also diverges at = 0 2/f , but since2/f > 1/(f 1), we have to study the postgel regime to examine its behavior.In the pregel regime ( < ), the volume fraction S occupied by the polymer chainsbelonging to the sol must always be equal to the total polymer volume fraction . Thus,from (7.26), the total polymer volume fraction and the extent of association satisfythe relation
,(7.33) =(1 )2where f /n (the total number concentration of the functional groups) is used insteadof the volume fraction .
227
!11 + 2 1 + 4 ,2
(7.34)
through which we can express any physical quantity directly in terms of . For instance,the total free energy per lattice cell is given byF=
1(f 2) ln(1 ) + ln + f + (1 ) ln(1 ) + (1 ).n2
(7.35)
1 () = (f 2) ln(1 ) + ln + f ln /n(1 ).2
(7.36)
K2,0 + .2nA
(7.37)
We thus describe the molecular origin of the concentration dependence of the parameter in terms of the associative force.In a similar way, the spinodal condition is()1+ 2 = 0,n1where is given by() =
1 (f 1)1=
1+lw ()
(7.38)
(7.39)
7.2.2
(7.40)
(7.41)
as l goes to innity. This model therefore falls into category II in Figure 6.21. The limitgivesz = exp( 1),
228
in terms of x, and
(7.42)
= 1/(f 1),
(7.43)
in terms of the extent of association, as was expected from the divergence of lw . Theconcentration of polymers at the gel point is then given by(T ) =
f 1.(f 2)2
(7.44)
This condition gives the solgel transition line on the temperatureconcentration plane.
7.2.3
Postgel regimeIn the postgel regime where > ( > ), we have an additional condition (7.6). Theactivity z of the solute molecule is related to the binding free energy of the gel.Since the reactivity in the sol can in general be different from that in the gel, let uswrite the former as S and the latter as G . The average reactivity of the system as awhole is dened by = S (1 w) + G w,(7.45)where w is the weight fraction of the gel.The volume fraction S of polymers belonging to the sol is consequently given by S /n = S1 ( S ),
(7.46)
in the postgel regime, so that it is different from the total given by S1 (). The totalnumber of nite clusters must also be replaced by = S0 ( S ),
(7.47)
since it must give the number of molecules and clusters that have a translational degreeof freedom. The gel network spans the entire solution and loses its translational degreeof freedom.By using S = 1 + , the chemical potentials are given by1 1 + ln x= S + (1 )2 + ()(1 ) G ,nn
(7.48a)
0 = 1 + ln(1 ) S + 2 () G .
(7.48b)
(7.49)
229
Florys treatmentBy the denition (7.30) of , x takes a maximum value x = (f 2)f 2 /(f 1)f 1 at = 1/(f 1). Therefore, two values of can be found for a given value of x. Let usconsider the postgel regime > . For a given , the value of x is xed by the relationx (1 )f 2 .As described in Section 3.2, Flory postulated [5, 8] that another root (the shadowroot) lying below in this equation for a given value of x gives the extent of reactionin the sol. Hence we haveS = .
(7.50)
(7.51)
w = 1 (1 )2 /(1 )2 .
(7.52)
The larger one lying above gives the reactivity for all functional groups in thesystem. It fullls the relation = /(1 )2 .
(7.53)
(7.54)
(7.55)
This value is obviously larger than that of the innite limit in the tree approximationlim [(f 2)l + 2]/f l = 2/f 0 ,
(7.56)
so that, in Florys picture, cycle formation is allowed within the gel network. Its cyclerank is given by1(7.57) = G 1.2The main results obtained by Florys picture are summarized in Figure 7.1.
230
Volume Fraction
Extent of Association
SOLVENT
0.6*
GEL
0.4SOL
0.20.00.0
10.2
0.4 *0.6
G2/f
*S0.000.09.0
7.0
0.4 * 0.6
<m>w
5.0
<m>n
1.00.0
Fig. 7.1
Gel fraction, extent of association and average molecular weight mn , mw calculated on thebasis of Florys postgel picture. The number-average has a discontinuous slope across the gelpoint, while the weight-average diverges. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [9].)
The binding free energy () of a chain onto the gel network turns out to be() = 1 (f 1) ln() + f ln[( 1 + 4 1)/2],
(7.58)
Stockmayers treatmentStockmayer [6] later remarked that Florys result in the postgel regime is inconsistentwith the tree assumption, however, since the treatment permits cycle formation in thegel network. To remove this inconsistency, he proposed another treatment of the postgelregime. He introduced a different assumption that the extent of reaction of functionalgroups in the nite clusters remains at the critical value = 1/(f 1) throughout thepostgel regime. He also proposed that in the postgel regime the extent of reaction in the
231
(7.59)
(f 1) 1,1 0
(7.60)
where (> ) is the extent of reaction of the entire system including all functionalgroups. It is a linear function of , and reaches unity at 0 = 2/f before the reactionis completed. The volume fraction of the sol remains constant at S = . The numberaverage DP remains constant at ln = (f 2)/2(f 1), while the weight-average isdivergent lw = in the postgel regime. The binding free energy is xed at . Themain results obtained by Stockmayers picture are summarized in Figure 7.2.
0.8GEL
0.6*0.4
SOL0.20.00.0
*S
0.000.0
9.0Average Cluster Size
<m> w
<m> n
Fig. 7.2
Gel fraction, extent of association and average molecular weight calculated on the basis ofStockmayers postgel picture. The number-average has a discontinuous slope across the gelpoint, while the weight-average remains divergent in the postgel regime. (Reprinted withpermission from Ref. [9].)
(7.61)
w = 1 /.
(7.62)
we nd
7.2.4
0.200 = 7.00 = 1.0
0.15Sol
SOL
0.00
1-/T
TCP
0.050.10
volume fraction
(a)Fig. 7.3
9.15 *10
25.30 *10
Stockmayer
0.100.0
9.06 *10
Flory
0.150.00
233
7.3
x l /l 3/2 ,
(7.63a)
x l /l 5/2 ,
(7.63b)
where x is the activity of the molecule, and T h/(2 mkB T )1/2 the thermal de Brogliewave length. The coefcient of the innite series on the right-hand side is 1/l 5/2 insteadof Stockmayers combinatorial factor l , but other parts are completely analogous.The innite summations on the right-hand side of these equations are known as Truesdell functions [22] of order 3/2 and 5/2. Their singularity at the convergence radiusx = 1 was studied in detail [22]. Since the internal energy of a Bose gas is related to itspressure by U = 3pV /2, the singularity in the compressibility and in the specic heathave the same nature; they reveal a discontinuity in their derivatives [21]. The transition(condensation of macroscopic number of molecules into a single quantum state) turnsout to be a third-order phase transition [21].We now show that a similar picture holds for our gelling solution; a nite fraction ofthe total number of primary molecules condenses into a single state (gel network), whichhas no center of mass translational degree of freedom (no momentum), although thereis no quantum effect. Since the solution is spatially uniform, gelation can be seen as aphase separation in the momentum space into the zero momentum phase (gel) and thenite momentum phase (sol).
234
1(, T )+ 2 .n1
(7.65)
(7.66)
The singularity in the osmotic pressure originates in this function: the translationalentropy of clusters.The analogy of BEC can be seen more clearly if we replace Stockmayers combinatorial factor l by its asymptotic forml x 1 /l 5/2 ,
(7.67)
for large l, where x is given by (7.42). This form is derived by applying Stirlingsformula to (7.18). We nd 1 x l=,nl 3/2 x
(7.68a)
1 x l.l 5/2 x
(7.68b)
Thus, we can see that the singularity at x = x is identical to those in Truesdells functionsat x = 1.Near the gel point, simple calculation giveslw
A,
(7.69)
fn,(7.70)(f 2)3 (T )for < . In Stockmayers treatment lw = remains for all > . We thus nd theA
discontinuity in the slope of the function is given by (/)T = 1/A. This leads toa discontinuity in the osmotic compressibility in the form B
KT2 = KT=,(7.71) Tn T ( , T )2
whereB
f 2 (f 2)9 (T )4(f 1)3 n5
235
(7.72)
is a constant depending only on the temperature, functionality, and the number of statistical units on a chain. For large molecular weight polymers, the amplitude B is small.This is the main reason why experimental detection of the singularity has so far beendifcult. However, as we approach the spinodal point where the condition ( , T ) = 0is satised by changing the temperature under a xed concentration, the discontinuity isenhanced by critical uctuations, and there may be a chance to observe the singularity.Similar calculation on the basis of Florys treatment gives the factor 4B instead ofB. The sign changes, but the discontinuity remains.We next consider the temperature derivatives of the free energy, such as entropyand specic heat. The temperature appears through the interaction parameter (T ) andassociation constant (T ). Because it is evident that the former does not lead to anysingularity, we consider the derivatives with respect to the latter.Within Stockmayers treatment of the postgel regime, after a complex calculation, itturns out that there is no singularity up to the second derivatives, but the third derivativecontains a discontinuity
3 (F )
=C ,(7.73)3n(ln ) where C is given byC=
f 2. 1)
f 2 (f
(7.74)
Florys treatment gives [4/(f 1)]C instead of C. Again, the sign changes, but thediscontinuity remains. Collecting all results, we come to the conclusion that the idealmodel of thermoreversible gelation treated here shows a third-order phase transition thatis analogous to the BoseEinstein condensation.
7.4
7.4.1
Multiple associationMost thermoreversible gels of polymers and biopolymers have cross-link junctionsthat combine several distinct chains (multiple junctions) as shown in Figure 7.4. Forinstance, gelation by the micro-crystallization of chain segments (Figure 7.4(a)), byionic (dipolar) aggregation (Figure 7.4(b)), and by the hydrophobic association of special groups attached to the polymer chains (Figure 7.4(c)), all fall on this importantcategory [19, 23]. In some biopolymer gels, triple helices serve as extended cross-linkjunctions.In this section, we attempt to extend our theory of thermoreversible gelation frompairwise association to the more general multiple association. As a model solution,we consider a mixture of associative molecules R{Af } in a solvent. Molecules aredistinguished by the number f of associative groups they bear, each group being capable
236
31(a)Fig. 7.4
1(b)
of taking part in the junctions with variable multiplicity which may bind together anynumber k of such groups (Figure 7.5(a)) [3,2427].We include k = 1 for unassociatedgroups, and allow junctions of all multiplicities to coexist, in proportions determined bythe thermodynamic equilibrium conditions.In order to incorporate polydispersity in the functionality, we allow the number f ofassociative groups to vary. Such polydispersity in the functionality of polymers is essential when associative groups are activated by the conformational transition of polymers,as in biopolymer gels. In such cases, the functionality f is not a xed number but changesdepending upon temperature, concentration, and other environmental parameters.Let nf be the number of statistical repeat units on an f -functional primary molecule,and let Nf be the total number of molecules in the solution. The number of repeat unitsper functional group R nf /f is assumed to be independent of f . The weight fractionf of the associative groups carried by the molecules with specied f relative to thetotal number of associative groups is given byf = f Nf /
f Nf .
(7.75)
The number- and weight-average functionality of the primary molecules are thendened byfn fw
(7.76a)(7.76b)
237
(a)Fig. 7.5
(a) Symbolic picture of polyfunctional molecule R{Af }. (b) A cluster formed by multipleassociation.
instance, is indicated by j0f {f , 0, 0, ...}, and l0f {0, ..., 1, 0, ...}. (The f -th number isunity, others are zero.)In the multiple tree statistics described in Section 3.3, there are two fundamentalrelations (3.74) and (3.75) due to the geometrical constraints.Let N (j; l) be the number of (j; l)-clusters in the system. Their number density is givenby (j; l) = N (j; l)/ R, and their volume fraction is given by
(j; l) =
nf lf (j; l).
(7.77)
f 1
The total volume fraction of the polymer component in the sol part is the sum over allpossible cluster types(1 w) =(j; l),(7.78)j,l
7.4.2
j,l
fG f (),
(7.79)
238
Here, the free energy change (j; l) accompanying the formation of a (j; l)-cluster ina hypothetical undiluted amorphous state from the separate primary molecules in theirstandard states is dened by
(j; l) (j; l)
lf (j0f ; l0f ) .
(7.80)
In the postgel regime, the last term for the gel part is necessary [9, 26].By differentiating the free energy, we nd the chemical potential(j; l) = 1 + (j; l) + ln (j; l)"# +nf lf S + 02 dfG f +nf lf dfG ,
(7.81)
dfG f ,
(7.82)
(7.83)
(j; l),
dfG
j;l
gG.f gg
(7.84)
S is the number of clusters and molecules that possess degree of freedom for translationalmotion.We then impose chemical equilibrium conditions(j; l) =
lf (j0f ; l0f ),
(7.85)
to nd the cluster size distribution function. The volume fraction of the clusters of aspecied type is found to be(j; l) = K(j; l)
(7.86)
in terms of the volume fraction of the primary molecules that remain unassociated, whereK(j; l) is the equilibrium constant, and is related to the binding free energy asK(j; l) = exp
"
#lf 1 (j; l) .
(7.87)
239
(7.88)
between the free molecule and the molecule bound to the gel network. Hence, we havethe relationf () = 1 + ln (j0f ; l0f ),(7.89)which is similar to (7.6).Substituting the result (7.86) back into the starting free energy (7.79), we nd it in theform of (5.37), where the association part is given by f 0f fFAS ({}) =ln+1 + S.(7.90)nffnff
Here, 0f (j0f ; l0f ) is the volume fraction of f -molecules that remain unassociatedin the solution. The number of different ways to form a cluster of the type (j; l) fromseparate primary molecules was found in the reaction theory of Section 3.3.For the thermoreversible reaction under consideration, the probability pk obeys thereaction equilibrium conditionpk /(p1 )k = Kk ,where
(7.91)
f Nf / R
(7.92)
(7.93)
(7.94)
where (T ) = exp (f0 /kB T ) is the association constant (f0 being the binding freeenergy), and k includes the free energy due to the existence of the surface on the micellarjunction.Substituting these relations into pk and equilibrium constant K(j; l), and using thegeometrical relations (3.74), the distribution function of the aggregates in terms of theirnumber density is found to be x lf jk fk(T )(j; l) =jk 1 !lf 1 !,(7.95)jk !lf !f
wherexf f (j0f ; l0f ) f p1 fis the number density of unreacted primary molecules (multiplied by f ).
(7.96)
Let us denez p1 ,
(7.97)
for the number density of functional groups that remain unassociated in the solution(scaled by the factor ). The normalization condition pk = 1 then leads to the relation zu(z),
(7.98)
is dened by1u(z) k zk1 .(7.99)k1
(7.100)
(7.101)
pk = ,
(7.102)
k2
(7.103)
which gives as a function of the concentration and temperature. The number densityxf of unassociated primary moleculesxf = ()f p1 f ,
(7.104)
z,u(z) f 1
(7.105)
can be written asxf = f
7.4.3
The average molecular weight and the condition for the gel pointWe rst nd the average molecular weight of the clusters for the distribution function(j; l). The number-average molecular weight dened byln (j; l),(7.106)Pnf lf (j; l)/j;l1 To distinguish from u(x)
k1 pk x
is found to beln = R/
241
11+1 ,fn n
(7.107)
p 1kk
(7.108)
U (z),
(7.109)
1U (z) z
u(z)dz
kk1
zk1 .
(7.110)
nf lf
2
It is given bylw = R/
(j; l)/
nf lf (j; l).
11+1 .f w w
(7.111)
(7.112)
kpk
(7.113)
zu (z).u(z)
(7.114)
The gel point where the weight-average molecular weight becomes innite is foundby the condition(fw 1)(w 1) = 1,
(7.115)
or equivalently,(fw 1)
zu (z)= 1,u(z)
(7.116)
in terms of the parameter z. By combining with the relation (7.98) the solgel transitionline is found on the phase plane.
242
7.4.4
f ()fG ,
(7.117)
f ()fG (1 ),
(7.118)
andf /nf = (1 + ln xf )/nf S + (1 )2 +where S is
S = (1 ) + z[(fn1 1)u(z) + U (z)].
(7.119)
The coexistence curve for a dilute phase with volume fraction to be in equilibriumwith a concentrated phase with volume fraction is given by the coupled equations0 ( , T ) = 0 ( , T ),f ( , T ) = f ( , T )
(7.120a)(f = 1, 2, . . .).
(7.120b)
If the higher-concentration phase lies in the postgel regime, the postgel form of must beemployed in the chemical potentials. These equilibrium conditions determine the totalvolume fractions and in each phase as well as the molecular distributions f and
f in them.
Osmotic pressureThe osmotic pressure is directly related to the solvent chemical potential through therelation (2.28) in Section 2.1. In the dilute region, this can be expanded in powers of theconcentration
An n ,(7.121)a 3 =n=1
(7.122a)
(7.122b)for
n 3.
(7.122c)
The coefcients n are the irreducible cluster coefcients [4] constructed from k /k.The correction to the second virial coefcient is due to the existence of binary junctions(k = 2), and should vanish if 2 in A2 were made to vanish. Thus association does notaffect the second virial coefcient if there is no binary cross-linking. The frequently
243
observed sudden gelation in physical gels without precursor suggests the dominance ofhigh junction multiplicity.The osmotic compressibility is found to be KT = 2 (, T ) with (, T )
11+ 2 .lw (z) 1
(7.123)
(f 0 ),g
(7.124)
(7.125)
The determinant G |Gfg | of this matrix must be positive denite for the system to bethermodynamically stable.For monodisperse primary chains, we have a strictly two-component system, and thethermodynamic stability limit (spinodal) is given by (, T ) = 0, where is the factor(7.123). Further, for such strictly binary systems, the critical solution point, if it existsin the pregel regime, can be found by the additional condition 2 0 / 2 = 0. Thecondition is given explicitly bylz (c )/lw (c )2 = c2 /(1 c )2 .
(7.126)
For systems with polydisperse primary chains, the spinodal and critical conditions haveto be determined from the appropriate Gibbs determinants.
7.4.5
244
In one of the practical models in commmon use, multiplicities lying in a certain rangecovering from k = k0 to km are equally allowed (mini-max junction). In such cases wehavek=1
k = k0 , k0 + 1, ..., km
(free),
(associated).
(7.127)
km
(7.128)
k=k0
Such assumption of limited range can be, to some extent, justied in the case of micellesof hydrophobic chains [27].When only a single value is allowed, i.e., k0 = km k, we call the model the xedmultiplicity model. Thus, for k = 2, the xed multiplicity model reduces to the pairwise association. The normalization relation (7.98) for the xed multiplicity model ofmonodisperse polymers (f and n denite) is given by(T ) = 1/(k1) /(1 )k/(k1) ,
(7.129)
in terms of the extent . This is the extension of (7.33) for pairwise junctions to multiplejunctions. The gel point condition (3.77) gives (f 1)(k 1) = 1 and hence 1/(f 1)(k 1),
1.00.8
4k=3
f=2
0.430.2
0.040.0550.06
0.073
5 6 7 8Multiplicity k(a)
Fig. 7.6
0.02 = 1-/T
80.01
(7.130)
9 10
0.080.00
(a) Reduced concentration (T ) /n at the gel point plotted against junction multiplicity. Thefunctionality is varied from curve to curve. (b) Solgel transition lines (thick broken lines),binodals (thin broken lines), and spinodal lines (solid lines) of bifunctional (f = 2) polymerswith n = 100, 0 = 10.0 for association with xed multiplicity (k0 = km k). The multiplicity kis changed from 3 to 8.
245
(f 1)(k 1).[(f 1)(k 1) 1]k/(k1)
(7.131)
Figure 7.6(a) plots the reduced concentration (T ) /n at the gel point as a function of the junction multiplicity. The functionality is changed from curve to curve. Forbifunctional molecules f = 2, at least multiplicity 3 is necessary for gelling. The gelationconcentration monotonically decreases with multiplicity. For functionalities higher than2, however, there is an optimal multiplicity for which gelation is easiest. In such cases,network growth becomes difcult due to an increase in the number of branches at thejunctions.Figure 7.6(b) shows how the phase diagrams shift with increase in the multiplicity forbifunctional molecules. The solgel transition line (thick broken lines), binodals (thinbroken line), and spinodals (solid lines) are drawn for a xed multiplicity within Floryspostgel treatment. The transition line shifts to the high-temperature, low-concentrationregions with the multiplicity. Above a certain critical multiplicity (k = 5 in the gure)the two critical solution points merge into one, and the phase diagram changes from theCEP type to the TCP type.
References[1] Tanaka, F., Macromolecules 22, 1988 (1989).[2] Tanaka, F., Macromolecules 1990, 23, 3784; 3790.[3] Tanaka, F., in Molecular GelsMaterials with Self-Assembled Fibrillar Networks, Terech, P.;Weiss, R. G. (eds.). Springer: Dordrecht, 2006; pp. 168.[4] Mayer, J. E.; Mayer, M. G., Statistical Mechanics. Wiley: New York, 1940.[5] Flory, P. J., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63, 3091 (1941).[6] Stockmayer, W. H., J. Chem. Phys. 11, 45 (1943).[7] Stockmayer, W. H., J. Chem. Phys. 12, 125 (1944).[8] Flory, P. J., Principles of Polymer Chemistry. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, New York,1953.[9] Ishida, M.; Tanaka, F., Macromolecules 30, 3900 (1997).[10] Tanaka, F. Polym. J. 34, 479 (2002).[11] Knobler, C. M.; Scott, R. L., in Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomeca. Academic Press:New York, 1984.[12] Pynn, R.; Skjeltorp, A., in Multicritical Phenomena. Plenum Press: New York and London,1984.[13] Wellinghoff, S.; Shaw, J.; Baer, E., Macromolecules 12, 932 (1979).[14] Tan, H. M.; Moet, A.; Hiltnet, A.; Baer, E., Macromolecules 16, 28 (1983).[15] Boyer, R. F.; Baer, E.; Hiltner, A., Macromolecules 18, 427 (1985).[16] Domszy, R. C.; Alamo, R.; Edwards, C. O.; Mandelkern, L., Macromolecules 19, 310(1986).[17] Gan, J.Y. S.; Francois, J.; Guenet, J. M., Macromolecules 19, 173 (1986).[18] Guenet, J. M.; McKenna, G. B., Macromolecules 21, 1752 (1988).
246
[19] Guenet, J. M., Thermoreversible Gelation of Polymers and Biopolymers. Academic Press:New York, 1992.[20] Chen, S.-J.; Berry, G. C.; Plazek, D. J., Macromolecules 28, 6539 (1995).[21] London, F., Superuids, Vol. II. Wiley: New York, 1954.[22] Truesdell, C., Annals of Mathematics 46, 144 (1945).[23] te Nijenhuis, K., Adv. Polym. Sci. 130, 1 (1997).[24] Fukui, K.; Yamabe, T., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn 40, 2052 (1967).[25] Stockmayer, W. H., Macromolecules 24, 6367 (1991).[26] Tanaka, F.; Stockmayer, W. H., Macromolecules 27, 3943 (1994).[27] Tanaka, F.; Koga, T., Bulletin Chem. Soc. Jpn 74, 201 (2001).
This chapter studies the local and global structures of polymer networks. For the local structure,we focus on the internal structure of cross-link junctions, and study how they affect the solgeltransition. For the global structure, we focus on the topological connectivity of the network, suchas cycle ranks, elastically effective chains, etc., and study how they affect the elastic properties ofthe networks. We then move to the self-similarity of the structures near the gel point, and derivesome important scaling laws on the basis of percolation theory. Finally, we refer to the percolationin continuum media, focusing on the coexistence of gelation and phase separation in sphericalcolloid particles interacting with the adhesive square well potential.
8.1
(8.1)
where c is the gelation concentration, and T the absolute temperature. The enthalpyH0 is expected to be proportional to the number of segments participating in thejunction. Since the total number of segments involved in a junction is given by k for
248
107654
In c*
7654
9.0
8.0
10.0
103/ T + In MFig. 8.1
(a) Model of a network junction. The multiplicity k and cross-link length are two fundamentalparameters for characterization of a junction. (b) Schematic drawing of the modiedEldridgeFerry plot to nd the junction multiplicity k and the number of repeat units per chainin the junction. The constant temperature lines (broken lines) and constant molecular weightlines (solid lines) are shown.
the model junction described above, this equation holds under additional assumptionthat the solgel transition is independent of the junction multiplicity k, but depends onlyon the total number of segments k in a junction. This assumption, however, is incorrectin the case of multiple cross-links, because gelation is easier for higher multiplicity evenif the total number of segments involved in a junction is the same [3]. We showed inFigure 7.6(b) [3] that the solgel transition line shifts toward the high-temperature, lowconcentration region as the junction multiplicity is increased under a xed associationconstant.Another equation from which the EldridgeFerry method starts is the relation betweenthe molecular weight M of a polymer and the gel melting temperature. It is given byln M = H0 /mkB T + constant,
(8.2)
(T ) /n = f k /f (f k 1)k/k ,
(8.3)
249
When a functional group involves sequential repeat units as in the model junction,we can write the standard free energy change asf0 = (h T s).
(8.4)
Here h is the enthalpy of bonding and s the entropy of bonding, both measured persingle repeat unit. Taking the logarithm of (8.3), we nd an important relation
shf knln = ,+ ln kBkB Tf (f k 1)k/k
(8.5)
h1
ln M + constant,kB T k 1
(8.6)
where the weight concentration c has been preferred to the volume fraction. Thisequation enables us to nd and k independently from the data of c .Let us plot ln c against 103 /T + ln M. Then the slope B of the line at constant Tgives 1/(k 1), while the slope A of the line at constant M gives
103 kB103 RA=A,|h||(h)mol |
(8.7)
where (h)mol is the enthalpy of bonding per mol of the repeat units. This modiedEldridgeFerry procedure is depicted schematically in Figure 8.1(b) [46].As an example of the analysis, we consider the melting point of poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) gels in water. PVA is known to be a typical crystalline polymer, but it also gelsin aqueous solution under large supercooling. There are several experimental evidencesthat the cross-links are formed by partial crystallization of the polymer segments inwhich syndiotactic sequence dominates, while subchains connecting the junctions consist of atactic non-crystalline sequences on the PVA chains [7]. The micro-crystals atthe junctions are supposed to be stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the hydroxygroups.Figure 8.2 shows the result of our modied EldridgeFerry plot for the gel meltingconcentration. The gel melting temperature Tm is estimated from the temperature atwhich the DSC heating curve shows an endotherm peak. The slope of the solid lines with
250
M = const
T = 364 K
ln c*
1098765
T = 344 K
T = const
1987
15103/ T
Fig. 8.2
+ ln M
Modied EldridgeFerry analysis for aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions. The gel meltingconcentration c measured at a constant temperature for different molecular weight polymersplotted against the molecular weight nds the junction multiplicity from the slope (broken lines),while those measured at constant molecular weight by changing the temperature nd the numberof the repeat units per chain in the junction (solid lines). () 91 C; () 87 C; () 83 C; ()78 C; (') 74 C; () 71 C. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [6].)
8.2
8.2.1
251
k=4i=7Fig. 8.3
(i,k)i = 5k = 3
i=6k=4
elastically effective ifi > = 3 and i > = 3(a)Fig. 8.4
(a) ScanlanCase criterion to nd the elastically effective chains. A chain with both endsconnected to junctions with a path number larger or equal to 3 is elastically effective. (b) Endgroup (dotted circle) and its branch point P.
groups, in particular telechelic polymers, there is only one path from a functional groupin a junction, so that the path number varies in 0 i k.Let i,k be the number of cross-link junctions of the type (i, k) in the network. Thenumber of junctions of multiplicity k isk =
2k
i,k .
(8.8)
252
2k
(8.9)
Converting this to the number of chains, the number of elastically effective chains canbe found by 2k1 eff =ii,k ,(8.10)2k=2 i=3
since an (i, k) junction has i paths. Double counting is corrected by dividing the sumby 2.Next, let us count the number of branches that are dangling from a cross-link and freefrom external stress. Figure 8.4(b) shows an end group whose entire body is connected tothe network by a single junction P of multiplicity k. This junction at the root is a branchpoint, and the group dangling from it is an end group. There may be some junctionsin the end group, such as Q in the gure, from which end branches are extended. Thenumber of end groups is the same as the number of the branch points, and hence we haveend =
(2k i)i,k .
(8.11)
k=2 i=2
The number 2k i is the number of paths that are not connected to the network matrix.The sum on i starts from 2 because i = 1 indicates that the branch point is the end branchpoint that has already been counted. The end groups do not contribute to elasticity of thenetwork because they are free from external stress, but they contribute to the viscosityand the relaxation time of the network due to friction with the solvent molecules.
8.2.2
pk .(8.13)k2
253
DP = n
Am-1
f-m
Multiple Junction
(a)Fig. 8.5
(a) Model network consisting of f -functional primary polymer chains cross-linked by multiplejunctions. (b) Connection probability. The probability j of connection through j paths aredescribed using the parameter u.
(8.14)
for k 2.
Connection probabilityTo study the connectivity of the network, we regard the cross-link junctions as vertices,and subchains as paths connecting the vertices in conventional graph theoretical terminology. Let j be the probability for an arbitrarily chosen unreacted functional group tobe connected to the network matrix through j paths. For instance, j = 0 if the functionalgroup belongs to a cluster of nite size that is separated from the network. Since weconsider linear chains only as primary molecules, j takes only the values 0, 1, 2.Let u be the probability for an arbitrarily chosen functional group (A in Figure 8.5(b))to be either unreacted or connected to the nite cluster in the sol. The probability 0 isgiven by the condition that all functional groups on both sides of this chosen functionalgroup on the chain are connected to the sol by probability u, and hence it is given byf1 m1 f m0 =uu= uf 1 .fm=1
(8.15)
254
Similarly, the paths on the both sides must be connected to the matrix for 2 , given by2 =
f2(1 uf )1 (1 um1 )(1 uf m ) = 1 + uf 1 .ff (1 u)
(8.16)
From the normalization condition that the sum of the probability is unity, the remainingprobability is given by
1 uff 1.(8.17)u 1 = 1 0 2 = 2f (1 u)The probability u can be expressed in terms of 0 by (8.15). The probability for anarbitrarily chosen functional group to be unreacted is 1 , to be connected only to thesol is qk 0k1 if the connected functional group belongs to a k junction. Therefore, uturns out to beu(0 ) = 1 + (8.18)qk 0k1 1 + (0 ),k2
qk x k1 .
(8.19)
(8.20)
(x)
k1
(8.21)
lying in the region 0 < x < 1 (x = 1 is always a solution. Hence 0 is another solutionsmaller than 1).If the primary molecules are an assembly of molecules carrying different numbers offunctional groups, the equation for 0 is given byf {1 + (x)}f 1 ,(8.22)x=f
k1 k z
(8.23)
255
Fig. 8.6
kqk = 1 + (1),
(8.24)
by the help of the condition w 1 = (1) of (8.23), the gel point is found by (1)(fw 1) = 1,
(8.25)
(8.26)
in terms of 0 , where the rst term is the probability for an unreacted group to be notconnected to the gel, and the second term is the probability that it is connected to the sol(Figure 8.6).
(8.27)
where is the total number of primary chains, and f is the number of reacted functionalgroups.To nd the number i,k of the (i, k) junctions, let us rst introduce the fraction ti,k ofthe junctions with path number i among the total k of junctions of multiplicity k. Thenthe relationi,k = k ti,k(8.28)enables us to nd the number of junctions of the type (i, k) from ti,k . The fraction ti,k isfound in the following way.
256
(i, k )
l0Fig. 8.7
l2
First, we focus on an (i, k) junction. If all its bonds were cut, and the functionalgroups were separated from each other, a total of k independent paths would be generated(Figure 8.7).Assume that, among these separated paths, the number l0 is not connected to thenetwork matrix, the number l1 is singly connected, and the number l2 is doubly connected.The probability ti,k is thenti,k =
{l}
k! l0 l1 l2 ,l0 !l1 !l2 ! 0 1 2
(8.29)
i/2m=0
(k 1)! ki+m 1i2m 2m .(k i + m)!(i 2m)!m! 0
(8.30)
On substitution of this relation into the SC criterion (8.9), we nd that the number ofeffective junctions is11 2 eff = (f ) (x)dx (1 + 2 ) (0 ) 1 (0 ) ,(8.31)20as a function of (0 ) and its derivative (0 ), where 0 is the solution of (8.21), whichis smaller than 1. Similarly, the number of effective chains is!1eff = (f ) (22 + 1 )[1 (0 )] 12 (0 ) ,2and the number of the end groups is89end = (f ) (20 + 1 )[1 (0 )] 20 1 (0 ) .
(8.32)
(8.33)
(8.34)
257
These structural parameters enable us to nd the global properties, such as the averagelength of the effective chainsneff = (n)2 /eff ,
(8.35)
(8.36)
Telechelic chainsFor the functional groups at the chain ends, the counting of paths is slightly different. Inparticular for the polymers carrying the functional groups at both ends, there remain nofree ends in the completion of reaction 1, and hence end 0.Let us study telechelic polymers (f =2) in more detail. It is impossible for an unreactedgroup to have a double path j = 2 because it is at the chain end, and hence 2 0(Figure 8.8(a)). Also, because 0 = u and 1 = 1 u for f = 2, we haveti,k =
k! ki i ,i!(k i)! 0 1
(8.37)
for a junction of the type (i, k), where i varies as 0 i k. The number of effectivejunctions isk eff =i,k ,(8.38)k=3 i=3
since the maximum value of the path number i is k. This gives the same result as (8.31)with 2 = 0.
to matrix
dangling endk = 9, i = 6(a)Fig. 8.8
(a) Connection paths of the telechelic polymers. (b) A cross-link junction formed by thefunctional groups of the telechelic polymers.
258
1 ii,k ,2
(8.39)
k=3 i=3
which is the same as (8.32) with 2 = 0. But the number of end groupsend =
k
(k i)i,k
= (f )[1 (0 ) 1 (0 )]0 ,
(8.40)
is different from the previous result. In the limit of 1, the relation end 0 isconrmed by 0 0 (Figure 8.8(b)).
8.2.3
(8.41)where the parameter z is dened by z (T )p1 . From the denition of the function (x), we nd1 (x) =[u(zx)
1].(8.42)
1)/(u(z) 1),
(8.43)
u(z)]
(8.44)
d ln[u(z) 1].d ln z
(8.45)
On substitution into the solgel transition criterion (8.25) and by the use of the relation(10.147), we nd an equation(f 1)
d ln u(z)
= 1,d ln z
(8.46)
259
for nding the critical value of z as a function of the functionality and the multiplicity.This is the same as (7.116).Before studying specic models of the junctions, we derive asymptotic forms of thenetwork parameters in the extreme limit of complete reaction 1. In this limit, thesmaller root of (8.44) goes to zero (x1 0), and hence0 0,
(8.47a)
1 2/f ,
(8.47b)
2 1 2/f .
(8.47c)
feff2f q2 ,
kn fwhere
(8.48a)(8.48b)
1qk /k kn
(8.49)
(8.50)
as expected, because only the two ends of the primary chains remain dangling at thecompletion of association.In contrast, for telechelic polymers, we are led to the asymptotic behavior end / 0from (8.40), again as expected.The rst model we study allows only one xed number k of the functional groups ina junction. We therefore have only k = 1 (unreacted) and k (reacted). Since qk = 1, withthe other qk being zero, we nd (x) = x k , where k k 1, and
u(z) = 1 + zk .
(8.51)
x = (1 + x k )f ,
(8.52)
(1 )x1 =(1 )
1/k .
(8.53)
260
( )1/k (1 )f
1/k
= 1/k (1 )f
(8.54)
which lies in the pregel regime ( < ) for a given value of (> ). This smaller rootrefers to the average extent of reaction in the sol.The simplest case is the pairwise association k = 2 for arbitrary functionality f . Thenumber of elastically effective chains was calculated by Clark and Ross-Murphy [15].Their result can be reproduced by choosing the function u(x)
as u(x)
= 1 + x.Straightforward calculation leads to the resulteff / = f (31 + 22 )2 /2,
(8.55a)
(8.55b)
where the values of are found by (8.15)(8.17) with x1 being the root of (8.52). Theabove formulae for the effective chains and junctions were rst derived by Langley [13].For trifunctional (f = 3) primary chains, we nd explicitly thateff / = (2 1)3 (5 )/3 3 ,
(8.56a)
eff / = (2 1) / .
(8.56b)
We now examine the opposite case where polymers carry only two functional groupsf = 2, but form multiple junctions with k 3. We nd 0 = x1 , 1 = 1 x1 , and 2 = 0.The last relation 2 = 0 is obvious because an unreacted functional group on a chain canonly be connected to the gel through the chain carrying it (i.e., i = 1) in the special caseof f = 2. The number of effective chains now becomes
(8.57)
Similarly, the number of effective junctions and dangling ends take the form
(8.58)
(8.59)
(8.60)
(8.61)
261
k=7
eff /
0.2k=3
k=30.00.0
(a)Fig. 8.9
k=35
0.00.4
The number of effective chains as a function of (a) reactivity and (b) the polymer concentration.(c) Magnication of (b) near the gel point. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [14].)
with t = 3. The cubic power comes of course from the mean-eld treatment (tree statistics). According to the percolation theory, we should expect a smaller power t = 1.7 [18].At the completion of the reaction = 1 (and hence /c ), and the curves asymptotically reach unity. The number of effective chains is proportional to the polymerconcentration in this region.The simplest model network is the one formed by bifunctional (f = 2) primary chainswith triple junctions (k = 3). In this special case, we nd = 1 , where is theroot of the third-order algebraic equation ()2 3 + 1 = 0. The larger one lyingin 0 1 must be chosen for in order for to be the smaller root of (8.54). Allnetwork properties are analytically expressed. We have, for example, 0 = (1 )/,1 = (2 1)/, 2 = 0, andeff / = (2 1)3 / 2 ,
(8.62a)
eff / = 2(2 1) /3 .3
(8.62b)
Since the critical extent of reaction is given by = 1/2, the cubic power near above thesolgel transition point is evident.These curves can be compared with the experimental data on the high-frequencydynamic modulus for HEUR measured by Annable et al. [16]. Their experimental datafor HEUR C16/35K (end-capped with C16 H33 , molecular weight of 35 000, Figure 19in [16]) are replotted in Figure 8.10. If we choose c = 1.0% for the weight concentrationat gelation, the scaling power at the critical region gives t = 1.6, close to the percolationvalue. But this power depends sensitively on how to choose c . In Figure 8.10 tting theexperimental curve to the theoretical calculation is attempted. At high concentrations,the multiplicity is estimated to be 67, and about 60% of chains are effective. In thedirect measurement [17] of the junction multiplicity using uorescence decay of pyreneexcimer, the number of hydrophobic groups in a junction was estimated to be 20. Thedifference 20 7 = 14 in the number of hydrophobes of these two measurements may
262
multiplicity6~7060%effective
In(eff /)
12k=7
k=3
3455
eff (c -c*)1.74
In(c-c*)+constantFig. 8.10
be attributed to the hydrophobes attached to the loop chains dangling from the junction,which are elastically ineffective.
8.3
Percolation modelIn a different way from the classical theory of gelation, the percolation model of gelationfocuses on the geometrical structure and connectivity of the system. Percolation theorywas originally developed to study how water pervades into sands, and has been appliedto coffee percolation, irrigation of elds, spreading of diseases, propagation of res inforests, etc. [19, 20]. We describe the theory with an attempt to apply it to the gelationproblem [18, 20, 21].Percolation models are roughly classied into percolation on regular lattices and percolation in continuum space. Both derive the scaling laws near the percolation thresholdby focusing on the self-similarity of the connected objects. The percolation theory issuitable for the study of uctuations in the critical region, but has a weak point in thatthe analytical description of the physical quantities in wider regions is difcult.
8.3.1
Percolation thresholdThere are two types of percolation problems on regular lattices: site percolation andbond percolation (Figure 8.11).In site percolation (Figure 8.11(a)), particles are randomly distributed on the latticesites. The neighboring pairs are regarded as connected. Let R be the total number of
263
(a)Fig. 8.11
Percolation problem on regular lattices: (a) site percolation, (b) bond percolation. Connectedclusters are circled.
dd =2
d =3
LatticeAH (honeycomb)S (square)T (triangular)d (diamond)s.c.b.c.c. f.c.c.h.c.p.
Bondpc (b)
Sitepc (s)
zpc (b)
fpc (s)
346468
0.610.790.910.340.520.68
0.65270.50000.34730.390.250.18
0.700.590.50000.430.310.24
1.962.002.081.561.501.44
0.4270.4660.4550.1430.1610.163
0.74
1.44
0.148
the lattice sites, and N be the number of particles placed on them. The fraction p isdened byp N / R.
(8.63)
264
(a)Fig. 8.12
Dual lattice and dual transformation. (a) Square lattice is self-dual S* = S. (b) The dual lattice ofa honeycomb lattice is a triangular lattice H* = T and vice versa T* = H.
model is dened byp = N B / RB ,
(8.64)
where RB is the total number of n.n. pairs, and NB is the total number of bonds. Thepercolation threshold of the bond percolation is designated as pc (A, b).Some of the critical values of percolation can be derived using a simple method basedon the duality of the lattices. In general, the new lattice A constructed from A byconnecting the centers of lattice cells is called the dual lattice of A. For instance, thedual lattice of the square lattice is a square lattice: (S = S). It is self-dual. A honeycomblattice and a triangular lattice are dual to each other: (T = H, H = T) (Figure 8.12).Because bonds on the lattice A and bonds on its dual lattice A cross each other,percolation problems on them are related bypc (A, b) + pc (A , b) = 1.
(8.65)
The state on A where bonds are connected to innity at pc corresponds to the innitelyconnected vacancies that appear on A at 1 pc . This relation is called the matchingrelation. We nd immediately that the critical value of the percolation on a square latticeis pc (S, b) = 1/2.Also, triangular and honeycomb lattices have a matching relation pc (T, b) +pc (H, b) = 1. The critical values are not uniquely decided by this relation only, but thereis another relation 13pc (T, b)+pc (T, b)3 = 0 that holds rigorously (the SykesEssamrelation) [22]. Combination of these relations leads to the interesting resultspc (T, b) = 1 pc (H, b) = 2 sin
18
= 0.347 296.
(8.66)
A similar matching relation can be found between site and bond percolations. Forinstance, if the middle points of all bonds on a square lattice are tied, a triangular latticeis generated (Figure 8.13). Therefore, the bond percolation (S, b) on a square lattice is
Fig. 8.13
265
Bond-site matching.
dual to the site percolation (T, s) on a triangular lattice: (S, b) = (T, s), and hencepc (T, s) + pc (S, b) = 1
(8.67)
holds. Since pc (S, b) = 1/2, we nd pc (T, s) = 1/2. Thus, the exact critical values ofsome percolation problems can be found by matching relations, but in general numericalestimation by computer simulation is necessary. Table 8.1 summarizes the values of pcobtained so far.
8.3.2
(8.68)
(8.69)
In the region p > pc after the percolation threshold is passed, the innite clustercoexists with nite clusters (Figure 8.14). Let N be the number of particles in theinnite cluster. The total particles are decomposed into two partsm1
mNm + N = N .
(8.70)
266
Nmmonomers
Fig. 8.14
Nmonomers
Cluster distribution in the region where nite and innite clusters coexist.
mm + P (p) = p,
(8.71)
whereP (p) N / R
(8.72)
is the volume fraction of particles belonging to the innite cluster. The gel fraction w isthen given byw = N /N = P (p)/p.(8.73)We study m and P as functions of the fraction p.
8.3.3
(8.75)
267
1p
pmFig. 8.15
(8.76)
(8.77)
m (m ) F (m/m ),
(8.78)
Hence, it isby using a characteristic size m . Either mw or mz may be chosen as the characteristicsize m in one dimension, but it turns out that m should be identied to be mz in thespace dimension larger than 1. The index is = 2, whereas the function F (x) isF (x) = ex . The index is called the Fisher index, the function F (x) is the scalingfunction, and the relation (8.78) is the scaling law. The cluster distribution does notdepend on the size m and the fraction p independently, but depends on the combinationm/m (p) due to the self-similarity of the structure.We next introduce the connectivity correlation function g (r) of the particles denedby the average1 g (r) (r ri,j ),(8.79)Ni,j
where the sum should be taken over all of the particles that belong to the same cluster. Thesymbol indicates the average over all possible placements of the particles. Sincethis function includes only the intra-cluster particle correlation, it conveys informationon the connectivity of the system [2325].In one dimension, we haveg (r) = p r ,
(8.80)
(8.81)
(8.82)
268
8.3.4
(8.84)
(8.85)
and hence the percolation threshold is pc = 1/(f 1). The special case of f = 2 reducesto the one-dimensiona problem. There is a post-percolation region when f 3.Let us next nd the fraction P of the percolated cluster in the postgel regime (p >pc ).Let u be the probability for a functional group to be connected to the nite clusters only
Fig. 8.16
269
(8.86)
holds, where 0 is the probability for a particle to be connected only to the nite clusters,because the probability for a randomly chosen functional group to be unreacted is 1p,and to be connected to a particle which is a member of a nite cluster is p0 .Since all f 1 paths starting from the particle must be connected to nite clusters, 0should be given by0 = uf 1 .(8.87)We then have from (8.86) the equationu = 1 p + puf 1
(8.88)
to nd u. This is a special case of (8.21) for the pairwise association k = 2 only. Becausethe sol fraction is wS uf = 0 u, and the gel fraction is w = P (p)/p, the percolationprobability is given byP (p) = p(1 uf ).(8.89)For the special case of f = 3, u = (1 p)/p, 0 = [(1 p)/p]2 , and hence the gelfraction reduces to 1p 3P (p) = p 1 ,(8.90)pwhich is the same result as Florys postgel treatment in the classical theory of gelation.Hence, Florys assumption of the reactivity of the sol turned out to be the correctone. Comparing the gel fraction (3.29) by Flory with the relation w = P (p)/p, we ndthat the reactivity pS of the sol part must be equal to p S = 1 p. This gives, however,p G = (1 2p + 2p2 )/(1 p + p2 ) if the reactivity of the gel part p G is dened by therelation (3.37), which gives the correct total reactivity. The reactivity of the gel cantherefore be larger than 0 2/3 of the maximum reactivity of the tree with f = 3. Suchan inconsistency in treatment originates in the assumption that the system is innitelylarge, and that the recursion relation (8.88) holds.2
8.4
8.4.1
so that a simple thermodynamic limit without the surface correction may lead to an inconsistent result.
270
self-similar
w<m>n
pc
Fig. 8.17
mass M of the connected assembly of the identical particles as an example. Let M(L)be the mass of the region of the assembly inside the radius L measured from the centerof mass. The mass M(L) inside the radius L should satisfyM(L) = D M(L),
(8.91)
from the self-similarity. The index D is the fractal dimension of the object [26]. Takinga microscopic length as L, and the average radius of gyration R(m) of the m-mers asL, the mass M(L) is the molecular weight Mm of the m-mer. Hence, self-similarityis described by the proportionality relationMm R(m)D .
(8.92)
Power laws derived in this way from the self-similarity include the scaling laws.In the critical region, the cluster distribution function obeys the scaling lawfm (p) = m F (m/m (p)),
(8.93)
where m is the number of particles in the connected cluster, is the Fisher index, andm (p) is the reference size of the clusters [18, 19]. The size m (p) is shown to be thez-average cluster size mz in the following (8.98). Practically, it is the size of the largest
271
cluster. Since it diverges at pc , the index is introduced in (8.76) by the scaling lawm (p) |p pc |1/ = |p|1/ .
(8.94)
The indexes and are two fundamental structural indices of percolation theory. Thefunction F (x) is a smooth scaling function which decays sufciently fast.
Pregel regimeThe number average cluster size takes a nite value at the percolation threshold, andhencemfm = constant.(8.95)mn =m1
m 2 fm /
mfm (m )3 (p) ,
(8.96)
where the last equality is the denition of the index . We immediately have the relation3,(8.97)
from the scaling form of fm . The index can thus be described by the two fundamentalindices and . The z-average is similarly=
m 3 fm /
m2 fm (m )4 /(m )3 m .
(8.98)
m fm
m fm dm =
= (m )k+1
1/m
mk F (m/m )dm
x k F (x)dx.
(8.99)
Since the last integrals are convergent for k =2, 3, . . . in the limit of m , the momentsare proportional to (m )k+1 except for k = 1, for which the summation is a constantat p = pc (because of > 2).The correlation length of percolation is dened by the size of the largest cluster R(m ) a(p) .
(8.100)
The last equality is the denition of the critical index . Since m R(m )D (p)Dby using the fractal dimension D, the index is given by = 1/ D.
(8.101)
272
R(m)2 mfm (m )2/D+2 2 (p)( 2)/ ,mfm
(8.102)
so that the last factor makes the singularity weaker than the squared correlation length.
(8.103)
where F (0) is a nite constant, so that a power law holds due to the self-similarity. Theaverage radius of gyration of m-mers obeys the scaling law R(m) am1/D , where a isthe microscopic length scale.
Postgel regimeIn the postgel regime (p p pc > 0), the volume fraction of the sol is given by thesumSmm (p),(8.104)m1
but since there is no contribution from the innite cluster (m = ) in the sum, the gelpart P can be calculated from the subtractionP = p
mm (p).
(8.105)
The sol fraction is 1 w = S/p, while the gel fraction is w = P /p. The gel fractionobeys the power laww (p)(8.106)near the threshold (Figure 8.17), where is a new index. It is shown to be identical to = ( 2)/in terms of the two fundamental indices as follows.Because m1 mm (pc ) = pc holds, we ndP = p
mm (p)
(8.107)
273
d =2
Cayley tree
Experiment
36/91187/91
0.462.20
1/25/2
0.400.082.280.03
5/3643/184/391/5
0.451.740.884.9
111/22
0.70.21.80.31.10.2
48/910.6411/2
0.400.51/3
1/41/41/4
0.480.02
4/3
0.70.91.71.9
03
1.4 0.23.2 0.5
D 1 (p = pc )D 1 (p < pc )D 1 (p > pc )st
(m )2
x 1 {F (0) F (x)}dx
(m )2 (p)( 2)/ .
(8.108)
The weight-average size of the nite clusters in the sol is usually written as mw (p) , but by symmetry, the relation = holds. The weight-average is related tothe gel fraction asmw w1 ,(8.109)in terms of the new index . Obviously, it is given by = 1 + /.
(8.110)
Table 8.2 summarizes the theoretical critical indices and their experimental values. Theindex s characterizes the divergence of the viscosity, and t characterizes the appearanceof the elastic modulus. The index t is larger than because not all the chains in theconnected network are elastically effective. There are many free ends near the percolationthreshold.
8.4.2
(8.111)
274
log G ( )100h24h5h1h
0 ~ ()-sG ( = 0)
0.2h
10.75h
gel point
211G ~ t(a)Fig. 8.18
concentrationtemperature
log (b)
(a) Steady-state viscosity 0 and equilibrium modulus G( = 0) near the percolation threshold.(b) Scaling law for the dynamic mechanical modulus G() of poly(vinyle alcohol) solutions indi-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (c = 9.9 wt %)
(8.112)
in the postgel region, where indices s, t are dened (see Figure 8.18). If the clusters obeyRouse motion under the condition of free draining, the viscosity index is s =(D d +2).If there is strong hydrodynamic interaction, s = 0 (logarithmic divergence). The evaluation of the effective chains in the gel fraction w may lead to the index t, but the judgementof the active chains is difcult, because even if the gel is geometrically percolated, itis not necessarily elastically percolated [21]. The concept of rigidity percolation wasintroduced to describe the difference [27].By using these two indices, the dynamic mechanical modulus G() = G () +iG () = i[ () i ()] is shown to obey the scaling lawt
(8.113)
(8.114)
275
In the limit of low frequency << , the scaling function must be expanded in thepower series g (x) = a1 x + a2 x 2 + in order for the scaling relation () (p)s(8.111) to hold in the pregel regime. It must also be expanded in the form g+ (x) =b1 + b2 x + in order for the scaling relation G () (p)t (8.112) to hold in thepostgel regime. For the intermediate frequencies in the range 0 , if the powerformg (x) x (8.115)is assumed for scaling, the modulus isG(; p) = G0
ei/2 ,
(8.116)
and the phase shift is () = /2, that is, the loss tangent istan () G ()/G () = tan
,
(8.117)
which is independent of .Furthermore, if G(; p) is independent of p in this frequency range, the scalingindex of the complex modulus is expressed as = t/(s + t)
(8.118)
103t tc A6221002 16 2
102101100104
10010210410 [rad s1]
(a)Fig. 8.19
tan
G, G [Pa]
101103
[rad s ]1
Identication of the gel point on the basis of the dynamic mechanical scaling law. (a) G ()(white symbols) and G ()(black symbols) at different time. (b) Loss tangent plotted against thefrequency. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [30].)
276
the same slope in logarithmic scale (Figure 8.19(a)). The loss tangent is constant over awide frequency range (Figure 8.19(b)). This is the gel point. This method of nding thegel point is referred to as the ChambonWinter method.
8.5
8.5.1
(8.119)
is known to depend only on the space dimensions d and is called the critical volumefraction. The lling factor f (A) for the lattice A is dened by the ratio of the volume ofthe spherical balloons on the sites swollen until they come into contact with each otheragainst the total volume of the lattice (Figure 8.20).In the square lattice, the radius of the circle is 1/2, and the lling factor is f (S) =(1/2)2 /1 = /4. Similarly, f (sc) = (4/3)(1/2)3 = /6 for the simple cubic lattice.The critical volume fraction is therefore c = 1.00 for the one-dimensional lattice, andc = (1/2)2 1/2 = 0.393 for two dimensions as calculated in the square lattice. Scherand Zallen [32] found c = 0.440.02 in two dimensions d = 2, while c = 0.1540.005in three dimensions d = 3. It decreases with the space dimensions, because even ifthe cluster is percolated d dimensionally, it may not necessarily be percolated d + 1
Fig. 8.20
277
dimensionally (Table 8.1). The critical volume fraction is applicable to the percolationproblem of randomly distributed hard spheres in three-dimensional space.As another example of the invariant, let us take the critical bond numberc zpc (A, b)
(8.120)
in the bond percolation problem, where z is the coordination number of the lattice A.It was found to be invariant by Ziman [33]. It is c = 2.0 0.2 in d = 2, while it isc = 1.50.1 in d = 3. The critical volume fraction is known to be approximately givenby c d/(d 1) (Table 8.1).The percolation models discussed so far undergo purely geometrical transitionsbecause the objects treated have no center of mass translational motion. They are onlyrandomly placed either on the lattices or in the continuum space. Therefore, they dontreveal any thermodynamic singularities. If particles are moving in a space, however, theentropy associated with the translational motion may partly vanish at the percolationpoint since the mass center of the innite cluster (gel) ceases to move. If its derivativewith respect to the concentration across the percolation point has a discontinuity, thetransition becomes a real thermodynamic one.Studies along this line have been developed on the basis of the classical theory of condensation. For instance, Hill [34] introduced a formal method for calculating the numberof physical clusters in imperfect gasses as contrasted with Mayers method [35] ofmathematical cluster expansion. The transition from low-temperature microcrystallinearrangement (droplet) to high-temperature spongelike structure (percolatiton) was studied by Stillinger [36] in the case of the pair potential with limited interaction range.The relation between condensation and gelation was discussed in more detail by Cohenet al. [37]. They derived Stockmayer distribution (3.19) of the polycondensation reactionusing Hills method of physical clusters, and pointed out that the singularity is associatedwith thermoreversible gelation. However, the thermodynamic scaling laws have not yetbeen established. In the next section, we will see some studies of the problem by focusingon the adhesive hard-sphere pair potential.
8.5.2
278
percolation line
v(r )0.15
temperature
0.14
0.13
0.11compressibility
0.100.090.080
energy
simulation
VDW0.2
density 3(a)
Fig. 8.21
(a) Baxters adhesive hard sphere (AHS) system. (b) Its universal phase diagram. Coexistingpercolation transition and phase separation in the system of hard spheres with short-rangestrongly attractive interaction are shown on the temperaturevolume fraction phase plane. Data() of the percolation transition are produced by molecular simulation, while the theoreticalresult [24] is shown by the dotted line. Solid lines are gasliquid transition lines. (Reprinted withpermission from Ref. [40].)
(1 eu(r)/kB T )4 r 2 dr
(8.121)
(8.122)
(r ) + (r ) 112
(8.123)
of the Mayer function. They take a form similar to l in tree statistics with the functionality f z (z 12 is the coordination number of closely packed spheres.) There isa strong tendency to form tree-type clusters rather than spherical droplets.As a result, the percolation transition splits from the gasliquid transition line. Becausethe analytical solution of the problem is difcult to nd, molecular simulations are used
279
to construct the phase diagram [40,41]. However, the nature of the singularity of thethermal properties such as compressibility, specic heat, etc., across the percolation linestill remains an open question.
References[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]
Flory, P. J., Principles of Polymer Chemistry. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY, 1953.Eldridge, J. E.; Ferry, J. D., J. Phys. Chem. 58, 992 (1954).Tanaka, F.; Stockmayer, W. H., Macromolecules 27, 3943 (1994).Tanaka, F.; Nishinari, K., Macromolecules 29, 3625 (1996).Nishinari, K.; Tanaka, F., Journal de Chimie et Physique 93, 880 (1996).Tanaka, F., Polym. J. 34, 479 (2002).Ohkura, M.; Kanaya, T.; KKaji, K., Polymer 33, 3686 (1992).Brandrup, J.; Immergut, E. H., Polymer Handbook. Wiley: New York, 1975; p. III-13.Scanlan, J., J. Polym. Sci. 43, 501 (1960).Case, L. C., J. Polym. Sci. 45, 397 (1960).Pearson, D. S.; Graessley, W.W., Macromolecules 11, 528 (1978).Graessley, W.W., Polymeric Liquids & Networks: Structure and Properties, Chapter 9.Garland Science: London, 2004.Langley, N. R., Macromolecules 1, 348 (1968).Tanaka, F.; Ishida, M., Macromolecules 29, 7571 (1996).Clark, A. H.; Ross-Murphy, S. B., Adv. Polym. Sci. 83, 57 (1987).Annable, T.; Buscall, R.; Ettelaie, R.; Whittlestone, D., J. Rheol. 37, 695 (1993).Yekta, A.; Xu, B.; Duhamel, J.; Adiwidjaja, H.; Winnik, M.A., Macromolecules 28, 956(1995).Stauffer, D.; Coniglio, A.; Adam, M., Adv. Polym. Sci. 44, 103 (1982).Stauffer, D.; Aharony, A., Introduction to Percolation Theory, 2nd edn. Taylor & Francis:London, 1991.de Gennes, P. G., Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY,1979.de Gennes, P. G., J. Physique 1976, 37, L1.Sykes, M. F.; Essam, J.W., J. Math. Phys. 5, 1117 (1964).Coniglio, A.; Angelis, U. D.; Forlani, A., J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 10, 1123 (1977).Chiew, Y. C.; Glandt, E. D., J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 16, 2599 (1983).Stell, G., J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 1984, 17, L855.Mandelbot, B. B.; Gouyet, J.-F., Physics and Fractal Structures. Springer: New york, 1996.Feng, S.; Sen, P. N., Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 216 (1984).Winter, H. H.; Chambon, F., J. Rheol. 30, 367 (1986).Durand, D.; Delsanti, M.; Adam, M.; Luck, J. M., Europhys. Lett. 3, 297 (1987).Winter, H. H.; Mours, M., Adv. Polym. Sci. 134, 165 (1997).Ziman, J. M., Models of Disorder. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1979.Scher, H.; Zallen, R., J. Chem. Phys. 53, 3759 (1970).Ziman, J. M., J. Phys. C 1, 1532 (1968).Hill, T. L., J. Chem. Phys. 23, 617 (1955).Mayer, J. E.; Mayer, M. G., Statistical Mechanics. Wiley: New York, 1940.Stillinger, F. H., J. Chem. Phys. 38, 1486 (1963).
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Cohen, C.; Gibbs, J. H.; Fleming III, P. D., J. Chem. Phys. 59, 5511 (1973).Baxter, R. J., J. Chem. Phys. 49, 2770 (1968).Xu, J.; Stell, G., J. Chem. Phys. 89, 1101 (1988).Miller, M.A.; Frenkel, D., Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 90113.Kranendonk, W. G.; Frenkel, D., Mol. Phys. 64, 403 (1988).
This chapter is devoted to the molecular rheology of transient networks made up of associatingpolymers in which the network junctions break and recombine. After an introduction to theoretical description of the model networks, the linear response of the network to oscillatorydeformations is studied in detail. The analysis is then developed to the nonlinear regime. Stationary nonlinear viscosity, and rst and second normal stresses, are calculated and comparedwith the experiments. The criterion for thickening and thinning of the ows is presented in termsof the molecular parameters. Transient ows such as nonlinear relaxation, start-up ow, etc., arestudied within the same theoretical framework. Macroscopic properties such as strain hardening and stress overshoot are related to the tensionelongation curve of the constituent networkpolymers.
282
The rst systematic study of the reversible networks was the transient network theorydeveloped by Green and Tobolsky [11], in which stress relaxation in rubber-like polymernetworks was treated by the kinetic theory of rubber elasticity suitably extended so asto allow the creation and annihilation of junctions during the network deformation.In order to ensure a wider range of applicability, some arbitrary assumptions in theirtheory were later removed by Lodge [12] and Yamamoto [13] with an attempt to applyit to entangled polymer melts rather than reversible networks. In their studies, localizedentanglements were regarded as temporal junctions that can be created and destroyedunder macroscopic deformation. Because of a lack of detailed knowledge about themolecular mechanism of junction creation (the onset of entanglements), their theories,however, remained semiphenomenological.Another stream of the study of temporal networks concerns a model network whosehistory involves cross-links added at a certain stage, a part of which is subsequentlyremoved so as not to be present in the nal stage of deformation (called an additionsubtraction network). On the basis of such model composite networks, Flory [14]calculated the stress relaxation, and found that it obeys slow dynamics includinga logarithmic dependence of the stress, which is closer to power law rather thanexponential.Florys intuitive argument was later conrmed by Fricker [15] with minor modicationby a replica calculation. Owing to the rather arbitrary assumption about chain creationand annihilation, the additionsubtraction network model is difcult to apply to realphysical gels.In this chapter, we focus on the telechelic polymers, and construct a molecular rheologythat contains only the molecular parameters whose origin can easily be identied [1619].
9.1.1
283
Dangling chain
Deformation
r'
Effective chainFig. 9.1
transfer by a dangling chain is made only through friction with its surrounding chainsand solvent molecules, which is negligibly small compared with that by the deformationof active chains.If one end of an active chain dissociates from a junction due to thermal motion,or a tension caused by the external force, the chain becomes dangling and relaxesto an equilibrium state after the single-chain relaxation time , which is of the orderof the Rouse relaxation time R = ( a 2 /6 2 kB T )n2 in the unentangled regime. Weare concerned with the change in macroscopic properties of a network that is slowerthan R .Suppose the network is subjected to a time-dependent deformation described by the
tensor (t).It can be a shear ow, an elongational ow, etc., but needs not be speciedat this stage. Let (r, t) be the number of bridge chains per unit volume at time twhose end-to-end vector is given by r, and let (r, t) be that of the dangling chain(Figure 9.2) [23].Let f (r) be the tension of a bridge chain with the end-to-end vector r working on themicelle at its end. The tension is a function of the vector r. Similarly, let fj (j = 1, 2, 3, . . .)be the tensions given by the other chains connected to the same micelle. Then, the randommotion of the micelle is described by the Langevin equationm
dvfj + R(t),= (v v (t)) + f +dt
(9.1)
where m is the mass of the micelle, the friction coefcient of the micelle with themedium, v the instantaneous velocity vector of the micelle, v (t) its average velocityvector, and R(t) the random force originating in the thermal motion of the medium.For the average movement of the micellar junction, we follow the assumption JG1 inSection 4.3, and assume an afne deformation + t) (t) 1 r (t),r (t + t) = (t
(9.2)
284
f4
f5
f2f6
f1f7r
Fig. 9.2
Bridge chain with end-to-end vector r, and a dangling chain with one free end in a transientnetwork made up of telechelic polymers. Micellar junctions make Brownian motion by thethermal force under tensions fj given by the polymer chains whose ends are connected to them.The instantaneous vector r does not change afnely to the external deformation tensor.(Reprinted with permission from Ref. [23].)
(9.3)
(9.4)
We also assume as for JG2 in Section 4.3 that the random force has Gaussian whitenoise< R (t)R (t ) >= 2 kB T , (t t ),(9.5)where the friction coefcient is independent of the deformation.Similarly, the equation of motion of the free end of a dangling chain is given bym1
dv= 1 v + f + R1 (t),dt
(9.6)
where m1 is the mass of the end group, v its instantaneous velocity, and R1 (t) the randomforce acting on it. Since a dangling chain is free from macroscopic strain, the equationhas no terms concerning the deformation. The mass m is related to m1 through the
285
(9.8)
be that for the dangling chains.1 These are operators (dynamical variables) at this stage,but eventually give their distribution functions after the thermal average is taken.These operators obey the chain conservation law
t) + (v(t)(r, t)) = (r)(r, t) + (r)(r, t),(r,t
t) + (v(t)(r, t)) = (r)(r, t) (r)(r, t),(r,t
(9.9a)(9.9b)
where (r) is the chain dissociation rate, i.e., the probability per unit time for an endchain to dissociate from the junction it is attached to, and (r) is the chain recombination rate, i.e., the probability per unit time for a free end to catch a junction in theneighborhood at the position specied by the chain vector r.We now neglect the inertia term (the acceleration term) in (9.1) as in the conventionaltreatment of the Brownian motion of polymer chains [24, 25], solve it in the form
v(t) = v (t) 1 f +fj + R(t)(9.10)j
and substitute into (9.9a). After this procedure, we take the thermal average of the t) andequation and nd the equations for the distribution functions (r, t) = (r,
(r, t) = (r, t)The tensions fj given by other members of the bridge chains connected to this junctionare then averaged out, and give the chemical afnity of the associationdissociationprocess. If the change between a bridge chain and a dangling chain is regarded as areversible chemical reaction, the equilibrium constant K(r) is given byK(r) = (r)/(r).
(9.11)
Since the chemical afnity of the reaction is given by the Gibbs free energy kB T ln K(r),the average tension should be given byfj = [kB T ln K(r)].(9.12)j1 We indicate that the position vector is a dynamical variable by using a hat symbol on r.
286
As for the random force due to thermal motion, we follow the conventional treatmentof the Gaussian white noise [26] leading to a diffusion term in the time-developmentequation of the distribution function. We then nally have the coupled equations for thechain distribution functions in the forms
(9.13a)
(9.13b)
where the diffusion constants are given by D = kB T / for the micellar junctions, andD1 =kB T /1 for the end chains. The characteristic time for diffusion is given by =l 2 /Dfor the junctions, and 1 = l 2 /D1 for the end chains. In the above equations, we havechanged the sign of the tension so that it agrees with the conventional denition givenby (1.12) in Section 1.2.
9.1.2
Equilibrium solutionsSince we have the situation of D1 D, the relaxation time of the free ends is much shorterthan that of the micelles. We therefore assume that all the dangling chains instantaneouslyrelax to their equilibrium conformation, and should fulll the condition( + f /kB T )(r, t) = 0.
(9.14)
(9.15)
where d (t) is the number of dangling chains in a unit volume of the network at time t,and
0(r) Cn exp
(f /kB T ) dr ,
(9.16)
287
The tension along the chain depends upon the nature of the polymer chain. For aGaussian chain withf /kB T = 3r/na 2 ,(9.17)we have (1.34) the distribution0(r) = Cn exp(3r 2 /2na 2 ) 00 (r),
(9.18)
where the normalization constant is given by Cn (3/2 na 2 )3/2 under the assumptionthat the upper limit of the integral can be extended to innity.For a Langevin chain, we have
r1L (r/na)dr/a ,(9.19)0(r) = Cn exp 0
(9.20)
where
(r)0(r)dr
is the equilibrium average of the recombination rate of the free ends, andt dr(r)(r, t)
(9.22)
(9.23)
(9.24)
(9.25)
(r) + d (t)(r)0(r).For the afne networks for which D = 0, this equation reduces to [1619]
(9.26)
288
The mean square radius of the displacement that a junction to which the bridge chainis attached makes before its end is dissociated is estimated as D01 (0 is the averagedissociation rate). Let us compare this with the mean square end-to-end distance r 2 0 =na 2 of the bridge chain, and introduce an important dynamic parameter D D01 /na 2
(9.27)
If D is small, the network is well described by the afne network [16]. But, if it is of orderunity, the effect of the uctuations is large. We will mostly start from afne networks inthe following analyses, but show the effect of diffusion whenever it is signicant.For an aged system that has been kept quiescent for a long time under no deformationso that all chains have relaxed to the equilibrium state, we have(r, ) = 0 (r) = d ()0(r).
(9.28)
(9.29)
The initial distribution is therefore not Gaussian if the chain dissociation rate , orrecombination rate , depends on the end-to-end distance.Since the ratio (r)/(r) is the equilibrium constant K(r) of the chemical reaction,the above equation is transformed to
r0 (r) = d ()Cn exp (f /kB T + ln K(r)) dr .
(9.30)
We see that an effective chain experiences, in addition to the direct tension f , the chemicalafnity ln K(r) originating in the tensions from other end chains connected to the samejunction. The total force working on the end of an effective chain is given byF(r)/kB T f /kB T + ln K(r).
(9.31)
(r)0(r)/(r)dr 1 ,
(9.32)
/(1 +
(9.33a)1
).
(9.33b)
Among the total of the chains forming the network, the fraction 1 /(1 + 1 )turns out to be active.
9.1.3
289
Stressstrain relationThe free energy of the entire network is given by the sum of the free energy stored in eachindividual chain and the internal energy caused by the molecular interactions betweenthe chain segments.The former is analogous to (1.12), and given byF (t) =
dr (r)(r, t),
(9.34)
f dr.
(9.35)
3kB T 2r .2na 2
(9.36)
The latter is assumed to depend only on the density of the segments. It is proportional tonV0 /V (t), where V (t) is the instantaneous volume of the system at time t. The volumechange under deformation is given by V (t) = V0 | (t)| in terms of the initial volume V0 ,and the determinant of the strain tensor.This assumption leads to the total free energyFtot (t) = F (t) + E(| (t)|),
(9.37)
where E represents the internal free energy due to the chain interaction.The stress tensor corresponding to a given deformation (t) is derived by the limit3
) Ftot ( )] 1 ,P(t)a= lim [Ftot ((1 + )
0
(9.38)
P(t)a=
dr(r t f )(r, t) P 1,
(9.39)
where rt f is a dyadic, and P is the isotropic pressure due to the internal energy.3Specically for the Gaussian chain (1.34), the stress tensor is3
3kB T t
r rt P 1.na 2
(9.40)
290
9.1.4
(9.41)
t 8(r, t; r , t ) exp (rt ,t )dt .t
(9.42)
This function provides the chain survival probability, which is the probability for agiven active chain with end-to-end vector r at time t to remain active until time t withend vector r.Thanks to the afness assumption, r is uniquely related to r through the equationr = rt,t = (t) (t )1 r .
(9.43)
The rst term in (9.41) gives the number of chains that, being active in the initialstate, remain active until time t. The function m(r, t) in the second term is the numberof active chains created at t in a unit timem(r, t) = (r)d (t) = (r)[ e (t)].
(9.44)
The second term in (9.41) therefore gives the number of active chains that are createdat time t with end-to-end vector r and remain active until t. Since this term dependson the space integral of (r , t ) through e (t ), (9.41) is not an explicit solution of theinitial value problem, but gives an integral equation for (r, t).Let us rst consider the time development of the number of active chains. Spatialintegration of (9.41) givese (t) = e (t) +wheree (t) and (t; t )
(t; t )[ e (t )]dt ,
(9.45)
(9.46)
(9.47)
The rst term e (t) gives the number of chains that were initially active and remain activeuntil time t. It is therefore a steadily decreasing function of the time; it goes down to 0at t = in most cases. It can reach a nite value at t = when the chain dissociationrate (r) vanishes in a certain nite region of r.
291
The function (t; t ) gives the survival probability averaged over the distribution atthe creation time t Substituting the integral form for (r, t) into the stress tensor, we nd =P (t) +P(t)
(t; t )[ e (t )]dt P 1,
(9.48)
(9.49)
(9.50)
+ s e (s) (s)
s[1 + (s)]
(9.52)
(0)
1 + (0)
(9.53)
s e (s),
(9.54)
4 The number (0) has been assumed to be nite, because (t) is a rapidly decaying function.ee
(9.55)
292
9.1.5
(9.57a)(9.57b)
In the present poblem of telechelic polymers, the A-state corresponds to the bridgechain connecting the micellar junctions, while the B-state is the dangling chain. In afne
1 (t) = 00
eit10
00 ,1
(9.58)
0 i eit
(t) = 0000
00 ,0
(9.59)
i yeit.v (t) = 00
(9.60)
The amplitude is assumed to be sufciently small, and hence we can expand the chaindistribution functions in powers of .
293
(9.61)
(9.62)
+ iyeit= (r)tx
(9.63)
iyFx /kB T ite .i +
(9.64)
The complex modulus is dened by the proportionality constant between the stressand deformation as(9.65)Px,y a 3 G() eit .Hence we haveG()=kB T
fy (r)dr0 (r) xkB T
iFx (r),yi + (r)kB T
(9.66)
for the complex modulus. Taking the real and imaginary parts, we nd [23]xfy (r)yFx (r)2dr0 (r),kB TkB T2 + (r)2xfy (r)G ()yFx (r)(r)= dr0 (r).kB TkB TkB T2 + (r)2G ()=kB T
(9.67a)(9.67b)
xy f (r)dr0 (r)r kB T
ii + (r)
xy F (r),r kB T
(9.68)
d xy 2 f (r)iG()= dr0 (r)kB TdrrkB T i + (r)(9.69):
2 2 ; ir fd r fe
,=kB T i + 1 i + dr kB Tfor an isotropic (r).
294
;:2r(r) (r)2 r 21G ()1,(9.70a)=e kB T 1 0 na 2 (r)[2 + (r)2 ]5[2 + (r)2 ] 0;:
r 2[2 (r)2 ]r (r)1G ()1+= 1.(9.70b)e kB T 0 na 2 2 + (r)25(r)2 [2 + (r)2 ] 0The frequency-dependent linear viscosity is dened by() G ()/.
(9.71)
(9.72)
(9.73)
for the zero-frequency viscosity. We will show in Section 9.3 that this agrees with thezero shear-rate limit ( 0) of the nonlinear stationary viscosity st ( ).Also, we nd that the slope for the high-frequency regionxy f (r)1xy F (r) lim G () = kB T dr0 (r),(9.74)
r kB T (r) r kB Tmust be equal to 0 . The high-frequency plateau modulus isxy f (r)xy F (r)G lim G () = kB T dr0 (r).
r kB Tr kB TAs for the storage modulus, the limitG (, T )xy f (r)xy F (r)1lim=kTdr(r)B00r kB T (r)2 r kB T2
(9.75)
(9.76)
gives exactly half the value of the zero-shear limit of the stationary rst normal stressdifference coefcient O1 ( = 0) (see Section 9.3).The static recovery compliance Je0 is therefore given byJe0 = lim G ()/2 02 ,0
(9.77)
and hence the terminal relaxation time m dened by m 0 Je0 is identical to the ratiom = 0 /G ,irrespective of the chain dissociation rate (r).
(9.78)
9.2.1
295
0 ,2 + 02
(9.80)
for any tension prole f (r). Thus our network reduces to a Maxwell uid with a singlerelaxation time m = 01 . The complex viscosity in the GT limit is (, T ) =
e kB T.2( + 02 )1/2
(9.81)
The dissociation rate per unit time takes the activation form0 (T ) = 0 eE/kB T ,
(9.82)
where 0 is the natural frequency of thermal vibration of the reactive group. It is a microscopic measure of the time, and should take a typical value in the order of 108 109 s1in ordinary circumstances.Temperature dependence of the rheological time scale in temporal networks is differentfrom that of uncross-linked polymer melts. In the latter systems, both Rouse relaxationtime and the reptation time are virtually proportional to T 1 apart from the indirectdependence through the friction coefcient.Upon substitution of (9.82) into the moduli (9.68), we nd the frequencytemperature superposition principle such that a modulusfrequency curve at anytemperature T can be superimposed onto a single curve at the reference temperatureT0 , if it is vertically and horizontally shifted properly. Such construction of the mastercurve is described by the equation
G(, T )bT = G(9.83)aT ,e (T0 )kB T00 (T0 )for both G and G , where G is a scaling function,
E 11
(9.84)
(9.85)
is the modulus (vertical) shift factor. The frequency shift factor aT depends exponentially on the reciprocal of the temperature due to the activation process (9.82) of thedissociation.
296
GT0 / T(Pa)
1000T / C5152535455565
Fig. 9.3
1 / 0
Viscoelastic master curve of HEUR with Mw = 35K and 16 carbons in the end chain [2]. Thereference temperature is 5 C. The activation energy and the number of elastically effectivechains can be found from the shift factors. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [2].)
A typical example of the master curve [2] is shown in Figure 9.3 for HEUR (polyethylene oxide) end-capped with -C16 H33 . The reference temperature is chosen at 5 C.From the horizontal shift factor, the activation energy is found to be 67 kJ mol1 . Fromthe high-frequency plateau of the storage modulus, the number of elastically effectivechains is found as a function of the polymer concentration, which was already studiedin Section 8.2 (Figure 8.10).
9.2.2
(9.86)
for a Gaussian chain, where 3/na is a small parameter that depends on the molecularweight of the polymer chain [17].The length r of the end-to-end separation above which the reactive group spontaneously dissociates can be roughly estimated by the condition E f a 0, and hencenaE.(9.87)3kB TFor the physical association, whose binding energy is comparable to the thermal energy,the cutoff lies in the high extension region, i.e., r l = na.Figure 9.4(a) shows the numerical calculation of the master curves for the exponential(r) on a logarithmic scale. The solid lines show the storage modulus, and the brokenlines the loss modulus. The degree of polymerization n is varied from curve to curve.Both moduli shift to a lower-frequency region with the molecular weight, but because ofr
log G()/kBT
0n=10
G ()
1.00.5
102G ()
Fig. 9.4
297
10102
50 = 0
0 = 0
log /0
log /1
(a) Modulusfrequency master curve for the chain dissociation rate (r) = 0 exp(r). Thenumber n of statistical units on a chain is varied from curve to curve. (b) Master curve for(r) = 0 + (3/2)1 r 2 /r 2 0 for n = 100. The parameter 0 is changed from curve to curve.(Reprinted with permission from Ref. [18].)
the weak dependence of the chain dissociation rate on the molecular weight, any changein n alters the master curves only a little.Insensitivity to the molecular weight indicates that the viscoelasticity is caused byconformational entropy change of the stretched active chains rather than monomericfriction.
9.2.3
(9.88)
298
0G ()G ()5
Fig. 9.5
2m =1.00.51.5
2.02.52.01.50.5 1.00log /1
Master curve for the dissociation rate (r) = (3/2)1 (r 2 /r 2 0 )m . The gures beside the curvesshow the value of 2m. The slope of the low-frequency tail of the storage modulus changes withm. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [18].)
Thus for sufciently high powers m of (r), the storage and loss modulus both turnout to have low-frequency asymptotic tails behaving (52m)/2m . This asymptoticevaluation breaks down for 2m > 5/2, because the integrals diverge.
9.2.4
(9.89)f (r ) = 3r 1 + A3 1 r 2of the tensionelongation curve discussed in Section 1.2. The nonlinearity of the chaindepends on the amplitude A; A = 0 gives a Gaussian, while A = 1 gives a Langevin chainwithin a very high accuracy. The chain nonlinearity increases with the amplitude A. Themeasurement by atomic force spectroscopy [31], and molecular dynamic simulation [32]suggest that A 5.0 for a PEO chain, and A 1.0 for a PNIPAM chain in water at roomtemperature.We introduce the effect of chain tension on the dissociation rate in the form(r) = 0 (T )[1 + g f(r )2 ],
(9.90)
where 0 (T ) is the thermal dissociation rate (9.82), and g the coupling constant betweenthe dissociation rate and the chain tension [33,23]. This form may be derived by applyingthe conventional Kramers method [34] to calculate the rst passage time required for atrapped Brownian particle to overcome the barrier of the force potential. The couplingconstant g provides a measure for how easily the end chains are extruded from themicelles. If there is no coupling (g = 0), the model reduces to the GT limit. If the chainis Gaussian, the model reduces to the power-law (m = 1) in the previous section.Figure 9.6 shows the calculated modulus of the nonlinear chain with A = 10 witha xed coupling constant g = 0.2. Although we are studying linear viscoelasticity, the
299
G'/nkBT, G''/nkBT
G'0.1G''
/0Fig. 9.6
effect of nonlinear stretching of the main chain turns out to be signicant [23]. Wehave included the effect of the diffusion (nonafne effect) in this gure by changingthe diffusion constant D from curve to curve. There is a shift of the maximum pointin G () to the high-frequency region, leading to softening of the modulus in the low region and appearance of a tail in the high region. This is because there are morechances for the bridge chains to be highly stretched if the uctuations of the junctionpositions are large.
9.3
Stationary owsWe next consider the stationary solution under a shear ow along the x-axis with aconstant shear rate . The average velocity is given by yv (t) = 0 .(9.91)0The equation for the distribution of the bridge chains in a steady state takes the form y
= (r) + d (r)0(r),x
(9.92)
where d d ( ) is the number of the dangling chains in a stationary state under thesteady shear ow. For the deviation (r) from the equilibrium distribution dened by(r) 0 (r)(r), we nd
x y F (r) = (r) + (r) ( ),(9.93)x r
where ( ) d ( )/d (0)
(9.94)
(9.95)
x F (r) .x r
(9.96)
dr(xi fj )0 (r)(r)= ( ) dr(xi fj )( + P )1 ,
(9.97)
from (9.39). The stationary shear viscosity is obtained from the shear stress by( ) = Pxy ( )/ .
(9.98)
(9.99)
(9.100a)
N2 = Pyy Pzz ,
(9.100b)
9.3.1
(9.101)
(9.102)
301
e kB T= G m ,0
(9.103)
which is independent of the shear rate, where G e kB T is the linear elastic modulus.Therefore an inequality() < () < st ( )(9.104)between linear viscosity and the stationary nonlinear viscosity holds, when compared at = .In ordinary polymer solutions in which polymers interact by nonspecic van derWaals type potentials, it is known that the phenomenological relation () = st ( )(the CoxMerz rule) often holds [35]. Disagreement between the complex viscosityand the stationary viscosity at nite frequencies is one of the common features of thehydrogen-bonded networks.The rst normal stress difference coefcient can be similarly obtained from (9.101) asO1 =
2e kB T= 20 m ,02
(9.105)
which is a positive constant independent of the shear rate. The second normal stressdifference coefcient vanishesO2 = 0.(9.106)To study the dependence on the shear rate, let us consider quadratic dissociation rate.For the particular form (9.88) with m = 1, we can nd analytic solution of the integralequation. Mathematical detail is given in Appendix 9.B. We show in Figure 9.7 thecomplex viscosity and the stationary viscosity plotted against the frequency , or thesame value of the shear rate . Comparison is specically made for the quadratic model0
log G ()/
.()
0.221.00.4 0.6 0.8
43Fig. 9.7
Deviation from the CoxMerz rule. The frequency-dependent linear viscosity () (solid lines)is compared to the nonlinear stationary viscosity st ( ) (broken lines). The quadratic (r) isassumed. The parameter 0 is varied from curve to curve. (Reprinted with permission fromRef. [17].)
302
(m = 1) with 0 varied from 0 to 1.0. The stationary viscosity decreases with the shearrate (shear thinning) due to the enhancement of the dissociation rate by chain stretching.However, it is still larger than the linear viscosity () at all frequencies, thus suggestinga breakdown of the CoxMerz rule.
9.3.2
0.01 .
2()
(), 2 ()
0.0102
0.03102
0.0051.4
0.004
0.003
0.002 .
2 ()
.(), 1 ()
0.000
0.20.0102
Fig. 9.8
0.001102
Stationary shear viscosity and normal stress coefcients for a polymer chain of n = 100 as afunction of shear rate (a) in the shear-thinning regime (A = 1, g = 1), and (b) in theshear-thickening regime (A = 1, g = 0.01). (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [36].)
303
sign of the second normal stress coefcient O2 remains always negative, and its absolutevalue decreases with the shear rate.In the thickening case as in Figure 9.8(b) for the viscosity, the rst normal stress coefcient O1 also shows thickening although the peak appears at a lower . The secondnormal stress coefcient O2 is positive in the small shear-rate region, and shows thickening at 1. For higher shear rates, O2 rapidly decreases and changes its sign at where the viscosity shows a maximum. Therefore, the peak appears rst in O2 , then inO1 , and nally in .Let max () and max (Oi ) be their peak positions, and let 0 (O2 ) be the shear ratewhere sign inversion occurs in the second normal stress coefcient. Then, an inequality0 (O2 )<max (O1 ) <max () holds except for the small-A region (A < 0.15). The signinversion occurs at a larger shear rate than that of the viscosity peak.
9.3.3
(9.107a)
(9.107b)
The odd terms (1) = (3) = = 0 vanish by symmetry. A simple calculation fromAppendix 9.A nds (0) = (0) = 1, and (2) =
c20
dr0
r 4F .3
(9.108)
The numerical coefcient c20 appears from the angular integral, and is calculated inAppendix 9.A. The explicit forms of (i) (i = 1 4) are also presented in Appendix 9.A.
Nonlinear viscositySince the even-order terms are zero due to symmetry, the shear viscosity is written as( ) = (0) + (2) 2 + ,
(9.109)
r 4f F,(9.110a)
r 6f F f 1F 1 f1(2)
F + +
= c40 dr0 3frFr fr
6r fF F4 (9.110b)F + ++ (2) (0) . c40 dr0 3
(0) = c20
304
thinning0.4
2(0)<0
2nd
(2) = 0shear
2(0)=0
1st2(0)>0
1(2) = 0
thickening
AFig. 9.9
Thickeningthinning diagram of the shear viscosity (solid line) and the rst normal stresscoefcient (thin solid line). The line of the sign inversion for the second normal stress coefcient(broken line) for the polymer chain of n = 100 also shown in linear scale. (Reprinted withpermission from Ref. [36].)
The rst term (0) agrees with the zero shear viscosity 0 (9.73). The numerical coefcientc40 is given in Appendix 9.A.The shear-rate dependence of the shear viscosity is determined by the sign of (2) . Inorder to show how the condition for shear thickening depends on the parameters g andA, we draw in Figure 9.9 the thickening and thinning regions on the Ag plane (calledthe thickening diagram) [33, 36] by the criterion (2) = 0.To understand the molecular mechanism of shear thickening, we focus on the twofactors, (f /f 1/r) and in (2) . The rst one can be written asf 14Ar /3l. =fr (1 r 2 + 2Ar 2 /3)(1 r 2 )
(9.111)
This is 0 for Gaussian chains (A = 0), and positive for nonlinear chains (A > 0). On theother hand, = 0 in the GT limit.In the GT limit (g = 0) of Gaussian chains (A = 0), (2) is always 0, hence the networklies on the boundary between the thickening and thinning boundaries (Figure 9.9). Ifthe coupling g increases for Gaussian chains (A = 0), (2) becomes negative, leading tothinning. If the nonlinearity A increases in the GT limit (g = 0), (2) becomes positiveshowing thickening. This indicates that shear thickening is caused by the stretching ofbridge chains into the nonlinear regime.
Oi = Oi + Oi 2 + .(The odd terms vanish due to symmetry.)
(9.112)
305
(i)
Oi = c02
(i) c20
r 4f F2
r 5f Fdr0 2
F1 F ,Fr
(9.113)
O1 =
815
r 4f F,2
(9.114)
which is in agreement with the low-frequency slope (9.76) of the storage modulus.For the second normal stress coefcient (i = 2), we have(0)
O2 = c20
r 5f F2
f 1r 5f F (2)
c20 dr0 2.fr
(9.115)
The rst term is zero for a Gaussian chain (A = 0), while the second term is zero in the(0)GT limit (g = 0). Therefore, O2 = 0 in the GT limit of Gaussian chains.(0)If g > 0, A = 0, then O2 < 0 by the second term. In the GT limit of nonlinear chains(0)(g = 0, A > 0), O2 becomes positive by the rst term.In general, the sign of the second normal stress coefcient is determined by the competition between these two terms. If the contribution from the nonlinear stretching is(0)dominant, O2 is positive. Hence, the sign inversion of the second normal coefcient isrelated to the thickening of the viscosity. In Figure 9.9, the line for the sign inversion of(0)O2 lies close to the line of thickening for (2) .Figure 9.10 compares the theoretical calculation and the experimental data measured on C16 HEUR (Mw = 20 000) [37]. The nonlinear amplitude A in the tensioncurve is xed at A = 5 by tting the direct measurement of the tensionelongationprole by AFM [38]. Other model parameters used are 0 = 9.5 s1 , g = 0.16, and = 1.48 s1 .
9.3.4
Elongational owsIn other types of ow, polymer chains may behave in a different way and exhibit differentow characteristics. In order to study sensitivity to the type of deformation and ow,let us consider the elongational ow described in Section 4.2. The time-dependent
306
.()()10.()
().1()
.1()
2 G'()/2
Fig. 9.10
2 G'()/210. [s-1], [rad/s]
Theoretical curves for the steady shear viscosity and the rst normal stress coefcient tted tothe experimental data (symbols) on HEUR in literature [37]. (Reprinted with permission fromRef. [36].)
deformation tensor for a simple elongational deformation along the x-axis with constantelongational rate is given by
(t) (t) = 00
00
1/ (t)0 ,
01/ (t)
(9.116)
where(t) = exp( t)
(9.117)
is the deformation ratio. Apart from the geometry of the deformation, steady elongationalow differs from steady shear ow in that the ow lines grow exponentially in time whilein shear they grow linearly in time.We focus on a Gaussian chain with a constant recombination rate [17]. The number
of active chains in the stationary state is again given by (9.53), with (0)being replacedby the one corresponding to the elongational ow; t : (0) = dt exp[(r(t ))dt ] ,(9.118)0
(9.119)
(9.120)
307
: ;3r 2 r4+r
,15 4
(9.121)
22 + ,1+ 1 0 (1 + 0 )
(9.122)
(9.123)
where3kB T || ( ) = 1 0 na 2
ty 2 + z22 2dt (t) x (r(t ))dt(9.124)exp 2(t)00
(9.125)
(9.126)
In the GT limit, it is( ) = 3e kB T
0.(0 + )(0 2 )
(9.127)
The elongational viscosity increases with the increasing , and eventually exhibits asingularity at 0 = 2 . This divergence in ( ) suggests that innitely large stress is
308
required to stretch the system at the rate faster than 0 /2. This artifact is caused by theunphysical assumption of constant dissociation rate.In general, the viscosity has a power expansion( ) = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + ,
(9.128)
(9.129)
2 3e kB Tr226 r 2r 2
1 = 11.
335 35
0 na 2 3
(9.130)
The limiting value 0 for vanishing is exactly three times as large as the shear viscosity(9.73) 0 in the limit of small shear rate: 0 = 30 . Hence, Troutons rule, = 3, whichis known to hold at any elongational rate for Newtonian uids, holds for our transientnetwork with arbitrary (r) in the limit of small strain rate.Unlike the shear viscosity, the rst coefcient 1 for the elongational viscosity startsfrom a term that is independent of any derivatives of , hence giving a large positive contribution. It is therefore clear that our network has a tendency to elongational thickeningirrespective of the detailed form of (r).For a quadratic dissociation rate, we can nd the exact solution [17]. Figure 9.11 showsthe calculated (a) number of elastically effective chains and (b) elongational viscosity asa function of the elongation rate. It always shows a peak (thickening). The peak positionshifts to a lower rate and becomes sharper as the constant term 0 in the dissociation rateis reduced. Detailed calculation is given in Appendix 9.B.
=1
0=0
0.40.60.8
log ()/k TB
log ()/
0.20.40.60.8
0=01
1.022
(a)Fig. 9.11
(a) Number of active chains, and (b) elongational viscosity, both plotted against the elongationalrate on a semilogarithmic scale. The viscosity exhibits a maximum at nite positive . Theelongational rate giving the maximum decreases with decreasing 0 and eventually becomessingular at = 0 when 0 vanishes. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [17].)
9.4
309
Time-dependent owsIn the experiments, two main types of time-dependent ows have been studied: start-upows and stress relaxation. In the start-up ow experiments, shear ows with constantshear rates and elongational ows with constant elongational rates are started in thesystem in equilibrium under no external force, and the time-dependent stress build-up inthe system is measured. In the stress relaxation experiments, constant deformations areapplied to or removed from the system, and the time-dependent relaxation of the stressis measured. In this section, we study these two types within the framework of transientnetwork theory.
9.4.1
P(t)/k + dB T = e g(t)
g(t )dt P (t)1,
(9.132)
(9.133)
(9.134a)
(9.134b)
(9.134c)
1 (1 + 0 t)e0 t .20
(9.135)
2 2120 t1
e,t+t)(00203
(9.136)
310
= 1, 0=1
e/ij /kBT
ij /kBT
1.21.0
0.92(a)
Fig. 9.12
N20
e /
= 0.5, 0=1.0=1
xy
.0=0.2
0.60.95
2.0 t(b)
(a) Stress overshoot of the transient network model under shear ow. The total number of activechains, the shear stress, and the rst and second normal stress difference are shown as functionsof time after a shear ow with the shear rate = 1 is started. The decay rate is xed as 0 = 1.Each component of the stress shows an overshoot at a different time. (b) Number of active chainsand shear stress plotted against the time. The shear rate is changed from curve to curve. Theovershoot time is almost independent of the shear rate. (Reprinted with permission fromRef. [19].)
andN2 (t)/kB T = 0.
(9.137)
It is easy to see that these stresses are steadily increasing functions; they exhibit noovershoot for any large shear rate . The coupling between the dissociation rate and thechain tension brings about the stress overshoot.To see the relation between chain stretching and stress overshoot, the quadratic coupling (m = 1 in (9.88)) is detailed. Figure 9.12 shows a model calculation (a) of the totalnumber of active chains, the shear and normal stresses as functions of time for a xedshear rate = 1, and (b) the shear stress for varied shear rate . It turns out that the overshoot time is almost independent of the shear rate. A detailed calculation is presented inAppendix 9.A.The stress tensor of the elongational ow (9.116) takes the form (9.133) in the GTlimit. The component of the tensor g parallel to the ow direction is given by
1g|| (t) = (t)2 e0 t ,(t)
(9.138)
,0 2 0 +
(9.139)
due to the free boundary condition on the side surface. This stress is again a steadilyincreasing function without overshoot. However, any chain dissociation rate can lead tothe overshoot in the elongational stress, if it depends on r.
311
1.00.60.81.0
0.9
Fig. 9.13
0.6 = 1, 0=1
e /
||/kBT
0.8t
Number of effective chains and longitudinal stress in the case of an elongational ow. Theelongational rate is changed from curve to curve. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [19].)
Figure 9.13 shows the numerical result for the quadratic model as discussed above.We have xed 0 = 1 and = 1. The fraction of the active chains in a quiescent state isgiven by e / = 0.326 261 in this case. The elongational rate is changed from curveto curve. Large-scale variation of the curves is essentially the same as in the shear ow,although it is different in minor quantitative details.
9.4.2
+ y= (r) + d (t)(r)0(r),(9.140)txwith the initial condition (9.30). The deviation (r, t) from the equilibrium distributiondened by (r, t) 0 (r)(r, t) obeys [39]
(9.141)
(9.142)
is the number of the dangling chains at time t counted relative to its initial equilibriumvalue d (t = 0) without shear. The initial value d (t = 0) is d () in (9.29).The formal solution of this equation with the initial condition (r, 0) = 1 can bewritten as
t
(r, t) = eQt 1 +
(9.143)
(9.144)
312
The i, j component of the stress as a function of time can then be calculated from therelation (9.39) [16]Pi,j (t)a 3 =
(9.145)
To study the short-term behavior, we nd the solution in power series of time. Theformal expansion of the exponential in (9.143) in powers of t leads tot 2 (2) t 3 (3) t 4 (4) + + + ,23!4!
(r, t) = 1 + t (1) +
(9.146)
Shear stressWe rst study the shear stress Px,y (t) as a function of time. Since it is of the order of ,the shear viscosity buildup function+ (t) Px,y (t)/
(9.147)
is commonly used. Substituting the expansion (9.146) into the stress (9.145), andintegrating over all possible end-to-end vectors, we nd+ (t) = t(1) +
(9.148)
dr0 (r)(r 4 f F ),
(9.149)
where the numerical coefcient c2,0 = 4/15 appears from the angular integral. Thehigh-frequency limit of the storage modulus is given by the same integral (9.75). Hence,we conrm that the initial slope of the viscosity growth function is the same as thehigh-frequency modulus(1) = lim G () g1 ,(9.150)
as it should.The second term takes the form(2) = c2,0
dr0 (r)(r 4 f F ).
(9.151)
The slope of the loss modulus (9.74) is the same integral in the limit of high frequency.We thus nd a new result(2) = lim G () g2 .
(9.152)
313
The coefcient (2) is negative denite and independent of the shear rate. The specicvalues of g1 and g2 depend upon the chain property (in particular the amplitude A), andthe coupling constant g through (r).The third term can be written in the form(3) = Q0 + Q2 2 ,
(9.153)
Q0 = c2,0
dr0 (r)(r 4 2 f F ),
1Q2 = c2,23
l0
1 Fdr0 (r)(r f F ) F + r F6
(9.154a)
(9.154b)
Strain hardeningWe have derived the power expansion in the form+ (t) = g1 t
g2 2 1t + (Q0 + Q2 2 )t 3 + ,26
(9.155)
up to the third order. It is an alternating power series, so that the long-term behavior isbasically difcult to predict.Let us rst examine the sign of this third coefcient. If it is negative, the viscositydecreases as time goes on. If it is positive, the viscosity may deviate upwards from thebaseline + (t) = g1 t xed by the linear modulus. In other words, it shows an upturn ata certain time from the linear baseline. Such a stress growth beyond the linear baselinecaused by a large deformation is called strain hardening.Figure 9.14(a) schematically shows the relation between strain hardening, stress overshoot, and the steady nonlinear viscosity in a shear-thinning regime. For a sufcientlyhigh shear rate, the viscosity rst shows an upward deviation due to strain hardening,followed by an overshoot peak, and then asymptotically decreases to the stationaryvalue. The stationary viscosity is plotted in Figure 9.14(b).More precisely, the critical shear rate at which strain hardening appears can be foundby the condition1g2 + (Q0 + Q2 2 )t = 0,(9.156)3for the cancelation of the second and third terms.In Figure 9.15(a), we show the exact numerical integration. (The numerical values ofthe stresses are presented in the unit of kB T .) The shear rate is varied from curve tocurve. The DP of the chain is assumed to be n = 20, and the coupling constant in thedissociation rate is xed at g = 0.2.In Figure 9.15(b), the linear baseline g1 t is subtracted from each curve, and shownby broken lines. In order to examine the accuracy of the power series (9.155) up to the
314
0.4. = 0.2
G't
Overshoot Peak
+(t)
Strain Hardening
0.110
Concepts of strain hardening, stress overshoot, and nonlinear stationary viscosity shown bytaking the typical theoretical result of the stress buildup function. (a) Time development of theviscosity for different shear rates. The initial slope is given by the linear storage modulus. Thelinear baseline is dened by + (t) = g1 t (dotted line). For large , the viscosity shows hardeningand overshoot. (b) Nonlinear stationary viscosity plotted as a function of the shear rate.(Reprinted with permission from Ref. [39].)
g1t
=2
0.010.2
+(t)-g1t
+(t)0.1
15 = 10, c = 6.3
0.020.5
10n=20, A=10, g=0.2
(c)25
468
Fig. 9.14
Fig. 9.15
(a) Growth curves + (t) of the viscosity numerically calculated for the afne transient networkequation (9.143). The shear rate is changed from curve to curve for a nonlinear chain withA = 10. (b) Deviation + (t) g1 t of the viscosity from the reference baseline dened by thelinear modulus plotted against time (broken lines), and the same for the third-orderapproximation (9.155). (c) Critical shear rate c for the appearance of strain hardening found by(9.156) plotted against the nonlinear amplitude A of the tensionelongation curve of a polymerchain. The higher the nonlinearity of the chain, the easier the strain hardening. (Reprinted withpermission from Ref. [39].)
third order, we carry out the same procedure for (9.155), and show g2 t 2 /2 + (Q0 +Q2 2 )t 3 /6 by solid lines in the same gure. We can see that the change of the sign in theslope at around t 0.1 decides the occurrence of hardening. Therefore, we put t = 0.1in the hardening condition (9.156), and solve it for to nd the critical shear rate cfor hardening. The result is plotted against the nonlinear amplitude A in Figure 9.15(c).
315
Gaussian chains (A = 0) show no hardening. For a nonlinear chain with A = 10, forinstance, the critical value obtained in this way is c = 6.3.
Stress overshootFor polymer solutions and melts, it is often claimed that the deformation max tmaxaccumulated before the stress reaches the maximum is independent of the shear rate andtakes a value of order unity (1.0 in the literature [40]). In other studies [41,42], it dependson the shear rate, and is approximately described by the formula max =a[b+( )2/3 ]3/2 ,where a and b are numerical constants of order unity, and is the relaxation time.In gelling solutions, max seems to depend on the system. For aqueous solutions ofGuar galactomannan [43] at 3 wt% has max 2, while in aqueous solutions of xanthanpolysaccharides [44] at 2 wt% it increases with the shear rate from 0.5 to 1.0.For the transient networks under present study, it is highly probable that the stressshows a maximum at a certain time tmax in the regime where it shows a strain hardening.But it may also show a maximum even in the regime where there is no strain hardening (for instance, the curves for small in Figure 9.15(a)). We therefore rst carryout numerical integration by using different values A of chain nonlinearity for a xedcoupling constant g = 0.2, and found tmax as a function of . The results are shown inFigure 9.16. We can see that the accumulated deformation max is almost independent ofthe shear rate for both Gaussian (A = 0) and nonlinear (A = 10) chains (Figure 9.16(b)).The viscosity max (tmax ) at the maximum time decreases with the shear rate (Figure9.16(c)).The result can be interpreted physically by using the power series expansion+ (t) = g1 t
g2 2 g3 ( ) 3g2n1 ( ) 2n1 g2n ( ) 2nt +t +t
t + ,26(2n 1)!(2n)!
(9.157)
tmax
100100
101(a)101100
Fig. 9.16
(b).
Numerical calculation of the afne network with coupling constant g = 0.2 for the chains A = 0(squares), and 10 (circles) with n = 20. (a) Overshoot time tmax , (b) accumulated deformationmax , and (c) viscosity at the maximum time, all plotted against the shear rate. (Reprinted withpermission from Ref. [39].)
316
which has alternating signs. For a high shear rate , all intermediate terms cancel alternately, and a peak appears when the rst term is balanced by the last term, i.e., when theconditiong2n 2n1t g1(9.158)2n!is fullled. Because g2n 2(n1) for large , the peak time is roughly estimated to betmax (2n2)/(2n1) 1 ,
(9.159)
for large n. Hence we expect that the accumulated deformation is asymptotically independent of the shear rate, and is given as a function of the coupling constant g and thenonlinearity A.
(9.160)
1 = 2G ( = ) = 2g1 ,
(9.161)
i.e., twice as large as the plateau modulus. After straightforward but tedious calculation,(3)we nd 1 = 4g2 for higher terms.Similarly, we nd for the second normal stress coefcient(2)(2)2 = c2,0
F6dr0 (r)(r f F )F +.Fr5
(9.162)
It incidentally vanishes by cancelation between the positive and negative regions if thechain is Gaussian and the upper limit of the integral is extended to innity. Even withan upper cutoff, it is as small as 109 . For a nonlinear chain, however, it changes signwith A, so that the sign of the initial slope in the second normal stress changes its signdepending upon the nature of the chain.
9.4.3
317
(9.163)
eee (t) =for 0 < t.(9.165) 1 (r) (r)The integral equation (9.41), together with the specic forms of (t; t ) and e (t),determine the time developement of e (t).Due to the afneness assumption, the stress propagator reduces to an isotropic form
(t; t ) = 0 (t t )1,whose diagonal element takes the form#,+"r0 (t) (r) f (r)e(r)t .3
(9.166)
(9.167)
The stress supported by the chains that are initially active decays according to the law
(r) t e(|r|)t te
(t) = (r f ) .(9.168)P(r)(r) 1
Shear deformationWe focus on Gaussian chains with a constantConsider a shear deformation
1 = 0 10 0
00 ,
(9.169)
with constant shear . The number of active chains in the network, which are initiallyactive and stay active until time t, is written explicitly by:;1 ((x+ y)2 +y 2 +z2 )tee (t) = 1e,(9.170) 0 (r)0
318
Pxy(t) =
:;3e kB T(x + y)y ((x+ y)2 +y 2 +z2 )te,(r) 1 0 na 20
(9.171)
,= 1e(r) 0 na 20
(9.172)
.= 1e(r) 0 na 20
(9.173)
(9.175)
N1 (t) = e (t)kB T 2 ,
(9.176)
N2 (t) = 0.
(9.177)
In all these stresses, time dependence can be separated from the strain. For instance,we havePxy ( , t) = h( )G(t),(9.178)for the shear stress. Thus, timestrain separability holds in the limit where there is nocoupling between the chain conformation and the dissociation rate. The measurement ofthe stress ratio Pxy (t)/Pxy (0) therefore gives the fraction e (t)/e of the network chainsthat remain active after deformation until time t, as in conventional theories [11, 12].The rst normal stress difference after a step shear deformation is related to the shearstress by the equationN1 ( , t) = Pxy ( , t).
(9.179)
319
x,y
2log(t 1)
(a)Fig. 9.17
0 = 1
N2
N20
2log(t 1)(b)
Nonlinear stress relaxation of the transient network model with a quadratic chain dissociationrate under a constant shear deformation for = 0.5. The decay rate is xed as (a) 0 = 0 and(b) 0 = 1. The total number e of active chains and the number e of chains that remain activefrom the initial state are shown on a logarithmic scale. These are normalized by the stationaryvalue of e . The shear stress Pxy , the rst normal stress difference N1 , and the second normalstress difference N2 are shown in the unit of e kB T . (Reprinted with permission fromRef. [19].)
decreases. The rst normal stress difference is proportional to the shear stress at arbitrarytime (LodgeMeissner relation) [45, 46], although their relative magnitudes changewith increase in the shear strain . One of the remarkable results of the numericaldemonstration is that the absolute value of the second normal stress difference showsa maximum at the time at which the number e (t) shows a minimum. In the particularcase where 0 = 0, stress relaxation obeys a power law rather than an exponential one.More specically, Pxy , N1 , and N2 all decay as t 5/2 for sufciently large t.In order to study the asymptotic decay of the stresses more generally, let us assume thatthe chain dissociation rate behaves (r) r 2m in the high stretching limit, where m isan arbitrary number. For large , (| r|) can be approximately replaced by (| r|) ( y)2m , so that the space coordinate must be scaled as y t 1/2m / . This scaling givesan asymptotic formPxy (t)
t 5/2m,
(9.180)
Elongational deformationIn order to study how the nonlinear stress relaxation depends on the type of deformation,we next consider an elongational strain for which the strain tensor is given by
00 = 0 1/ 0 ,001/
(9.181)
320
e 1 0
;1 (2 x 2 +(y 2 +z2 )/)t,e(r)0
(9.182)
andP|| (t) =
: 2 2;[ x (y 2 + z2 )/2] (2 x 2 +(y 2 +z2 )/)t3e kB Te,(r) 1 0 na 20
(9.183)
where the free boundary condition on the sample side parallel to the elongational axishas been used to derive the elongational stress P|| .In the GT limit, where (r) = 0 , we nd e (t) = 0 e0 t again, andP|| (t) = e (t)kB T
1 ,
(9.184)
which is in agreement with the forcedeformation relation (4.23) for rubbers. Stress issupported by the initially active chains only, the number of which decays exponentially.From the analytic solution for the quadratic (r) detailed in Appendix 9.B, we cannd the numerical results. In Figure 9.18, the number e of the initially active chains, andelongational stress are plotted against time on a logarithmic scale for 0 = 0 and 0 = 1.The elongational ratio is xed as = 2 as a typical example. Since this model has a niteprobability of dissociation for any active chains irrespective of their congurations, theymust eventually dissociate. Hence, there is no residual stress at t = .If the dissociation rate (r) has a region of r in which (r) = 0, the chains with anend-to-end distance lying in this region survive to t = .For example, the cutoff model, for which (r) = 0 (0 < r < r ) and (r) = (r < r)hold, allows the residual stress to remain nite in a deformed equilibrium state.
0=1
0 =0
0log t
Fig. 9.18
Nonlinear relaxation under an elongational deformation with the elongational strain = 2 forquadratic (r) model. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [19].)
321
Appendices to Chapter 99.A
# rF1" (2) (r) = 02 + 82 (p 2)+ (2) ,
# rF1 r " (3) (r) = 8 2 02 + 82 (p 2)
"#rF1 8 302 + 82 (p 4) (p 2) 8rF (2) .
(1) (r) = 8
The angular factors 8( , ) sin2 sin cos and 0(, ) sin sin are separated asthe prefactors of the radial differential operatord F (r) ,p rdr
! (2) (r) = 8 + [02 + 82 (p 2)] (rF ),
! 1 + 2 8[302 + 82 (p 4)](p 2) (rF ), (3) (r) = 0 (r) + 8 2 + F... 2 + 2 F3 (4) (r) = 0 (r) {8 3 + F 3 [304 + 602 82 (p 4) + 84 (p 6)(p 4)](p 2)}(rF ).
322
Appendices to Chapter 9
1 F 3 areDenitions of the operators F 1 202 + 82 (p 2) + (p 2) ,F"# 2 02 2 + 82 (p 2) 2 + (p 2) 2 (p 2) ,F 3 802 3(p 2) + (p 2) (p 2)F89+ 83 (p 4)(p 2)[(p 4) (p 4)](p 2) .Upon such decomposition, we are led to the three types of angular integrals. They aredened bycl,m (1)cm,n
(2)cm,n
sin dd 8l 0m ,sin dd81 8m 0n ,sin dd82 8m 0n ,
4,15
c2,2 =
After carrying out all angular integrals, we are left with the radial integrals.
9.B
323
For a constant recombination rate , a similar calculation was done by Fuller et al. [47]to study the effect of entanglements in the polymer melts. They found that the numberdensity of entanglement junctions is a decreasing function of the ow rate, and that shearthinning and elongational thickening are two major characteristics shared by all transientnetworks that fall into this category.
9.B.1
e0 t(1 + t)[(1 + t)2 + 13 (1 + 14 t)t 3 2 ]1/2
e0 (t+t )A(t, t ) =,[a(t, t )b(t, t )]1/2
dt Sxy (t, t ),Px,y (t) = 1 0 0
324
Sxy (t, t )
e kB T 1 0
dt Si (t, t ) for
i = 1, 2,
e0 (t+t ),c(t, t )[d(t, t )]1/2
where two newly introduced functions are dened by c(t, t ) 1+(1e t )/ +t , andd(t, t ) 1 + (e2 t 1)/2 + t . The chain survival function is again given by (t) =A(t, 0).Quite analogously, the elongational stress supported by the initially active chains canbe found by e kB TP|| (t) = 1dt S|| (t, t ), 0 0where
e2 t1S|| (t, t ) = A(t, t )
.b(t, t ) e t a(t, t )
The t = 0 component of this function gives the stress propagator for the elongationalow || (t) = kB T S|| (t, 0).
We have now reached the explicit form of the coupled equations for e (t) and P(t),the solution of which can be found numerically. Some typical results are shown in thetext.
To study the stationary state, we nd the Laplace transform of the chain survivalfunction. It takes the form s + 01 (s) = ,,11 1where the function (x, y) of the two variables is dened by the integral
(x, y) 0
dt <
eyt
The number of chains that remain active in the stationary state is then given bye ( )( /1 , 0 /1 ).=1 + ( /1 , 0 /1 )
kB T /11 + ( /1 , 0 /1 )O2 ( )2 ( /1 , 0 /1 )=,21 + p( /1 , 0 /1 )kB T /1for the reduced rst and second normal stress difference coefcients. The new functions, 1 , and 2 are dened by the integrals
(x, y)
1 (x, y)
2 (x, y) 0
t 2 (1 + 43 t + 13 t 2 )eyt(1 + t)3/2 [(1 + t)2 + 31 (1 + 14 t)t 3 x 2 ]3/2
t(1 + 12 t)eyt
1 31yt3 t (1 + 4 t)e.(1 + t)3/2 [(1 + t)2 + 31 (1 + 14 t)t 3 x 2 ]3/2
The number of active chains for the shear ow is plotted in Figure 9.19(a) as a functionof the shear rate on a logarithmic scale. The recombination rate is chosen to be unityas a typical example and the chain breakage rate 0 at the vanishing end-to-end distanceis varied from curve to curve. Both the shear rate and the chain breakage rate 0 aremeasured in the unit of the coefcient 1 , or equivalently, 1 is set to be unity. For all0 the number of active chains decreases steadily as a function of .
326
00 = 0
21.00.8
=133
0.log
.log Fig. 9.19
0.40.6
(a) Number of active chains, and (b) nonlinear shear viscosity, plotted against the shear rate on alogarithmic scale. = 1. 0 is varied from curve to curve. The curves have a commonasymptotic slope in the high shear region. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [17].)
1(a)
Fig. 9.20
= 1.00=0
/21
(b) = 1.00=1.0
0log .
First and second normal stress differences plotted against the shear rate on a logarithmic scale,using = 1 as a typical example. The second coefcient is negative and its ratio is virtuallyconstant over a wide range of shear rates. (a) 0 = 0, (b) 0 = 1. (Reprinted with permission fromRef. [17].)
Figure 9.19(b) shows the shear viscosity plotted against the shear rate. The networkexhibits shear thinning for all 0 . The increase in 0 physically corresponds to theincrease in temperature. Calculation for other values of shows that the viscosity curveis insensitive to a change in .The asymptotic slope of the tail of the viscosity curve is approximately 0.98 for all0 in the highest region shown in the gure.Figure 9.20(a) and (b) show the two normal stress coefcients O1 and O2 (solidlines) and their ratio O2 /O1 (broken line) as a function of log . The ratio turned outto be virtually constant over a wide range of , though we have no specic analyticalreason for this. Both coefcients are monotonic functions of and show only a minorquantitative difference.Since the time variable in the integral is scaled as t 1/2 as , we expect thatthe viscosity behaves as 4/3 in the limit of high shear rate. Similarly O1 2 and
327
O2 8/3 are expected for the normal stresses. Because the index 4/3 is larger thanunity, it can lead to mechanical instability (as noted by Doi and Edwards [48]); the shearstress passes a maximum as the shear rate is increased. The ow may take either valueof the two shear rates giving the same value of the shear stress (shear banding) [48].The same remark holds also for the normal stresses.The calculation given above allows us to nd the asymptotic behavior of a networkwith the more general form of (r), which increases as (r) r m at high stretching. Forlarge the integral in the exponent of the decay factor can be replaced by the dominantterm t t
(|(t) r|)dt dt( yt)m = y m m t m+1 ,0
(x, y) 2x 3/2
dt
e(xy)t.[(1 + x)ext 1](e2xt + 2x 1)1/2
328
the same value at x = 0, while the function (x, y) for the elongation is three times aslarge as that for the shear at x = 0.Figure 9.11(b) shows the elongational viscosity plotted against the ow rate. The mostremarkable feature of the nonlinear viscosity for elongational ow is that it exhibits amaximum at nite positive ow rate. The network therefore undergoes elongationalthickening for smaller values of , followed by thinning. The case 0 = 0 is ratherexceptional: the viscosity shows a singularity at = 0, as in a number of active chains,and steadily decreases for either compression or elongation. The elongational rate atwhich the viscosity shows a maximum increases with increasing 0 (or increasing thetemperature), although the viscosity itself is lowered.
9.B.2
Stress relaxationIn order to express the bilinear form ( r)2 as a sum of three independent coordinatevariables, let us rst nd the eigenvalues of the matrix t . For a shear deformation(9.169), they are given by<2
2 + 4,22<2 2 + 4,22 = 1 ++2221 = 1 +
23 = 1. 2 = 3i=1 2 2 , where i are the principal coordinates.Hence we can decompose as (r)i iUpon moving onto these coordinates, the average over a Gaussian chain distribution canbe explicitly carried out by performing Gaussian integrals.In order to do this, we rst use an identity using the identity 1/(r) =e(r)t dt ,0
e0 (t+t )dt 3,( i=1 Vi )1/2
for the number of active chains, where the three functions Vi (t, t )(i = 1, 2, 3) aredened byVi (t, t ) = 1 + 1 (2i t + t ).Similarly, for the stress components we nd e kB TPxy (t) = 1 0 2 + 4N1 (t) = Pxy (t),
2122e0 (t+t )
,dt 3+V1 V 2( i=1 Vi )1/2
329
0 (t+t ) e kB T eN2 (t) = dt 3( i=1 Vi )1/20 2 + 4 0 2 +4 2 +4+ 2 +4.
2V12V2V3The LodgeMeissner relation is automatically fullled.In a similar way, the three eigenvalues of the strain tensor (9.116) in the case ofelongational deformation are given by 21 = 2 and 22 = 23 = 1/. Hence we haveV1 = 1 + 1 (2 t + t ),tV2 = V3 = 1 + 1 ( + t ).
The number of active chains is given by the same formula as above, but the Vi s mustbe replaced. The elongational stress takes the forme kB TP|| (t) = 1 0
e0 (t+t )dt 3( i=1 Vi )1/2
.V1 V2
References[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
Jenkins, R. D.; Silebi, C.A.; El-Asser, M. S., ACS Symp. Ser. 462, 222 (1991).Annable, T.; Buscall, R.; Ettelaie, R.; Whittlestone, D., J. Rheol. 37, 695 (1993).Annable, T.; Ettelaie, R., Macromolecules 27, 5616 (1994).Annable, T.; Buscall, R.; Ettelaie, R.; Shepherd, P.; Whittlestone, D., Langmuir 10, 1060(1994).Yekta, A.; Xu, B.; Duhamel, J.; Adiwidjaja, H.; Winnik, M.A., Macromolecules 28, 956(1995).Kujawa, P.; Watanabe, H.; Tanaka, F.; Winnik, F. M., Eur. Phys. J. E 17, 129 (2005).Kujawa, P.; Segui, F.; Shaban, S. et al. Macromolecules 39, 341 (2006).Quellet, C.; Eicke, H.-F.; Xu, G.; Hauger, Y., Macromolecules 23, 3347 (1990).Mortensen, K.; Brown, W.; Jorgensen, E., Macromolecules 27, 5654 (1994).Odenwald, M.; Eicke, H.-F.; Meier, W., Macromolecules 28, 5069 (1995).Green, M. S.; Tobolsky, A.V., J. Chem. Phys. 14, 80 (1946).Lodge, A. S., Trans. Faraday Soc. 52, 120 (1956).Yamamoto, M., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 11, 413 (1956); 12, 1148 (1957); 13, 1200 (1958).Flory, P. J., Trans. Faraday Soc. 56, 722 (1960).Fricker, H. S., Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 335, 267; 335, 289 (1973).Tanaka, F.; Edwards, S. F., Macromolecules 25, 1516 (1992).Tanaka, F.; Edwards, S. F., J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 43, 247 (1992).Tanaka, F.; Edwards, S. F., J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 43, 272 (1992).Tanaka, F.; Edwards, S. F., J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 43, 289 (1992).Alami, E.; Rawiso, M.; Isel, F.; Beinert, G.; Binana-Limbele, W.; Francois, J., ModelHydrophobically End-Capped Poly(ethylene oxide) in Water. Advances in Chemistry Series,Vol. 248. American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
330
[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]
Alami, E.; Almgren, M.; Brown, W.; Francois, J., Macromolecules 29, 2229 (1996).Alami, E.; Almgren, M.; Brown, W., Macromolecules 29, 5026 (1996).Tanaka, F.; Koga, T., Macromolecules 39, 5913 (2006).Rouse Jr., P. E., J. Chem. Phys. 21, 1272 (1953).Bird, B. B.; Curtiss, C. F.; Armstrong, R. C.; Hassager, O., Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids,Vol. 1, Fluid Mechanics; Vol. 2, Kinetic Theory. Wiley: Chichester, 1987.Chandrasekhar, S., Rev. Mod. Phys. 15, 1 (1943).Marrucci, G.; Bhargava, S.; Cooper, S. L., Macromolecules 26, 6483 (1993).Vaccaro, A.; Marrucci, G., J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 121, 261 (2000).Pellens, L.; Ahn, K. H.; Lee, S. J.; Mewis, J., J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 121, 87 (2004).Tanaka, F., Langmuir 26, 5374 (2010).Zhang, W.; Zou, S.; Wang, C.; Zhang, X., J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 10258 (2000).Bedrov, D.; Smith, D., J. Chem. Phys. 118, 6656 (2003).Indei, T.; Tanaka, F., Macromol. Rapid Commun. 26, 701 (2005).Kramers, H.A., Phys. Rev. 1940, VII, 284.Cox, W. P.; Merz, E. H., J. Polym. Sci. 118, 619 (1958).Koga, T.; Tanaka, F., Macromolecules 43, 3052 (2010).Pellens, L.; Corrales, R. G.; Mewis, J., J. Rheol. 48, 379 (2004).Oesterhelt, F.; Rief, M.; Gaub, H. E., New J. Physics 1, 6 (1999).1.Koga, T.; Tanaka, F.; Kaneda, I.; Winnik, F. M., Langmuir 25, 8626 (2009).Menezes, E.V.; Graessley, W.W., Rheol. Acta 19, 38 (1980).Pearson, D.; Herbolzheimer, E.; Grizzuti, N.; Marrucci, G., J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym.Phys. 29, 1589 (1991).Osaki, K.; Inoue, T.; Isomura, T., J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 38, 1917 (2000).Richardson, R. K.; Ross-Murphy, S. B., Int. J. Bio. Macromolecules 9, 250 (1987).Richardson, R. K.; Ross-Murphy, S. B., Int. J. Bio. Macromolecules 9, 257 (1987).Lodge, A. S.; Meissner, J. M., Rheol. Acta 11, 351 (1972).Lodge, A. S., Rheol. Acta 14, 664 (1975).Fuller, G. G.; Leal, L. G., J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed. 59, 531 (1981).Doi, M.; Edwards, S. F., The Theory of Polymer Dynamics. Oxford University Press: Oxford,1986.
Some importantthermoreversible gels
This chapter applies the thermodynamic and rheological theories developed so far to the specicimportant network-forming associating polymer solutions. The topics include modication ofthe phase separation and gelation of associating polymers by added surfactants, transition fromintramolecular association to intermolecular association, competitive and coexisting hydration andhydrophobic association, and thermoreversible gelation strongly coupled to the polymer conformational change. With an increase in the number of components, or the degree of freedom in thesystem, phase transitions and ow properties become complex. However, the basic ideas to treatthem stay within the fundamental theoretical framework presented in the preceding chapters. Allsystems are modeled from a unied point of view.
Polymersurfactant interactionThe problem of the interaction between polymers and surfactants was laid initially inthe study of proteins associated with natural lipids, and later extended to their association with synthetic surfactants [1, 2]. More recently, the interaction of water-solublesynthetic polymers such as poly(ethylene oxide) with ionic and non-ionic surfactants [37] has attracted the interest of researchers because of its scientic and technologicalimplications.Adding surfactants to polymer solutions, or vice versa, followed by the formation ofa polymer/surfactant complex, can substantially alter the original physical propertiessubstances involved. The effects can be summarized in the following four categories: Conformational transition of polymers such as coilglobule transition [8, 9] and
plane [12]. Formation of microphases [13], and gels [14]. Shift of the solgel transition line [1517] accompanied by modication of the
332
r1
n1 = r0+r1
rfnf = rf +2 r0
Fig. 10.1
Network junctions mixed with surfactant molecules, and pure micelles consisting of surfactantmolecules only.
333
ii = (1 + f 2 f )/.
(10.1)
(10.2)
(10.3)
c1 /cf
(10.4)
whereis the ratio of the surfactant concentration to the polymer concentration. Solving thisrelation with respect to z, we nd z, and hence the reactivity , as a function of a giventemperature and concentration.By using the ratio , we can write the weight distribution i as
10.1.1
1 = /(1 + )
(for surfactant),
f = 1/(1 + )
(for polymer).
(10.5)
(10.7)
334
Small micelles whose aggregation numbers are less than k0 and large micelles withaggregation numbers larger than km are assumed to be unstable and dissociate. In fact,sufactant molecules are known to form micelles of a very narrow size distribution.The upper and lower bounds here are determined by the geometrical suitability of thehydrophobes for spatial packing, the exibility of the polymer chains, and other factors.When the polymer concentration is so low that the number of hydrophobes isnot enough to form junctions, the addition of surfactants combines the unassociated hydrophobes until their aggregation number exceeds k0 and stabilizes them. Thesurfactant works as a cross-linker.However, when the polymer concentration is sufciently large and many junctionsare already formed, some of the polymer hydrophobes in the junctions are replacedby surfactant hydrophobes. The path number (connectivity) of the network junctions isreduced.Figure 10.2(a) shows how junctions are formed and destroyed by added surfactantsin the special case where the multiplicity is xed at k0 = km = 5. The average branchingnumber is (5+5)/2 = 5 (top gure), (5+5+2)/3 = 4 (middle gure), (2+2+1+1)/4 =1.5 (bottom gure). It decreases monotonically with surfactant concentration.From these considerations, we expect that there is no surfactant-mediated process ifthe minimum multiplicity is k0 = 2, i.e., if there is no gap in the size distribution. Under
f=2km = 8k0 = 2
cf = f/n
1.61.4
41.0
(a)Fig. 10.2
0.40.0
2.0c1 = 1/n1
335
such conditions, hydrophobes form stable junctions with any aggregation number lessthan km . The addition of surfactants therefore merely destroys the existing junctions.To demonstrate these ideas, we calculate from (10.6) the solgel transition concentration as a function of the concentration of the added surfactant. Figure 10.2(b) shows theresult for telechelic (f = 2) polymers. To clarify the effect of the minimum multiplicity,k0 is varied from curve to curve, while the maximum multiplicity is xed at km = 8.It is clear that the solgel concentration cf monotonically increases with the surfactantconcentration for k0 = 2 (no lower bound). Gelation is blocked by the surfactant. Butif there is a gap between k = 1 (unassociated) and k = k0 , a minimum in cf appearswhere gelation is easiest, as can be seen for k0 3 in Figure 10.2(b). The surfactantconcentration at which cf becomes minimum, referred to as the surfactant-mediatedgel point (SMG), increases as the gap becomes larger.
10.1.2
(10.8)
1 (j; l) =u(x)dx,
(10.9)l1 1
l1 (j; l) = x1 u(x 1)
(10.10)
l1 1
(The symbol indicates clusters that are made up of surfactant molecules only, includingunassociated ones.)Sincex1 = c1 (1 ) = c1 /u(z),
(10.11)
1 /n1 = x1 u(x 1 ) = c1 u(x 1 )/u(z),
(10.12)
1 = [u(x 1 )/u(z)]
(10.13)
by denition, we nd
336
= (c1)ads /c1
f=2km = 8c2 = 0.843
0.4k0 = 280.2
Fig. 10.3
1ads /1 = 1 u(x
(10.14)
is the fraction of surfactant molecules that are adsorbed into the network junctions. Thefraction as a function of 1 is the binding isotherm of surfactant adsorption.Figure 10.3 shows the binding isotherm of the adsorbed surfactant molecules as afunction of the total surfactant concentration. The maximum multiplicity is xed at 8,while the minimum multiplicity is varied from curve to curve. The polymer concentrationis xed at cf = 0.8 at which polymers are in the postgel regime for k0 = 3, 4, 5, 6, butin the pregel regime for k0 = 2, 7, 8, as can be seen from Figure 10.4(a). The fraction changes continuously across the solgel transition point, and takes a maximum value atthe surfactant concentration where gelation is easiest (the micellizationgelation point,MGP, dened below), except in the case for k0 = 2, for which there is no gap in k.
10.1.3
337
solvent2.5Sol2.0
Sol/Gel Transition
cf* = f f /nf
k=3CPMC
1.5SMG
Gel0.5k=8
sol/gelCPMC
0.00.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0c1 = 1 /n1
surfactant
polymer
Fig. 10.4
MGP
k=8(b)
(a) Polymer concentration (solid lines) at the solgel transition, and the critical pure micelleconcentration (broken lines) plotted as a function of the concentration of added surfactant for axed multiplicity k0 = km = 8. (b) Solgel transition and CPMC lines drawn on the ternary phaseplane of the polymer/surfactant/solvent system. The minimum gelation point (SMG point) isindicated by a black circle. The white circle shows a special point at which gelation andmicellization take place simultaneously (MGP). (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [1].)
not associated to any polymers, and dene the CMC by the surfactant concentrationat which micelles consisting only of surfactant molecules appear. This concentration isreferred to as the critical pure micelle concentration (CPMC). By denition CPMClies above CAC.One conventional criterion for CMC is to nd the concentration at which the osmoticpressure changes its slope most rapidly [28]. The contribution to the osmotic pressurefrom the surfactant molecules that are not connected to the polymers is proportional to(10.9) at low concentrations. Their volume fraction is given by (10.10). If we try to solve(10.10) for x1 as a function of 1 , we will fail to nd the solution whenever the conditiond(x u(x))/dx
= u(x) + x u (x) = 0
(10.15)
holds. This equation is an algebraic equation for x, and has its roots on the complexx-plane. These roots are the branch points of the inverse function. When the concentrationx1 of the unassociated surfactant passes near the root that lies closest to the real x-axis,the osmotic pressure (10.9) due to surfactant molecules changes its slope most rapidly.To study the relative positions of CPMC and SMG concentration, we consider a xedmultiplicity model in which the multiplicity is xed at a single value k0 = km k. Thefunction u(x)
= 1 + x k1 , and leadsto a set of equations1 = x1 + x1k /k,
(10.16)
1 /n1 = x1 + x1k .
(10.17)
338
(j = 0, 1, 2, . . . , k 2),
(10.18)
(10.19)
where the parameter z is expressed in terms of cf and c1 by solving (10.3), which nowtakes the formcf + c1 = z(1 + zk1 ).(10.20)Figure 10.4(a) shows the solgel transition concentration (vertical axis) as a functionof the surfactant concentration (horizontal axis) (solid lines), and the CPMC (horizontal axis) as a function of polymer concentration (vertical axis) (broken lines). Themultiplicity is changed from k = 3 to k = 8.There is an intersection between the solid broken lines for each multiplicity k. This isa special point where the solgel transition and the CPMC take place simultaneously. Wecall this special point the micellization gelation point (MGP). For instance, for k = 8this point is located at a surfactant concentration that is nearly twice as large as the SMGconcentration.To see the situation more clearly, we draw these two lines on the ternary phase plane.Figure 10.4(b) shows the solgel transition (solid line) and CPMC lines (broken line)on the triangular plane of the polymer/surfactant/water system. SMG and MGP areindicated by the black and white circles. Their relative positions may change if we allowthe binding free energy of polymer hydrophobe and surfactant hydrophobe to change.
10.1.4
339
2.51.5%2.5%6%8%
c = 0.8eff(c1)/ eff(0)
G / G(0)
1.00.80.60.4
f=2k0 = 3km = 8
1.51.0
0.91.2
0.20.00
Fig. 10.5
1510[SDS]/[AT](a)
1.0c1/c(b)
(a) Experimental data on the high-frequency storage modulus as a function of the surfactantconcentration. The polymer concentration is changed from curve to curve. (Reprinted withpermission from Ref. [18].) (b) Theoretical calculation of the number of elastically effectivechains plotted against the ratio of the surfactant concentration and the polymer concentration. Thepolymer concentration is varied from curve to curve. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [1].)
absence of the surfactant. This ratio therefore gives the relative strength G (c1 )/G (0)of the high-frequency plateau value in the storage modulus. Polymers are assumed tocarry two functional groups (f = 2). The allowed multiplicity of a junction ranges from3 to 8. The polymer concentration is changed from curve to curve.As expected, the curves for low polymer concentrations rst increase to a peak andthen monotonically decrease to zero where the gel network is broken into sol pieces bythe surfactant. For higher polymer concentrations, however, the curves do not show anypeak because the junctions are well developed without surfactant molecules. The addedsurfactant only destroys the junctions.These calculations reproduce, at least qualitatively, the experimental observationsHEUR/SDS reported by Annable et al. [18] (Figure 10.5(a)), apart from that in the theoryall curves cross each other at a certain surfactant concentration, whereas the experimentaldata reveal the same tendency only for relatively higher polymer concentrations. Themaximum in the modulus appears as a result of the existence of a forbidden gap (fromk = 2 to k0 1) in the multiplicity of the network junctions.
Loop-bridge transitionPolymers carrying many hydrophobes undergo the simultaneous formation ofintramolecular micelles with a dense core of hydrophobic groups surrounded by acorona of small loops (owers) and interchain micellar cross-links (Figure 10.6). Asubchain connecting two junctions on different micelles is called a bridge chain. This
340
petalinterchainflower
intrachainflower
bridgeFig. 10.6
(10.21)
341
where (T ) is the association constant, n the total number of statistical units on a chain,and B is some numerical constant that may depend upon chain exibility, the chemicalspecies of the polymers, and solvent quality.Strictly, the power 3/2 in (10.21) should be replaced by d + 1 for swollen polymersin a good solvent, where d = 3 is the space dimension, = 3/5 Florys exponent (Section1.6), and = 7/6 the critical exponent for the total number of self-avoiding randomwalks [31]. However, we neglect the excluded-volume effect since both our solutiontheory and gelation theory are based on the mean-eld treatment.The loop parameter (10.21) is a new parameter that depends on the associationconstant. It may also be written asn (T ) = exp(A),
(10.22)
Fig. 10.7
Mixture of petals and telechelic chains. A petal can be regarded as a monofunctional compositechain. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [29].)
342
polymers and surfactant molecules studied in the preceding section. The only difference lies in that the population of loops (corresponding to surfactants) is automaticallycontrolled by the thermodynamic equilibrium condition.Let 1 be the volume fraction of the loops (f = 1), and 2 be that of the open chains(f = 2). The total volume fraction of the polymers in the solution is = 1 + 2 . Thetotal number density of the associative groups is = (1 +22 )/n. Their ratio is decidedby the equilibrium loop parameter as1 /2 = n (T ),
(10.23)
where the superscript indicates that the chains remain isolated in the solution.By denition, we have f = f (1 )f = f /u(z) f for f = 1, 2, where and u(z)
(10.24)
n (T ) + 2u(z)
= zu(z),
nn (T ) + u(z)
(10.25)
n + u(z)].
(10.26)
n + 2u(z)].
(10.27)
The gel point can be found by (7.115). Putting (7.115) and (10.27) together, theparameter z at the gel point is found to be the solution of the equation2zu (z)/[n + 2u(z)]
= 1.
(10.28)
To calculate the gel point concentration, we introduce the reduced polymer concentration c 2(T )/n, the total number density of the associative groups. From (10.25)for z = z , the concentration c at the gel point for the xed multiplicity model takesthe form
/k
(10.29)
343
c = f /n
GELSOL/GEL
FLOWER0.5SOL0.0
=6
0.06
50.04
40.02
CMC
LOOP PARAMETER
(a)Fig. 10.8
(a) Relative position of CFMC and solgel transition of telechelic polymers with min-maxjunction (k0 = 5, km = 8). (b) Population of ower micelles as a function of the polymerconcentration. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [29].)
Isolated Chain0.8
IsolatedLoop
isolated loopCHAIN CATEGORIES
BridgeChain
0.6adsobed loop0.4isolated chain0.2
bridge chain
dangling chain
DanglingChain0.00.0
Flower Micelle(a)Fig. 10.9
Adsorbed Loop
1.02.03.04.0flower loop CONCENTRATION(b)
(a) Six association categories of the chains in the solution of telechelic polymers. (b) Theirrelative population plotted against the polymer concentration for n = 5. (Reprinted withpermission from Ref. [29].)
be understood as the variables changed in this context. The gel point concentration ismonotonically increasing function of n because loop formation prevents gelation.To see how closed association changes into open association, we rst summarize allpossible types of chain association. There are six categories altogether (Figure 10.9(a)):isolated open chain, isolated loop, cluster consisting only of loops (called ower micelle),bridge chain, dangling chain, dangling loop in a cluster. In particular, the concentration
344
at which the owers appear is referred to as the critical ower micelle concentration(CFMC).Figure 10.9(b) shows the relative population of each chain category as a function ofthe total polymer concentration. These results are calculated within the theoretical framework for the model mixture of f = 1 and f = 2 associative molecules. The multiplicityof the junctions is allowed in the range between k0 and km = 8 for a xed loop parameter n (T ) = 5. These curves are normalized to give unity when summed up. Isolatedloops and isolated chains start with a ratio of 5 to 1, but both decrease with the polymerconcentration, because they are adsorbed into the mixed clusters.Dangling chains, adsorbed loops, and bridge chains increase with the concentration,but bridge chains eventually dominate at high concentrations. Flower loops appear ina certain range of the concentration. Their curve exhibits a single maximum near c =1.5. Since the gel point concentration for this solution is given by c = 2.2, owersappear before the gel point. The fraction of the free ends as functions of the polymerconcentration and temperature was experimentally measured for uorinated telechelicPEO solutions by using 19 F NMR relaxation method [32].The reactivity used so far is the supercial degree of association calculated underthe assumption that the composite group on a loop is regarded as one associative group.The real reactivity 0 is dened by the number of associated functional groups dividedby the total number of groups. Therefore the relation0 =
2(1 + 2 ) + n (1 )=2(1 + 2 )1 + n (1 )
(10.30)
holds. As a function of the loop parameter n , it starts from and monotonically increasesto unity.The volume fraction of the ower micelles is written as = L =
n [u(x 1 ) 1],[n + u(z)]
u(z)
(10.31)
from the probability L for the loops to attach to the junctions. Since the parameters zand x1 are functions of the total polymer concentration, is regarded as a function ofthe concentration. By differentiation, the concentration at which the volume fraction ofowers becomes maximum satises the condition dx1 /dc =0, but since this is equivalentto the condition for the gel point, we nd the concentration of ower micelles reaches amaximum value at the gel point.Figure 10.8(b) shows the volume fraction of ower micelles plotted against thetotal polymer concentration. The loop parameter is varied from curve to curve for themultiplicity in the allowed range 5 k 8. The concentration at which rises from zerois CFMC. Since it slowly increases in the gure, the conventional method to identifyCMC (the population curve of the micelles bends most sharply) is not directly applicable.As a rough estimate, we here employ a simple criterion that the concentration where theabsolute value of reaches a certain threshold value is CFMC. The actual value of the
345
CFMC obtained in this simple method depends sensitively upon the chosen thresholdvalue. We have xed this value at = 0.001, although it is somewhat arbitrary.
10.3
10.3.1
(10.33)
346
Fig. 10.10
Competing hydration and association. If polymers carry associative groups at or near thehydration sites, polymerpolymer association is prevented by hydration. The solution gels afterdehydration upon heating.
(10.34)
(10.35)
(10.36)
whereis the equilibrium constant.Now, as usual, we split the free energy of cluster formation into three parts:confbondl,m = combl,m + l,m + l,m .
(10.37)
(10.38)
347
(10.39)
where is the lattice coordination number, and the symmetry number of the polymerchain. The congurational free energy is then given byconfl,m = T [Sdis (l, m) lSdis (1, 0) mSdis (0, 1)]l+m1
( 1)2/nl .= ln (nl + m)e
(10.40)
(10.41)
where f0 is the standard free energy change of p-p bond formation, and g0 is that ofa p-w bond.Combining all these results, we are led to
f f (T ) l1Kl,m = (nl + m)f l2l+2 Cm l(T )m ,nn
(10.42)
(10.43)
depends on the strength of a single p-p pairwise bond. The p-w association constant issimilarly dened by(T ) = [ ( 1)2 / e] exp(g0 ).
(10.44)
11l myl,0 m,1 ,f l2l+2 Cm l x y +(T )(T )
(10.45)
y (T )0,1 ,
(10.46)
348
each corresponding to the number density of the isolated molecules, acompanied by thetemperature shift factor or .When there is no p-w coupling ( = 0), the model reduces to the simple gelationby pairwise cross-linking studied in Section 7.1. On the contrary, when there is no p-pcoupling ( = 0), it reduces to the random hydration in aqueous polymer solutions studiedin Section 6.4.Our next step is to express x and y in terms of the total concentration of thepolymer. This is most conveniently carried out by calculating the moments of the clusterdistribution. For instance, the volume fraction PS of the polymers belonging to the niteclusters is found to bePS = nll,m = n(1 + y)2 S1 (z)/,(10.47)l1,m
(10.48)
(10.49)
where the rst term HS is the volume fraction of the solvent molecules bound to thepolymer chains, and the second term gives that of the free solvent. The hydration part isgiven byHS =ml,m = y(1 + y)S(z)/,(10.50)l,m1
(10.51a)
y(1 + y)/(1 ) + y = c1 ,
(10.51b)
(10.52)
349
for the reactivity. Substituting this relation into the rst equation, we nd y 3 (1 2 cf + c1 )y 2 + (2 )c1 y c12 = 0.
(10.53)
The volume fraction y of the free solvent is the one solution of this algebraic equationthat tends to (1 ) in the limit of small .
10.3.2
(10.54)
(10.55)
(10.56)
Since these chemical potentials are now given as functions of the temperature andconcentration through the parameters x and y, we can nd the solution properties.For instance, the second virial coefcient is found to beA2 =
1f /n 2 f /n 21+
.21+2 1+
(10.57)
The gel point can be found by the divergence of the weight-average lw of the cluster size, which leads to the usual condition = 1/(f 1) . We nd the gelationconcentration as a function of the temperature as
whereand
(10.58)
(10.59)
(10.60)
are functions of the temperature only. To simplify the notation, we have used condensednotations f f 1 and f f 2.Since A and B are complex functions of the temperature, (10.58) suggests that it isexperimentally impossible to nd the standard enthalpy H0 of cross-linkingwhich iscontained in the factor (T )by the conventional EldridgeFerry method, which plotsln against 1/kB T .
350
In the postgel regime we follow Stockmayers treatment, and assume that the degreeof reaction in the sol part remains at constant . The corresponding value of z is givenby z = (f 2)f 2 /(f 1)f 1 . The polymer volume fraction of the sol partPS = n(1 + y)2 S1 (z )/
(10.61)
then becomes smaller than the total volume fraction . The excess fractionPG PS
(10.62)
gives the polymer volume fraction of the part that is forming the gel network.The volume fraction of the solvent molecules that are bound to the gel network issimilarly given byHG = 1 HS y/,(10.63)whereHS = y(1 + y)S(z )/
(10.64)
is the volume fraction of the solvent molecules that are attached to the nite clusters inthe sol. The total volume fraction of the bound solvent molecules is given byH = HS + HG = 1 y/.
(10.65)
The osmotic compressibility takes the form (7.64), where the function is given by (, T ) =
P () 0 ()+ 2 .n1
(10.66)
1f y(1 )(1 + y/),1 f 1+(1 + y)[(1 )(1 + ) y 2 ]
(10.67a)
0 () =
(10.67b)
(T ) = 0 exp(2 ),
(10.68)
by splitting the standard free energy changes into the entropy part and the energy part,where 1 | 1 |/kB 8 ( 1 < 0) is the p-p bond strength relative to the thermal energy.
351
The p-w bond 2 is similarly dened. Effect of the entropy change on bonding is includedin the prefactors.We conne our argument in the special case 1 = 2 = 3.5 for simplicity to restore thethe phase diagram of polyethylene oxide in Section 6.4. We regard it as a prototype andsee how the phase diagrams change as the relative strength of 0 and 0 is changed.Figure 10.11(a)(c) shows how the solgel transition line passes through the miscibility gap and interferes with phase separation as the p-p association constant 0 isincreased. Broken lines show the solgel transition, solid lines the spinodals, and dottedlines the binodals. The parameter 0 is changed from gure to gure ((a) 0 = 0.001,
AGel
20.0
Fig. 10.11
U1 / T
1 / T
Gel1
1Gel
SolU20.0
Sol
Solgel transition line (thick broken line), binodal (thin dotted line), and spinodal (solid line)shown on the reduced temperatureconcentration plane. The amplitude 0 of the associationconstant is changed: (a) 0 = 0.001, (b) 0.01, (c) 0.05.
100spinodal
= 1/
0.81.0
1.21.4
binodalSOLSol/Gel Transition
1.60.00
DSCSAXS
Fig. 10.12
0.040.08volume fraction (a)
Phase Separation
7060Gel
5040
300.12
200.01
100.11Concentration [wt%]
(a) Theoretical phase diagram for methyl cellulose in water. Solgel transition line (broken line),binodal (solid line), and spinodal (dotted line) are shown on the reducedtemperatureconcentration plane. Gelation and phase separation compete on heating thesolution. (b) Experimental phase diagram of methyl cellulose (Mw = 9.36 105 , DS = 1.78)constructed from DSC and SAXS data [36]. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [36].)
352
(b) 0.01, and (c) 0.1), while other parameters are xed at n = f = 100, 0 = 0.05, and1 = 1.As 0 becomes larger, two miscibility gaps come closer to each other, and the solgelline shifts to the low-concentration region. As the temperature becomes higher, someof the bound solvent molecules are dissociated from the chains, and the chance to formdirect bonds becomes higher, thus resulting in gelation on heating.Figure 10.12 shows our theoretical description of what we see in the experiments ofmethyl cellulose in water. The upper half of the miscibility loop is beyond the range ofthe experimental observation, so that we see the binodal of the LCST only. The solgelline intersects the binodal from below. However, there is no lower critical solution point.Instead a new inverted tricritical point (TCP) exists.
10.4
353
PNIPAM (660K)Cloud PointSpinodal
35TEMPERATURE / C
TEMPERATURE/C
C18-PNIPAM-C18 (37K)
Cloud PointDSC PeakTheoryn = 8000 = 0.3
30C18 -PNIPAM-C18MW CP DSC49K
35K
22K12K
CONCENTRATION / gL1
CONCENTRATION / wt%
(a)Fig. 10.13
(b) Experimental cloud points (black symbols) of aqueous telechelic PNIPAM solutionsdetermined from temperature-induced changes in the light scattering intensity of polymersolutions, and temperatures of maximum intensity (open symbols) of the endotherms recordedby DSC for aqueous solutions of telechelic PNIPAMs of four different molecular weights. (a)Magnication of (b) for Mw = 37 000 g mol1 . The coilglobule transition temperatures detectedby DSC are also plotted (open circles). The cloud points (onset of phase separation) lie below thecoilglobule transition temperature due to hydrophobic end-association. (Reprinted withpermission from Refs. [37, 38].)
the theoretical spinodal line. Because their spinodal lines are expected to lie above thebinodal lines (cloud points), the comparison is only qualitative. The discrepancy betweenthe binodal and spinodal becomes larger at lower concentrations.Let us consider a model solution consisting of N telechelic polymer chains (mainchain of DP = n) carrying two end groups of DP n . The total DP of the polymer chainsis nt n+2n . The chains are mixed with a number N0 of water molecules. To describethe hydration of the main chains by water, let i {i1 , i2 , . . .} be the index specifying thehydration type carrying the number i of sequences that consist of a run of consecutivehydrogen-bonded water molecules, and let N (i) be the number of such p-w complexesof type i (Figure 10.14) [38]. In particular, we have i0 (0, 0, . . .) for a bare polymerchain with no bound water. The total number of water molecules on a chain speciedby i is given by i , and the DP of a complex is given by n(i) n[1 + (i)] + 2n ,where (i)
i /n
(10.69)
is the fraction of the bound water molecules relative to the total number of H-bondingsites (DP of a polymer).
354
Fig. 10.14
m),
(10.70)
where n(m)
355
In particular, the number of polymer chains of hydration type i that remain unassociatedin solution is given by N (j0 ; m0 (i)). Similarly, the number of bound water molecules isNbw =
j,m
n (i)m(i) N (j; m) +
n (i)N G (i),
(10.72)
(10.73)
j,m
n(m)N
(j; m) +
(10.74)
To study the interaction, let us consider the number of contacts between polymers andwater. Since the volume fraction of the main chain is c = (n/nt ), and that of the endchain is e = (2n /nt ), the number of main chainwater contacts (m-w) is c (1 ),and the end chainwater contacts (e-w) is e (1 ). We introduce the conventional parameter for each contact type, and nd that the enthalpy of p-w interaction per latticecell is given by (T )(1 ), where (T ) mw (T )(n/nt ) + ew (T )(2n /nt ).
(10.75)
For linear alkyl chains in water near room temperature, a detailed study [39] ofhydrophobic interaction ndsn ew (T ) = 2.102 nCH3 + 0.884 nCH2 /kB T kcal mol1 .
(10.76)
In particular, for the octadecyl group, for which nCH3 = 1, nCH2 = 17, we ndn ew (T ) = 2.102 + 0.884 17/kB T .
(10.77)
(10.78)
where 1 2n ew is the effective interaction parameter between the end chain andwater. The direct interaction between the hydrophobic groups and water gives an O(1/n)correction, and is stronger for shorter chains.At this stage, we realize that we can study monofunctional polymers (f = 1) andtelechelic polymers (f = 2) (and also their mixtures) from the unied point of viewdescribed above. Important examples of the monofunctional case are amphiphilic diblock
356
(10.79)
(10.80)
A(i)m(i) N (j; m) +
A(i)N G (i),
(10.81)
where A(i) A(i) A(i0 ) is the free energy of hydration to form a complex of type istarting from a bare polymer of reference conformation i0 {0, 0, . . .}.The free energy of hydrophobic association isas F =
i ()N G (i),
(10.82)
where (j; m) [ (j; m) i (j0 ; m0 (i))m(i)] is the free energy change uponformation of a cluster of type (j; m) from separated chains of type i, and where i () isthe dimensionless free energy gain when a polymer chain of type i is connected to thenetwork (see Section 5.2). The terms that include the number N G (i) of polymer chainsof type i in the gel network need to be introduced only in the postgel regime.The free energy per lattice cell of the solution becomesF (, T ) FFH + FAS ,whereFFH and
ln + (1 ) ln(1 ) + (T )(1 ),n
fw
FAS ln+ (1 ) ln+ ,n
(10.83)
(10.84)
(10.85)
357
with 1 + /n S
(10.86)
being the loss in the degree of center of mass translational motion as a result ofintermolecular association; is the volume fraction of unhydrated and unassociatedchains.We follow the general theoretical procedure described in Section 5.2 and nd thefollowing set of equations to relate z and fw to the polymer concentration:(T ) = zu(z),
(10.87a)
= u(z) f G0 (fw ),
(10.87b)
1 = fw + (fw ).
(10.87c)
() fw ()+ 2 = 0,n1
(10.88)
(10.89a)(10.89b)
in the pregel regime. Here, w is the weight-average multiplicity of the network junctions. Because the gel point in multiple tree statistics is given by the divergence condition(7.116), we nd that vanishes at the gel point.For cooperative hydration, the equilibrium constant for the hydration part is mostgenerally written asn KH (i) = (i) i ,(10.90) =1
as was shown in Section 6.5, where (i) is the number of different ways to selectthe sequence specied by i from a chain, and is given by (1.90). In the one-modeapproximation, the most probable type is found by minimizing the free energy FASby changing i.For numerical calculation of the phase diagrams, we x the necessary parametersin the following way. For the interaction between the end-chains and water, we have1 2 28.5 kcal mol1 /kB T . To have the solgel transition lines in the observed concentration range near 2%, we tried two xed values of 1 (T ) = 3.0 and 10.0. Theassociation constant of the hydrophobic aggregation of the end chains is then givenby (T ) 0 exp(| |/kB T ) = 0 exp[ (1 )] in terms of the reduced temperature,where | |/kB 8 is the association energy in a unit of thermal energy at the referencetemperature.
358
GEL2
100SOL200 500
n = 50
GEL250
n = 500 200
TEMPERATURE / C
5020
(a)Fig. 10.15
CONCENTRATION / wt%(b)
Comparison of the phase diagrams of telechelic associating polymers: (a) random hydration( = 1.0) for telechelic PEO, (b) cooperative hydration ( = 0.3) for telechelic PNIPAM.Spinodal lines (solid lines) and solgel transition lines (broken lines) are shown. The variouscurves correspond to polymers of different molecular weights. Other parameters are xed at thevalues obtained from the single-chain study. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [38].)
359
average molecular weight of the aggregates of shorter chains remains smaller than thatof longer chains. Hence, the tendency for phase separation is stronger for longer chains,as in homopolymer solutions. For a higher concentration, however, open associationdevelops to such an extent that the average molecular weight of the associated shorterchains exceeds that of the longer chains. As a result, shorter chains show a more profoundtendency for phase separation. Such an inversion in the molecular weight effect takesplace at the point where the LCST curves for different molecular weights meet eachother.For random hydration, the LCST and UCST merge at a molecular a weight betweenn = 50 and 100, and the phase separation region turns into an hourglass. For cooperativehydration, the LCST curves are very at up to high polymer concentration. Molecularweight effect is weak.Since the critical micelle concentration is reported to be extremely small (c <103 wt%), the spinodal curves for solutions of telechelic polymers with concentration lower than 1 wt% are expected to be substantially modied due to the formation ofower micelles. Within the present tree approximation, however, it is not sufcient tostudy the formation of ower micelles; the critical point is identical to the crossing pointof the spinodal curve and the solgel transition curve.
10.5
360
(a)Fig. 10.16
(a) Coilhelix transition of polymer chains followed by the aggregation of helices leading togelation. (b) Cross-linking by association of globular segments.
intramolecular
intermolecularflower
(a)Fig. 10.17
open
(a) Dissociation of intramolecular bonds, and (b) dissociation of intramolecular ower micelles,by changing the temperature, concentration, pH, etc. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [57].)
in the native state are broken during denaturation, with their functional groups beingexposed to the water in the bulk (Figure 10.17(a)), followed by intermolecular recombination of the groups (intrainter transition studied in Section 10.2) [5355]. A certaindegree of unfolding to expose functional groups is a neccessary condition for gelationin these examples.
361
10.5.1
362
AA*
Fig. 10.18
Model two-state polymer chain whose repeat units can take either an inert state (A) or an activestate (A ). Repeat units in the active state can form junctions of variable multiplicity. (Reprintedwith permission from Ref. [57].)
-molecule
f=1
f=4
f = fmax
A3
A4
Afmax
......
-molecule (active)
Fig. 10.19
/ transition followed by gelation. Inactive primary molecules called -molecules are activatedto molecules carrying variable numbers of functional groups, and then form a network withjunctions of variable multiplicity. Figures in circles show their functionalities.
10.5.2
363
wheref = nNf / R = nf
(10.92)
is the volume fraction of the f -functional molecules. The total number density of thefunctional groups is=f f .(10.93)f 1
(10.94)
(10.95)
(10.96)
These depend on the temperature and the concentration, and play a central role in thefollowing analysis of the solgel transition.The free energy change on passing from the reference states to the nal solution, atequilibrium with respect to cluster formation, consists of three parts:F = conf F + rea F + mix F ,
(10.97)
where conf F is the free energy for the change in molecular conformation, rea F thefree energy of reaction required to connect -molecules into clusters, and mix F thefree energy produced on mixing all clusters with the solvent.The rst term is introduced to study conformational change of polymer chains. It iswritten as
conf F = A N +Af lf N (j; l) +Af NfG ,(10.98)j,l
364
where N (j; l) is the number of clusters of the type (j; l), NfG is the number of primarymolecules in the gel network in the state with f active functional groups, A the conformational free energy in the reference -state, and Af the same for a -molecule withf active groups.The free energy required for activation of a molecule is therefore given byAf Af A .
(10.99)
The second term rea F in (10.97) is the free energy required to form N (j; l) clustersof the type (j; l) from the primary chains, and also to form a gel network containing NfGpolymer chains of functionality f . It is written asrea F =
f ()NfG ,
(10.100)
where (j; l), as in (7.80), is the free energy change accompanying the formation ofa (j; l) cluster in a hypothetical undiluted amorphous state from the separate primarymolecules with partially activated states.The second term on the r.h.s. of (10.100) is necessary only after the gel point is passed;it contains the number NfG of f -functional primary molecules connected to the network.The free-energy change f () is the free energy required to attach an isolated primaryf -molecule to the network.Finally, the last term mix F in (10.97) gives the free energy for mixing the aboveclusters and the networks with the solventmix F = N0 ln 0 + N ln +
N (j; l) ln (j; l) + R (T )0 ,
(10.101)
as in (7.79), where is Florys interaction parameter for the van der Waals interaction.First let us consider the activation equilibrium, i.e., the equilibrium between-molecules and f -molecules in the -state (/ equilibrium) = (j0f ; l0f ),
(10.102)
from which we nd that the volume fraction of f -molecules in the solution is uniquelyrelated to the volume fraction of -molecules by(j0f ; l0f ) = exp(Af ).
(10.103)
lf (j0f ; l0f ).
(10.104)
These conditions lead to the most probable distribution of clusters for which the volumefraction of the type (j; l) is connected to the power products of the isolated -molecules as
365
(j; l) = K(j; l)
(10.105)
(10.106)
(10.107)
(10.108)
With the help of all these relations, the volume fraction of molecules or clusters of anytype can be expressed in terms of a single unknown, for which we choose the volumefraction of the -molecules.The total number density of chains can be split into sol and gel:f = fS + fG .
(10.109)
(10.110)as in (7.98).The number density of functional groups carried by the unassociated -molecules isxf =
f(j0f , l0f ).n
(10.111)
By denition, xf is given by
xf f p1 f = f z/u(z) f,
(10.112)
(10.113)
(T ) .n
(10.114)
366
Thus, we have
u(z) ff xf x eAf =u(z) f eAf ,(10.115)f =z
for the distribution function of the functional group. By the normalization conditionf = 1, the parameter x is expressed by
(10.116)
as a function of z, where the new functions Fm (z)(m = 0, 1, 2, ...) are introduced by thedenitionFm (z) f m u(z) f eAf .(10.117)f 1
(10.118)
Thus the weight distribution f of associative groups is expressed in terms of the conformational excitation free energy Af and the number density z of associative groupsthat remain unreacted in the solution.On substitution into (10.95), we ndfn = F1 (z)/F0 (z).
(10.119)
(10.120)
f = n/fn .
(10.121)
or equivalently,
1 + F0 (z)
= [1 + F0 (z)] x = = x +zu(z),
nfnF1 (z)
(10.122)
fav (z) = zu(z),
(10.123)
(10.124)
whereThis is a relation that enables us to nd the number density z of unassociated functionalgroups as functions of the total polymer concentration. By solving this relation, we ndz, and hence x , as a function of .
367
(fw 1)(w 1) = 1,
(10.125)
(10.126)
10.5.3
fg=0
g m u(z)g
g d mf!(1 + x)f ,eA1 = xg!(f g)!dx
(10.127)
where x u(z)
f1 = zu(z)
1+,(10.128)nu(z)
(10.129)
fx = z/f [1 + u(z)]
(10.130)
In the postgel regime, the variable z in these equations must be replaced by the smallerroot z of Florys condition x (z) = x (z ). The parameter z refers to the conversion ofthe entire system, while z refers to that of the sol part only.The weight fraction of the sol is obtained by the ratiowS = z 1 + u(z ) / {z [1 + u(z)]}
,(10.131)and that of the gel is given by wG = 1 wS .The association and excitation constants are assumed to take the following form:(T ) = 0 exp[1 (1 )],
(T ) = 0 exp[1 ( 1)].
(10.132)
368
k0 = 2
Temperature
Temperature
0.00.5
2.02.53.0
f =10km = 820
k0 = 8 GEL1
SOL40
f=3km = 8
k0 = 8
100x103
30.00
Figure 10.20(a) shows the effect of junction multiplicity on the solgel transition. Thefunctionality is xed at f = 10. The association constants are xed at 0 = 2.0, 1 =1.2. The excitation constants are xed at 0 = 1.0, 1 = 1.3. The junction multiplicitybetween k0 and km = 8 is allowed. The minimum multiplicity k0 is varied from curveto curve. The gel region shrinks as k0 approaches km because the allowed multiplicity at which the gelationrange becomes smaller. Most of the curves have temperature Tminconcentration becomes minimum. This is the optimal temperature of gelation. Under axed concentration, the solution gels on heating, but goes back to sol on further heating(reentrant sol). Such nonmonotonic behavior was theoretically pointed out by Higgsand Ball [47], and experimentally reported in [46].
All-or-none modelThis model assumes that all associative groups are either active or inactive simultaneously. We have functionality f for the excited state and 0 for the ground state, so thatfav = f u f /(1+uf ), fn = fw = f , where exp(Af ). When f = 2 and association is restricted to pairwise connection, this model reduces to Scotts theory of sulfurpolymerization [60]. The fundamental relation in this model takes the form"#f = zu(z)
1 + 1/u(z) f ,n
(10.133)
(10.134)
1/T
0.0SOL
369
Volume Fraction
Fig. 10.21
z/u(z) f = z /u(z )f .The sol fraction is then given by# "#"wS = 1 + u(z f . )f / 1 + u(z)
(10.135)
(10.136)
Figure 10.20(b) shows the transition lines for the all-or-none excitation model withvaried multiplicity for a functionality of f = 3. Though the detailed shape of the curvesis different, the overall behavior is the same as that of the independent excitation model.Figures 10.21(a)(c) shows how the phase behavior changes depending upon therelative strength of the association constant and the excitation constant . All phasediagrams are calculated for trifunctional (f = 3) low-molecular weight molecules (n = 1)with triple junctions (k = 3). All-or-none excitation of the functional groups is assumed.In all three diagrams, solid lines show the binodal, broken lines the solgel transition,and the shaded areas are unstable regions.When the association constant is large as in Figure 10.21(a), the solution exhibitsUCST-type phase separation intersecting with the low-temperature solgel transition lineat the top of the phase separation region. With a decrease in the strength of the associationconstant (Figure 10.21(b)), or an increase in the excitation constant (Figure 10.21(c)),association in the low-temperature region becomes less favorable, and the lower part ofthe solgel line tends to shift to a higher-concentration region. The unstable region aroundthe solgel transition line moves upwards following the shift of the solgel transition line.In Figure 10.21(c), the two-phase region splits into two parts. This diagram resemblesthat of the equilibrium polymerization of sulfur in a solution [60], but the polymerizationline is replaced by the gelation line.
370
Tobitani and Ross-Murphy [55] conrmed the existence of a similar gelation line intheir study of heat-induced gelation in an aqueous solution of a globular protein (bovineserum albumin).
10.6
(10.137)
where A is the free energy of a helix measured relative to the random coil, and theassociation constant(10.138) (T ) exp(f /kB T )where f is the free energy change for binding a helix of length into a junction. Inthe following study, we assume that the time scale of helix growth is sufciently fastcompared to that of helix association, so that the helix distribution on a chain reaches an
unassociated helix
Fig. 10.22
Two fundamentally different types of networks cross-linked by helices: (a) multiple associationof single helices, (b) association by multiple helices. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [67].)
371
equilibrium before association. Both strong association ( > ) and weak association( < ) are possible.Let us distinguish between two fundamentally different cases: the multiple association of single helices and association by multiple helices (Figure 10.22). These arefundamentally different in the following ways:(1) Unassociated helices remain in the networks in the single-helix case; while there areno isolated helices in the multiple-helix case. In the former the helix content is notnecessarily proportional to the elastic modulus of the network.(2) In the multiple-helix case, there is by denition perfect size matching among thesequence lengths joining in a junction; while in the single-helix case, small helicesmay associate with longer ones, so that the helix length in a junction is not necessarilyuniform.(3) In the single-helix case, two neighboring helices on the same chain may merge intoone when they grow; while in the multiple-helix case they collide and never merge.In most biopolymer gels, experimental distinction between pairwise association ofsingle helices and interwined double helices is very difcult, so that the more generalterm helical dimer is used in the literature [61, 62]. We treat them in a different way,but, for simplicity, assume perfect size matching when single helices associate. Helicesof different length are regarded as different functional groups.In addition to the double helices formed in biopolymers such as -carrageenen, gellan,etc., we can treat other types of junction zones, such as hydrogen-bonded ladder typejunctions as seen in polyacidpolybase complexes [63, 64], or association by formingstereocomplex eggbox junction zones [65,66] in which metalic ions are captured (Figure10.23). For such pairwise association of polymer chains, Higgs and Ball [47] suggested
Double HelixLoops
Hydrogen-Bonded LadderCa2+
Eggbox JunctionFig. 10.23
Three examples of zipper type junction zones: double helix, hydrogen-bonded ladder (with smallloops), and eggbox junction. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [67].)
372
the occurrence of pairing transition, where the mean length of bound sequences reachesthe total polymer chain length. We will study this transition in detail using the theory ofassociating polymer solutions.
10.6.1
z1
zu (z)dzln+n
(10.140)
is the free energy due to the conformational change and association [57]. Here, is thevolume fraction of -molecules (polymers that remain in the random coil with no helix).We need the parameters z and for each , so we have introduced the sufx. Thetemperature-dependent parameter (T ) is the association constant (10.138) for helicesof length . The parameter z is related to the polymer volume fraction through (10.123),which takes the form ),(10.141) j /n = z u(zfor each .
A1A2
R{A}A3AFig. 10.24
373
(10.142)
(10.143)
The rst term for k = 1 doesnt exist in the latter because there is no isolated helix.Minimizing the free energy(10.140) by changing the helix distribution function {j }leads to the most probable distribution functionj /n = (1 ) u(z )t ,
(10.144)
where the parameter t is dened by the relation t = 1 /(1 ) (1.98) as before,1 butnow depends upon the polymer concentration. The distribution function {j } can also bewritten asj /n = (1 ) u(z )t +1 .(10.145)Comparing this result with the single-chain helix distribution (1.95), we nd thatinterchain association is included in the front factor junction function u(z).
(10.146)
Therefore, it gives the probability for a randomly chosen monomer on a chain to belongto a random-coil sequence.The parameter z is related to the polymer concentration by (10.122), which nowproduces the relationz = (1 ) t +1 ,(10.147)for the most probable distribution found above.Upon substitution of the junction function (10.142) for u(z) into the distribution function, we nd that the helix content per chain is given by = k1 k , and the numberof helices per chain by = k1 k , wherek k (1 )t
z k1 t
(10.148)
z k1 t
=11 The solution z of the ZB equation (1.146) is denoted as t to avoid confusion with z .
(10.149)
374
is their number.Since the average multiplicity for the helices of length is given by (see Section 7.4) ), = 1 + z u (z )/u(z
(10.150)
10.6.2
u(z )j = n 1.u(z ) + z u (z )
(10.151)
Multiple helicesWe rst study the formation of multiple helices with a xed multiplicity k. For suchk-ple helices, the junction function takes the formu(z) = zk1 .
(10.152)
Let us focus on the double helices k = 2, for which and turn out to be [67](2)
= (1 )2 t 2 W1 (t 2 ),and
(10.153)
= (1 )2 t 2 W0 (t 2 ),
(10.154)
where(k)
W0 (x)
k1 k x ,
(k)
W1 (x)
k1 k x
(10.155)
(10.157)
375
We then have(2)
W0 (t 2 ) = 2 t 2 w0 (t 2 ),
(10.158a)
(2)W1 (t 2 ) = 2 t 2 w1 (t 2 ),
(10.158b)
(10.159)
= 0.2
, ,
0.20.0
10TEMPERATURE ln
(a)Fig. 10.25
/n
5.66 %carrageenan<n> = 502 = 0.001A/kBT0= 3.0
0.50.4 4.04 %3.00 %
T0 = 65 C
0.21.04 %0.10.0
TEMPERATURE [C]
(a) Theoretical helix content (solid lines), number of helices (dotted lines), mean helix length per chain (broken lines) plotted against the temperature. Temperature is measured in terms ofln = const + | A |/kB T . Polymer volume fraction is changed from curve to curve. The total DPof a polymer is xed at n = 100. The helix initiation factor is xed at 2 = 1.0. (b) Comparison ofthe experimentally measured optical rotation angles (circles) and theoretically calculated totalcontent of helices in a solution (solid lines). Experimental data were obtained from degraded-carrageenan solution with 0.1 mol salt. Polymer concentration is varied from curve to curve.(Reprinted with permission from Ref. [67].)
376
instance, their length reaches about 80% at ln = 2. The double helices with 80% longare practically rod-like rigid pairs of polymers. Hence they form various anisotropicliquid-crystalline mesophases [6870].Figure 10.25(b) compares the experimentally measured optical rotation angle for thedegraded -carrageenan aqueous solution with 0.1 mol of added salt [71] with theoretically calculated total helix content in the solution. The molecular distribution of degradedcarrageenan was measured in the experiment and the average chain length was estimatedto be 47 residues. The optical rotation was measured at four concentrations by changing the temperature. The -carrageenan with such a small molecular weight (47 residues)does not form gels in this temperatureconcentration region. DSC measurement on cooling and heating process in the same temperature range was also carried out together withoptical measurement. The result on cooling and on heating did not show any signicantdifference, and gave a unique value for the enthalpy of coilhelix transition. Therefore,the solution was treated as in thermal equilibrium.The proportionality constant between theoretical helix content and optical rotation isfound by tting the data at the highest concentration of 5.66% measured. Then, theoreticalresults at other concentrations automatically t the experimental data with high accuracy.It turned out that, for n = 50, the helix initiation parameter 2 should be as small as0.001 to obtain good t. One of the main reasons why -carrageenan does not form gelsis the smallness of this helix initiation probability. The coilhelix transition temperatureat dilute limit is xed at T0 = 65 C.Figure 10.26(a) summarizes the theoretical results in the form of a phase diagram.The solid line shows the solgel transition line as decided by the condition (10.151)for k = 2. Broken lines show the contours with a constant helix length. Along the rightmost line with /n = 0.8, for example, double helices have average length of 80 % ofthe total length. The solgel transition concentration is not a monotonic function of thetemperature.
80x103n = 1002 = 1.0
0.50.6
/n = 0.8
40SOL
20PAIRED
TEMPERATURE ln (a)Fig. 10.26
n = 5060
n = 100GEL
4020
n = 1000PAIRED
SOL03
TEMPERATURE ln (b)
377
Helices grow so long at low concentrations that the number of network junctionsbecomes insufcient for gelation. The phase plane is roughly divided into four regions:a sol region with separate chains in the high-temperature dilute regime; a gel regionwith type I networks (long random coils cross-linked by short helices) in the hightemperature side of the postgel regime; a gel region with type II networks (long doublehelices cross-linked by short free joints of random coils) in the low-temperature side ofthe postgel regime; and a pairing region in the low-temperature dilute regime (pairingtransition) [47].Figure 10.26(b) shows the molecular weight dependence of the solgel transition line.The upper branch of the transition line signicantly shifts to the high-temperature andlow-concentration region with the molecular weight, while the lower branch remains atalmost the same position. Such a general tendency was predicted by Higgs and Ball [47]by a simple kinetic analysis in which the helix initiation parameter (2 in the presentnotation) was assumed to be proportional to the polymer concentration. Their result isjustied by the present more precise calculation on the basis of equilibrium statisticalmechanics.Figure 10.27 shows the structure of a type II network (the almost pairing phase)found in the Monte Carlo simulation using beadspring model chains [72]. In additionto the H-bonding energy , the simulation incorporates the interaction = 0.3 betweenneighboring H-bonds.Figure 10.28 shows more snapshots of the Monte Carlo simulation at three differenttemperatures along the xed polymer volume fraction = 0.05 [72]. At the highest temperature /kB T = 0.2 ( is the H-bonding energy), it is a uniform molecularly dispersed
Fig. 10.27
Snapshot of the Monte Carlo simulation on H-bonding polymers using beadspring modelchains. The interaction between neighboring H-bonds is incorporated for the cooperativity in thebond formation.
378
(a)Fig. 10.28
Typical snapshots of MC simulation at temperature /kB T = 0.2 (a), 2.2 (b), 4.0 (c). (a)High-temperature solution with separated exible chains. (b) Type I network where random coilsare cross-linked by short zippers. (c) Pairing state where most of chains are paired by zippers.(Reprinted with permission from Ref. [72].)
solution (Figure 10.28(a)). The chains are separated from each other. As the temperaturegoes down, short zippers start to form. A type I network is formed at this temperature /kB T = 2.2 (Figure 10.28(b)). As the solution is cooled further, zippers grow, and thenetwork turns into a type II where long zippers are cross-linked by short random coils.At the lowest temperature /kB T = 4.0 outside the gel region, most chains are paired.Long ladders are formed, most of which are separated from each other (pairing phase)(Figure 10.28(c)).
10.6.3
(10.160)
By the assumption of the perfect size matching, the helix content and number of helicesare then decomposed into two terms(k)
= (1 )tV0 (t) + (1 )k k1 t k W0 (t k ),(k)
= (1 )tV1 (t) + (1 )k k1 t k W1 (t k ).
(10.161)
(10.162)
The existence of the rst terms in and discriminates single helices from multiplehelices. The equation for t takes the form89k1(k)[1 t tV0 (t)] 1 + tV1 (t) + k (t)[1 t tV0 (t)]= k1 t k W0 (t k ).
(10.163)
Two cooperativity parameters are necessary: 1 for helix formation, and 2 for helixassociation. We can study the weak association case ( A / H << 1), and the strongassociation case ( A / H >> 1).
379
In weak association for pairwise association (k = 2), most helices are short and unassociated at high temperatures. Helices grow and association starts to take place nearthe coilhelix transition temperature. The elastic modulus of the network in this regionis not related to the total helix content. Pair formation is sharply enhanced around thetransition temperature, and paired helices dominate below this temperature. Networksformed around this temperature are basically type II in which short unassociated helices(20% of the total length) are connected by long paired helices (70% of the total length) atjunctions via short random coils. At lower temperatures, the helices condense into longpaired ones; the system becomes a concentrated solution of rod-like molecules of helixpairs.In strong association, there is a sharp rise in 2 , where the total helix content = 1 +2shows a sudden increase (except for innite dilution, where 0). Type I networksexist just above this temperature, but they disappear at a certain temperature. In thespecial case of innite dilution, where 0, all curves reduce to those predicted by ZBtheory for a single chain.
References[1] Tanaka, F., Macromolecules 31, 384 (1998).[2] Goddard, E. D.; Ananthapadmanabhan, K. P., Interactions of Surfactants with Polymers andProteins. CRC Press: Boca Raton, CA, 1993.[3] Cabane, B., J. Phys. Chem. 81, 1639 (1977).[4] Brown, G.; Chakrabarti, A., J. Chem. Phys. 96, 3251 (1992).[5] Feitosa, E.; Brown, W.; Hansson, P., Macromolecules 29, 2169 (1996).[6] Feitosa, E.; Brown, W.; Vasilescu, M.; Swason-Vethamuthu, M., Macromolecules 29, 6837(1996).[7] Feitosa, E.; Brown, W.; Wang, K.; Barreleiro, P. C.A., Macromolecules 35, 201 (2002).[8] Ricka, J.; Meewes, M.; Nyffenegger, R.; Binkert, T., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 657 (1990).[9] Meewes, M.; Ricka, J.; de Silva, M.; Nyffenegger, R.; Binkert, T., Macromolecules 24, 5811(1991).[10] Fredrickson, G. H., Macromolecules 26, 2825 (1993).[11] Seki, T.; Tohnai, A.; Tamaki, T.; Kaito, A., Macromolecules 29, 4813 (1996).[12] Alami, E.; Almgren, M.; Brown, W., Macromolecules 29, 5026 (1996).[13] Cabane, B.; Lindell, K.; Engstrm, S.; Lindman, B., Macromolecules 29, 3188 (1996).[14] Nystrm, B.; Lindman, B., Macromolecules 28, 967 (1995).[15] Nystrm, B.; Walderhaug, H.; Hansen, F. K.; Lindman, B., Langmuir 11, 750 (1995).[16] Nystrm, B.; Kjonisken, A. L.; Lindman, B., Langmuir 12, 3233 (1996).[17] Wang, G.; Lindell, K.; Olofsson, G., Macromolecules 30, 105 (1997).[18] Annable, T.; Buscall, R.; Ettelaie, R.; Shepherd, P.; Whittlestone, D., Langmuir 10, 1060(1994).[19] Nilsson, S., Macromolecules 28, 7837 (1995).[20] Xie, X.; Hogen-Esch, T. E., Macromolecules 29, 1734 (1996).[21] Sgashkina, J.A.; Philippova, O. E.; Zaroslov, Y. D.; Khokhlov, A. R.; Pryakhina, T.A.,Langmuir 21, 1524 (2005).[22] Couillet, I.; Hughes, T.; Maitland, G.; Candau, F., Macromolecules 38, 5271 (2005).
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Yoshida, T.; Taribagil, R.; Hillmyer, M.A.; Lodge, T. P., Macromolecules 40, 1615 (2007).Lodge, T. P.; Taribagil, R.; Yoshida, T.; Hillmyer, M. C., Macromolecules 40, 4728 (2007).Nakaya, K.; Ramos, L.; Tabuteau, H.; Ligoure, C., J. Rheology 52, 359 (2008).Tabuteau, H.; Ramos, L.; Nakaya-Yaegashi, K.; Imai, M.; Ligoure, C., Langmuir 25, 2467(2009).DErrico, G.; Ciccarelli, D.; Ortona, O.; Vitagliano, V., J. Mol. Liquids 100, 241 (2002).Stillinger, F. H.; Ben-Naim, A., J. Chem. Phys. 74, 2510 (1981).Tanaka, F.; Koga, T., Comp. Theor. Polym. Sci. 10, 259 (2000).Jacobson, H.; Stochmayer, W. H., J. Chem. Phys. 18, 1600 (1950).de Gennes, P. G., Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY,1979.Preuschen, J.; Menchen, S.; Winnik, M.A.; Heuer, A.; Spiess, H.W., Macromolecules 32,2690 (1999).Sarkar, N., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 24, 1073 (1979).Guenet, J. M., Thermoreversible Gelation of Polymers and Biopolymers. Academic Press:London, 1992.Matsuyama, A.; Tanaka, F., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 341 (1990).Takahashi, M.; Shimazaki, M.; Yamamoto, J., J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 39, 91(2001).Kujawa, P.; Segui, F.; Shaban, S. et al., Macromolecules 39, 341 (2006).Okada, Y.; Tanaka, F.; Kujawa, P.; Winnik, F. M., J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 125, 244902[1].Tanford, C., The Hydrophobic Effect, 2nd edn. Wiley: New York, 1980.Motokawa, R.; Morishita, K.; Koizumi, S.; Nakahira, T.; Annaka, M., Macromolecules 38,5748 (2005).Degiorgio, V.; Corti, M., Physics of Amphiphiles: Micelles, Vesicles and Microemulsions,Chap. V. North-Holland: Amsterdam, 1985.Laeche, F.; Durand, D.; Nicolai, T., Macromolecules 2003, 36, 1331; 1341.Flory, P. J., Principles of Polymer Chemistry. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY, 1953.Burchard, W., British Polym. J. 17, 154 (1985).Clark, A. H.; Ross-Murphy, S. B., British Polym. J. 17, 164 (1985).te Nijenhuis, K., Adv. Polym. Sci. 130, 1 (1997).Higgs, P. G.; Ball, R. C., J. Phys. Paris 50, 3285 (1989).Viebke, C.; Piculell, L.; Nilsson, S., Macromolecules 27, 4160 (1994).Berghmans, M.; Thijs, S.; Cornette, M. et al., Macromolecules 27, 7669 (1994).Buyse, K.; Berghmans, H.; Bosco, M.; Paoletti, S., Macromolecules 31, 9224 (1998).Hikmet, R. M.; Callister, S.; Keller, A., Polymer 29, 1378 (1988).Callister, S.; Keller, A.; Hikmet, R. M., Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp. 39, 19 (1990).Clark, A. H.; Ross-Murphy, S. B., Adv. Polym. Sci. 83, 57 (1987).Biagio, P. L.; Palma, M. U., Biophys. J. 60, 508 (1991).Tobitani, A.; Ross-Murphy, S. B., Macromolecules 1997, 30, 4845; 4855.Xu, B.; Yekta, A.; Winnik, M.A., Langmuir 13, 6903 (1997).Tanaka, F., Macromolecules 33, 4249 (2000).Baulin, V.A.; Halperin, A., Macromolecules 35, 6432 (2002).Tobolsky, A.V.; Eisenberg, A., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81, 780 (1959).Scott, R. L., J. Phys. Chem. 1965, 69, 261; 71, 352 (1967).Rochas, C.; Rinaudo, M., Biopolymers 19, 1675 (1980).Rochas, C.; Rinaudo, M., Biopolymers 23, 735 (1984).
[63][64][65][66][67][68][69]
381
/ equilibrium, 364/ transition, 361active chain, 139additionsubtraction network, 282adhesive hard sphere, 277afne deformation, 134afne network theory, 136alpha helix, 24associating polymers, 102associative group, 97athermal associated solutions, 160athermal solution, 73athermal solvent, 210beadspring model, 3Bethe approximation, 82Bethe lattice, 268binary blend, 183binding free energy, 213binding isotherm, 336binding polynomial, 26binodal, 170binodal curve, 77biopolymer gel, 97biphasic region, 185bivariant, 47block copolymer, 183bond percolation, 262bond vector, 3branch point, 252branching coefcient, 114branching number, 98branching process, 122bridge chain, 282, 339canonical distribution function, 10cascade theory, 122Catalans constant, 86Cayley tree, 104, 224, 268central limit theorem, 11chain dissociation rate, 285chain recombination rate, 285
384
critical line, 93critical micelle concentration, 214, 336critical phase, 51critical point, 51critical pure micelle concentration, 337critical volume fraction, 276cross-link, 97cross-link index, 113cross-link length, 99crossover, 21crossover index, 93crossover temperature, 20crystallization, 85cycle, 98cycle rank, 98cyclization parameter, 340dangling chain, 98, 282Daoud radius of gyration, 91Debye function, 13degree of swelling, 151des Cloizeauxs scaling law, 92diffusion constant, 66diffusion equation, 67dilute solution, 57directed lattice, 86double critical point, 199dual lattice, 264duality, 264dynamic mechanical modulus, 274Ehrenfests denition of the order of the phasetransition, 85Einstein relation, 67elastically effective chain, 139elastically effective junction, 251elastically effective junctions, 140EldridgeFerry method, 247elongational ow, 305elongational thickening, 308end branch, 252end group, 252end-to-end vector, 3energetic elasticity, 129entangled networks, 281entropic elasticity, 129entropy catastrophe, 85entropy of disorientation, 72equilibrium constant, 166eutectic point, 48, 185excluded volume, 17excluded-volume parameter, 18expansion factor, 18extensitivity, 10Eyring formula, 14
Ficks law, 66lling factor, 276nitely extensible nonlinear elastic potential, 4rst Mooney constant, 148Fisher index, 267, 270xed multiplicity model, 244Flory exponent, 19Flory theorem, 91Florys -parameter, 73Florys 3/5 law, 19Florys treatment, 109FloryHuggins theory, 74ower, 339ower micelle, 343owerbridge transition, 361uctuation theory, 142fractal dimension, 270free chain end, 98free energy of reaction, 164free rotation, 6free swelling, 152free volume, 81, 84frequencytemperature superposition principle, 295fringed-micellar crystallite, 247frozen variable, 98functional group, 97functionality, 100gauche position, 1Gaussian assumption, 134Gaussian chain, 9, 10gel, 97gel fraction, 108gel mode, 94gel point, 100gelation, 103, 214Gibbs matrix, 50Gibbs phase rule, 47glass transition, 2glass transition temperature, 85good solvent, 18GoughJoule effect, 132GreenTobolsky limit, 295group contribution method, 75Hamiltonian path, 85hardening effect, 8helical dimer, 371helical order, 192helical structure, 23helix, 23helix initiation parameter, 26hetero-dimerization, 180heteromolecular association, 161heteromolecular condensation reaction, 114high-frequency plateau modulus, 294, 338Hookes law, 9
Huggins coefcient, 63hydration, 33hydrodynamic interaction, 63hydrodynamically equivalent sphere, 64hydrogen-bonded liquid crystal, 208hydrophobic interaction, 355hypercritical point, 199ice model, 86ideal chain, 6incomplete relaxation, 286incompressibility condition, 171independent internal rotation, 6internal coordinates, 1internal rotation, 1intermolecular association, 340intrainter transition, 360intramicellar phase separation, 332intramolecular reaction, 186intracluster scattering function, 172intramolecular association, 340intrinsic viscosity, 62invariant, 47, 276inverted theta temperature, 199inversion in the molecular weight effect, 359jamming gel, 98Kelvins relation, 129KM series, 160KratkyPorod chain, 15Kuhn step number, 15Lagrange theorem, 125Langevin chain, 158Langevin function, 8Langmuir adsorption, 193lattice model, 5Lifshitz point, 184, 195limiting viscosity number, 62local interaction, 6LodgeMeissner relation, 318, 319long-range interaction, 6loop, 282loopbridge transition, 361low-mass gel, 97low-temperature gelation, 352lower critical solution temperature, 80, 198Manhattan walk, 86MarkHouwinkSakurada relation, 63marker diffusion constant, 67, 68master curve, 295matching relation, 264maximum exibility, 71maximum multiplicity, 333, 335
385
386
temperature quenching, 57temperature shift factor, 193thermal expansion, 10thermal expansion coefcient at a constant pressure,141thermal polymerization, 186, 189thermodynamic degree of freedom, 47thermodynamic equivalent sphere, 60thermodynamic factor, 69thermoelastic inversion, 131thermoreversible gel, 98theta temperature, 17, 60thickening diagram, 304thickening solution, 62timestrain separability, 318topological constraint, 94topological neighbor, 133trance position, 1transient gel, 98transient network theory, 282trapped entanglement, 98tree approximation, 104tricritical point, 232trivariant, 47Troutons rule, 308Truesdell functions, 188
387. | https://de.scribd.com/document/264320342/Polymer-physics | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | refinedweb | 82,418 | 58.18 |
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1 Hi--just wanted to call everyone's attention to this link if you're using Tkinter: This describes how to call the Tk Tile extension from Python. The relevance of Tile is that it offers improved theming support for Tk widgets, and it makes a dramatic difference with Aqua. With Tile, Tk picks up the Aqua "pinstripe" background, adds a native progressbar and notebook widget, and a few other things. I use Tile in a Tcl application I'm developing, and it's a godsend. (See,, and for more information and screenshots on how Tile Aqua looks.) If you have the latest TkAqua Batteries Included distribution, v. 8.4.7(see), then you have Tile on your machine. Briefly speaking, here's the code to use with Tkinter (adapted from the Tkinter wiki site): root = Tk() root.tk.call('package', 'require', 'tile') root.tk.call('namespace', 'import', '-force', 'ttk::*') root.tk.call('tile::setTheme', 'aqua') v = IntVar() Radiobutton(root, text="Hello", variable=v, value=1).pack() Radiobutton(root, text="There", variable=v, value=2).pack() root.mainloop() This does indeed work: it creates a little Aqua window with the "pinstripe" background that is lacking in standard TkAqua windows. I don't want to overstate the value of Tile. It simply brings TkAqua to where it should be in terms of native look and feel, so that it's no longer lagging behind. (Tile will be included in the core Tk distribution coming next year.) And it's not complete, at least for Aqua: it doesn't get scrollbars right, so when I'm working in Tcl/Tk, I use a mix of Tile and standard Tk widgets (esp. scrollbars) to get the best combination. If you're using PyObjC, wxPython, or even PyQt, you get better, more sophisticated Aqua support out of the box. But if you're working with Tkinter, then take a closer look at Tile. You'll see a pretty big difference in how your applications look. Kevin - -- Kevin Walzer, PhD WordTech Software--Open Source Applications and Packages for OS X mailto:sw at wordtech-software.com - --FBpUIkJmdQs+6YVcoRAu4+AJ96xYE3uVzzfcS4+XgBahzJUK2rmwCggr3b SfYXOZsJ1Y7O28Mve/hgX84= =tI3V -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/pythonmac-sig/2004-November/012173.html | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | refinedweb | 366 | 65.83 |
Created on 2008-03-18 07:28 by ocean-city, last changed 2008-10-09 23:52 by amaury.forgeotdarc. This issue is now closed.
# This issue inherits from issue2301.
If there is "# coding: ????" is in source code and
coding is neigher utf-8 nor iso-8859-1, line number (tok->lineno)
becomes wrong.
Please look into Parser/tokenizer.c. In this case,
tok->decoding_state becomes STATE_NORMAL, so fp_setreadl
newly opens file but *doesn't* seek to current position.
(Or maybe can we reuse already opened file?) because line number wrongly +1 because line number wrongly +2
Following dirty hack workarounds this bug. Comment of this function
says not ascii compatible encoding is not supported yet, (ie: UTF-16)
so probably this works.
Index: Parser/tokenizer.c
===================================================================
--- Parser/tokenizer.c (revision 61632)
+++ Parser/tokenizer.c (working copy)
@@ -464,6 +464,7 @@
Py_XDECREF(tok->decoding_readline);
readline = PyObject_GetAttrString(stream, "readline");
tok->decoding_readline = readline;
+ tok->lineno = -1; /* dirty hack */
cleanup:
Py_XDECREF(stream);
But if multibyte character is in line like this, its line will not be
printed.
# coding: cp932
# 1
raise RuntimeError("あいうえお")
# 2
C:\Documents and Settings\WhiteRabbit>py3k cp932.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "cp932.py", line 3, in <module>
[22819 refs]
This is because Python/trackeback.c 's tb_displayline() assumes
input line is encoded with UTF-8. (simply using FILE structure +
Py_UniversalNewlineFgets)
#
# sounds nice, if we can replace all FILE structure to Python's own
# fast enough codeced Reader or something.
I've written testcase for lineno problem.
This is a bug and not a new feature, so it could go in after beta. I'm
knocking it down to a critical.
While this is a bug, it's not serious enough to hold up the release.
Py3.0b2. This bug seems to be quite annoying. Especially when one works
with a main module importing modules which are importing modules and so
on, all modules having an encoding declaration. The Traceback (and the
user) is (are) a little bit lost.
---------
# -*- coding: cp1252 -*-
# modb.py
def fb():
i = 1
j = 0
r = i / j
-----------
# -*- coding: cp1252 -*-
# moda.py
import modb
def fa():
modb.fb()
-----------
# -*- coding: cp1252 -*-
# main.py
import moda
def main():
moda.fa()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
-----------
Running main.py leads to an
>c:\python30\pythonw -u "main.py"
(Traceback (most recent call last):
File "main.py", line 11, in <module>
File "main.py", line 8, in main
File "C:\jm\jmpy3\moda.py", line 8, in fa
File "C:\jm\jmpy3\modb.py", line 8, in fb
ZeroDivisionError: int division or modulo by zero
>Exit code: 1
Could "-*- coding: ascii -*-" and other equivalent encodings be fixed,
at least, before the release?
Python 3.0rc1
If the lines are now displayed correctly, I think there is still a
numbering issue, a +1 offset.
Python 2.5.2
# -*- coding: cp1252 -*- <<<< line 1, first line
s = 'abc'
import dummy
s = 'def'
---
>pythonw -u "testpy2.py"
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "testpy2.py", line 4, in <module>
import dummy
ImportError: No module named dummy
>Exit code: 1
Python 3.0rc1
# -*- coding: cp1252 -*-
s = 'abc'
import dummy
s = 'def'
---
>c:\python30\pythonw -u "testpy3.py"
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "testpy3.py", line 5, in <module>
s = 'def'
ImportError: No module named dummy
>Exit code: 1
#3973 is a duplicate.
By setting lineto to 1 (as proposed ocean-city), ASCII tests (test1
and test2, see below) works correctly. This change doesn't impact
utf-8/iso-8859-1 charset (it's special case).
--- test1 ---
# coding: ASCII
raise Exception("here")
-------------
--- test2 ---
# useless at line 1
# coding: ASCII
raise Exception("here")
-------------
I don't know how to test a UTF-16 file. Can someone write a testcase?
ocean-city testcase is invalid: it uses subprocess.call() which
returns the exit code, not the Python error line number! Here is a
better testcase using subprocess.Popen() checking the line number but
also the display line. It tests ASCII, UTF-8 and GBK charsets. Using
GBK charset, you get the bug described by ocean-city (problem with
multibyte charset). My testcase takes also care of script with #
coding at the second line.
Hum, about the empty line error using a multibyte charset, the issue
is different. PyTraceBack_Print() calls _Py_DisplaySourceLine() which
doesn't take care of the charset.
Here is a patch fixing this issue: it's quite the same that ocean-city
patch, but I prefer to patch lineno only if set_readline() succeed.
About the truncated traceback for multibyte charset: see the new
issue3975.
Oh! My patch breaks "python -m". The problem is maybe no in the token
parser but... somewhere else?
--- test.py ---
# coding: ASCII
raise Exception("line 2")
# try again!
---------------
Python 3.0 trunk unpatched:
---
$ ./python test.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 3, in <module>
$ ./python -m test 2, in <module>
raise Exception("line 2")
Exception: line 2
---
Python 3.0 trunk + tokenizer-coding.patch:
---
marge$ ./python test.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 2, in <module>
raise Exception("line 2")
Exception: line 2 1, in <module>
# coding: ASCII
Exception: line 2
---
Victor, this is fp_setreadl's problem, so if put "tok->lineno = -1"
anywhere, it should be in fp_setreadl(), I think.
r = set_readline(tok, cs);
if (r) {
/* 1 */
tok->encoding = cs;
tok->decoding_state = STATE_NORMAL;
At /* 1 */, set_readline could be buf_setreadl(), and fp_setreadl is
called elsewhere.
@ocean-city: Oops, sorry. Using your patch (set lineno in
fp_setreadl()), it works on both cases ("python test.py" or "python -m
test").
The new patch includes your fix for tokenizer.c and a new version of the
testcase.
Issue 2832 is a duplicate.
benjamin was afraid by the comment /* dirty hack */ in my previous
comment. After reading tokenizer.c again and again, I can say that the
fix is correct: the file is closed and then re-opened by fp_setreadl()
(using io.open()), and so the file cursor goes back to the file start.
Your patch does the correct thing, however an explanation of the -1
value would be welcome. Something like:
/* The file has been reopened; parsing will restart from
* the beginning of the file, we have to reset the line number.
* But this function has been called from inside tok_nextc() which
* will increment lineno before it returns. So we set it -1 so that
* the next call to tok_nextc() will start with tok->lineno == 0.
*/
Or we could change the place of the tok->lineno++ in tok_nextc() so that
it is called before the call to decoding_fgets(); other changes will be
needed.
Then, I think that your test is not correct: What is the meaning of the
following line?
sys.exit(traceback.tb_lineno(sys.exc_info()[2]))
(the module "traceback" has no attribute "tp_lineno")
I presume that you intended something like:
traceback.print_exc()
sys.exit(sys.exc_info()[2].tb_lineno)
and test at some point that "process.returncode == lineno"
@amaury: Ok, I added your long comment in tokenizer.c. You're also
right about the strange code in the test. I reused ocean-city's
test. "sys.exc_info()[2].tb_lineno" raises an additional (useless)
error. So I simplified the code to use only "raise RuntimeError(...)"
with the try/except/else.
Since tokenizer.c is hard to understand, I don't wnat to change the
code of tok_nextc().
This issue depends on #3975 to properly display tracebacks from python
files with encoding.
Committed r66867.
I had to considerably change the unit tests, because the subprocess
output is not utf-8 encoded; it's not even the same as sys.stdout,
because the spawned process uses a PIPE, not a terminal: on my winXP,
the main interpreter uses cp437, but the subprocess says cp1252. So I
first run a 'python -c "print(sys.stdout.encoding)"' in the same
conditions just to retrieve the encoding. fun fun.
I hope this still works on Unixes, will watch the buildbots. | http://bugs.python.org/issue2384 | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | refinedweb | 1,309 | 68.16 |
Using Inner Classes
Problem
You need to write a private class, or a class to be used in one other class at the most.
Solution
Use a non-public class or an inner class.
Discussion
A non-public class can be written as part of another class’s source file, but is not included inside that class. An inner class is Java terminology for a class defined inside another class. Inner classes were first popularized with the advent of JDK 1.1 for use as event handlers for GUI applications (see Section 13.5), but they have a much wider application.. A
named inner class has a full name that
is compiler-dependent; the standard JVM uses a name like
MainClass$InnerClass.class for the resulting file.
An anonymous inner class, similarly, has a compiler-dependent name;
the JVM uses
MainClass$1.class,
MainClass$2.class, and so on.
These classes cannot be instantiated in any other context; any
explicit attempt to refer to, say,
OtherMainClass$InnerClass, will be caught at
compile time.
import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; public class AllClasses { /** Inner class can be used anywhere in this file */ public class Data { int x; int y; } public void getResults( ) { JButton b = new JButton("Press me"); b.addActionListener(new ...
Get Java Cookbook now with O’Reilly online learning.
O’Reilly members experience live online training, plus books, videos, and digital content from 200+ publishers. | https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/java-cookbook/0596001703/ch08s07.html | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | refinedweb | 236 | 56.96 |
Archive for May 5th, 2015
HP 7475A Plotter: Hacking Chiplotle For Hardware Handshaking
Posted by Ed in Machine Shop, Software on 2015-05-05
Chiplotle seems like a good way to drive the HP 7475A plotter, but some preliminary tinkering showed that the plotter pen paused quite regularly while drawing. The plotter wakes up with hardware handshaking enabled, Chiplotle has a config file that lets you specify hardware handshaking, the cable has all the right connections for hardware handshaking, but peering at Der Blinkenlights showed hardware handshaking never happened: the data didn’t overrun, the buffer never filled up, and DTR remained solidly on.
Come to find out that Chiplotle sends data in half-buffer-size chunks (all code from
baseplotter.py):
class _BasePlotter(object): def __init__(self, serial_port): self.type = '_BasePlotter' self._logger = get_logger(self.__class__.__name__) self._serial_port = serial_port self._hpgl = commands self._margins = MarginsInterface(self) self.maximum_response_wait_time = get_config_value('maximum_response_wait_time') #this is so that we don't pause while preparing and sending #full buffers to the plotter. By sending 1/2 buffers we assure #that the plotter will still have some data to plot while #receiving the new data self.buffer_size = int(self._buffer_space / 2) self.initialize_plotter( )
Every time something goes out to the plotter, this happens:)
In order to figure out whether the plotter has enough room, Chiplotle must ask it:
def _sleep_while_buffer_full(self): ''' sleeps until the buffer has some room in it. ''' if self._buffer_space < self.buffer_size: while self._buffer_space < self.buffer_size: time.sleep(0.01)
The
self._buffer_space method contains the complete handshake:
def _buffer_space(self): self._serial_port.flushInput() self._serial_port.write(self._hpgl.B().format) bs = self._read_port() return int(bs)
Assuming that Python can actually meter out a 0.01 second sleep, that’s a mere 10 ms; call it 10 character times at 9600 b/s. By and large, Chiplotle hammers away at the poor plotter while the buffer drains.
Now, that would be just ducky, except that the HP 7475A plotter dates back to slightly after microcontrollers were invented. The MC6802 trundles along at 1 MHz from a 4 MHz crystal, because it needed a quadrature clock, and takes a while to get things done. Responding to the buffer space request (a three-character sequence: ␛
.B) requires the plotter to:
- Stop plotting
- Answer the phone
- Figure out what to do
- Compose a reply
- Drop it in the serial buffer
- Resume plotting
Which take enough time to produce a distinct hitch in the gitalong. Some crude
write() and the
read() tucked inside
_buffer_space.
Linux handles serial port hardware handshaking far below the Python level, so the simplest fix was to rip out the line that checks for enough buffer space:)
And then the plotter races along without pauses, drawing as fast as it possibly can, with the DTR output blinking like crazy as Chiplotle dumps the character stream into the output buffer and the serial port hardware (*) managing the data flow. Apparently, detecting a buffer-full situation and dropping the DTR output requires only a few 6802 CPU cycles, which is what makes hardware handshaking such a good idea.
There’s a movie about that…
Hooray for Der Blinkenlights!
(*) Which is, of course, a USB-to-RS232 converter. I paid extra to get one that reports an FTDI chipset, which may mean the counterfeiters have upped their game since the Windows driver disaster. I actually tried it on the Token Windows box and it still works, so maybe it’s Genuine FTDI.
Blowback | https://softsolder.com/2015/05/05/ | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | refinedweb | 581 | 53.61 |
The 5 Users You'd Meet in Hell
CmdrTaco posted more than 6 years ago | from the what-no-robot-devil dept.. (5, Funny)
RandoX (828285) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671515)
Step 1: Click the third icon from the top in the second column [...]
Etc....
Re:The know-nothing. (5, Funny)
dintech (998802) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671653)
Re:The know-nothing. (3, Funny)
Greatmoose (896405) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671695)
Re:The know-nothing. (1)
Four_One_Nine (997288) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671983)
Re:The know-nothing. (1)
Dachannien (617929) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671781)
Re:The know-nothing. (5, Funny)
Tackhead (54550) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671697)
>
> Step 1: Click the third icon from the top in the second column [...]
That wasn't just any know-nothing. That was the team lead for your company's ISO 9000 programme!
Re:The know-nothing. (1)
Joce640k (829181) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671847)
- you have to use the shift key to get the symbols at the top of the keys!
Surprisingly common (5, Funny)
InvisblePinkUnicorn (1126837) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671977) (5, Funny)
Sczi (1030288) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672265):Surprisingly common (5, Funny)
phantomflanflinger (832614) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672293):The know-nothing. (2, Funny)
noidentity (188756) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672235)
Hmm.. (4, Funny)
somersault (912633) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671519)
Re:Hmm.. (1)
Kaz Kylheku (1484) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671901)
And on too? Aaaaah.
Re:Hmm.. (1)
XanC (644172) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672063)
I wonder what category I belong to... (1)
Vicarius (1093097) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671539)
Re:I wonder what category I belong to... (5, Insightful)
Odin_Tiger (585113) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671743).
Re:I wonder what category I belong to... (5, Insightful)
gEvil (beta) (945888) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671829)
Re:I wonder what category I belong to... (1)
illeism (953119) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671967)
Re:I wonder what category I belong to... (2, Informative)
orclevegam (940336) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672337)
Re:I wonder what category I belong to... (0, Insightful)
Anonymous Coward | more than 6 years ago | (#21671987).
If you rely on rebooting to solve problems you will eventually spend all your time rebooting your computer because of multiple fixable problems.
If you really must restart something, please restart different services one at a time and keep your eye on the logs.
Find the cause and submit bug reports.
Re:I wonder what category I belong to... (2, Insightful)
CFTM (513264) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672099)
Re:I wonder what category I belong to... (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 6 years ago | (#21672273)
Re:I wonder what category I belong to... (1)
_xeno_ (155264) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672223)
I also detest rebooting, and will attempt to avoid it if I know that it's not a real solution and only solves the symptoms.
Of course, this aversion to rebooting might have something to do with IT installing so much crap onto the machine that it literally takes five minutes to boot. (It's actually kind of funny, I've compared my main Windows XP laptop's boot time to Ubuntu's - but it no longer matters, because Ubuntu starts faster than the IT-required encryption software. And I'm talking about loading the login screen, not doing any decryption. It takes it a good 20 seconds to get to the point it accepts input. And to add insult to injury, it refuses to accept input faster than about a character a second. Well, sort of. It really only breaks on mixed-case input, such as, say, a mixed-case password. Which, since it's not echoed, you can't actually tell is coming in incorrectly until you attempt to actually log in. Mind you, this stuff runs before Windows boots. It inserts itself before NTLDR.)
But then once Windows actually boots, I have to wait a half-age for the IT installed update software and the anti-virus software and the firewall software and the IT policy checker to finish loading before I can actually use the machine. And once that's done, it's time for even more loading to start up the email client and IDE so I can actually, you know, work.
So being asked to reboot the machine is the same as being asked to waste literally several minutes of time. I'd much rather solve the problem forcing the reboot than just reboot.
Of course, in the case of this machine, whoever wrote the wireless drivers were apparently retarded, because the wireless driver will occasionally fail to start. And when it fails to start, there's only one solution: reboot. (It also always fails to restart when resuming from suspend or hibernation, meaning I never suspend or hibernate, since I'd have to reboot anyway.)
So if the problem can be solved without rebooting, I'd much rather solve it that way. Even if it takes a half hour, it only has to prevent six reboots to be worthwhile.
Re:I wonder what category I belong to... (4, Insightful)
avronius (689343) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672285):I wonder what category I belong to... (3, Funny)
sm62704 (957197) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671797)
-mcgrew
(going for "funny" so I'm sure they'll mod "insightful". [slashdot.org]
-mcgrew [slashdot.org]
Irony (5, Funny)
haystor (102186) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671543)
Re:Irony (1)
notaspunkymonkey (984275) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671703)
Re:Irony (5, Interesting)
ByOhTek (1181381) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671845) (5, Insightful)
haystor (102186) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672029)
The unix administrators I've run across certainly have their tyrants but they eventually relent in order to let me get some work done. The windows side of IT seems perfectly willing to let work stop in order to conform to policy.
Re:Irony (1)
ByOhTek (1181381) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672117)
Re:Irony (1)
sm62704 (957197) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671893)
Re:Irony (1)
ZeroFactorial (1025676) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672105)
can be categorized into one single group.
This is because when you call tech support, they don't know who they'll get, but you can already
be assured that they're a know-it-all with a preconceived hatred/contempt/indifference for you.
And rightly so.
Re:Irony (5, Insightful)
ch-chuck (9622) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672165)
There are more.... (3, Insightful)
postbigbang (761081) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671545).... (1)
PinkyDead (862370) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671721)
The IT Manager. Because of a skills shortage most of them are Know-It-Alls who are desperate to hold on to their phony-balony job. They are trying to learn the job faster than those around them so no one finds out the truth (they probably have a book called 'Computers' on their desk) and they manage to create a process mess by ignoring good practice and established procedures so that they can be the one the invented the 'new' system.
They are naturally terrified of the 'Twentysomething Whizzkid', who has forgotten more than they will every know, but they speak the same language as the 'Entitled' CEO, so because he understands them, he assumes they know what they're talking about - but it's definitely a case of ass-u-me.
They are also extremely patronizing to the 'Know Nothings' and the 'Dream Users'.
Re:There are more.... (5, Insightful)
s20451 (410424) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671755).... (1)
postbigbang (761081) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672343)
Re:There are more.... (1)
ch-chuck (9622) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671925)
The trick is to create some group policies so the user does not have ability to play with those key setting. Don't even let them have the change to muck it up. Good security is not granting access to things they don't need to perform their work.
Re:There are more.... (1)
sm62704 (957197) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671957)
But in different ways. Manuals and help screens didn't use to suck at all. The chemistry book sucks because it has too much information, while the manuals and help screens suck because they contain little to none.
The manual for DOS 3.1, an OS that fit on a 360k floppy was about an inch and a half think. The manual for XP, an OS that needs a 650 MB CD to hold, is about fifty pages. Thatt SUCKS. I feel like #2 in "the prisoner" and the software vendor is #6.
-mcgrew [slashdot.org]
Re:There are more.... (1)
SuiteSisterMary (123932) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672211)
To be fair, the manual for XP needs to be exactly as long as it takes to teach you how to boot, open the start menu, select 'help and support', and type in what you're looking for, at which time it will take you to wonderful help entries, complete with, as appropriate, step-by-step walkthroughs and troubleshooting wizards.
I know one more... (5, Funny)
courteaudotbiz (1191083) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671577)
And when they get to Hell - (3, Funny)
Recovering Hater (833107) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671579)
listen to the whiz kids (3, Insightful)
DriveDog (822962) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671593)
Re:listen to the whiz kids (4, Insightful)
qortra (591818) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672113). (3, Interesting)
Mr. Underbridge (666784) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672367)..
whiz kid-esque (1, Insightful)
Anonymous Coward | more than 6 years ago | (#21671595)
Re:whiz kid-esque (2, Informative)
eviloverlordx (99809) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671641)
Re:whiz kid-esque (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 6 years ago | (#21672183)
Re:whiz kid-esque (1)
zoward (188110) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672195)
vi (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 6 years ago | (#21671637)
Or nano? (1)
tepples (727027) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672049)
Re:vi (1)
ktappe (747125) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672413)
7th graders (2, Insightful)
mishelley (1202207) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671645)
Re:7th graders (1)
sm62704 (957197) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672027)
-mcgrew
Worst user... (1)
Bullfish (858648) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671659)
Re:Worst user... (1)
gEvil (beta) (945888) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671773)
Not quite as bad as the current wife. At least with the ex-wife you don't have to see her everyday...
Re:Worst user... (1)
sm62704 (957197) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672091)
Sysadmins in heaven??? (1)
damn_registrars (1103043) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671675)
Re:Sysadmins in heaven??? - BOFH and PFY's (1)
Mr Pippin (659094) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671863)
If he is, the current BOFH's (or at least the ones effective at it) would revert back to PFY's in Heaven.
Use the LART (1)
DZPM (1197015) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671679)
Luser Attitude Readjustment Tool: [devpit.org]
Or any combination (5, Interesting)
alan_dershowitz (586542) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671701)
These people can ruin your job. I'm just glad that I was a lowly operator, it would really suck if I'd have had a good job there and this happened.
Re:Or any combination (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 6 years ago | (#21672221)
IT problem (4, Informative)
CarpetShark (865376) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672283)
Re:Or any combination (1)
CmdrGravy (645153) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672405)
Consequently we had numerous lengthy arguments where the "most important user in the world" would resort to all sorts of swearing and threats, and in one case crying but since there really was nothing we could do it was great fun.
those users are easy (1)
techpawn (969834) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671709)
I've found that being respectful but firm with all users they understand what they can and cannot do. If I treat management different than the cube grunts the management become the Mr. Elitist.
Typical Asshat IT POV (5, Insightful)
coinreturn (617535) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671715)
Re:Typical Asshat IT POV (2, Interesting)
wile_e_wonka (934864) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672077) wondering how he rose to IT support. That's when I realized why so many students were complaining about losing all their data after taking their computer to tech support--their solution to every problem is "reinstall Windows" because they don't know how to actually fix the problem!
I resemble that remark! (3, Insightful)
greenguy (162630) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671719)
Re:I resemble that remark! (1)
gEvil (beta) (945888) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672073)
The Techno-phobe (1)
Billosaur (927319) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671725).
I'd also add... (1)
syntaxeater (1070272) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671735)
That's the one who is willing to "live with their problem" and use it as a "get out of jail free" card when the opportunity arises. Typically, they seek out the know-it-all or whizkid to help them get by, but the first time they miss a deadline; it's in your lap and it's a red flag issue.
Did anyone else look at this and go 'duh'? (1)
BobMcD (601576) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671747)
The worst kind of user (1, Funny)
blhack (921171) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671791)
A little background: we have a DVR on our network that is accessible with a web-browser via *BARF* this nasty ActiveX control. It only works on IE, and only works if you're running as an admin (or with local admin privs)...wtf is wrong with developers?! WRITE FILES TO ~! THATS WHAT IT IS FOR! DO NOT CACHE THINGS IN C:\WIndows\System32\!
anyway, this guy NEEDS to be able to watch the DVR...(he is a senior manager). Now, we are also running a proxy server for all outbound HTTP connections. NOtice I said *OUTBOUND*. The firewall blocks all other outbound port 80 connections...meaning you HAVE to use the proxy.
so:
him: "Hey you, its $firstname $lastname hows your morning!?" (let me interject here that after i tell him to go each menu and wait for an OKAY from him....he responds not by saying "okay", but by reading me the menu....the ENTIRE menu")internet options->connections->lan_settings. Is the box for proxy checked?"
him: "No"
me: "check it"
him: "Okay...theres MSN, now let me try the VIDEO...yeah, there it is....see yeah i needed the internet"...
AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!
this same guy will come into my office and demand that i come over and help him import cds into itunes, or install an updated version of flash so that he can watch videos on elfme.com....when i tell him that i'm busy with something, or that I haven't had time to do it today but its "on the list"...he laughs and sarcastically says "wow, you are just so buys all the time? work sure is stackin' up huh!?"
Guys like that are the reason most admins are alcoholics.
how do i deal with a user like THAT?
Re:The worst kind of user (2, Funny)
Notquitecajun (1073646) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671961)
Mr. Panic (1)
rumblin'rabbit (711865) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671803)
I find dealing with them pretty easy. First you must treat the user. Get him to relax, have a cup of coffee, and explain the problem. He'll usually figure out the solution on his own as he does this. Otherwise get him out of your office so you can spend 5 minutes in peace solving the problem.
Long term, encourage him to have a work associate look at his problems before calling support. He probably won't do it, but it's worth a shot.
They need now the Tech-Support people... (1)
webmaster404 (1148909) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671805)
The user that gives me more trouble than any other (4, Funny)
drb_chimaera (879110) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671809)
.. (3, Interesting)
Hatta (162192) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672131)
Re:The user that gives me more trouble than any ot (1)
Tony Hoyle (11698) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672255)
Her computer is running slow.. it's *my* problems and don't *dare* go to work without fixing it, even if I'm late. She's forgotten her mysql password (again, FFS) and it's *my* problem to fix *immediately* even if it's 2am and I'm already in bed.
God help me if she ever deletes anything.. not only is that my problem I get hell for it for days because I didn't have the ability to wave a magic wand and recover it.
Also look for this! (1)
Kaz Kylheku (1484) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671849)
Oldie goodie.
The Whiz Kid (4, Funny)
Joe Jay Bee (1151309) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671881)
10 points for whoever can spot the huge flaw in this quote!
Re:The Whiz Kid (1)
orignal (10769) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672125)
Re:The Whiz Kid (1)
gEvil (beta) (945888) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672267)
Easy tools for dealing with users. (1)
UncHellMatt (790153) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671895)
- One large 2x4, say about 5' long.
- Five or six nails, roughly 4"
- One large hammer
Instructions:
1) Choose which end of the 2x4 will be your "top" and "bottom" (no, not THAT type of "top" and "Bottom" you filthy minded little buggers!).
2) Toward the top end of 2x4, drive the nails completely through, so that one and has a lovely little array of nail points sticking out.
3) Hold the hammer in your right hand, toss the 2x4 out the window, find offending user, and smack them about the head with the hammer.
Problem solved, and quite a bit of fun and simple yet effective stress reduction.
How about the sys admin categories? (2, Funny)
shaka999 (335100) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671907)).
When to stop (1)
wagr (1070120) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671909)
How about some advice on handling the difficult situations. Such as:
Sorry, I can't spend any more time explaining what those configuration options on the Advanced screen mean -- frankly, you aren't prepared to handle them. I have other folks needing support (sometimes paying more than you are). When you find a task that you are unable to perform, contact me again.
You know, you're being abusive. You're allowed to curse at the computer all you want, but I have to cut you off until you learn to communicate with a human being.
I'm sorry, customer, your problems with the system are significant enough that we're going to return your money and ask that you not contact us again.
why is this tagged with george? (1)
Gunstick (312804) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671915)
How is it possible that slashdot knows this?
Georges
Re:why is this tagged with george? (1)
dereference (875531) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672305)
Unless that's you, it's nothing personal.
Not just the users (4, Interesting)
Just Some Guy (3352) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671933) (5, Interesting)
dada21 (163177) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671975) partially immoral to me to castigate them for wanting to do their job better, but not having the time, intellect, or drive to get there. I believe that an efficient user is someone who maximizes their work time properly, but that means that management has to see if they're overworked or underused. I see Know-Nothings who are so burdened with work that answering the phone is never done (management's fault). I see Know-Nothings who are very talented in other areas, but are stuck in their department because the HR team can't take the time to see where they'd be better. I've helped quite a few Know-Nothings become dream users by spending more personal time (or the time of my employee) to give them little nudges or clues in how to work better, but it can be and usually is a long term process, during which time they may quit or be fired because they weren't given the chance to become more efficient.
I do know that I prefer my system of working for the boss rather than working for the employee, because in the 10 years we've been incorporated, I've see many of the original complainers become managers or better, and now they can completely understand WHY we work that way. Even better, the newer employees who dream of climbing the corporate ladder also understand our philosophy of serving the top dog, since the top dogs we work with are very fair with bonuses, commendations, and raises when the company is profitable. I won't work for a company that doesn't pass the savings, and profits, on to the employees who got them there.
And then there are the real know it alls (2, Interesting)
joshv (13017) | more than 6 years ago | (#21671979)
No useful info (2, Insightful)
Lars Clausen (1208) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672003)
Another one - the "It's got a virus!" user (3, Insightful)
Joce640k (829181) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672013).
The Worst is Management (1)
Ohio Calvinist (895750) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672051)
With the novice, you've got management hiring people in clerical positions that should have never gotten past the civil service exam. If you can't use Microsoft Word (or whatever productivity applications the institution uses), you shouldn't be hired if that is a significant job responsibility. Period.
With the "entitlement" king, you've got to have management that can say "Look, $EMPLOYEEE, your work is important but we've got 1 geek for every 200 employees, and there is a a 2-day SLA on this kind of work that IT has negotiated with upper management. You've known this for years, so if you're calling to get Excel installed the day the budget proposal is due, not only are you not doing your job proactively, you're completely out of line by asking IT to violate practices designed to keep the entire company running smoothly." Not only that, you have to have managers that understand that yes, even though you are a VP, your blackberry not working shouldn't be tasked higher than multiple users down due to a failed server.
With the thinks-they-know everything, you need a manager that trusts that IT truly knows best, so when he goes to his boss and says I need $SOFTWARE, (goes for the Whiz Kid too), and IT has already said "NO, $REASON", there needs to be an implicit level of trust that IT has a good reason. I've seen departments go out and buy Norton AV because their "ad hoc computer guy" said they should, even though McAfee was site licensed. In another case $PROFESSOR buys an unsupported scanner with grant money, and now IT is implicitly expected to support it because it is to be used in "university-blessed research." Not that IT is always in line, but management has to know that IT is stretched really thin and even if the rank-and-file geek installing $SOFTWARE says no, if there is a bona-fide business necessity for a software product, IT management should be on board.
This is especially true in academia where almost any IT best-practice can be thrawted by "academic freedom" (even though I love the doctrine, it is abused ad infinitum). MySpace.com choking down 95% of the campus bandwidth "Can't block it or QoS it, because academic freedom."
If I may, let me add one, the "I keep 20GB of baby pictures on the network because I can't go 30 seconds without looking at my kids and even though IT has told me to knock it off." -- I know they won't do anything because
Don't even get me started on "musical offices", the "I need my whole office packed up because I'm moving into the branch office today" with no previous warning, only to move back 2 weeks later because "Oh, I'm just filling in for someone and I know where everything is at on this computer." Its almost enough to make a poor geek weep.
to meet in hell, you have to be there too (1)
petes_PoV (912422) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672109)
Maybe we should talk about which ring of hell (either Dante's version of Inferno or if you prefer, Niven & Pournelle's updated version) they all belong in.
BOFH (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 6 years ago | (#21672115)
Forget the help desk... (1)
IGnatius T Foobar (4328) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672163)
but what about... (2, Funny)
Sfing_ter (99478) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672225)
What about useless-waste-of-space sysadmin types? (3, Interesting)
skintigh2 (456496) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672261).
Only 5? (1)
terrible76 (855014) | more than 6 years ago | (#21672341) | http://beta.slashdot.org/story/94427 | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | refinedweb | 4,189 | 68.3 |
>>.: [generic_pcl] followed by some options of the form <option>=<setting>, e.g.: pixels_across_page=960 Most options are preceded by a comment (indicated by a semicolon ’;’) briefly explaining the option. Each section can contain a ’like’ option. If present this contains the name of another section (possibly in another print.ini file). Options not specified in the current section will be taken from that section. This allows a printer definition to be based on that for another similar model of printer. Here is an example of how this works: [dm_9pin_12inch] like=dm_11inch_9pin lines_down_page=108 This says that the definition ’dm_9pin_12inch’ (for a 9pin dot matrix printer using 12 inch paper), is just like the 11 inch definition for the same printer, except that there are more lines per page. Each printer driver reads a different section - printdm (the Dot Matrix driver) reads: [dm] printhpgl (for HPGL plotters) reads: [hpgl] printpcl (for PCL printers) reads: [pcl] printps (for Postscript printers) reads: [ps] Several definitions are supplied for each printer driver, covering most commonly encountered printers of each type. printdm The definitions provided for printdm are: dm_8pin_a4, dm_8pin_11inch, dm_8pin_12inch, dm_9pin_a4, dm_9pin_11inch, dm_9pin_12inch, dm_24pin_a4, dm_24pin_11inch, dm_24pin_12inch, dm_panasonic_24pin, dm_lx86_9pin_11inch, and bj (for driving Canon BJ printers). In the unlikely event that you need to change the printer control codes, here is a quick overview of the format: printable characters are literal, except for backslash. A backslash ’´ indicates that the following character or characters are to be interpreted as a control code, as follows: followed by an ’x’ followed by two hex digits represents the character with that hex value; a double backslash meais a literal backslash; is nul (0); is tab (9); is newline (10); return (13); is escape (27); 0(1) to (26). This is all rather cryptic (printer codes inherently are) but the provided set-ups will work with nearly all dot matrix printers, so you are unlikely to need to fiddle with these runes. printhpgl The definitions provided for printhpgl are: hpgl_generic_a4landscape, hpgl_generic_a1landscape, and hpgl_generic_a0landscape. printpcl The definitions provided for printpcl are: pcl_generic_a4 and pcl_modern_a4. Note that if you are using a PCL printer the defaults are set not to use advanced printer features for compatibility. If you want to try these (equivalent to HP Laserjet III or later), then you should use the modern_pcl_a4 printer definition (see below for how to do this). This will enable horizontal and vertical tabbing. printps There’s only one definition provided at present: ps_generic_a4.
Customising Printer Settings
The only settings most users will want to customise are which printer definition is used, and where to send the output. If you’re using a Dot Matrix Printer you will also need to set calibration details. You shouldn’t modify the master print.ini (located in /usr/share/survex on Unix, or in the same directory as the Survex program files on other systems), or your changes will be overwritten by upgrades. Instead create: · /etc/survex/print.ini (Unix - system-wide settings) · ~/.survex/print.ini (Unix - per user settings) · myprint.ini in the directory where Survex is installed (other platforms) The drivers look for the section "[dm]", "[ps]", "[pcl]" or "[hpgl]" as appropriate. The file you create should should contain something like this to select a particular printer: [pcl] like=pcl_modern_a4 For printdm, it should also contain calibration measurements (calibrate your printer by running printdm --calibrate): [dm] like=dm_24pin_a4 mm_across_page=202 mm_down_page=278 You can override other settings too, such as the output destination. This is usually inherited from [base], and can be overridden in [base] (where it’ll apply to all printer drivers) or in a printer driver specific section (such as [dm]). The output destination is set by an option of the form output_<platform>=<device>, where device can be a device name (e.g. PRN, LPT1, LPT2 under DOS, Printer: under RISC OS) or a filename: [dm] output_msdos=LPT1 like=dm_24pin_a4 mm_across_page=202 mm_down_page=278 Under UNIX output may be piped into another command like so: [base] ; send output to printer ’oak’ output_unix=|lpr -Poak Note you can also override the output setting using the --output command line option. If the output device isn’t a device or a pipe command, it is taken as a filename to write the printer data to. This can then be sent to a printer later. Caution: If you’re using DOS you need to be careful when sending output to a file - printdm, printpcl and printhpgl all produce binary files, which must then be sent to the printer with COPY /B OUTPUT PRN where OUTPUT is the filename and PRN the device name. Do not use COPY without the /B. If you do, the output may be corrupted. Sorry, this is a deficiency of DOS, and there is nothing we can do about it. If you send output straight to the printer, by putting PRN or LPT1 in the configuration file, then this problem should not occur. printps produces text files as output, and so should be unaffected by this problem. printdm can also drive Canon bubblejets in native mode (which gives a higher resolution than in Epson emulation mode). To use this, set "like=bj" in the "[dm]" section - like so: [dm] like=bj
See Also
printdm(1), printhpgl(1), printpcl(1), printps(1) print.ini(5) | http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/intrepid/man5/print.ini.5.html | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | refinedweb | 881 | 50.26 |
Bigtop::TentMaker - A Gantry App to Help You Code Bigtop Files
Start the tentmaker:
tentmaker [ --port=8192 ] [ file ]
Point your browser to the address it prints. Consult the POD for the tentmaker script for other command line options.
Bigtop is a language for describing web applications. The Bigtop language is fairly complete, in that it lets you describe complex apps, but that means it is not so small. This module (and the tentmaker script which drives it) helps you get the syntax right using your browser.
Unless you need to work on tentmaker internals, you probably want to read the POD for the tentmaker script instead of the rest of this documentation. You might also want to look at
Bigtop::Docs::TentTut and/or
Bigtop::Docs::TentRef.
There are three types of methods in this module: handlers called by browser action, methods called by the driving script during launch, and methods which help the others. This section discusses the handlers. See below for details on the other types.
This is the main handler users hit to initially load the page. It sends them the tenter.tt template populated with data from the file given on the command line. If no file is given, it gives them a small default bigtop as a starting point.
Expects: nothing
Writes current abstract syntax tree back to the disk.
Params:
full_path
Returns:
stash controller data saying either "Saved..." or "Couldn't write...'
The remaining handlers are all AJAX handlers. They are triggered by GUI events and return the plain text representation of the updated abstract syntax tree being edited.
Each routine is given a parameter (think keyword) and a new value. Some of them also receive additional data, see below. Errors are trapped and reported as warnings on the server side.
Kills the running tentmaker.
Params: None
Returns: undef
Note that the script usually dies before it can return a good AJAX response to the browser, which results in one Javascript error in the browser.
This method only serves to update the app name. It does that by calling set_appname on the AST.
This method is a generic accessor for top level config block statements.
Parameters:
the top level config statement name the new value to give it
If the new value is 'undefined' (the string), the statement will be cleared.
This method handles backend selection/deselection.
Params:
backend_type::backend new_value
The backend_type::backend must be a module in the Bigtop::Backend:: namespace.
The new value is a string (repeat: it is a string). If the string eq 'false', the backend is dropped from the config block of the file. Otherwise, it is added to the list.
Note well: When a config is dropped, all of the statements in its config block are LOST. This creates a disappointing end user reality. If you uncheck a backend box by mistake, after you recheck it, you must go focus and defocus on all text backend statements and check and uncheck all checkboxes. This is bad.
Allows toggling for boolean backend block keywords.
Parameters:
type::backend::keyword new_value
As in do_update_backend, the new value is a string 'false' means the user unchecked the box, anything else means she checked it.
It uses change_conf to do the actual work.
Like do_update_conf_bool, but allows control over what true and false mean.
Parameters:
type::backend::keyword new_value false_value true_value
If the new value eq 'false', the false value is assigned, otherwise the true value is used. This facilitates statements like the Init::Std 'Changes no_gen', where the value of the statement is not zero or one. In that case, the value should be undef or the string no_gen.
If one of the values is the string 'undef' or 'undefined' the statement will be deleted from the backend.
It uses change_conf to do the actual work.
Updates backend block statements which have string values.
Parameters:
type::backend::keyword new_value
This is like do_update_conf_bool, except that the new value is used as the statement value. If the value is false, the statement is removed from the backend's config block.
It uses change_conf to do the actual work.
Creates/updates the value of app level statements, when the value is text.
Parameters:
statement_keyword new_value
It uses set_app_statement on the application subtree in Bigtop::Parser.
Like do_update_app_statement_text, but for when the value is boolean.
Parameters:
statement_keyword new_value
Use the word 'false' to delete the statement.
It uses set_app_statement on the application subtree in Bigtop::Parser.
Somewhat like do_update_app_statement_text, but for when the value takes one or more pairs.
Parameters:
keyword
Query string params:
keys=key1][key2][key3&values=value1][value2][value3
Note that the key/value pairs are passed in the query string.
If there are no keys, the statement is removed.
It uses set_app_statement_pairs on the application subtree in Bigtop::Parser.
Removes a statement from the app level config block.
Params:
keyword
Creates/updates an app level config statement.
Params:
keyword value accessor
keyword is the name of the config statement (which is entirely up to the user, except that it must be a valid ident).
value is the completely arbitrary value of the statement (except that it can't have embedded backticks).
accessor is only used if the statement is new. In that case, this is the value for the accessor check box. If it is set, an accessor will be made for the statement, otherwise we assume the framework is handling it.
For exisiting app level config statements, changes the accessor flag.
Params:
keyword value
keyword is the name of that config statement.
value is either the string 'false' or anything else. If the value eq 'false', the accessor flag is removed. Otherwise, it is set.
Changes the name of a named block.
Params:
type::ident new_value
Each nameable block in the Bigtop AST has a unique ident. Calling this with the type of the block, that ident, and a new value changes its name.
Makes a new app level block.
Params:
type::name subtype
The type can be sequence, table, join_table, or controller. The name must be a valid ident. If they block's type understands a subtype, include it as a second, separate, parameter. Only controllers have types and they are: AutoCRUD, CRUD, or stub.
It uses create_block on the AST.
Makes a new block inside a table or controller.
Params:
parent_type::parent_ident::type::name subtype
The parent type can be table or controller. The type can be field (for tables) or method (for controllers). The name must be a valid ident. Methods must have subtypes. Choose from: AutoCRUD_form, CRUD_form, or main_listing.
It uses create_subblock on the AST.
Removes a block from the AST.
Params:
ident
The front end is responsible for any user confirmation popups.
It uses delete_block on the AST.
Changes the is type for blocks which acept those.
Params:
ident new_type
new_type must be a string naming the new type.
Applies to controllers and methods.
It uses type_change on the AST.
Creates/updates a statement in a block.
Params:
block_type ident::keyword new_value
block_type is table, join_table, or controller.
If new_value is false, the statement will be removed.
It uses do_update_statement (see below).
Directly calls do_update_block_statement_text, specifying type controller.
If value eq 'true', the statement is made true, otherwise it will be removed.
Directly calls do_update_block_statement_text, specifying type controller.
Directly calls do_update_subblock_statement_pair, specifying type controller.
Updates statements at many levels of the tree, including table, join_table, controller, field, and method blocks.
Params:
block_type block_ident keyword new_value
It uses either change_statement or remove_statement.
I don't think this is called by the templates or their javascript.
Directly calls do_update_block_statement_text specifying type table.
Directly calls do_update_subblock_statement_pair specifying type table and passing on all parameters.
Tells the tree to update or add a data statement to an existing table. Only one argument of the data statement is ever updated. This corresponds to the single box the user updated in the front end.
Params: statement_id new_value
The statement id must be of the form:
data_value::ident_9::ident_4::2
where data_value is literal (and is discarded), ident_9 is the table's ident, ident_4 is the ident of the field whose value should become new_value, and 2 is the number of the data statement. The data statement number starts at 1 and is the order of appearance of the statement to change.
If the new_value is false, the item will be removed from the data statement. Yes, this is a problem is you want a zero.
Tells the tree to set one keyword to true or false for all of its fields.
Params: table_ident keyword raw_value
The raw_value is a string, either 'true' or 'false.'
Creates/updates boolean statements in field blocks.
Params:
keyword new_value
If new_value eq 'true' the statement will be made true, otherwise it will be removed.
It uses do_update_subblock_statement_text.
Immediately calls do_update_subblock_statement_pair, specifying type field.
Immediately calls do_update_subblock_statement_text, specifying type field.
Immediately calls do_update_subblock_statement_pair, specifying type join_table. (Astute readers will note that join_table is a block not a subblock, the the necessary code is the same for both. Some refactoring is probably in order.)
Updates the text of a literal.
Params:
ident new_value
new_value can have any charactes except backquotes.
You must create and delete blocks with direct calls to do_create_app_block and do_delete_block.
It directly calls walk_postorder with 'change_literal' as the action.
Params:
keyword new_value
If new_value eq 'true' boolean is made true, otherwise the statement will be removed.
It calls do_update_subblock_statement_text, specifying type method.
Directly calls do_update_subblock_statement_pair, specifying type method.
Directly calls do_update_subblock_statement_text, specifying type method.
Supports all pair updates in subblocks.
Params:
type ident::keyword
The values are received from the query string:
keys=key1][key2&values=val1][val2
It uses change_statement on the AST.
Supports all single value updates on subblock statements (and some block statements too).
Params:
block_type block_ident::keyword new_value
It uses do_update_statement.
Not yet called by the front end.
Exchanges the position of two app level blocks.
Params:
ident_to_move ident_to_put_it_after
It uses move_block on the AST.
This method allows the server to take the hit of compiling Bigtop::Parser and initially parsing the input file with it, before declaring that the server is up and available. I no longer think this is a good idea, but for now it is reality. In any case, since I learned to compile the grammar into a module, the times involved are no longer significant.
It builds a list of all the backends available on the system (by walking @INC looking for things in the Bigtop::Backend:: namespace). It also reads the file given to it and parses that into a bigtop AST. Then it deparses that to produce the initial raw input presented in the browser. Think of this as canonicallizing the input file for presentation. Finally, it builds the statements hash, filling it with docs from all the keywords that all of the backends register.
The backends hash is used internally to know which backends are available, whether they are in use, and what statements they support. Documentation scripts are welcome to call this method to kick start a doc pull from the backends. They should then call:
Accessor which returns the internal hash of all backends and their backend block keywords.
Reads the input file. If the user didn't supply a file, asks Bigtop::ScriptHelp to generate a starting point using the requested (or default) style.
Used by tests to gain a pseudo-instance through which to call helper methods. For instance, some tests call methods on this instance to turn templating on an off. See t/tentmaker/*.t for examples.
Pass this a true value to turn off html dumps from app block creation for testing.
Used during test development to get a dump of all the idents in the current tree. You get Data::Dumper output of an array of the idents. Each element is an array listing the type, name, and ident for one tree node. All nodes with idents appear in the output, but the order is a bit odd (it is depth first traversal order). This saves counting created items on your fingers.
This is a gantry init method. It fishes the file name from the site object.
Builds an array whose elements are hashes describing each config statement in the app level config block.
Used by almost all AJAX handlers to deparse the updated tree and return it to the client.
Typical routine to turn %.. into a proper character. Takes a list which it will join with slashes to undo HTTP::Server::Simple's overly aggressive unescaping.
Used by all the do_update_conf_* methods to actually change the config portion of the AST.
Used by do_update_backend to remove a backend from the AST.
Used by do_update_backend to add a backend from the AST.
Keeps the backends hash up to date.
Accessor to get/set the name of the input file. Setting it blows the cache of other accessible values.
Returns the name of the input file given on the command line.
Stores the input file name during startup. Calling this blows the cashed deparsed bigtop source code and abstarct syntax tree. Any future request for the tree or input text will trigger reading of the file.
Returns the Bigtop abstract syntax tree.
Accessor to get/set the input file text in memory.
Accessor to get/set the deparsed (canonicalized) text of the file.
Returns 1 if there have been changes since the last save, 0. | http://search.cpan.org/~philcrow/Bigtop/lib/Bigtop/TentMaker.pm | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | refinedweb | 2,229 | 67.86 |
Originally posted by nik arora: public class X { private int a; private int b; public void setA(int i){ this.a = i; } public int getA(){ return this.a; } public void setB(int i){ this.b = i; } public int getB(int b){ return b; } public boolean equals(Object obj) { return ( obj instanceof X && this.a == ((X) obj).a ); } public int hashCode() { //1 } } Which of the following options would be valid at //1? a. return 0; b. return a; c. return a+b; d. return a*a; e. return a/2; How does this work?
Originally posted by nik arora: Hi chandra, Can you explain me how those 4 answers what you mentioned satisfies equals() contract?
Originally posted by nik arora: Hi Chandra, I understood what you explained. I get confused when i see these type of questions my doubt is how to determine the correct hashcode() implementation for the equals() method. Can you explain me with one more example?
Originally posted by nik arora: Explain this code i didnot understand how it exactly works: public int hashcode() { return name.hashcode(); } | http://www.coderanch.com/t/262711/java-programmer-SCJP/certification/solve-hashcode | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | refinedweb | 179 | 69.38 |
Reflection: run-time class information
Posted on March 1st, 2001
class information
If you don’t know the precise type of an object, RTTI will tell you. However, there’s a limitation: the type must be known at compile time in order for you to be able to detect it using RTTI and do something useful with the information. Put another way, the compiler must know about all the classes you’re working with for RTTI.
This doesn’t seem like that much of a limitation at first, but suppose you’re given a handle to an object that’s not in your program space. In fact, the class of the object isn’t even available to your program at compile time. For example, suppose you get a bunch of bytes from a disk file or from a network connection and you’re told that those bytes represent a class. Since the compiler can’t know about the class while it’s compiling the code, how can you possibly use such a class? and that it expose some part of itself and allow 1.1 provides a structure for component-based programming through Java Beans (described in Chapter 13).
Another compelling motivation for discovering class information at run-time is to provide the ability to create and execute objects on remote platforms across a network. This is called Remote Method Invocation (RMI) and it allows a Java program (version 1.1 and higher) to have objects distributed across many machines. This distribution can happen for a number of reasons: perhaps you’re doing a computation-intensive task and you want to break it up and put pieces on machines that are idle in order to speed things up. In some situations you might want to place code that handles particular types of tasks (e.g. “Business Rules” in a multi-tier – matrix inversions, for example – but inappropriate or too expensive for general purpose programming.
In Java 1.1, the class Class (described previously in this chapter) is extended to support the concept of reflection, and there your online documentation.) Thus, the class information for anonymous objects can be completely determined at run time, and nothing need be known at compile time.
It’s important to realize that there’s nothing magic about reflection. When you.
A class method extractor
You’ll rarely need to use the reflection tools directly; they’re in the language to support the other Java features such as object serialization (described in Chapter 10), Java Beans, and RMI (described later in the book). However, there are times when it’s quite useful to be able to dynamically extract information about a class. One extremely useful tool is a class method extractor. As mentioned before, looking at a class definition source code or online documentation shows only the methods that are defined or overridden within that class definition . But there could be dozens more available to you that have come from base classes. To locate these is both tedious and time consuming. Fortunately, reflection provides a way to write a simple tool that will automatically show you the entire interface. Here’s the way it works:
//: ShowMethods.java // Using Java 1.1 reflection to show all the // methods of a class, even if the methods are // defined in the base class. import java.lang.reflect.*; public class ShowMethods { static final String usage = "usage: \n" + "ShowMethods qualified.class.name\n" + "To show all methods in class or: \n" + "ShowMethods qualified.class.name word\n" + "To search for methods involving 'word'"; public static void main(String[] args) { if(args.length < 1) { System.out.println(usage); System.exit(0); } try { Class c = Class.forName(args[0]); Method[] m = c.getMethods(); Constructor[] ctor = c.getConstructors(); if(args.length == 1) { for (int i = 0; i < m.length; i++) System.out.println(m[i].toString()); for (int i = 0; i < ctor.length; i++) System.out.println(ctor[i].toString()); } else { for (int i = 0; i < m.length; i++) if(m[i].toString() .indexOf(args[1])!= -1) System.out.println(m[i].toString()); for (int i = 0; i < ctor.length; i++) if(ctor[i].toString() .indexOf(args[1])!= -1) System.out.println(ctor[i].toString()); } } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("No such class: " + e); } } } ///:~
The Class methods getMethods( ) and getConstructors( ) return an array of Method and Constructor, respectively. Each of these classes has further methods to dissect the names, arguments, and return values of the methods they represent. But you can also just use toString( ), as is done here, to produce a String with the entire method signature. The rest of the code is just for extracting command line information, determining if a particular signature matches with your target string (using indexOf( )), and printing the results.
This shows reflection in action, since the result produced by Class.forName( ) cannot be known at compile-time, and therefore all the method signature information is being extracted at run-time. If you investigate your online documentation on reflection, you’ll see that there is enough support to actually set up and make a method call on an object that’s totally unknown at compile-time. Again, this is something you’ll probably never need to do yourself – the support is there for Java and so a programming environment can manipulate Java Beans – but it’s interesting.
An interesting experiment is to run java ShowMethods ShowMethods . This produces a listing that includes a public default constructor, even though you can see from the code that no constructor was defined. The constructor you see is the one that’s automatically synthesized by the compiler. If you then make ShowMethods a non- public class (that is, friendly), the synthesized default constructor no longer shows up in the output. The synthesized default constructor is automatically given the same access as the class.
The output for ShowMethods is still a little tedious. For example, here’s a portion of the output produced by invoking java ShowMethods java.lang.String :
public boolean java.lang.String.startsWith(java.lang.String,int) public boolean java.lang.String.startsWith(java.lang.String) public boolean <p><tt> java.lang.String.endsWith(java.lang.String) </tt></p>
It would be even nicer if the qualifiers like java.lang could be stripped off. The StreamTokenizer class introduced in the previous chapter can help solve this problem:
//: ShowMethodsClean.java // ShowMethods with the qualifiers stripped // to make the results easier to read import java.lang.reflect.*; import java.io.*; public class ShowMethodsClean { static final String usage = "usage: \n" + "ShowMethodsClean qualified.class.name\n" + "To show all methods in class or: \n" + "ShowMethodsClean qualif.class.name word\n" + "To search for methods involving 'word'"; public static void main(String[] args) { if(args.length < 1) { System.out.println(usage); System.exit(0); } try { Class c = Class.forName(args[0]); Method[] m = c.getMethods(); Constructor[] ctor = c.getConstructors(); // Convert to an array of cleaned Strings: String[] n = new String[m.length + ctor.length]; for(int i = 0; i < m.length; i++) { String s = m[i].toString(); n[i] = StripQualifiers.strip(s); } for(int i = 0; i < ctor.length; i++) { String s = ctor[i].toString(); n[i + m.length] = StripQualifiers.strip(s); } if(args.length == 1) for (int i = 0; i < n.length; i++) System.out.println(n[i]); else for (int i = 0; i < n.length; i++) if(n[i].indexOf(args[1])!= -1) System.out.println(n[i]); } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("No such class: " + e); } } } class StripQualifiers { private StreamTokenizer st; public StripQualifiers(String qualified) { st = new StreamTokenizer( new StringReader(qualified)); st.ordinaryChar(' '); // Keep the spaces }; } } ///:~
The class ShowMethodsClean is quite similar to the previous ShowMethods, except that it takes the arrays of Method and Constructor and converts them into a single array of String. Each of these String objects is then passed through StripQualifiers.Strip( ) to remove all the method qualification. As you can see, this uses the StreamTokenizer and String manipulation to do its work.
This tool can be a real time-saver while you’re programming, when you can’t remember if a class has a particular method and you don’t want to go walking through the class hierarchy in the online documentation, or if you don’t know whether that class can do anything with, for example, Color objects.
Chapter 17 contains a GUI version of this program so you can leave it running while you’re writing code, to allow quick lookups.
There are no comments yet. Be the first to comment! | http://www.codeguru.com/java/tij/tij0122.shtml | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | refinedweb | 1,418 | 58.38 |
Push notification configuration problem
- Friday, June 04, 2010 3:18 PM
I have the problem to make to work of the examples of push notification. I have not found an example complete working. The problem task depends on the configuration on the PC of the web service that would have to send the messages. Someone can say to me how make or finding an example working?
Thanks
All Replies
- Friday, June 04, 2010 4:24 PM
Please be more specific. What examples are you trying?
Javier Andrés Cáceres Alvis
MVP Windows Phone
- Friday, June 04, 2010 4:58 PM
there is a very complete and working sample here:
it contains both a sample phone project and a test application for sending notifications.
the only issue i have found is that tile notifications with remote images do not work (the sample uses local images and does work). i have not been able to create or find a working example of remote image tile notifications.
- Monday, June 07, 2010 9:34 AM
with the example in channel9 when I start the WheaterService I have the follow exception:
Could not start service host. HTTP could not register URL. Your process does not have access rights to this namespace
I also change the right:
netsh http add urlacl url: user=<name of computer>\<administrator user>
I run as Administrator Visual Studio 2010
Thanks
- Monday, June 07, 2010 12:29 PM
Hi,
know the web service is started and if I put this url in my IE (on PC and on Emulator) the webservice responde correctly.
The problem now is that the client continue to stay in status : Channel open requested. Why?
- Friday, June 25, 2010 7:00 PMModerator
Hi Claudio,
Do you still require assistance with this sample, or have you been able to get it working now?
Thanks,
Jonathan Tanner | Microsoft | Windows Phone 7 Support
- Friday, July 23, 2010 3:48 PM
Hi
I have the same problem as Claudio.
Question:
httpChannel.Open();
Should fire "ChannelUriUpdated" after it openned the channel, right? That's what is not happening on my Emulator device.
Btw. where does httpchannel connect to? To a MS-Server? then I get an URL back, and with that I am subscribing to my service, correct?
I just dont get an URI back from httpChannel.Open().
The interesting thing is: When I now restart the application, and search for an existing httpchannel, he finds one - before he did not. So a channel gets setup, but I dont get the URI back from it...
- Friday, July 23, 2010 6:26 PM
Hm, on my other PC which has the exact same configuration and same Firewall, it is working...
Strange though...
- Friday, September 03, 2010 8:22 AM
Hi All,
I am also getting the same problem as Claudio.
I run the sample code provided at "" in the emulator.
But the client always stay in the status : "Channel Open Request". There is no exception thrown when it calls httpChannel.Open().
It never comes to the ChannelUriUpdated event handler, which it should come if the channel opens successfully.
Please help me if anybody knows the solution of this problem.
Please note that my system uses proxy. But I have setup SOCKS proxy as mentioned in the documentation. Also I wait for more than 2 minutes after the emulator boots up.
Thanks.
- Friday, September 03, 2010 2:25 PM
Hi All,
Topic of this thread is a old wine in new bottle. There were many, many, many threads on this topic. The real issue is that PUSH NOTIFICATIONS AT THIS MOMENT U-N-S-T-A-B-L-E & U-N-R-E-L-I-A-B-L-E.
Just search for "esm_51 push notifications", you will get at least 3 threads which I have either started or have subscribed to. The WP7 Training Kit code doesn't work as it is. Everyone has got trouble at different stage of this app. Unfortunately no one from the MS team is responding to this issue.
Answers to few of the issues raised here are:
- The notifications make a round trip to push.live.net.
- There are some issues with proxy setup on WP7.
- At lease one person said that it worked perfectly after making two modifications, but didn't cite whtat they are. Check this thread:.
- Several developers have stuck at different places.
Everyday, I run the app once or twice, in the hope that someday the wisdom will dawn on me either to stop worrying about it or solve it. Rubik's Cube was much simpler to solve.
-- ThanQ...
- Saturday, September 04, 2010 11:19 AM
Hi ESM_51,
Thanks for the useful info.
It seems that many people has passed the phase where I am stuck now (This is very initial phase). Moreover this is happening every time for me the same way. So I doubt whether I am missing anything.
I took the capture of HTTP request/response between my system and push.live.net.
Following is a capture of HTTP Get request and response to/from push.live.net:
HTTP Request:
HTTP HTTP:Request, GET, Query:client=WM7.0&DeviceID=07EBA7B32DD741693AE6CEAB35F4E224A566BEAC {HTTP:45, TCP:44, IPv4:43}
Frame: Number = 86, Captured Frame Length = 323, MediaType = ETHERNET
Ethernet: Etype = Internet IP (IPv4),DestinationAddress:[00-00-5E-00-01-6A],SourceAddress:[00-1D-7D-21-09-C9]
Ipv4: Src = 107.109.107.21, Dest = 107.108.85.10, Next Protocol = TCP, Packet ID = 9123, Total IP Length = 309
Tcp: Flags=...AP..., SrcPort=17608, DstPort=HTTP(80), PayloadLen=269, Seq=1060114362 - 1060114631, Ack=2159846107, Win=16425 (scale factor 0x2) = 65700
Http: Request, GET, Query:client=WM7.0&DeviceID=07EBA7B32DD741693AE6CEAB35F4E224A566BEAC
Command: GET
URI:
Location:
Parameters: 0x1
ProtocolVersion: HTTP/1.1
UserAgent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 4.01; Windows CE)
Host: push.live.net
ProxyConnection: Keep-Alive
Cache-Control: no-cache
Pragma: no-cache
HeaderEnd: CRLF
HTTP Response:
HTTP HTTP:Response, HTTP/1.1, Status: Ok, URL: {HTTP:45, TCP:44, IPv4:43}
Frame: Number = 89, Captured Frame Length = 357, MediaType = ETHERNET
Ethernet: Etype = Internet IP (IPv4),DestinationAddress:[00-1D-7D-21-09-C9],SourceAddress:[00-24-A8-38-A3-00]
Ipv4: Src = 107.108.85.10, Dest = 107.109.107.21, Next Protocol = TCP, Packet ID = 48617, Total IP Length = 343
Tcp: Flags=...AP..., SrcPort=HTTP(80), DstPort=17608, PayloadLen=303, Seq=2159846107 - 2159846410, Ack=1060114631, Win=1041 (scale factor 0x6) = 66624
Http: Response, HTTP/1.1, Status: Ok, URL:
ProtocolVersion: HTTP/1.1
StatusCode: 200, Ok
Reason: OK
Cache-Control: private
ContentType: text/plain; charset=utf-8
Server: Microsoft-IIS/7.5
XAspNetVersion: 2.0.50727
XPoweredBy: ASP.NET
Date: Sat, 04 Sep 2010 10:33:15 GMT
ContentLength: 29
ProxyConnection: Keep-Alive
Connection: Keep-Alive
HeaderEnd: CRLF
payload: HttpContentType = text/plain; charset=utf-8
HTTPPayloadLine: Dip:tcps://65.55.74.50:443/
The response seems to be success only.
The above request-response is followed by few more request-response like below:
Http: Request, GET
Http: Response, HTTP/1.1, Status: Ok, URL:
Please let me know if the network capture is similar to yours or anything is missing here.
Also I would like to know if any firewall problems persist, how would I detect that problem. Any idea?
Thanks.
- Sunday, September 05, 2010 1:58 AM
Hi WM_Quest,
I am not good at interpreting these web request and response captures. I hope someone else will able to check them.
However, I again went through your issue describing post. One thing is not clear. You said you are waiting for more than 2 minutes. Just check these:
- After waiting (I believe 30 seconds is enough), you will have to stop the running of the project by clicking on the STOP button in the VS IDE.
- I found that sometimes, I didn't have to go through the 30-secon-wait and stop & start the program cycle. The registration succeeds without waiting.
- Many times, if I get the "Channel Open Requested" message and the registration doesn't succeed on the first run of the emulator, then on restarting the project run, I get "Null Reference" error.
Hope the Sep 16th release of new tools will improve the situation.
-- ThanQ...
- Sunday, September 05, 2010 8:25 AM
For me, Push is working superb since 2 weeks, without any problems.
Make sure to NOT use the unlocked emulator, it will break push (and other things)
- Monday, September 06, 2010 3:41 AM
Hello ESM_51,
Thanks for the response.
Earlier I used to wait(delay) for 2 minutes before using any push notification APIs because I was not using the stop at first run technique. Now normally when I start debugging for the first time and emulator runs for the first time, I wait till the emulator boots up and then use the Stop button in VS IDE so that no push notification call happens. Again I start debugging after some time on the already running emulator. But even then channel is not openinng.
Also point no 3 mentioned by you is true. If I try to debug again on the emulator (without closing it), where I was stuck at "Channel Open Requested", I get "Null reference" error, because it finds the channel this time and tries to use the URI which is NULL.
Guess I have to wait till Sept 16th release!!
Thanks.
- Saturday, October 02, 2010 8:31 PMI am using the latest release tools and I am still seeing the same problem. how do we fix it. Do we wait 1-2 minutes before using any push notification APIs ? what is the right solution ? The status is "channel open requested"
- Sunday, October 03, 2010 12:25 AM
Also check if you have set the multi-project start in Solution Properties. The phone project should start after the other.
One more thing. There is RTM version of WP7 Training Kit. You should try the Push Notification lab in this. Because the Beta version lab still didn't run for me. Before I could compare the two scripts, my hard disk crashed. So I am yet to check the two from my backups, if available.
I hope you will find solution in one of these.
-- ThanQ... *** Think Solutions, The Right Ones *** | http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/windowsphone7series/thread/8ec2d7b2-5153-4b54-ba52-0aa0980d096e/#c6af0970-34f4-456d-bb79-9ff70c04ce68 | crawl-003 | refinedweb | 1,704 | 65.73 |
Rolling DataFrame Window
I wanted to train some sort of sequence model on some mental health data I’d been capturing.
The data was stored as a flat
.csv with a bunch of columns (omitted) representing various things I track per-entry, a couple columns (
date,
timestamp_id) to determine when the entry was, and finally, the
mood_id, my target variable.
However, going from that table to something ingestible by a model took some creativity.
The Problem
The idea was that given a dataset of records ordered sequentially
import pandas as pd df = (pd.read_csv('../data/moods.csv', date_parser=['date']) .sort_values(['date', 'timestamp_id'])) # want ordered data, but won't use this column del df['date'] df.head()
df.shape
(2666, 2)
I wanted to scan through my records
n rows at a time and extract the matrix of values in that chunk of the table.
So if
n=5, the first step would look like
df.iloc[0:4].values
array([[3, 5], [4, 1], [4, 3], [4, 5]], dtype=int64)
then
df.iloc[1:5].values
array([[4, 1], [4, 3], [4, 5], [4, 1]], dtype=int64)
until we got to
df.iloc[-5:].values
array([[4, 1], [5, 2], [5, 3], [4, 4], [4, 5]], dtype=int64)
All Together
That whole process can be expressed with a simple generator
def window_scan(df, windowSize): numWindows = len(df) - windowSize + 1 for i in range(numWindows): yield df.iloc[(0+i):(windowSize+i)].values
If that works correctly, we should expect equivalent results when we unpack using
windowIter = window_scan(df, 5)
df.iloc[0:5].values
array([[3, 5], [4, 1], [4, 3], [4, 5], [4, 1]], dtype=int64)
windowIter.__next__()
array([[3, 5], [4, 1], [4, 3], [4, 5], [4, 1]], dtype=int64)
df.iloc[1:6].values
array([[4, 1], [4, 3], [4, 5], [4, 1], [5, 2]], dtype=int64)
windowIter.__next__()
array([[4, 1], [4, 3], [4, 5], [4, 1], [5, 2]], dtype=int64)
Looks good to me. Finally, we can stuff it into the
numpy array that our model is expecting.
import numpy as np windowIter = window_scan(df, 5) res = np.array(list(windowIter), dtype='float64')
res.shape
(2662, 5, 2) | https://napsterinblue.github.io/notes/python/pandas/rolling_df_window/ | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | refinedweb | 363 | 64.71 |
In this tutorial, you’ll learn about Java if statement and how to use it in Java Programs.
Java if statement can also be called as control flow statements along with if else, if else ladder and switch statement these are used to control the flow of program based on given conditions, so let’s understand Java if statement.
IF Statements
If Statements are the most basic among all control flow statements. It stated that if the expression or condition in the if the clause is evaluated as true then only a certain section of code is to be executed.
Here, the expression is Boolean expression i.e. it returns either true or false.
Syntax:
if(condition){ //section of code to be executed }
If the condition is evaluated to be false then control of program would directly jump to end of if statement. The flowchart for if statement can be shown as:
for the better understanding of Java if Statement below are some examples to illustrate the use of if Statement in Java.
Program to check if the number is greater than 5 or not
public class IfDemo{ public static void main(String []args){ int x=10; if(x>5) //Condition is evaluated to true { //statements to be executed if the condition is true System.out.println("x is greater than 5"); } } }
Output:
x is greater than 5
However, the opening and closing braces are optional, provided there is only one statement to be executed.
as in the above program, you can add addition conditional statement.
Above example can also be written as :
public class ifDemo{ public static void main(String []args){ int x=10; if(x>5) //Conditon is evaluated to true System.out.println("x is greater than 5"); } }
Output:
x is greater than 5
Ask your questions about Java control flow if statement and clarify your/others doubts by commenting. Documentation.
Please write to us at [email protected] to report any issue with the above content or for feedback.
This tutorial is contributed by Ashutosh Sahu | https://coderforevers.com/java/java-if-statement/ | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | refinedweb | 339 | 58.32 |
Let us write a function which retrieves user information from GitHub API.
import requests def get_github_user_info(username): url = f'{username}' response = requests.get(url) if response.ok: return response.json() else: return None
To test this function, we can write a test case to call the external API and check if it is returning valid data.
def test_get_github_user_info(): username = 'ChillarAnand' info = get_github_user_info(username) assert info is not None assert username == info['login']
Even though this test case is reliable, this won't be efficient when we have many APIs to test as it sends unwanted requests to external API and makes tests slower due to I/O.
A widely used solution to avoid external API calls is mocking. Instead of getting the response from external API, use a mock object which returns similar data.
from unittest import mock def test_get_github_user_info_with_mock(): with mock.patch('requests.get') as mock_get: username = 'ChillarAnand' mock_get.return_value.ok = True json_response = {"login": username} mock_get.return_value.json.return_value = json_response info = get_github_user_info(username) assert info is not None assert username == info['login']
This solves above problems but creates additional problems.
- Unreliable. Even though test cases pass, we are not sure if API is up and is returning a valid response.
- Maintenance. We need to ensure mock responses are up to date with API.
To avoid this, we can cache the responses using requests-cache.
import requests_cache requests_cache.install_cache('github_cache') def test_get_github_user_info_without_mock(): username = 'ChillarAnand' info = get_github_user_info(username) assert info is not None assert username == info['login']
When running tests from developer machine, it will call the API for the first time and uses the cached response for subsequent API calls. On CI pipeline, it will hit the external API as there won't be any cache.
When the response from external API changes, we need to invalidate the cache. Even if we miss cache invalidation, test cases will fail in CI pipeline before going into production. | https://pythondigest.ru/view/34449/ | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | refinedweb | 316 | 56.76 |
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