text stringlengths 454 608k | url stringlengths 17 896 | dump stringclasses 91 values | source stringclasses 1 value | word_count int64 101 114k | flesch_reading_ease float64 50 104 |
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Depending on whether your calculus class covers this topic or not, you may wish to pass by this mini-section. If you find asymptotes interesting, though...keep on reading! You'll want to start a new worksheet called 05-Slant Asymptotes before you proceed with the rest of this section.
So far, we have looked at the behavior of two types of functions as x approaches positive or negative infinity: those with horizontal asymptotes, and those that oscillate indefinitely. The third type we are going to cover is slant asymptotes. Also known as oblique asymptotes, slant asymptotes are invisible, diagonal lines suggested by a function's curve that approach a certain slope as x approaches positive or negative infinity. The following graph is one such function:
plot((x^2-3*x-4)/(x-2), x, -10, 10, randomize=False, plot_points=101).show(ymin=-20, ymax=20)Toggle Line Numbers
It looks like f(x) starts to approach a certain slope rather than a certain y-value to both sides of the vertical asymptote. As in the last section, this function gives the suggestion of an invisible line separating the top and bottom portions of the graph. In this case, the invisible line is a slant asymptote. The question here is not of which value the function approaches, but of which slope it approaches as x becomes increasingly large or small. To answer this question, let's do a little numerical analysis. Copy, paste, then evaluate the following code.
def f(x): return (x^2-3*x-4)/(x-2) for i in [4..100]: print f(float(i))-f(float(i-1))Toggle Explanation Toggle Line Numbers
1-2) Define the function f(x) as the rational expression (x2-3*x-4)/(x-2)
4-5) Loop from i equal 4 to i equals 100, printing out the slope between f(i) and f(i-1) for each value of i. 'float' is so that Sage displays the slope as a decimal and not as a fraction.
If the above code still seems untowardly foreign...try playing around with it! In my experience, going hands-on with code is often the best way to understand what it does.
Based on the code's output, we can see that in the area of x=100, the function's slope is approximately equal to 1. Using Sage's 'limit' function, we can confirm this result:
limit(f(x)-f(x-1), x=oo)Toggle Line Numbers
As expected, the limit of the function's slope as x approaches infinity is 1. A hunch would tell you that the function's slope as x approaches negative infinity is most likely 1 as well, and changing the x=oo to x=-oo verifies that result.
Now that you've done things the hard way, though, I'll tell you a shortcut to find the slope of slant asymptotes for rational functions. For a generalized rational function like this one:
If n is the highest power of the denominator, n+1 is the highest power of the numerator, and a and b are constants, the function will have a horizontal asymptote with a slope equal to a/b. You will find that slant asymptotes only pop up when the numerator of a function is of one higher power than the denominator of a rational function. Where numerical analysis can still come into play, though, in a case where you can't simplify a function to fit this general form. | http://sagemath.org/calctut/slantasymp.html | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | refinedweb | 584 | 60.65 |
Google App Engine applications are easy to create, easy to maintain, and easy to scale as your traffic and data storage needs change. With App Engine, there are no servers to maintain. You simply upload your application and it's ready to go.
In this codelab, you will learn how to deploy a simple Python web app written with the Flask web framework. Although this sample uses Flask, you can use other web frameworks, including Django, Pyramid, Bottle, and web.py.
This tutorial is adapted from
What you'll learn
- How to create a simple Python server on Google App Engine.
- How to update the code without taking the server down.
What you'll need
- Familiarity using Python 3
- Familiarity with standard Linux text editors such as vim, emacs, or nano
Create a file named
main.py:
touch main.py
Edit the file using your preferred command line editor (nano, vim, or emacs) or opening the editor in the top right side:
main.py
from flask import Flask # If `entrypoint` is not defined in app.yaml, App Engine will look for an app # called `app` in `main.py`. app = Flask(__name__) @app.route("/", methods=["GET"]) def hello(): """ Return a friendly HTTP greeting. """ return "Hello World!)
To specify the dependencies of your web app, create a
requirements.txt file in the root directory of your project with the exact version of Flask to use:
touch requirements.txt
requirements.txt
Flask==1.1.2
To deploy your web app to App Engine, you need an
app.yaml file. This configuration file defines your web app's settings for App Engine.
Create and edit the
app.yaml file in the root directory of your project:
touch app.yaml
app.yaml
runtime: python38
Check the content of your directory:
ls
You must have the 3 following files:
app.yaml main.py requirements.txt
Deploy your web app with the following command:
gcloud app deploy
The first time, you need to choose a deployment region:
Please choose the region where you want your App Engine application located: [1] asia-east2 ... [7] australia-southeast1 [8] europe-west [9] europe-west2 ... [12] northamerica-northeast1 [13] southamerica-east1 ... [19] us-west4 ... Please enter your numeric choice:
Confirm to launch the deployment:
Creating App Engine application in project [PROJECT_ID] and region [REGION]....done. Services to deploy: descriptor: [~/helloworld/app.yaml] source: [~/helloworld] target project: [PROJECT_ID] target service: [default] target version: [YYYYMMDDtHHMMSS] target url: [] Do you want to continue (Y/n)?
Your app gets deployed:
Beginning deployment of service [default]... Created .gcloudignore file. See `gcloud topic gcloudignore` for details. ╔════════════════════════════════════════════ ╠═ Uploading 3 files to Google Cloud Storage ╚════════════════════════════════════════════ File upload done. Updating service [default]...done. Setting traffic split for service [default]...done. Deployed service [default] to []
Your web app is now ready to respond to HTTP requests on.
Your web app is ready to respond to HTTP requests on.
First, retrieve your web app hostname with the
gcloud app describe command:
APPENGINE_HOSTNAME=$(gcloud app describe --format "value(defaultHostname)")
Test your web app with this simple HTTP GET request:
curl
You should get the following answer:
Hello World!
Summary
In the previous steps, you set up a simple Python web app, ran, and deployed the application on App Engine.
Modify your web app by changing 3 lines (the import line and the hello function) in your
main.py file:
main.py
from flask import Flask, request # If `entrypoint` is not defined in app.yaml, App Engine will look for an app # called `app` in `main.py`. app = Flask(__name__) @app.route("/", methods=["GET"]) def hello(): """ Return a friendly HTTP greeting. """ who = request.args.get("who", "World") return f"Hello {who}!)
Update your web app by deploying again:
gcloud app deploy
The new version of your app gets deployed:
Beginning deployment of service [default]... ╔════════════════════════════════════════════ ╠═ Uploading 1 file to Google Cloud Storage ╚════════════════════════════════════════════ ... Deployed service [default] to []
Test the new version of your web app, exactly as you did previously:
curl
You should get the same answer:
Hello World!
Test it with the optional parameter:
curl
You should get the following answer:
Hello Universe!
Summary
In this step, you updated and redeployed your web app without any service interruption.
You learned how to write your first App Engine web application in Python!
Learn more
- App Engine Documentation:
- Explore this tutorial to write a fully-fledged Python app on App Engine:
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic License. | https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/cloud-app-engine-python3 | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | refinedweb | 738 | 66.54 |
bill rde127 Points
need help
dont get it
# EXAMPLES # squared(5) would return 25 # squared("2") would return 4 # squared("tim") would return "timtimtim" def squared(a): try: return int(a) * int(a) except ValueError: print("") squared("2")
3 Answers
Dan Garrison22,439 Points
Your statement in the try code block is fine, but you still need to handle the situation where you can't convert the argument into an integer in the except code block (You also don't need to include TypeError in the Except block). The instructions say that if you can't convert argument to an integer then you need to multiply the argument by the length of the argument. Remember the method for checking the length of something in python is len().
cbrown2,437 Points
Yes, in the exception block the only line needed is either: print (a * len(a)) or return (a * len(a)) depending on whether or not the instructions require the value to be printed or returned.
I meant "try writing this line of code in the exception block", not add a "try" in the exception block.
My apologies for the confusion.
Dan Garrison22,439 Points
Dan Garrison22,439 Points
Close. You don't need to print this. You need to return the value. Also you don't need a second try in the in the except code block. Your entire function should look something like this: | https://teamtreehouse.com/community/need-help-187 | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | refinedweb | 235 | 68.4 |
Creating a FTP Connection Pool using Object Pool Pattern in C#
One of my web applications was using FTP to upload photos to a FTP server. A new connection was created every time a user uploaded his photos. The instantiation of a new connection on every upload request was turning out to be a very costly step. So I decided to use the Object Pool Pattern to implement a pool of FTP Connections.
Here's the FtpClientConnectionPool class. This code is based on an example I found on Best-Practice Software Engineering.
1 public class FtpClientConnectionPoolI have implemented this as a Singleton because I did not want multiple instances of the connection pool floating around. The myInstance variable is declared to be volatile to ensure that assignment to the instance variable completes before the instance variable can be accessed.
2 {
3 private static volatile FtpClientConnectionPool myInstance;
4 private static object syncRoot = new Object();
5 private List
locked, unlocked;
6
7 private FtpClientConnectionPool()
8 {
9 locked = new List
();
10 unlocked = new List
();
11 }
12
13 public static FtpClientConnectionPool Instance
14 {
15 get
16 {
17 if (myInstance == null)
18 {
19 lock(syncRoot)
20 {
21 if (myInstance == null)
22 myInstance = new FtpClientConnectionPool();
23 }
24 }
25 return myInstance;
26 }
27 }
28
29 public FtpClient CheckOut()
30 {
31 lock(syncRoot)
32 {
33 for (int i = unlocked.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
34 {
35 FtpClient f = unlocked[i];
36 unlocked.Remove(f);
37 if (!TimedOut(f))
38 {
39 locked.Add(f);
40 return f;
41 }
42 }
43 // No active instance - create new
44 FtpClient newF = Create();
45 locked.Add(newF);
46 return newF;
47 }
48 }
49
50 public void CheckIn(FtpClient f)
51 {
52 lock(syncRoot)
53 {
54 locked.Remove(f);
55 unlocked.Add(f);
56 }
57 }
58
59 private FtpClient Create()
60 {
61 FtpClient newInstance = new FtpClient(
62 Settings.FTPServer,
63 Settings.FTPUsername,
64 Settings.FTPPassword);
65 newInstance.ChangeDir("/");
66 return newInstance;
67 }
68
69 private Boolean TimedOut(FtpClient f)
70 {
71 try
72 {
73 f.ChangeDir("/");
74 }
75 catch
76 {
77 return true;
78 }
79
80 return false;
81 }
82 }
To make this work for the multithreaded web scenario, the approach uses a syncRoot instance to lock on, rather than locking on the type itself, to avoid deadlocks.
Note that there is no limit to the number of connections in this implementation. The pool will grow with the number of simultaneous users, and shrink as the connections timeout.
A client will use this connection pool as:
1 FtpClient ftp = FtpClientConnectionPool.Instance.CheckOut();
2;
3 FtpClientConnectionPool.Instance.CheckIn(ftp);
4 comments:
Nice article !But where will you close the FTP Connections ?Do we need to do that in the Application_Stop event ?
Indeed it looks like this code relies on automatic connection loose by timeout.
There obviously is no active closing: On connection request ("CheckOut"), the pool simply checks all connections still present for the first one still active (and meanwhile cleans up all inactive which are found so far) and automatically creates a new one when no active one is left.
On connection release ("CheckIn"), the connection is simply moved from the "in use" list to the "currently not in use" list, waiting there for better times or the next request.
Thats quite simple but not quite clean and may cause conflicts in restrictive operational environments where rules exist which inhibit idle connection hold.
Thus the problem / question "how to regularly and actively cleanup aged connections" is not addressed here as it seems.
ZipwiZ
Sometimes it is helpful to dig deep...
This article refers primarily to:
Nice thing. It in turn promarily refers to:
Thats the root source. Looking on page 3 of this article shows that the author in 1998 was aware of the problem:
Now we have a C# example here, but since the sources are Java based, I dare to refer to:
This library seems to cover all problems omitted here for simplicity, including regular cleanup by a separate thread etc. I do not know how simple or complicated it may be to translate this to C# / .NET, but it should be feasible -- and maybe there is already some kind of "Apache commons for .NET" out there. Don't know -- for the Spring lib set, there is...
ZipwiZ
This is a great FTP Library for C#, it is reasonably priced too: | http://refactoringaspnet.blogspot.com/2008/04/creating-ftp-connection-pool-using.html | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | refinedweb | 719 | 63.29 |
java.util.ArrayList x = new java.util.ArrayList ( 149 );The alternative to this long-winded style of coding, is to use import statements. A typical set of import statements
import java.io.*; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Date; import java.util.Properties;They must come right after the package statement, before the class statement. They are traditionally kept sorted in alphabetical order. Then you can code in an
ArrayList x = new java.util.ArrayList( 149 );
Unlike C or C++ we do not need to include headers to help the compiler determine what sorts of parameters other routines want; it can go look for itself in the source or class files. The import statement is not like the C++ include. So long as you fully qualify your reference in the code to class names with com.mindprod.mypackage.myClass there is no need for imports. They just allow shorthand. Even when you do have an import, you can still fully qualify your references to classes.
It is a great help to understanding someone else’s code, (or even your own), if you refrain from using the .* style of import with the imports giving you an explicit list of the classes you use in that class. The list of explicit imports gives you a rough idea of what the class could do and what it is likely up to. Don’t leave unused imports lying around. Use an import tidier, or Eclipse, to get rid of them and sort the valid ones into alphabetical order. During development, it is fine to use the lazy .* form, (doing so will save you a ton of compiler errors), but once your work gels, convert over. Bon’t camouflage your use of classes by fully qualifying them and not reporting them in the import. The only time you need qualification is when there is a name clash, e.g. java.awt.List and java.util.List.
The other problem with using wildcards is this. Let’s say you use import java.awt.* to get your Label class. Then later somebody using your code has a com.wombat.superawt. Label class on their classpath. The code won’t compile, or worse, it will use the wombat Label class in place of the awt Label class without telling anyone. | https://www.mindprod.com/jgloss/import.html | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | refinedweb | 383 | 68.06 |
The objective of this post is to explain how to create a simple socket server on the ESP32, using the Arduino core. The tests of this ESP32 tutorial were performed using a DFRobot’s ESP-WROOM-32 device integrated in a ESP32 FireBeetle board.
Introduction
The objective of this post is to explain how to create a simple socket server on the ESP32, using the Arduino core. It will act as an echo server which will return back to the client any content it sends.
In order to test our server, we will develop a very simple Python socket client. The Python version used was 2.7 and the code was tested on Windows 8.
The tests of this ESP32 tutorial were performed using a DFRobot’s ESP-WROOM-32 device integrated in a ESP32 FireBeetle board.
The Python code
We will start our code by importing the Python socket module, which will allow us to connect to the ESP32 server.
import socket
Next we will create an object of class socket, which has the methods needed to connect to the server.
sock = socket.socket()
To connect to the server, we will need to know both its IP and the port where it is listening for incoming connections. We will store both values in two variables.
For the port, we will use 80 (we will set it to the same value on the Arduino code).
For the IP, we will need to use the one assigned to our ESP32 upon connecting to the WiFi network. If you don’t know the local IP of your ESP32 when it connects to your network, you can use a dummy value for now, since we will later print its value on the Arduino code.
host = "192.168.1.78" port = 80
To perform the actual connection, we will now call the connect method on our socket object and pass as input a tuple with the host and the port.
sock.connect((host, port))
Since the ESP32 will act as an echo server, we will send it a message and then get the result back. To send a message to the server, we will simply call the send method of the socket object and pass as input the content. In this case, we will send a simple “hello world” message.
message = "Hello World" sock.send(message)
We will now get content from the server until the whole message we have sent is echoed back to us.
To get data, we call the recv method of the socket object. This method receives as input a number with the maximum amount of data that can be received at once and returns a string representing the data received [1] (I’m using Python 2.7, but some Python versions return a byte object rather than a String).
Since we know that the server will echo the message back, we want to receive as much data as we sent. So, we will declare an empty string and keep asking for data and append it to that string until its size is equal to the size of the string we sent.
We will specify 1 for the input argument of the recv method, so we know that each call will return a string with only one character.
data = "" while len(data)< len(message): data += sock.recv(1) print(data)
After receiving and printing the echoed message we call the close method on the socket object to close the connection. The final code can be seen below and already includes this call.
import socket sock = socket.socket() host = "192.168.1.78" #ESP32 IP in local network port = 80 #ESP32 Server Port sock.connect((host, port)) message = "Hello World" sock.send(message) data = "" while len(data) < len(message): data += sock.recv(1) print(data) sock.close()
The Arduino code
We start our code by importing the WiFi.h library, in order for us to be able to connect the ESP32 to a WiFi network.
#include <WiFi.h>
Next we will declare two global variables to store the WiFi network credentials, more precisely, the network name (ssid) and the password. You should place here the credentials for the WiFi network you are going to connect to.
const char* ssid = "YourNetworkName"; const char* password = "YourNetworkPassword";
We will also need a final global variable, which will be an object of class WiFiServer. This class has the methods we will need to set a socket server and accept connections from clients.
The constructor of this class receives as input an integer with the port number where the server will be listening. We will use port 80, which matches the value used on the Python client code.
WiFiServer wifiServer(80);
In our setup function, we will start by opening a serial connection, for later outputting some information messages from our program.
Next, we will connect to the WiFi network. If you need a detailed explanation on how to do it, please consult this previous post.
To finalize the setup function, we will call the begin method on our WiFiServer object, which will initialize our socket server.(); }
Now that we have finished the setup function, we will handle the actual client connections and data exchange on the Arduino main loop.
To start, we will check if a client has connected by calling the available method on our WiFiServer global object. This method takes no arguments and returns an object of class WiFiClient.
WiFiClient client = wifiServer.available();
Next, we need to check if a client is indeed connected. We can do this both by calling the connected method of the WiFiClient object or by checking that object with an IF condition. Note that the connected method returns true if a client is connected and false otherwise.
Regarding the second option of enclosing the WiFiClient object inside an IF condition, this is possible because in the implementation of the class, the C++ bool operator is overloaded and it actually calls the connected method and returns its value.
Note that operator overloading is an advanced feature of the C++ language (which is the language on top of which Arduino is built) that we don’t need to worry about and I’m just mentioning this for information.
if (client) { // Data exchange with the client }
If the previous condition is true, we will then start a loop while the client is connected. In this case, we will explicitly call the connected method of the WiFiClient object.
When the previous loop breaks, it means the client is no longer connected. Thus, we call the stop method on our WiFiClient to free all the resources and then print a message indicating the client disconnected.
if (client) { while (client.connected()) { // Data exchange with the client } client.stop(); Serial.println("Client disconnected"); }
Inside the previously mentioned while loop, we can check if the client has sent data with the available method. This method returns the number of bytes available for reading.
So, while the number of bytes is greater than zero, we will keep reading byte by byte with a call to the read method of the WiFiClient object, which will return a byte for each call.
Then, we will simply echo each byte back to the client with the call to the write method, passing as input the byte to send.
The final source code can be seen below and already includes these function calls.
(); client.write(c); } delay(10); } client.stop(); Serial.println("Client disconnected"); } }
Testing the code
To test the whole system, simply upload the code to your ESP32 using the Arduino IDE. Then open the IDE serial monitor and copy the IP address that gets printed upon a successful connection of the ESP32 to the WiFi network. That is the IP that should be used on the Arduino code.
Next, with the ESP32 already running the server code, run the Python code. You should get an output similar to figure 1, which shows the data sent to the server being echoed back, as expected.
Figure 1 – Output of the Python client program.
If you go back to the serial monitor, a message indicating that the client disconnected should be printed, as shown in figure 2. This indicates that the server correctly detected that the client is no longer connected, which is the expected behavior after the Python code calls the close method to end the connection.
Figure 2 – Output of the ESP32 program, after the client disconnects.
References
[1]
14 thoughts on “ESP32 Arduino: Setting a socket server”
Pingback: ESP32 Arduino: Sending data with socket client | techtutorialsx
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Pingback: ESP8266 Arduino: Socket Server | techtutorialsx | https://techtutorialsx.com/2017/11/13/esp32-arduino-setting-a-socket-server/comment-page-1/ | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | refinedweb | 1,502 | 61.36 |
kqueueAPI
I previously described how a process can serve multiple TCP clients simultaneously using the
select system call, which blocks waiting for one of many possible events.
The
select system call is inefficient. All this has to happen when we call
fdset(possibly by copying another one with
FD_COPY).
fdsetfrom process memory to kernel memory.
There are at least three copying steps, copying a 128 byte array, and there is at least one iteration step, iterating over 1024 bits.
There are two modern alternatives to
select which provide a more efficient API: less copying and less iteration. On BSD such as macOS, there is
kqueue. On Linux, there is
epoll. Since I’m on macOS, we’ll look at kqueue.
Kqueue stands for “kernel queue”. The API gives processes a way to create event queues in kernel space, and subscribe to certain kinds of event. It’s roughly a publish-subscribe system! The kernel acts as pub-sub server, the process acts as pub-sub client, the process connects to the server by creating a kqueue, the process subscribes to events by registering “filters” which can match events, and the kernel and processes can publish events to the queue.
We begin with the
kqueue() syscall, which creates a new kernel queue and returns a file descriptor which references that queue. (Once again, “file descriptor” is a misnomer, and the descriptor just references this new kind of resource.)
There is only one other syscall:
kevent. A call to
kevent does two things: submit “changes”, then wait for new events. “Changes” include registering new filters and publishing events. Here’s the full API:
#include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/event.h> #include <sys/time.h> int kqueue(void); int kevent(int kq, const struct kevent *changelist, int nchanges, // any changes to register (can be NULL/0) struct kevent *eventlist, int nevents, // kernel will put events here if not NULL/0 const struct timespec *timeout);
I wrote this because I felt like it. This post is my own, and not associated with my employer.Jim. Public speaking. Friends. Vidrio. | https://jameshfisher.github.io/2016/12/18/tcp-server-kqueue.html | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | refinedweb | 346 | 73.98 |
Animated JavaFX Meets the NetBeans Platform
I was talking to a NetBeans Platform customer last night, about Josh Marinacci's instructions for integrating JavaFX into Java applications. "Where," we wondered, "would doing that make sense?" Then we remembered that one of the new requirements for his application is that the Welcome Screen should be animated. Some flashy stuff should appear as soon as the user starts up the application, rather than boringly static links to documentation and so on. That's a great use case for JavaFX, we thought.
So, with renewed purpose, I worked through Josh's instructions. First, I prototyped using a standard JFrame:
And then I ported that solution to a TopComponent (which is a JPanel that integrates with the NetBeans Platform):
The window above appears in undocked state by default, at which point the swishy JavaFX stuff will unleash itself. Right now it's not much (x changes and color changes within a timeline), but that's why it's a prototype. One can imagine how cool that Welcome Screen could become. However, from the following instructions anyone out there should be able to create some impressive JavaFX effects integrated into Java, whether in a standard Swing container or on the NetBeans Platform.
First, I created two JavaFX classes in a JavaFX application in NetBeans IDE. The first class defines my Scene, while the second defines my Timeline:
package demo; import javafx.scene.Scene; import javafx.scene.shape.Rectangle; import javafx.scene.paint.Color; public var myColor = Color.RED; public var myX = 20; public class DemoScene extends Scene { init { content = [ Rectangle { x: bind myX y: 20 width: 200 height: 200 fill: bind myColor }, ]; //This references my Timeline extension class: DemoTimeline{}.play() } } public function run(args: String[]) { DemoScene {} }
And here is the definition of my Timeline class, which is called from my Scene class (above):
package demo; import javafx.animation.Timeline; import javafx.animation.KeyFrame; import javafx.scene.paint.Color; import javafx.animation.Timeline; import javafx.animation.KeyFrame; import javafx.animation.Interpolator; var scene = DemoScene{} public class DemoTimeline extends Timeline { init { autoReverse = true; repeatCount = Timeline.INDEFINITE; keyFrames = [ KeyFrame { time: 1s canSkip: true values: [ scene.myColor => Color.GREEN scene.myX => 200 ] } ] } }
That's all that's needed on the JavaFX side.
Next, in the first prototype, i.e., standard Swing, I created a new Java application, put the JavaFX libs on its classpath, together with the lib created from the above two JavaFX classes. Then I created a JFrame and added a JScrollPane. I also added the "JXScene" class from Josh's blog (referenced at the start of this article).That's what enables JavaFX to integrate with Java. (The sooner the JXScene class or something like it is introduced into the official JavaFX libs the better! Where can I go to vote for that?) The code below uses the JXScene class, putting it into the JScrollPane (called "mainPanel").
JXScene scene = new JXScene(); // create a new JXScene scene.setScript("demo.DemoScene"); // the name of your main JavaFX class mainPanel.setViewportView(scene); // add the scene to your Swing component
And that's all. For the integration with the NetBeans Platform, create three modules (one for the JavaFX libs, one for the JavaFX application above, and one containing the TopComponent that provides the Welcome Screen). Then do the same as for the JFrame, i.e., add the JXScene to the JScrollPane and Bob's your auntie. You've now integrated JavaFX with the NetBeans Platform and the sky's the limit. And, last but not least, this means that JavaFX can also be integrated as a new section in the NetBeans Platform Certified Training!
Mariusz Fcfcfc replied on Wed, 2009/03/11 - 3:51am | http://java.dzone.com/news/animated-javafx-meets-netbeans | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | refinedweb | 614 | 66.33 |
With SharePoint 2010 you can now extend the out of the box web parts, which essentially means you can create a new web part that inherits from one of the out of the box ones. In this post, I demonstrate extending a SharePoint Web Part in depth, using the search box as an example. First, let's take a look at the search box web part.
Since we will be inheriting from this web part, the first question we need to answer is: What is the class name of the web part I'm trying to extend? The answer isn't straightforward. The SharePoint Web Part Gallery doesn't provide this information, so it's not readily apparent by looking at the web part in design mode.
One way to find out is to add the web part to a page. In this case, from the Web Part gallery select the web part "Search Box" from the Category "Search". On the upper right corner of the web part, click on the drop down arrow and select "Export..."
This will prompt you to save the Web Part Definition file (.dwp). Open this file in a text editor and look for these two XML elements: Assembly and TypeName. In our case, the values are:
<Assembly>Microsoft.Office.Server.Search, Version=14.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=71e9bce111e9429c</Assembly><TypeName>Microsoft.SharePoint.Portal.WebControls.SearchBoxEx</TypeName>
This tells us a few things:
You can confirm this by looking at the SearchBoxEx documentation. We have two namespaces involved here because SearchBoxEx is implemented in Microsoft.Office.Server.Search, but it inherits from Microsoft.SharePoint.Portal.WebControls.WebPartLoc. With a little digging around, I found that these two namespaces are in:
Program Files\Common Files\Microsoft Shared\Web Server Extensions\14\ISAPI\Microsoft.Office.Server.Search.dllProgram Files\Common Files\Microsoft Shared\Web Server Extensions\14\ISAPI\microsoft.sharepoint.portal.dll
As it happens, these are not listed in the .NET tab of the "Add Reference" dialog in Visual Studio, so you will have to browse for them manually.
Create a new project using the Empty SharePoint Project template and add a new Web Part to it. I called mine SearchBoxExtension. Your class definition should look like this:
public class SearchBoxExtension : WebPart
As with every inherited web part, start by calling base.CreateChildControls:
protected override void CreateChildControls(){ base.CreateChildControls();}
Add the assembly references using the Browse tab to locate the two DLLs. Your references should look like this:
Inherit your new web part from Microsoft.SharePoint.Portal.WebControls.SearchBoxEx (the TypeName value) instead of WebPart:
public class SearchBoxExtension : Microsoft.SharePoint.Portal.WebControls.SearchBoxEx
Build and deploy your project and try to add your new web part to a SharePoint page. You should get this error:
What's the problem? Here's what just happened. Both .dwp and .webpart file types are XML web part descriptors that are deployed with your web part. The Dashboard Web Part (.dwp) format was used in earlier versions of SharePoint, where web parts inherited from Microsoft.SharePoint.WebControls.WebPart. The newer .webpart format, which supersedes .dwp, is what you use when you inherit from System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts, which is what you should always do when developing brand new web parts. For this reason, when you create a new web part in Visual Studio 2010, it automatically creates a .webpart descriptor for you:
SharePoint 2010 comes with a mix of older and newer web parts, so the descriptors that go with them might be either .dwp or .webpart. As you might've guessed from its namespace, Microsoft.SharePoint.Portal.WebControls.SearchBoxEx is one of the older ones and therefore requires a .dwp descriptor. The error we just got is therefore telling us that it doesn't like SearchBoxExtension.webpart.
So how do we get the .dwp file?
There are two ways:
To create it manually, use SearchBoxExtension.webpart for reference. First, add a new XML file to your web part and give it the same name but with a dwp extension. Your web part folder should look like this:
Corey Roth has a nice post that compares the differences between the two formats. First, let's look at SearchBoxExtension.webpart:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><webParts> <webPart xmlns=""> <metaData> <type name="SearchBoxTest.SearchBoxExtension.SearchBoxExtension, $SharePoint.Project.AssemblyFullName$" /> <importErrorMessage>$Resources:core,ImportErrorMessage;</importErrorMessage> </metaData> <data> <properties> <property name="Title" type="string">SearchBoxExtension</property> <property name="Description" type="string">My WebPart</property> </properties> </data> </webPart></webParts>
By looking at the differences between the two formats, mapping the values from one to the other was relatively straightforward. Let's look at the result first:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><WebPart xmlns=""> <Assembly>$SharePoint.Project.AssemblyFullName$,Version=1.0.0.0,Culture=Neutral,PublicToken=ed9dffbe9e0cad7e</Assembly> <TypeName>SearchBoxTest.SearchBoxExtension.SearchBoxExtension</TypeName> <Title>SearchBoxExtension</Title> <Description>My WebPart</Description></WebPart>
XML schema differences aside, there are essentially two changes. First, the xmlns is instead of indicating our move to an older format, and second, we need the assembly's public token. To get the public token, use the strong name tool with the -T parameter (sn.exe -T), or use Kirk Evans' cool trick using Visual Studio External Tools.
Alternatively, you can use the .dwp that you exported at the beginning of this exercise. Follow the steps above to create a new XML above and copy the contents of the original .dwp into your new one. Then make the following changes:
Next, we have to ensure the .dwp file is deployed with the web part. Click on the file in Solution Explorer and change its Deployment Type property from NoDeployment to ElementFile. You can now safely delete the .webpart file. Your web part folder should now look like this:
Finally, edit Elements.xml and replace both instances of .webpart with .dwp in the Elements/Module/File element. Build and deploy your project and add your web part to a SharePoint page. You should see the default search box:
The web part you just added to your test page may not look exactly like the original. If you created your .dwp from scratch, you will have ignored all the other properties that had been set in the .dwp for the base class. If you modified the original .dwp, you will have retained the other parameters that defined the web part's default configuration.
You are now ready to build your derived search box. | http://blogs.msdn.com/b/stevennicolaou/archive/2010/06/24/extend-the-search-box-web-part-in-sharepoint-2010.aspx | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | refinedweb | 1,073 | 50.12 |
Parsing RSS At All CostsParsing RSS At All Costs
As I said in last month's article,.
Clearly, we need a backup plan.
There is a social solution to this problem: register at Syndic8.com to be a "fixer", and volunteer your time contacting the authors of individual sites to get them to fix their feeds. There is also a technical solution to this problem: don't use an XML parser.
I know, I know, this is heresy. be "tag soup": browsers that never complained. Now the same thing is happening in the RSS world because the same social dynamics apply. End users who can't even spell "XML" certainly.)
So most desktop news aggregators are now incorporating parse-at-all-costs RSS parsers which they use when XML parsing fails. However, since no one likes tag soup, they are also implementing subtle visual clues, such as smiley and frown icons, to indicate feed quality. Click on the frown face, and the end user can learn that this RSS feed is not well-formed XML. But the program still displays the content of the feed, as best it can, using a parse-at-all-costs parser. Those who care about quality and are motivated to do something about it can contact the publisher. But everyone else can follow their favorite sites, even if the feeds are broken.
So how do you build a parse-at-all-costs RSS parser? With regular expressions, of course. Regular expressions are the messy solution to all of life's messy problems. Want to parse invalid HTML and XML? Regular expressions. Want to parse invalid RDF? Regular expressions. And may God have mercy on your soul.
Actually, Python has a secret weapon against poor markup: a
little-known standard library called
sgmllib. I've written extensively
about
sgmllib elsewhere for HTML processing, but it's
also useful for processing invalid XML.
sgmllib is based on regular expressions under the covers,
but you don't need to deal with them directly. It works much like a SAX
parser for XML documents. In fact, you can think of it as a SAX parser
that doesn't care about details like unescaped ampersands or undefined
entities. The
sgmllib.SGMLParser class iterates through a
document, and you can subclass it to provide element-specific processing.
For example, here is an invalid XML document (due to both the undefined
entity "—" and the unescaped ampersand):
<rss> <channel> <title>My weblog — tech news & other stuff</title> </channel> </rss>
Here is how
sgmllib.SGMLParser would handle it:
start_rss([]). The empty list indicates no attributes for this tag. If I wanted to do something special when I encountered the beginning
rsstag, I would define the
start_rssmethod in my
sgmllib.SGMLParserdescendant. (If
start_rsshasn't been defined,
SGMLParserwill fall back to calling
unknown_starttag('rss', [])instead. This also applies to all subsequent examples.)
start_channel([])
start_title([])
handle_data('My weblog ')
handle_entityref('mdash')
handle_data(' tech news ')
handle_data('&')
handle_data(' stuff')
end_title()
end_channel()
end_rss()
Note that both steps 5 and 8 will choke any compliant XML parser,
but
sgmllib just says, "Unknown entity? Here,
you deal with it. Unescaped ampersand? Must be plain
text."
Given this new-found freedom, we can use
sgmllib to build
a parse-at-all-costs RSS parser. We'll start by subclassing
sgmllib.SGMLParser and defining our own methods to keep track
of RSS data as we find it. We'll need
start_item and
end_item methods in order to keep track of whether we're
within an RSS item. We'll use a
currentTag variable to keep
track of the most recent start tag; a
currentValue variable
which buffers all the text data we find until we hit the end tag (as shown
in steps 4-8 of the example above, the text data may be split across
several method calls); and a list of dictionaries to hold all of our
parsed data.
import sgmllib class ParseAtAllCostsParser(sgmllib.SGMLParser): def reset(self): self.items = [] self.currentTag = None self.currentValue = '' self.initem = 0 sgmllib.SGMLParser.reset(self) def start_item(self, attrs): # set a flag that we're within an RSS item now self.items.append({}) self.initem = 1 def end_item(self): # OK, we're out of the RSS item self.initem = 0
Now add in the
unknown_starttag and
unknown_endtag methods to handle the start and end of an
individual item element:
def unknown_starttag(self, tag, attrs): self.currentTag = tag def unknown_endtag(self, tag): # if we're within an RSS item, save the data we've buffered if self.initem: # decode entities and strip whitespace self.currentValue = decodeEntities(self.currentValue.strip()) self.items[-1][self.currentTag] = self.currentValue self.currentValue = ''
As you can see, once we find the end tag, we take all the buffered text
data from within this element (
self.currentValue), decode the
XML entities manually (since
sgmllib will not do this for
us), strip whitespace, and stash it in our
self.items list.
So this requires several things: a
decodeEntities function
and the appropriate handler methods for buffering the text data in the
first place.
Decoding XML entities is easy; there are only five of them:
def decodeEntities(data): # in case our document *was* encoded correctly, we'll # need to decode the XML entities manually; sgmllib # will not do it for us data = data.replace('<', '<') data = data.replace('>', '>') data = data.replace('"', '"') #" data = data.replace(''', "'") data = data.replace('&', '&') return data
Handling the text data that
sgmllib.SGMLParser throws
down on us (including any entities within the text) is equally
easy:
def handle_data(self, data): # buffer all text data self.currentValue += data def handle_entityref(self, data): # buffer all entities self.currentValue += '&' + data handle_charref = handle_entityref
The final result is that we can feed an invalid RSS document into this parser, and it will parse out any and all item-level elements, well-formed or not.
if __name__ == '__main__': p = ParseAtAllCostsParser() p.feed(file('invalid.xml').read()) for rssitem in p.items: print 'title:', rssitem.get('title') print 'description:', rssitem.get('description') print 'link:', rssitem.get('link') print
Running this script on this non-well-formed RSS document will produce these results:
title: Layoffs in BT & H
description: BT & H has laid off more people as the recession only gets worse. Note the ampersands in both title and description.
link:
title: Mozilla Project Hurt by Apple's Decision to use KH
description: It's generally best to read Slashdot at a +3 comments threshhold. Note undefined entities in the link (due to unescaped ampersands).
link:
This simple script will not handle many of the advanced features of
XML, including namespaces. That may not be a problem; after all, it's
just a fallback, right? Hopefully we're trying to use a real XML parser
first and only falling back on this messy regular expressions-based
sgmllib parser when that fails. However, in flagrant abuse
of all things pure and sacred, I have managed to extend this script into
a full-fledged
parse-at-all-costs RSS parser that supports all the advanced features
of RSS, including namespaces. It even handles exotic variations of RSS
0.90 and 1.0, where everything is explicitly placed in a namespace (even
the basic
title,
link, and
description tags). I don't recommend it, but it works for
me.. And then we'll move on to something non-RSS-related. I promise.
XML.com Copyright © 1998-2006 O'Reilly Media, Inc. | http://www.xml.com/lpt/a/2003/01/22/dive-into-xml.html | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | refinedweb | 1,227 | 57.67 |
.
Prerequisites
The following tools are needed to follow along with this tutorial:
• Ruby -- If you run Windows, your best bet is to download the One-Click
Ruby Installer. If you use some variation of Linux or Mac OS X, you might
already have Ruby installed. If not, you can download it from. The installation instructions are straightforward.
Version 1.8.4 or 1.8.5 is recommended.
• RubyGems -- Get the gems you need, and install Rails, Builder and
Hpricot if you haven't already.
• Rails -- You can install Rails through RubyGems. While not really part of
this discussion, you figure all that out at.
You'll use version 1.2.2 for this tutorial.
• Builder -- Install through RubyGems.
• Hpricot -- Install through RubyGems.
One of the beautiful things about Rails is how easy it is to perform object persistence
and relational mapping. Since you'll only deal with XML in this tutorial, you won't
actually use a database for anything.
To actually run the demo application, it's worth noting that the only thing you should
have to do is to start the application. You can see how to do that in Start up the
server.
Also, you'll be provided with a list of all of the files that have been explicitly created
or modified aside from those that will be generated by Rails. These include:
• app/controllers/main_controller.rb
• views/layouts/main.rhtml
• views/main/index.rhtml
• public/stylesheets/reset-fonts-grids.css
• public/stylesheets/style.css
Section 2. Introduction
Over the past five to seven years, XML has become the de-facto standard (or at
least one of the de-facto standards) for inter-application communication. Whether it's
an application running on the same machine, or some Web service out in the ether,
a payment gateway, a shipping gateway or another random data source, XML is
something that you've likely come to know, like it or not. With that said, it seems a
little ironic to write a tutorial that deals with XML processing on a framework that
became famous with words like: "Learn how to use the open-source Web framework
Rails to create real-world applications with joy and less code than most frameworks
spend doing XML sit-ups." (Cited from Loud Thinking). It's worth noting that none of
the actual XML processing done in this tutorial is dependent on Rails. All of the XML
APIs you'll use are straight up Ruby and can be used in any Ruby application. You
will do it in a Rails context for the sake of providing a way to upload files to process,
and an easy way to interact with the code that you write.
Ruby
Ruby, if you didn't already know, is a dynamically typed scripting language that was
created by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto. He began developing the language in 1993,
and it was released to the public in 1995. With all sorts of great features like
closures, callbacks and duck typing, it allows for some amazingly flexible
frameworks to be built on top of it, which leads to Rails.
Rails
Rails is a framework built by David Heinemeier Hansson and released to the public
in 2004. Rails is a framework for building Web applications using the model, view,
controller (MVC) architecture and emphasizes programming by convention over
configuration. It has all sorts of amazingly wonderful features like fully automated
object-relational mapping and persistence. In this tutorial, you demonstrate XML
parsing with some of the basic features of Rails, namely simple controller and view
features.
REXML
REXML is the standard Ruby library for parsing and creating XML. It is bundled as
part of the Ruby Core language distribution, so you know it will always be available.
Builder
Builder is a third-party gem that is becoming more and more popular for the purpose
of generating XML content. The syntax is very clean, easy to use and read, utilizing
Ruby's method_missing callback for generating XML.
Hpricot
Hpricot is a fast HTML parser (but you can parse XML with it, too!) written by "why
the lucky stiff" that is gaining in popularity as well.
#{random_xml_util}
Ruby has several other APIs for parsing XML, but I will not cover them in this
tutorial. If you want to know more, go to RubyForge and search around.
The first thing you do is create the Rails application by executing the command in
Listing 1.
rails xml_tutorial -f
This runs the Rails script and tells it that you want to create a new Rails application
called xml_tutorial. It also used the -f flag, which freezes the Rails version to the
current version that you have installed. This will copy the current version of the Rails
framework into the vendor/plugins directory, and will hopefully help you have less
trouble when you try to run the application, in the event that you have a different
version of Rails installed.
The script runs and generates the application structure for you. See the partial
output in Listing 2.
Now you can start to see the beginnings of Rails 'convention over configuration' by
seeing the default application structure created for you. Within a Rails application,
you place files in certain locations depending on what they are. Controllers, helpers,
models, views, -- all of these go within their respective directories, and thus Rails
knows what they are, and what to do with them. As mentioned previously, the Rails
directory layout will not be covered in depth, but you can find lots of good information
in Resources.
Listing 3 calls the Ruby interpreter, asks it to run a file called generate from the script
directory, and passes the arguments controller main to it. Rails generated a
controller for you called 'main' that you can now use for your actions. As per the
'convention over configuration' mantra, each public method defined within a
controller is referred to as an action and usually has an associated view. These are
all accessed based on a URI convention.
For example, now you have a controller called 'main'. If you define a public method
within the controller called 'index', you can now access that controller and action
respectively at.
Rails has all sorts of nifty ways you can extend this routing, but suffice it to say that
this is all you will look at in this tutorial. There are more interesting things to discuss
-- like XML.
The difference between layouts and views is that a layout is an overall page layout.
It's reused over and over for the common elements of your application (for example:
navigation, headers, footers, and so on). Views are designed to be used within the
layouts.
Create a file called main.rhtml within your layouts directory, again following
convention. You name it with the same name as your controller, so Rails
automatically knows that this is the layout you want to use with this controller. Then
you'll create an index view that has a basic form upload field so you can upload and
parse an XML document. (To save some time, copy index.rhtml from the code
download.)
You have your xml_tutorial directory, which is the root directory of your Rails
application. Then you have the main_controller.rb which was generated using Rails
built-in generate script. You created a layout called main.rhtml and a view called
index.rhtml. Notice that the view is in a directory called main. This tells Rails that all
views in this directory belong to the controller called main. It's all that convention
over configuration stuff again. And it's pretty great. Now, when you browse to, Rails knows that you want the following:
• Go to main_controller.rb
• Execute the index method
• Use the layouts/main.rhtml layout in the resulting display to the user
• Include the content of main/index.rhtml in the layout that you return to the
user
As you can see, you ran the command ruby script/server and your server is now
running. Take a peek at what you get in Figure 2.
How was that for some foreshadowing for the rest of the tutorial? Let's carry on!
<Food>
<Dish rating="2" category="singaporean">
<DishName>Fish Head Curry</DishName>
<WhereToBuy>Little India</WhereToBuy>
</Dish>
...
<Dish rating="8" category="mexican">
<DishName>Pork Enchilada</DishName>
<WhereToBuy>Iguana Cafe</WhereToBuy>
</Dish>
</Food>
The actual XML document that you generate will have about a dozen Dish
elements, from some of my favorite places in Singapore. This list includes a couple
dishes that sound terrible just so I could give a low rating to a few dishes.
You'll generate this document based on hard-coded data that you'll just store in the
controller. The data will be stored as an Array of Hash in the controller
(main_controller.rb) so that it's easy to access while you generate the XML
using REXML and Builder. Just for your piece of mind, Listing 6 contains a small
chunk of how the hard-coded data in the controller has been stored.
Listing 6. Ruby data structures (Array and Hash) used to generate the sample
XML
Next, look at how you can use REXML to turn this data into XML.
REXML
REXML, as I already mentioned, is the standard XML API that is bundled with the
core Ruby distribution. So you can count on it being present. It's pretty straight
forward to work with, although for large pieces of XML creation programmatically, a
lot of people prefer Builder, which you'll get to shortly. You can find all the sample
code from the listings in this section in main_controller.rb. Let's see how to go about
creating a new XML document using REXML in Listing 7.
...
{ :rating =>8, :category => "mexican", :dish_name => "Pork Enchilada",
:where_to_buy => "Iguana Cafe" }
]
private
def generate_rexml
doc = REXML::Document.new
end
That's not really very hard, is it? How about adding a root element? Listing 8 shows
how.
...
def generate_rexml
doc = REXML::Document.new
root = doc.add_element( "Food" )
end
end
Now that you have the basic structure of your sample XML document, let's iterate
over your hard-coded data structure to generate the rest of the elements.
...
root = doc.add_element( "Food" )
DISHES.each{ |element_data|
dish_element = root.add_element( "Dish" )
dish_element.add_attribute( "rating", element_data[:rating] )
dish_element.add_attribute( "category", element_data[:category] )
dish_name_element = dish_element.add_element( "DishName" )
dish_name_element.add_text( element_data[:dish_name] )
where_to_buy_element = dish_element.add_element( "WhereToBuy" )
where_to_buy_element.add_text( element_data[:where_to_buy] )
}
...
Hopefully you're familiar with this Ruby syntax of iterating over an Array. As you
can see in Listing 9, your code goes through each Hash within the Array, and
creates an XML Dish element for each Hash. You give the Dish element two
attributes ("rating" and "category") and two child elements ("DishName" and
"WhereToBuy"). To make things clean and easy to read, you're a little verbose with
your variable names and syntax. Now that you've successfully generated an XML
document, you need to write it to an object so you can send it back to the client. One
of the nice things about the REXML::Document class is that the write method will
write its contents to any object that responds to << string. Your luck continues
then, because Ruby's String class responds to << string; you just write the
XML document to a String then (see Listing 10).
...
where_to_buy_element.add_text( element_data[:where_to_buy] )
}
doc.write( out_string = "", 2 )
return out_string
end
end
Note that in Ruby, you can declare variables on the fly, which is what you've done in
Listing 10. You've declared the variable out_string and assigned it an initial value
as part of the parameters you send to doc.write. (The second parameter
represents the indentation.) Many other languages, like Java for instance, would
require this to be done in two steps, which would look something like Listing 11.
Listing 11. Alternative method for writing the contents of a REXML document
to a String
out_string = ""
doc.write( out_string, 2 )
You can do it this way in Ruby as well, but it's nice to get rid of the extra line of code.
In a moment, to actually see the document, you'll look at the code that hijacks the
Rails response, and writes the XML document that you generated back to the client's
browser as a file download. But first, see how to generate the same XML document
using Builder instead of REXML.
Builder
Builder makes it unbelievably easy to write beautiful code that generates XML
markup. So much so, that after you read the rest of this section, you might even
want to take the rest of the week off and ponder how wonderful Builder is.
def generate_builder
doc = Builder::XmlMarkup.new( :target => out_string = "",
:indent => 2 )
end
Notice here that Builder takes a target as one of the constructor parameters. With
REXML, you chose a target output object after you had used the API to generate
some XML. Builder just asks for the object you want to write your generated XML to
up front. Notice you do the same little inline variable declaration here that you did
with the REXML example.
Now is where you start to see the real power of Ruby's method_missing callback,
and how APIs can take advantage of it. Witness how to create the Food element in
Listing 13.
Listing 13. Creating the root element of your sample XML document with
Builder
def generate_builder
doc = Builder::XmlMarkup.new( :target => out_string = "", :indent => 2 )
doc.Food
end
At this point, you might say something like - -"Wait a minute, there isn't a Food
method in an XML API -- that's silly!" - and you'd be correct. What happens here is
Ruby says "Whoa? I don't know about a Food method in this object, I will dispatch
this call to method_missing, and let the API handle it if it wants too, if not, I'll raise an
exception." So in essence, what your XML document now contains is shown in
Listing 14.
Listing 14. XML result based on previous method call on Builder document
<Food/>
Now, see how you create nested elements, and attributes and text nodes in Listing
15.
def generate_builder
doc = Builder::XmlMarkup.new( :target => out_string = "", :indent => 2 )
doc.Food {
DISHES.each{ |element_data|
doc.Dish( "rating" => element_data[:rating],
"category" => element_data[:category] ){
doc.DishName( element_data[:dish_name] )
doc.WhereToBuy( element_data[:where_to_buy] )
}
}
}
return out_string
end
That's it. This nice little chunk of code is all it takes to generate your sample XML
document with Builder.
You can see that as you nest code blocks, you create nested XML elements. If you
want to assign an attribute to an XML element, you can pass a Hash as a
parameter, and the attributes are created. For example, in the above code, the call
in Listing 16 will result in an XML element like Listing 17.
Listing 16. How to create an XML element with attributes using Builder
One scenario that your sample code doesn't cover is the case where you might want
to create an element that has textual data and attributes. Imagine you wanted to
create an XML element something like Listing 18.
Listing 18. A sample XML element with both attributes and text
Listing 19. How to create an XML element with attributes and text using
Builder
As you can see, the syntax for Builder is incredibly easy to use, and amazingly
intuitive. In addition to I mentioned earlier, Table 1 cites a few special methods that
are a part of Builder's document object.
For more information on Builder, check out the RDoc at RubyForge. Now let's take a
look at how to get this generated XML back to a browser.
Listing 20. Hijacking the Rails response to send custom data to the client
It really is that easy. In this case, out_data is the string instance that contains your
generated XML, "text/xml" is the mime type to be set in the response, and
"sample.xml" is the filename that will be presented to the client as the name of the
file it attempts to download. It's worth noting that send_data is a protected instance
method of the module ActionController::Streaming, which is included as a
mixin by ActionController::Base, which you in turn inherit from as part of the
class hierarchy (see Listing 21).
Modules and mixins are beyond the scope of this tutorial, but check Resources for
more information about these. Now that you have some XML, let's do something
with it.
boss demands that you immediately build him a Web application whereby he can
upload the XML document and assign more favorable ratings to his favorite food
dishes. You're in luck, because that's exactly what the rest of this tutorial is about!
Let's see how you can use Rails to upload a file for processing.
View code
For the sake of being complete, let's take a quick look at the snippet of code from
the view that handles the file upload form (see Listing 22).
You use the standard form_tag and the helper method that is part of the Rails
framework, along with the file_field_tag, which generates an HTML file input
tag, and submit_tag, which generates an HTML submit button. You'll use the
values of the submit_tag calls to determine which handler in the controller will
parse the uploaded XML document. Not very elegant, but it serves the purpose in
this example. Note that you don't use the helper tags that support backing by a
model, as the tutorial has no models.
Controller code
To get the contents of an uploaded file in a Rails controller is a single line of code
(see Listing 23).
Listing 23. Retrieving an uploaded file from the params object in your Rails
controller
def upload
uploaded_file = params[:xml_file]
end
That's it. If the user uploaded a file in that file box, the resulting variable will be either
an instance of StringIO or File. If the user didn't specify a file, then the result of
the upload will be an empty String. You don't need to care about what the class of
the uploaded_file object is, just whether or not it responds to the read method.
You can conditionally declare and assign the contents of the file to a variable, if the
uploaded_file instance responds to the read method (see Listing 24).
Listing 24. Reading the contents of an uploaded file into a String variable
def upload
uploaded_file = params[:xml_file]
data = uploaded_file.read if uploaded_file.respond_to? :read
end
After you have that, you can just delegate to whomever you want to parse the
uploaded data. In this case, you either pass it off to REXML or Hpricot, depending
on what button the user clicked in the browser (see Listing 25).
def upload
uploaded_file = params[:xml_file]
data = uploaded_file.read if uploaded_file.respond_to? :read
if request.post? and data
case params[:commit]
when "Parse with REXML" : parse_with_rexml( data )
when "Parse with Hpricot" : parse_with_hpricot( data )
else parse_recursive( data )
end
else
redirect_to :action => 'index'
end
end
The only piece of code worth mentioning from Listing 25 is the first line of new code.
The first if statement just checks to make sure that the request is a POST (as
opposed to a GET) and that you actually have some data that was uploaded (make
sure that the user actually selected a file to upload). That's about it! Now let's see
what sort of code you need to write to actually parse and manipulate this uploaded
XML!
The goal here is to parse the uploaded XML document, search and iterate as
needed to find the Fish Head Curry and Pig Organ Soup dishes, and upgrade their
ratings to a 6. You hope that will improve the humor of your boss, and with any luck,
he'll start to notice the great code, instead of the low-scoring food dishes.
In this section you parse to your sample document with REXML and update the
relevant elements appropriately. With REXML it is extremely easy to navigate
through an XML document as all the elements and attributes are accessible to you
array-style, or through XPath queries, or by simple iteration. I list some other great
REXML articles in the Resources. But for now, let's get to work. First you'll use an
XPath query to search for all of the DishName elements in the document (see
Listing 26).
Listing 26. Using REXML's XPath class to search for DishName elements
That simple bit of code will find all DishName elements in the document and iterate
over them, allowing you to put whatever custom code you want into the block, to do
whatever work you need to do with the elements. The text //DishName is an XPath
query that basically means "get me all DishName elements in this document."
In this particular case, you want to check the text value of the element to see if it is
equal to "Fish Head Curry" or "Pig Organ Soup" (see Listing 27).
Calling the text method on a REXML element will return the String value of the first
child text element (if one exists) or nil otherwise.
Once you have the correct DishName element, you want to get the parent.
Remember your document structure (see Listing 28).
<Food>
...
<Dish rating="2" category="singaporean">
<DishName>Fish Head Curry</DishName>
<WhereToBuy>Little India</WhereToBuy>
</Dish>
...
</Food>
The parent element is the Dish element, and to access it, simply call the parent
method (see Listing 29).
parent = dish_name_element.parent
Once you have the parent element, you can access the rating attribute, and
assign it the new value (see Listing 30).
parent.attributes["rating"] = 6
And voilà! You just made your boss happier! Take a quick look at the entire block of
code in Listing 31.
Listing 31. Code block to navigate, parse and modify XML elements using
REXML
Now, because you feel really cool, and want to impress your boss after that rating
fiasco, you decide to try to write this rate-changing XML manipulating snippet again,
in a single line of code. By now you feel like a Ruby hero, so it's a snap (separated
onto multiple lines for readability). See Listing 32.
Listing 32. An alternative approach to parse and manipulate the sample XML in
a single line of code
This method doesn't use an XPath explicitly; rather it uses the each_element
method, which is part of REXML's Element class. If you wanted to read this code
as an English sentence, left to right, it would read something like this (important
words bolded):
"Find each DishName element, and assign the parent element's rating attribute a
value of six, unless the text of the DishName element is not 'Pig Organ Soup' or
'Fish Head Curry'".
A caveat to working with Hpricot on the XML front is that if you have case-sensitive
data, you might have some issues. Version 0.5 (the latest) even when parsing a
document as XML explicitly, converts all element names to lowercase. A ticket in the
Hpricot Trac (#53) asks to address this, but it hasn't happened yet. You want to be
aware of this if you start to play with Hpricot yourself. Look at the entire snippet to
parse the document and assign the new ratings, it's very similar to REXML (see
Listing 33).
(Don't forget to require rubygems and hpricot at the top of the main_controller.rb
file!)
(doc/:dishname)
In Ruby, everything is an object. Ruby has no primitives, which is one reason why
you can actually use the divisor (/) as a method name. The divisor method in Hpricot
is just an alias for the search method, so another way to do exactly the same thing
as in Listing 34 is shown in Listing 35.
doc.search(:dishname)
It's good to remember that parenthesis to method calls are optional in Ruby. You can
take them or leave them depending on what you find more readable. Other than that
difference, you'll notice that the code for manipulating the XML document is nearly
identical.
You can do all sorts of impressive things with Hpricot's CSS and XPath selectors,
and for more advanced usage, I recommend that you look at all the examples on the
Hpricot Web site.
(To see the output, check the log/development.log file. You'll see it amongst
the other messages.)
Technically, the code that actually recurses the entire document and logs each
element is a one-liner. It has been split into three lines to make it look like it actually
took some work, but alas -- you can reduce the core to this single line of code (see
Listing 37).
Listing 37. Iterate over an entire XML document recursively in one line of code
The REXML API includes many other convenient methods. For example, if you just
wanted to iterate over a given element's direct descendents instead of the entire
document recursively, you can just do the following from Listing 38.
Listing 38. Iterate over a given XML elements direct descendants (immediate
children)
And that brings you to the end of your XML, Ruby and Rails goodness.
Section 8. Summary
Wrap up
In this tutorial, you generated a Rails application stub and created one controller to
handle requests that generate and manipulate an example XML document. You saw
how to generate XML content with REXML and Builder, and how to navigate and
manipulate XML content with REXML and Hpricot. Additionally, you looked briefly at
how to handle file uploads in Rails, and how to hijack a Rails response object, in
order to serve something to the client other than a Rails view (such as generated
XML data).
Downloads
Description Name Size Download method
Tutorial source code x-rubyonrailsxml-source.zip
2038KB HTTP
Resources
Learn
• Ruby on Rails: Visit the official Ruby on Rails Web site.
• Ruby: Also, visit the official Ruby Programming Language Web site.
• Processing XML in Ruby (Koen Vervloesem, XML.com, November 2005 ): In
this great article, find plenty of examples of creating, parsing and manipulating
XML using REXML.
• The Poignant Guide to Ruby: Dig into an excellent and free online Ruby
resource.
• Humble Little Ruby Book: Walk through the basics of working with Ruby and
much more in another excellent and free online Ruby resource.
• XML Matters: The REXML Library (David Mertz, developerWorks, March 2002):
Read how to process XML with the REXML library and tailor the library to your
programming language as you develop an XML application.
• Four cool libraries for Ruby (Pat Eyler, developerWorks, January 2006 ):
Improve your Ruby code as you learn to use four members of Ruby's standard
library -- RDoc, WEBrick, dRuby, and REXML -- more effectively.
• What's the secret sauce in Ruby on Rails? (Bruce Tate, developerWorks, May
2006): Read about the Ruby on Rails framework in this introductory discussion.
• Ruby on Rails and J2EE: Is there room for both? (Aaron Rustad,
developerWorks, July 2005): Compare Rails and J2EE in the technology
industry.
• Introduction to XML (Doug Tidwell, developerWorks, August 2002): Learn the
basic concepts behind XML in this popular tutorial.
• Understanding DOM (Nicholas Chase, developerWorks, updated March 2007):
Learn to refer to, retrieve, and change items within an XML structure through
the Document Object Model (DOM).
• Ajax for Java developers: Exploring the Google Web Toolkit (Philip McCarthy,
developerWorks, June 2006): Develop Ajax applications from a single Java
codebase in this introduction to GWT's comprehensive set of APIs and tools for
creating dynamic Web applications almost entirely in Java code.
• Build an Ajax application using Google Web Toolkit, Apache Derby, and
Eclipse: Read the developerWorks article series by Noel Rappin:
• Part 1: The fancy front end: (December 2006): See how to build the front
end of a sample delivery system.
• Part 2: The reliable back end (January 2007): Read how to create a
relational database using Derby, and a bare-bones mechanism to convert
the database rows to Java objects.
• YouTube's developer APIs: Learn how to add online videos from YouTube into
your application.
• Amazon Web Services: Explore this suite of web services to enrich your
applications.
• IBM XML certification: Find out how you can become an IBM-Certified
Developer in XML and related technologies.
• XML technical library: See the developerWorks XML Zone for a wide range of
technical articles and tips, tutorials, standards, and IBM Redbooks.
• developerWorks technical events and webcasts: Stay current with technology in
these sessions.
• developerWorks XML zone: Explore hundreds of articles and tutorials about
XML.
• The technology bookstore: Browse for books on these and other technical
topics.
Get products and technologies
• Ruby Gems: Check out the official Ruby Gems Web site.
• Hpricot: At the official Hpricot Web site, find links to good documentation and
examples.
• Builder: Get the RDoc pages for the Builder API, including good documentation.
• REXML: Explore the official REXML Web site, including tutorials and
documentation.
• IBM trial software: Build your next development project with trial software
available for download directly from developerWorks.
Discuss
• developerWorks XML forums: Communicate with other XML developers trying
to solve the same problems you are.
• developerWorks blogs: Get involved in the developerWorks community.
Daniel Wintschel
Daniel Wintschel is a technology agnostic coffee drinker who loves solving problems
for people and businesses. He's done a whole lot of Java programming (~7 years),
and is starting to do a whole lot of Ruby programming (~1.5 years). He is the
co-founder of Helium Syndicate, a company dedicated to building best of breed
software solutions for small to medium sized businesses. When he's not writing
software, he's likely eating, drinking coffee, or wishing he were writing software. | https://pl.scribd.com/document/46730567/x-rubyonrailsxml-a4 | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | refinedweb | 4,942 | 62.68 |
Using PostgreSQL hstore in a Rails application on Engine Yard Cloud
This article is a medium-depth introduction on how to use the PostgreSQL hstore extension in a Rails application, and how to get that application deployed and serving queries on Engine Yard Cloud. The content here is aimed at intermediate to advanced developers. You should have some knowledge of ActiveRecord, Rails, Ruby and SQL, as well as some familiarity with unstructured data, and why it’s useful.
What is hstore?
PostgreSQL provides an extension called “hstore”, which is a form of key/value storage system for unstructured or semi-structured data in a column in your database. Generally speaking, if you’ve used serialization in Rails to store things before, you can do the same thing with more efficiency using the hstore extension.
You can do more than just store unstructured data, however. You can query the data inside hstore fields without needing a complete map/reduce implementation (think various NoSQL databases). This is very useful for many things – for example, with a simple query, you could quickly find out which items most often appear in the semi-structured fields.
Bear in mind that hstore isn’t a replacement for a NoSQL database. Proper use of hstore can help prevent an application from breaking and allow developers greater flexibility as a project ages, but only when used judiciously with a full understanding of how the mechanism works, including the indexes that will need to be built in order to query the data.
Potential Applications
What should you use hstore for? As I see it, hstore is suitable for use in cases where you have most of your data normalized, but you may have bits of data related to your models may need to change frequently and you don’t want to run database migrations all that often, thus changing the structure of your database and possibly requiring your site to come down.
For example, maybe you’re consuming information from an API that may change its responses without providing a backwards-compatible, unchanging structure (inserting new keys in its JSON responses, perhaps). This may not be all that common with public APIs, but with internal projects this can happen rather frequently. Perhaps you wouldn’t want to discard this data, but without writing a migration and making room for new data, you won’t be able to keep it.
Another possibility could be user preferences – you don’t necessarily want 10-30+ rows per user in a giant join table for user preference data and perhaps you feel that should be stored with the user object, but don’t want to go through the trouble of migrating your database (and incurring possible downtime) when deploying changes to user preference structure.
Enter hstore.
With this extension active and in use, you could simply define changes to the structure without a migration and redeploy to pick up changes immediately. That API could throw whatever it wants at you because you can just take the JSON and shove it into hstore. And that myriad of user preferences? No big deal – just store the stuff that differs from the defaults as a key/value pair and you’re done. Change it all you like by just committing new code.
Getting Started
For the purposes of this article, we’re going to limit our scope to just PostgreSQL 9.2 and Rails 3.2.x (though Rails 4 will reportedly have hstore support). Depending on your platform and how you installed PostgreSQL, you may need to take additional steps to get hstore working on your local dev machine. (We’ll cover how to get hstore working on Engine Yard Cloud later in this article.) The general idea is to make sure you have the hstore PostgreSQL extension available to your installation and then to create the extension on the database for your application.
For those of you on OS X who installed PostgreSQL via homebrew, all you need to do is create a database, login and CREATE EXTENSION HSTORE.
Let’s take this from the top. Assuming you’ve installed PostgreSQL and have a basic database cluster running, we can login and create the database:
psql -h localhost -d postgres Type "help" for help. postgres=# CREATE DATABASE rails_hstore_dev OWNER dev; CREATE DATABASE postgres=# CREATE DATABASE rails_hstore_test OWNER dev; CREATE DATABASE
Here I’ve logged into the default “postgres” database as my existing user on my development computer, which happens to be the superuser for this database (default setup with homebrew if memory serves). From there I’ve told PostgreSQL to create two databases: rails_hstore_dev and rails_hstore_test, both owned by the user “dev”, which I set up previously.
TIP: You can see which databases exist on the machine by issuing \l (lower case L) at the psql prompt.
Next, connect to the newly created databases and create the extension:
rails_hstore_dev=# \c rails_hstore_dev You are now connected to database "rails_hstore_test" as user "jaustinhughey". rails_hstore_test=# CREATE EXTENSION HSTORE; CREATE EXTENSION
The \c command, short for “connect”, is how you can pseudo-switch between databases in psql. Here I’ve connected to the development database and created the hstore extension. Repeat for the _test database as well, then verify that you can query based on hstore datatypes:
rails_hstore_test=# SELECT 'a=>1, mykey => myvalue hstore ------------------------------ "a"=>"1", "mykey"=>"myvalue" (1 row)
Here you can see that I’ve made a simple dummy selection and specified the datatype as hstore. This shows us that PostgreSQL is ready to work with hstore data.
Rails integration and the activerecord-postgres-hstore gem
Let’s switch gears and look at how to integrate this with Rails. While database agnosticism is something of a pipe dream with this specific feature, since it’s unique to PostgreSQL, we can still keep things clean and consistent by writing proper migrations to enable the extension prior to running other migrations and/or seeding data.
To accomplish this, we’re going to make use of the activerecord-postgres-hstore gem:
This particular gem adds the ability to work with hstore fields in your models and throughout your Rails application. I suggest looking at the readme for this project as it’s very informative and warns you about a few potential curve balls you may hit.
Keep in mind: you’ll need superuser privileges to issue a CREATE EXTENSION command successfully. In production you’ll likely have your database accessible only from within your security group in EC2 (that’s our default on Engine Yard Cloud, anyway) so multiple layers of user access are generally not necessary since all access is network-controlled. If you absolutely must maintain a non-administrative user for your application’s database, you can run psql commands against it directly as a superuser after the database has been created to set up hstore, and then proceed with migrations.
In the case that you want to set up an existing user as a superuser, first use psql to login as an existing superuser:
psql -d postgres -U <superuser> -h <host>
Then use ALTER USER to turn your project’s user into a superuser:
ALTER USER <application username> WITH SUPERUSER;
Then exit the psql console with ‘\q’. Now that user – whomever you specified as <application username> – should be able to CREATE EXTENSION via migrations without trouble.
Next you’ll want to create a migration to enable the hstore extension. To do that you’ll first need to add activerecord-postgres-hstore to your Gemfile and bundle install. With that done, you can generate the migration:
bundle exec rails g hstore:setup
With that step done, take a quick look at the migration so you know what it’s doing:
class SetupHstore < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up execute "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS hstore" end def self.down execute "DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS hstore" end end
In this case the migration is just running a raw statement that’s applicable only to PostgreSQL. Next, just run it:
bundle exec rake db:migrate. When it’s finished you can proceed with building your application.
An Example Rails Application
The rest of this article is going to go through a very basic use case by building a simplified Rails application that makes use of this feature.
Start by setting up a local PostgreSQL installation and initializing a database, setting up your Gemfile to have access to the activerecord-postgres-hstore gem, and generating the extension migration as above.
This is going to be a very simple app that represents one possible implementation of setting and examining user preferences. We won’t be worrying about actual authentication, authorization or identity here just to keep things focused. Instead we’ll just create a basic User model and allow for preferences to be changed on a per-user basis. In reality you’d want this behind admin-level authentication/authorization, but for the purposes of a demo this will work fine.
The application I’m talking about here can be seen on GitHub as an example:
Let’s run through the basics really fast:
mkdir rails_hstore cd rails_hstore rails new .
Now modify your Gemfile to look like this:
source '' gem 'rails', '~> 3.2.13' gem 'pg' gem 'strong_parameters' gem 'activerecord-postgres-hstore' # for hstore group :development, :test do gem 'rspec-rails' gem 'factory_girl_rails' gem 'better_errors' gem 'binding_of_caller' platforms :mri, :rbx do gem "pry" end end # Application server gem 'puma' #'
And finally
bundle install.
A quick explanation of some of the gems in use:
- pg is the PostgreSQL gem
- strong_paremeters is a prelude to Rails 4’s mass assignment protection in the controller, available in Rails 3.2.x through this gem
- activerecord-postgres-hstore is what allows us to utilize the hstore extensions in the application
- rspec-rails and factory_girl_rails are for tests
- better_errors is a nice gem to have in development for when you run into errors while running the application
- binding_of_caller can be used by better_errors to give you a REPL right in the browser when errors are encountered so I generally include it with better_errors
- On Matz’ Ruby (MRI) and Rubinius (RBX) I’m using the “pry” gem for debugging. It’s a more powerful debugger that can let you “cd” into objects and “ls” to see what’s going on, etc. If you haven’t used it before I highly recommend trying it out.
- puma is a concurrent web server that we’ll use in production. This could also be Unicorn as well – whatever you like. Puma happens to be what I prefer at the moment.
- Note: if you deploy this to Engine Yard Cloud, be sure switch over to “unicorn” if you intend to deploy on Unicorn instead of Rubinius/Puma.
With all these gems installed you’re ready to generate your hstore migration:
bundle exec rails g hstore:setup; bundle exec rake db:migrate
Now that hstore is enabled and ready to go, generate a basic User model:
bundle exec rails g model user
Edit the migration:
class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration def change create_table :users do |t| t.string :email t.hstore :preferences t.timestamps end end end
And migrate your database to create the users table.
Next, we’re going to have to tell ActiveRecord to serialize the preferences column with hstore. Open up app/models/user.rb and add a little code:
class User < ActiveRecord::Base # Use the activerecord-postgres-hstore serializer serialize :preferences, ActiveRecord::Coders::Hstore # Require an email address at the bare minimum. Preferences can be blank. validates :email, :presence => true, :format => { :with => /\A([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+.)+[a-z]{2,})\Z/ } end
Now that this is finished, let’s just store a little information in there to test it out. Boot up a Rails console and try creating and saving a few objects just to get a feel for things:
$ bundle exec rails c Loading development environment (Rails 3.2.13) rubinius-2.0.0.rc1 :001 > u = User.new(email: "user@example.com") => #<User id: nil, email: "user@example.com", preferences: {}, created_at: nil, updated_at: nil> rubinius-2.0.0.rc1 :002 > u.valid? => true rubinius-2.0.0.rc1 :003 > u.preferences = { theme: "black", language: "US English", currency: "USD" } => {:theme=>"black", :language=>"US English", :currency=>"USD"} rubinius-2.0.0.rc1 :004 > u.save (0.6ms) BEGIN SQL (21.6ms) INSERT INTO "users" ("created_at", "email", "preferences", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4) RETURNING "id" [["created_at", Thu, 18 Apr 2013 21:53:36 UTC +00:00], ["email", "user@example.com"], ["preferences", "\"theme\"=>\"black\",\"language\"=>\"US English\",\"currency\"=>\"USD\""], ["updated_at", Thu, 18 Apr 2013 21:53:36 UTC +00:00]] (2.2ms) COMMIT => true rubinius-2.0.0.rc1 :005 >
As you can see, we’ve created a simple user with the email address user@example.com and some basic theoretical site preferences (theme, language and currency).
At this point you’re probably asking, “so what’s the big deal?” and rightfully so. Here’s the big deal: you can query against this data multiple ways very efficiently.
rubinius-2.0.0.rc1 :011 > @themes = ["black", "white", "red", "blue"] => ["black", "white", "red", "blue"] rubinius-2.0.0.rc1 :012 > @languages = ["US English", "UK English", "Japanese", "Spanish", "German", "Italian", "Portugese"] => ["US English", "UK English", "Japanese", "Spanish", "German", "Italian", "Portugese"] rubinius-2.0.0.rc1 :013 > @currencies = ["USD", "GBP", "EUR", "AUD", "CDN", "JPY"] => ["USD", "GBP", "EUR", "AUD", "CDN", "JPY"] rubinius-2.0.0.rc1 :014 > 100.times { |n| User.create(email: "user#{n}@example.com", preferences: { theme: @themes.sample, language: @languages.sample, currency: @currencies.sample }) } (0.4ms) BEGIN SQL (0.9ms) INSERT INTO "users" ("created_at", "email", "preferences", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4) RETURNING "id" [["created_at", Thu, 18 Apr 2013 22:14:01 UTC +00:00], ["email", "user0@example.com"], ["preferences", "\"theme\"=>\"red\",\"language\"=>\"Italian\",\"currency\"=>\"GBP\""], ["updated_at", Thu, 18 Apr 2013 22:14:01 UTC +00:00]] (0.9ms) COMMIT ... (0.1ms) BEGIN SQL (0.4ms) INSERT INTO "users" ("created_at", "email", "preferences", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4) RETURNING "id" [["created_at", Thu, 18 Apr 2013 22:14:01 UTC +00:00], ["email", "user99@example.com"], ["preferences", "\"theme\"=>\"blue\",\"language\"=>\"Italian\",\"currency\"=>\"JPY\""], ["updated_at", Thu, 18 Apr 2013 22:14:01 UTC +00:00]] (1.1ms) COMMIT
Here I’ve created 100 independent users in a loop storing a random selection of user preferences using Array#sample. Now I’ll see which preferences are most popular.
@themes.each { |t| puts "Users with theme #{t}: " + User.where("preferences @> 'theme=>#{t}'").count.to_s } (0.4ms) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "users" WHERE (preferences @> 'theme=>black') Users with theme black: 30 (0.3ms) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "users" WHERE (preferences @> 'theme=>white') Users with theme white: 23 (0.2ms) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "users" WHERE (preferences @> 'theme=>red') Users with theme red: 29 (0.3ms) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "users" WHERE (preferences @> 'theme=>blue') Users with theme blue: 18
So here we can see that the theme “black” is most common among the data set just by executing a simple query. We could repeat this for language:
@languages.each { |l| puts "Users with language #{l}: " + User.where("preferences @> 'language=>\"#{l}\"'").count.to_s } (0.6ms) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "users" WHERE (preferences @> 'language=>"US English"') Users with language US English: 14 (0.3ms) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "users" WHERE (preferences @> 'language=>"UK English"') Users with language UK English: 17 (0.3ms) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "users" WHERE (preferences @> 'language=>"Japanese"') Users with language Japanese: 11 (0.2ms) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "users" WHERE (preferences @> 'language=>"Spanish"') Users with language Spanish: 14 (0.2ms) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "users" WHERE (preferences @> 'language=>"German"') Users with language German: 16 (0.3ms) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "users" WHERE (preferences @> 'language=>"Italian"') Users with language Italian: 15 (0.3ms) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "users" WHERE (preferences @> 'language=>"Portugese"') Users with language Portugese: 13
We can see here that UK English was the most popular with this random data set through a simple query to PostgreSQL that would otherwise be pretty rough to churn through without hstore.
Note also the syntax of both queries I’ve shown here. In the first example, none of my objects in the @themes array had any spaces in them – they were all just one-word strings. However the second example did have spaces, so I had to escape quotes to get it to query correctly. That syntax looks like this:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users WHERE (preferences @> ‘language=>”Stuff with spaces goes in double quotes *inside* single quotes! Otherwise, omit the double quotes.”’);
Let’s talk about indexes.
Now that we’re reading information out of the database, we have another potential problem: the larger the database gets, the longer it’s going to take to perform queries because we haven’t yet indexed the data.
As a general rule of thumb, anything that’s going to be used in a WHERE clause needs an index. This helps the database find where specific information is faster. The tradeoff with indexes, however, is that they eat up disk space and they have to be maintained. The larger your table, the larger your index in most cases (unless you have a ton of duplicate data, perhaps, depending on the type of index used).
To get this application to perform SELECTs well, we need to index it. The hstore datatype can be indexed with one of two types: GiST or GIN.
Let’s briefly review some differences between GiST and GIN indexes. This is an oversimplification, and for the straight dope I recommend you read the PostgreSQL documentation on GiST vs. GIN indexes, but for the purposes of this tutorial:
- GiST indexes are going to be smaller on disk and faster to build
- GiST indexes may return results slower than GIN indexes
- GiST searches may return false positives, which PostgreSQL has to weed out prior to returning (thus slowing the query’s execution time)
- GIN indexes take about 3 times more time to build than GiST
- GIN indexes will return results faster in most cases, but depends on the logarithmic difference in unique words
Since GIN indexes are faster with more unique words, and we’re storing semi-structured data from the application with lots of potential for duplicate keys and values, it makes sense to use a GiST index. With as much potential for data duplication as exists in this use case, using a GIN index would likely not be all that much faster since it depends on logarithmic difference in unique words to find things quickly, and it would still eat up more space than a GiST index, meaning we’d get the same performance, roughly, but sacrifice extra disk space for no significant gain.
There are two ways we can add this index:
Direct query:
ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(“CREATE INDEX user_pref_hstore_gist ON users USING GIST (preferences)”)
Using the activerecord-postgres-hstore gem:
def AddIndexOnPrefs < ActiveRecord::Migration def change add_hstore_index :users, :preferences, :type => :gist # or :type => :gin # Note that :gist is the default. It’s explicitly stated here for # educational purposes. end end
Bringing it all together
This application, being just a demo, isn’t going to do any actual authentication or authorization. The controller, therefore, will look like a pretty standard REST-like controller. The views will be pretty straightforward, and the form for the user object will also be classic Rails.
Controller source code:
class UsersController < ApplicationController def index @users = User.all # for demo only, DO NOT do this in production apps end def new @user = User.new end def create @user = User.new(user_params) if @user.valid? and @user.save redirect_to @user, :flash => { :notice => t(:user_created) } else render :action => :new, :flash => { :error => t(:user_not_created) } end end def show @user = User.find(params[:id]) end def edit @user = User.find(params[:id]) end def update @user = User.find(params[:id]) if @user.update_attributes(user_params) redirect_to @user, :flash => { :notice => t(:user_updated) } else render :action => :new, :flash => { :error => t(:user_not_updated) } end end def destroy @user = User.find(params[:id]) if @user.destroy redirect_to root_path, :flash => { :notice => t(:user_destroyed) } else redirect_to @user, :flash => { :error => t(:user_not_destroyed) } end end private def user_params params.require(:user).permit(:email, preferences: [:theme, :language, :currency]) end end
Moving on to the views, again it’s classic Rails. Just loop through @user.all for the index (note: bad practice for production for obvious reasons, but again we’ve just got a simple demo here) and render _form.html.erb for edit/new. The form itself might give some people a little trouble, so here’s the source code for that with a brief explanation:
app/views/user/_form.html.erb
<%= form_for @user do |f| %> <p> <%= f.label :email %><br> <%= f.text_field :email %> </p> <%= f.fields_for :preferences do |p| %> <p> <%= p.label :theme %><br> <%= p.select :theme, options_for_select(User.valid_themes, @user.preferences["theme"]), { include_blank: true } %> </p> <p> <%= p.label :currency %><br> <%= p.select :currency, options_for_select(User.valid_currencies, @user.preferences["currency"]), { include_blank: true } %> </p> <p> <%= p.label :language %><br> <%= p.select :language, options_for_select(User.valid_languages, @user.preferences["language"]), { include_blank: true } %> </p> <% end %> <%= f.submit :class => "btn btn-success" %> <% end %>
Note that inside the form_for block we’re additionally calling fields_for on the form object, passing it a different symbol representing the attribute we’re serializing in the model, and then creating select lists based on known attributes we’re going to serialize – theme, language and currency in this case. The valid options for those are defined on the class itself as very simple arrays for each method (valid_currencies, valid_languages, valid_themes).
As for the application, those are the most salient points – everything else is pretty standard and/or boring. You can see the full source code at GitHub.
Deploying on Engine Yard Cloud
So you’ve got an application using hstore ready to go, but how do you deploy it? On Engine Yard Cloud this is fairly easy. There’s just one “trick” that you have to do to get things working: enable the PostgreSQL hstore extension via custom chef.
This article isn’t meant to be a primer to custom chef, so we’ll just hit the main points here. First, go clone this github repository on your system somewhere:
Next, take a look at in that repository. This readme details the multitude of PostgreSQL extensions available on Engine Yard Cloud, of which hstore is one. Following the directions under “hstore” would have you edit the main chef recipe (cookbooks/main/recipes/default.rb) to enable the recipe by removing the comment line in front of it, as well as the comments in front of the block beginning and end statements. I also enabled the btree_gin and btree_gist recipes as well.
WIth that done, you can upload and run your custom chef recipe by following these directions. Note that this assumes you have an environment running already. This should enable PostgreSQL hstore extensions on your cluster.
Once you’ve uploaded and run your custom chef recipes successfully, you can deploy the application with migrations and see it in use. Remember that if you’re deploying the application I put on GitHub that you should probably choose Rubinius 2.0 in 1.9.3 mode with Puma as your stack. Otherwise, fork it, put “unicorn” in there and try running it on MRI 1.9.3 (or you can try under Passenger as well without changing the Gemfile).
To seed the database once it’s deployed, SSH up to the instance, cd into /data/<appname>/current and issue RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake db:seed. If you’re using Early Access Rubinius like I did, that’ll be RAILS_ENV=production ruby -S bundle exec rake db:seed.
PostgreSQL’s hstore extension can provide a lot of extra capability for unstructured or semi-structured data for your application without forcing you to go with a full-blown NoSQL implementation. I wouldn’t recommend using it as a complete replacement for a real NoSQL store, but if you have models or portions thereof that you feel would be better stored and retrieved as unstructured key/value pairs, hstore is probably a good fit for your application.
Share your thoughts with @engineyard on Twitter | http://blog.engineyard.com/2013/using-postgresql-hstore-in-a-rails-application-on-engine-yard-cloud | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | refinedweb | 4,001 | 53.81 |
Upgrade Wizard in Visual Studio .NET
Visual Studio .NET is the new development environment for developing Microsoft .NET applications. Because Visual Basic has undergone lots of changes to its syntax and many new features have been added to the language, the Visual Studio .NET IDE contains an upgrade wizard, which helps in upgrading Visual Basic applications to Visual Basic .NET. This section covers details about the upgrade wizard.
Upgrading a Visual Basic 6.0 Project
The upgrade wizard is used to upgrade Visual Basic 6.0 applications into a Visual Basic .NET application. Applications that have been developed using earlier versions of Visual Basic (that is, versions lower than Visual Basic 6.0), have to be upgraded to Visual Basic 6.0 before using the upgrade wizard. The most important thing about this upgrade wizard is that it leaves the original Visual Basic 6.0 project untouched and creates a new Visual Basic .NET project.
If a Visual Basic 6.0 application is opened in Visual Studio .NET, the upgrade wizard is invoked automatically as seen in Figure 3-2. As shown, the upgrade wizard creates a new Visual Basic .NET project, which will be the upgraded version of the Visual Basic application being opened. The wizard will copy each file from the original project into the new project and make the necessary modifications to make it a Visual Basic .NET application.
Figure 3-2. First screen when the upgrade wizard is opened in Visual Studio .NET.
On clicking Next, the screen shown in Figure 3-3 is displayed. As shown, the upgrade wizard automatically detects the type of the Visual Basic application to be converted. If the application is a DLL or custom library, the checkbox Generate default interfaces for all public classes is enabled. If this checkbox is not checked, interfaces will be generated only for those classes that have been implemented by other classes in project. If the checkbox is checked, interfaces are generated for all the classes whether they have been implemented by other classes or not.
Figure 3-3. Selecting the project type for the upgrade wizard.
On clicking Next, we get Figure 3-4. In this screen, the location of the Visual Basic .NET project can be specified. If the directory does not exist, it is created and a Visual Basic .NET project is created in the new directory. On clicking Next, the screen obtained is as shown in Figure 3-5. On clicking Next in the following screen the update process is started as shown in Figure 3-6.
Figure 3-4. Specifying location for creating the upgraded Visual Basic .NET application.
Figure 3-5. Ready to Upgrade Screen.
Figure 3-6. Upgrade Engine is invoked.
Once the upgrade wizard has upgraded the application, the tool prepares an upgrade report that lists all the steps that the wizard has completed and what steps are remaining for the developer to complete the upgrade.
Upgrade Report
When the upgrade tool has finished upgrading the application, it prepares an upgrade report that can be seen in the solution explorer window of Visual Studio .NET. The file name is _UpgradeReport.htm. Double-click the file name so that it will be opened in the Visual Studio .NET browser window. Figure 3-7 shows the upgrade report.
Figure 3-7. Upgrade report generated by the upgrade wizard in Visual Studio .NET.
As seen in Figure 3-7, the upgrade report shows the upgrade details. Specifically it shows the new file name (in the Visual Basic .NET project), the old file name (in Visual Basic), and the file type (whether is a form, a class, or so on). It also shows the status of the upgrade (i.e., whether the file was upgraded or whether it had any errors or warnings) and gives the error and warning counts for individual files. Clicking on the + sign next to the file name will give the details of the file, as shown in Figure 3-8. The settings used during the upgrade process are also listed in the upgrade report and a log file is created. Figure 3-8 shows the issues (if any) for a specific file.
Figure 3-8. Upgrade issues for a specified file.
Now let us look at an example of the upgrade wizard in which there were errors and warnings during the upgrade process. Figure 3-9 shows the screen. As shown, when Visual Basic 6.0 was upgraded, there were a few errors. The report shows the upgrade issues. Specifically the report lists the severity of the error, the location of the error, and the object, and the property on which the error occurred and gives a description of the error.
Figure 3-9. Upgrade report showing a list of files with errors and warnings.
COMPILE ERRORS
Compile errors occur when the upgraded code cannot be compiled in Visual Basic .NET because some property or object is not supported in Microsoft .NET Framework. Any issues that fall under compile errors in an upgrade report need to be corrected by the developer; otherwise the application cannot be executed. The upgrade wizard will insert upgrade issues in case of compile errors.
Following are some of the cases that cause compilation errors during the upgrade:
The Visual Basic 6.0 application uses ListIndex property of ListBox or ComboBox control.
The Visual Basic 6.0 application uses DrawStyle property of PictureBox control.
Functions like VarPtr, StrPtr, ObjPtr, MidB, and ChrB and statements like GoSub have been used in the Visual Basic 6.0 application.
The Visual Basic 6.0 application is trying to set a read-only property of particular control.
DESIGN ERRORS
When design errors occur, the upgraded code can be compiled and executed in Visual Basic .NET. This error indicates that a property that can be set at design time in Visual Basic 6.0 cannot be set then in Visual Basic .NET. Design errors generally apply to forms and controls. Some causes for design errors are as follows:
A particular property of one control has a new behavior in Visual Basic .NET. Following are some of the cases that cause these errors:
TextBox.TextLength property
Form.Picture property
Form.Unload event
ComboBox.Change event
Raster fonts are used on the Visual Basic form.
A particular property or method of Visual Basic 6.0 has been removed in Visual Basic .NET
Warnings
The upgraded code can be compiled and executed in Visual Basic .NET. The upgrade wizard issues a warning when some property that could be set in Visual Basic exhibits a changed behavior in Visual Basic .NET. Any warnings should be examined to make sure that they do not affect application behavior. Following are some of the cases when the upgrade wizard issues warnings:
If arrays have been declared with New keyword.
If an array doesn't have a zero lower bound.
If Visual Basic application has used Null or IsNull because Null is not supported in Visual Basic .NET.
In Visual Basic .NET some of the properties enumerators of Visual Basic 6.0 have changed. Therefore, an upgrade wizard shows a warning that the value for particular property could not be resolved.
There are instances when no error is listed in the upgrade report, but the application fails to execute in the Microsoft .NET environment. However, such cases are very infrequent.
As Figure 3-9 indicates, the descriptions of the errors and warning are actually hyperlinks, which provide links to the specified materials in Microsoft .NET documentation. For example, clicking on the third description in the figure will lead to the screen shown in Figure 3-10. This screen gives an indication of why there was an error in upgrading the Visual Basic application to Visual Basic .NET. It also gives a pointer and a detailed explanation to the developer on how to solve the error.
Figure 3-10. MSDN documentation for the specified error/warning.
In addition to the upgrade report, the wizard also puts comments in the upgraded code to indicate that there were issues. The following code snippet shows a Visual Basic .NET code that was generated by the upgrade wizard:
Private Sub Form1_Click(ByVal eventSender As_ System.Object, ByVal eventArgs As System.EventArgs)_ Handles MyBase.Click 'UPGRADE_ISSUE: PictureBox property Picture1.FillColor was not upgraded. Click for more: 'ms-help://MS.VSCC /commoner/redir/redirect.htm?keyword="vbup2064"' Picture1.FillColor = System.Drawing.ColorTranslator._ ToOle (System.Drawing.Color.Red) 'UPGRADE_ISSUE: PictureBox property Picture1.FillStyle was not upgraded. Click for more: 'ms-help: // MS.VSCC / commoner/redir/ redirect.htm?keyword ="vbup2064"' Picture1.FillStyle = 0 'UPGRADE_ISSUE: PictureBox method Picture1.Circle was not upgraded. Click for more: 'ms-help://MS.VSCC/ commoner/redir/redirect.htm?keyword="vbup2064"' Picture1.Circle (VB6.PixelsToTwipsX(Picture1.Width)/_ 2, VB6.PixelsToTwipsY(Picture1.Height) / 2),_ VB6.PixelsToTwipsY(Picture1.Height) / 2 End Sub
In this code, the upgrade wizard has marked lines of code with an upgrade issue warning. The wizard also provides a link to MSDN documentation on more specifics of the upgrade issues.
Performance of the Upgrade Wizard
For small projects, the upgrade wizard works very quickly. For Visual Basic 6.0 projects that use COM and ActiveX components, the upgrade wizard updates a copy of the main Visual Basic 6.0 project. The original copy of the project is left unchanged. In addition, it creates a COM interoperability layer to enable the new Visual Basic .NET application to interact with the original COM components.
This means that when you upgrade Visual Basic 6.0 projects, all the referenced COM and ActiveX controls are not upgraded automatically. Instead, it uses the feature of interoperability mechanism provided by the Microsoft .NET Framework to interact with these COM and ActiveX components.
The pre-migration recommendations provided in this book have been suggested to improve the performance of upgrade wizard. The Visual Basic 6.0 code needs to can be changed as per pre-migration recommendations before upgrading it using the upgrade wizard. | https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=32093&seqNum=9 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | refinedweb | 1,662 | 59.6 |
To
implement multiple-instance objects in C, you need to code a C
extension type, not a module. Like Python
classes, C types generate multiple-instance objects and can overload
(i.e., intercept and implement) Python expression operators and type
operations. Unlike classes, though, types do not support attribute
inheritance by themselves -- attributes are fetched from a flat
names table, not a namespace objects tree. That makes sense if you
realize that Python’s built-in types are simply precoded C
extension types; when you ask for the list
append
method, for instance, inheritance never enters the picture. We can
add inheritance for types by coding “wrapper” classes,
but it is a manual process (more on this later).
One of the biggest drawbacks of types, though, is their size -- to 19-15 presents a C string stack type implementation, but with the bodies of all its functions stripped out. For the complete implementation, see this file on the book’s CD (see).
This C type roughly implements the same interface as the stack classes we met earlier in Chapter 17, but imposes a few limits on the stack itself and does ...
No credit card required | https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/programming-python-second/0596000855/ch19s07.html | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | refinedweb | 195 | 60.85 |
Highlight all Textarea textShaF10 May 11, 2009 10:50 AM
Hi Guys
I have several text areas in a VBox called documentContainer. Now, what I want to do is when a user presses the "a" button the text in all the textareas is selected. I have managed to get it to partially work in that it'll select all the text in the current textarea, but it will not select the text in the other textareas. Code below:
if(event.keyCode == 65) { for(var i:uint=0; i<documentContainer.numChildren; i++) { var taTextSelection:TextArea = documentContainer.getChildAt(i) as TextArea; taTextSelection.setSelection(0, taTextSelection.length); } }
1. Re: Highlight all Textarea textGregory Lafrance May 11, 2009 11:05 AM (in response to ShaF10)
Maybe this?
taTextSelection.setSelection(0, taTextSelection.text.length);
2. Re: Highlight all Textarea textShaF10 May 11, 2009 11:44 AM (in response to Gregory Lafrance)
Ah yes, that fixed the problem. It still doesn't work the way I want it to work though. All the text is selected but the text background colour only changes for the textarea that is selected, the other textareas text will only highlight when I focus on them. Is there a way I can overcome this ?
3. Re: Highlight all Textarea textGregory Lafrance May 11, 2009 11:54 AM (in response to ShaF10)1 person found this helpful
Maybe use focusManager to add to the controls currently having focus?
4. Re: Highlight all Textarea textShaF10 May 11, 2009 12:09 PM (in response to Gregory Lafrance)
I had a quick play around with the focusManager but I cannot get it to work with that either.
5. Re: Highlight all Textarea textGregory Lafrance May 11, 2009 12:21 PM (in response to ShaF10)
Can you post simplified yet complete code with the multiple TextArea so I can investigate?
6. Re: Highlight all Textarea text_Natasha_ May 11, 2009 12:26 PM (in response to ShaF10)
Hi,
you can set to your component focus:
taTextSelection.setFocus()
7. Re: Highlight all Textarea textGregory Lafrance May 11, 2009 12:37 PM (in response to _Natasha_)
He needs to set the focus to be three TextArea that have the focus simultaneously.
8. Re: Highlight all Textarea textrun,ryan! May 11, 2009 12:58 PM (in response to ShaF10)1 person found this helpful
In docs it says
Selects the text in the range specified by the parameters. If the control is not in focus, the selection highlight will not show until the control gains focus. Also, if the focus is gained by clicking on the control, any previous selection would be lost.
I guess you want to give user an option to copy or delete all the text in all the textarea?
try to do it in another way, like a button called 'copy all' to create a collection of all the text inputed
9. Re: Highlight all Textarea textShaF10 May 11, 2009 1:25 PM (in response to run,ryan!)
Ah man. If anyone has any workarounds, they would be much appreciated.
At the moment I am thinking of collecting the textarea content and placing it into a string and then create an almost transparant wire rectangle to cover all the textareas to indicate a complete selection has taken place. What do you guys think ?
10. Re: Highlight all Textarea textGregory Lafrance May 11, 2009 1:52 PM (in response to ShaF10)
You could, I think as you indicated, allow the user to activate some "selection tool", which would change the cursor and allow the user to click-drag to encircle are area in a hollow rectangle.
After mouse up, you could change the background color and text color of any TextArea within that region to simulate multiple selection, and popup a modal TitleWindow asking if user wants to select all highlighted text.
If user clicks yes, you copy the text from all the "highlighted" TextArea to a variable or Array.
If they click no, "deselect" the TextAreas by returning their background and text colors to normal.
11. Re: Highlight all Textarea textShaF10 May 11, 2009 2:00 PM (in response to Gregory Lafrance)
Thats a good idea, the popups might annoy some users though.
12. Re: Highlight all Textarea textGregory Lafrance May 11, 2009 2:04 PM (in response to ShaF10)
The popup is not absolutely necessary. User clicks/drags to highlight within the hollow rectangle. If the click again, the previous selection is wiped out.
When they release the mouse button after dragging, you can just copy at that point.
13. Re: Highlight all Textarea textrun,ryan! May 11, 2009 2:18 PM (in response to ShaF10)
something like this?
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <mx:Application xmlns: <mx:Script> <![CDATA[ import mx.controls.Alert; public var myResult:String; private function selectAll():void { t1.enabled = !t1.enabled; t2.enabled = !t2.enabled; myResult = 't1:' + t1.text + ';t2:' + t2.text; } ]]> </mx:Script> <mx:TextArea <mx:TextArea <mx:Label <mx:Button <mx:Button </mx:Application>
create a window over those textarea when they are not editable with some showEffect will make it more beautiful
14. Re: Highlight all Textarea textShaF10 May 11, 2009 3:22 PM (in response to run,ryan!)
Thanks for the input. I have decided to integrate two features, the first is if the user presses ctrl+a and it will get all textareas and place them into a string and change the background colour of all textareas. The other is to create a button to do the same.
I have a little dilemma though, how do I check whether the user and selected or not select the text ? I am thinking of creating a flag variable and mark it as true when the user makes a selection and check for that when certain event listeners are registered. What do you guys think ?
15. Re: Highlight all Textarea textGregory Lafrance May 11, 2009 4:20 PM (in response to ShaF10)
I don't understand this:
"how do I check whether the user and selected or not select the text ?"
but sure, you can use a flag to indicate a selection has been made.
16. Re: Highlight all Textarea textShaF10 May 11, 2009 4:35 PM (in response to Gregory Lafrance)
Sorry about that, not to worry though as I have managed to fix all of the problems above.
Now I just need to find a way of copying a string to the clipboard. Any ideas ?
17. Re: Highlight all Textarea textShaF10 May 11, 2009 5:03 PM (in response to ShaF10)
Clipboard issue fixed.
18. Re: Highlight all Textarea textGregory Lafrance May 11, 2009 5:08 PM (in response to ShaF10)
I believe this is how it is done:
var myString:String = "test string";
System.setClipboard(myString);
You might not be able to read the clipboard once set in Flex though. You can in AIR. Here is another example I found on a blog:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!--- flex/ -->
<mx:Application xmlns:
<mx:Script>
<![CDATA[
import mx.controls.Alert;
private function button_click():void {
System.setClipboard(richTextEditor.text);
Alert.show("Done");
}
]]>
</mx:Script>
<mx:ApplicationControlBar
<mx:Button
</mx:ApplicationControlBar>
<mx:RichTextEditor
</mx:Application>
19. Re: Highlight all Textarea textGordonSmith
May 12, 2009 7:11 PM (in response to ShaF10)
The TextField inside the TextArea has a property called alwaysShowSelection. If true, it will show the selection hiliting even if the component doesn't have the keyboard focus.
Gordon Smith
Adobe Flex SDK Team | https://forums.adobe.com/thread/431295 | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | refinedweb | 1,241 | 71.04 |
::::SNIP:::... Thank you
Most of the examples using YunServer are handling incoming web requests, but it can do more than that. Both YunServer and YunClient are simple TCP streams at their heart.
#include <Bridge.h>#include <YunServer.h>#include <YunClient.h>YunServer server;void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); while (!Serial); Serial.println("Starting bridge...\n"); Bridge.begin(); delay(2000); Serial.println("Done.\n");}void loop() { YunClient client = server.accept(); if (client) { // read the command String command = client.readString(); command.trim(); //kill whitespace Serial.println(command); // Close connection and free resources. client.stop(); } delay(50);}
1) easily set a static IP address to the Yùn through a dedicated function directly in the sketch
2) set a communication port (of my choice); by the way is the default port 5555 (as specified in the Yùn guide) or 80 (as always in Http)?
3) quickly send simple TCP strings without the need of complicated and slower HTTP GET requests
#include <Bridge.h>#include <YunClient.h>#define PORT 255// Define our client objectYunClient client;void setup(){ // Bridge startup Bridge.begin(); Serial.begin(9600); while (!Serial); // wait for a serial connection}void loop(){ // Make the client connect to the desired server and port IPAddress addr(192, 168, 42, 185); // Or define it using a single unsigned 32 bit value // IPAddress addr(0xc0a8sab9); // same as 192.168.42.185 // Or define it using a byte array // const uint8 addrBytes = {192, 168, 42, 185}; // IPAddress addr(addrBytes); client.connect(addr, PORT); // Or connect by a server name and port. // Note that the Yun doesn't support mDNS by default, so "Yun.local" won't work // client.connect("ServerName.com", PORT); if (client.connected()) { Serial.println("Connected to the server."); // Send something to the client client.println("Something..."); // Cheap way to give the server time to respond. // A real application (as opposed to this simple example) will want to be more intelligent about this. delay (250); // Read all incoming bytes available from the server and print them while (client.available()) { char c = client.read(); Serial.print(c); } Serial.flush(); // Close the connection client.stop(); } else Serial.println("Could not connect to the server."); // Give some time before trying again delay (10000);}
New client connection.From client: "Something..."Client disconnected.
Connected to the server.Hello Client!Hello Client!Hello Client!Hello Client!Hello Client!Hello Client!Hello Client!Hello Client!Hello Client!
YunServer server(port)
as you did, but I could not get any response: I think the Yùn was expecting again an HTTP request.After comparing my sketch and yours I'm still not able to see where the Yùn realize that the data it will receive are not HTTP headers but raw strings.
server.noListenOnLocalhost(); server.begin(); client = server.accept(); | https://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=311200.0 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | refinedweb | 453 | 51.14 |
Is pivot animator safe işler
Hello there! I'm living in turkey. I want to
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7-8 dakikalik 2-3 (detayli) karakterli, bir arabali, bir binali retro havali bir animasyon.
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Windows Powershell scripting - Connect to remote computer and execute command.
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import 2 xml of different language , WPML setup , site is already done | https://www.tr.freelancer.com/job-search/is-pivot-animator-safe/ | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | refinedweb | 247 | 68.16 |
The equation above is a congruence. What it says is that x % 3 is 2.
The equals sign with three bars means “is equivalent to”, so more literally what the equation says is “x is equivalent to 2, when we are looking at only the integers mod 3”.
5 is a solution, so is 8, so is 11 and so is -1!
The general solution for x is
where N is any integer, aka
.
What if you were trying to find an integer value x that satisfied the multiple congruences below? How would you solve it?
You could use brute force, but you’d have to check every value from 0 to 60 (not including 60) since 60 is the least common multiple (In this case, you calculate LCM 3*4*5 = 60, since the numbers have a greatest common divisor of 1, aka they are co-prime).
As the number of equations grew, or the mod values were larger, brute force could grow to be a large problem very quickly.
Well luckily there is a better way called the Chinese Remainder Theorem.
BTW – the answer is 26. Or 26 mod 60 more correctly, or 26 + 60*N where N is any integer.
The Chinese Remainder Theorem
The CRT was first published sometime in the 3rd-5th centuries by Sun Tzu – but not the Sun Tzu that wrote “The Art of War”, that was a different person. It was later proven to be true by Gauss in 1801.
When trying to learn the CRT, I found this amazing video that explains it extremely well. You should give it a look: The Chinese Remainder Theorem made easy.
In that video, it talks about modular inversion. You can read about the details of that in the last post I made: Modular Multiplicative Inverse.
An Example
Let’s work through an example that you can follow along with just to make sure you understand it, since I pointed you elsewhere for explanations 😛
Here is our set of congruences:
First up, we want to break it into 3 sections, combined with addition.
In the above, the first empty space will be the solution to the first equation, the second empty space will be the solution to the second equation, and the third empty space will be the solution to the third equation.
Each section is going to get a co-efficient which is the mods for every equation multiplied together, except the one we are trying to solve. We still have an unknown though per term that we are going to solve in a moment.
or
The reason we make those coefficients is because it isolates our terms so that we can solve each equation individually then combine them to get the combined solution.
This works because you can see that in the first term, no matter what we end up choosing for
, it will always be a perfect multiple of 3 and 11, which means that the value will be zero in the other terms / other equations, so won’t affect whatever value we come up for them.
Next up, we need to solve for the N’s.
The first term needs to have an
such that
.
How do we solve that? We could use brute force, testing every number 0 through 6 (otherwise known as 7-1), but in the last post we showed a better way to do it using the extended euclidean algorithm. So, that link once again is: Modular Multiplicative Inverse.
The answer when solving using inversion comes out to be 15. Note that our answer is in “mod 7” space, so you could use any value
where
, but we can stick to using 15 to make it easier to follow.
That gives us this:
or
The value of N2 and N3 end up being -8 and -2 respectively. That gives us:
or
or
Since this is just one of many solutions, the real answer is:
or
where
Let’s check our result and see if we got it right…
173 % 7 is indeed 5.
173 % 11 is 8.
173 % 3 is 2.
Woot, it worked!
Example Code
#include <stdio.h> #include <algorithm> #include <array> // x = a mod m struct SEquation { int a; int m; }; //=================================================================================) { const SEquation equations[] = { { 2, 3 }, { 2, 4 }, { 1, 5 } }; const int c_numEquations = sizeof(equations) / sizeof(equations[0]); // print out the equations printf("Solving for x:\n"); for (int i = 0; i < c_numEquations; ++i) printf("eq %i: x = %i mod %i\n", i, equations[i].a, equations[i].m); printf("\n"); // make sure the m's are pairwise co-prime for (int i = 0; i < c_numEquations; ++i) { for (int j = i + 1; j < c_numEquations; ++j) { int s, t; int gcd = ExtendedEuclidianAlgorithm(equations[i].m, equations[j].m, s, t); if (gcd != 1) { printf("%i and %i are not co-prime (index %i and %i)\n", equations[i].m, equations[j].m, i, j); WaitForEnter(); return 0; } } } // calculate the coefficients for each term std::array < int, c_numEquations > coefficients; coefficients.fill(1); for (int i = 0; i < c_numEquations; ++i) { for (int j = 0; j < c_numEquations; ++j) { if (i != j) coefficients[i] *= equations[j].m; } } // now figure out how much to multiply each coefficient by to make it have the specified modulus residue (remainder) int result = 0; for (int i = 0; i < c_numEquations; ++i) { int s, t; ExtendedEuclidianAlgorithm(coefficients[i], equations[i].m, s, t); coefficients[i] *= t * equations[i].a; } // calculate result and simplify it to the smallest positive integer mod lcm // lcm is the product when they are pairwise coprime, as the gcd of any two is 1. int lcm = 1; for (int i = 0; i < c_numEquations; ++i) { lcm *= equations[i].m; result += coefficients[i]; } result = result % lcm; if (result < 0) result += lcm; // print out the answer printf("x = %i mod %i\nor...\n", result, lcm); printf("x = %i + %i*N\nWhere N is any positive or negative integer.\n\n", result, lcm); // verify that our result is correct printf("Verifying Equations:\n"); for (int i = 0; i < c_numEquations; ++i) printf("eq %i: %i mod %i = %i (%s)\n", i, result, equations[i].m, result % equations[i].m, (result % equations[i].m == equations[i].a) ? "PASS" : "!!FAIL!!"); WaitForEnter(); return 0; }
Here’s the output of the program:
Links
One final note. If the program can’t find an answer, it doesn’t necessarily mean that there is no answer. For instance, you could imagine multiplying everything by 2, which would make the modulus values not be co-prime (they would have 2 as a common denominator). That would make this algorithm fail, even though there was a valid answer.
You can try the method of successive substitution as an alternate method when that happens.
Wikipedia: The Chinese Remainder Theorem
Wikipedia: Method Of Successive Substitution
Also, it looks like Khan Academy has a good bit on modular math!
Khan Academy: What is Modular Arithmetic? | http://blog.demofox.org/2015/09/12/solving-simultaneous-congruences-chinese-remainder-theorem/ | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | refinedweb | 1,147 | 70.33 |
Todo
clean up the LightHTTPD + FastCGI deployment documentation
Todo
consolidate the 3 FastCGI documents (Mod-FastCGI, NGINX FastCGI and LightHTTPD FastCGI) as well as the Mod-Proxy stuff.
Lighttpd has strong build-in FastCGI support. This makes FCGI the method of choice to deploy a TurboGears2 application in a production environment.
In order to run a WSGI application you need a container implementing the FastCGI interface. A common choice is flup:
(tg2env) easy_install flup
Flup implements a multithreading fastcgi server. Because of the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) one Python process can only run one thread at once, but whenever a thread blocks, it releases the lock. This is exactly the workload expected for a webserver. If you want to use more than one physical core, start more python processes.
You need a script to start the FastCGI server with your application. Additionally you have to load the paths to your virtual environment.
Create a new file dispatch.py and add the following commands.
To have your own installed modules loaded first, this part adds your virtual environment in front of the path:
import sys prev_sys_path = list(sys.path) import site site.addsitedir('/path/to/tg2env/lib/python2.5/site-packages') new_sys_path = [] for item in list(sys.path): if item not in prev_sys_path: new_sys_path.append(item) sys.path.remove(item) sys.path[:0] = new_sys_path
Now add your applications directory to the path:
import os, sys sys.path.append('/path/to/your_application')
If you use a VPS you may want to limit the stack size to save memory. The linux kernel allocates 8 MB for each thread, but in most cases this much is not needed. If you run into problems remove these lines:
import thread thread.stack_size(524288)
Now load your application, instantiate a WSGIServer and run your application:
from paste.deploy import loadapp wsgi_app = loadapp('config:/path/to/your_application/production.ini') if __name__ == '__main__': from flup.server.fcgi import WSGIServer WSGIServer(wsgi_app, minSpare=1, maxSpare=5, maxThreads=50).run()
The parameters minSpare, maxSpare and maxThreads control how many threads will be launched.
Now you need to configure Lighttpd to launch your application and communicate with it via fastcgi. Enable fastcgi by loading its module:
server.modules += ( "mod_fastcgi" )
Include the following commands into the Lighttpd configuration file:
$HTTP["host"] =~ "subdomain.domain.tld" { server.document-root = "/path/to/documentroot/" alias.url += ( "/images" => "/path/to/your_application/public/images/", "/css" => "/path/to/your_application/public/css/", "/javascript" => "/path/to/your_application/public/javascript/", ) fastcgi.server = ( "/web/path/to/app" => ( "name-your-fcgi-server" => ( "socket" => "/path/to/tmp/python.socket", "bin-path" => "/path/to/your_application/dispatch.py", "bin-environment" => ("PYTHON_EGG_CACHE" => "/path/to/your_application/python-eggs", "LANG" => "C"), "check-local" => "disable", "max-procs" => 1, "bin-copy-environment" => ( "PATH", "SHELL", "USER" ), ) ) ) }
The alias rules point to the static files within your application. These are now served by Lighttpd.
The next section configures the fastcgi server.
We set the server to communicate via sockets, which is faster than TCP, if you only use one physical machine.
The variable bin-path points to the applications dispatch script.
We add some variables to the environment. PYTHON_EGG_CACHE should point to a directory writeable to the server process. It is used to unpack egg files of dependencies. We also set the locale to “C”. Other values may pose problems with gettext.
max-proc controls how many fastcgi servers should be launched. This should not be greater than the number of physical cores.
You can control the url of your application by changing /web/path/to/app.
If you want to bind it to the root directory, you have to leave the parameter empty. If you set it to “/” the requests for static content gets routed to your application and will fail. Either change static content to its own subdomain or add a special filter to the wsgi stack.
Add to production.ini in section [app:main]:
filter-with = proxy-prefix
And as an additional section:
[filter:proxy-prefix] use = egg:PasteDeploy#prefix prefix = /
This will force the URL transmitted from Lighttpd to TurboGears to “/”.
Reload lighttpd to enable the changes. You should now have a process named “dispatch.py” with several threads. | http://www.turbogears.org/2.1/docs/main/Deployment/lighttpd+fcgi.html | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | refinedweb | 688 | 51.85 |
I use version managers for setting up separate programming environments, due to each project having different needs; such as different versions of an interpreter or a package. For Python, I use pyenv, and for Node, I use NVM (Node Version Manager), which I'll cover in this article.
It's been a while since I've used Node, and for a project that I've been working on, I needed to setup Node on OS X so that I could assemble a front-end that's built with React and Material-UI; and I have documented the entirety of my steps, including key web pages that I read.
When I started writing this article, I realized that I'll also want to port some of this work to run as a an application on a Server (Linux and Unix: -nix), Mobile (iOS and Android), and Personal Computers (OS X and -nix), so this is part of a set that I will be expanding upon, as time permits:
In an effort to make this cross-platform, I'm working on a Docker image, and will update this article at a later time. I didn't want to hold up publishing this article, so for now, I'm covering the process from an OS X perspective.
If you know how to use -nix systems, then you should be able to follow this guide with slight changes for your particular flavor.
( brew update brew install nvm brew install yarn --without-node yarn global add \ create-react-app \ serve \ json \ goog-webfont-dl \ ; )
Setup your login shell to behave identically to a non-login shell:
~/.bashrc is executed for interactive, non-login shells (e.g. GNU Screen), while as
~/.bash_profile is executed for login shells (e.g. opening a terminal window). I tend to place the bulk of my configuration in
~/.bashrc and source it, so that my environment is the same for both of my daily uses:
source $HOME/.bashrc
Now that
~/.bashrc is being sourced, setup a directory for NVM, and then setup environment variables:
mkdir -pv ~/.nvm cat <<EOF >> ~/.bashrc # NVM export NVM_DIR=~/.nvm source $(brew --prefix nvm)/nvm.sh EOF
You can either close your shell and re-open it,
or run
source ~/.bash_profile
To verify that required software is working:
( echo -n "NVM: "; command -v nvm >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo "PASS" || echo >&2 "FAIL"; echo -n "Create React App: "; create-react-app --version >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo "PASS" || echo >&2 "FAIL"; )
Node has 2 major release streams to choose from: LTS or Stable. By using NVM, you can use multiple versions at the same time. When you visit the Node website, you'll find a similar set of choices that provide information about both versions:
nvm install has an alias for the Stable release, but not for the LTS release (there's a discussion about it on NVM's issues page).
I'm using the Stable release for this article.
nvm install stable nvm alias default stable
Store your site's FQDN as a variable for use throughout the rest of the shell commands in this article:
read -p "Website FQDN : " fqdnSite
Create application for your FQDN in
~/src/:
create-react-app ~/src/sites/${fqdnSite} \ && \ cd $_ \ ;
After a moment, it will result in similar output:
Success! Created ${fqdnSite} at ~/src/sites/${fqdnS ~/sites/${fqdnSite} yarn start Happy hacking!
Your freshly-created application structure should now resemble:
Add Node packages at a local level to a new project:
yarn add \ material-ui \ webfontloader \ ;
There seems to be a bit of confusion when following Material-UI's installation instructions to include the Roboto font for offline use and/or hosted separately from Google (which can include blocking). 4) 5)
I'll admit, it took me a hot minute to read several sites to figure it all out. 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)
I've tried to document the process for making this as turnkey as possible. If you know of a better way, please let me know so that I can update this article.
goog-webfont-dl \ --font 'Roboto' \ --styles '300,400,500,700' \ --all \ --destination ~/src/sites/${fqdnSite}/src/fonts/roboto/ \ --out ~/src/sites/${fqdnSite}/src/fonts-roboto.css \ --prefix 'fonts/roboto' \ ;
Set your project's homepage as a relative path:
json \ --in-place \ -f ~/src/sites/${fqdnSite}/package.json \ -e 'this.homepage="./"' \ ;
It is convenient to organize programs and libraries into self-contained directories, and then provide a single entry point to that library. There are three ways in which a folder may be passed to
require()as an argument.
“Node : Folders as Modules”, 2017-09-30 17:20:04 UTC
Node has an ordered sequence for entry point selection:
-
package.json
-
index.js
-
If
mainis not set in
package.json, it continues down the aforementioned list.
Based on Stack Overflow answer : difference between app.js and index.js in Node.js
Boilerplate JavaScript has been setup at
~/src/sites/${fqdnSite}/src/index.js
The panel on the left is the original (as of 2017-09-30), and the panel on the right are changes needing to be made to support additional packages:
goog-webfont-dl, loaded by
webfontloader)
import React from 'react'; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom'; import './index.css'; import App from './App'; import registerServiceWorker from './registerServiceWorker'; ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('root')); registerServiceWorker();
import React from 'react'; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom'; import './index.css'; import App from './App'; import registerServiceWorker from './registerServiceWorker'; import './fonts-roboto.css'; import WebFont from 'webfontloader'; WebFont.load({ custom: { families: [ 'Roboto:300,400,500,700', 'sans-serif' ], }, loading: function(){ console.log('WebFonts loading'); }, active: function(){ console.log('WebFonts active'); }, inactive: function(){ console.log('WebFonts inactive'); } }); ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('root')); registerServiceWorker();
In
index.js, the 4th line
import App from './App'; is what opens this section of code, and the prior Entry point section discusses some of the structural nuances. This particular implementation is due to the way that Create React App structures initial projects.
If you forgo this step for the next step, you'll be able to view
a fresh installation of your Front-end application in your browser.
Feel free to try it, then make the following changes, and then try it again. See the difference?
Boilerplate JSX has been setup at
~/src/sites/${fqdnSite}/src/App.js
The panel on the left is the original (as of 2017-09-30), and the panel on the right are changes that need to be made in order to implement:;
import React, { Component } from 'react'; import logo from './logo.svg'; import './App.css'; import MuiThemeProvider from 'material-ui/styles/MuiThemeProvider'; import RaisedButton from 'material-ui/RaisedButton'; class App extends Component { render() { return ( <MuiThemeProvider> <div className="App"> <div className="App-header"> <img src={logo} <h1 className="App-title">Welcome to React</h1> </div> <p className="App-intro"> To get started, edit <code>src/App.js</code> and save to reload. <RaisedButton label="Material UI Raised Button" /> </p> </div> </MuiThemeProvider> ); } } export default App;
If you compare the two panes of code, you'll notice that I've added a few lines.
In the header:
import MuiThemeProvider from 'material-ui/styles/MuiThemeProvider';
import RaisedButton from 'material-ui/RaisedButton';
In the body:
<MuiThemeProvider>and
</MuiThemeProvider>wrap everything else.
<header>tags were changed to
<div>tags:
<header className="App-header">→
<div className="App-header">
</header>→
</div>
<RaisedButton label=“Material UI Raised Button” />to test Material-UI and fonts (if fonts aren't working, the letters won't be bold).
To start a test server for viewing changes as you make them in
~/src/sites/${fqdnSite}/
yarn start
Are you ready to deploy your React website with assets to a framework such as Django and/or a web server such as Nginx?
yarn build
~/src/sites/${fqdnSite}/build/
When you built your project, static files were generated and linked together. You can test the results against a local web server that functions identically to your production deployment (e.g. using Nginx to serve your content).
serve \ -s ~/src/sites/${fqdnSite}/build \ --clipless \ ;
Even though Create React App was used as a starting point, there is no vendor lock-in. When you're ready for your Node project to stand on its own, you simply run this command for the configuration and build dependencies to be moved directly into your project, and all connections to Create React App to be severed.
You should only run this command if you are sure of your decision.
yarn eject
This article only serves as an introductory article for creating a front-end with React, and to document my steps for:
There are many different ways to structure your React application. As you progress, and your program becomes more complex, especially if you're working on a team, organization of your code and assets will be just as important.
Relating to structure, I suggest that you read:
Saving the best for last:
Buy and read The Road to learn React by Robin Wieruch.
Buy and read Fullstack React by Anthony Accomazzo, Ari Lerner, Clay Allsopp, David Guttman, Tyler McGinnis, and Nate Murray.
Watch React video tutorials by Ben Awad. | https://thad.getterman.org/2017/09/30/building-a-front-end-app-with-react-and-material-ui | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | refinedweb | 1,522 | 54.12 |
public boolean isPowerOfFour(int num) { return num > 0 && (num&(num-1)) == 0 && (num & 0x55555555) != 0; //0x55555555 is to get rid of those power of 2 but not power of 4 //so that the single 1 bit always appears at the odd position }
I got another 1 line solution, basically just change number to quaternary and then check if it starts with "10".
public boolean isPowerOfFour(int num) { return Integer.toString(num, 4).matches("10*"); }
Good solution without good explanation,it's easy to find that power of 4 numbers have those 3 common features.First,greater than 0.Second,only have one '1' bit in their binary notation,so we use x&(x-1) to delete the lowest '1',and if then it becomes 0,it prove that there is only one '1' bit.Third,the only '1' bit should be locate at the odd location,for example,16.It's binary is 00010000.So we can use '0x55555555' to check if the '1' bit is in the right place.With this thought we can code it out easily!
I think (num > 0) is a redundant check and can be safely removed. It is implicitly implied in the last two checks. Here is the reason:
- if num == 0, the last test would fail;
- if num < 0 and num != 0x80000000, there are alway at least two '1's in its binary representation (one of them is the MSB). It would fail the test (num & (num - 1)).
- if num < 0 and num == 0x80000000, it would simply fail the last test again.
All the results from the above three conditions suggest the last two checks successfully cover the case where num <= 0. Therefore the first test (num > 0) is not necessary and thus can be removed. The code is slightly micro-optimized by (one?) instruction.
I saw a lot of solutions by using bit manipulation.
just wondering why no one uses Math.log(), Isn't it a short cut? Or it is a kind of cheating?
code below was accepted, it takes 2ms.
public boolean isPowerOfFour(int num) { return (Math.log(num) / Math.log(4)) % 1 == 0; }
Math.log() is slower than bitwise AND operation, I think...I have not looked for any reference about Math.log() complexity so correct me if I am wrong :)
Looks like your connection to LeetCode Discuss was lost, please wait while we try to reconnect. | https://discuss.leetcode.com/topic/42860/java-1-line-cheating-for-the-purpose-of-not-using-loops | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | refinedweb | 398 | 75.81 |
Hide Forgot
Description of problem:
initstate() does the unexpected - it writes to previous state before
initializing new state
Version-Release number of selected component (if applicable):
glibc-2.8-3
How reproducible:
Always
Steps to Reproduce:
1. Compile and run this:
===================================================
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int
main()
{
char *state1 = calloc(128, sizeof(*state1));
char *state2 = calloc(128, sizeof(*state1));
initstate(1, state1, 128);
free(state1);
initstate(1, state2, 128);
free(state2);
}
=================================================
2. Run with valgrind
Actual results:
1. Depending on compiler, might produce a segmentation fault
2. Will show invalid write from initstate_r()
Expected results:
1. Should work without memory corruption
2. Should show no errors
Additional info:
Unexpectedly, initstate_r() takes a considerable liberty with its own name and
not only initializes the new state structure but unexpectedly modifies the old
state structure.
A segmentation fault is not guaranteed. Instead a subtle memory corruption (4
bytes) can occur which may not become apparent until some hapless structure
discovers it has had garbage written to it.
If a program consists of several independently authored modules it is entirely
feasible that there might be multiple entirely valid instances of initstate().
To avoid this error one is supposed to do the following, but it is not
documented anywhere - you have to read the glibc source:
char *state1 = calloc(64, sizeof(*state1));
char *oldstate = initstate(1, state1, 64)
...
initstate(1, oldstate, 128); // magic 128 because I have read the source!
free(state1);
But a modular program is not going to be passing around an oldstate to another
module that might need it.
In summary, initstate_r() should only initialize the new state array, and it
should NOT assume that any old state array still points to valid memory. Or, if
it is generally believed that the old state needs fiddling with before
initstate_r() does it work, then might I suggest that somebody create a clear
method to do so - perhaps uninitstate_r().
I believe it is just a user error to free or otherwise touch the state buffer
which you gave to initstate/setstate until one of the two calls switches
to a different buffer.
Where does the documentation say that?
And how is anybody going to structure their programs in such a way that one
module can free the other module's buffer AFTER calling initstate()? And/or how
is another independent module going to know that some other module has called
initstate()? Please explain.
Sometimes I wonder why I bother!
Why would you need to pass oldstate to another module? If each module wants
to have its own random state, then just use:
char *mystate = calloc (128, 1);
char *oldstate = initstate (1, mystate, 128);
...
use random () within the module
setstate (oldstate);
free (mystate);
in each module. Note that if it is in library code that might ever be used
from threaded programs, you really want to use the *_r variants.
Well, my friend, please explain where the necessity to invoke setstate(oldstate)
is documented?
Do we really need to dig down into glibc source to determine the dire necessity
to invoked setstate(oldstate)?
Where does the documentation state "... you must always invoked
setstate(oldstate) before invoking setstate(newstate) ..."? Where does it
explain that setstate() will attempt to modify the previous state pointers even
though you thought you were finished with them?
The glibc code could be structured so that the old state doesn't need to be
written to when setting a new state. Besides, what is the point? If you are
setting a new state structure why try to do anything to the old one. The old
state structure is history and should be treated as such. Once setstate() or
initstate() is invoked any old state should be considered to be garbage and
should never be used again anyhow.
Of course if the reason for returning oldstate is really so that the rng can
continue from where it left off then an extra internal state-machine state
should be considered so that neither initstate() or setstate() need to write to
the prior state structure.
I don't know - this seems really simple to me. Why does it take lines of
detailed explanation just to state what should be obvious to an experienced and
very learned programmer like yourself. Or is defensive and safe programming too
much trouble?
Feel free to contribute to the documentation if you think it is not obvious
enough for you. The code does exactly what it is intended to do. If in your
original code you wouldn't have blatantly ignored the return value of
initstate() it would have been easy to see that something has to be done with
this value.
You totally miss the point.
If you do:
oldstate = setstate(newstate);
...
setstate(oldstate)
then setstate(old) will actually write to newstate!
It isn't easy to see what MUST be done with oldstate if the documentation says
absolutely nothing about it.
Maybe you should call in an expert because you seem to be quite out of your
depth here.
Where is the documentation that states that initstate() will write data to the
saved pointer copy that is has. Even though it is purportedly just setting a
new state structure.
Any given obvious omission in the documentation, why close this bug re poor
documentation and equally poor code?
What is wrong with you people? And why are you all employed by RedHat? Where
are the non-RedHat people who might actually do something useful? Or have you
chased all of them away too?
I do not miss the point. This is the expected behaviour. You're pulling the
rug out from under the code and expect it to not fall over. The return value of
initstate is the old state which you have to re-install before freeing the
memory allocated for the new state. It's just ridiculous that you even try to
defend your mistake.
Where does the documentation say you have to do that?
It is ridiculous you say that the oldstate must be restored where they is no
documentation that says it must.
Where did you get this requirement from?
Also, the documentation says:
> The state array state is used for random number generation
> until the next call to initstate() or setstate().
Thats right! It says the it is USED UNTIL THE NEXT CALL TO initstate().
But in reality it is used BEYOND the next call to in initstate().
So you are justing making things up to suit your own argument.
Please show me the documentation that says that oldstate must be restored.
And what if there is an error? What state is active then? Yes, it will still
write to some oldstate on the next call to initstate() after such an error. But
which oldstate will that be?
And what is the purpose of initstate() writing to the previous state pointer?
It doesn't make any sense. It is bad and unnecessary code.
Please stop reopening this bug. When you don't understand why something is done
doesn't mean it doesn't make sense.
BTW, the reason why initstate_r and setstate_r writes to the previous state is
to make sure you can pass that state buffer to setstate{,_r} again. Some part
of the state is stored in global variables (for the non-_r variants) or in the
buffer
passed to all _r variants. initstate_r/setstate_r then flushes this global
vars/vars from the _r buffer into the previous arg state, switches to the new
state and reinitializes the global vars/vars in the _r buffer.
(In reply to comment #13)
> BTW, the reason why initstate_r and setstate_r writes to the previous state is
> to make sure you can pass that state buffer to setstate{,_r} again.
That can be achieved without writing to the old state structure. I clearly
explained this previously. But in any case once a state structure is done with
there shouldn't be any guarantee that it can be used again, in fact it should be
totally reinitialized again if reused.
And please don't accuse me of not "understanding why something is done". You
are the one who doesn't understand and who is just learning. Look at the above
drivel you have just come up with after actually reading the source code for the
first time! You would have done better to have just pasted the said code,
because it says everything that need be said.
I know what is being done, but I object to what is being done. That is why I
say it doesn't make sense to do what it does. It is unnecessary, bad and
dangerous and sloppy code. | https://partner-bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=452638 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | refinedweb | 1,441 | 73.07 |
In most foot races, everyone starts at the same time. If you are a fast runner, you usually pass a lot of people at the beginning of the race, but after a few miles everyone around you is going at the same speed.
Last September I ran the Reach the Beach relay, where teams of 12 run 209 miles in New Hampshire from Cannon to Hampton Beach. While I was running my second leg, I noticed an odd phenomenon: when I overtook another runner, I was usually much faster, and when other runners overtook me, they were usually much faster.
At first I thought that the distribution of speeds might be bimodal; that is, there were many slow runners and many fast runners, but few at my speed. Then I realized that I was the victim of selection bias.
The race was unusual in two ways: it used a staggered start, so teams started at different times; also, many teams included runners at different levels of ability. As a result, runners were spread out along the course with little relationship between speed and location. When I started my leg, the runners near me were (pretty much) a random sample of the runners in the race.
So where does the bias come from? During my time on the course, the chance of overtaking a runner, or being overtaken, is proportional to the difference in our speeds. To see why, think about the extremes. If another runner is going at the same speed as me, neither of us will overtake the other. If someone is going so fast that they cover the entire course while I am running, they are certain to overtake me.
To see what effect this has on the distribution of speeds, I downloaded the results from a race I ran last spring (the James Joyce Ramble 10K in Dedham MA) and converted the pace of each runner to MPH. Here’s what the probability mass function (PMF) of speeds looks like in a normal road race (not a relay):
It is bell-shaped, which suggests a Gaussian distribution. There are more fast runners than we would expect in a Gaussian distribution, but that’s a topic for another post.
Now, let’s see what this looks like from the point of view of a runner in a relay race going 7.5 MPH. For each speed, x, I apply a weight proportional to abs(x-7.5). The result looks like this:
It’s bimodal, with many runners faster and slower than the observer, but few runners at or near the same speed. So that’s consistent with my observation while I was running. (The tails are spiky, but that’s an artifact of the small sample size. I could apply some smoothing, but I like to keep data-mangling to a minimum.)
One of the nice things about long-distance running is that you have time to think about things like this.
-----
Appendix: Here’s the code I used to compute the observed speeds:
def BiasPmf(pmf, speed, name=None):
"""Returns a new PDF representing speeds observed at a given speed.
The chance of observing a runner is proportional to the difference in speed.
Args:
pmf: distribution of actual speeds
speed: speed of the observing runner
name: string name for the new dist
Returns:
Pmf object
"""
new = pmf.Copy(name=name)
for val, prob in new.Items():
diff = abs(val - speed)
new.Mult(val, diff)
new.Normalize()
return new
This code uses the PMF library, which you can read about in my book, Think Stats. | https://allendowney.blogspot.com/2011/01/observer-effect-in-relay-races.html | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | refinedweb | 598 | 69.62 |
30236/testing-your-code-for-speed
What you are describing is known as performance profiling. There are many programs you can get to do this such as JetBrains profiler or ANTS profiler, although most will slow down your application whilst in the process of measuring its performance.
To hand-roll your own performance profiling, you can use System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch and a simple Console.WriteLine, like you described.
Also, keep in mind that the C# JIT compiler optimizes code depending on the type and frequency it is called, so play around with loops of differing sizes and methods such as recursive calls to get a feel of what works best.
No because AndroidThings is still in preview ...READ MORE
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Already have an account? Sign in. | https://www.edureka.co/community/30236/testing-your-code-for-speed?show=30237 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | refinedweb | 216 | 68.57 |
Open this file in qmlscene and close it:
~~~~~ test.qml ~~~~~
import QtQuick 2.0
import QtWebKit 3.0
import QtWebKit.experimental 1.0
WebView {
visible: false
}
~~~~~
This will trigger a crash, see for a valgrind log and for a GDB backtrace. It shows that the m_rootLayer in LayerTreeRenderer is invalid, when called from LayerTreeRenderer::purgeGLResources. Other places contain explicit checks for the validity, so maybe the check is just missing there?
My quick look at this issue is that LayerTreeRenderer::purgeGLResources is called immediately in the UI process before CoordinatedLayerTreeHost::purgeBackingStores had the time to complete in the WebProcess. So any message sent from the WebProcess in-between might access resources that, at this point, the web process thought valid but that the UI process already cleared.
I didn't investigate very deep so this might be wrong, but a way that seemed worth trying to fix this was to make sure that LayerTreeRenderer::purgeGLResources is only called once the web process confirmed that id destroyed the resource through some didPurgeBackingStores message.
(In reply to comment #0)
> It shows that the m_rootLayer in LayerTreeRenderer is invalid, when called from LayerTreeRenderer::purgeGLResources. Other places contain explicit checks for the validity, so maybe the check is just missing there?
Humm thinking more about it, your explanation is probably a lot better. If there is no root layer yet, then there is nothing to purge anyway.
This is apparently fixed in WebKit upstream by 18ac4c73a22b42cf2783dee9dfa285fe149f7821:
Coordinated Graphics: Remove redundant behaviors in LayerTreeRenderer.
Can someone backport that into QtWebKit stable?
(In reply to comment #3)
> Can someone backport that into QtWebKit stable?
I tried to cherry-pick it but I'm not sure that this fix can safely be applied since some stuff changed lately.
It would probably be better for 5.0.x to just apply the check before the removeAllChildren call like you proposed.
I'll have a bit of time for it later. You can do a branch-only fix in the qtwebkit module if you need it before.
I created a simple commit for the stable branch:
Please review - thanks! | https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=107812 | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | refinedweb | 350 | 65.32 |
How to Change Status of Work Orders in Maximo Using MBOs
How to Change Status of Work Orders in Maximo Using MBOs
Want to learn more about how to change the status of a work order in Maximo? Check out this tutorial demonstrating how to change its status using MBOs.
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The process of changing work orders status in Maximo involves writing your code and packaging it in a WAR file and then placing that WAR file in the MAXIMO.ear and redeployment of Maximo Asset Management System on BEA Weblogic Server.
Writing Code and Creating a WAR File
Before writing the code, you will need to include the library
BusinessObjects.jar in your project. This jar file is available in Maximo installation folder. Now, we can import the required packages.
List of the
importrequired packages mentioned below:
import psdi.server.MXServer; import psdi.security.UserInfo; import psdi.app.workorder.WOSet; import psdi.app.workorder.WO;
Get an instance of the
MXServer class:
MXServer mxServer = MXServer.getMXServer(); Get UserInfo of any authorized Maximo user UserInfo userInfo = mxServer.getUserInfo("maxadmin");
Next, you will need to get the
WOSet object by passing
UserInfoas the parameter. If we pass the
userInfo here, some of the users lacking required privileges that returned WOSet will be empty.
WOSet woSet = (WOSet)mxServer.getMboSet("WORKORDER", userInfo); Set your where clause for filtering records in woSet woSet.setUserWhere("WONUM = '1045' "); Get first WO object from WOSet WO wo = (WO)woSet.getMbo(0);
Next, you will need to initialize the variable with the desired work order status
String desiredStatus = "COMP";
Now, you will need to initialize the memo variable, which can be used for adding comments, like the reasons or details of changing the status.
String memo = "";
This method changes the Work Oder status by updating rows in the MAXIMO tables
WORKORDER ,
WOSTATUS , etc.
wo.changeMaxStatus(desiredStatus, mxServer.getDate(), memo);
Next, you will need to ask Maximo to persist your changes:
woSet.save();
Now, close
WOSet so that memory resources are freed:
woSet.close();
Deploying Your WAR File
When deploying your WAR file, you must place it in the
MAXIMO.ear file. To do that, you will extract the
MAXIMO.ear file and copy your WAR file in the root directory. You also need to make changes in the
application.xml file in the
MAXIMO.ear located at
MAXIMO.ear\META-INF .
Right above <!-- List of EJB modules --> line in the
application.xml, insert the description of your web module as the following:
<module id="WebModule_SomeUniqueNumbericID"> <web> <web-uri>YourWar.war</web-uri> <context-root>/YourWebModuleName</context-root> </web> </module>
After making these changes, you will recreate the
MAXIMO.ear file and redeploy it on BEA Weblogic server. These are the methods that we can follow to change the status of the work orders in Maximo using MBOs.
Conclusion
We can change the status of work orders in Maximo using MBOs by, firstly, writing the code and creating the war file in Maximo.ear. Then, we can employ the Maximo Asset Management System on the BEA Weblogic Server. This is the best solution to solving this problem.
Get the open source Atomist Software Delivery Machine and start automating your delivery right there on your own laptop, today!
Published at DZone with permission of Kayleigh Davis . See the original article here.
Opinions expressed by DZone contributors are their own.
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{{ parent.linkDescription }}{{ parent.urlSource.name }} | https://dzone.com/articles/how-to-change-status-of-work-orders-in-maximo-usin | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | refinedweb | 597 | 50.53 |
I have only reproducer for this on redhat/gcc-4_4-branch, though I believe the problem is just latent on vanilla 4.4 branch and likely on the trunk too, therefore I want to discuss this here.
namespace std
{
template <class> struct char_traits;
}
typedef struct { union { char __wchb[4]; }; } mbstate_t;
namespace std
{
template <typename _StateT> struct fpos
{
long long _M_off;
_StateT _M_state;
fpos (long long):_M_off (), _M_state () { }
_StateT state () { return _M_state; }
};
typedef fpos <mbstate_t> streampos;
}
namespace std
{
template <> struct char_traits <char>
{
typedef streampos pos_type;
typedef long long off_type;
typedef mbstate_t state_type;
};
}
struct pthread_mutex_t;
namespace
{
enum _Ios_Openmode { _S_in = 3, _S_out };
enum _Ios_Seekdir { _S_beg };
struct ios_base
{
typedef _Ios_Openmode openmode;
static const openmode in = _S_in;
static const openmode out = _S_out;
typedef _Ios_Seekdir seekdir;
static const seekdir beg = _S_beg;
};
template < typename _CharT, typename > struct basic_streambuf
{
typedef _CharT char_type;
char_type * _M_in_beg;
char_type *eback () { return _M_in_beg; }
char_type *gptr () {}
};
}
namespace std
{
typedef struct pthread_mutex_t __c_lock;
template <typename> class __basic_file;
template <> struct __basic_file <char>
{
__basic_file (__c_lock * = 0);
bool is_open ();
};
template <typename _CharT, typename _Traits> struct basic_filebuf : public basic_streambuf <_CharT, _Traits>
{
typedef _CharT char_type;
typedef _Traits traits_type;
typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
typedef __basic_file < char >__file_type;
typedef typename traits_type::state_type __state_type;
__file_type _M_file;
char_type *_M_pback_cur_save;
bool _M_pback_init;
void _M_destroy_pback () throw ()
{
_M_pback_cur_save += this->gptr () != this->eback ();
_M_pback_init = false;
}
bool is_open () throw () { return _M_file.is_open (); }
pos_type seekpos (pos_type, ios_base::openmode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
pos_type _M_seek (off_type, ios_base::seekdir, __state_type);
};
template <typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
typename basic_filebuf <_CharT, _Traits>::pos_type
basic_filebuf <_CharT, _Traits>::seekpos (pos_type __pos, ios_base::openmode)
{
pos_type __ret = (off_type ());
if (this->is_open ())
{
_M_destroy_pback ();
__ret = _M_seek (off_type (), ios_base::beg, __pos.state ());
}
return __ret;
}
template class basic_filebuf <char, char_traits <char> >;
}
ICEs on redhat/gcc-4_4-branch when compiled with -O3 -mavx -fPIC -m32 -mtune=core2 with:
snb.ii: In member function ‘typename std::basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pos_type std::basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::seekpos(typename _Traits::pos_type, <unnamed>::_Ios_Openmode) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>]’:
snb.ii:87: internal compiler error: in dwarf2out_frame_debug_expr, at dwarf2out.c:2492
Vanilla 4.4 branch generates very similar rtl, the only change seems to be slightly different sched2 decition.
It compiles seekpos into:
.cfi_startproc
.cfi_personality 0x9b,DW.ref.__gxx_personality_v0
.cfi_lsda 0x1b,.LLSDA9
# basic block 2
leal 4(%esp), %ecx
.cfi_def_cfa 1, 0
andl $-32, %esp
pushl -4(%ecx)
pushl %ebp
movl %esp, %ebp
.cfi_escape 0x10,0x5,0x1,0x55
subl $120, %esp
movl %ebx, 108(%esp)
movl %ecx, 104(%esp)
.cfi_escape 0xf,0x3,0x75,0x70,0x6
movl %esi, 112(%esp)
movl %edi, 116(%esp)
call .L17
.L17:
popl %ebx
addl $_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+[.-.L17], %ebx
.cfi_escape 0x10,0x7,0x2,0x75,0x7c
.cfi_escape 0x10,0x6,0x2,0x75,0x78
.cfi_escape 0x10,0x3,0x2,0x75,0x74
movl (%ecx), %esi
movl %ecx, -60(%ebp)
but redhat/gcc-4_4-branch reorders the %ecx stores, so after sp = sp - 120 there is:
subl $120, %esp
movl %ecx, -60(%ebp)
movl %ebx, 108(%esp)
movl %esi, 112(%esp)
movl %ecx, 104(%esp)
movl %edi, 116(%esp)
([ebp-60] = ecx got moved earlier, and [sp+108] = ecx got moved later).
Given that both of these ecx stores are frame related, I don't see anything wrong on that scheduling decision.
But when processing the frame related insns in dwarf2out, after sp = sp - 120 we have:
(gdb) p cfa
$1 = {offset = 0, base_offset = 0, reg = 2, indirect = 0, in_use = 0}
(gdb) p cfa_temp
$2 = {offset = 0, base_offset = 0, reg = 2, indirect = 0, in_use = 0}
(gdb) p cfa_store
$3 = {offset = 120, base_offset = 0, reg = 7, indirect = 0, in_use = 0}
and so ICE, because we don't know what offset to use:
2488 if (cfa_store.reg == (unsigned) regno)
2489 offset -= cfa_store.offset;
2490 else
2491 {
2492 gcc_assert (cfa_temp.reg == (unsigned) regno);
2493 offset -= cfa_temp.offset;
2494 }
The store using ebp comes from the code before IRA starting with
(set (reg:SI 71) (reg:SI %ecx)) and IRA spilling reg:SI 71 to the stack.
This insn has been created by ix86_get_drap_rtx ():
8098 drap_vreg = copy_to_reg (arg_ptr);
The second store of %ecx comes from prologue expansion.
Can you make it to fail on trunk or 4.4 branch since it
could be caused by other changes on redhat/gcc-4_4-branch?
If not, can you find out which change on redhat/gcc-4_4-branch
causes:
DW_CFA_advance_loc: 4 to 00000004
DW_CFA_def_cfa: r1 (ecx) ofs 0
DW_CFA_advance_loc: 9 to 0000000d
DW_CFA_expression: r5 (ebp) (DW_OP_reg5)
DW_CFA_advance_loc: 11 to 00000018
DW_CFA_def_cfa_expression (DW_OP_breg5: -16; DW_OP_deref)
DW_CFA_advance_loc: 20 to 0000002c
DW_CFA_expression: r7 (edi) (DW_OP_breg5: -4)
DW_CFA_expression: r6 (esi) (DW_OP_breg5: -8)
DW_CFA_expression: r3 (ebx) (DW_OP_breg5: -12)
0: 8d 4c 24 04 lea 0x4(%esp),%ecx
4: 83 e4 e0 and $0xffffffe0,%esp
7: ff 71 fc pushl -0x4(%ecx)
a: 55 push %ebp
b: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp
d: 83 ec 78 sub $0x78,%esp
10: 89 5c 24 6c mov %ebx,0x6c(%esp)
14: 89 4c 24 68 mov %ecx,0x68(%esp)
18: 89 74 24 70 mov %esi,0x70(%esp)
1c: 89 7c 24 74 mov %edi,0x74(%esp)
20: e8 00 00 00 00 call 25 <_ZNSt13basic_filebufIcSt11char_traitsIcEE7seekposESt4fposI9mbstate_tEN12_GLOBAL__N_113_Ios_OpenmodeE+0x25>
25: 5b pop %ebx
26: 81 c3 03 00 00 00 add $0x3,%ebx
28: R_386_GOTPC _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_
2c: 8b 31 mov (%ecx),%esi
2e: 89 4d c4 mov %ecx,-0x3c(%ebp)
1) Saying that %r5 (ebp) is saved in DW_OP_reg5 looks quite redundant to me.
2) More importantly, %ebx is said to be saved in DW_OP_breg5 - 12 only after
add $0x3, %ebx, so when e.g. a debugger stops in between pop %ebx and add $3, %ebx, it will think caller's %ebx still lives in %ebx register, which is wrong.
(In reply to comment :
Can you make a run-time testcase out of it?
Ah, the %ebp saved in DW_OP_reg5 is just a 4.4 bug, fixed by (the fix is in 4.5 and 4.4-RH). Saying that %ebp is saved in DW_OP_breg5 0 is correct and desirable.
(In reply to comment #4)
> Ah, the %ebp saved in DW_OP_reg5 is just a 4.4 bug, fixed by
> (the fix is in 4.5 and
> 4.4-RH). Saying that %ebp is saved in DW_OP_breg5 0 is correct and desirable.
>
Can we backport it to 4.4?
Not sure if there haven't been follow-ups. There were at least 100 changes to dwarf2out.c since 4.4 release, and at least 10 of them were related to the indirect vs. direct stuff.
Created attachment 20043 [details]
gcc44-pr43290-1.patch
One alternative fix that cures this testcase on redhat/gcc-4_4-branch.
Created attachment 20044 [details].
I'll test it, both on the trunk and 4.4-RH.
BTW, I've moved the 2) issue to PR43293.
Subject: Bug 43290
Author: jakub
Date: Tue Mar 9 18:48:43 2010
New Revision: 157313
URL:
Log:
PR debug/43290
* config/i386/i386.c (ix86_get_drap_rtx): Don't set
RTX_FRAME_RELATED_P.
* g++.dg/eh/unwind2.C: New test.
Added:
trunk/gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/eh/unwind2.C
Modified:
trunk/gcc/ChangeLog
trunk/gcc/config/i386/i386.c
trunk/gcc/testsuite/ChangeLog
Fixed for 4.5+.
(In reply to comment #9)
> .
>
It is for PR 36728.
Is there a way to add debug testcases from PR 36728 to gcc testsuite?.
Created attachment 20072 [details]
gcc45-pr43290.patch
Untested patch.
(In reply to comment #15)
>.
>
I will add some testcases for PR 36728 to make sure that it isn't
broken.
Created attachment 20073 [details]
gcc45-pr43290.patch
Updated patch. This one includes testcases, and also fixes for -O+, when optimizing we really shouldn't be replacing random registers that once happened to be vDRAP or DRAP somewhere with DW_OP_fbreg and there is no point tracking it at all - after all when optimizing combiner or some other optimization pass
will very likely remove the vDRAP = DRAP insn anyway. For -O1+ var-tracking is supposed to do the right job finding where the variable lives.
Subject: Bug 43290
Author: jakub
Date: Wed Mar 10 18:17:10 2010
New Revision: 157363
URL:
Log:
PR debug/43290
* reg-notes.def (REG_CFA_SET_VDRAP): New note.
* dwarf2out.c (dwarf2out_frame_debug_expr): Remove rule 20 - setting
of fde->vdrap_reg.
(dwarf2out_frame_debug): Handle REG_CFA_SET_VDRAP note.
(based_loc_descr): Only express drap or vdrap regno based expressions
using DW_OP_fbreg when not optimizing.
* config/i386/i386.c (ix86_get_drap_rtx): When not optimizing,
make the vDRAP = DRAP assignment RTX_FRAME_RELATED_P and add
REG_CFA_SET_VDRAP note.
PR debug/36728
* gcc.dg/guality/pr36728-1.c: New test.
* gcc.dg/guality/pr36728-2.c: New test.
Added:
trunk/gcc/testsuite/gcc.dg/guality/pr36728-1.c
trunk/gcc/testsuite/gcc.dg/guality/pr36728-2.c
Modified:
trunk/gcc/ChangeLog
trunk/gcc/config/i386/i386.c
trunk/gcc/dwarf2out.c
trunk/gcc/reg-notes.def
trunk/gcc/testsuite/ChangeLog
We're hitting this on vanilla 4.4.5. Any chance of a backport?
this is an in-branch regression from 4.4.4 and prevents -march=native bootstrap on Sandy Bridge. want a new bug?
And now 4.4.6. | https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=43290 | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | refinedweb | 1,474 | 55.84 |
How to use JSON with Python
How to format in JSON or XML.
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is an easy to read, flexible text based format that can be used to store and communicate information to other products. It is mainly based on key:value pairs and is web and .NET friendly. There are many libraries and products that support JSON.
One of the reasons JSON might be used is to collect data from the Rhino model to be used in other places. Use JSON to store information for a door schedule, or a parts list. A report can be created on the name, size and location of all the bitmaps in a model. A JSON file can have the endpoints of all the lines in a model representing column or beam connection points. JSON files are used in several other places and products. JSON is also easy to display on dynamic webpages.
Here is an example of a JSON structure describing a medical office, taken from a set of polylines off a Rhino floorplan. As you will see in the example, the medical space includes 5 rooms and parking, with square footage and pricing for each dedicated space.
{ } }
It is this dictionary setup that works best for Json.
For more information on creating and manipulating this type of information in Python see the Dictionary as a Database Guide
JSON in Python
JSON can store Lists, bools, numbers, tuples and dictionaries. But to be saved into a file, all these structures must be reduced to strings. It is the string version that can be read or written to a file. Python has a JSON module that will help converting the datastructures to JSON strings. Use the
import function to import the JSON module.
import json
The JSON module is mainly used to convert the python dictionary above into a JSON string that can be written into a file.
json_string = json.dumps(datastore)
The JSON module can also take a JSON string and convert it back to a dictionary structure:
datastore = json.loads(json_string)
While the JSON module will convert strings to Python datatypes, normally the JSON functions are used to read and write directly from JSON files.
Writing a JSON file
Not only can the
json.dumps() function convert a Python datastructure to a JSON string, but it can also dump a JSON string directly into a file. Here is an example of writing a structure above to a JSON file:
#Get the file name for the new file to write filter = "JSON File (*.json)|*.json|All Files (*.*)|*.*||" filename = rs.SaveFileName("Save JSON file as", filter) # If the file name exists, write a JSON string into the file. if filename: # Writing JSON data with open(filename, 'w') as f: json.dump(datastore, f)
Remember only a JSON formatted string can be written to the file. For more information about using Rhino.Python to read and write files see the How to read and write a simple file
Reading JSON
Reading in a JSON file uses the
json.load() function.
import rhinoscriptsyntax as rs import json #prompt the user for a file to import filter = "JSON file (*.json)|*.json|All Files (*.*)|*.*||" filename = rs.OpenFileName("Open JSON File", filter) #Read JSON data into the datastore variable if filename: with open(filename, 'r') as f: datastore = json.load(f) #Use the new datastore datastructure print datastore["office"]["parking"]["style"]
The result of the code above will result in the same data structure at the top of this guide.
For more information about using Rhino.Python to read and write files see the How to read and write a simple file
For more details on accessing the information in the dictionary datastructure see, Dictionary as a Database Guide | http://developer.rhino3d.com/guides/rhinopython/python-xml-json/ | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | refinedweb | 624 | 70.53 |
I want to check if any of the items in one list are present in another list. I can do it simply with the code below, but I suspect there might be a library function to do this. If not, is there a more pythonic method of achieving the same result.
In [78]: a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
In [79]: b = [8, 7, 6]
In [80]: c = [8, 7, 6, 5]
In [81]: def lists_overlap(a, b):
....: for i in a:
....: if i in b:
....: return True
....: return False
....:
In [82]: lists_overlap(a, b)
Out[82]: False
In [83]: lists_overlap(a, c)
Out[83]: True
In [84]: def lists_overlap2(a, b):
....: return len(set(a).intersection(set(b))) > 0
....:
Short answer: use
set(a).isdisjoint(b), it's generally the fastest.
There are four common ways to test if two lists
a and
b share any items. The first option is to convert both to sets and check their intersection, as such:
bool(set(a) & set(b))
Because sets are stored using a hash table in Python, searching them is
O(1) (see here for more information about complexity of operators in Python). Theoretically, this is
O(n+m) on average for
n and
m objects in lists
a and
b. But 1) it must first create sets out of the lists, which can take a non-negligible amount of time, and 2) it supposes that hashing collisions are sparse among your data.
The second way to do it is using a generator expression performing iteration on the lists, such as:
any(i in a for i in b)
This allows to search in-place, so no new memory is allocated for intermediary variables. It also bails out on the first find. But the
in operator is always
O(n) on lists (see here).
Another proposed option is an hybridto iterate through one of the list, convert the other one in a set and test for membership on this set, like so:
a = set(a); any(i in a for i in b)
A fourth approach is to take advantage of the
isdisjoint() method of the (frozen)sets (see here), for example:
set(a).isdisjoint(b)
If the elements you search are near the beginning of an array (e.g. it is sorted), the generator expression is favored, as the sets intersection method have to allocate new memory for the intermediary variables:
from timeit import timeit >>> timeit('bool(set(a) & set(b))', setup="a=list(range(1000));b=list(range(1000))", number=100000) 26.077727576019242 >>> timeit('any(i in a for i in b)', setup="a=list(range(1000));b=list(range(1000))", number=100000) 0.16220548999262974
Here's a graph of the execution time for this example in function of list size:
Note that both axes are logarithmic. This represents the best case for the generator expression. As can be seen, the
isdisjoint() method is better for very small list sizes, whereas the generator expression is better for larger list sizes.
On the other hand, as the search begins with the beginning for the hybrid and generator expression, if the shared element are systematically at the end of the array (or both lists does not share any values), the disjoint and set intersection approaches are then way faster than the generator expression and the hybrid approach.
>>> timeit('any(i in a for i in b)', setup="a=list(range(1000));b=[x+998 for x in range(999,0,-1)]", number=1000)) 13.739536046981812 >>> timeit('bool(set(a) & set(b))', setup="a=list(range(1000));b=[x+998 for x in range(999,0,-1)]", number=1000)) 0.08102107048034668
It is interesting to note that the generator expression is way slower for bigger list sizes. This is only for 1000 repetitions, instead of the 100000 for the previous figure. This setup also approximates well when when no elements are shared, and is the best case for the disjoint and set intersection approaches.
Here are two analysis using random numbers (instead of rigging the setup to favor one technique or another):
High chance of sharing: elements are randomly taken from
[1, 2*len(a)]. Low chance of sharing: elements are randomly taken from
[1, 1000*len(a)].
Up to now, this analysis supposed both lists are of the same size. In case of two lists of different sizes, for example
a is much smaller,
isdisjoint() is always faster:
Make sure that the
a list is the smaller, otherwise the performance decreases. In this experiment, the
a list size was set constant to
5.
In summary:
set(a).isdisjoint(b)is always the fastest.
any(i in a for i in b)is the fastest on large list sizes;
set(a).isdisjoint(b), which is always faster than
bool(set(a) & set(b)).
a = set(a); any(i in a for i in b)is generally slower than other methods.
In most cases, using the
isdisjoint() method is the best approach as the generator expression will take much longer to execute, as it is very inefficient when no elements are shared. | https://codedump.io/share/46Nv2uLqceHZ/1/test-if-lists-share-any-items-in-python | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | refinedweb | 851 | 61.06 |
Creates a web client function that makes an HTTP or SOAP over HTTP request. To create a user-defined SQL function, see CREATE FUNCTION statement.
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION [ owner.]function-name ( [ parameter, ... ] ) RETURNS data-type URL url-string [ HEADER header-string ] [ SOAPHEADER soap-header-string ] [ TYPE { 'HTTP[ :{ GET | POST[:MIME-type ] | PUT[:MIME-type ] | DELETE | HEAD } ]' | 'SOAP[:{ RPC | DOC } ]' } ] [ NAMESPACE namespace-string ] [ CERTIFICATE certificate-string ] [ CLIENTPORT clientport-string ] [ PROXY proxy-string ] [ SET protocol-option-string ]
url-string : ' { HTTP | HTTPS | HTTPS_FIPS }://[user:password@]hostname[:port][/path]'
parameter : [ IN ] parameter-name data-type [ DEFAULT expression ]) creates a new function, or replaces an existing function with the same name. This clause changes the definition of the function, but preserves existing permissions. You cannot use the OR REPLACE clause with temporary functions.
RETURNS clause Specify one of the following to define the return type for the SOAP or HTTP function:
The value returned is the body of the HTTP response. No HTTP header information is included. If more information is required, such as status information, use a procedure instead of a function.
The data type does not affect how the HTTP response is processed.
URL clause For use only when defining an HTTP or SOAP web services client function. Specifies the URL of the web service. The optional user name and password parameters provide a means of supplying the credentials needed for HTTP basic authentication. HTTP basic authentication base-64 encodes the user and password information and passes it in the Authentication header of the HTTP request.
Specifying HTTPS_FIPS forces the system to use the FIPS.
SOAPHEADER clause When declaring a SOAP web service as a function, use this clause to specify one or more SOAP request header entries. A SOAP header can be declared as a static constant, or can be dynamically set using the parameter substitution mechanism (declaring IN, OUT, or INOUT parameters for hd1, hd2, and so on). A web service function can define one or more IN mode substitution parameters, but.
The TYPE clause allows the specification of a MIME-type for HTTP:GET, HTTP:POST, and HTTP:PUT types. The MIME-type specification is used to set the Content-Type request header and set the mode of operation to allow only a single call parameter to populate the body of the request. Only zero or one parameter may remain when making a web service stored function call after parameter substitutions have been processed. Calling a web service function with a null or no parameter (after substitutions) results in a request with no body and a content-length of zero. The behavior has not changed if a MIME type is not specified. Parameter names and values (multiple parameters are permitted) are URL encoded within the body of the HTTP request.
Some typical MIME-types include:
The keywords for the TYPE clause have the following meanings:
HTTP:GET By default, this type uses the application/x-www-form-urlencoded MIME-type for encoding parameters specified in the URL.
For example, the following request is produced when a client submits a request from the URL,:
HTTP:POST By default, this type uses the application/x-www-form-urlencoded MIME-type for encoding parameters specified in the body of a POST request. URL parameters are stored in the body.
For example, the following request is produced when a client submits a request the URL,:
HTTP:PUT HTTP:PUT is similar to HTTP:POST, but the HTTP request method is emitted. An HTTP:PUT type does not have a default media type.
The following example demonstrates how to configure a general purpose client procedure that uploads data to a SQL Anywhere server running the put_data.sql sample:
HTTP:DELETE A web service client procedure can be configured to delete a resource located on a server. Specifying the media type is optional.
The following example demonstrates how to configure a general purpose client procedure that deletes a resource from a SQL Anywhere server running the put_data.sql sample:
HTTP:HEAD The head method is identical to a GET method but the server does not return a body. A media type can be specified.
SOAP:RPC This type sets the Content-Type to 'text/xml'. SOAP operations and parameters are encapsulated in SOAP envelope XML documents.
SOAP:DOC This type sets the Content-Type to 'text/xml'. It is similar to the SOAP:RPC type but allows you to send richer data types. SOAP operations and parameters are encapsulated in SOAP envelope XML documents.
Specifying a MIME-type for the TYPE clause automatically sets the Content-Type header to that MIME-type. For an example of MIME-type usage, see Supplying variables to a web service and Tutorial: Working with MIME types in a RAW service.
NAMESPACE clause Applies to SOAP client functions only. This clause identifies the method namespace usually required for both SOAP:RPC and SOAP:DOC requests. The SOAP server handling the request uses this namespace to interpret the names of the entities in the SOAP request message body. The namespace can be obtained from the WSDL (Web Services Description Language) of the SOAP service available from the web service server. The default value is the function's URL, up to but not including, the optional path component.
CERTIFICATE clause To make a secure (HTTPS) request, a client must have access to the certificate used by the HTTPS server. The necessary information is specified in a string of semicolon-separated key/value pairs. You can use the file key to specify the file name of the certificate, or you can use the certificate key to specify the server certificate in a string. You cannot specify a file and certificate key together. The following keys are available:
Certificates are required only for requests that are directed to an HTTPS server, or for requests that can be redirected from a non-secure to a secure server. Only PEM formatted certificates are supported.
CLIENTPORT clause Identifies the port number on which the HTTP client function communicates using TCP/IP. It is provided for and recommended only for connections across firewalls, as firewalls filter according to the TCP/UDP port. You can specify a single port number, ranges of port numbers, or a combination of both; for example, CLIENTPORT '85,90-97'. See ClientPort (CPORT) protocol option.
PROXY clause Specifies the URI of a proxy server. For use when the client must access the network through a proxy. This clause indicates that the function is to connect to the proxy server and send the request to the web service through it.
SET clause Specifies protocol-specific behavior options for HTTP and SOAP. The following list describes the supported SET options. CHUNK and VERSION apply to the HTTP protocol, and OPERATION applies to the SOAP protocol. Parameter substitution is supported for this clause.
'HTTP(CH[UNK]=option)' (HTTP or SOAP) This option allows you to specify whether to use chunking. Chunking allows HTTP messages to be broken up into several parts. Possible values are ON (always chunk), OFF (never chunk), and AUTO (chunk only if the contents, excluding auto-generated markup, exceeds 8196 bytes). For example, the following SET clause enables chunking:
If the CHUNK option is not specified, the default behavior is AUTO. If a chunked request fails in AUTO mode with a status of 505 HTTP Version Not Supported, or with 501 Not Implemented, or with 411 Length Required, the client retries the request without chunked transfer-coding.
Set the CHUNK option to OFF (never chunk) if the HTTP server does not support chunked transfer-coded requests.
Since CHUNK mode is a transfer encoding supported starting in HTTP version 1.1, setting CHUNK to ON requires that the version (VER) be set to 1.1, or not be set at all, in which case 1.1 is used as the default version.
' HTTP(VER[SION]=ver)' (HTTP or SOAP) This option allows you to specify the version of HTTP protocol that is used for the format of the HTTP message. For example, the following SET clause sets the HTTP version to 1.1:
Possible values are 1.0 and 1.1. If VERSION is not specified:
if CHUNK is set to ON, 1.1 is used as the HTTP version
if CHUNK is set to OFF, 1.0 is used as the HTTP version
if CHUNK is set to AUTO, either 1.0 or 1.1 is used, depending on whether the client is sending in CHUNK mode
'SOAP(OP[ERATION]=soap-operation-name)' (SOAP only) This option allows you to specify the name of the SOAP operation, if it is different from the name of the procedure you are creating. The value of OPERATION is analogous to the name of a remote procedure call. For example, if you wanted to create a procedure called accounts_login that calls a SOAP operation called login, you would specify something like the following:
If the OPERATION option is not specified, the name of the SOAP operation must match the name of the procedure you are creating.
The following statement shows how several protocol-option settings are combined in the same SET clause:
The CREATE FUNCTION statement creates a web services function in the database. A function can be created for another user by specifying an owner name.
Parameter values are passed as part of the request. The syntax used depends on the type of request. For HTTP:GET, the parameters are passed as part of the URL; for HTTP:POST requests, the values are placed in the body of the request. Parameters to SOAP requests are always bundled in the request body.
RESOURCE authority.
DBA authority for external functions, including Java functions.
Automatic commit.
SQL/2008 Vendor extension.
Transact-SQL Not supported by Adaptive Server Enterprise.
The following statement creates a function named cli_test1 that returns images from the get_picture service running on localhost:
The following statement issues an HTTP request with the URL:
The following statement uses a substitution parameter to allow the request URL to be passed as an input parameter. The SET clause is used to turn off CHUNK mode transfer-encoding.
The following statement issues an HTTP request with the URL: | http://dcx.sap.com/1200/en/dbprogramming/create-function-statement.html | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | refinedweb | 1,697 | 54.83 |
public class ELProcessor extends Object
Provides an API for using EL in a stand-alone environment.
This class provides a direct and simple interface for
ValueExpressionto a EL variable.
This API is not a replacement for the APIs in EL 2.2. Containers that maintains EL environments can continue to do so, without using this API.
For EL users who want to manipulate EL environments, like adding custom
ELResolvers,
ELManager can be used.
Since it maintains the state of the EL environments,
ELProcessor is not thread safe. In the simplest case,
an instance can be created and destroyed before and after evaluating
EL expressions. A more general usage is to use an instance of
ELProcessor for a session, so that the user can configure the
EL evaluation environment for that session.
A note about the EL expressions strings used in the class. The strings
allowed in the methods
getValue(java.lang.String, java.lang.Class<?>),
setValue(java.lang.String, java.lang.Object), and
setVariable(java.lang.String, java.lang.String) are
limited to non-composite expressions, i.e. expressions
of the form ${...} or #{...} only. Also, it is not necessary (in fact not
allowed) to bracket the expression strings with ${ or #{ and } in these
methods: they will be automatically bracketed. This reduces the visual
cluster, without any lost of functionalities (thanks to the addition of the
concatenation operator).
ELProcessor elp = new ELProcessor(); elp.defineBean("employee", new Employee("Charlie Brown")); String name = elp.eval("employee.name");
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait
public ELProcessor()
public ELManager getELManager()
public Object eval(String expression)
expression- The EL expression to be evaluated.
public Object getValue(String expression, Class<?> expectedType)
expression- The EL expression to be evaluated.
expectedType- Specifies the type that the resultant evaluation will be coerced to.
public void setValue(String expression, Object value)
expression- The target expression
value- The new value to set.
PropertyNotFoundException- if one of the property resolutions failed because a specified variable or property does not exist or is not readable.
PropertyNotWritableException- if the final variable or property resolution failed because the specified variable or property is not writable.
ELException- if an exception was thrown while attempting to set the property or variable. The thrown exception must be included as the cause property of this exception, if available.
public void setVariable(String var, String expression)
null, the variable will be removed.
var- The name of the variable.
expression- The EL expression to be assigned to the variable.
public void defineFunction(String prefix, String function, String className, String method) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException
prefix- The namespace for the function or "" for no namesapce.
function- The name of the function. If empty (""), the method name is used as the function name.
className- The full Java class name that implements the function.
method- The name (specified without parenthesis) or the signature (as in the Java Language Spec) of the static method that implements the function. If the name (e.g. "sum") is given, the first declared method in class that matches the name is selected. If the signature (e.g. "int sum(int, int)" ) is given, then the declared method with the signature is selected.
NullPointerException- if any of the arguments is null.
ClassNotFoundException- if the specified class does not exists.
NoSuchMethodException- if the method (with or without the signature) is not a declared method of the class, or if the method signature is not valid, or if the method is not a static method.
public void defineFunction(String prefix, String function, Method method) throws NoSuchMethodException
prefix- The namespace for the function or "" for no namesapce.
function- The name of the function. If empty (""), the method name is used as the function name.
method- The
java.lang.reflect.Methodinstance of the method that implements the function.
NullPointerException- if any of the arguments is null.
NoSuchMethodException- if the method is not a static method
public void defineBean(String name, Object bean)
name- The name of the bean
bean- The bean instance to be defined. If
null, the name will be removed from the local bean repository.
Copyright © 1996-2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Use is subject to license terms. | https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/7/api/javax/el/ELProcessor.html | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | refinedweb | 693 | 50.23 |
How do Convolutional Neural Nets (CNNs) learn? + Keras example
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This lesson builds on top of two other lessons: Computer Vision Basics and Neural Nets. In the first video, Oli explains what computer vision is, how images are read by computers and how they can be analyzed with traditional approaches, like Histograms of Oriented Gradients and more. He also shows a very cool project, that he and colleagues worked on, where they programmed a small drone to recognize and avoid obstacles, like people. This video is only available in German, though. In the Neural Nets blog post, I show how Neural Nets work by explaining what Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLPs) are and how they learn, using techniques like gradient descent, backpropagation, loss and activation functions.
Convolutional Neural Nets
Convolutional Neural Nets are usually abbreviated either CNNs or ConvNets. They are a specific type of neural network that has very particular differences compared to MLPs. Basically, you can think of CNNs as working similarly to the receptive fields of photoreceptors in the human eye. Receptive fields in our eyes are small connected areas on the retina where groups of many photo-receptors stimulate much fewer ganglion cells. Thus, each ganglion cell can be stimulated by a large number of receptors, so that a complex input is condensed into a compressed output before it is further processed in the brain.
How does a computer see images
Before we dive deeper into CNNs, I briefly want to recap how images can take on a numerical format. We need a numerical representation of our image because just like any other machine learning model or neural net, CNNs need data in form of numbers in order to learn! With images, these numbers are pixel values; when we have a grey-scale image, these values represent a range of “greyness” from 0 (black) to 255 (white).
Here is an example image from the fruits datasets, which is used in the practical example for this lesson. In general, data can be represented in different formats, e.g. as vectors, tables or matrices. I am using the
imager package to read the image and have a look at the pixel values, which are represented as a matrix with the dimensions image width x image height.
library(imager) im <- load.image("/Users/shiringlander/Documents/Github/codecentric.AI-bootcamp/data/fruits-360/Training/Strawberry/100_100.jpg") plot(im)
But when we look at the
dim() function with our image, we see that there are actually four dimensions and only the first two represent image width and image height. The third dimension is for the depth, which means in case of videos the time or order of the frames; with regular images, we don’t need this dimension. The third dimension shows the number of color channels; in this case, we have a color image, so there are three channels for red, green and blue. The values remain in the same between 0 and 255 but now they don’t represent grey-scales but color intensity of the respective channel. This 3-dimensional format (a stack of three matrices) is also called a 3-dimensional array.
dim(im) ## [1] 100 100 1 3
Let’s see what happens if we convert our image to greyscale:
im_grey <- grayscale(im) plot(im_grey)
Our grey image has only one channel.
dim(im_grey) ## [1] 100 100 1 1
When we look at the actual matrix of pixel values (below, shown with a subset), we see that our values are not shown as raw values, but as scaled values between 0 and 1.
head(as.array(im_grey)[25:75, 25:75, 1, 1]) ## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] ## [1,] 0.2015294 0.1923529 0.2043529 0.2354902 0.2021961 0.2389804 0.2431373 ## [2,] 0.2597647 0.2009804 0.2522745 0.3812941 0.2243137 0.2439608 0.2054902 ## [3,] 0.2872941 0.2397255 0.3251765 0.5479608 0.3723922 0.2525882 0.2714510 ## [4,] 0.2212549 0.2596078 0.5109020 0.2871765 0.5529412 0.2162745 0.5660000 ## [5,] 0.2725882 0.3765882 0.2081569 0.1924314 0.3110196 0.3767843 0.6663922 ## [6,] 0.4154118 0.2168627 0.2979216 0.1883922 0.1836471 0.5210196 0.4032549 ## [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12] [,13] [,14] ## [1,] 0.2787059 0.2401961 0.2547451 0.2709020 0.2475686 0.2474118 0.2561961 ## [2,] 0.2407451 0.2520392 0.3678039 0.3932941 0.3570588 0.3727843 0.3171765 ## [3,] 0.5352157 0.4680392 0.2788627 0.2087451 0.2096471 0.2569412 0.2856863 ## [4,] 0.2663137 0.1769020 0.2441961 0.2172549 0.2004314 0.2517255 0.2801961 ## [5,] 0.2470980 0.1892549 0.2169020 0.2211765 0.2041569 0.1972549 0.1933725 ## [6,] 0.2209412 0.1961961 0.2166275 0.2123137 0.2503922 0.3057255 0.3998431 ## [,15] [,16] [,17] [,18] [,19] [,20] [,21] ## [1,] 0.2330980 0.2163529 0.2244706 0.2161961 0.1913725 0.2833725 0.1994902 ## [2,] 0.2316863 0.2426275 0.2131765 0.2018431 0.2054902 0.2452157 0.2080392 ## [3,] 0.2290196 0.2086667 0.2161176 0.2283922 0.2447059 0.2281176 0.2908627 ## [4,] 0.2605882 0.2009412 0.2431765 0.4591765 0.6387843 0.3078824 0.2486275 ## [5,] 0.1975686 0.2092549 0.2742745 0.4005882 0.3773333 0.2245490 0.2474902 ## [6,] 0.3936471 0.1815294 0.1930980 0.2084706 0.5097647 0.3130196 0.2153333 ## [,22] [,23] [,24] [,25] [,26] [,27] [,28] ## [1,] 0.2122353 0.2283529 0.4250980 0.4372157 0.2789020 0.2011373 0.2278431 ## [2,] 0.1925098 0.2745098 0.3172157 0.4366667 0.3427451 0.2161176 0.2557647 ## [3,] 0.2150588 0.2788627 0.2544314 0.3665882 0.3292157 0.2121176 0.2092157 ## [4,] 0.2119216 0.2029020 0.2005098 0.2485882 0.2550588 0.2402745 0.2172549 ## [5,] 0.2466275 0.1983137 0.2108627 0.2305098 0.3066667 0.3615686 0.3726275 ## [6,] 0.2040000 0.2472549 0.2114510 0.1891765 0.2429020 0.2867451 0.2863529 ## [,29] [,30] [,31] [,32] [,33] [,34] [,35] ## [1,] 0.2782353 0.3150980 0.3993725 0.3683922 0.3249804 0.3210588 0.3150588 ## [2,] 0.2593333 0.2162353 0.2950588 0.4864706 0.4195294 0.4238039 0.3776863 ## [3,] 0.2314510 0.2311765 0.2737255 0.3915686 0.3851765 0.4050588 0.4233725 ## [4,] 0.2583922 0.2953333 0.3530196 0.3609412 0.4549020 0.4880000 0.4905882 ## [5,] 0.4509804 0.5030980 0.4882745 0.4000784 0.4856863 0.6270196 0.5930196 ## [6,] 0.2034118 0.1965882 0.2072157 0.2238824 0.2080392 0.2009804 0.5564314 ## [,36] [,37] [,38] [,39] [,40] [,41] [,42] ## [1,] 0.2461961 0.2352549 0.2726275 0.2752549 0.2603529 0.3112549 0.3981176 ## [2,] 0.2441961 0.2152157 0.2407059 0.2647451 0.2650196 0.2767451 0.3592549 ## [3,] 0.2318039 0.2348235 0.2612157 0.2647059 0.2647059 0.2958431 0.3112549 ## [4,] 0.2630588 0.1901176 0.2414510 0.2483529 0.2601961 0.2713725 0.3139216 ## [5,] 0.3403529 0.2250588 0.2315294 0.1954510 0.2704314 0.3076078 0.3111765 ## [6,] 0.4018039 0.2904706 0.3806275 0.4549020 0.3765098 0.4278824 0.4952941 ## [,43] [,44] [,45] [,46] [,47] [,48] [,49] ## [1,] 0.3724706 0.3154902 0.3728627 0.3653333 0.3758824 0.4943922 0.4682353 ## [2,] 0.3664706 0.3616863 0.3263922 0.2882745 0.2752157 0.2451373 0.3379608 ## [3,] 0.3309804 0.2837647 0.2366275 0.2718039 0.2713725 0.2832549 0.2749020 ## [4,] 0.3819216 0.3143137 0.2364706 0.2324314 0.2685098 0.2722745 0.2324706 ## [5,] 0.2989804 0.2561176 0.2748627 0.3621961 0.5355686 0.4248235 0.6004314 ## [6,] 0.4528627 0.3580392 0.2934118 0.4385098 0.2146275 0.2045882 0.2243922 ## [,50] [,51] ## [1,] 0.3378039 0.2782353 ## [2,] 0.2750980 0.3264314 ## [3,] 0.2761961 0.3800000 ## [4,] 0.3410980 0.5016863 ## [5,] 0.6163922 0.6553333 ## [6,] 0.2436471 0.2944706
The same applies to the color image, which if multiplied with 255 shows raw pixel values:
head(as.array(im)[25:75, 25:75, 1, 1] * 255) ## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12] [,13] ## [1,] 138 142 150 161 151 155 153 161 158 156 155 144 143 ## [2,] 159 139 147 183 152 159 135 127 144 174 177 164 162 ## [3,] 170 140 143 200 172 150 139 184 185 148 139 133 134 ## [4,] 142 138 189 130 204 119 200 114 114 148 152 141 140 ## [5,] 138 172 139 133 145 146 220 122 132 149 153 140 127 ## [6,] 170 141 184 155 127 190 162 129 147 150 144 148 155 ## [,14] [,15] [,16] [,17] [,18] [,19] [,20] [,21] [,22] [,23] [,24] ## [1,] 148 149 150 152 143 130 156 145 154 151 191 ## [2,] 148 136 156 158 148 135 141 139 143 161 165 ## [3,] 140 139 148 153 146 138 132 155 143 161 153 ## [4,] 147 157 152 155 190 226 147 146 145 141 137 ## [5,] 128 143 157 164 172 151 120 147 161 143 134 ## [6,] 179 187 144 144 132 190 143 136 147 156 135 ## [,25] [,26] [,27] [,28] [,29] [,30] [,31] [,32] [,33] [,34] [,35] ## [1,] 190 157 141 139 144 152 176 167 150 149 159 ## [2,] 177 170 153 162 152 136 155 197 167 164 162 ## [3,] 162 165 148 147 146 140 144 163 147 151 170 ## [4,] 143 149 147 138 143 148 157 149 165 172 185 ## [5,] 150 165 172 169 185 197 193 169 187 216 206 ## [6,] 143 149 152 147 125 123 127 137 133 120 198 ## [,36] [,37] [,38] [,39] [,40] [,41] [,42] [,43] [,44] [,45] [,46] ## [1,] 154 155 159 153 145 155 170 159 149 171 170 ## [2,] 148 150 152 147 139 149 163 162 168 166 153 ## [3,] 142 155 159 153 146 165 162 165 159 150 153 ## [4,] 144 138 154 153 153 156 166 184 170 150 143 ## [5,] 151 137 150 138 152 147 152 156 151 156 173 ## [6,] 161 150 185 199 166 171 189 184 168 159 196 ## [,47] [,48] [,49] [,50] [,51] ## [1,] 170 200 200 174 165 ## [2,] 143 135 167 160 176 ## [3,] 146 148 150 150 174 ## [4,] 148 149 139 159 190 ## [5,] 215 191 237 233 229 ## [6,] 136 133 141 143 148
Learning different levels of abstraction
These pixel arrays of our images are now the input to our CNN, which can now learn to recognize e.g. which fruit is on each image (a classification task). This is accomplished by learning different levels of abstraction of the images. In the first few hidden layers, the CNN usually detects general patterns, like edges; the deeper we go into the CNN, these learned abstractions become more specific, like textures, patterns and (parts of) objects.
MLPs versus CNNs
We could also train MLPs on our images but usually, they are not very good at this sort of task. So, what’s the magic behind CNNs, that makes them so much more powerful at detecting images and object?
The most important difference is that MLPs consider each pixel position as an independent features; it does not know neighboring pixels! That’s why MLPs will not be able to detect images where the objects have a different orientation, position, etc. Moreover, because we often deal with large images, the sheer number of trainable parameters in an MLP will quickly escalate, so that training such a network isn’t exactly efficient. CNNs consider groups of neighboring pixels. In the neural net these groups of neighboring pixels are only connected vertically with each other in the first CNN layers (until we collapse the information); this is called local connectivity. Because the CNN looks at pixels in context, it is able to learn patterns and objects and recognizes them even if they are in different positions on the image. These groups of neighboring pixels are scanned with a sliding window, which runs across the entire image from the top left corner to the bottom right corner. The size of the sliding window can vary, often we find e.g. 3x3 or 5x5 pixel windows.
In MLPs, weights are learned, e.g. with gradient descent and backpropagation. CNNs (convolutional layers to be specific) learn so called filters or kernels (sometimes also called filter kernels). The number of trainable parameters can be much lower in CNNs than in a MLP!
By the way, CNNs can not only be used to classify images, they can also be used for other tasks, like text classification!
Learning filter kernels
A filter is a matrix with the same dimension as our sliding window, e.g. 3x3. At each position of our sliding window, a mathematical operation is performed, the so called convolution. During convolution, each pixel value in our window is multiplied with the value at the respective position in the filter matrix and the sum of all multiplications is calculated. This result is called the dot product. Depending on what values the filter contains at which position, the original image will be transformed in a certain way, e.g. sharpen, blur or make edges stand out. You can find great visualizations on setosa.io.
To be precise, filters are collections of kernels so that, if we work with color images, we have 3 channels. The 3 dimensions from the channels will all get one kernel, which together create the filter. Each filter will only calculate one output value, the dot product mentioned earlier. The learning part of CNNs comes into play with these filters. Similar to learning weights in a MLP, CNNs will learn the most optimal filters for recognizing specific objects and patterns. But a CNN doesn’t only learn one filter, it learns multiple filters. In fact, it even learns multiple filters in each layer! Every filter learns a specific pattern, or feature. That’s why these collections of parallel filters are the so called stacks of feature maps or activation maps. We can visualize these activation maps to help us understand what the CNN learn along the way, but this is a topic for another lesson.
Padding and step size
Two important hyperparameters of CNNs are padding and step size. Padding means the (optional) adding of “fake” pixel values to the borders of the images. This is done to scan all pixels the same number of times with the sliding window (otherwise the border pixels would get covered less frequently than pixels in the center of the image) and to keep the the size of the image the same between layers (otherwise the output image would be smaller than the input image). There are different options for padding, with “same” the border pixels will be duplicated or you could pad with zeros. Now our sliding window can start “sliding”. The step size determines how far the window will proceed between convolutions. Often we find a step size of 1, where the sliding window will advance only 1 pixel to the right and to the bottom while scanning the image. If we increase the step size, we would need to do fewer calculations and our model would train faster. Also, we would reduce the output image size; in modern implementations, this is explicitly done for that purpose, instead of using pooling layers.
Pooling
As you can probably guess from the previous sentence, pooling layers are used to reduce the size of images in a CNN and to compress the information down to a smaller scale. Pooling is applied to every feature map and helps to extract broader and more general patterns that are more robust to small changes in the input. Common CNN architectures combine one or two convolutional layers with one pooling layer in one block. Several of such blocks are then put in a row to form the core of a basic CNN. Several advancements to this basic architecture exist nowadays, like Inception/Xception, ResNets, etc. but I will focus on the basics here (an advanced chapter will be added to the course in the future).
Pooling layers also work with sliding windows; they can but don’t have to have the same dimension as the sliding window from the convolutional layer. Also, sliding windows for pooling normally don’t overlap and every pixel is only considered once. There are several options for how to pool:
- max pooling will keep only the biggest value of each window
- average pooling will build the average from each window
- sum pooling will build the sum of each window
Dense layers calculate the output of the CNN
After our desired number of convolution + pooling blocks, there will usually be a few dense (or fully connected) layers before the final dense layer that calculates the output. These dense layers are nothing else than a simple MLP that learns the classification or regression task, while you can think of the preceding convolutions as the means to extract the relevant features for this simple MLP.
Just like in a MLP, we use activation functions, like rectified linear units in our CNN; here, they are used with convolutional layers and dense layers. Because pooling only condenses information, we don’t need to normalize the output there.
You can find the R version of the Python code, which we provide for this course in this blog article.
sessionInfo() ## R version 3.5.1 (2018-07-02) ## Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin15.6.0 (64-bit) ## Running under: macOS] imager_0.41.1 magrittr_1.5 ## ## loaded via a namespace (and not attached): ## [1] Rcpp_1.0.0 bookdown_0.9 png_0.1-7 digest_0.6.18 ## [5] tiff_0.1-5 plyr_1.8.4 evaluate_0.12 blogdown_0.9 ## [9] rlang_0.3.0.1 stringi_1.2.4 bmp_0.3 rmarkdown_1.11 ## [13] tools_3.5.1 stringr_1.3.1 purrr_0.2.5 igraph_1.2.2 ## [17] jpeg_0.1-8 xfun_0.4 yaml_2.2.0 compiler_3.5.1 ## [21] pkgconfig_2.0.2 htmltools_0.3.6 readbitmap_0.1.5 knitr_1. | https://www.r-bloggers.com/2019/01/how-do-convolutional-neural-nets-cnns-learn-keras-example/ | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | refinedweb | 3,023 | 70.13 |
On Sun, Oct 21, 2007 at 01:46:08AM +0200, V?ctor Paesa wrote: > > M?ns Rullg?rd said: > > "V?ctor Paesa" <wzrlpy at arsystel.com> writes: > > > >> --- libavutil/internal.h (revision 10822) +++ > >> libavutil/internal.h (working copy) > >> @@ -278,4 +278,17 @@ > >> > >> +#ifndef HAVE_LLRINT > >> +#if defined(ARCH_X86) > >> +static av_always_inline long long int llrint(double x) > >> +{ > >> + long long int llrintres; > >> + asm > >> + ("fistpll %0" > >> + : "=m" (llrintres) : "t" (x) : "st"); > >> + return llrintres; > >> +} > >> +#endif /* defined(ARCH_X86) */ > >> +#endif /* HAVE_LLRINT */ > > > >. However, I think this is the wrong approach. If you are going to implement llrint(), do it in Cygwin, not in FFmpeg. It is the right place to fix the issue instead of working around it and will give you better karma by helping many other projects, not just FFmpeg. See this thread I started on the Cygwin mailing list (and ignore the flamage): All you have to do is add llrint() to newlib, Cygwin will pick it up from there. Alternatively you can wait for the next gcc upgrade in Cygwin, which will reportedly carry along llrint(). All in all I am against this patch. We should be removing platform-specific workarounds, not adding more of them. If you cannot wait for this to get fixed by the gcc upgrade, address the problem in the right place, i.e. patch Cygwin, not FFmpeg. Diego | http://ffmpeg.org/pipermail/ffmpeg-devel/2007-October/038155.html | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | refinedweb | 218 | 75.71 |
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Parsing Commands from String Input
Deidre Krupp
Greenhorn
Joined: Mar 26, 2011
Posts: 1
posted
Mar 27, 2011 07:09:58
0
I'm working on the foundation of a text-based RPG platform, and have been turning over how to most effectively identify commands from player input and execute the corresponding code statements. There's two separate contexts I want to use this in, which are independent and do not have to use the same design:
a) executing commands entered, which should allow for abbreviations (although I may wind up putting that aside).
b) parsing an internal scripting language, which should not permit abbreviations
I've thought of three ways to do this:
1) Use a gigantic switch/case statement to parse one character of the command at a time, e.g.
switch(input.charAt[0]) { case 'g': switch(input.charAt[1]) { case 'e': /* execute code for 'get' */ break ; case 'o': /* execute code for 'go' */ break ; } break ; case 'p': /* execute code for 'put' */ break ; case 't': /* execute code for 'take' */ break ; }
I don't
like
this one because it'll be really unpretty once a large number of commands are coded in, even with the commands called as methods and not embedded directly here. But it's the only way I can think of to do partial matching on a
string
without marching through the whole list of functions in an equally big if/else block, and this seems superior for handling ambiguous input (e.g. 'g' which could be 'get' or 'go').
2) Use an enum and switch/case to match whole words, e.g.
enum Function { ADD, SUB, MULT, DIV } public static String matchFunc(String func, String[] args) { String result = "" ; try { switch (Function.valueOf(func.toUpperCase())) { case ADD: /* add args */ break ; case SUB: /* subtract args */ break ; case MULT: /* multiply args */ break ; case DIV: /* divide args */ break ; } } catch(IllegalArgumentException e) { result = "NO FUNCTION " + func ; } return result ; }
Doesn't do partial matching, does do whole-string matching; might be applied in the interpreter. The enum also provides an instant overview of what functions are already coded for and which aren't. The downside of this one that I can identify is that in adding new functions, you have to a) write the appropriate code, b) update the switch statement, and c) update the enum. True, a and b could be combined if the code was contained in the body of the switch statement, which the skeletal snippet above implies, but I expect they'll largely be their own methods or objects. I'm currently leaning towards the latter, because while the particulars of each function will be different, they all fit the same template and need to do some common things that inheritance or an interface could easily define.
3) Use a Map of some sort for lookup, with String keys and Function object values.
I haven't coded even a basic 'this is how it would work' snippet for this option yet, so it's all conceptual. The benefit of this design is that with Reflection, I could arrange for the program to initialize all available Functions and fill in the Map upon startup, meaning all I or any other programmer would have to do to add new ones is write the class and not worry about updating the lookup table. What I don't have any real idea of is how practical this is in terms of performance and memory. I gather that Reflection is Decidedly Not Good in the performance arena, although that would only really be an issue for generating the lookup table on restart, typically a rare event. But the Map will permanently take up memory, and having functions as their own objects is also going to get big fast (a drawback not necessarily specific to this design).
I'd welcome any input or suggestions others have on this. Particularly alternative methods I haven't thought of, as well as any other pros or cons of the above three designs.
Mike Bates
Ranch Hand
Joined: Sep 19, 2009
Posts: 81
posted
Mar 27, 2011 11:39:56
0
Take a look
A Switch on String Idiom for Java
it is not perfect but it works. Or wait until Java 7 is released.
Mike
Mich Robinson
Ranch Hand
Joined: Jun 28, 2009
Posts: 185
posted
Apr 01, 2011 02:05:46
0
I've done a few command interpreters in PHP but I'd imagine it's roughly the same in any programming language. I start by using a a few functions that will read the next word in the command line and move the read pointer forward. If it's expecting a command then it would convert the word to upper case. I'd have a another function to put the current word back. If there's a string in quotes then I'd treat the whole string as one word.
Then I just loop round reading the commands and processing each command in switch statement. The idea is to try and make things reasonably easy to follow (and to add new command in future).
start with first word in command while words left read command switch command case MOVE read direction check valid direction and move case PICK_UP read item check valid item add item to pack case USE read item check valid item do something etc
Doing it this way it's quite easy to build up quite complex languages. In my early days I used to use the Unix tools LEX and YACC to process commands but that was a pain in the butt.
Mike
Arcade :
Alien Swarm
Board :
Chess
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Checkers
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Connect 4
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Othello
Mark Uppeteer
Ranch Hand
Joined: Mar 02, 2004
Posts: 159
I like...
posted
Jun 20, 2011 07:55:22
0
I like doing this with the command
pattern
.
I've done this a few times also, but with small programs that start with params, not games.
I usually do it as following, this is for a single command, started from the main. So really only the basics.
In your game the principle is the same but you'll have a loop (while not end of game) of course...
public class RPG{ private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(RPG.class); private static final Map<String, Command> commandMap = new HashMap<String, Command>(); private enum Commands { MOVE,SPEAK} static { commandMap.put(Commands.MOVE.name(), new MoveCommand()); commandMap.put(Commands.SPEAK.name(), new SpeakCommand()); } public static void main(String[] args) { String commandName = args[0].toUpperCase(); try { Commands.valueOf(commandName); } catch (IllegalArgumentException ila) { LOGGER.error("Unknown Command:" + commandName); LOGGER.error("pick one of:"); for (Commands s : Commands.values()) { LOGGER.error(s.name()); } LOGGER.error("SHUTDOWN"); return; } Command command = commandMap.get(commandName); //put all args except the first one in an array String[] dest = new String[args.length - 1]; System.arraycopy(args, 1, dest, 0, args.length - 1); //let the command handle it himself command.init(dest); command.execute(); }
then the Commands all have the same parent 'Command'
which does the parsing work (the init method) and does callbacks to the child to set the params. But you can do this your own way..
I know where my towel is. (SCJP 5, OCPJWCD)
[Free Quiz Tips for a fun night with friends or family]
Flash games
I agree. Here's the link:
- if it wasn't for jprofiler, we would need to run our stuff on 16 servers instead of 3.
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plotnetcfg-json man page
plotnetcfg — json output format
Description
Root object fields
- format
(number) Currently 1. Will be increased if incompatible changes are introduced. A tool parsing the json output should refuse any format it's not aware of. Note that adding of new fields is not considered to be an incompatible change.
- version
(string) Plotnetcfg version.
- date
(string) Time and date when the data were gathered, in ctime(3) format.
- namespaces
(array) Array of name space objects. The first one is always the root name space.
Name space object fields
- name
(string) Name of the name space suitable for user consumption. This in general cannot be used for machine consumption, e.g. switching to the name space. The root name space has an empty name.
- interfaces
(array) Array of interface objects.
- warnings
(array) If present, an array of strings. Contains error messages encountered when gathering data in the given name space.
Interface object fields
- id
(string) Unique identifier of the interface. This is an arbitrary opaque string and the consumer should not make any assumption of its contents (apart of not containing null characters). It should not be displayed to the user, the sole purpose of this field is linking to other interfaces. The identifier is globally unique, it is safe to assume that interfaces with the same name in different name spaces have a different id.
- name
(string) User visible name of the interface. Usually (but not always) the name of the corresponding Linux interface. This is not unique between name spaces.
- driver
(string) The kernel module (driver) behind the interface. May be empty in some specific cases.
- info
(array) Array of strings. Contains additional information about the interface, formatted. An example is tunnel endpoints. The exact content is dependent on the type of the interface.
- addresses
(array) Array of address objects.
- mtu
(number) Interface MTU.
- type
(string)
"device": normal interface. Most interfaces are of this type.
"internal": this interface is not backed up by a Linux interface. Can be often found with Open vSwitch.
Further types are possible with future plotnetcfg versions. Adding them will not be considered a format change.
- state
(string)
"down": the interface is administratively disabled.
"up": the interface is up and operating.
"up_no_link": the interface is up but has no link.
"none": state cannot be determined or is not applicable to this kind of interface.
More states are possible to be added in future plotnetcfg versions. Adding them will not be considered a format change.
- warning
(bool) There was a problem gathering data about this interface. Details are in the name space warnings field. The purpose of this flag is for visual representation of this interface as not having complete data available. Not present if there was no error.
- parent
(object) The parent interface, as a connection object. Not present if there's no parent.
- children
(array) Array of children interfaces, as connection objects. Not present if there are no children.
- peer
(object) The peer interface, as a connection object. Not present if there's no peer.
Connection object fields
- info
(array) Array of strings. Contains additional information about the connection between the two interfaces, formatted. May be an empty array.
- target
(string) Id of the interface that is being linked to.
Address object fields
- family
(string) Currently only "INET" or "INET6". More types will be added in the future (without considering it a format change).
- address
(string) Address formatted for user consumption. May include net mask. This field should be generally machine parseable.
- peer
(object) If present, the peer address corresponding to this address. It's of the address object type but cannot contain futher peer field.
See Also
plotnetcfg(8)
Author
plotnetcfg was written and is maintained by Jiri Benc <jbenc@redhat.com>.
Referenced By
plotnetcfg(8). | https://www.mankier.com/5/plotnetcfg-json | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | refinedweb | 626 | 61.83 |
How to Deploy a Django App on Heroku Easily
Heroku is a contained-based cloud platform for deploying, managing, and scalling applications. Even though there are other similar platforms, such as OpenShift by Red Hat, Windows Azure, Amazon Web Services, Google App Engine e.t.c, Heroku stands out because it is pretty basic and very easy to work with. It also comes with a free package for small apps.
Deploying a Django app on Heroku can be very tricky. Even with all the tutorials online, it still gets a bit confusing. Sometimes, you run into certain errors that you do not understand. This post is going to teach you easy steps to follow when deploying an app on Heroku.
In this post, I'll assume that you have a good understanding of Django and creating Django apps.
Let's Get StartedLet's Get Started
Inside your terminal, activate the
virtual env for the project and run
pip install dj-database-url gunicorn whitenoise. This will install three different packages. First, the
dj-database-url will set up the database adapter in the project. We will be running it on Gunicorn in Heroku — that's why we installed gunicorn and whitenoise will serve our static files on Heroku.
Step 1: The first thing you need is a requirements.txt file.
This file is important because it tells Heroku the various libraries and packages that need to be installed to run your application. If you do not have this file, you can simply go to your terminal (make sure you are in the virtual env for the project) and run the following command on the root directory of your application:
pip freeze >> requirements.txt. This command will put all the libraries currently installed into a new file called requirements.txt.
Step 2: Since Heroku runs on Postgres, we will need to provide an adaptor for it. From your terminal, run
pip install psycopg2 or simply add
psycopg2==2.6.2 to the
requirements.txt file and run
pip install.
Step 3: The next thing you will need is a Procfile. This simply tells Heroku what to run.
Create a file in your project's root directory and name it Procfile. Open it with a text editor or on your commandline and paste the following into it:
web: gunicorn xyz.wsgi. Create a file called
xyz.wsgi, you can change the xyz to the name of your app. Make sure it has the .wsgi extension appended to it. This will tell Heroku to run gunicorn with our
.wsgi file.
Step 4: In our
settings.py file, we need to set DEBUG to False and change ALLOWED_HOSTS to ['*'], since we do not know our Heroku URL yet.
Step 5: In the root directory, create a file and name it
runtime.txt. This file will tell Heroku what version of Python to run our app with. Inside the file, paste in
python-2.7.10 or whatever version of python you are using.
Step 6: In our settings.py file, replace the DATABASES object with the following code and save:
import dj_database_url DATABASES = { 'default': dj_database_url.config( default='sqlite:////{0}'.format(os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3')) ) }
This will allow us to keep using our local SQLite database while using Heroku’s database there.
Step 7: Inside our xyz.wsgi file (or whatever your wsgi.py file is called), add the following line and save:
from whitenoise.django import DjangoWhiteNoise application = DjangoWhiteNoise(application)
HerokuHeroku
Step 1: You'll need to install the Heroku toolbelt if you don't already have that. Go to Heroku Toolbelt to install.
Step 2: Create a free Heroku account here.
Step 3: Authenticate your heroku account by running
heroku login on your terminal.
Step 4: Run
heroku create <your app name> on your terminal. You can just run
heroku create and Heroku will give your application a random name.
Step 5: Heroku uses git for its deployments. You can go ahead and run
git add . and
git commit <commit message> on your terminal.
Step 6: Finally, you can deploy to Heroku by running
git push heroku master on your terminal.
Step 7: You can tell Heroku to start this web process by running
heroku ps:scale web=1 on your terminal.
Step 8: Since we created a new/empty database on Heroku, we will run migrations. On your terminal, enter
heroku run python manage.py migrate and then create a django admin superuser
heroku run python manage.py createsuperuser.
You can now visit your app in your browser by running
heroku open command on the terminal.
That's it!
If you're interested in learning more about deploying applications to Heroku, here's an article on deploying Crystal app to Heroku and here's how to run Python and Ruby on Heroku!
Many thanks. After two days of trying I FINALLY managed to deploy a simple Django app on Heroku
If I type in ‘git add .’, it gives me an error: “fatal: Not a git repository (or any of the parent directories): .git”. Any suggestions?
Thanks for the detailed step-by-step. I’m going to give this a try.
One question: In step 3 you mention creating a .wsgi file, but I don’t understand what would be in the file. Should it be the same as my <appname>/wsgi.py? Or something else?
Thanks again!
Hey Dan. The .wsgi file has to have that extension. I mentioned in Step 7 what will be contained in that file. Please try it out and let me know how it goes. | https://www.codementor.io/ekwenugomirabel/how-to-deploy-a-django-app-on-heroku-easily-5tgv4m1hd | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | refinedweb | 930 | 75.61 |
QCOMPARE failing for doubles on Qt 5.5 only
- Paul Colby
Hi,
Short version: is there any known reason
QCOMPAREor
qFuzzyComparewould have changed relative accuracy (aka fuzziness) for doubles in Qt 5.5?
I maintain an open-source project that uses Qt (Bipolar). This project uses Travis CI and AppVeyor to build and test on Linux, OSX, and Windows, for a number of different Qt versions. All of these versions are building / passing tests as expected, except for those builds that use Qt 5.5.
Current passing platforms:
- Linux: Qt 5.1.1, 5.2.1, 5.3.2, 5.4.1 - all 64-bit, for both gcc and clang;
- OSX: Qt 5.3.2 - 64-bit, for both gcc and clang.
- Windows: Qt 5.3, 5.4 - 32-bit for both mingw and msvc2013; 64-bit for msvc2013-64.
Current failing platforms:
- Linux: Qt 5.5, both gcc and clang;
- OSX: (not tested; I don't have Qt 5.5 readily available for OSX at the moment).
- Windows: Qt 5.5, all of mingw-32, msvc2013-32 and msvc2013-64.
The nature of the failure (on all failing tests) is like:
FAIL! : TestTrainingSession::toTCX(training-sessions-19401412) Compared doubles are not the same (fuzzy compare) Actual (aDouble): 314.405 Expected (bDouble): 314.405 Loc: [../../bipolar/test/polar/v2/testtrainingsession.cpp(75)]
So it would appear to be related to the relative accuracy
qFuzzyCompareis using.
An example of a build run in which everything passed, except for all of the Qt 5.5 builds:
-
-
(note, the debug builds on AppVeyor pass because I don't run the unit tests for debug builds)
I'm more than happy to trace the issue further, before creating a formal bug report (if it turns out to be appropriate), etc But I just wanted to first check if this is a known / expected behaviour when upgrading to Qt 5.5. I've had a quick search through these forums, the Qt bug tracker, and the Qt 5.5 release notes, and see nothing relevant. It does seem strange that I'd be the only one seeing the issue, so it might be specific to something I'm doing.
So, is anyone aware of any such issues with Qt 5.5? Or shall I dig deeper? :)
Thanks,
Paul.
Ok, so I'm doing some digging, and it turns out that the fuzzy compare is doing the correct thing... on Qt 5.5 only the doubles differ by about 0.00008%, which is more than qFuzzyCompare allows. ie the allowance has not changed (between 4.4 and 4.5), but something else has, resulting in my application getting slightly different values... I'll need to dig deeper.
@Paul-Colby
Good luck :)
I've found it!! The Qt 5.5 change was: Enhance precision of the FP conversion to strings in QVariant (8153386)
This broke my tests, because my application code is using
QVariant::toStringto render XML content, then the unit test code is comparing the XML content to reference XML files. In this case, the reference files were generated using the pre-5.5 code, and so are actually less precise than the new XML content under test.
This will be a slightly tricky one to solve in a way that supports all of Qt 5.x (desirable, but not crucial). I'll probably have to do an "is-float / is-double" check on the variant, and if so, invoke
QString::numberwith an explicit precision that is consistent across versions. Either way, I'll have to update my XML test reference files, since they're obviously slightly lacking in precision as a result of the pre-Qt5.5 code used to generate them.
Lots to ponder... :)
@Paul-Colby
I enjoyed your digging.
Good work finding it and good info for others porting older apps.
I'm not usually one to drag up old topics, but just thought it was interesting enough to follow up with some new info here :)
The same issue (or rather a new version of it) arose in Qt 5.7... the situation is pretty well summarised in the comments I added to the Bipolar project's code:
// Qt 5.5 increased the accuracy of QVariant::toString output for floats and // doubles (see qtproject/qtbase@8153386), resulting in slightly different // output, and QCOMPARE unit test failures. // // // Qt 5.7 added QLocale::FloatingPointShortest (see qt/qtbase@726fed0), and // updated QVariant to use that (instead of the Qt 5.5 change above) when // converting floats and doubles to string, again resulting in slightly // different output, and QCOMPARE unit test failures. // // // So, QVariant floats and doubles convert (and compare) differently between // Qt 5.[0-4], 5.[5,6], and 5.7+. Here we use the Qt 5.5 / 5.6 implementation // because its at least as accurate as 5.7+, and implementing a 5.7-compatible // fallback would be a major undertaking (needing to duplicate the third-party // double-conversion code Qt borrows from the V8 project). #if (QT_VERSION >= QT_VERSION_CHECK(5, 5, 0)) && (QT_VERSION < QT_VERSION_CHECK(5, 7, 0)) #define VARIANT_TO_STRING(v) v.toString() #else // Fallback implementation based closely on Qt 5.5's qvariant.cpp #ifndef DBL_MANT_DIG #define DBL_MANT_DIG 53 #endif #ifndef FLT_MANT_DIG #define FLT_MANT_DIG 24 #endif #define DBL_MAX_DIGITS10 (DBL_MANT_DIG * 30103) / 100000 + 2 #define FLT_MAX_DIGITS10 (FLT_MANT_DIG * 30103) / 100000 + 2 #define VARIANT_TO_STRING(v) \ (static_cast<QMetaType::Type>(v.type()) == QMetaType::Double) \ ? QString::number(v.toDouble(), 'g', DBL_MAX_DIGITS10) \ : (static_cast<QMetaType::Type>(v.type()) == QMetaType::Float) \ ? QString::number(v.toFloat(), 'g', FLT_MAX_DIGITS10) \ : v.toString() #endif
The Qt 5.7 change seems like a really good one, from a Qt-codebase maintenance perspective.
Longer term, if this sort of change happens again (which is perfectly fine / valid for Qt to do - I'm not complaining at all), then I guess I'll make my code use an explicit float/double-to-string conversion function, and not rely on
QVariant(float/double).toStringin any version of Qt, just for this specific case.
Anyway, it's been interesting :)
Cheers.
@Paul-Colby
Thank you for reporting back.
This is very important info for people using this function as "stuff"
will happen if you upgrade from older Qt. | https://forum.qt.io/topic/57883/qcompare-failing-for-doubles-on-qt-5-5-only | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | refinedweb | 1,023 | 67.04 |
So, you need to integrate a service with your website. That could be your web analytics tool, Typekit, Google's or Yahoo's webmaster tools, whatever. The thing is, you have to edit a small amount of HTML on the production server.
Generally you never do some coding on the production server. You fix things on your development machine and push the changes to the server. But sometimes you don't have the same setup on your local machine than on your server. That's why the local_settings.py trick is so useful: you keep it out of source control, and you never have any conflict between your different setups. And you try to import the local settings, silently failing if the module doesn't exist.
It's exactly the same case here: you just want to set up something on the server but not on your local machine. A simple solution would be to do {% include 'head.html %} and keep head.html out of source control, but:
- You don't need it on the development machine
- You'll get error pages if you have TEMPLATE_DEBUG=True, which is almost always the case during development
- You might forget to add the (even empty) template on the production server and therefore get a few error emails at each visit
So, what about extending the local_settings thing to templates? You just need a template tag that would include another template and silently fail if it doesn't exist, whether you're on debug or production mode. Here you go:
from django import template register = template.Library() class IncludeNode(template.Node): def __init__(self, template_name): self.template_name = template_name def render(self, context): try: # Loading the template and rendering it included_template = template.loader.get_template( self.template_name).render(context) except template.TemplateDoesNotExist: # Let's return nothing included_template = '' return included_template @register.tag def try_to_include(parser, token): """Usage: {% try_to_include "head.html" %} This will fail silently if the template doesn't exist. If it does, it will be rendered with the current context.""" try: tag_name, template_name = token.split_contents() except ValueError: raise template.TemplateSyntaxError, \ "%r tag requires a single argument" % token.contents.split()[0] return IncludeNode(template_name[1:-1])
Then, in your templates (assuming you've called your module include_tags):
{% load include_tags %} <head> ... {% try_to_include "head.html" %} </head>
If the third-party service needs an extra <meta> tag, this would be the way to go. I have two of these inclusions on each page: one in the <head> section, and one at the end of the <body> section.
That's one of the rare cases when silent errors are convenient. I wonder if there are other (and better) approaches though.
#1 June 10, 2010 — Philgo20
Thanks for the time saver, will try that for sure.
#2 June 21, 2010 — Daniel
Great job :)
Thanks
Add a comment | http://bruno.im/2009/dec/07/silently-failing-include-tag-in-django/ | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | refinedweb | 466 | 58.48 |
A container class is one that can host other graphical objects. In this chapter, you will learn how to use the major AWT containers. (You will learn how to use the other major container classes, the Swing containers, in Chapter 16, "Swing.") Containers are interesting because they can be placed inside other containers recursively. The primary container classes are
Applet An applet is a container that runs Java in a browser.
Frame A frame is a top-level window with a title and a border.
Panel A panel is a rectangular space where you can attach other components, including other panels.
ScrollPane This is a Panel class that automatically implements both a horizontal and a vertical scrollbar.
Dialog A dialog is a window that pops up and enables the user to receive a warning or confirm an action such as an exit.
We will cover these containers first, and then use them in later examples to learn about the components that they can host.
In the age of Web Services and Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE), it is hard to remember that Java was originally intended to be an applet-centric language. The ability to create applets using Java was not nearly as interesting to the developer community as some of Java's other qualities. Java is a simple, portable, object-oriented programming language. These features appealed to programmers who were tired of having to make major modifications to their programs when porting them to another platform. In the last few years, server-side Java development has grown so much that there are many Java developers who have never written a production applet.
There are some good things about applets though. For example, they are more powerful than HTML alone. In addition, they are distributed automatically with the HTML document, so there is no need to store them on a client machine.
On the downside, the security manager that ships with the JVM limits applet access to the user's machine severely. This reduces the number of useful things that an applet can do on the client machine. In addition, because applets are downloaded every time the HTML is downloaded, they must be kept fairly small in size to keep from slowing the user's download time too much.
Applet development might seem a little strange to you at first because you don't actually write applets; you extend them. The java.applet.Applet class provides all the functionality necessary to communicate with the browser's Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Your job is to override certain key methods to add behavior that meets your requirements.
The combination of these parts is shown if Figure 13.1.
The java.applet.Applet class is installed in the JVM, which is part of the browser. When the browser receives the HTML file from your Web server, it notices the applet tag and downloads the .class file for your applet also. Your applet will contain one or more overrides to the Applet class's method calls. The JVM will call your versions of these methods instead of the Applet class versions while it is loading and running your applet.
It is possible to write a simple applet in a very few lines of code. Listing 13.1 shows a trivial example.
import java.awt.*; import java.applet.Applet; public class HelloApplet extends Applet { public void paint(Graphics g) { g.drawString("Hello, Applet", 10, 10); } } import java.applet.Applet;
Caution
Some versions of the JDK can cause conflicts with some versions of Microsoft's Internet Explorer. If you experience difficulty, try downloading the latest released versions of both the JDK and IE or alternatively, you can run the applet in Netscape.
This is about as simple as an applet can be while still doing something. The only instruction that we are giving it is to place the string "Hello, Applet" in the applet.
Browsers expect to run HTML files, not applets. To run this applet, we need to provide an HTML file that contains a reference to this applet. Listing 13.2 shows an HTML file that contains a reference to this applet.
This is the Hello Applet <applet code=HelloApplet width=200 height=200> </applet>
The applet tag tells the HTML processor in the browser that an applet has to be downloaded from the same place the HTML file came from. The width and height determine the boundary for the applet.
To run an HTML file that contains an applet you have several choices. The first is to open a browser and type the full path and filename in the address line like this:
C:\com\samspublishing\jpp\ch13\runHelloApplet.html
Alternatively, if your computer has a Web server running on it, you can place both the HTML and the applet's class file in the special directory that your Web server documentation specifies and type the following in your browser's address line:
In either case, the result of running the runHelloApplet.html file in a browser is shown in Figure 13.2.
The gray section is the area covered by the applet. Gray is the default color for applets. The phrase "This is the Hello Applet" is placed in the browser window by the HTML code. The other phrase "Hello, Applet" is written in the applet area of the browser window by the applet code.
Many browser versions cache old HTML pages and applets in mysterious ways. If you make a change to an applet and recompile it, you might not see the new version of the applet when you click the refresh button. If you still see the old version, close all instances of that browser and open it again. When you type the filename or URL, the new, changed version should appear.
Although applets are not the primary focus of Java's direction at present, they can be used to create some interesting looking Web pages.
The Frame class is the container most used when creating Java applications. Even when we create Panels and ScrollPanes, we typically place them inside a Frame for display.
A Frame is an extension of the Window class that adds a title and a border for resizing. There are two ways to create a Frame object from your Java class. You can extend the Frame class, or you can declare a Frame in the main() method. Listing 13.3 shows how to create a Java application by extending the Frame class.
/* * FrameExtender.java * * Created on July 29, 2002, 3:15 PM */ package com.samspublishing.jpp.ch13; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; /** * * @author Stephen Potts * @version */ public class FrameExtender extends Frame { /** Creates new FrameExtender */ public FrameExtender() { addWindowListener(new WinCloser()); setTitle("Just a Frame"); setBounds( 100, 100, 200, 200); setVisible(true); } public static void main(String args[]) { FrameExtender fe = new FrameExtender(); } } class WinCloser extends WindowAdapter { public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) { System.exit(0); } }
The key to creating this window on the screen is extending the Frame class. The strength of object-oriented programming is that you can borrow, or inherit, functionality that performs a lot of work for you by adding the word "extends", and the name of the class that you want to borrow from.
public class FrameExtender extends Frame
Unlike an applet, applications have no init() method. The constructor is very similar in its function, however, and gets run when the object is created.
public FrameExtender()
Windows can close without properly cleaning up the processes that are running. To solve this problem, we have to add a Window Listener class to do this cleanup. Swing provides a more elegant solution that you will learn when we cover that GUI toolkit.
addWindowListener(new WinCloser());
The title can be set with a method call:
setTitle("Just a Frame");
The bounds are set which establish the initial size of the window.
setBounds( 100, 100, 200, 200);
Finally, we tell the window to display itself.
setVisible(true);
The main() method instantiates an instance of the class itself, which triggers the execution of the constructor.
public static void main(String args[]) { FrameExtender fe = new FrameExtender(); } }
The WinCloser class extends the WindowApapter class. The WindowAdapter class is an abstract class that provides a set of no-op methods. As the programmer, you then provide your own implementation by overriding the methods that you want to handle. If your program extends the WindowListener interface, an error will be thrown for every method that you don't provide an implementation for. Most programmers prefer the WindowAdapter approach. The only service that we need it to perform here is to exit the application when the window closes. We will cover events in more detail in Chapter 14, "Event Delegation Model."
class WinCloser extends WindowAdapter { public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
The exit() method of the System class instructs the JVM to destroy the process and recover the resources whenever it chooses to.
System.exit(0);
To run this example, compile it, and then move to the root directory of your file system (in Windows, this is most likely c:\) and type the following command:
C:\>java com.samspublishing.jpp.ch13.FrameExtender
This will open a window that looks like the one in Figure 13.3:
An alternative to extending the Frame class is to declare it in the main() method of the class that you are creating. Listing 13.4 shows the FrameInstantiater class that creates a Frame object in the main() method.
/* * FrameInstantiater.java * * Created on July 29, 2002, 4:13 PM */ package com.samspublishing.jpp.ch13; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; /** * * @author Stephen Potts * @version */ public class FrameInstantiater { public FrameInstantiater() { } public static void main(String[] args) { Frame frame1 = new Frame();); } }
This time the class is created without extending any other classes.
public class FrameInstantiater
The constructor is also empty.
public FrameInstantiater() { }
All the work is done in the main method. The Frame object is created by hand.
Frame frame1 = new Frame();
The window listener is added here.
frame1.addWindowListener(new WinCloser());
We add a title, set the bounds, and make it visible using the instance variable frame1.
frame1.setTitle("An Instantiated Frame"); frame1.setBounds( 100, 100, 300, 300); frame1.setVisible(true); } }
You compile and run this example in exactly the same way as you did with Listing 13.3, except for the class name, of course. The result of running this example is shown in Figure 13.4.
Frames would be pretty useless unless you could place objects on them. Fortunately, this is possible. The simplest way to place objects on a form is to use the Frame's add() method to attach GUI objects to the Frame that have been created by hand. Listing 13.5 shows this technique.
/* * TextFieldInstantiater.java * * Created on July 29, 2002, 4:13 PM */ package com.samspublishing.jpp.ch13; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; /** * * @author Stephen Potts * @version */ public class TextFieldInstantiater { public TextFieldInstantiater() { } public static void main(String[] args) { Frame frame1 = new Frame(); TextField tf1 = new TextField("Directly on the Frame"); TextField tf2 = new TextField("On top of the old text"); frame1.add(tf1); frame1.add(tf2);); } }
The unique part of this example is the creation and insertion of the text fields.
TextField tf1 = new TextField("Directly on the Frame"); TextField tf2 = new TextField("On top of the old text"); frame1.add(tf1); frame1.add(tf2);
Notice that there are no locations on either the TextField constructors or on the Frame.add() method. This means that the field will be placed at the top line of the frame. When we add the second TextField object, it overlays the first one, as shown in Figure 13.5.
This behavior is not likely to be what you had envisioned. Normally, you don't want GUI objects to overwrite each other. This lack of control over the placement of objects in a frame is a primary motivation to use the Panel class and Layout managers to provide more control over the appearance of your objects. Panels are the subject of the following section. We will introduce layout managers later in the chapter.
The java.awt.Panel class is a generic container that is rectangular, but lacks the title and border of a Frame. Its default behavior is to implement a flow of controls from left to right with wrapping. This behavior is identical to a FlowLayout that you will learn about later in this chapter.
Primarily, panels are used to provide several containers within a frame. This allows you greater flexibility when laying out a screen. Listing 13.6 shows how adding a panel can change the behavior of the layout of objects.
/* * TestPanel.java * * Created on July 30, 2002, 11:35 AM */ package com.samspublishing.jpp.ch13; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; /** * * @author Stephen Potts * @version */ public class TestPanel extends Frame { TextField tf1; TextField tf2; /** Creates new TestPanel */ public TestPanel() { tf1 = new TextField("Directly on the Panel"); tf2 = new TextField("Following the first TextField"); Panel p1 = new Panel(); p1.add(tf1); p1.add(tf2); add(p1); addWindowListener(new WinCloser()); setTitle("Using a Panel"); setBounds( 100, 100, 300, 300); setVisible(true); } public static void main(String[] args) { TestPanel tp = new TestPanel(); } } class WinCloser extends WindowAdapter { public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) { System.exit(0); } }
The important difference between this example and Listing 13.5 is that the two text fields are added to a panel, which is added to a frame, instead of being attached to the frame directly.
Two text fields are instantiated with strings.
tf1 = new TextField("Directly on the Panel"); tf2 = new TextField("Following the first TextField");
A new panel is createdand the two text strings are attached to it.
Panel p1 = new Panel(); p1.add(tf1); p1.add(tf2);
The panel is added to the frame.
add(p1);
Running this example produces the result shown in Figure 13.6.
Notice the different behavior that comes from using a panel. Laying objects one after the other with wrapping is farmore intuitive than overwriting one with the other.
Another useful containeris the java.awt.ScrollPane class. This container is unique in that it only allows for one object to be placed on it. This seems limiting until you realize that the object can be a panel, which can hold an arbitrary number of objects.
The big attraction of the ScrollPane is the optional presence of both a horizontal and a vertical scrollbar. There are three possible values that can be passed to one of the constructors:
ScrollPane.SCROLLBARS_AS_NEEDED
ScrollPane.SCROLLBARS_ALWAYS
ScrollPane.SCROLLBARS_NEVER
The default is ScrollPane.SCROLLBARS_AS_NEEDED. If you create a ScrollPane using the default constructor, you will get scrollbars only if the size of the panel exceeds the size of the ScrollPane.
Note
In Java, constants are defined in the following way:
public static final int SCROLLBARS_AS_NEEDED = 0
The word public indicates a visibility outside the declaring class. The word static means that it can be referenced using the class name such as ScrollPane, instead of requiring an instance variable. final means that when set, the value can never change. Writing the name of the constant in all uppercase letters is a convention that makes constants easier to pick out in text.
Listing 13.7 shows a Panel that is added to a ScrollPane.
/* * TestScrollPane.java * * Created on July 30, 2002, 11:35 AM */ package com.samspublishing.jpp.ch13; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; /** * * @author Stephen Potts * @version */ public class TestScrollPane extends Frame { ScrollPane sp; TextField tf1; TextField tf2; TextField tf3; TextField tf4; TextField tf5; TextField tf6; TextField tf7; TextField tf8; /** Creates new TestScrollPane */ public TestScrollPane() { //create eight text fields tf1 = new TextField("Text Field Number 1 "); tf2 = new TextField("Text Field Number 2 "); tf3 = new TextField("Text Field Number 3 "); tf4 = new TextField("Text Field Number 4 "); tf5 = new TextField("Text Field Number 5 "); tf6 = new TextField("Text Field Number 6 "); tf7 = new TextField("Text Field Number 7 "); tf8 = new TextField("Text Field Number 8 "); //add the panel Panel p1 = new Panel(); p1.add(tf1); p1.add(tf2); p1.add(tf3); p1.add(tf4); p1.add(tf5); p1.add(tf6); p1.add(tf7); p1.add(tf8); //create the scroll pane sp = new ScrollPane(); sp.add(p1); add(sp); addWindowListener(new WinCloser()); setTitle("Using a ScrollPane"); setBounds( 100, 100, 300, 300); setVisible(true); } public static void main(String[] args) { TestScrollPane tsp = new TestScrollPane(); } } class WinCloser extends WindowAdapter { public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) { System.exit(0); } }
All the magic in this example takes place in just a few lines of code. First, we instantiate the ScrollPane.
sp = new ScrollPane();
Next, we add the panel to the ScrollPane.
sp.add(p1);
Finally, we add the ScrollPane, not the Panel object, to the Frame.
add(sp);
The result of running this example is shown in Figure 13.7.
Notice that no wrapping took place, after we placed the panel in the ScrollPane. This gives us two choices when choosing a look and feel: a panel that wraps and one that scrolls. The reason for this is that the layout behavior of the panel is altered by the existence of the scrollbar. Instead of wrapping, the controls are placed side-by-side. Layout managers, which are covered later in this chapter, can be used to control the look and feel of the GUI. | https://flylib.com/books/en/1.89.1.129/1/ | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | refinedweb | 2,871 | 63.39 |
The target of this article is to show another factory implementation using delegates. I've searched CodeProject for a similar implementation and though some are close they're not quite the same. So I've decided to post this factory which I use in my current project.
This article does not aim at explaining the whole concept of factory or why you would use that particular design pattern.
The goal in writing this factory are as follows:
Using delegates will help us achieve goals 1 and 2, it might set us on a collision course with goal 3 but we'll see.
The declaration of the delegate looks like this:
/// <span class="code-SummaryComment"><SUMMARY>
</span>
This delegate will help us obscure the way objects are created from the factory and help us register delegates of this type on the factory.
The factory will create our first usable object in our tree, so that we don't have to downcast straight away (only if it's really needed).
The base class is abstract and defines one variable member and one abstract function:
The derived classes look like this:
As you can see we implemented a Print function for the derived that does something (hopefully something different than other derived) and we've added a static function that creates a new object of Class1.
Print
Class1
The static function ObjectCreator keeps the responsibility of creating objects within the class.
ObjectCreator
The factory class maps the classes' static functions, with the help of a delegate to the type that we wish to create.
The map is done through a hashtable with the type of the object being the key and the delegate that encapsulates a static function as the value.
value
The factory:
Notice that the factory has register and unregister functions, later on we'll see how to use them.
RegisterHandler - The register function that takes a delegate and inserts it to the hashtable with the class identifier as the key.
RegisterHandler
UnregisterHandler - The unregister function takes the type and removes whatever delegate that was there as the value.
UnregisterHandler
type
CreateObject - The function that creates objects according to their type (key). This function extracts a delegate from the hashtable from position type and invokes the delegate (calls the static function of the object that we've registered before).
CreateObject
After comments from numerous esteemed colleagues, I changed the following code a bit, so it's more obvious that the factory doesn't "know" what type it's getting, but rather checks to see if it knows how to create an object with the provided key (type).
static void Main(string[] args)
{
try
{
// registering the types that the factory will create
ObjectFactory.RegisterHandler(Class1.ClassType,
new ObjectCreator(Class1.ObjectCreator));
ObjectFactory.RegisterHandler(Class2.ClassType,
new ObjectCreator(Class2.ObjectCreator));
ObjectFactory.RegisterHandler(Class3.ClassType,
new ObjectCreator(Class3.ObjectCreator));
AObject aobject = null;
// creating the objects
for (int i = 0; i<100; i++)
{
aobject = ObjectFactory.CreateObject(i%3+1, null);
aobject.Print();
}
// unregistering a type
if (!ObjectFactory.UnregisterHandler(Class1.ClassType))
Console.WriteLine("Really ?!");
// trying to create an unregistered type
aobject = ObjectFactory.CreateObject(Class1.ClassType, null);
if (aobject != null)
aobject.Print();
else
Console.WriteLine("aobject is null");
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
Notice the registration process:
We pass a type to be registered and we create a new delegate passing it the static function of the type that we're registering. We have to make sure that types are registered before we can use the factory to create objects, so the registration process should be as soon as possible in the program.
One more thing to notice is that Class3 (if you've downloaded the code, you may have noticed already) belongs to the same namespace (and assembly) as Main and not to the namespace (and assembly) that the rest of the classes belong to. This means that we have achieved goal 1 and goal 2.
Class3
Main
I leave it up to you to decide if goal 3 was achieved.
Best regards and a happy new year to all.
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)
class_id = reader.GetValue[typeIndex];
aobject = ObjectFactory.CreateObject(class_id);
aobject = new Class3(...);
General News Suggestion Question Bug Answer Joke Praise Rant Admin
Use Ctrl+Left/Right to switch messages, Ctrl+Up/Down to switch threads, Ctrl+Shift+Left/Right to switch pages. | http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/9268/Delegate-Factory?fid=143214&df=90&mpp=25&sort=Position&spc=Relaxed | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | refinedweb | 737 | 53.51 |
Qt Quick Extras Overview
Qt Quick Extras provide a set of UI controls to create user interfaces in Qt Quick.
Getting Started
Building
If you are building Qt Quick Extras from source, you can follow the steps used for most Qt modules:
qmake make make install
Using the Controls
The QML types can be imported into your application using the following import statement in your
.qml file.
import QtQuick.Extras 1.4
Interactive controls
Non-interactive controls
Creating a basic example
A basic example of a QML file that makes use of controls is shown here:
import QtQuick 2.2 import QtQuick.Extras 1.4 Rectangle { DelayButton { anchors.centerIn: parent } }
For an interactive showcase of the controls provided by Qt Quick Extras, you can look at the Gallery example.
. | http://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qtquickextras-overview.html | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | refinedweb | 129 | 50.87 |
jGuru Forums
Posted By:
learner_java
Posted On:
Thursday, July 17, 2003 05:41 AM
Hi all!
don't really know how to start since i'm new learner to JUnit.
I changed my mind..I written a swing code to read information from a file and print to the console using System.out.println() I want to do some practice of JUnit Test program. I want to write a Junit Test program to check to see if my Swing code is run read the file okey and print to the console okey..is that can be done?
here is my swing code:
import java.io.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.util.Vector;
public class ReadEntityFile {
private Entity[] entities;
private Entity entity;
private Vector vEntry;
ublic ReadEntityFile() {
entities =getEntity();
for(int i = 0; i
< entities.length; i++) {
System.out.println("entitiesitem:" + entities[i].getName());
}
}
public Entity[] getEntity() {
try {
String fn = "c:\test.txt";
File file = new File(fn);
System.out.println("filename:" + file.getPath());
if (!file.exists()) {
System.out.println("File does not exist");
System.exit(0);
}
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
String line = "";
vEntry = new Vector();
String name;
while ((line = input.readLine()) != null) {
Entity entity = new Entity();
//get Entity Structure of Entity class
name = line.trim();
entity.setName(name);
vEntry.add(entity);
}
vreturn (Entity[]) vEntry.toArray(new Entity[0]);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e.toString());
return new Entity[0];
public static void main(String[] args) {
ReadEntityFile te = new ReadEntityFile();
}
}
and ofcouse an Entity class, both of them work fine.. but I like to write a Junit Test program..and don't know how to start..can you give me any brainstorms? thanks
Re: How do I write a JUnit Test
Posted By:
Anonymous
Posted On:
Friday, July 18, 2003 02:39 PM | http://www.jguru.com/forums/view.jsp?EID=1102051 | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | refinedweb | 304 | 51.55 |
During Nirmala Seetharaman’s Budget speech in the Lok Sabha on February 1, amid the customary thumping of desks, my heart missed a beat when the TV screen flashed relief for those above 75 years of age from the age-old harassment of having to file the income tax return (ITR). In my experience, it is not a single-shot epidemic that visits a senior citizen once in a year; it is something that one has to live with right round the year, keeping track of various items of income and expenditure. But the euphoria soon evaporated when the small print of the red herring was laid bare. However, later the realisation dawned upon me that at least my wife will be spared the year-end recurrent visits to the bank to ensure that the TDS on fixed deposit interest income had been uploaded to get reflected in Form 26AS.
When I look back in time, I recall that during the first few years of my service, I did not face the hassle of having to file a formal income tax return, which now I have been denied even after crossing the momentous milestone of 75 years, by a quirk of fate. The accounts branch used to disburse my take-home salary in cash after all the deductions. I only ever used to be asked to sign a certificate that there were no other sources of income and the rest was left to the authorities to decide. I did not, in effect, have to file the year-end tax return. Additionally, I reluctantly invested ₹25 or thereabouts in the statutory provident fund, on which the current Budget proposals have imposed a supposedly unconscionable ceiling.
With the money in hand being just about adequate to meet our bare necessities, I never bothered about the budget, which used to be presented at 5 p.m. on the last day of February then. I am sure, many similarly placed individuals today, with no tax to pay or surplus to invest, are equally unconcerned about the portmanteau.
My family and I were quite happy then, though the salary did not stretch to cover the whole month, especially the last week of the month when we used to move around with our piggy bank (in the shape of a used oblong powder box) in tow, in which the change received back from sundry purchases used to be stored.
Memories of those "no-return" days inevitably go back to the period when my wife joined me a few months after our marriage in Nizamabad district, now in Telangana, where I was being trained. One of the reminiscences, permanently etched in our memory, pertains to my first official house assistant.
Before her arrival, his main duties were confined to sprucing up my sparsely furnished living room, which was part of the District Collector’s residential complex, and getting me my "daily bread" and monthly quota of cigarettes. When she came into the picture, he was required to get the groceries and vegetables with the money she gave him, while I continued to requisition my cigarettes with his assistance. One day, he took a significant amount of money from both of us for our respective requirements and disappeared. Soon enough, we came to know that the wife of the gardener of the Collector was also missing. My personal assistant had eloped with her, which created an unsavoury, though temporary, hierarchical rift. The wife of my assistant and the husband of the gardener approached us for succour, which, to our eternal regret, we were unable to provide or even vaguely suggest the obvious option available.
Coming back to the present, I am not unduly unhappy about having to file my income tax return. It keeps me grudgingly busy and also provides an opportunity to meet people purposefully, without giving the impression that in order to while away my time I am wasting theirs.
(The writer is a former Secretary-General of the Rajya Sabha)
vkagnihotri25@gmail.com
Please Email the Editor | https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/budgets-of-yesteryear/article33828244.ece?utm_source=open-page&utm_medium=sticky_footer | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | refinedweb | 672 | 53.14 |
Replacing the Standard Library - Python Requests
31 Mar 2014|
|
Permalink|
Sometimes, a language’s standard library is so poorly exposed, undocumented or outdated that it warrants using an external package to replace it.
In Python, making HTTP requests is shockingly cumbersome. A basic
GET request is easy enough.
import urllib2 response = urllib2.urlopen('') html = response.read()
But once you start getting into more complicated things, you enter a world that grows increasingly more painful. For example, a post request looks like this.
import urllib import urllib2 url = '' values = {'username' : 'bbrunner', 'fullname' : 'Brian Brunner', 'requests' : True } data = urllib.urlencode(values) req = urllib2.Request(url, data) response = urllib2.urlopen(req) the_page = response.read()
And if you need to get
json back, that’s another
import you need to remember. If you want to add in auth or coookies or read compressed data or do anything else that is totally fair game for interacting with HTTP services,
urllib/
urllib2 pretty much sucks. I’m not going to go into any more examples, because we’d be here all day trying to sort out issues.
For a modern language, Python is not the best at interacting with the web. Thankfully, there’s a solution that many of you probably know about. requests is a Python package that, as the name suggests, makes it easy to write HTTP requests. The above examples become single lines of code, and many, many things that are a nightmare with the standard library are made easy.
A
GET request with json
jsonResponse = requests.get('').json()
A
POST request
data = {'username' : 'bbrunner', 'fullname' : 'Brian Brunner', 'requests' : True } jsonResponse = requests.post('', data=data).json()
For the sake of brevity, I’m going to stop there, but the documentation for requests is rather good, so I suggest you check it out.
So, in short, unless you have an abnormal, specific need to do so, don’t use
urllib/
urllib2. Just use
requests. | http://brianbrunner.com/stdlibsucks/2014/03/31/python-requests.html | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | refinedweb | 320 | 66.74 |
NAME
Env - perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or arrays
SYNOPSIS
use Env; use Env qw(PATH HOME TERM); use Env qw($SHELL @LD_LIBRARY_PATH);
DESCRIPTION
Perl maintains environment variables in a special hash named
%ENV. For when this access method is inconvenient, the Perl module
Env allows environment variables to be treated as scalar or array variables.
The
Env::import() function ties environment variables with suitable names to global Perl variables with the same names. By default it ties all existing environment variables (
keys %ENV) to scalars. If the
import function receives arguments, it takes them to be a list of variables to tie; it's okay if they don't yet exist. The scalar type prefix '$' is inferred for any element of this list not prefixed by '$' or '@'. Arrays are implemented in terms of
split and
join, using
$Config::Config{path_sep} as the delimiter.
After an environment variable is tied, merely use it like a normal variable. You may access its value
@path = split(/:/, $PATH); print join("\n", @LD_LIBRARY_PATH), "\n";
or modify it
$PATH .= ":."; push @LD_LIBRARY_PATH, $dir;
however you'd like. Bear in mind, however, that each access to a tied array variable requires splitting the environment variable's string anew.
The code:
use Env qw(@PATH); push @PATH, '.';
is equivalent to:
use Env qw(PATH); $PATH .= ":.";
except that if
$ENV{PATH} started out empty, the second approach leaves it with the (odd) value "
:.", but the first approach leaves it with "
.".
To remove a tied environment variable from the environment, assign it the undefined value
undef $PATH; undef @LD_LIBRARY_PATH;
LIMITATIONS
On VMS systems, arrays tied to environment variables are read-only. Attempting to change anything will cause a warning.
AUTHOR
Chip Salzenberg <chip@fin.uucp> and Gregor N. Purdy <gregor@focusresearch.com> | https://metacpan.org/pod/release/DAPM/perl-5.10.1/lib/Env.pm | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | refinedweb | 295 | 56.66 |
Eclipse Community Forums - RDF feed Eclipse Community Forums PHP Parser <![CDATA[Hi, I'm trying to develop a program for static analysis of PHP scripts. I want to use eclipse internal classes for parsing the file and generating the AST. But I can't find any sort of documentation regarding org.eclipse.php.internal or similar namespaces. For example, I'm trying the following for getting the program constructs: import org.eclipse.php.internal.core.*; import org.eclipse.php.internal.core.ast.nodes.AST; import org.eclipse.php.internal.core.ast.nodes.Program; ... Reader reader = new FileReader("test.php"); AST a = new AST(reader, PHPVersion.PHP5, true, true); Program p = new Program(a); But it simply does nothing. I need a sort of documentation, and article etc about how to use the pdt classes. Any idea? Alternatively, do you know any other documented Php parser/ast generator in java? Thanks in advance. ]]> No real name 2011-02-03T05:18:56-00:00 Re: PHP Parser <![CDATA[Here is a detailed document about exactly the same information: Will be happy to hear about your analysis it may be relevant to this project as well? Roy]]> Roy Ganor 2011-02-03T07:28:43-00:00 Re: PHP Parser <![CDATA[Thanks Roy, Though I'd already read that article, I couldn't really use it since some of things there seems to be deprecated. But your reply encouraged me to reconsider it, again and this time it magically worked(Maybe because I have downloaded some additional JARs). I'm still at the beginning phase but I will try to develop it as soon as I can. I will publish a link in this forum as soon as it is finished. Ali.]]> No real name 2011-02-03T17:32:55-00:00 Re: PHP Parser <![CDATA[Hi, I am trying to write a program that parses a PHP file and detects all sql queries in that file. I am a beginner and I am not sure, where is the right point to start with . I also read the article linked by Roy and some examples were running well in my eclipse, but not all examples and i couldn't got the AST View plug-in running in my eclipse 3.6. I doubt if the AST is enough to solve my problem. Does anyone know if it is possible to get all sql queries from the AST or should I go another way to get the sql queries? Thanks in advance.]]> Saale Man 2012-11-15T15:17:31-00:00 | http://www.eclipse.org/forums/feed.php?mode=m&th=203973&basic=1 | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | refinedweb | 426 | 66.84 |
FiPy LTE Not Initialized
I have a FiPy that is connecting to the lte network but after a few hours of running i will get the following error.
[ 71998.935] MQTT published packets: 1
[ 71999.936] MQTT published packets: 1
[ 72000.937] MQTT published packets: 1
[ 72001.934] MQTT published packets: 1
[ 72002.935] MQTT published packets: 1
[ 72003.937] MQTT published packets: 1
[ 72004.933] MQTT published packets: 1
[ 72005.935] MQTT published packets: 1
[ 72006.936] MQTT published packets: 1
[ 73074.841] MQTT publish error: [Errno 113] ECONNABORTED
[ 73074.851] MQTT published packets: 1
[ 73089.333] MQTT connect error: [Errno 202] EAI_FAIL
[ 73089.342] LTE disconnecting...
[ 73112.411] LTE disconnected
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "main.py", line 1, in <module>
File "lrio.py", line 152, in <module>
File "lrio.py", line 152, in <module>
File "/flash/lib/lte.py", line 58, in reconnect
File "/flash/lib/lte.py", line 82, in _start
File "/flash/lib/lte.py", line 26, in _attach
OSError: LTE modem not initialized
Pycom MicroPython 1.20.2.r0 [v1.11-783192e] on 2020-08-06; FiPy with ESP32
My program is publishing data to our mqtt broker and then I get an aborted error from the broker so I close the mqtt connection and try to reconnect leaving the lte connection alone. When I call the mqtt connect, I get error 202. So I am assuming this is a network error. I then disconnect the lte modem and then reconnect but I get the error "LTE modem not initialized". Is this caused by resetting the modem during the deinit? Here is my lte code.
from network import LTE import utime import _thread from debug import log from constants import const class lte: def __init__(self, reset=False): self.lte = LTE(carrier=const.LTE_CARRIER, cid=const.LTE_CID) self.connected = False self.reset = reset if self.reset: self.lte.reset() self.lte.lte_callback(LTE.EVENT_COVERAGE_LOSS, self._lte_cb) # _thread.start_new_thread(self._start, ()) def _lte_cb(self, lte): log('LTE coverage lost') self.reconnect() def _attach(self): if not self.lte.isattached(): try: self.lte.attach(band=const.LTE_BAND, cid=const.LTE_CID, apn=const.LTE_APN) log('LTE attaching...') while not self.lte.isattached(): utime.sleep_ms(250) log('LTE attached') except Exception as ex: log('LTE attach error: {}', ex) def _connect(self): if self.lte.isattached(): try: self.lte.connect() log('LTE connecting...') while not self.isconnected(): utime.sleep_ms(250) log('LTE connected') return True except Exception as ex: log('LTE connect error: {}', ex) else: log('LTE cannot connect because it is not attached') return False def reconnect(self): if self.connected: log('LTE disconnecting...') self.lte.deinit(reset=self.reset) log('LTE disconnected') self.connected = False # _thread.start_new_thread(self._start, ()) self._start() def isconnected(self): return self.lte.isconnected() def rssi(self): if self.isconnected(): self.lte.pppsuspend() rssi = int(self.lte.send_at_cmd('AT+CSQ').split('\r\n')[1].split(' ')[1].split(',')[0]) if self.isconnected(): self.lte.pppresume() if rssi is 99: return rssi else: return (rssi * 2) - 113 def send_at_cmd_pretty(self, cmd): response = self.lte.send_at_cmd(cmd).split('\r\n') for line in response: log('{}', line) def _start(self): while not self.connected: # self.lte.init(carrier=const.LTE_CARRIER) self._attach() if self._connect(): self.connected = True else: self.lte.deinit(reset=self.reset) utime.sleep(30)
@kjm Thank you for the response. You are right about the deint. I made a test program that would go through the steps to connect over lte, then get the address of a server to verify connection, and then call my reconnect logic. I could duplicate the same error so I added the init function call just before the attach and now it works.
@ssummers In answer to your question, it's not the reset causing the 'not initialised' error it's the denit itself, you have disposed of the lte so you need to make a new one, lte=LTE() Re network disconnections, I've never had any luck with getting the sequans to reconnect on an existing attachment.
My experience in marginal RF environments is that the modem actually looses attachment but doesn't know it, lte.isattached() and lte.isconnected() are both true but trying lte.disconnect() throws an OSError. I call this ZombiModem mode & the the only fix is to reset the modem & setup a new lte/attachment/connection.
- Gijs Global Moderator last edited by
Hi,
We've seen more examples of the LTE connection dropping after some period. While this is not desirable, it is inevitable, as the RF link is highly variable etc.) It should of course be recoverabl. One thing to do is indeed the
lte.reset(), you can add parameter
debug=Trueto get more information about the communication between the modem and microcontroller. It should also be possible to hard reset the modem in the last case you mentioned, altough at the moment Im not exactly sure how without hardware modifications
Best,
Gijs
I forgot to add the following:
FiPy with firmware version 1.20.2.r0
Your modem is in application mode. Here is the current version:
UE5.0.0.0d
LR5.1.1.0-41065 | https://forum.pycom.io/topic/6310/fipy-lte-not-initialized | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | refinedweb | 857 | 52.97 |
Any way to debbug today widgets?
Hi,
Is there a way to debug a today widget?
In Pythonista app widget works as I want, but as a today widget sometimes works good, sometimes bad.
Not really... To be honest, if I could remove that feature without annoying a bunch of people, I probably would. Today widgets are just so extremely limited in memory that even just running the interpreter pushes it almost to its limits, and it becomes extremely likely that user scripts run into memory limitations very quickly... This is much less of an issue in Pythonista's other app extensions (the custom keyboard and share sheet) as those types of extensions get a more comfortable amount of RAM to work with.
For debugging widgets, you could e.g. write log files that you would read in the main app.
One general tip for widgets: In case you use
webbrowser.open()in your widget, try removing the
webbrowserimport and use
import shortcuts; shortcuts.open_url(...)instead. It's more efficient.
Thank you for the answer.
Please, don't remove widgets.
I know they are limited and will modify my source in order to work.
Thanks.
Here is a screenshot of my widget - now it works almost perfect.
I have up-to-date information about free tennis courts.
And if it’s possible to send push notification about changes, it would be great.
I mean It would be great if Pythonista today widget can send push notifications.
If you look on my screenshot f.e., in case there is a change of number of courts.
@pavlinb did you try the notification module in your widget, only to see if it is supported in this mode?
@cvp I’m not 100% sure, because i have tried a lot of notifiers, but if I remember well, only time delay notifier works when main app ( Pythonista) is closed.
@pavlinb am i mistaken in thinking that a widget is only executed when it is in the foreground, so that the user sees the change, so does not need notification | https://forum.omz-software.com/topic/6220/any-way-to-debbug-today-widgets/4 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | refinedweb | 344 | 73.78 |
Khaos Dragon 196 Report post Posted July 10, 2007 I am trying to just get basic things working in JNI... such as in this case being able to retrieve the value of an integer member from a native method of the same class. My java code initializes the integer member jInt to 0 and correctly prints out the results as 0. My native c dll however can access the field, but retrieves the wrong value of 647383456. Here is the output my program spits out... Printing from Java...jInt has value: 0 Printing from c dll..Jint has value: 647383456 If anyone can tell anything I am doing wrong, I would greatly appreciate as this is even more greatly becoming a major source of frustration. I can tell that JNI is finding my integer field correctly because I get a "field could not be found" exception if I use a name other than jInt. The following is source for my simple Java test program public class Main { //Members public int jInt = 0; //Methods native void CPrint(); void PrintJint() { System.out.println("Printing from Java...jInt has value: " + jInt + "\n"); } public Main() { jInt = 0; System.loadLibrary( "testnativeclr" ); jInt = 0; } //Entry Point public static void main(String[] args) { Main main = new Main(); main.CPrint(); main.PrintJint(); } } Here is the source for my implementation of the native method CPrint located in the testnativeclr.dll. #include <iostream> #include "Main.h" #include "jni.h" using namespace std; JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_Main_CPrint(JNIEnv* jEnv, jobject jObj) { jclass Object = jEnv->GetObjectClass( jObj ); jfieldID IntFieldId = jEnv->GetFieldID( Object, "jInt", "I" ); jint val = jEnv->GetIntField( Object, IntFieldId ); cout << "Printing from c dll..Jint has value: " << val << "\n"; } Lastly here is Main.h which was generated by the Java binary command line tool javac.. /* DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE - it is machine generated */ #include "jni.h" /* Header for class Main */ #ifndef _Included_Main #define _Included_Main #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" { #endif /* * Class: Main * Method: CPrint * Signature: ()V */ JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_Main_CPrint (JNIEnv *, jobject); #ifdef __cplusplus } #endif #endif 0 Share this post Link to post Share on other sites | https://www.gamedev.net/forums/topic/455130-issues-with-java-native-interface/ | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | refinedweb | 346 | 64.2 |
Hottest Forum Q&A on CodeGuru - December 1st
Introduction:
Lots of hot topics are covered in the Discussion Forums on CodeGuru. If you missed the forums this week, you missed some interesting ways to solve a problem. Some of the hot topics this week include:
- Can I catch an Exception if I call delete on a dangling pointer?
- How do I use sprintf with std::string?
- How should I pass the std::string as a function parameter?
- How do I push_back a vector?
- What does the C++ standard say?
Ram_Gupta does have some problems in his simple code where he got a runtime Exception. He knows that he is using an unlocated pointer, but wants to know if he can catch such an exception.
When I try to run the code below, it gives a runtime exception although I am ctching the exception. Plz suggest something. I can't check the pointer against NULL.
#include <iostream> #include <stdexcept> using namespace std; void main() { char* p; try { delete p; } catch(exception ex) { cout<<"hello"<<endl; } }
The problem is Ram_Gupta is not able to change the original code. In the originalm one class is having some pointer data member. In the destructor he is freeing the memory but doesn't assign the pointer to NULL. So somehow he has assigned the object to someone else, so that pointer has become a dangling one. I don't want to change his overloaded = oparetor nor do i wanna provide a copy ctor. So i wanna call delete, catch the exception and cooly come out without any runtime error.
Graham explained the solution very well. You should always try to fix the probem. Don't try to patch it over. Here is exactly his oppinion about this and I agree fully with him.
To reiterate:
It is undefined behaviour.
This means that, just because this particular compiler (or version of the compiler) throws an exception, you can't rely on that. The next upgrade to your compiler may do something different. For example, it may just call exit() immediately. It might reboot your machine or reformat the hard disk. it could do anything; that's what undefined behaviour means.
Fix the problem; don't try to patch it over. Your desire not to provide a copy ctor is unreasonable. Do a deep copy, not a shallow one; implement a reference counted smart pointer if you don't want a deep copy, but do something positive to address the problem, rather than rely on behaviour that is intrinsically unreliable.
If you still want to catch the exception, you can use SException under Windows.
avi123, a regular visitor of CodeGuru, is wondering whether he can use sprintf with std::string instead of a char*.
I was wondering how do I do this using std::string instead of char*.
sprintf(szStr, "%.2f", dNum);
std::string does not support such a function. Instead, use std::stringstream.
Somebody might think that std::string.c_str() returns a char*, so there shouldn't be any problem when using it in sprintf. But, that's wrong.
std::string::c_str() returns a const char*, so you can't pass it to sprintf.
This question is asked again by avi123. He has several functions that accept std::string as a parameter. Now, he wants to know whether he should send it via reference or via value. What is your oppinion about that? something like this:
const std::string myString func1(myString) should I define func1 like this: std::string func1(const std::string& myStr)
or
std::string func1(const std::string myStr)
Is std::string is a big structure needs using reference?
Andreas Masur, a super moderator of CodeGuru, explained the answer very well. If a function does not change the contents of a variable, you should basically pass it as a constant reference. However, this is only a matter while dealing with structures and/or classes. Simple data types can be still passed by value because passing by reference would only add unnecessary overhead.
In addition, you might want to take a look at this article.
halmark6Z is working on a code in which he needs to push_back an object into a vector.
I`ve puzzled the next one rather long, and I4m pretty stuck with it:
void loadAnimals(const vector<Animal*> *animals, const char* filename) { ... ... // open file, etc. ... Animal *animal = NULL; // bunch of code to read animal data from the file. // the animal's type (inheritance) is determined here // this part works fine. // for example, animal = new Dog(); // puzzled about this animals->push_back(*animal); // won't compile // animals->push_back(&animal); // won't compile }
how do I push the object into the vector ?
Can you see the error?
& is the address of operator, which will give you Animal**. * as the dereference operator, which will give you Animal.
Because you already have Animal*, you merely need to do this:
animals->push_back(animal);
Besides that, you can also take a look at this article. I suggest you also take a look at the thread, because Philip Nicoletti explains the answer very well, with some small examples.
KevinHall is trying some code that compiles on one compiler and fails on another. But why?
What does the C++ standard say with regards to the following piece of code? I am attempting to compile someone else's code on two different compilers, and on one it fails. The code is something like this:
const int iMax = 50; void SomeFunction() { for(int i=0; i<iMax; ++i) doSomething(i); for(int i=0; i<iMax; ++i) doSomethingElse(i); }
The reason one fails is it says that i is defined twice (in both for statements). So the question I have is does defining a variable within a for loop limit the scope of the variable to the for loop? Or does it effectively define the variable in the scope before the loop? Which compiler is more compliant to the standard in this particular area?
[Source=MSDN]
The C++ standard says that a variable declared in a for loop shall go out of scope after the for loop ends. For example:
for (int i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++) { // do something } // i is now out of scope under /Za or /Zc:forScope:
int main() { int i = 0; // hidden by var with same name declared in for loop for ( int i = 0 ; i < 3; i++ ) { } for ( int i = 0 ; i < 3; i++ ) { } }.
Paragraph and verse:
The Standard, 6.5.3 / 3: If the forinitstatement is a declaration, the scope of the name(s) declared extends to the end of the forstatement. [Example: int i = 42; int a[10]; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) a[i ] = i; int j = i; // j = 42 .end example]
There are no comments yet. Be the first to comment! | http://www.codeguru.com/columns/forum_highlights/article.php/c6631/Hottest-Forum-QA-on-CodeGuru--December-1st.htm | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | refinedweb | 1,131 | 73.98 |
In this article, I begin an implementation of an FTP client in managed code. (The basis for this article was a previously published knowledge base article from Microsoft.com, knowledge base 832670, How to Access a File Transfer Protocol Site by Using Visual Basic .NET. The code is uniquely my own, but some snippets were mined from that article.) While the implementation is not complete, the article is a good starting point that provides enough information to enable you to write a complete implementation.
Why might you want to write an FTP client in the 21st century? Simple: Many of the largest companies in the world are still using 20th century code. Best-in-class businesses use dated technology because their business processes are dependent on legacy systems that would be too costly, too labor-intensive, and too risky to migrate all at once. Thus, many of these companies are bridging the old and new in stages using intermediate techniques like FTP-ing data for batch processing.
At such companies, if a business-to-business transaction takes hours or days, a legacy system is in the way. In fact, if whatever you need cannot be done "while you wait," data more than likely is being FTP-ed, batched, or evaluated by a person instead of a machine, and manual steps or legacy systems are in the way. Lost luggage, checks being held, and a latency between the application of a loan and its approval are all examples of dated processes and dated software.
Why is this important to know? Simple: Many mega-software systems need to be migrated, and in many instances this migration has only just begun. This makes TCP and socket programming skills useful and valuable, and it also means that much work remains to be done in the field of software development.
Building an FTP Client with .NET
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a TCP protocol that is described by RFC (Request for Comment) 959. RFCs are basically white papers and every RFC that I have searched for has been posted somewhere on the Internet. This article borrows a few snippets from the aforementioned Microsoft.com knowledge base article, as well as knowledge base article 318380 and RFC 959. I encourage you to look these up, if for no other reason than to familiarize yourself with how to find them.
What you won't find in this article is low-level TCP programming or low-level socket or RS232 (serial port) programming. The .NET framework makes many of these skills superfluous unless you are a socket or RS232 programmer.
Writing an FTP client is relatively easy with .NET. To write an FTP client, you use the System.Net.Socket namespace, an instance of the Socket class, and an instance of an IPEndPoint. The rest of the code is simply figuring out what to do with the data the FTP server sends back. Because RFC 959 guides the data an FTP server returns, you also pretty much know what the data should be and what the data means. The hardest—though this word seems almost inappropriate—part then is to translate raw codes and text into meaningful behaviors. This article focuses on converting FTP server data into a useful FTP client library.
Preparation
As is true with a lot of programming, this exercise requires a little prep-work. (If you are a Windows pro, you can skip to the section "Implementing the FTP Client.") I prefer to test everything possible on my workstation and the same is true with an FTP client.
The word client implies that there is a server, but you don't need to write an FTP server. You need to just install the one that ships with Windows. Installing the Microsoft FTP server on your workstation and then turning it on is all you need to do to prepare, write, and test your client.
First, verify that the FTP server is installed on your workstation. To do this, follow either one of the following set of steps:
- Open a command prompt.
- Type FTP and hit enter. This starts the client that ships with Windows.
- At the FTP prompt, type open localhost and hit enter. Localhost refers to the loopback IP address 127.0.0.1, which is your machine.
- If you get a Connected response (see Figure 1), you have the FTP service running on your PC.
Figure 1: An FTP Service Is Running on Your PC If You Get This Response.
The following are the alternate steps for verifying an FTP service:
- If you aren't an old DOS user, open an instance of Internet Explorer and type in the Address bar.
- If you see some files or don't receive an error, the FTP service is running (see Figure 2; I placed the file shown in the figure there intentionally; your PC may not have any files.)
Figure 2: Use Internet Explorer to See If the FTP Service Is Running on Your PC.
The default FTP folder is c:\wwwroot\ftproot. You can locate this folder and add some files to experiment with if you'd like.
If you receive an error, the service may be installed but not running. To check to see whether the service is installed and stopped, follow these steps:
- Click Start.
- Right-click on My Computer.
- Click Manage.
- In the Computer Management Console, expand Services and Applications, expand Internet Information Services, and click on FTP Sites.
- If there is a Default FTP Site (or other sites), the service is installed. Check the status on the right and see what the FTP service's state is (see to Figure 3).
Figure 3: The Computer Management Console Will Show a Running FTP Site If the Service Is Installed and Running.
The state you want is Running. If the Default FTP Site is present but its state is Stopped or Paused, click Default FTP Site, right-click, and click Play. If the service is not installed, you need to install it. (By default, the FTP service is no longer installed because it can open security holes, but you are a cowboy developer unafraid of hackers.)
To install the FTP service, follow these steps:
- Select Start|Control Panel|Add or Remove Programs|Add/Remove Windows Components. This will start Windows setup. (I am using Windows XP, but the steps should be similar on other versions of Windows.)
- In the Windows Component Wizard, find Internet Information Services, select it, and click Details.
- Find the File Transfer Protocol Service and check it.
- Click OK to close this dialogue and Next to install the FTP service.
The last step installs the FTP Service. If the Windows setup files have been copied from your CD, the FTP Service will be installed from your hard drive. If not, you are prompted for your Windows CD-ROM. That's it.
You are now ready to write and test the FTP client. | http://mobile.developer.com/net/vb/article.php/10926_3424121_4/Write-an-FTP-Client-with-VBNET-to-Bridge-Legacy-Software.htm | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | refinedweb | 1,155 | 72.36 |
NAME
Sub::Disable - Remove function/method call from compiled code
SYNOPSIS
use Sub::Disable 'debug', 'foo', 'bar'; # without specification - both method + sub form calls use Sub::Disable method => ['debug']; use Sub::Disable sub => ['debug']; use Sub::Disable { method => ['foo'], sub => ['bar'], }; sub debug { warn "DEBUG INFO: @_" } __PACKAGE__->debug(some_heave_debug()); # no-op debug(even_more(), heavier_debug()); # no-op
DESCRIPTION
This module allows you to turn compile-time resolvable function or method call into no-op (together with all arguments' computations). This is useful for debugging and/or logging, when you don't want to make your production code slower.
Note that 'compile-time resolvable method call' is a method call on a literal package name
Some::Package->method # or __PACKAGE__->method
and does not consider inheritance.
Sub::Disable distinguishes between sub and method calls and, by default, removes both of them. If you want to remove only one type, you should use specific import.
PERFORMACE
There's zero runtime overhead. Compile time overhead is negligible - on a test run it took an additional 0.2 ms during compilation of a large-scale project with 1200+ modules loaded.
CAVEATS
Sub::Disable will remove only those sub/method calls that were compiled after you have use'd it.
If you use Sub::Disable together with namespace::clean and you want to remove sub call, but not a method call, of a specific function, you should use Sub::Disable after using namespace::clean or exclude that method with '-except'.
SEE ALSO
B::Hooks::OP::Check and various OP_check[] related core stuff.
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.10.1 or, at your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available. | https://metacpan.org/pod/Sub::Disable | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | refinedweb | 297 | 51.07 |
[ Return to Articles | Show Comments | Submit Comment ]
Created at 12:48 May 29, 2008 by engelsman
When new users discover FLTK, they are immediately confronted with the choice of which version to use, and because they
don't know all of the history, they mistakenly assume that they should download the higher numbered versions. To make life
simple, new users should only choose either FLTK-1.3 and high resolution displays.
These new features include: new Fl_Copy_Surface, Fl_Image_Surface,
Fl_Tree, Fl_Table and Fl_Native_File_Chooser widgets; additional methods for dealing with clipboard and system event
notifications; printing support; a device abstraction layer; and a new progamming manual generated from the code using Doxygen.
FLTK-1.3.
This was previously the most established and stable version, mainly because the lead developers had a lot of commercial code
that depended on it. However this also meant that the programming interface and the data structures could not really be
changed to support much-needed new features. FLTK-1.1.x uses the current locale for character rendering and is therefore
somewhat limited to "western" locales. If you target the US or other countries that use latin character sets, this is
probably not an issue.
Development of FLTK-1.1.10 has stopped, even for urgent bug fixes..
Bill Spitzak started this complete redesign and rewrite of FLTK-1 in order to support a new widget hierarchy, a multi-device
drawing model, and theming. The new programming interface was much cleaner, using UTF-8 and C++ namespaces throughout, but
it was incompatible with FLTK-1, so users with large projects were reluctant to change.
FLTK-2 development first lost momentum when Bill was distracted by other commitments, and again later when it became clear
that most FLTK-1.1.x users wanted to continue with FLTK-1.3.x rather than rewrite their code bases to use FLTK-2 and its new
API. The main thrust of FLTK-2 development ended in 2008, with no bug fixes since 2010.
Matt, the chief architect and visionary behind FLTK-3, has also been concentrating on other interests for a while.
There has been no FLTK-3 development since 2012.
[Update 2018-12-01: The above commit activity graph is now rebuilt regularly (every 15 minutes). -albrecht]
[ | https://www.fltk.org/articles.php?L825 | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | refinedweb | 377 | 52.9 |
Created on 2008-08-20 06:00 by ddvoinikov, last changed 2009-06-04 09:13 by georg.brandl. This issue is now closed..
The encodestring() function is refered to in the docs as "the legacy
interface". Perhaps it should be simply deprecated in 3.0?
Hi Dmitry,
RE the method behaviour: I think it probably is correct to NOT accept a
string. Given that it's base64 encoding it, it only makes sense to
encode bytes, not arbitrary Unicode characters which have no
well-defined binary representation.
RE the method name: I agree, it should be renamed to encodestring. I
argued a similar case for the array.tostring and fromstring methods
(which actually act on bytes in Python 3.0) - here:. So far nobody replied on that issue; I
think it may be too late to rename them. Best we can do is document them.
RE xmlrpc.client:1168. We just checked in a patch to urllib which adds
an unquote_to_bytes function (see).
(Unquote itself still returns a string). It should be correct to just
change xmlrpc.client:1168 to call urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes. (Though
I've not tested it).
> I think it probably is correct to NOT accept a string
I agree.
> it should be renamed to encodestring
Huh ? It is already called that :) IMO it should be renamed to
encodebytes or simply encode if the module is only (or most frequently)
used to encode bytes.
> Best we can do is document them.
Oh well.
> > it should be renamed to encodestring
> Huh ? It is already called that :)
Um ... yes. I mean encodebytes :)
> > Best we can do is document them.
> Oh well.
But I don't know the rules. People are saying things like "no new
features after beta3" but I take it that
backwards-compatibility-breaking changes are included in this.
But maybe it's still OK for us to break code after the beta. Perhaps
someone involved in the release can comment on this issue (and hopefully
with a view to my array patch - - as well).
Did someone fix xmlrpc.client:1168 yet?
IMO it's okay to add encodebytes(), but let's leave encodestring()
around with a deprecation warning, since it's so late in the release cycle.
Here's a trivial patch for xmlrpc.client:1168. The testcase below
doesn't seem to fit well in test_xmlrpc, should it just be hacked in?
import xmlrpc.client
transp = xmlrpc.client.Transport()
transp.get_host_info("user@host.tld")
Applied the patch in r69575.
We still need to solve the encodebytes/encodestring stuff.
I've attached a patch which renames encodestring to encodebytes (keeping
encodestring around as an alias). Updated test and documentation.
I also renamed decodestring to decodebytes, because it also refuses to
accept a string (only a bytes). I have an alternative suggestion, which
I'll post in a separate comment (in a minute).
Now, base64.encodestring and decodestring seem a bit weird because the
Base64 encoded string is also required to be a bytes.
It seems to me that once something is Base64-encoded, it's considered to
be ASCII text, not just some byte string, and therefore it should be a
str, not a bytes. (For example, they end with a '\n'. That's something
which strings do, not bytes).
Hence, base64.encodestring (which should be "encodebytes") should take a
bytes and return a str. base64.decodestring should take a str (required
to be ASCII-only) and return a bytes.
I've attached an alternative patch, encodebytes_new_types.patch (which,
unlike my other patch, doesn't rename decodestring to decodebytes). This
patch:
- Renames encodestring to encodebytes.
- Changes the output of encodebytes to return an ASCII str*, not a bytes.
- Changes the input of decodestring to accept an ASCII str, not a bytes.
* An ASCII str is a Unicode string with only ASCII characters.
This isn't a proper patch (it breaks a lot of other code which I haven't
bothered to fix). I'm just submitting it as an idea, in case this is
something we want to do. Most likely not, due to the breakage. Also we
have the same problem for the non-legacy functions, b64encode and
b64decode, etc, so the problem is more widespread than just these two
functions.
Applied a patch to rename (and keep old aliases) in r73204. | https://bugs.python.org/issue3613 | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | refinedweb | 718 | 67.76 |
Important: Please read the Qt Code of Conduct -
SOLVED: error: C1083: Cannot open include file: 'QtApplication': No such file or directory
I know this has been asked and answered before, however, here is my twist... I'm guessing a lot of people are downloading Qt 5.3 as their first attempt to learn it, like me. I have read pages of responses to the error listed above. If we do not yet know the program how do we understand the jibberish in how to fix a start-up problem. Does anybody know Qt 5.3 well enough yet to answer how to fix this error in simple, understandable terms????
Thank you!
Hi,
In simple terms it means that there's no such file like QtApplication in the path.
Did you mean you wanted to include QApplication instead ?
For that you will need to include
@
QT += widgets
@
in the .pro file.
included "Qt += widgets" (and also tried "QT += widgets") to the .pro file in my "gotocell1" project (built from an example that came with "C++ GUI Programming with Qt 4 book & disc) and I get the same error message.
(the first quoted "Qt = widgets" has the correct "plus sign" in the original, but it does not print the "plus sign" in the edited, posted copy. ???Duh)
Can you post code of you .pro file and the class where you include QApplication ?
Also try to include QApplication and not QtApplication.
To display statements from code properly please use the coding tags '@@'
I'm still trying to learn how this forum form works also, so bear with me!
The .pro file has this coding...
@
QT += widgets
TEMPLATE = app
SOURCES = main.cpp
FORMS = gotocelldialog.ui
@
The main.cpp has this coding...
@
#include <QtApplication>
#include <QtDialog>
#include "ui_gotocelldialog.h"
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
QApplication app(argc, argv);
Ui::GoToCellDialog ui; QDialog *dialog = new QDialog; ui.setupUi(dialog); dialog->show(); return app.exec();
}
@
Hope that is the right use of @@. Trying to locate specific directions for use on here is a little tedious to say the least.
There is also a Forms file, but I have no idea how to copy it to here.
I stuck the @@'s in there, but they didn't come out in the sent response. Is that normal?
As i said earlier you must include <QApplication> instead of <QtApplication> in your main.cpp.
No need to paste the form file. You have used the Code tags properly now.
I thought I tried that before. I did it now and also changed the QtDialog to Qdialog and it compiled. Thanks!!
Did I get the @@ part right for posting code?
Again, THANKS!
Disregard my last. The part of your message about the @@ code didn't come thru on the original. It only posted after I replied.
You got it right about the code tags. Also if you think your problem is solved you can edit the thread title and prepend [solved] so that others understand that the thread is solved.
Done. Thanks!
After the problem was resolved last night thanks to p3c0, I got to thinking. Was the cause due to a "Type-o" in the book, or is Qt 5.3 using new, libraries or changed names of files for the newest version?
I've looked through the documentation on this site and haven't found anything that addresses that question.
It should be a typo.
I just download the examples from "here": and referring to the chap02>gotocell1>main.cpp i see there's no <QtApplication> but <QApplication>
But since Qt5 widgets is a separate module and thus you need to include
@
QT += widgets
@
in your application. And probably those examples had been coded as per Qt4.
To get Qt5 port for these examples you can refer this "github": link.
Thanks, that will probably answer a lot of my questions after I finish reading all the literature! | https://forum.qt.io/topic/42807/solved-error-c1083-cannot-open-include-file-qtapplication-no-such-file-or-directory/13 | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | refinedweb | 648 | 76.01 |
DjsetDjsetInstallation or set it in the manage.py.
Add 'djset' to your project's
INSTALLED_APPS setting.
UsageUsage
In your settings.py add something like the following:
from djset import secret as s s.prompt = DEBUG SECRET_KEY = s.get('SECRET_KEY')
The key is resolved in the following order:
environment | keychain in a project settings local namespace | keychain in global namespace | prompt for input or raise ImproperlyConfigured
Prompt will also add the key to your keyring.
You can see where your key was set via a
printsettings management command which enhances the builtin django command
diffsettings by annotating the setting to show where your setting came from.
$ ./manage.py printsettings
Printsettings can also show —all your active settings as per the django-extensions command of the same name. s.prompt=False will still raise an ImproperlyConfigured error which is more useful for an automated deployment.
By default the local namespace is your DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE.keyring . To use an alternate localOrdinary)
Here we’ve introduced the third optional keyword arg, prompt_help which presents some help when prompting the user for input. This might be useful to provide context for the setting that is required.>
CustomisationCustomisationDevelopment & Support
Requires Nose2 for tests. Repository and issues at | https://libraries.io/pypi/djset | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | refinedweb | 200 | 57.87 |
On Thu, Jul 17, 2003 at 12:47:57PM +0200, Joachim Breitner wrote: > Attached is a patch that adds a subscription feature to the bts that > allows you to subscribe to single bugs, and then you will recieve all > with that bug related mails. (as agreed with aj and colin) It required > confirmation. The interface is only in request@. OK, let's (finally!) have a look through this: > diff -ru source-alt/debian/changelog source/debian/changelog > --- source-alt/debian/changelog 2003-06-25 19:51:51.000000000 +0200 > +++ source/debian/changelog 2003-07-15 11:14:12.000000000 +0200 > @@ -1,3 +1,9 @@ > +debbugs (2.4.3) UNRELEASED; urgency=low > + > + * Added bug subscription (nomeata) > + > + -- root <mail@joachim-breitner.de> Tue, 15 Jul 2003 11:14:12 +0200 > + > debbugs (2.4.2) UNRELEASED; urgency=low > > * Colin Watson: Heh, don't put extra UNRELEASED entries on top of existing ones. > diff -ru source-alt/scripts/process.in source/scripts/process.in > --- source-alt/scripts/process.in 2003-06-23 13:23:35.000000000 +0200 > +++ source/scripts/process.in 2003-07-16 09:20:08.000000000 +0200 [...] > @@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ > END > &htmllog("Notification","sent",$data->{originator}, > "$gBug acknowledged by developer."); > - &sendmessage(<<END.join("\n",@msg),''); > + &sendmessage(<<END.join("\n",@msg),undef,undef,&subscribers); > From: $gMaintainerEmail ($gProject $gBug Tracking System) > To: $data->{originator} > Subject: $gBug#$ref acknowledged by developer Subscribers should only get one of "acknowledged by developer" or "marked as done", not both. The PTS gets "marked as done", but actually I think in this case it might be better to send subscribers "acknowledged by developer", since they tend to have a more user-like role than people who subscribe to a whole package. > @@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ > (administrator, $gProject $gBugs database) > > END > - } > + }; > &appendlog; > } > &finish; Huh? > @@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ > > if ($codeletter eq 'U') { > &htmllog("Message", "sent on", $data->{originator}, "$gBug#$ref."); > - &sendmessage(<<END,[$data->{originator},@resentccs],[@bccs]); > + &sendmessage(<<END,[$data->{originator},@resentccs],[@bccs],&subscribers); > Subject: $gBug#$ref: $newsubject > Reply-To: $replyto, $ref-quiet\@$gEmailDomain > ${orgsender}Resent-To: $data->{originator} > @@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ > "<code>$gBug#$ref</code>". > (length($data->{package})? "; Package <code>".&sani($data->{package})."</code>" : ''). > "."); > - &sendmessage(<<END,["$gSubmitList\@$gListDomain",@resentccs],[@bccs]); > + &sendmessage(<<END,["$gSubmitList\@$gListDomain",@resentccs],[@bccs],&subscribers); > Subject: $gBug#$ref: $newsubject > Reply-To: $replyto, $ref\@$gEmailDomain > Resent-From: $header{'from'} It seems that it would sometimes make sense for the Reply-To: header to be changed. For instance, if $replyto is already subscribed to the bug, or is the submitter, then you don't want to direct people to cc that person again. > @@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ > (length($data->{package}) ? "; Package <code>".&sani($data->{package})."</code>" : ''). > "."); > } > - &sendmessage(<<END,[@resentccs],[@bccs]); > + &sendmessage(<<END,[@resentccs],[@bccs],&subscribers); > Subject: $gBug#$ref: $newsubject > Reply-To: $replyto, $ref-$baddressroot\@$gEmailDomain > Resent-From: $header{'from'} This is the -maintonly/-quiet case, and subscribers shouldn't receive messages from here. > @@ -953,8 +953,8 @@ > } > > sub sendmessage { > - local ($msg,$recips,$bcc) = @_; > - if ((!ref($recips) && $recips eq '') || @$recips == 0) { > + local ($msg,$recips,$bcc,$subscr) = @_; > + if ((!ref($recips) && $recips eq '') || @$recips == 0 || !defined $recips) { > $recips = ['-t']; > } > $>debug"; > # print AP join( '|', @$recips )."\n>>"; I think we can just put the subscribers into @$bcc, really. If they turn out to need special handling later than we can separate them out then, but for now I'd just keep the interface simple. We ought to think about some way to make sure that people don't get too many duplicate messages. > @@ -1088,3 +1093,31 @@ > } > } > } > + > + > +sub subscribers { > + # Returns a list of sucessfully subscribed email addresses > + return () unless -e bugfile("subs"); > + my $data = subfile_load(bugfile("subs")); > + [ grep {$data->{$_} eq "confirmed"} keys %$data ]; > +} > + > +sub subfile_load { > + # Loads all subscriptions from the file into a hashref > + my $file = shift; > + my $data = {}; > + open SUBFILE,"<$file" || &quit("open $file: $!"); > + while (<SUBFILE>) { > + m/^([a-z0-9]+)\s+(.*)$/; Should check whether this match succeeded. I think I'd prefer the e-mail address first, too. > + $data->{$2} = $1; > + } > + close SUBFILE; > + return $data; > +} > + > +sub bugfile { > + # Return the path from the spool dir to the bug file with the given extention > + my $ext = shift; > + my $hash = get_hashname($ref); > + return "db-h/$hash/$ref.$ext"; > +} That's getbugcomponent(). subfile_load is common with service.in, so instead of duplicating code this should live in errorlib.in. > diff -ru source-alt/scripts/service.in source/scripts/service.in > --- source-alt/scripts/service.in 2003-06-23 13:23:35.000000000 +0200 > +++ source/scripts/service.in 2003-07-16 09:23:32.000000000 +0200 [...] > @@ -214,18 +215,58 @@ > $ok++; > } elsif (m/^refcard/i) { > &sendtxthelp("bug-mailserver-refcard.txt","mail servers' reference card"); > - } elsif (m/^subscribe/i) { > - &transcript(<<END); > -There is no $gProject $gBug mailing list. If you wish to review bug reports > -please do so via or ask this mail server > -to send them to you. > -soon: MAILINGLISTS_TEXT > -END > - } elsif (m/^unsubscribe/i) { > - &transcript(<<END); > -soon: UNSUBSCRIBE_TEXT > -soon: MAILINGLISTS_TEXT > -END > + } elsif (m/^subscribe\s+\#?(-?\d+)(?:\s+(\w*))?/i) { > + $ok++; > + $ref = $1; > + $email = $2 || ($replyto =~ /<(.*@.*)>/)[0]; The e-mail address might not be "foo <bar@baz>"; it could be "bar@baz" or "bar@baz (foo)". I think there are Perl modules to handle details like this for you. > + } elsif (m/^confirm\s+\#?(-?\d+)\s+([a-z0-9]*)/i) { > + $ok++; > + $ref = $1; > + $hash = $2; > + if ($ref =~ m/^-\d+$/ && defined $clonebugs{$ref}) { > + $ref = $clonebugs{$ref}; > + } > + if (-e bugfile("report")) { > + &foundbug; > + &confirm; > + } else { > + ¬foundbug; > + } > + } elsif (m/^unsubscribe\s+\#?(-?\d+)(?:\s+(\w*))?/i) { > + $ok++; > + $ref = $1; > + $email = $2 || ($replyto =~ /<(.*@.*)>/)[0]; See above. > + } elsif (m/^confirm\s+\#?(-?\d+)\s+([a-z0-9]*)/i) { > + $ok++; > + $ref = $1; > + $hash = $2; > + if ($ref =~ m/^-\d+$/ && defined $clonebugs{$ref}) { > + $ref = $clonebugs{$ref}; > + } > + if (-e bugfile("report")) { > + &foundbug; > + &confirm; > + } else { > + ¬foundbug; > + } You've duplicated confirm here. > @@ -699,6 +742,13 @@ > $midix++; > } > > +sub sendsubscriptions { > + # Extra funcion in case we want to change the text. > + local ($ref, $text, $title) = @_; > + my @subscribers = subscribers($ref); > + sendmailmessage($text,@subscribers) if @subscribers; > +} > + As with my sendmessage() comment above, I think this is overengineered. It's fine (and, in fact, desirable) for subscribers to receive what the package maintainer sees, so it can just go in sendmailmessage(). > @@ -1077,3 +1127,101 @@ > $ok++; > &transcript("\n"); > } > + > +sub subscribe { > + # Enters a new address to the subs file and creates the confirmation hash > + my $bhash = get_hashname($ref); > + my $subfile = bugfile("subs"); > + unless (-e $subfile) { > + open TMP, ">$subfile" || &quit("create $subfile: $!"); close TMP > + } > + &filelock($subfile."lock") || &quit("lock $subfile: $!"); > + my $subs = subfile_load($subfile); > + my $chash = md5_hex($email.$$); > + $subs->{$email} = $chash; > + subfile_write($subfile,$subs); > + &unfilelock; > + &sendconfirmationmail($chash); > +} > + I sort of feel the need for a Debbugs::Subscriptions package here. I know modularization isn't exactly traditional in debbugs, but I wouldn't mind starting here ... However, I found Debbugs::Status a bit difficult to write because I needed to push all the file-finding functions out to Debbugs::Files or something, so I suppose we can do that later. I would prefer this function, and others that write files, to write to a temporary file and then rename it into place. What if somebody tries to subscribe to the same bug twice? It's probably better for locks to live in the 'lock' directory like all the others. > +sub subfile_write { > + my $file = shift; > + my $data = shift; > + open SUBFILE,">$file" || &quit("write $file: $!"); > + while (my ($email,$hash) = each %$data) { > + print SUBFILE "$hash $email\n"; > + } > + close SUBFILE; > +} You don't check for errors on print or close here (so you'll miss ENOSPC conditions). > +sub sendconfirmationmail { > + # Function to create a better mail asking for subscription Better than what? :) You don't seem to have arranged for subscribers to receive copies of control@ acknowledgements. I think this is a mistake: one good thing about bug subscriptions (although some might disagree when in a sneaky mood :)) are that we can arrange for submitters (by default) to be told about changes to things like severity and tags. One thing you haven't addressed at all (perhaps deliberately) is the question of default subscriptions. It's not at all unreasonable to suggest that the submitter of a bug ought to be subscribed to it by default, and can either unsubscribe from it later or set some X-Debbugs-* header in the initial mail if this isn't desired. This way, we can start assuming that the submitter generally gets told about state changes to a bug, which I think would be an improvement. Since you wrote your original patch, we have extensible metadata in the form of .summary files. I think it would be reasonable to use those rather than having a separate file, which will also give you the benefit of the I/O functions already existing. However, somebody will have to work out the field format: hashes as field values aren't currently supported, although there's no reason why they couldn't be made to work. Perhaps a one-space indent followed by escaped-key+whitespace+escaped-value or something like that would be OK. Overall, this wasn't a bad effort, and I'm sorry it took us so long to get round to reviewing it. I think it needs a couple more iterations and a bit of discussion, but it should provide an excellent starting point. Thanks, -- Colin Watson [cjwatson@flatline.org.uk] | https://lists.debian.org/debian-debbugs/2004/02/msg00002.html | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | refinedweb | 1,527 | 56.55 |
When?" How little did I know.
Nevertheless, projects like AspectWerkz, XDoclet and others were using Maven, and I was still wondering if they would know something I did not. So when I started my JDoppio project and started writing my Ant build script, I eventually got this deja vu feeling of doing the same thing over and over again. Figuring there was nothing to lose, I decided to use Maven as a test. After downloading Maven and checking out its web site, I started to write my project object descriptor, project.xml, and after 15 minutes I could compile and test my project. Since then, I've used Maven to build my project and never looked back. So far, I can realize any requirements that the project might require, no matter how advanced they are -- some of which I could have hardly done with Ant.
Many developers responded to my success by saying that they would like to use Maven, but do not like to change from a well-known tool and enter uncharted territory. I have to admit that using Maven needs some mind bending, and handing over to Maven some control that was previously held by the developer, but in my honest opinion, it is worthwhile. Still, I recommend playing around with Maven before migrating a project, because you need some understanding of how Maven works and how to go along with Maven to get the most out of it.
This article will show some of the tips and tricks I figured out with
JDoppio. Hopefully, I can give you a hint how to proceed and where to get
help. In the end, Maven is all about helping you, fellow developers
and users, to save time and money building projects, project web sites,
and distributions. But this requires that you know how to use Maven
in a way that fits your project best.
The project object model, or POM, is the heart of the Maven
build tool, even though it is the smallest part of the tool. Here I do
not want to give a full description of the POM; instead, I want to focus on what will be important later on. The POM file begins with
general project information, which is mostly used to generate
the project web site. After that, the POM allows you to specify different
versions of a project based on CVS tags. This allows you to
create release branches and keep them separate from the main
development. After listing the developers and the distribution license,
the POM defines the dependencies of the project on other archives and
tools. This section looks like this:
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>ant</groupId>
<artifactId>ant</artifactId>
<version>1.6.1</version>
<properties>
<server.lib>true</server.lib>
</properties>
</dependency>
...
</dependencies>
Maven creates a local repository under ~/.maven/repository that is used to store archives from a remote site, as well as archives generated and installed locally. Its layout looks like this:
repository
+-- <group id>
+-- <type>s
+-- <artifact id>-<version>.<type>
...
In the POM outlined above it would try to find the archive
~/.maven/repository/ant/jars/ant-1.6.1.jar, because the
type is set to .jar by default. If this archive could not be found
locally, it would try in the current remote repository with a relative URL of /ant/jars/ant-1.6.1.jar. You can also browse the remote repository if you need to figure out the group
and artifact IDs and the support version of an archive. Note that a
group can contain more than one archive with different names and
versions. In addition, you can add properties to a particular
archive in the dependency list which can be used later to identify
archives you need for a particular purpose, and we will use this later.
In the example above, the Ant 1.6.1 dependency has a property
named server.lib with the value true.
Ant 1.6.1
server.lib
true
After that, the build element describes what is built and how it is tested:
build
<build>
<sourceDirectory>
src/java
</sourceDirectory>
<unitTestSourceDirectory>
test/src/java
</unitTestSourceDirectory>
<unitTest>
<includes>
<include>**/*Test.java</include>
</includes>
</unitTest>
<resources>
<resource>
<directory>
${basedir}/src/resource/logging</directory>
<includes>
<include>log4j.xml</include>
</includes>
</resource>
</resources>
</build>
First, this specifies the source directory -- Maven will try to
compile all of the classes in this directory and its subdirectories. Then
the unit test source directory specifies where the jUnit tests can be found. The unit test element then lets you specify which classes are test cases and should
be executed when Maven tests the project. Finally, you can specify
resources needed to build distributions, etc. Note: a complete
documentation of the POM can be found on the Maven site.
If everything is set up, the source and jUnit test cases are in place, then you can compile and test your project by just entering:
maven jar:jar
on the command line. If you are offline, you can try to run Maven with
the -o option so that it will not try to download archives from the
remove repository; however, in this case, a build could fail for want
of a needed archive. Typical Maven output appears as follows:
-o
$ maven
__ __
| \/ |__ _Apache__ ___
| |\/| / _` \ V / -_) ' \ ~ intelligent projects ~
|_| |_\__,_|\_/\___|_||_| v. 1.0-rc3
BUILD SUCCESSFUL
Total time: 1 seconds
Finished at: Tue Jun 22 13:44:36 PDT 2004
Having finished the first step of setting up a Maven project, we are ready to look at some of the advanced features of Maven.
When Maven is executed, it will start with the given goal. First, it
will execute what is specified to be run before the goal is executed,
then the goal itself, and finally, what is specified to be executed after
the goal. Maven comes with a ton of goals ready to be used; these can be
viewed with maven -g, which produces output that looks like this:
maven -g
$ maven -g
__ __
| \/ |__ _Apache__ ___
| |\/| / _` \ V / -_) ' \ ~ intelligent projects
|_| |_\__,_|\_/\___|_||_| v. 1.0-rc3
Available [Plugins] / Goals
===========================
genapp .........................
Generate Application based on a template
html2xdoc ......................
Generates XDoc documentation from normal
HTML files
jdiff ..........................
generate an api difference report between
versions
junitdoclet ....................
Generate unit tests
[announcement]
Generate release announcement
generate .......................
Generate release announcement
...
[java]
( NO DEFAULT GOAL )
compile ........................
Compile the project
jar ............................
Create the deliverable jar file.
jar-resources ..................
Copy any resources that must be present in
the deployed JAR file
prepare-filesystem .............
Create the directory structure needed to
This listing indicates that in order to compile the project, you have to execute
Maven with maven java:compile, and to create a .jar file, you execute
maven java:jar. (Note: this goal is deprecated and
you should now use jar:jar instead.) Of course, most of these goals
also have other goals to be execute before or after the goal
itself. For example, the goal java:compile will have to execute the goal
java:prepare-filesystem beforehand to make sure the
necessary directory structure is in place.
maven java:compile
maven java:jar
jar:jar
java:compile
java:prepare-filesystem
You may wonder where these goals and their dependencies are coming
from. You can easily figure it out by looking in the local plugin
directory of Maven, in the ~/.maven/cache directory. There
you will find a directory such as maven-java-plugin-1.4
containing a POM as well as the project.jelly file:
<project
xmlns:j="jelly:core"
xmlns:ant="jelly:ant"
xmlns:define="jelly:define"
xmlns:
<goal name="java:prepare-filesystem"
description="Create the directory
structure needed to compile">
<ant:mkdir
</goal>
<goal name="java:compile"
description="Compile the project"
prereqs="java:prepare-filesystem">
<ant:echo>
Compiling to ${maven.build.dest}
</ant:echo>
<j:choose>
<j:when
<ant:javac
...
This file is a Jelly Script file, with the project element specifying all additional Jelly tag libraries it includes, along with the namespace of these libraries. Even though you could omit the constant specification of the namespace -- <mkdir
...> instead of <ant:mkdir ...> -- I think it is
good practice to include namespaces, for documentation as well as
the clarity of the script.
<mkdir
...>
<ant:mkdir ...>
Further on in the code, we find the goal
java:compile, with the prerequisite
java:prepare-filesystem. The body of this goal specifies how
the project is compiled. In this body, Ant and Jelly tags are
used to compile the Java code. As you probably guessed, Jelly tags
check to see if Java source is present and otherwise omits the
compilation. This scripting ability gives Maven a big advantage over
Ant, even though Maven is meant not to compete with Ant, but rather utilize it
when possible.
But what do you do when there is no goal available to do what you
need? In this case, you can write your own extension, which will be
called maven.xml and located in the same directory as the
POM. This file looks the same as the one above and more or less does
the same thing, except that it is private to the project. In this file,
you can do one of the following:
Warning: you may be tempted to create a ton of scripts to do
whatever you need. I recommend searching the Maven plugins first to
see if you can find a plugin to do what you need. Not only will this
make your file smaller and easier to maintain, but the plugin will
also be updated over time, freeing you to focus on your own
development. In addition, looking at these plugins can teach you a lot
A simple Maven extension looks like this:
<project default="jdoppio:build"
xmlns:j="jelly:core"
xmlns:maven="jelly:maven"
xmlns:
<goal name="jdoppio:build"
description="Build all JDoppio
components">
<maven:reactor
</goal>
...
This script defines the project's own build goal: jdoppio:build, better expressing what it does than a
simple java:compile. Inside, it is using Maven's reactor to execute
several sub-projects using the jar:install goal of each, which
compiles and tests the projects. jdoppio:build then
builds a distribution and copies into the local repository. The last step is important because other
sub-projects depend on it, and will use the POM's dependencies to use
these archives from the local repository.
jdoppio:build
jar. | http://www.onjava.com/pub/a/onjava/2004/08/04/maventips.html | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | refinedweb | 1,736 | 62.58 |
What will we cover in this tutorial?
The key to use exceptions correct is to understand why we use them.
The best way to understand why to use exceptions is to see what happens when we do not use exceptions in our code.
After that exploration we will show how it can solve the examples with exceptions.
Step 1: In the perfect world!
Remember those times before the exception was invented?
No? Well, of course not. It is long time ago, in a distant past in a programming language you probably have not heard about.
As an aspiring programmer, you have probably seen and heard about exceptions, but never put them to use yourself.
The best way is to create examples that can be greatly simplified with exceptions.
Let’s keep the world simple.
def add(a, b): return a + b print(add(2, 3))
This would print out the result 5.
As long as the world is clean and everybody uses the function correct, there is nothing to worry about.
But what if someone calls the function with wrong types of arguments. Then the function does not do as expected.
def add(a, b): return a + b print(add("2", "3"))
This will print 23, which might be a bit surprising if you are not familiar with the function, and possibly how Python uses addition on strings.
So how to handle it.
Step 2: In the real world where people do not use things as intended
As you will realize in your careers of programming, it happens that other programmers do not use your function correctly.
Why would they do that?
Maybe they don’t take the time to read the good documentation you wrote. Or maybe they are just careless and working under hard time pressure.
Even more funny, it could be you. It could be code you wrote a year ago (or less), and the documentation was not that good as you thought, hence, you use your own function incorrectly.
To continue the simple example. One way to handle wrong input without exceptions could be as follows.
def add(a, b): if type(a) is not int or type(b) is not int: return None return a + b result = add("2", "3") if result is not None: print(result) else: print("Invalid input format to function add!")
Oh, no! What happened. Actually, your function is not that difficult to understand. It just starts by checking if the input format is as expected. If not, return an error code. As this is Python, an error code can simply be the value None.
That might seem fine. But what about the user of your function? Now the user needs to validate that the correct format of the result was returned.
This makes the code more complex. Also, the user of your function needs to know more details of how your function handles invalid input, or whatever can go wrong in your function.
The problem is, that you pass on a problem to someone else, which needs to know about the details of how your function works.
This is the opposite of decoupling. And decoupling is considered good. Easier to program, easier to change, easier to maintain, to mention a few benefits.
Step 3: Solve it with exceptions
The core idea of exceptions is to handle the when something out of the ordinary happens from the main logic of a program.
What? Yes, the expected case in our simple function, is that the user provides integers as input. But it might happen they do not call it with integers. That is unexpected, that is something out of the ordinary, and this breaks the logic in how you would build the program.
So how should we do in the above example?
def add(a, b): if type(a) is not int or type(b) is not int: raise Exception("Input format incorrect") return a + b
Actually, your part of the obligations becomes easier.
How?
Because now you do not need to write complex documentation of the error return codes in your program. The documentation is kept automatically in the exception. It will even guide the user to where in the code the exception comes from.
def add(a, b): if type(a) is not int or type(b) is not int: raise Exception("Input format incorrect") return a + b result = add("2", "3")
This would give the following result.
Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Users/admin/PycharmProjects/LearningSpace/test2.py", line 7, in <module> result = add("2", "3") File "/Users/admin/PycharmProjects/LearningSpace/test2.py", line 3, in add raise Exception("Input format incorrect") Exception: Input format incorrect
Which leads the user of the function to where in the code it went wrong. Then it will be easier for them to figure out what is wrong and how to fix it.
Step 4: Try-catch from the user
It happens that the user of your function would like to handle the special case.
They now master what is going wrong, and want to inform their users of the problem.
def add(a, b): if type(a) is not int or type(b) is not int: raise Exception("Input format incorrect") return a + b try: result = add("2", "3") except: print("The input format is incorrect")
This leads to something you might not notice at first. It leads to a good easy flow in your program. It is easy to read and understand.
It is clear that this is not intended flow in the except-part of the program. Also, the normal flow in the program would be in the try-part.
It makes it easier to understand, which is the ultimate goal of a good programmer. Make your code easy to read for others. That is, including you in less than 6 months (we do forget our own code and the logic in the programs we write faster than we expect). | https://www.learnpythonwithrune.org/why-use-exceptions-how-to-use-exceptions-in-the-correct-way/ | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | refinedweb | 991 | 73.17 |
On Aug 20, 2011, at 12:39 AM, address@hidden wrote: > > > File input/regression/pure-closure.ly (right): > > > input/regression/pure-closure.ly:18: #(ly:make-pure-closure > ly:stem::height '(-3 . 10)) > I'm a bit worried this is too close to an extra-spacing-height override > to make a good test example. > I'll try to think of something better...if you have any suggestions in the meantime, they're certainly welcome! > > File lily/pure-closure.cc (right): > > > lily/pure-closure.cc:36: return (SCM) SCM_CELL_WORD_1 (smob); > SCM_PACK (SCM_CELL_WORD_1 (smob)); > > (if you want to be strict :) I have no clue how these SCM functions work, but I'll take your word for it! > > > lily/pure-closure.cc:43: return (SCM) SCM_CELL_WORD_2 (smob); > SCM_PACK (SCM_CELL_WORD_2 (smob)); > Ditto. > > lily/pure-closure.cc:60: SCM_NEWSMOB2 (z, pure_closure_tag, unpure, > pure); > SCM_UNPACK (unpure), SCM_UNPACK (pure) > Done. > > lily/pure-closure.cc:68: assert (is_pure_closure (pc)); > optimized builds will segfault on invalid args, so you should use > LY_ASSERT_TYPE () here > Done. > > lily/pure-closure.cc:76: assert (is_pure_closure (pc)); > LY_ASSERT_TYPE () > Done. > >))))) > I've added a hideous code dup to cover all cases. This will be attenuated and removed if I can find the time to move all of LilyPond's pure code over to unpure-pure-containers. New patchset up. Thanks Neil! Cheers, MS | http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/lilypond-devel/2011-08/msg00832.html | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | refinedweb | 218 | 51.65 |
Parkme: Smart Parking Based on Embedded System and Sensor Network
Locate. Reserve. Park.
Easy way to park your car!
Have you ever been late for something important (e.g. work, school, or college) just because you spend most of your time looking for a parking space? If yes, what do you feel?
Problem
You must be upset if you waste your time at a parking lot. Urban people can relate to this problem because the number of vehicles continues to increase substantially. Based on Statistics Indonesia, the number of passenger cars in 2019 reached 15.5 million units with a one million increase from 2018. If this continues to happen with no additional parking lots, the vehicle owners (esp. car) will find it difficult to park their vehicles.
The difficulty in searching for parking spaces will waste their time on the way to work, meetings, school, etc. Worse, it will make them late. We know that “ngaret” is our culture, and this can make it worse.
So, what are the solution alternatives for this problem?
Solution Alternatives
To make it easier I’ve made a simple issue tree.
Increase the street or remote parking
It will be impactful in an area with wide streets and remote areas, but not in a big city. As we know, the vehicles increases significantly in the urban areas, so it will be hard to find a remote area in the city.
Use stackers to double supplies
Stackers can double the parking supplies by lifting the vehicles so the another vehicles can be parked below. But, it is difficult to build the infrastructure.
Use a rent system
It can be applied in a housing like apartment, or companies can rent a place for their employees. But it couldn’t be applied to public areas like shopping areas, public service areas, etc.
Provide real-time parking availability
It might be hard and expensive to build the sensors, but it can give a good impact if planned well.
To prioritize these alternatives, this effort-impact matrix will help.
Based on this matrix, I will prioritize the alternative: provide a real-time parking availability.
Parkme
Parkme is an embedded system based parking sensor network. The sensors will be put the parking spaces to let users know about the availability. The sensors will send information to a microcontroller which transmits those data wirelessly to an online database using Wi-Fi. The information will be displayed on mobile app for the users. Block diagram below is the hardware design of Parkme.
Parkme will use microcontroller NodeMCU which which is embedded with an ESP8266 unit. The sensors will be ultrasonic sensors to detect the existence of a car.
The wiring will be like this:
- Trigger connected to D3 NodeMCU
- Echo connected to D4 NodeMCU
- VCC connected to 3.3v NodeMCU
- GND connected to GND NodeMCU
The online database will be Google Firebase. Also, the mobile app (Android or iOS) can be connected to the database. Parkme will need a GPS to locate the parking spot.
Setelah merangkai komponen, cuplikan program berikut akan mendeteksi jarak sensor tersebut terhadap suatu objek. Dalam kasus ini, objek adalah kendaraan.
#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
#define triggerPin D3
#define echoPin D4
char auth[] = “masukkan token dari email”;
char ssid[] = “masukkan nama wifi”;
char pass[] = “masukkan password wifi”;
WidgetLCD lcd(V5);
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(triggerPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print(0, 0, “Jarak cm”);
}
void loop() {
lcd.clear();
lcd.print(0, 0, “Jarak cm”);
long duration, jarak;
digitalWrite(triggerPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(3);
digitalWrite(triggerPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(12);
digitalWrite(triggerPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
jarak = (duration / 2) / 29.1;
Serial.print(jarak);
Serial.println(“Cm”);
lcd.print(7, 1, jarak);
Blynk.run();
delay(3500);
}
Sensor has trigger pin to send signals and echo pin as a receiver. Receive duration will be saved in variable duration and the distance between sensor and object will be measured with sonar principle, distance is a half of the product of speed and duration. The measurements will be displayed on Blynk which connected to Wi-Fi. The distance will be the threshold if the vehicle is above the sensor.
If the distance is smaller than the threshold, the parking spot is unavailable and the information will be sent to online database used by mobile application. The application will display the unavailability. Otherwise, the application will display the availability.
The system flow will be like this.
On this mobile app design there are more advanced features like parking reservation and payment. Users can reserve their spot for 5 minutes before the entering the location. Then, they will be asked to scan the QR code at the parking entrance.
Nowadays people use e-money to park so does Parkme. The balance will be shown on the app and available for top up. To pay, users need to show their QR code to a scanner before the exit portal.
Prototype
Users can locate themselves with GPS and find the closest parking lot. The fee is also displayed. Users can also search for parking lots and check the availability. After selecting the parking lot, users will be asked to choose the parking spot and reserve for 5 minutes. At the entrance, scan the QR code and the time will be counted. After parking, users will be asked to show their QR code at the exit portal and they can choose 2 ways of payment: cash or e-money. The parking will be done after “Payment Success” displayed.
How to test the system?
We can make mini model with car miniatures, ultrasonic sensors, and microcontroller. Then connect them to a mobile app with Firebase.
We can adjust the scale in real life and test it to one place, then two places, and so on. The testing will be about sensor testing, error detection, and mobile app testing along with database and GPS. Furthermore, we can also test the integrated payment with e-money.
Conclusion
Parkme can be the solution for parking problems by providing information about real-time parking availability with vehicles detection. It will detect the existence of the vehicle by using ultrasonic sensor and NodeMCU microcontroller. Parkme is an application with online database Firebase connected with microcontroller using Wi-Fi. Sensor readings will be displayed in the application.
References
Singh, Joseph & Nair, Nanthiine & Krishnan, Prajindra. (2018). Iot based Parking Sensor Network for Smart Campus. International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE). 7. 26–34. 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.22316. | https://chintyaw.medium.com/parkme-smart-parking-based-on-embedded-system-and-sensor-network-afb4a14d4a1c | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | refinedweb | 1,090 | 58.28 |
Now that the Office 2010 Technical Preview is out, we’re happy to announce some great new printing experiences.
Print Place
The most obvious printing feature is a dramatically redesigned print dialog known as the “Print Place” that is available in Word, Excel, Outlook, PowerPoint, Project, and Publisher. This dialog is optimized to present the most commonly used print job settings at the top level UI and reduce the need to use the Page Setup dialog or a custom print properties page.
Two features that were formerly not available in the top level print dialog for most Office applications are stapling and automatic duplexing. Office is able to show these features when connecting to printers that support these capabilities and expose them using the Print Schema Specification. All other printer settings are gathered using the DEVMODE struct or the document. In order to support stapling and duplexing, the print driver must have implemented PrintTicket support and these features must be exposed in the public PrintSchemaKeywords namespace.
Here are the links to the relevant keywords, defined by.
XPS Print Path Support
Publisher 2010 will support printing to the XPS print path in order to provide users with the highest quality print experience available. This feature is enabled in the Technical Preview release, and will be used automatically when the target printer is installed with an XPS driver. When an XPS driver is not available, Publisher falls back to legacy GDI printing. Users may opt out of the XPS print path using the Publisher Options > Advanced > Use XPS-enhanced print path when available checkbox. Publisher does not indicate to end-users which path is being used at print time.
This implementation of XPS printing is based on the Office 2010 Save as XPS feature. Issues encountered in the Technical Preview when printing from Publisher 2010 should be checked against Publisher 2010’s Save as XPS output.
This feature does not use the XPS Print APIs introduced for Windows 7.
Justin
Looks good … any chance of this in Visio 2010? | https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/xps/2009/07/23/new-office-2010-printing-functionality/ | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | refinedweb | 337 | 60.04 |
Announcing TypeScript 4.5
Daniel
Today we’re excited to announce the release of TypeScript 4.5!
If you’re not yet familiar with TypeScript, it’s a language that builds on JavaScript by adding statically checked types. When you use static types, you can run the TypeScript compiler to check for bugs like typos and mismatches in the shapes of your data, and get handy suggestions. These types don’t change your program, and you can remove them to leave you with clean, readable JavaScript. Going beyond catching bugs in your code, TypeScript also assists you in writing code because types can power useful tooling like auto-complete, go-to-definition, and renaming in your editor! You can read more on our website.
To get started using TypeScript 4.5, you can get it through NuGet, or use npm with the following command:
npm install typescript
You can also get editor support by
- Downloading for Visual Studio 2019/2017
- Trying Visual Studio Code Insiders or following directions for Visual Studio Code and Sublime Text 3.
If you’ve already read our beta or RC blog posts, you can read up on what’s changed since.
Some major highlights of TypeScript 4.5 are:
- The
AwaitedType and
PromiseImprovements
- Supporting
libfrom
node_modules
- Template String Types as Discriminants
--module es2022
- Tail-Recursion Elimination on Conditional Types
- Disabling Import Elision
typeModifiers on Import Names
- Private Field Presence Checks
- Import Assertions
- Const Assertions and Default Type Arguments in JSDoc
- Faster Load Time with
realPathSync.native
- New Snippet Completions
- Better Editor Support for Unresolved Types
- Experimental Nightly-Only ECMAScript Module Support in Node.js
- Breaking Changes
What’s New Since the Beta and RC?
Since our beta release post and RC, you’ll receive an error message directing you to use a nightly build instead.
Since our RC post, we’ve added notes about new JSDoc features. While these features actually were included in the RC, they didn’t make it into our previous release notes.
From the language editing side, we’ve introduced more snippet completions since TypeScript 4.5 beta –.
The
Awaited Type and
Promise Improvements
TypeScript 4.5 introduces a new utility type called the
Awaited type. This type is meant to model operations like
await in
async functions, or the
.then() method on
Promises – specifically, the way that they recursively unwrap
Promises.
// A = string type A = Awaited<Promise<string>>; // B = number type B = Awaited<Promise<Promise<number>>>; // C = boolean | number type C = Awaited<boolean | Promise<number>>;
The
Awaited type can be helpful for modeling existing APIs, including JavaScript built-ins like
Promise.all,
Promise.race, etc. In fact, some of the problems around inference with
Promise.all served as motivations for
Awaited. Here’s an example that fails in TypeScript 4.4 and earlier.
declare function MaybePromise<T>(value: T): T | Promise<T> | PromiseLike<T>; async function doSomething(): Promise<[number, number]> { const result = await Promise.all([ MaybePromise(100), MaybePromise(200) ]); // Error! // // [number | Promise<100>, number | Promise<200>] // // is not assignable to type // // [number, number] return result; }
Now
Promise.all leverages certain features with
Awaited to give much better inference results, and the above example works.
For more information, you can read about this change on GitHub.
Supporting
lib from
node_modules
To ensure that TypeScript and JavaScript support works well out of the box, TypeScript bundles a series of declaration files (
.d.ts files). These declaration files represent the available APIs in the JavaScript language, and the standard browser DOM APIs. While there are some reasonable defaults based on your
target, you can pick and choose which declaration files your program uses by configuring the
lib setting in the
tsconfig.json.
There are two occasional downsides to including these declaration files with TypeScript though:
- When you upgrade TypeScript, you’re also forced to handle changes to TypeScript’s built-in declaration files, and this can be a challenge when the DOM APIs change as frequently as they do.
- It is hard to customize these files to match your needs with the needs of your project’s dependencies (e.g. if your dependencies declare that they use the DOM APIs, you might also be forced into using the DOM APIs).
TypeScript 4.5 introduces a way to override a specific built-in
lib in a manner similar to how
@types/ support works. When deciding which
lib files TypeScript should include, it will first look for a scoped
@typescript/lib-* package in
node_modules. For example, when including
dom as an option in
lib, TypeScript will use the types in
node_modules/@typescript/lib-dom if available.
You can then use your package manager to install a specific package to take over for a given
lib For example, today TypeScript publishes versions of the DOM APIs on
@types/web. If you wanted to lock your project to a specific version of the DOM APIs, you could add this to your
package.json:
{ "dependencies": { "@typescript/lib-dom": "npm:@types/web" } }
Then from 4.5 onwards, you can update TypeScript and your dependency manager’s lockfile will ensure that it uses the exact same version of the DOM types. That means you get to update your types on your own terms.
We’d like to give a shout-out to saschanaz who has been extremely helpful and patient as we’ve been building out and experimenting with this feature.
For more information, you can see the implementation of this change.
Template String Types as Discriminants
TypeScript 4.5 now can narrow values that have template string types, and also recognizes template string types as discriminants.
As an example, the following used to fail, but now successfully type-checks in TypeScript 4.5.
export interface Success { type: `${string}Success`; body: string; } export interface Error { type: `${string}Error`; message: string; } export function handler(r: Success | Error) { if (r.type === "HttpSuccess") { // 'r' has type 'Success' let token = r.body; } }
For more information, see the change that enables this feature.
--module es2022
Thanks to Kagami S. Rosylight, TypeScript now supports a new
module setting:
es2022. The main feature in
--module es2022 is top-level
await, meaning you can use
await outside of
async functions. This was already supported in
--module esnext (and now
--module nodenext), but
es2022 is the first stable target for this feature.
You can read up more on this change here.
Tail-Recursion Elimination on Conditional Types
TypeScript often needs to gracefully fail when it detects possibly infinite recursion, or any type expansions that can take a long time and affect your editor experience. As a result, TypeScript has heuristics to make sure it doesn’t go off the rails when trying to pick apart an infinitely-deep type, or working with types that generate a lot of intermediate results.
type InfiniteBox<T> = { item: InfiniteBox<T> } type Unpack<T> = T extends { item: infer U } ? Unpack<U> : T; // error: Type instantiation is excessively deep and possibly infinite. type Test = Unpack<InfiniteBox<number>>
The above example is intentionally simple and useless, but there are plenty of types that are actually useful, and unfortunately trigger our heuristics. As an example, the following
TrimLeft type removes spaces from the beginning of a string-like type. If given a string type that has a space at the beginning, it immediately feeds the remainder of the string back into
TrimLeft.
type TrimLeft<T extends string> = T extends ` ${infer Rest}` ? TrimLeft<Rest> : T; //;
This type can be useful, but if a string has 50 leading spaces, you’ll get an error.
type TrimLeft<T extends string> = T extends ` ${infer Rest}` ? TrimLeft<Rest> : T; // error: Type instantiation is excessively deep and possibly infinite. type Test = TrimLeft<" oops">;
That’s unfortunate, because these kinds of types tend to be extremely useful in modeling operations on strings – for example, parsers for URL routers. To make matters worse, a more useful type typically creates more type instantiations, and in turn has even more limitations on input length.
But there’s a saving grace:
TrimLeft is written in a way that is tail-recursive in one branch. When it calls itself again, it immediately returns the result and doesn’t do anything with it. Because these types don’t need to create any intermediate results, they can be implemented more quickly and in a way that avoids triggering many of type recursion heuristics that are built into TypeScript.
That’s why TypeScript 4.5 performs some tail-recursion elimination on conditional types. As long as one branch of a conditional type is simply another conditional type, TypeScript can avoid intermediate instantiations. There are still heuristics to ensure that these types don’t go off the rails, but they are much more generous.
Keep in mind, the following type won’t be optimized, since it uses the result of a conditional type by adding it to a union.
type GetChars<S> = S extends `${infer Char}${infer Rest}` ? Char | GetChars<Rest> : never;
If you would like to make it tail-recursive, you can introduce a helper that takes an “accumulator” type parameter, just like with tail-recursive functions.
type GetChars<S> = GetCharsHelper<S, never>; type GetCharsHelper<S, Acc> = S extends `${infer Char}${infer Rest}` ? GetCharsHelper<Rest, Char | Acc> : Acc;
You can read up more on the implementation here.
Disabling Import Elision
There are some cases where TypeScript can’t detect that you’re using an import. For example, take the following code:
import { Animal } from "./animal.js"; eval("console.log(new Animal().isDangerous())");
By default, TypeScript always removes this import because it appears to be unused. In TypeScript 4.5, you can enable a new flag called
--preserveValueImports to prevent TypeScript from stripping out any imported values from your JavaScript outputs. Good reasons to use
eval are few and far between, but something very similar to this happens in Svelte:
<!-- A .svelte File --> <script> import { someFunc } from "./some-module.js"; </script> <button on:click={someFunc}>Click me!</button>
along with in Vue.js, using its
<script setup> feature:
<!-- A .vue File --> <script setup> import { someFunc } from "./some-module.js"; </script> <button @Click me!</button>
These frameworks generate some code based on markup outside of their
<script> tags, but TypeScript only sees code within the
<script> tags. That means TypeScript will automatically drop the import of
someFunc, and the above code won’t be runnable! With TypeScript 4.5, you can use
--preserveValueImports to avoid these situations.
Note that this flag has a special requirement when combined with
--isolatedModules: imported types must be marked as type-only because compilers that process single files at a time have no way of knowing whether imports are values that appear unused, or a type that must be removed in order to avoid a runtime crash.
// Which of these is a value that should be preserved? tsc knows, but `ts.transpileModule`, // ts-loader, esbuild, etc. don't, so `isolatedModules` gives an error. import { someFunc, BaseType } from "./some-module.js"; // ^^^^^^^^ // Error: 'BaseType' is a type and must be imported using a type-only import // when 'preserveValueImports' and 'isolatedModules' are both enabled.
That makes another TypeScript 4.5 feature,
type modifiers on import names, especially important.
For more information, see the pull request here.
type Modifiers on Import Names
As mentioned above,
--preserveValueImports and
--isolatedModules have special requirements so that there’s no ambiguity for build tools whether it’s safe to drop type imports.
// Which of these is a value that should be preserved? tsc knows, but `ts.transpileModule`, // ts-loader, esbuild, etc. don't, so `isolatedModules` issues an error. import { someFunc, BaseType } from "./some-module.js"; // ^^^^^^^^ // Error: 'BaseType' is a type and must be imported using a type-only import // when 'preserveValueImports' and 'isolatedModules' are both enabled.
When these options are combined, we need a way to signal when an import can be legitimately dropped. TypeScript already has something for this with
import type:
import type { BaseType } from "./some-module.js"; import { someFunc } from "./some-module.js"; export class Thing implements BaseType { // ... }
This works, but it would be nice to avoid two import statements for the same module. That’s part of why TypeScript 4.5 allows a
type modifier on individual named imports, so that you can mix and match as needed.
import { someFunc, type BaseType } from "./some-module.js"; export class Thing implements BaseType { someMethod() { someFunc(); } }
In the above example,
BaseType is always guaranteed to be erased and
someFunc will be preserved under
--preserveValueImports, leaving us with the following code:
import { someFunc } from "./some-module.js"; export class Thing { someMethod() { someFunc(); } }
For more information, see the changes on GitHub.
Private Field Presence Checks
TypeScript 4.5 supports an ECMAScript proposal for checking whether an object has a private field on it. You can now write a class with a
#private field member and see whether another object has the same field by using the
in operator.
class Person { #name: string; constructor(name: string) { this.#name = name; } equals(other: unknown) { return other && typeof other === "object" && #name in other && // <- this is new! this.#name === other.#name; } }
One interesting aspect of this feature is that the check
#name in other implies that
other must have been constructed as a
Person, since there’s no other way that field could be present. This is actually one of the key features of the proposal, and it’s why the proposal is named “ergonomic brand checks” – because private fields often act as a “brand” to guard against objects that aren’t instances of their class. As such, TypeScript is able to appropriately narrow the type of
other on each check, until it ends up with the type
Person.
We’d like to extend a big thanks to our friends at Bloomberg who contributed this pull request: Ashley Claymore, Titian Cernicova-Dragomir, Kubilay Kahveci, and Rob Palmer!
Import Assertions
TypeScript 4.5 supports an ECMAScript proposal for import assertions. This is a syntax used by runtimes to make sure that an import has an expected format.
import obj from "./something.json" assert { type: "json" };
The contents of these assertions are not checked by TypeScript since they’re host-specific, and are simply left alone so that browsers and runtimes can handle them (and possibly error).
// TypeScript is fine with this. // But your browser? Probably not. import obj from "./something.json" assert { type: "fluffy bunny" };
Dynamic
import() calls can also use import assertions through a second argument.
const obj = await import("./something.json", { assert: { type: "json" } })
The expected type of that second argument is defined by a new type called
ImportCallOptions, and currently only accepts an
assert property.
We’d like to thank Wenlu Wang for implementing this feature!
Const Assertions and Default Type Arguments in JSDoc
TypeScript 4.5 brings some extra expressivity to our JSDoc support.
One example of this is with
const assertions. In TypeScript, you can get a more precise and immutable type by writing
as const after a literal.
// type is { prop: string } let a = { prop: "hello" }; // type is { readonly prop: "hello" } let b = { prop: "hello" } as const;
In JavaScript files, you can now use JSDoc type assertions to achieve the same thing.
// type is { prop: string } let a = { prop: "hello" }; // type is { readonly prop: "hello" } let b = /** @type {const} */ ({ prop: "hello" });
As a reminder, JSDoc type assertions comments start with
/** @type {TheTypeWeWant} */ and are followed by a parenthesized expression:
/** @type {TheTypeWeWant} */` (someExpression)
TypeScript 4.5 also adds default type arguments to JSDoc, which means the following
type declaration in TypeScript:
type Foo<T extends string | number = number> = { prop: T };
can be rewritten as the following
@typedef declaration in JavaScript:
/** * @template {string | number} [T=number] * @typedef Foo * @property prop {T} */ // or /** * @template {string | number} [T=number] * @typedef {{ prop: T }} Foo */
For more information, see the pull request for
const assertions along with the changes for type argument defaults.
Faster Load Time with
realpathSync.native
TypeScript now leverages a little bit of extra typing by adding an initializer and putting your cursor in the right place.
TypeScript will typically use the type of an attribute to figure out what kind of initializer to insert, but you can customize this behavior in Visual Studio Code.
Keep in mind, this feature will only work in newer versions of Visual Studio Code, so you might have to use an Insiders build to get this working. For more information, read up on the original pull request
Better Editor Support for Unresolved Types
In some cases, editors will leverage a lightweight “partial” semantic mode – either while the editor is waiting for the full project to load, or in contexts like GitHub’s web-based editor.
In older versions of TypeScript, if the language service couldn’t find a type, it would just print
any.
In the above example,
Buffer wasn’t found, so TypeScript replaced it with
any in quick info. In TypeScript 4.5, TypeScript will try its best to preserve what you wrote.
However, if you hover over
Buffer itself, you’ll get a hint that TypeScript couldn’t find
Buffer.
Altogether, this provides a smoother experience when TypeScript doesn’t have the full program available. Keep in mind, you’ll always get an error in regular scenarios to tell you when a type isn’t found.
For more information, see the implementation here.
Experimental Nightly-Only ECMAScript Module Support in Node.js
For the last few years, Node.js has been working to support running ECMAScript modules (ESM). This has been a very difficult feature to support, since the foundation of the Node.js ecosystem is built on a different module system called CommonJS (CJS). Interoperating between the two brings large challenges, with many new features to juggle.!
Breaking Changes
lib.d.ts Changes
TypeScript 4.5 contains changes to its built-in declaration files which may affect your compilation; however, these changes were fairly minimal, and we expect most code will be unaffected.
Inference Changes from
Awaited
Because
Awaited is now used in
lib.d.ts and as a result of
await, you may see certain generic types change that might cause incompatibilities. This may cause issues when providing explicit type arguments to functions like
Promise.all,
Promise.allSettled, etc.
Often, you can make a fix by removing type arguments altogether.
- Promise.all<boolean, boolean>(...) + Promise.all(...)
More involved cases will require you to replace a list of type arguments with a single type argument of a tuple-like type.
- Promise.all<boolean, boolean>(...) + Promise.all<[boolean, boolean]>(...)
However, there will be occasions when a fix will be a little bit more involved, and replacing the types with a tuple of the original type arguments won’t be enough. One example where this occasionally comes up is when an element is possibly a
Promise or non-
Promise. In those cases, it’s no longer okay to unwrap the underlying element type.
- Promise.all<boolean | undefined, boolean | undefined>(...) + Promise.all<[Promise<boolean> | undefined, Promise<boolean> | undefined]>(...)
Template Strings Use
.concat()
Template strings in TypeScript previously just used the
+ operator when targeting ES3 or ES5; however, this leads to some divergences between the use of
.valueOf() and
.toString() which ends up being less spec-compliant. This is usually not noticeable, but is particularly important when using upcoming standard library additions like Temporal.
TypeScript now uses calls to
.concat() on
strings. This gives code the same behavior regardless of whether it targets ES3 and ES5, or ES2015 and later. Most code should be unaffected, but you might now see different results on values that define separate
valueOf() and
toString() methods.
import moment = require("moment"); // Before: "Moment: Wed Nov 17 2021 16:23:57 GMT-0800" // After: "Moment: 1637195037348" console.log(`Moment: ${moment()}`);
More more information, see the original issue.
Compiler Options Checking at the Root of
tsconfig.json
Compiler Options Checking at the Root of
tsconfig.json
It’s an easy mistake to accidentally forget about the
compilerOptions section in a
tsconfig.json. To help catch this mistake, in TypeScript 4.5, it is an error to add a top-level field which matches any of the available options in
compilerOptions without having also defined
compilerOptions in that
tsconfig.json.’re already working on TypeScript 4.6! If you’re curious to hear more, you can check out the 4.6 milestone on GitHub until the iteration plan is posted on the TypeScript issue tracker. We currently intend to focus on performance and stability in the next release.
In the meantime, we think TypeScript 4.5 should bring you a lot to love, with many great quality-of-life improvements! We hope that this release makes coding a joy.
Happy Hacking!
– Daniel Rosenwasser and the TypeScript Team
Thanks for your work
Can’t wait to update my codes for new awaited type. Thanks ! | https://devblogs.microsoft.com/typescript/announcing-typescript-4-5/ | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | refinedweb | 3,439 | 56.05 |
The number of malicious documents generated every day keeps growing for a while. To produce this huge amount of files, the process must be automated. I found on Pastebin a Python script to generate malicious Office documents. Let’s have a look at it.
(Note: The payload has been removed to prevent the script to be used “as is” by script kiddies)
import binascii
import sys
import time
print "Microsoft Office 2010, download -N- execute "
print " What do you want to name your .doc ? "
print " Example: TotallyTrusted.doc "
filename = raw_input()
print " What is the link to your .exe ? "
print "HINT!!:: Feed me a url. ie: "
url = raw_input()
print "Gears and Cranks working mag1c in the background "
time.sleep(3)
binme=binascii.b2a_hex(url)
file=(‘ … base64 content removed … \n')
textfile = open(filename , 'w')
textfile.write(file.decode('base64')+binme+close)
textfile.close()
time.sleep(3)
print “enjoy"
The script is very simple. It asks you for a filename and the URL that will serve the malicious file to be downloaded and executed on the victim's computer. Just be reading the strings '{}}}}', you can guess that the script generates an RTF document.
$ python maldoc_generator.py
Microsoft Office 2010, download -N- execute
What do you want to name your .doc ?
Example: TotallyTrusted.doc
example.doc
What is the link to your .exe ?
HINT!!:: Feed me a url. ie:
Gears and Cranks working mag1c in the background
enjoy
The generated file is indeed a malicious RTF document:
$ file example.doc
example.doc: Rich Text Format data, version 1, unknown character set
Of course, my brand new file was unknown on VT. Let’s upload it and it gets immediately a good (or bad - depending on your position) score of 31/57[1]. This is normal, the payload uses the good old CVE-2010-3333 better known as MS-10-087[2]. You can recognise the RTF keyword 'pFragments' which is the cause of the buffer overflow:
00000500: 7b5c 736e 7b7d 7b7d 7b5c 736e 7d7b 5c73 {\sn{}{}{\sn}{\s
00000510: 6e7d 7b5c 2a5c 2a7d 7046 7261 676d 656e n}{\*\*}pFragmen
00000520: 7473 7d7b 5c2a 5c2a 5c2a 7d7b 5c2a 5c2a ts}{\*\*\*}{\*\*
00000530: 5c73 767b 5c2a 7d39 3b32 3b66 6666 6666 \sv{\*}9;2;fffff
00000540: 6666 6666 6623 3035 3030 3030 3030 3030 fffff#0500000000
00000550: 3030 3030 3030 3030 3030 3030 3030 3030 0000000000000000
00000560: 3030 3030 3030 3030 3030 3030 3030 3030 0000000000000000
00000570: 6530 6239 3263 3366 4141 4141 4141 4141 e0b92c3fAAAAAAAA
00000580: 4141 4141 4141 4141 4141 4141 4141 4141 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Today, it is quite easy to find document generators for all types of vulnerabilities and you don't need to go to the dark web for this purpose. CVE-2017-0199 remains a very popular one for a few months.
Just for the fun, I generated the malicious document with the example URL provided in the source code () and it was known on VT! Yes, script kiddies are still alive...
[1]
[2]
Xavier Mertens (@xme)
ISC Handler - Freelance Security Consultant
PGP Key
Sign Up for Free or Log In to start participating in the conversation!
Keep yourself informed with our aggregate InfoSec news | https://dshield.org/forums/diary/Diving+into+a+Simple+Maldoc+Generator/23609/ | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | refinedweb | 523 | 69.62 |
. silence,.
New in version 4.2: The
DebugClassLoader integration was introduced in Symfony 4.2.); }
New in version 4.4: This feature was introduced in Symfony 4.4. { // ... } }
Using Namespaced PHPUnit Classes¶
New in version 4.4: This feature was introduced in Symfony 4.4.
The PHPUnit bridge adds namespaced class aliases for most of the PHPUnit classes
declared without namespaces (e.g.
PHPUnit_Framework_Assert), allowing you to
always use the namespaced class declaration even when the test is executed with
PHPUnit 4. calculated the duration time of your process using the Stopwatch utilities to
profile Symfony applications.(),); } }(['example.com' => [['type' => 'MX']]]); $validator = ... $constraint = new Email([([ .
It’s also possible to set this env var in the
phpunit.xml.dist. | https://symfony.com/doc/4.4/components/phpunit_bridge.html | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | refinedweb | 119 | 53.88 |
crenz has asked for the wisdom of the Perl Monks concerning the following question:
I hope I'll be forgiven this slightly OT question... it is more related to Linguistics than Perl, actually.
I am looking for a good solution to split up German text into its syllables. I found Tex::Hyphen, which can deal with German texts, but it doesn't mention the new German spelling. Does that module seem to give reasonable results, or are there better solutions out there?
Also, I'm trying to attach a "length" to these syllables (e.g. "Maß" is longer than "Hass"). I'm not a linguist, so I just thought I might try to look for certain patterns and attach weights to them. E.g. a syllable with "ie" will be counted "long", a syllable with "ss" will be counted short (using the new German spelling). Does anybody know a comprehensive list of German syllables with such "weights", or a better approach for this problem? (The "weights" don't need to be 100% accurate; I want to use them for music generation.)
First place to look is Lingua::DE::, and if you end up writing something, submit it to that namespace. Lingua::EN::* is growing nicely, but there are a few other languages starting to get some love.
--[ e d @ h a l l e y . c c ]
I did research the Lingua::DE:: namespace, but there seemed to be nothing relevant. (Not even in other language's namespaces, for that matter.)
It occurs to me that 'real' dictionaries usually have a phonetic spelling part, using the Internatial Phonetic Alphabet (with 'metacharacters' showing glottal stops, syllabic parts etc.) - if you could grab a German dictionary, maybe you could write a routine to split this - probably a lot simpler than trying to parse the 'proper' spelling.
Cheers,Ben.
PS I'd be interested to see it if you did, as this would then presumably work with all languages - Lingua::International::SyllableSplit, maybe :) . Ben.
I am looking for a good solution to split up German text into its syllables
Within my company, we produce a lot of marketing content and aim to constantly improve the quality of this copy. So I insist on a Flesch Kincaid Grade Score of no more than 7.5. But, the problem is getting a reliable and consistent Grade Score. We use The Hemingway App. But I wanted a solution attached to our content creating platforms which are written in Perl. So I started using Lingua::EN::Fathom which uses Lingua::EN::Syllable.
The first thing I noticed was that Lingua::EN::Fathom and The Hemingway App disagree on the Grade Score.
But, it is helpful to have a browser-side real-time calculation of the Grade Score. Not to have to keep sending AJAX requests back to a Perl script on the server. So I searched and found a Javascript solution. It works...but is even further out on its calculation of the Grade Score.
After some investigation, I traced the discrepancies to the way that these three methods calculate the syllable count...they all do it very differently!
So I will probably end up writing my own Grade Score calculator that uses the same method of calculation in both Perl and Javascript. It doesn't matter too much how accurately it reflects other tools. What is more important is that the two agree on any given piece of text. Then we can adjust the company rule on Grade Score to reflect what the tools are saying. But this has moved down the priority list as we have bought a subscription to Grammarly which is doing a good job of improving the quality and consistency of our written content.
OT: using javascript makes the user's computer calculate the score, whereas using Perl (at the backend) makes the backend calculate it, and website owner pays for it. I am glad to see someone placing quality above cost.
edit: of course js can be used at the backend just like anything else, i just assumed it is browser-running js.
i just assumed it is browser-running js
Yes, I did mean browser Javascript
The main rationale for trying to use a JS solution is time. When typing, there is a (sometimes significant) time lag between what is typed and the displayed Grade Score due to the AJAX calls. With JS running in the browser, the delay is negligible. A decreased load on the server and network are secondary, but very real, benefits.
...it's also OT a bit, but could you say more about "the new German spelling?" I haven't heard of that before (not being a student of German) and I'm curious if it simply means modern (ie. from sometime in the 20th century,) or if it's a very recent change (as in something from the last 25 years).
I have to agree with the conclusion that you might be best using a dictionary that provides phonetic spelling for the words that concern you. Those are typically hypenated anyway, and the accent marks may lend other useful information to your system.
In fact, the access to emphasis information may also be useful in other pursuits, but certainly if you're trying to create something that can generate reasonable lyrics or poetry, you may want to include meter in your calculations.
...All the world looks like -well- all the world,
when your hammer is Perl.---v
...All the world looks like -well- all the world,
when your hammer is Perl.---v
Sometime in the mid-late 1990s, Germany decided to simplify its spelling, and get rid of some of the weirder perceived idiosyncracies. The official change came in August 1998, according to this informative article from german.about.com.
One of the most visible changes was cutting down on the use of the good old "sharp S" symbol, ß. No longer will so many foreigners to think that German for street was pronounced "strabe".
Several compound words were also split up into their component words. For this, the typesetters of the world thank you, for setting German in a narrow measure was always a challenge.
The change (I think; the input of a native German speaker would be appreciated) in hyphenation was interesting. One example is the ck formation would hyphenate to k-k, so the actual spelling of the word used to change.
I'd be very surprised if there weren't new TeX hyphenation dictionaries for German. TeX has a very large following in Germany. If it's not on CTAN, I'd be amazed.
Oh, and before people start corresponding with me in German, I don't have any. I might know how to typeset the language, I can sort-of read it, but replying is waaaay beyond me...
--
bowling trophy thieves, die!
The ß versus ss rule is actually my favourite new rule :). They sound the same, but the old rule used to be quite arbitrary. Actually, I think there was none -- you just had to learn by heart which word uses which spelling. But now, there is a clear rule for their use: In layman's (ie. non-linguist's) terms, ss is written after a short vowel, and ß is written after a long vowel. For an example of what I mean with "short" and "long" vowels, consider the ee/i in "deed" and "did". I find this rule really easy to use, and I like it because it eliminates a few exceptions to the rule that in German, things pronounced the same way are written the same way. (Compare that to English! *sigh*)
Some people don't get it and complain that they should have abolished ß at all. I don't agree. For example, we write "Masse" (mass) and "Maße" (dimensions). Without ß, there would be no way to differentiate.
Apart from that rule, there have been a number of very good and simplified new rule, and a number of very bad new rules. Most people have accepted the reform by now, but still have mixed feelings about it -- including me. I still feel the benefits outweigh the disadvantages, though.
Regarding Tex, there is a dictionary for the new spelling called "ngerman". Almost all German TeX users probably use it by now. I just don't know whether it will work with the module mentioned.
I really wish there were a chance that we could simplify English spellings. There was talk of that when I was young, but it feels like nobody is really behind the improvement. It's okay I guess, we are becoming an increasingly less literate society so it soon won't matter how we spell things.
N0 wut I m33n d00ds?
CYA | |
No recent polls found | https://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=257945 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | refinedweb | 1,464 | 72.36 |
Many applications, including most of those shipped with Windows, Linux, KDE, Gnome, and Apache are written in C. C is perhaps the most universal of all programming languages — its expressive power, portability, minimalism, and speed make it a popular choice.
There are, of course, other programming languages, each with its own unique advantages. Indeed, programmers often choose a particular language based on the characteristics and challenges of the task at hand. For example, Perl is invaluable for text processing; PHP makes quick work of web site development; and Python provides for rapid, object-oriented development.
Ideally, all programming languages would “link” somehow, so you could combine and re-use libraries and source code from any one of them in a single executable. (That’s the premise of Microsoft’s .NET and the model for Perl’s new Parrot engine.)
But, alas. If you’re coding in C, you can’t mix and match. Or can you? As it turns out, many scripting languages, including PHP, Perl, and Python, can all be extended with C. And, in the cases of Perl and Python, you can reciprocally extend your C code by embedding interpreters that run scripts.
In fact, Python was explicitly crafted to be both embeddable and extensible: you can integrate the Python interpreter into your C application; you can share data and objects between your C and Python code; and you can even create user interfaces for your software written entirely in Python.
Embedded Python provides a powerful object system and “macro” language for C applications. C code can extend Python in ways its developers did not or could not foresee. This month, let’s see how Python scripts and C code can be mixed.
Embedding and Extending
Although embedding and extending Python differ in intent, both are realized with the same set of C functions. The same API is used to convert C data to Python objects, to run Python code, and to convert Python objects back to C data.
The Python C API is broken down into three layers: the Very High Level Layer (VHLL); the Abstract Object Layer (AOL); and the Concrete Object Layer (COL). These layers define functions that allow you to use Python from C — anything from executing a few lines of Python code to creating Python objects and manipulating them with your program.
The VHLL defines only a few functions, used to create interpreters, run Python code, and check for errors.
The AOL functions are used to manipulate any type of object that defines a standard Python protocol. For example, many Python objects can implement Python’s mapping or sequence protocols. These protocols allow the objects to be used with Python mapping, sequence, and slicing syntax. The AOL defines functions that work with any kind of objects that define these protocols.
The COL functions are used to create new, specific Python types and to manipulate them directly. COL functions don’t work with protocols, but with concrete object types.
While the AOL and COL functions sound similar, COL is much simpler, but also more limited. Where the AOL could use a list, tuple, or any other kind of sequence, the COL is designed to be used with only specific types.
In this article, you’ll see how to use the COL because it’s simpler to understand. (A later article will show how the abstractions of the AOL can be applied to embedded Python objects.)
The Very High Level Layer
The simplest way to embed Python in a C program is to initialize an interpreter, feed it some Python code, and then retrieve any results. Consider the example shown in Listing One. It’s the most minimal example of embedding Python.
Listing One: demo.c embeds Python in a C program
#include <Python.h>
char* cmd = “print ‘this text brought to you by Python’”;
int main()
{
Py_Initialize();
if( PyRun_SimpleString(cmd) == -1) {
printf(“There was an error executing Python code”);
}
Py_Finalize();
return 0;
}
char* cmd = “print ‘this text brought to you by Python’”;
int main()
{
Py_Initialize();
if( PyRun_SimpleString(cmd) == -1) {
printf(“There was an error executing Python code”);
}
Py_Finalize();
return 0;
}
First, the Python.h file is #included: it includes the C declarations for all of the various Python API functions and data structures. The next line defines a C string of Python code that, when executed, simply prints a friendly message. Finally, main() initializes the interpreter, runs the command (and checks for an error), and finalizes the interpreter. That’s all there is to it.
Compiling this example requires that the Python source code be installed. If you don’t have that source code already, download it from, unpack it, and look in the Demo/embed directory. That directory contains a Makefile file that can be used to compile Listing One.
To compile the example:
1. Save the C code into a file called demo.c.
2. Copy the Makefile from the source package to your working directory.
3. Edit the Makefile and change the lines marked with XXX. Typically you need only change the srcdir and builddir variables to point to where you unpacked the Python source code.
4. Next, run make demo. This should build a demo program in your working directory that can be executed from a prompt.
If all goes well, you should be greeted with a friendly message when you run the demo. PyRun_SimpleString() takes a string of Python code as its argument, and executes it in the interpreter.
If you get an error, check your Makefile again and make sure everything is set correctly. (The steps required to build a C program can vary greatly from one platform to the next. You can find additional documentation on compilation at.)
There are several other functions in the VHLL API that can be used to execute code:
* PyRun_SimpleFile() is similar to PyRun_Simple String(), but the Python source code is read from a file instead of an in-memory string.
* PyRun_InteractiveOne() reads and executes a single statement from an interactive device such as your terminal.
* PyRun_InteractiveLoop() reads and executes statements from a file associated with an interactive device until EOF is reached.
* PyRun_String() runs a string in the context provided by arguments. The context is a Python dictionary of local and global variables.
* PyRun_File() is similar to PyRun_String(), but the Python source code is read from a file instead of an in-memory string.
* Py_CompileString() parses and compiles the Python source code in the string argument, returning the resulting code object. Once a code object has been compiled, it can be executed directly by the Python virtual machine.
Using any of these functions, you can embed a Python interpreter directly into your C programs.
The Concrete Object Layer
While the functions listed above are certainly convenient, they don’t offer you a very sophisticated way to communicate with the Python interpreter. Passing Python code in a string is slow and unwieldy.
Since you’re writing a C program and Python itself is written in C, it’s much easier work with the Concrete Object Layer to bypass the actual Python language and work with Python objects directly in the C language. New Python objects can be created in C by calling a COL constructor method that creates a new object and returns it.
Constructors are very specific, like PyDict_New() or PyList_New(), which create a new Python dictionary and list, respectively. Python also comes with a function that lets you build Python objects from C data named Py_BuildValue().
For example, you can create a Python dictionary, populate it with values, and pass it into the interpreter for further processing by a Python script. Listing Two shows how.
Listing Two: demo2.c builds and passes a dictionary
{
FILE* fp;
PyObject *my_dict, *my_module;
Py_Initialize();
my_dict = PyDict_New();
PyDict_SetItemString(my_dict, “key1″,
Py_BuildValue(“s”, “this is a string”));
PyDict_SetItemString(my_dict, “key2″,
Py_BuildValue(“i”, 13));
PyDict_SetItemString(my_dict, “key3″,
Py_BuildValue(“(is)”, 13, “this is a string”));
my_module = PyImport_AddModule(“my_module”);
PyModule_AddObject(my_module, “my_dict”, my_dict);
fp = fopen(filename, “r”);
PyRun_SimpleFile(fp, “demo2.py”);
Py_Finalize();
return 0;
}
The listing shows off several new features. First, you can see that two pointers to the type PyObject are declared. These two variables will point to a new module and dictionary. The next few lines create the dictionary and populate it with three (key, value) pairs. The PyDict_SetItemString() assigns a mapping with a string key (which is the most common case), although you can also use PyDict_SetItem() to use any kind of Python object for a key.
Notice how the Py_BuildValue() function is used to create Python objects from C data. The first argument of Py_BuildValue() is a format string that tells the function what kind of object to build, and the final arguments are the C data that represent the values of the new objects. In the above example, a string, an integer, and a tuple containing an integer and a string are all easily constructed. (Py_Build Value() is documented on the Python web page in the Extending and Embedding API Reference.)
Next, the code creates a new module with PyImport_ AddModule(). This function looks for an existing module named my_module or creates a new one if it’s not found. Here, a new module is created because there are no standard modules with that name. The next line adds the my_dict dictionary to the my_module module, creating a new Python module with only one object in it. Finally, the call to PyRun_ SimpleFile() loads and runs a file named demo2.py. That file contains the following code:
from my_module import my_dict
for key, value in my_dict.items():
print “The key is”, key, “The value is”, value
for key, value in my_dict.items():
print “The key is”, key, “The value is”, value
This Python script is really simple: it imports the dictionary you just created in C and prints the keys and values out.
When you compile and run Listing Two, you get the following output:
The key is key3 The value is (13,
‘this is a string’)
The key is key2 The value is 13
The key is key1 The value is this is a string
For brevity, Listing Two omits error checking. Your code should check return codes and values. For example, COL functions that return new objects (like PyDict_New() or Py Import_AddModule()) return NULL if an error occurred. Other COL functions return an integer value to indicate success or failure. If a function returns an error value, the Python interpreter has set an exception that you should handle.
For example, consider the possibility that the PyImport_ AddModule() returns NULL. In this case, you should abort your program so that later calls that use the module object don’t cause segmentation faults:
my_module = PyImport_AddModule(“my_module”);
if (my_module == NULL) {
printf(“module object couldn’t be added”);
exit(1);
}
PyModule_AddObject(my_module, “my_dict”, my_dict);
PyModule_AddObject(my_module, “my_dict”, my_dict);
If Python raises an exception, there’s usually little you can do about it other than abort or try again.
By the way, Python API functions that expect objects almost never expect those objects to be NULL — that would add many, many unnecessary checks to the Python code and generally slow down the language and your programs. Instead, you must check for those conditions yourself and handle them appropriately. Only you can prevent core files.
Every COL function is documented in the Extending and Embedding C API Reference on the Python.org home page. COL functions are divided into categories, depending on the type of object involved. Listing Two demonstrates some of the PyDict() functions, and there are many others for all the various types that come with Python. If you’re doing embedding or extending programming, this guide will be invaluable to you.
No Snake Oil Here
Embedding a Python interpreter and using Python functions within a C program is easy and very functional. This article provided a brief introduction, as there are more issues to deal with when it comes to Python and C. In the future, we’ll see how to create new Python extension modules in C, how to create new types of Python objects in C, and more. | http://www.linux-mag.com/id/1633/ | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | refinedweb | 2,016 | 61.87 |
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[Sending this mail third time because I failed to set the sender
address so that it matches the address on the list.]
2010/3/31 Alan Kennedy <jython-dev@...>:
>
> I attempted to fix the problem by changing the 'str' to 'unicode', like so
>
> def characters(self, char, start, len):
> self._cont_handler.characters(unicode(String(char, start, len)))
>
> But gave rise to the following exception: UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii'
> codec can't decode byte 0xc5 in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)
This looks like the same bug we encountered some time ago when testing
Robot Framework on Jython 2.5:
> As described in the bug, I ended up recommending to the reporter to
> use the following definition for the method
>
> def characters(self, char, start, len):
> self._cont_handler.characters(String(char, start,
> len).getBytes('utf-8').tostring().decode('utf-8'))
>
> Which is messy, but works.
This gets a little better, but is still ugly, if you use the
workaround explained in our bug report:
def characters(self, char, start, len):
self._cont_handler.characters(unicode(String(char, start, len).toString())
> Am I wrong in my expectation that "unicode(java.lang.String)" should
> have nothing to do with ASCII?
I also think that should just work. And it did work in Jython 2.2.
> Should I commit the above fix? Which makes pulldom and minidom work correctly.
At least I'd prefer fixing the underlying bug than using a workaround.
I promise to help as much as I can if someone with more knowledge
about Jython internals is willing to look at this and other Unicode
problems there are in 2.5.1.
Cheers,
.peke
--
Agile Tester/Developer/Consultant ::
Lead Developer of Robot Framework :: | http://sourceforge.net/p/jython/mailman/jython-dev/?viewmonth=201004&viewday=1&style=flat | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | refinedweb | 293 | 66.44 |
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We used all the free/paid apps before landing on this app. Resource Selector functionality enabled us to select related/bundled products very easily. They also have required fields which make it very easy to enforce what our employees can input. Makes sure we keep the data consistent across our products. Amazing! 5 star
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We've used BetaMeta metafields app to help us extend product details. We have added a video gallery, shop the look section and more product details using this app. Highly recommended. | https://apps.shopify.com/betameta?surface_detail=store-design-store-pages&surface_inter_position=8&surface_intra_position=3&surface_type=category | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | refinedweb | 396 | 66.23 |
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x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-g++ -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I.. -I/usr/include/glib-2.0
-I/usr/lib64/glib-2.0/include -march=athlon64 -O2 -ftracer -pipe
-ftree-vectorize -Wno-error -Wformat=2 -g -ggdb -Wstrict-aliasing=2
-fvisibility-inlines-hidden -MT parse.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/parse.Tpo -c
parse.cc -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/parse.o
In file included from ../src/registers.h:34,
from ../src/ui.h:11,
from ../src/cmd_gpsim.h:5,
from misc.h:24,
from parse.yy:33:
../src/value.h: In function ‘bool operator!=(String&, String&)’:
../src/value.h:590: error: ‘strcmp’ was not declared in this scope
parse.cc: In function ‘int yyparse()’:
parse.cc:2802: warning: deprecated conversion from string constant to
‘char*’
parse.cc:2806: warning: deprecated conversion from string constant to
‘char*’
parse.cc:2927: warning: deprecated conversion from string constant to
‘char*’
make[2]: *** [parse.lo] Error 1
make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
make: *** [all] Error 2
But this is just the point of the iceberg. There is a definition error between
a list method and std::list. Lovely that they destroy the whole idea of
namespaces by "using namespace std". I don't really want to start changing
gpsim sources all over to drop the using namespace, nor I'd like to change the
name of the method. I'm afraid to say, work it out with upstream :/
Upstream bug:
Created an attachment (id=150587) [edit]
Can my patch be useful?
(In reply to comment #2)
> Created an attachment (id=150587) [edit]
> Can my patch be useful?
Definitely. I have just emerged gcc-4.3 and I'm processing all the related bugs
right now. So this will be fixed sooner rather than later.
Denis.
(In reply to comment #2)
> Created an attachment (id=150587) [edit]
> Can my patch be useful?
Does your patch fully fix compiling with gcc-4.3 for you ? Here it doesn't seem
to be enough, I'm hitting the following error:
In file included from scan.ll:45:
../src/processor.h:567: error: declaration of 'virtual void
Processor::list(unsigned int, unsigned int, int, int)'
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-linux-gnu/4.3.0/include/g++-v4/bits/stl_list.h:417: error:
changes meaning of 'list' from 'class std::list<ProgramMemoryAccess*,
std::allocator<ProgramMemoryAccess*> >'
Denis.
Created an attachment (id=154781) [edit]
gpsim-0.22.0 gcc-4.3 patch
This patch fixes all the gcc-4.3 compile problems in gpsim-0.22.0, including
missing <typeinfo> headers and the std::list conflict.
Fixed, thanks a lot.
Denis. | http://bugs.gentoo.org/218210 | crawl-002 | refinedweb | 459 | 53.27 |
My post introducing the .NET Micro Framework covered how to use the OutputPort class to interface to a single GPIO output pin as part of an example to blink a LED.
The matching class to interface to a GPIO input pin, is not too surprisingly called the InputPort class. The InputPort class functions very similar to the OutputPort class discussed last time, in fact they share a common base class.
The constructor for the InputPort class has a couple of additional parameters, in addition to the one which specifies which GPIO pin it should be connected to.
The first is a boolean parameter which enables a glitch filter. Mechanical switches can be “noisy”, meaning that a single press by the user could translate into multiple open and close events, which digitial hardware can potentially detect. This problem is commonly refered to as Contact Bounce or Switch Debouncing. At this stage I have not current managed to find out what technique the .NET Micro Framework utilises for glitch filtering, or even if this is device specific (I suspect it is).
The second parameter is of much more interest, since it deals with setting the type of internal pull up resistor present on the GPIO pin. It can have one of following values from the ResistorMode enumeration:
- ResistorMode.PullUp – A resistor internal to the CPU is connected between the GPIO pin and VCC, i.e. the pin is pulled up to the positive supply rail.
- ResistorMode.PullDown – A resistor internal to the CPU is connected between the GPIO pin and GND, i.e. the pin is pulled down to ground.
- ResistorMode.None – no internal resistor is enabled. In this mode if a pin is left unconnected, it could produce spurious readings due to noise induced into the pin.
The pull up and pull down resistor modes can be handy when interfacing to external hardware, in particular push buttons. By relying upon the internal pull up or pull down resistors, you can get by without requiring additional components, as shown in the following schematics.
It is important to note that if a push button is connected with a pull up resistor, it’s logic levels will be inverted. I.e. the GPIO pin will read a logic high (true) logic level when the push button is not pressed, and will read a logic low (false) logic level when the push button is pressed.
Code Sample
Here is a sample program which will write a message to the debug window each time a push button connected to the GPIO_Pin3 pin is pressed.
To reduce the amount of log messages written to the Visual Studio output window, we only sample the push button once every second. This means we do not need to enable the glitch filter because we are sampling it at a slow enough rate that it should not be a significant issue.
using Microsoft.SPOT; using Microsoft.SPOT.Hardware; using System.Threading; namespace InputTestApplication { public class Program { public static void Main() { // Monitor the "select" push button InputPort button = new InputPort(Cpu.Pin.GPIO_Pin3, false, Port.ResistorMode.PullDown); while (true) { // Test the state of the button if (button.Read()) Debug.Print("The button is pressed"); // Wait 1 second before sampling the button again Thread.Sleep(1000); } } } }
NOTE: The GPIO pin used for this sample program has been selected for use with the .NET Micro Framework Sample Emulator. If you attempt to run this application on your own .NET Micro Framework module, you may need to adjust the GPIO signal utilised to suit your hardware.
Push Buttons within the Emulator
The “Sample Emulator” released with the .NET Micro Framework SDK has 5 push buttons “wired up” into a D-PAD configuration.
An interesting aspect to the emulated hardware is that the push buttons can be made to act as if there were wired up with pull up or pull down resistors (as outlined above) depending upon the state of the ResistorMode parameter passed into the constructor of the InputPort instance which accesses them. Typical hardware wouldn’t have this flexibility, with the incorrect ResistorMode choice potentially rendering a push button unreadable.
The mapping of emulator buttons to GPIO pins for the Sample Emulator is as follows:
- Select – GPIO_Pin3
- Up – GPIO_Pin2
- Down – GPIO_Pin4
- Left – GPIO_Pin0
- Right – GPIO_Pin1
The code sample provided in this blog posting constantly polls the state of the push button. This is not power efficient. It is better to request that the hardware notifies you whenever the GPIO pin changes state. Next time I will discuss how you can use the InterruptPort class to achieve this.
Hi,
I like your article. I am working on something similar to what you have mentioned above in your article.
I am basically using TMS320DM355 TI chip and connected it to a display. Now I want a GPIO button press, to do brigtness changes in the display.Can you outline me on how to go about this?
Thanks, any help will be appreciated. | http://www.christec.co.nz/blog/archives/56 | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | refinedweb | 827 | 63.29 |
iostream????
Discussion in 'C++' started by Ali,
iostream::read functionLans Redmond, Jun 26, 2003, in forum: C++
- Replies:
- 0
- Views:
- 1,195
- Lans Redmond
- Jun 26, 2003
#include <iostream.h> or <iostream>John Tiger, Aug 4, 2003, in forum: C++
- Replies:
- 10
- Views:
- 5,707
- ghl
- Aug 6, 2003
is MS newer <iostream> is slower than older <iostream.h>?ai@work, Dec 15, 2004, in forum: C++
- Replies:
- 9
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- 585
- Ron Natalie
- Dec 16, 2004
iostream + iostream.hS. Nurbe, Jan 14, 2005, in forum: C++
- Replies:
- 7
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- 845
- red floyd
- Jan 15, 2005
Semi OT: Mixing iostream and iostream.hred floyd, Mar 8, 2005, in forum: C++
- Replies:
- 3
- Views:
- 575
- Dietmar Kuehl
- Mar 8, 2005 | http://www.thecodingforums.com/threads/iostream.267919/ | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | refinedweb | 118 | 83.39 |
Planning for an Azure File Sync deployment
Use Azure File Sync.
This article describes important considerations for an Azure File Sync deployment. We recommend that you also read Planning for an Azure Files deployment. File Sync terminology
Before getting into the details of planning for an Azure File Sync deployment, it's important to understand the terminology.
Storage Sync Service
A sync group defines the sync topology for a set of files. Endpoints within a sync group are kept in sync with each other. If, for example, you have two distinct sets of files that you want to manage with Azure File Sync, you would create two sync groups and add different endpoints to each sync group. A Storage Sync Service can host as many sync groups as you need.
Registered.
Azure File Sync agent
The Azure File Sync agent is a downloadable package that enables Windows Server to be synced with an Azure file share. The Azure File Sync agent has three main components:
- FileSyncSvc.exe: The background Windows service that is responsible for monitoring changes on server endpoints, and for initiating sync sessions to Azure.
- StorageSync.sys: The Azure File Sync file system filter, which is responsible for tiering files to Azure Files (when cloud tiering is enabled).
- PowerShell management cmdlets: PowerShell cmdlets that you use to interact with the Microsoft.StorageSync Azure resource provider. You can find these at the following (default) locations:
- C:\Program Files\Azure\StorageSyncAgent\StorageSync.Management.PowerShell.Cmdlets.dll
- C:\Program Files\Azure\StorageSyncAgent\StorageSync.Management.ServerCmdlets.dll
Server endpoint
A server endpoint represents a specific location on a registered server, such as a folder on a server volume. Multiple server endpoints can exist on the same volume if their namespaces do not overlap (for example,
F:\sync1 and
F:\sync2). You can configure cloud tiering policies individually for each server endpoint.
You can create a server endpoint via a mountpoint. Note, mountpoints within the server endpoint are skipped.
You can create a server endpoint on the system volume but, there are two limitations if you do so:
- Cloud tiering cannot be enabled.
- Rapid namespace restore (where the system quickly brings down the entire namespace and then starts to recall content) is not performed.
Note
Only non-removable volumes are supported. Drives mapped from a remote share are not supported for a server endpoint path. In addition, a server endpoint may be located on the Windows system volume though cloud tiering is not supported on the system volume.
If you add a server location that has an existing set of files as a server endpoint to a sync group, those files are merged with any other files that are already on other endpoints in the sync group.
Cloud endpoint
A cloud endpoint is an Azure file share that is part of a sync group. The entire Azure file share syncs, and an Azure file share can be a member of only one cloud endpoint. Therefore, an Azure file share can be a member of only one sync group. If you add an Azure file share that has an existing set of files as a cloud endpoint to a sync group, the existing files are merged with any other files that are already on other endpoints in the sync group.
Important
Azure File Sync supports making changes to the Azure file share directly. However, any changes made on the Azure file share first need to be discovered by an Azure File Sync change detection job. A change detection job is initiated for a cloud endpoint only once every 24 hours. In addition, changes made to an Azure file share over the REST protocol will not update the SMB last modified time and will not be seen as a change by sync. For more information, see Azure Files frequently asked questions.
Cloud tiering
Cloud tiering is an optional feature of Azure File Sync in which frequently accessed files are cached locally on the server while all other files are tiered to Azure Files based on policy settings. For more information, see Understanding Cloud Tiering.
Azure File Sync system requirements and interoperability
This section covers Azure File Sync agent system requirements and interoperability with Windows Server features and roles and third-party solutions.
Evaluation cmdlet
Before deploying Azure File Sync, you should evaluate whether it is compatible with your system using the Azure File Sync evaluation cmdlet. This cmdlet checks for potential issues with your file system and dataset, such as unsupported characters or an unsupported operating system version. Note that its checks cover most but not all of the features mentioned below; we recommend you read through the rest of this section carefully to ensure your deployment goes smoothly.
The evaluation cmdlet can be installed by installing the Az PowerShell module, which can be installed by following the instructions here: Install and configure Azure PowerShell.
Usage
You can invoke the evaluation tool in a few different ways: you can perform the system checks, the dataset checks, or both. To perform both the system and dataset checks:
Invoke-AzStorageSyncCompatibilityCheck -Path <path>
To test only your dataset:
Invoke-AzStorageSyncCompatibilityCheck -Path <path> -SkipSystemChecks
To test system requirements only:
Invoke-AzStorageSyncCompatibilityCheck -ComputerName <computer name>
To display the results in CSV:
$errors = Invoke-AzStorageSyncCompatibilityCheck […] $errors | Select-Object -Property Type, Path, Level, Description | Export-Csv -Path <csv path>
System Requirements
A server running one of the following operating system versions:
Future versions of Windows Server will be added as they are released.
Important
We recommend keeping all servers that you use with Azure File Sync up to date with the latest updates from Windows Update.
A server with a minimum of 2 GiB of memory.
Important
If the server is running in a virtual machine with dynamic memory enabled, the VM should be configured with a minimum 2048 MiB of memory.
A locally attached volume formatted with the NTFS file system.
File system features
Note
Only NTFS volumes are supported. ReFS, FAT, FAT32, and other file systems are not supported.
Files skipped).
Note
The Azure File Sync agent must be installed on every node in a Failover Cluster for sync to work correctly.
Data Deduplication
Windows Server 2016 and Windows Server 2019
Data Deduplication is supported on volumes with cloud tiering enabled on Windows Server 2016. Enabling Data Deduplication on a volume with cloud tiering enabled lets you cache more files on-premises without provisioning more storage.
When Data Deduplication is enabled on a volume with cloud tiering enabled, Dedup optimized files within the server endpoint location will be tiered similar to a normal file based on the cloud tiering policy settings. Once the Dedup optimized files have been tiered, the Data Deduplication garbage collection job will run automatically to reclaim disk space by removing unnecessary chunks that are no longer referenced by other files on the volume.
Note the volume savings only apply to the server; your data in the Azure file share will not be deduped.
Note
Data Deduplication and Cloud Tiering are not currently supported on the same volume on Server 2019 due to a bug that will be fixed in a future update.
Windows Server 2012 R2
Azure File Sync does not support Data Deduplication and cloud tiering on the same volume on Windows Server 2012 R2. If Data Deduplication is enabled on a volume, cloud tiering must be disabled.
Notes
If Data Deduplication is installed prior to installing the Azure File Sync agent, a restart is required to support Data Deduplication and cloud tiering on the same volume.
If Data Deduplication is enabled on a volume after cloud tiering is enabled, the initial Deduplication optimization job will optimize files on the volume which are not already tiered and will have the following impact on cloud tiering:
- Free space policy will continue to tier files as per the free space on the volume by using the heatmap.
- Date policy will skip tiering of files that may have been otherwise eligible for tiering due to the Deduplication optimization job accessing the files.
For ongoing Deduplication optimization jobs, cloud tiering with date policy will get delayed by the Data Deduplication MinimumFileAgeDays setting, if the file is not already tiered.
- Example: If the MinimumFileAgeDays setting is 7 days and cloud tiering date policy is 30 days, the date policy will tier files after 37 days.
- Note: Once a file is tiered by Azure File Sync, the Deduplication optimization job will skip the file.
If a server running Windows Server 2012 R2 with the Azure File Sync agent installed is upgraded to Windows Server 2016 or Windows Server 2019, the following steps must be performed to support Data Deduplication and cloud tiering on the same volume:
- Uninstall the Azure File Sync agent for Windows Server 2012 R2 and restart the server.
- Download the Azure File Sync agent for the new server operating system version (Windows Server 2016 or Windows Server 2019).
- Install the Azure File Sync agent and restart the server.
Note: The Azure File Sync configuration settings on the server are retained when the agent is uninstalled and reinstalled.
Distributed File System (DFS)
Azure File Sync supports interop with DFS Namespaces (DFS-N) and DFS Replication (DFS-R).
DFS Namespaces (DFS-N): Azure File Sync is fully supported on DFS-N servers. You can install the Azure File Sync agent on one or more DFS-N members to sync data between the server endpoints and the cloud endpoint. For more information, see DFS Namespaces overview.
DFS Replication (DFS-R): Since DFS-R and Azure File Sync are both replication solutions, in most cases, we recommend replacing DFS-R with Azure File Sync. There are however several scenarios where you would want to use DFS-R and Azure File Sync together:
- You are migrating from a DFS-R deployment to an Azure File Sync deployment. For more information, see Migrate a DFS Replication (DFS-R) deployment to Azure File Sync.
- Not every on-premises server which needs a copy of your file data can be connected directly to the internet.
- Branch servers consolidate data onto a single hub server, for which you would like to use Azure File Sync.
For Azure File Sync and DFS-R to work side-by-side:
- Azure File Sync cloud tiering must be disabled on volumes with DFS-R replicated folders.
- Server endpoints should not be configured on DFS-R read-only replication folders.
For more information, see DFS Replication overview.
Sysprep
Using sysprep on a server which has the Azure File Sync agent installed is not supported and can lead to unexpected results. Agent installation and server registration should occur after deploying the server image and completing sysprep mini-setup.
Windows Search
If cloud tiering is enabled on a server endpoint, files that are tiered are skipped and not indexed by Windows Search. Non-tiered files are indexed properly.
Antivirus solutions
Because antivirus works by scanning files for known malicious code, an antivirus product might cause the recall of tiered files. In versions 4.0 and above of the Azure File Sync agent, tiered files have the secure Windows attribute FILE_ATTRIBUTE_RECALL_ON_DATA_ACCESS set. We recommend consulting with your software vendor to learn how to configure their solution to skip reading files with this attribute set (many do it automatically).
Microsoft's in-house antivirus solutions, Windows Defender and System Center Endpoint Protection (SCEP), both automatically skip reading files that have this attribute set. We have tested them and identified one minor issue: when you add a server to an existing sync group, files smaller than 800 bytes are recalled (downloaded) on the new server. These files will remain on the new server and will not be tiered since they do not meet the tiering size requirement (>64kb).
Note
Antivirus vendors can check compatibility between their product and Azure File Sync using the Azure File Sync Antivirus Compatibility Test Suite, which is available for download on the Microsoft Download Center.
Backup solutions
Like antivirus solutions, backup solutions might cause the recall of tiered files. We recommend using a cloud backup solution to back up the Azure file share instead of an on-premises backup product.
If you are using an on-premises backup solution, backups should be performed on a server in the sync group which. Volume-level restores will not replace newer file versions in the Azure file share or other server endpoints.
Note
Bare-metal (BMR) restore can cause unexpected results and is not currently supported.
Note
VSS snapshots (including Previous Versions tab) are not currently supported on volumes which have cloud tiering enabled. If cloud tiering is enabled, use the Azure file share snapshots to restore a file from backup.
Encryption solutions
Support for encryption solutions depends on how they are implemented. Azure File Sync is known to work with:
- BitLocker encryption
- Azure Information Protection, Azure Rights Management Services (Azure RMS), and Active Directory RMS
Azure File Sync is known not to work with:
- NTFS Encrypted File System (EFS)
In general, Azure File Sync should support interoperability with encryption solutions that sit below the file system, such as BitLocker, and with solutions that are implemented in the file format, such as Azure Information Protection. No special interoperability has been made for solutions that sit above the file system (like NTFS EFS).
Other Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM) solutions
No other HSM solutions should be used with Azure File Sync.
Region availability
Azure File Sync is available only in the following regions:
Azure File Sync supports syncing only with an Azure file share that's in the same region as the Storage Sync Service.
For the regions marked with asterisks, you must contact Azure Support to request access to Azure Storage in those regions. The process is outlined in this document.
Azure disaster recovery
To protect against the loss of an Azure region, Azure File Sync integrates with the geo-redundant storage redundancy (GRS) option. GRS storage works by using asynchronous block replication between storage in the primary region, with which you normally interact, and storage in the paired secondary region. In the event of a disaster which causes an Azure region to go temporarily or permanently offline, Microsoft will failover storage to the paired region.
Warning
If you are using your Azure file share as a cloud endpoint in a GRS storage account, you shouldn't initiate storage account failover. Doing so will cause sync to stop working and may also cause unexpected data loss in the case of newly tiered files. In the case of loss of an Azure region, Microsoft will trigger the storage account failover in a way that is compatible with Azure File Sync.
To support the failover integration between geo-redundant storage and Azure File Sync, all Azure File Sync regions are paired with a secondary region that matches the secondary region used by storage. These pairs are as follows:
Azure File Sync agent update policy
The Azure File Sync agent is updated on a regular basis to add new functionality and to address issues. We recommend you configure Microsoft Update to get updates for the Azure File Sync agent as they're available.
Major vs. minor agent versions
- Major agent versions often contain new features and have an increasing number as the first part of the version number. For example: *2.*.**
- Minor agent versions are also called "patches" and are released more frequently than major versions. They often contain bug fixes and smaller improvements but no new features. For example: **.3.**
Upgrade paths
There are four approved and tested ways to install the Azure File Sync agent updates.
- (Preferred) Configure Microsoft Update to automatically download and install agent updates.
We always recommend taking every Azure File Sync update to ensure you have access to the latest fixes for the server agent. Microsoft Update makes this process seamless, by automatically downloading and installing updates for you.
- Use AfsUpdater.exe to download and install agent updates.
The AfsUpdater.exe is located in the agent installation directory. Double-click the executable to download and install agent updates.
- Patch an existing Azure File Sync agent by using a Microsoft Update patch file, or a .msp executable. The latest Azure File Sync update package can be downloaded from the Microsoft Update Catalog.
Running a .msp executable will upgrade your Azure File Sync installation with the same method used automatically by Microsoft Update in the previous upgrade path. Applying a Microsoft Update patch will perform an in-place upgrade of an Azure File Sync installation.
- Download the newest Azure File Sync agent installer from the Microsoft Download Center.
To upgrade an existing Azure File Sync agent installation, uninstall the older version and then install the latest version from the downloaded installer. The server registration, sync groups, and any other settings are maintained by the Azure File Sync installer.
Automatic agent lifecycle management
With agent version 6, the file sync team has introduced an agent auto-upgrade feature. You can select either of two modes and specify a maintenance window in which the upgrade shall be attempted on the server. This feature is designed to help you with the agent lifecycle management by either providing a guardrail preventing your agent from expiration or allowing for a no-hassle, stay current setting.
- The default setting will attempt to prevent the agent from expiration. Within 21 days of the posted expiration date of an agent, the agent will attempt to self-upgrade. It will start an attempt to upgrade once a week within 21 days prior to expiration and in the selected maintenance window. This option does not eliminate the need for taking regular Microsoft Update patches.
- Optionally, you can select that the agent will automatically upgrade itself as soon as a new agent version becomes available (currently not applicable to clustered servers). This update will occur during the selected maintenance window and allow your server to benefit from new features and improvements as soon as they become generally available. This is the recommended, worry-free setting that will provide major agent versions as well as regular update patches to your server. Every agent released is at GA quality. If you select this option, Microsoft will flight the newest agent version to you. Clustered servers are excluded. Once flighting is complete, the agent will also become available on Microsoft Download Center aka.ms/AFS/agent.
Changing the auto-upgrade setting
The following instructions describe how to change the settings after you've completed the installer, if you need to make changes.
Open a PowerShell console and navigate to the directory where you installed the sync agent then import the server cmdlets. By default this would look something like this:
cd 'C:\Program Files\Azure\StorageSyncAgent' Import-Module -Name \StorageSync.Management.ServerCmdlets.dll
You can run
Get-StorageSyncAgentAutoUpdatePolicy to check the current policy setting and determine if you want to change it.
To change the current policy setting to the delayed update track, you can use:
Set-StorageSyncAgentAutoUpdatePolicy -PolicyMode UpdateBeforeExpiration
To change the current policy setting to the immediate update track, you can use:
Set-StorageSyncAgentAutoUpdatePolicy -PolicyMode InstallLatest
Agent lifecycle and change management guarantees
Azure File Sync is a cloud service, which continuously introduces new features and improvements. This means that a specific Azure File Sync agent version can only be supported for a limited time. To facilitate your deployment, the following rules guarantee you have enough time and notification to accommodate agent updates/upgrades in your change management process:
- Major agent versions are supported for at least six months from the date of initial release.
- We guarantee there is an overlap of at least three months between the support of major agent versions.
- Warnings are issued for registered servers using a soon-to-be expired agent at least three months prior to expiration. You can check if a registered server is using an older version of the agent under the registered servers section of a Storage Sync Service.
- The lifetime of a minor agent version is bound to the associated major version. For example, when agent version 3.0 is released, agent versions 2.* will all be set to expire together.
Note
Installing an agent version with an expiration warning will display a warning but succeed. Attempting to install or connect with an expired agent version is not supported and will be blocked.
Next steps
Feedback | https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/files/storage-sync-files-planning | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | refinedweb | 3,378 | 51.38 |
Fun with Lisp on Python
I’ve been hacking on a useless little project lately. My friend Brandon and I have been toying with the idea of designing a new programming language over the last couple of years. We are both compiler nerds, and many of our conversations usually lead to to a discussion about why this feature is great and why that language
sucks.
I’m a pretty big Python fan, and have been using it for years. It is still my go-to language when I just want to get something done. Unfortunately, the more I learn about programming languages like Common Lisp, Scheme, Haskell, etc., the more I run up against the restrictions that Python has.
Unfortunately, many of these are deliberate. It seams that Guido and many others resist features like continuations, macros, non-broken lambdas and proper tail recursion because they like to think of Python as a single-paradigm language. Adding these features means that some Python code could seem foreign or unfamiliar for some programmers.
I understand this argument, but on the other hand I find it extremely frustrating when I have an elegant, easy to understand solution to a problem that I just can’t use because of a seemingly arbitrary restriction.
So I thought I would kill two birds with one stone. I could start designing a language for fun (not profit :-)), and when I am ready to write the compiler, I can just emit Python bytecodes, so that I will have a huge set of libraries to experiment with, and have something usable right away.
This turned out to be extremely easy. Within a few days I had a working compiler that was near feature parity with Python, and some nice features added on. It is still pretty basic at the moment, I don’t have many of the features implemented that I have planned. For now it’s just a simple lisp-like language with similar semantics to
Python. After a couple of afternoons work, I did a google search for similar projects, and it turns out that there are about 10 people that have done something similar. I don’t really care though, this is just for fun.
One of the decisions that I made early on is that Python’s modules are a good idea. I think the module and namespace semantics are extremely well thought out in Python, and have encouraged a lot of really great patterns and idioms. So this language is definitely going to mirror that behavior.
One of the things I struggled with was under what circumstances should I allow myself to add syntactic sugar. I’m usually not a fan of such features, but there is one case where I made a compromise, and that is accessing attributes of an object. I tried to avoid this for as long as I could, but I tended to write a lot of code like this:
(set (getattr (getattr someobject 'propertya) 'propertyb) value)
In this case, I ended up settling for:
(set someobject:propertya:propertyb value)
I’m not really satisfied with that at the moment, but at least it is about the only such compromise I’ve made.
Another thing that is pretty important to me is avoiding any special operators. This is something that really bugs me about common lisp, I hate having to write code like this:
(reduce #'(lambda (x y) (* x y)) '(1 2 3))
Why can’t ‘*’ be a function? Scheme gets this right in most cases, but there are still around 10 special operators. I want zero special operators, or at least as few as possible. I ended up accomplishing this by allowing special operators to behave like functions in contexts where that made sense, and otherwise treating them like special operators. For example, the situations below would generate very different code:
(reduce * '(1 2 3))
This would simply map to a built in function for multiplication, that is only used when ‘*’ is used as a symbol. Otherwise:
(* 1 2)
This emits a normal BINARY_MULTIPLY instruction. This way it appears to have no special operators, but the code that is generated is as efficient as possible. I’ve tried to do this where ever I can.
At this point, it is possible to write just about any program you would write with Python, with a few minor exceptions that would be trivial to fix. Here is a simple pygtk program:
(import gtk) (set my-window (gtk:Window)) (my-window:set_title "Hello, World!") (my-window:connect "delete-event" (lambda (w event) (println "Goodbye, world!") (gtk:main_quit))) (my-window:show) (gtk:main)
It really is remarkable how much Python resembles a Lisp internally. In some cases, what I thought would take days of hacking turned out to only take 1/2 hour. An example was loops. I wanted to implement something like the Common Lisp loop macro, only not as terrifying :-). It turns out that the behavior isn’t much different from Python list comprehensions, so implementing something like this was pretty trivial:
(loop for x in (range 10) for y in (range 10 20) if (not (= x y)) collect (x y))
Although in the end I simplified loop a great deal, it was fun to see it work with so little effort.
I don’t know if I will actually release this code. It isn’t really that useful, it’s just a fun little project to tinker with and an easy way to try out new experimental language features. But if you want to play with what I have now, you can get it from my Bazaar branch.
bzr branch
My plan is to continue experimenting with this, and eventually weed out all of the unnecessary features. At some point I imagine having something that would be worth rewriting, maybe targeting another VM with a JIT like the LLVM, the CLR or Java, or writing my own JIT (that would be fun!).
Syndicated 2008-03-23 01:24:29 from Code walking | http://www.advogato.org/person/kwa/diary.html?start=7 | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | refinedweb | 1,003 | 67.99 |
Python: Use multiple map arguments
Python map: Exercise-7 with Solution
Write a Python program to add two given lists and find the difference between lists. Use map() function.
Sample Solution:
Python Code :
def addition_subtrction(x, y): return x + y, x - y nums1 = [6, 5, 3, 9] nums2 = [0, 1, 7, 7] print("Original lists:") print(nums1) print(nums2) result = map(addition_subtrction, nums1, nums2) print("\nResult:") print(list(result))
Sample Output:
Original lists: [6, 5, 3, 9] [0, 1, 7, 7] Result: [(6, 6), (6, 4), (10, -4), (16, 2)]
Python Code Editor:
Have another way to solve this solution? Contribute your code (and comments) through Disqus.
Previous: Write a Python program to convert all the characters in uppercase and lowercase and eliminate duplicate letters from a given sequence. Use map() function.
Next: Write a Python program to convert a given list of integers and a tuple of integers in a list | https://www.w3resource.com/python-exercises/map/python-map-exercise-7.php | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | refinedweb | 152 | 50.77 |
A few days back, we ran into an issue on a project using Backbone.js where we needed two Backbone views to be able to talk to one another. This is not an issue when there is a view A that has a reference to view B and binds to any events that propagate from B. Our issue was a little more in-depth because these views did not have references to each other, they only shared a model. We discovered two ways to handle this communication issue: the hack and the right way.
The Setup
We have a main view rendering a preview page view as well as individual item views. The main view gives the preview view a collection of items to generate and show item previews. The previews include a title, description and comment count of the items. When a user clicks a preview view to see the full version, the main view builds the full item view and swaps it in on the page (in place of the preview page). We hold copies of the full item views and the preview view in memory to allow easy swapping between pages without needing to re-render.
The Problem
When we load the full item view, we then load in all the comments associated with it. We display the comments on the page and fill in a comment count on the full view. But wait, didn’t we already have a comment count for the preview item? We did, but that was only a static attribute on the item. In the full item view, when we add or remove a comment, the comment count changes to reflect the actual count. With this setup, we never updated the comment count on the preview. Since our app swaps out the preview page and full item pages via JavaScript with the JSON provided on the full page load, that static comment count becomes stale.
The Fixes
Our goal was to give the comment collection to the item preview view when we pulled it from the server during the full item view creation. This would allow the preview view to stay up-to-date with comment count changes and keep the UI consistent. The only thing these view have directly in common was the item model (remember that the item previews were children of the preview view, which is a sibling of the full item views).
Initially our solutions were ugly. We could have the preview view bind to an event on the model and the full view trigger that event on the model, passing along the comment collection. This sounds reasonable, except that we are binding and triggering on a model that has no notion of this. It worked, but it felt dirty to just happen to have a common model to pass data over. More importantly, it would cause rework if we used two different models to render the full view and the preview view – suddenly there is no shared model.
The next idea was to pass the comment collection, after it loaded, up to the master view. The master view would then have to pass the collection to the preview view, which would then pass it down to the item preview view. This solution would work too, but would be a headache to implement. We had done this elsewhere, and it was time consuming. It not only took time, it also posed a risk if we were to add or remove a view in the chain – breaking the data sharing.
The EventBus
Backbone.js has events and event binding without a notion of a shared communication channel like an EventBus. Our final solution to our issue (surprise!) was to implement one. Below is our setup.
Simple, huh? In our application namespace we extended an empty object (with the power of underscore) to create a Backbone.Events object. This allows us to simply bind and trigger on the object from anywhere in the app.
The solution is much like Derick Bailey’s setup. Here is a look at his journey, the first post is about solving the problem and the second is a look back at the solution and how to improve it. The second post is full of great pointers on our common solution and how to get better results from it.
10 Comments
Wow, what a great idea…it’s so obvious now that I see it. Thanks!
I’m curious about your problem, but I’m finding it hard to build in my head from your description (I like pictures). Do you think you could post a diagram of your view/model/collection structure?
We updated the post with an image! model in the Collection View can bind to change on the cached comment count property and on callback, update their comment counts in the view. preview view in the Collection View can bind to change on their model’s cached comment count property and on callback, update their comment counts in the view.
One problem is that the comment view doesn’t have reference to the item model (in our real world app). This was an idea was one we considered, but felt that we shouldn’t allow a comment view to modify an item model directly (not it’s responsibility). I seem to have left this restraint out.
Ahh, ok. I thought the shared model that was referred to in the first paragraph was the model passed to the Specific Item view and each Preview Item view in the Collection View. If that was the case, it would function as a nice context specific communication channel from the top level model summary to the guts (the comment collection) it summarizes all while the views bind to changes in this channel.
Was this really “your” solution? Are you not giving credit where credit is due?
We came to this solution while looking for more help online. We did find Mr. Bailey’s solution and used his recap post to tailor our events for namespacing. I did include BOTH his posts at the bottom, referencing that he has a similar problem/solution and his recap is much more in-depth.
I do not rip other’s work off and claim it as my own. This solution can be done in many ways, and this is the most simple and common way. We could have also fixed this issues with:
MyApp.EventBus = _.clone(Backbone.Events)
Which is available on Backbone.js documentation, and somehow was missed during my reading.
Thank you for pointing out Mr. Bailey’s post. He is an awesome blogger to follow, for those in the JS community. I did find him after we had settled on our solution and have really enjoyed his other posts too.
[…] April 16th – Let’s talk; An EventBus in Backbone.js […] | https://spin.atomicobject.com/2012/04/16/lets-talk-an-eventbus-in-backbone-js/ | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | refinedweb | 1,143 | 71.34 |
Last Updated on August 14, 2020
Differencing is a popular and widely used data transform for time series.
In this tutorial, you will discover how to apply the difference operation to your time series data with Python.
After completing this tutorial, you will know:
- About the differencing operation, including the configuration of the lag difference and the difference order.
- How to develop a manual implementation of the differencing operation.
- How to use the built-in Pandas differencing function.
Kick-start your project with my new book Time Series Forecasting With Python, including step-by-step tutorials and the Python source code files for all examples.
Let’s get started.
- Updated Apr/2019: Updated the link to dataset.
Why Difference Time Series Data?.
— Page 215, Forecasting: principles and practice
Differencing is performed by subtracting the previous observation from the current observation.
In this way, a series of. creates the plot that shows a clear linear trend in the data.
Shampoo Sales Dataset Plot
Manual example below applies the manual difference() function to the Shampoo Sales dataset.
Running the example creates the differenced dataset and plots the result.
Manually Differenced Shampoo Sales Dataset
Automatic Differencing
The Pandas library provides a function to automatically calculate the difference of a dataset.
This diff() function is provided on both the Series and DataFrame objects.
Like the manually defined difference function in the previous section, it takes an argument to specify the interval or lag, in this case called the periods.
The example below demonstrates how to use the built-in difference function on the Pandas Series object.
As in the previous section, running the example plots the differenced dataset.
A benefit of using the Pandas function, in addition to requiring less code, is that it maintains the date-time information for the differenced series.
Automatic Differenced Shampoo Sales Dataset
Summary
In this tutorial, you discovered how to apply the difference operation to time series data with Python.
Specifically, you learned:
- About the difference operation, including the configuration of lag and order.
- How to implement the difference transform manually.
- How to use the built-in Pandas implementation of the difference transform.
Do you have any questions about differencing, or about this post?
Ask your questions in the comments below.
Hi there, here is a recent work on time series that gives a time series a symbolic representation.
Thanks for sharing.
Have a question. What if the difference is negative?
Some differences will be positive, some negative.
Hi, which will be the most pythonic way to set the negative difeferece as zero. Let say that I have some bookings for t+1 and a forecast.
My approach is make it work first, then make it readable.
Are difference functions only useful to remove structures like trends and seasonality,
or can they also be used to build features from trends in data sets?
What other techniques are available to use trends and seasonality in a constructive way in time series predictions?
You can use the transformed variables and extracted structures as features, but check that they lift the skill of the model.
See this post on feature engineering in time series forecasting:
Thanks for these posts, Dr. Brownlee! I like the picture of the beach
Thanks Chris.
Hi there,I log on to your new stuff named “How to Difference a Time Series Dataset with Python – Machine Learning Mastery” regularly.Your humoristic style is awesome, keep up the good work! And you can look our website about proxy list.
Thanks.
Thank you for valuable insights. Could you please explain how would it be possible to take the third or second difference ?
You apply the difference operation to the already differenced series.
for “value = int(dataset[i])-int(dataset[i-interval])”
why it shows “TypeError: only length-1 arrays can be converted to Python scalars”
thanks in advance！
Perhaps ensure that you have copied all of the code from the example?
Hi Jason, thanks for posting this, but I’m curious what to do about the NAs after using the diff() function? I’m guessing that data should just be removed? Or should they just be imputed?
Removed.
I TRIED TO RUN YOUR CODE, BUT I RECEIVED THIS MASSAGE
(data_string, format))
ValueError: time data ‘190Sales of shampoo over a three year period’ does not match format ‘%Y-%m’
THANK YOU IN ADVANCE
It looks like you might not have deleted the file footer or downloaded the data in a different format.
Here is a direct link to the data file ready to use:
Do you perform differencing on just the output data or do you difference the features if they are time dependent as well?
Both inputs and outputs.
How does one invert the differencing after the residual forecast has been made to get back to a forecast including the trend and seasonality that was differenced out?
Good question, I show how in this post:
Copy Paste ?
Thanks for this awesome content by the way !
That’s a shame. I’ll ask him to take it down. Google will also penalize him ferociously.
Doing this, I will have no value for the first observation, I mean Yt-Yt-1 will be my first value and I will have an observation less?
Yes.
How to undifference?
Add the values back.
how to do that
This tutorial has an example of differencing and inverse differencing:
Hi Jason! As always a great tutorial.
I need to know, how to get the forecast values of unseen data if the data were differenced by first_order.
Detail:
I am doing univariate ARIMA forecasting for oil prices 3 times a day. The data was uneven so interpolated with forward-fill with an hourly rate. I did forecasting using first-order-differencing. To compare test_data and predictions, I reversed the predictions and test-data (integration).
Now the question is what I do when I don’t have test data but I have forecast unseen data. How would I integrate the predictions back to normal then the different predictions?
the ARIMA will perform the differencing and inverse-differencing for you via the d parameter.
Otherwise, you can do it manually, here’s code to do it:
can u please tell me hoe to extract forecasted value in graph.i got predicted value,but not able to extract forecasted value in python using arima model
predictions_ARIMA_diff=pd.Series(results_ARIMA.fittedvalues, copy=True)
print(predictions_ARIMA_diff.head())
predictions_ARIMA_diff_cumsum=predictions_ARIMA_diff.cumsum()
print(predictions_ARIMA_diff_cumsum.head())
predictions_ARIMA_log=pd.Series(ts_log[0],index=ts_log.index)
predictions_ARIMA_log=predictions_ARIMA_log.add(predictions_ARIMA_diff_cumsum, fill_value=0)
predictions_ARIMA_log.head()
# Next -take the exponent of the series from above (anti-log) which will be the predicted value?—?the time series forecast model.
##Now plot the predicted values with the original.
#Find the RMSE
predictions_ARIMA=np.exp(predictions_ARIMA_log)
plt.plot(ts)
plt.plot(predictions_ARIMA)
plt.title(‘RMSE: %.4f’% np.sqrt(sum((predictions_ARIMA-ts)**2)/len(ts)))
#Future Prediction
#Predict for 5 year. We have 144 data points + 60 for next 5 yrs. i.e. predict for 204 data points
results_ARIMA.plot_predict(1,204)
You can plot a forecast using matplotlib, e.g. the plot() function.
Hi Jason,
Can you perform differencing while also adding a lag of a variable (dependent or independent) in the equation?
Thanks
Sure.
Great python tutorial on time series.
Thanks! I’m glad it helped.
unable to run
# create a differenced series
def difference(dataset, interval=1):
diff = list()
for i in range(interval, len(dataset)):
value = dataset[i] – dataset[i – interval]
diff.append(value)
return Series(diff)
error on
value = dataset[i] – dataset[i – interval]
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: ‘str’ and ‘str’
Sorry to hear that, this might help:
Just read the error. Clearly
datasetis an array of strings while it should be floats/ints.
Hi Jason, thanks for your very informative tutorials. I’m a PhD student using a time series of ocean data to create a multiple linear regression model (statsmodels GLSAR, as there is autocorrelation of residuals). I’m using the model to then predict past (rather than future) values, but these are for single data points rather than a continuous time series.
However, the dependent variable I am using is not stationary (shows seasonality), and the independent variables show a mix of trend, seasonality and stationarity.
I have a couple of questions:
1) If I want to remove stationarity, I assume I use a mix of differencing and removing trends where applicable, and then create my model. How do I then apply this model to my predictions? Is it the same, or do I need to add the trends/differences back before using it to predict, somehow?
2) I’m using an algorithm to find the combination of independent variables that give the highest R-squared value for my regression. Machine learning is growing in use in my speciality, and I would like to try it. Do you think this sounds suitable? I have 13 years of twice-daily data for training.
I hope this is clear, happy to answer any questions.
Yes, differencing to remove trend, seasonal differencing to remove seasonality. Just like you propagate the differencing down the training set, you can also propagate it down the test set. Then invert the differencing on the predictions to get the original scale.
I recommend testing a suite of methods and use controlled experiments to discover what works best.
Hi Jason, thank you for this great tutorial,
I would like to know how to difference a time series date attribute to get a series of durations ?
Sorry, I don’t understand your question. Can you please elaborate?
I have a data in which I have two indexes, the id and date, each id has a series of dates, and I want to extract the difference between dates for each id.
Great. Sounds like you will need to develop some custom code.
what do you propose?
Developing custom code to meet the requirements of your project. Engineering, not machine learning.
I don’t have the capacity to do engineering for you sorry. If it is challenging you can try posting your question to stackoverflow or hire an engineer?
Hey Jason, love your tutorials! I wanted to ask you how we could plot the trend line if we difference. I’ve been looking everywhere online and I can’t find how?
Thanks!
If you plot the raw data (before differencing) you should be able to see the trend if present.
if i use built it differencing —- diff = series.diff()
how could i inverse it >?
Also is it possible to use built in differencing in multivariate data? how?
You can see examples of differencing and inverse differencing here:
What is the discrepancy between what is referred to as ‘log difference’ and ‘first difference’ when differencing a time series? I am looking to use ACF/PACF with stationary/transformed data to estimate my ARIMA parameters but I keep running into these two ‘differences’ and I can’t tell if they’re used interchangeably or not. Also if there is a discrepancy how can we use log difference in our code using pandas?
PS: Jason, your website has helped me during my academic career and now in my early-career as an intern who is hoping to get a full time job soon – I just wanted to thank you for all the work you’ve done.
I’ve not heard the terms, sorry.
You can log the data, you can difference the data, and you can do both with different order.
Hi Jason,
Thanks for your tutorials. I have a question. After differencing, I am getting a stationary series and that I want to confirm it by doing an ADF Test. This is my code –
from pandas import read_csv
from statsmodels.tsa.stattools import adfuller
series = read_csv(‘D:/Management Books/BSE Index Daily Closing.csv’, header=0, index_col=0, squeeze=True)
X = series.values
diff = series.diff()
X = diff(X)
result = adfuller(X)
print(‘ADF Statistic: %f’ % result[0])
print(‘p-value: %f’ % result[1])
print(‘Critical Values:’)
for key, value in result[4].items():
print(‘\t%s: %.3f’ % (key, value))
When I run it, I get an error like
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
in
4 X = series.values
5 diff = series.diff()
—-> 6 X = diff(X)
7 result = adfuller(X)
8 print(‘ADF Statistic: %f’ % result[0])
TypeError: ‘Series’ object is not callable
Please lemme know how to rectify the error.
You’re welcome.
Perhaps try extracting the numpy array from the series after differencing?
Hi Jason,
Thanks a lot for your helped. It worked. Bingo !!!!!!
Well done, I’m happy to hear that!
Hi Jason
How do we convert the values back to original scale to be able to compare prediction with actual?
You can call inverse_transform(), see this tutorial for more information: | https://machinelearningmastery.com/difference-time-series-dataset-python/ | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | refinedweb | 2,130 | 57.57 |
Created on 2009-04-09 11:25 by wosc, last changed 2010-07-30 10:00 by georg.brandl. This issue is now closed.
When pdb is called from inside a doctest under python2.5, the readline
keys do not work anymore -- like they did just fine in 2.4.
Steps to reproduce:
1. Create two files, foo.txt and foo.py, like so:
$ cat > foo.txt
>>> import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
$ cat > foo.py
import doctest; doctest.testfile('foo.txt')
2. run it
$ python2.5 foo.py
3. If I now press Ctrl-P, I get "^P" printed on the prompt, instead of
going back in the readline history. Likewise, the arrow keys print
escape sequences instead of moving the cursor.
I've tracked down the reason by diffing pdb.py and cmd.py between 2.4
and 2.5:
It turns out that pdb.Pdb in 2.5 changes the way it handles input
depending on whether an explicit output was provided, more precisely, it
disables readline in that case. I don't understand what's going on here,
but there is a simple, non-intrusive fix on the doctest side, see the
attached patch.
Unfortunately, I can't imagine how to write a test to check this behaviour.
Hi,
How about changing pdb's behavior, that it disables readline only if the
passed stream is not the stdout stream?
Also when looking at doctest module, I found that bdb's trace_dispatch
was overridden to set the debugger's output stream to something other
than stdout. I presume, that since prior to 2.5, pdb never took the
stdin and stdout arguments and that overridden method was needed to make
pdb use a stream other than stdout, but now that 2.5 allows us to pass
the output stream in init method of pdb, that function is no longer
needed.
Thanks
Hi,
This is the first bug am working in python, kindly excuse my mistakes,
if any.
As far as I can understand, the pdb disabled readline when an explicit
stdin or stdout is passed, to allow remote debugging.
I found this in Python 2.5.4 Release log.
"""
Patch #721464: pdb.Pdb instances can now be given explicit stdin and
stdout arguments, making it possible to redirect input and output
for remote debugging.
"""
Now in doctest.py since we pass the stdout argument (which is always
sys.stdout) to pdb.py, readline is always disabled when pdb is invoked
from doctest.py.
One fix I can think of is to have pdb disable use of readline, not if
any output stream is passed but only if a output stream other than
sys.stdout is passed. I infact believe, this will preserve the
functionality of pdb.py that existed before release of version 2.5.4
The above fix would still not solve the problem because before we pass
the output stream to pdb.py, we override sys.stdout in doctest to
doctest's spoofout. So in pdb.py, sys.stdout will not point to real
sys.stdout. This can be fixed by overriding sys.stdout after we
initialize the debugger.
Please find the patch for doctest and pdb as an attachment.
Thanks
Sriram
Hi,
I believe this behaviour can be tested if we can prove that Cmd's cmdloop uses raw_input to get the data as against self.stdin.readline().
To test it, ideally I would have liked to override sys.stdin with a fake input stream and pass the list of args (like it's done in test_doctest.py). I can then pass the character codes for Up and Down Arrows in our fake stream and check if the raw_input can use readline and move through the fake input stream but that won't be possible because the C implementation of raw_input uses the readline functionality if only both stdin and stdout are from a terminal.
So alternatively, if we can just ensure that doctest's pdb (_OutputREdirectingPdb) has use_rawinput as 1, we can be assured that readline will be used.
I have attached the svn diff with trunk. Please review and comment
Thanks
Sriram
Hi,
On second thoughts, it made more sense to validate pdb directly instead of validating doctest's debugger.
I have also used few inputs, I got from irc chat at #python-dev room in writing the test case. Thanks to them.
I have attached the svn diff.
Please review them
Thanks
Sriram
Fixed in r83271. I think the first patch's approach is better, since it does not affect pdb, only doctest's adaption of pdb. Consequently, I couldn't use the test case; thanks anyway for that! | https://bugs.python.org/issue5727 | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | refinedweb | 776 | 76.93 |
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2.3. Adding data units to a contract
Overview
Depending on how you choose to create your WSDL contract, creating new data definitions requires varying amounts of knowledge. The Apache CXF GUI tools provide a number of aids for describing data types using XML Schema. Other XML editors offer different levels of assistance. Regardless of the editor you choose, it is a good idea to have some knowledge about what the resulting contract should look like.
Procedure
Defining the data used in a WSDL contract involves the following steps:
- Determine all the data units used in the interface described by the contract.
- Create a
typeselement in your contract.
- Create a
schemaelement, shown in Example 2.1, “Schema entry for a WSDL contract”, as a child of the
typeelement.The
targetNamespaceattribute specifies the namespace under which new data types are defined. Best practice is to also define the namespace that provides access to the target namespace. The remaining entries should not be changed.
Example 2.1. Schema entry for a WSDL contract
<schema targetNamespace="" xmlns="" xmlns:
- For each complex type that is a collection of elements, define the data type using a
complexTypeelement. See Section 2.5.1, “Defining data structures”.
- For each array, define the data type using a
complexTypeelement. See Section 2.5.2, “Defining arrays”.
- For each complex type that is derived from a simple type, define the data type using a
simpleTypeelement. See Section 2.5.4, “Defining types by restriction”.
- For each enumerated type, define the data type using a
simpleTypeelement. See Section 2.5.5, “Defining enumerated types”.
- For each element, define it using an
elementelement. See Section 2.6, “Defining elements”. | https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_jboss_fuse/6.3/html/apache_cxf_development_guide/wsdladdingdataunits | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | refinedweb | 304 | 60.61 |
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The Key West citizen ( November 5,:
November 5,
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exhibited to the public view through Governor Eugene Tal- uary 3 and January 12 the mem- local weather bureau said that the Some few places during the < ept from & flare being used by
men in public office and men bYI madge-both may be heard together bership of the house will have be storm was approximately 90 miles afternoon placed storm shutters, t' novinjj picture men making hundred-mile front.
in fore it a bill for payment of the west northwest of Key West and and later in the evening a num- Beginning at once WPA i scenes for the "Mirch of Time."
December. j Many of these individual
aspire!! to public office. Underneath bonus. The "ayes" and "nays" of was apparently remaining in one ber of business places with large tary section trucks will pick' PI-I'I Operators for the a<-
a very large percentage of What Act I* the 435 representatives" will be recorded position. t. I display window sand expanses of only trash and garbage and I company poets of the developing battle ar>-
them really are pessimists not The act over which a legal either on the Patman billor The attitude of Key Westers glass frontage. took the usual (I no longer be able to collect were taking pictures on Duval highly interesting, though,
optimists. storm for months has been brewing the Vinson bill. when advised of the proximity of' precautions. But a"survey of the I j t l brush and the like as was forte .-. j I street\ showing business places: be- even :t
Political represented the first effortin The Democratic leadership of the storm last evening was varied.In city generally this morning show-!|,! ly done. 1 Ir tug prepared to withstand the onslaught is impossible at this stage to iv
hobgoblins are no re-, American history for federal the house hug been and will be I many cases persons accostedabout ed that many did not do so and J!f r Under the nejy sanitary piv-i I of the elements and shutters how they will fit eventually; inu .
specters of persons. They put government control of productionof from now or in serious confer the threatening conditions but few houses showed any active -.i ject, prepared by the State Board ,I t were being placed niposition. the campaign.
many a party chief into a mid. a major crop and upon it is ence to determine which bill will would say "well a storm can not] preparations to guard against I of Health, there has been a marked f, when the pictures were being taken Johnson An Enigma
night sweat and assail many a'1 based a law for the control of tobacco ) be voted on first. Politicians are I make things worse than they are wind and rain. I I, reduction in the number of''I by using the flares to lighten _
stalwart with creeps and jitters. I another great "money' laying odds that the first vote will -- -- trucks and men to be used in the the scene and make perfect photography I Gen. Hugh Johawn, who Kid.
crop." come on the Vinson bilL Their I -- -- work A. C. Tanner in charge of I possible. much to do with .r. Roose\cit .
Without reference whatever
any i The Bankhead measure empowers predictions are based on: the work said today.A strategy fa 199*, Ami who later
to the present occupant of : the secretary agriculture toallocate 1. Representative ,Dough- [ .cilfondExpl ias .Status .Of new schedule of garbage and made NRA faaMvaV is becoming
the White House it- is of record cotton,growers.: upon -ton of Northi arolip'hair:- ? ". ._ .' _trash collection js bging worked PLANJOJIESTORENAMES< 'I" V n 1f-eII I aa to .
that not even chief i executives the basiS or past yields, an allowed ma 'Y'ot'the ways and means out'by the'fruck drivers a'nd"will :
i a class Skeletons are immune.Are Rattling ass II I I issues quota certificates of production.representingthis lie committee 2. Action and of his the authority.American I Wage Scale ""In.'WPA.: Program .be days.announced within the. next few LEFT OFF his ington.In erstwhile. colleagues in Hash.
As quota to each farmer, who Legion convention this ., I I speeches and magazine
to 1936, both Democrats and I -
', may grow and sell that specified year in St Louis calling for i I LIST! OFYOTERSELECTION articles the General MOW reaffirm*.
things Republicans calculated are able to,to make visualize the I' amount without the payment of payment of the bonus with- FALMON ALBURY !I Commenting oa agitation which CUBA ARRIVES his loyalty to the "new deal"
any tax. Let him get above the out inflation.
praises the Iresideat I ,
teeth chatter. I West highly and
has been in
instigated Key
Every member of the house of quota however and a tax representing 3. That the house will DIED HERtfTODAYFUNERAL FROM l HAVANA ; COMMISSIONERS I then proceed to huabast governmental -
half the market value pass the first bonus bill pre-
.
under the
reelec- I n the wage scale paid policy:: in arveral Import-
representatives is up for L--.. TO HOtf> MEETING TOMORROW '
of the cotton is slapped on. Criminal sented whether the author ant dirertifas.
tion. Included are scores of:| WPA, M. E. Cilfend local administrator .*
be Patman Vinson. -
i penalties are authorized for or
Democrats who know their dis-' I Steamship tptba-l of the P. and {EVENING AT CITY Questioned by Democratic 1,1ders
tricts are normally Republican!!I handling uncertified cotton-a Byrne Get Petition SERVICES WILL BE r pointed out that i in cooperation O. S. S. company; which sailed about that behavior, John-on
maximum fine of $1,000 and a Stated bluntly, the Democratic: from Havana 9:20 o'clock this HALL FOR THIS PURPOSE has ranged thai he merely is try-
and considerable
number Republicans [
a of :six-months' jail sentence. leadership in the house (where : CONDUCTED TOMORROW with E. A. Pynchon
who wish they knew how, Ii I morning arrived here this after- nig to change the trend of an a-i-
far they dared go in condemning)!i The first of the suits to reach such legislation as the bonus must AFTERNOON i state WPA administrator, a 10 noon. Whether or not the ship ministration he dearly loves anti
the administration.Only I i the court, a challenge loathe constitutionality originate) is out to beat" the Pat- will sail for Tampa tonight will be Qualified voters who expect to warmly supports.Yet .
of the manites to "the d-iw. ---- I! percent increase already had been determined later. in
a third of the senators'' measure vote the election November 12 the point of it all remain'
made in the of action There's a petition on the desk / Steamer Florida is due to sail but who find their obscure to the Roosevelt
course an
but most of them i obtained for workers in Key West names missing goner
find
are up, of Falmon Albury, 65, died 11}
their I i'by Lee Moor, a Texas cotton Speaker Byrns new signed bya age from Miami 8 o'clock tonight for from the qualified list as published ala; for Mr. Roosevelt i.. "n firmly)
sleep disturbed by the proSe of the which o'clock this morning at his residence which is all that be done.
house
| can
majority
of either I I'grower against the Texas and Key West and is expected'about in The Citizen last Friday, may committed to such policies! a-' t 111'
pert strong opposition 1225 Grinnell street.
from within their New Orleans railroad company!I forces automatically a vote on the I Neither he nor Mr. Pynchon cast 6 o'clock tomorrow morning. have their names restored. AAA program large relief expenditures -
own party or Patman bill January 13. The Vin- Funeral services will be held 5j I I
embodies most of the assertion'' For this of restoring and readju"tr".n'
purpose currency
by a militant and hungry group of bill if blessed the house o'clock tomorrow afternoon from'' d. anything about the scale."I '
son by
"outs both. I made in the Talmadge action but' I i INCREASED ORDERS names which may have been j (to all of which Johnson tak\ --
,
or the latter I ways and means committee, easily the chapel of Pritchara's Funeral am willing to do stricken omitted that it hard find)
So far the situa-I covers broader constitutional -( everything !! or from the { exception) is to
as presidential Home. Rev. Shuler Peele of
could be maneuvered into
ground and is regarded -: an even I possible to cooperate with any reputable BIRMINGHAM, England.The qualiied list, the election commissioners anyone who. sees the slightest! pos
tion '
itself is concerned of
plenty I than both Fleming Street Methodist Church
as affording a more direct I more preferred status committee which the world demand for Jews I will meet 7 o'clock tomor- eibihty tit he will pronounce it
skeletons in the
are rattling will officiate.Mr. I
closet. test 'I now enjoy jointly. laborers may name to work on an harps has increased to !such! an ex- row night in city hall, and remain -j all a mistake: and turn in the other -
And ways and means probablyis A'lbury is survived by one increase in the wage scale. However tent that manufacturers in this in session until 830. dvrMffOn.
The chief Democratic spook the most powerful single group daughter( Mrs. Lena Johnson; two!! officers holding the posi- city are unable to. keep up with This will be the only change! ', ," LandoV Boom
just now is the possibility that POLITICAL RALLY in brothers!!, Eddie and Harry Albury' the '
congress. orders.
Birmingham is said to
tions do neither do and
I we of us can given those whose names are
the supreme court overthrowthe i I No; recent development. in RcpnbBean -
may and two .
grandchildren. be the ,
II|i anything said. only city in the world not'pn the qualified list and are :
whole Roosevelt program.' HERE NEW ARRIVAL AT I( "I believe WPA workers havetaken where this particular musical in. desirous! of being qualified, should / Banks has. caused more
That would mean that a new program I strument is $Pfcub\tOB than the sodden hlo-
manufactured for take
of
POSTPONEDI ADVISORY advantage the opportunity
would have to be devised I the right steps in naming.a world distribution. SomiBg' oat of the boom for GOT.
,
right in 'the midst of a campaign I DU BREU1L HOME I committee to work for the increased it is pointed out. ernor Landm of Kansas for the
I scale instead of --- .. nomination
wage -- -- presidential next
else it
year or would Announcement ADVISORY 9:30 A. M.-Trop-
raise a constitutional i issue! which that the was: made scheduled today ical disturbance is centered about I walking off the jobs, since they
political rally
many Democratic leaders wish to to be held tonight, has been: Announcement has been madeof 85 miles!! west-northwest of Key cannot strike in the common acceptance -Miami's Storm Damage EstimatedAt year.Presented by his friend a= "a
the word. "
of
They merely -
avoid. West with somewhat diminished I Kansas Coolidge: the governor
postponed until some other date. the birth of a seven-pound boyto
There are others. The budget Wet Park I intensity but still attended by I quit and as an officer of the evidently plants to do only such
grounds at Bayview DuBreuil
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph
tangle, the deficits, and the urgent following the rains of last night I yesterday at their home, 312 Wil- shifting gales!! and probably winds i government I cannot approve pay- I Million Dollars' rpeeehHwakias; as she is compelled t
rolls for them if they have not Approximately
do. His admirers '
necessity" of deciding what relief would it is expected prevent a liam street. near hurricane force over a very to say he will
funds to ask for next year-this, large attendance which will defeat: The new arrival has been given !small! area near center. Rate of worked. However I shall be gladto spend his time being i too busy with
diminished I lend my assistance to any offi- his present job to talk about national -
has -
all is part of a nightmare of dancing the purpose for which the meeting the name of Billie Merrill Du- movement somewhat I I
figures and gaping discrepiancies. I was to be held. BreuiL indicating a possible change cial committee in presenting the Hurricane news sent out by the A small fishing boat left Miami politics.
And the Republicans area j I I in direction but ship reports do matter of a wage increase to the early yesterday morning, That is conceded on ('\pry
show indirection proper officials of the WPA," he naval reserve network during the headed hand to be good. strategy-provided
change for
seeing to it that the specter ofd' not definitely any sea with three persons
the Democratic promises of 1932, S of movement from west- concluded. I night from Miami indicated damage Mr. Oman Mr. Johnson and son. I it can be executed. But ca i
is not forgotten. J Key West Administration Working I i southwest or west. All interestson Asked about workers being required I Nothing was heard from them up i he, etttjfifr is the midst of th-,
Political Blues | Florida Gulf coast!! urged to to pay transportation one; amoeunting to approximately to the time the report was received. -I farm belt, keep silent on the farm
I keep in touch with future advisories boats to point on the Keys whereJ question
Among the Republicans walk' from Weather Bureau. they are working Mr. Jl.OQO.OOO. Rocket Some of Us advisers say h>'
the of rivalries and For Of Plane Service t'I| were sent up from a
ghosts past Expansion
I Caution advised all vessels in eastern !! that the administration!! furnishes : ett was made'after vessel aground on Miami Beach.It cannot afford to be against AAAon
the insinuating certainty of new Gulf. transportation to No Name' Key] was later learned the ship was accovnt of the effect in the
ones.Vague -- ,.....f o and from there the men pay their :,a .hasty. survey of Miami and five 'a tanker and was stranded about west. Others say he cannot afford
and mournful questions j Further plan and efforts for I giving this city wider field from AAA
r a NOTICE way to points where they are three-quarters of a mile from the not to be against on
shape themselves in the murk mile north. and showed that most
: the benefit of visitors.: working.He ; Pancoast Hotel The of the account: of the effect in 'the east.!
Key West being which to attract name
Can a party split possibly! be! I i ,The Election Commissioners of pointed out that workers on l.f the damage was to power Uses, vessel was not given. I And all of the time the questionof
avoided if :Mr.! Hoover orIr.:! .: made by the WPA administration He has conferred with"1 James
I ; the City of Key West Florida, the Keys under the FERA receive Snake Creek where. a large AAA is being pinned toward
Borah or both decide to run?;|; were outlined to The Citizen this I Tongs president .of ..Miami-Key I will meet at the City Hall Council $12 food and shelter which is roW fr Buildings, plate glass number of men are employed, the center of political depute
How can four billion dollars be,! I West Airways Ino, and has also Chamber1 on Wednesday November greatly in excess of the pay for I and trees. was evacuated 1 o'clock yester- Just keeping silent !sometimes is
beaten Has the campaign started morning by Administrator M. E. talked with officials in Tampa and 6, 1935 for the pur- workers in Key West. Tare is a day afternoon and all of the men the hardest of all political tak-.
too soon, and is the tide turning' Cilfond.I I II I Miami. A joint meeting of the pose of restoring any name or weekly income of about $%.SOO I Water was reported two feet reached Miami safely. as many a candidate and near
back to Roosevelt? Suppose a''' interested parties probably will beheld names shown to have been improperly coming to people in Key West I Supplies were requested from candidate has learned in the pa't.
I ..
war scare lift up a "stand-by-the-I I Efforts are being made be I sometime this month when a stricken or omitted from from the wages paid on' the Keys. I deep Biscayne Boulevard and Fort Screven Ga., to be sent to
President" issue? j I definite decision is expected relative said registration books from 7:00 Furnishing transportation to
1 said to obtain plane service fromMiami i two women dead. The death of the Dade County Armory where ,
Perhaps the most realistic of, ,I to the service. P. M. to 8:30 P. M. and from No Name; Key by truckis CCC groups are housed. Disinfectants :
the Republican banshees is the' to Key West and Tampa:I Meantime efforts are being I :Please govern yourselves ac all the administration can do ,the women wa an unconfirmed bandages, bed clothes cloth
AAA. The problem of what to do'I and from Tampa to Key West to I' made to obtain six-day-a-week cordingly.CARLYLE in the matter the administrator report. ing, socks shoe and other supplies I $edgr4m.S
about the farm situation gives]I I service by planes from :Miami to I ROBERTS said but he has taken up the were asked for. I
many a Republican leader an Miami which will make Key West!I Key West and this probably will I IRA F. ALBURY question'tof the boat transportation Several buildings were reported It was announced the Ferry Es- ana ic .wry
ugly l turn time he out'i, I II into effect December 1 Mr. JOHN COLLINS Carl Bervaldi of i WHISKIES AND GINS
every goes I I the central point of tke service go I with Chairman down in Hj'aleab, and vicinityand trada Palma was at Port Everglades
in the dark. J I Gilfond said. I nov4-2t Election Commissioners. the county commissioners. a, number of persons injured. and all on board were safe.]I I
.
-- ---
YOU'LL BE' PREPARED TO ENTERTAIN THOSE UNEXPECTED GUESTS IF YOU'LL, ALWAYS KEEP WAGNER BEER IN YOUR ICE BOX. FACA- 22RBB801
i
...
1r:
i 4i
,
TWO THE KEY WEST CITIZEN TUESDAY NOVEMBER 5, '-
mt t 4tW t 1 P A JUDGE CUTS THE FEES erected on the principal streets of .ed last night -at the Ati letc
c tP n I UNUSUAL FACTS REVEALEDi I KEY WEST IN all thoroughfares. : Club. He knocked: out his op-
,published r ulv Except Sunday Cy: Some of the criticism that is directed i ponent, Sid Barrett, in the U Irl,
TIIK CITIZEN rlBl.lMll CO. 1'%C. I MouicSlu" DAYS GONE BY ....
1_ r. ART\:'i. ......I..t against the lawyers and the courts in this J. L. Nichols, authority on rat I round of the fight. The Key W
JOB ALLKN. .%...!.<..( !}..!. .. Maaacrr country is based upon the inability of the i '' t -w i f i Uppentnc. Her Jn t 10 Yean extermination :save a most instructive 'lad proved too strong and spec y
i | X* a chidJoa.rnsittr mt \ II Ago Today A. Tk.a From i
From The Citizen Bui.:lie* : address today at the for has opponent from Miami. ,
to issues
Coraer Greta and Ana Street. public comprehend many or to II L$ &nd ffftstfiXid plays w&h httstlf ; Tbo File Of The Citizen '!
understand the work done by lawyers and 11 in ttt stdfaf fata and GmrStnctv < weekly luncheon of the Rotary -
Only Dally N wpaper In Key West and Monroe officials -- / ad Bofbara. I*sufpor&if fxutl. > Club on the subject. "How To i Because of the social prominence
court in certain cases. At the II List night in the Strand Thea-
County. Get Rid Of Rats. Ills talk was of the family of Mr. and,
same time, the public is convinced, and 1- ter the chamber of commerce
ntered ... matterKIFTYMtTIi ;
second clan
: Ky: W > t Florida as I started a movement in connec- heard with interest. Mrs! William Perpall in Miami
----- rightly so, that very often legal proceed I l o lDrrr.d '
1KAB.MnaWr r .. Sly tion with the advertising cam- and because they are former re-i;
.f the AMlat t Frrra ings which are ostensibly instituted for the E SHt COULDNT ;x", 1 I 1i paign which will mean much for Editorial comment: Two more I'dents of Key WePt where they
eke Associated Press In .Mduslrrfy entitled to use protection of parties to the litigation, wind TAKE 1T I i Key West when it is perfectedand vessels will soon be launched on have a host of friends, the announcement -
for r-c-Wi: : *at1o; % of all new d'-patches credited to that it will,be was evidencedby the proverbially "turbulent sea ofjournalism" of the engagement <.>f
credited If. fbia paper and also in distribution of valuable in 1I
.1 >r not otherwise up a assets; : I
.r the enthusiasm which greetedthe in Key West, where their daughter. MMS Marjoru-
h' !
the local ne*> published rehATI&IAI
_____ '
the shape of fees and allowances among: ? t I speakers when the idea wa !
EDITORIAL) the lawyers involved. B .A< MMB-V.* BvaaM im bro.c s2 J..' The meeting auto time past attempted to ride r !': a great del of friendly in-
)) ASSOCIATION I Qei rtjffaft most prized. matically} 'converted into a drive the bounding flows but went to ,. terest. The date of the wedding
What
u seems to be a recent example of x 9
<=:/yLelr-tblA.. 93 :$ DOtfftS&lOtt if 4 t.lg/e111. sltliLzf&r for chamber of commerce memberships 'pieces on the shoals. We will see I I has been set for Tuesday evening.(.
this comes to light in New York City where i ,ktssonaLLu awe*fc / % !.i j.;, !\ in order to secure funds I what we will see. i| November 10, at the borne of the
RII'T0.ATES
lore Year _... 0000.I\I..:. .. .. "00'__ ..._. '_'___:10..' Federal Judge Alfred C. Coxe, criticized four yi4 A52yW42f. / /f to form the nucleus of an advertising bride's parents. I
Fix' MonthsTkr 00 00 m""" .-- _.. :.!: the "vicarious generosity" with stock- t fund. It was decided to I Baby Reyes was declared: the I I
Jn o Mvntn Month _... __...,_ I use all funds collected during the winner of the main bout in the I Subscribe to The Citizen-20e
Weekly* ......=::.-..-- .:.-._--:-=:.:-- :.xeAlt'ERTJcL holders' money and ruled against pay- membership drive to last 30 daysto boxing exhibition which! was stag. I I I weekly.
G RATES ments toa "multiplicity" of lawyers and :; awr 7K.T.J start the advertising cam --, --------- -- --- -- -
Hade known on application.btECIAL. committees in the receivership and reorganization Hb&rdnAys/ toyuvr Vie paign.
'OT'CI of the Paramount-Publix Cor- i ; 1\ f/atlirlrmrl fneneh.After a. bus* ctau
AH reading notices, cards of flu .ks, resolution of -' -'
respect, obituary notices, etc" fit >e charged for at poraton now known as Paramount Pictures .y. at CottunbJa Studios hi iUA1yu, r tar Malcolm Meacham. 'p !lidf'nt \
the rate of 19 cents a line.Notices uttLmalkrn_ to order ha tiLulyf < cf the Key West Foundation company For Limited
for entertainments by ci.urthe from whicha Incorporated.He iR trend a
; or go- !*v arrived in Key West yesterday -
revenue In to l e derived are 5 cents a line. I '
The Citixfn: Is am open foruni and Invites. dlscui states that 53 petitioners includingsome M ,1,.. I wivlout it I : afternoon with Mrs.!
.1 i in of public Issues. and .u**}* ts of local or general Meacham. Mr. Meacham conferred 1
Interest but it will not public anor.ymous communi of the most prominent law firms in 4t I
cations. t.sc with his engineer, Mr Time
New York City filed claims for "servicesand [ Caldwell this morning. Progress' Only
expenses" amounting to $3,239,828 in is being made on clearing the: ,
IMPROVEMENTS FOR KEY WEST Meacham tract at the eastern i
a case which has been in the court for I
ADVOCATED BY THE CITIZEN end of the island and a map is I, \
One
Buriic
more than two years. The Federal judge being prepared which will Fh<*sin :I
loft a pnawait' Jrrunoqtfu ''
allowed only $1,026,711, disallowing three- 3S detail the properties which are
1., Water andlSewtrage. ..!! fourths of the amount asked for services a cat,and oonfls&tf tiuo pan oftt/o otr. boys, t4,41r to be developed _J| g Universal or HotPoint '
2. Bridge to complete Road to Main- and two-thirds of the alleged "expense"
-------- - -- Cuban Consul Domingo Milord, '
land. money. lie pointed out that "receivers, ; Electric
accompanied by Mrs. Milord returned
,: '-' fl\" trustees and their attorneys are court of- Saturday from Havana HOUSEHOLD .
1. FreeiPprU'. ; IRON
I" f. t ficials" and "can neither be ] where Mrs. Milord underwent
t expect nor I TODAY'S WEATHER An exceptionally well
constructed I
otelsand. ApUtrr. nts.l -
4. .,
I!
paid more than a 'moderate compensa- treatment Mr. Milord told The Iron for general I Iron i
5. Bathing Pavilion. Citizen he had been informed a household purposes. Finely
tion.. bill has been introduced in the tapered point and beveled :
6. Airports-Land and Sea. Temperature* Florida: Partly cloudy: tonightand edge Nickel PlaUd. With a one year guarantee
Consolidation of and The ruling of the judge will commandthe Highest ....................--.-.............81 Wednesday with possibly Cuban house of representatives
7. County City for the
respect of practically everyone and Lowest ..........._......................-....70 showers' in northwest portion; not erection Appropriating of Cuban$50,000 school which =and: 1
I Governments should be generally observed throughoutthe Mean I .......>...................._.....-..--..76 I much change in temperature. will be erected a San Carlos
Normal Mean ...............+...........76 Jacksonville to Florida Straits: on Carlos PinItUpHandy 4-! .
United States. rtreet. adjoining the San a
Rainfall Moderate east to southeast winds! .
Get ready for the Red Cross drive. 4.59 Ins. and partly overcast weather tonight building.
Yesterday's Precipitation
THE VAMPIRESIn Normal Precipitation: .... .11 Ins. : and Wednesday.East Lamp : ..
.Tit.. rrr.r. .-.vrr :.-..... |.eried Gulf: Fresh easterly winds Arthur Sawyer Post 28, American t i
When your right hand becomes tired dime, at A .'pl_" sal. a..alag.; except shifting gales in vicinityof Legion, will celebrate Armis-
shaking hands, switch over to the left. current slang, as is well known, Tomorrow's Almanac storm and probably winds of tice Day with & fitting programof BOTH :
the term "vamp," is a contraction of "varnI Sun rises ..._.._..__..... G:38 a. I hurricane: force over very small sports. The post urges all
I pire," is used to designate a seductive fe- Sun sets .....-.-..-...-.... 5:44 p. area near its center and mostly parents in Key West to go to the $
The best way to keep government out :Moon rises ..._..-....... 2:46 p. m'l overcast weather with occasional army barracks on that day and by !
of business is to keep business; out of male. In olden times, and even in recent Moon sets ..............._. 2:17 a. !showers: tonight and Wednesdaywith their presence encourage the I $355
years in parts of eastern Europe, the vampire Tomorrow. Tide. I, heavy squalls in vicinity of children to take pert in the pro- for I
politics. disturbance. The track meet will begin
was a more sinister and fearsome en- A.JT. P.M. I gram. j
10 o'clock: in the morning of November I
.. ..... ...
tity. High 5:44 6:12 i interesting
WEATHER CONDITIONSThe 11 and number of
a
Just evolved a dandy squib when Low ..........._.......11:50 Terms sec down
In its original meaning, the vampirewas events will be held.A
called away from the typewriter and p-p-ft Barometer 8 a. m. today: I
supposed to be the soul of a dead per- tropical disturbance is cent r--- 75c a month for
it's gone. son which leaves the buried body at nightto Sea level 29.89.WEATHER I tered this morning about 85 miles force of men began work today
west northwest of Key West and erecting the new street signs 4 months
suck the blood of living persons, usually FORECAST apparently still moving west i recently purchased by the city.
Things are pretty bad since the can- causing their death. Hence, it was be- southwest or west. Its intensityis I There will be two signs at the 1
didates don't even hand out stinkadories lieved that upon opening the grave of a (Till 8 p. m., Wednesday) somewhat diminished but is I intersection of each two streets. The Key West Electric CompanyHOUSEHOLD :
anymore. Key West and Vicinity: Partly still attended by shifting gales and The signs are mounted on large ,
the would be found still
vampire body cloudy tonight and Wednesday; probably by :winds of near hurri- poles and can be readily read
fresh and rosy; from the blood thus ab cane orce over a very small area from a distance. They will be .
Trading in Key West is an exhibitionof ),. near the center. The storm passed -.- .- -
""& -, I
sorbed.Dead ''' Key West early last night with
.
civic that
loyalty every good citizen persons most likely to become the center about 50 miles north
should attempt to make.A vampires were supposed to be those who : norhtwest the lowest: pressure
had committed suicide or had come to their f.\ ) I being 29.68 inches at 8:30 p. 'nu,
SRti
and the wind velocity 36
newspaper, as a rule, is no better death by violent means, also wizards, highest
\ i miles an hour from the wef't'8:20p. !'
than the community in which it circulates, witches and those who had been cursed by ? I m. The storm was accompanied ]
and rarely is it any worse.If their parents or by the church. A cat Jtr. by heavy rain the total amount I]i
West for the 24 hours
at Key
crossing a grave might transform the occupant ., L'r "ep ending at 8 a. m. being 4.59 inch- GOODS
things do not go any too well for a into a vampire.To Mostly Cloudynot .es.
Key Wester, he just grits his teeth and stop the depredations of a sup- much change in temperature; t G S. KF. NlmY.
grunts. The grits and grunts are always posed vampire, it wAs thought necessary to fresh winds mostly southeast. Officer in Charge I
OF QUALITYA
-- -
handy. -- --
drive a stake through the corpse, sever the
........................ tnd the Baltimore belle West
head the heart burn
the
remove body, or
Point soldier of France
The only way to get through a diffi-. pour boiling water and vinegar on the Today'sAnniversaries born graduate in Baltimore. Died at
cult piece of work is to start working- Pride's Crossing, Mass, Sept. 3,
looking at the ceiling blowingsmoke rings grave.Later the term vampire to 1893.
applied Visit
doesn't was ........................ Cordial Invitation Is Extended To Housewives To
count. : certain species of blood-sucking bats of
,
W. Frodney
Central and South America, concerning 1810 lawyer-Alphonso, jurist Taft cabinet Cincinnati officer -!I Mich'gan's 1835--Joseph long-time congressman. Our Store And Look Over The Assortment Of QUALITY
Besides his many/oth r accomplishments which many popular superstitions have and diplomat father of the : high tariff leader, born in Black- HOUSEHOLD GOODS On Display There.
Jonah is also 1'JEl'ident.Chief Justice Bern in ford Co., Jnd. Died at Sagniaw.
somjf prognosticator. also: arisen. ; :
Mich. Jan. 8 1932.
'' Vermont. Died May 21, 1891. !I ,
Given two guesses! he can' i tell you the Firally, we have the alluring vampire ,
1855 Ella Wheeler Wilcox.:
name of the next mayor f ;I West. -
:
py or "vamp of the movie screen and : famed editorial writer' and poet
18 J Benjamin F. Butler
--- Main Street. But there isn't much super- I noted Massachusetts! lawyer: Union j'j'I of her day born at Johnstown MOPS\ AND BROOMS GARBAGE CANS
O. O. McIntyre says of Ruth Bryan stition about her. i general, congressman and governor Centre. Wi!!. Died near New Haven
Owen minister to Denmark, who glories I I', born at Deerfield, N. H. Died Conn., Oct. 30, 1919!?
in] the appellation "adopted daughter of A.LEADER PASSES i Jan. 11, 1893. 1869 Nicholas Longworth, KITCHEN WARE WATER COOLERS
Key West" Ohio congressman Speaker of the
that she is tops in statuesque
i 1830-Jerome N. Bonaparte, House. born in Cincinnati. Died .
dignity. (Hollywood Sun) grandson of Napoleon's brother April 9, .1931.
It seems to the Sun that not sufficient atten- --- -.. CLOTHES BASKETS GARDEN TOOLS
Gravy, who is: the golf editor of The tion has been given by the press to the death of ..
Citizen should get up a \contest between : Glenn Skipper. True, he was a minority party
the 1V'-\Its and the Anyways. They are 1m: leader in a hostile state, but he managed to do IRONING BOARDS
favorites for he mentioned each four timesin II great: work for his state at a time its chosen leaders DEPOSIT YOUR MONEY
a recent article. were helpless. He had the approach to.the
WHERE IT CAN HELP CYPRESS LAWN FURNITUREALL
dominant party at Washington and used it so well
According to the Sample Ballot whichi I that he obtained great things for his state. even YOUR TOWNt
an exact replica of the Official Ballot before it went for Hoover the first time. l .J';.
KINDS OF DISHES AND GLASSWARE
certain candidates are definitely indicated I I after that came the huge appropriation'..f : t .
by profession and some have their familiar Okeechobee Flood Control .,Project, a, moon, "-Anti ..,.. \, ,*: .- -'
I .
appellations appended. Presumably the I I work now being completed.. '" '-1io.1 _; All :Modern Banking Facilities Dinner Sets, $1.00 and Up. .
I \ .;.. ,_ _
object j is to make the identification unmistakably I No man worked: harder
complete.Our for his party and for his state than this native born ,
't leader. He came from the stock of the old cattle I I
Friends, the Quakers! are a fine kings of Central and North Florida a type that
lot of folks, and all of us outside. that fold I I j hal figured largely in our state history and left i First National Bank of Key West I II I i
would do well to emulate *h. r '
ways. Of their marks Mr. Skipper never pained-the recognition -
the millions on relief not one Quaker has t nor the reward'he deserved, either from his I I Member of the Federal: Reserve : III I I j South ';Florida Contracting & Engineering Co.
applied for
government '
largess.! Now if own party or from the state at large. There is I II
the Catholics and Pro+tants: would only '. something sad about his early demise in ill healthof Ptcne 593 White and Et'za Streets
follow Member of the Federal: Deposit In.uraneCorporation i(
suit all governmental emerrrcasy body and worldly affairs. It is enough to discourage I !
Ii IiI
"Your.home is worthy of the best"rAG'
agencies could close up shop, and the undermining others who put their faith and trust in
.
.I
of character cease. I politics. ,I l
.
r 1.
--- ---- -- -- --
I ,
NOVEMBER 5, 1935. THE KEY WEST CITIZEN AGE THFJ: :
- -- --- ---
.1 i r........................ 1...... .... .1
For City Cterk
I LHIGH COURAGE .1I I I I Today In History Today's Birthdays HENRY F. SAUNDERS
( by ieaatae Bowman, I I........................ ........................
SPORTS'ARRANGE Subscribe to The Citizen-20c
13Tsopgla 1660 -Columbus returned to Ida M. Tarbell of Conn., biographer weekly."
I J Spain from his third this I and author born in Erie
: A.n. fanuitert Anne but I've learned In my years I voyage ,
Ka.*had 10 oonttnd tk* <**cl..rita.c.wkU./ kcr. trying relative on the bench that it's kinder to time fettered and chained by the Co., Pa.. 78 years ago. .1..111.. Leactag H..r
(. reav.errow 'M .*
.wide 1I 4eatk of key fatktr and think it Ill be back in Santo' Domingo--immediately released THE SEMINOLE
totter. A><* k.rView 4. Judge over a mo Major General John F. Pres.
titlingg. .ha* toll Ur !*. trrriblftntk ment. I and honored by Spain's ton, whose term of army inspec: f
-- to mot only cut wills
,
cu U/otran of Sias r7.. but Anne sank Into the chair. For a rulers. tor-general expires this month,
ekeit t*. Serge Fanwicorfk estate: few moments she sat staring out of -- --- -- born in Baltimore 63
to divided go year: a we..abs will years &
not...pnrtfe-fvate., for else to not the window. looking down the nar- J' ....................... I 1605-Historic English gun- 1Rr Gr 131 lalg{,,.
41. Fanuieorfk.ter oH. row canyon of buildings to where .( FIGHT .j j .r ABC OUTFIT DOWNS. powder plot of Guy Fawkes, annually Grove 11, Patterson of agO'1 I +. tr
the Willamette a gray ribbot of FOLLOWTHROUGH\ I observed there 0., noted newspaper editor, w
Chapter 10 water wound along at the far end. ed. di.qcover-I jit Rochester, Minn., 54 years a aJark..avllle
MEMORIESAXNE The river was grey the roofs of the CARD HERE FOR I BAYVIEW PARK TEN I ago. x t
buildings were grey the rain clouds a
I
listened to Judge Kellogg 1781-Joh'n of Mary I
which hung low in the sky were ARMISTICE DAY I I .! U. S. Senator Joseph C. O'Ma-
her she was not the daughterof land elected president of the Continental
grey. And the girl who looked out honey of Wyoming born at Chelsea -
Luke and Lucinda Farnsworth In PITCHING DUEL ENDED IN I I Congress after the Articles FI.....
of window felt
the she
as though (By JOVE) Confederation went into Ma.s., 51 Y'ea s ago
bewilderment of
were steeped In a greyish mist of ........................ FAVOR OF ELWOOD theo- CRAB B. GUIS EU. XtW':
But rYe always been their daugh confused heartache. [ FIVE BOUTS WILL BE STAG.;! I effect-from whence arises George A. Ball of Muncie Ind.,I A human, home-like I institutionwher
ter." the murmured Inanely. "Why I I The Firemen have made a great 5 TO 4 ry held by some that he was our lass manufacturer, Republican yon will find y.*r Isdlvldaalemf.rt
Judge. Mrs. Harney was saying cot "IF 1 could cry. Td feel better not I| ED AT BOXING ARENA IN i bid for first honors in the Senior first President leader, born at Green Ohio, 73 ter of great am* Importance.eatertalaMeat a mat
leu than an hoar ago that she re so smothery. whispered. League. : They have won the first years ago.
I
-o-
NAVY FIELD ROJAS-BLACK-
membered mother coming home suppose I'm stunned now like I was ; two gam S';they played. The open- JOVE 1918-Allies sweep on to Ger-
from the hospital with me." that u_that awful night Soon 111 I WELL MAIN BATTLE ing victotry: was attributed to the!I. The High(By School team) of the many while Germans talk truce. Will H. Hays, president of the I A steel!. the fire)heart rf hwlldlBar.( the city Ideated
I
Anne" agreed the edge realize." excellent' pitching of Johnnie I, Social Diamondball League de- Motion Picture Prodrcers and Distributors -o--
"Luclnda didn't know the difference The thought was terrifying. She Walker. !r. and the hitting of I feated the Park ten ina 1934-Election-eve riot near onetime Postmaster- Every Room with Combination Tub
Bayview
Herself then. It you'll remember I couldn't be a nobody. She Jumped to 'I Pubio CarbonelL The playing oft i Ilazleton. Pa.. takes toll of 5 and I General born at Sullivan Ind., and Shower Bath. Radio>>, Electric
A total of five fights regular league yesterday Ceiling Slat Door for Summer
Fan
what the" told Lucinda be- her feet and sped to the next : inc:1ud'I: 'I J. and M. also !Ia game ";
you room Garcia Lopez was injuring of 27.Today's. 56 years ago. I' Ventilation. Comfortable Beds wits
i
ing a "battle royal afternoon by the close score of 5 I I
negro
came HI at Crescent City. while on a where Judge Kellogg was staringout contributing factor. On'the '. Mattresses of Inner Spring; Construction
trip there with Luke. They rushed I of the window. scheduled on the fight card which,! other hand, the Bakers outhit the: to 4.Elwood ........................ Will Durant of New York pop- and Individual Read
lag Lamps.
ber to the hospitaL Her baby was "Judge" she tried to control the is part of the Armistice Day celebration -)I Fire laddies but their safeties did. and B. Pinder pitcheda I j fnlar philosopher born at Adams
k born there and died. Your mother '' hysterical note in her voice. "Judge which has been planned ) great game, but the former Horoscope RATES
: not come at the most opportune, : Slaa-te
i Mass. 50
'I' : ego.j
had died that same night at the time who am I!" jointly by the recreation section I j 1 moment,' Albury connected for j i finally won out. I ........ ...... ..... .. I years Tit R__.. Private Bath __- 17...1
of your birth Fearing the effect! the I Ansel Kellogg turned, and he who of the local WPA and Arthur!; In the closing inning of the contest S. R.*... Private Bath _.. 2.5e
sin-
safei blows. Bethel hit
truth would hare upon Lucinda you had sat at the bar of justice sentencing Sawyer Post, American Legion. ;; two a drove the ABC outfit made a The native of today: has a strong j misunderstood; but it will gener-I.e R .mia.,. Private Bath _____..__ 3..1
R 3JM
gle and a double and only command the -of its a> Private Bath '
were given to her as her own and not I men and women to life Imprisonment The fights will be offered Armistice -I I strong bid for the game. Whit-t and independent nature that will ally respect j 11. Sar.le R*.... Private Bath 4JK*
in The only real safety j'
I one run. associates, though not admittingit '
until she had fully regained her or the noose, found it night at the boxing arena in )I carry it through life with the SLIGHT PHRASE FOR DOIBLHt :
that was hit at the right time was to close companionship. OCCCPAJVCT
the Navy Ball Field. i, the triple by Higgs with Albury the Funeral Homers and Firemen I practical assurance of successs.The
mind be taciturn and
V'ai The main bout will be between met. Carbonell and C. Garcia may I --- ---- ---- -
I and Ward g\ bases. In the field. '
!
"Pimpey" Rojas tipping the I I Albury AceVedo and Hale handled starred at bat with three hits I reserved, in which case there is'I'
be I
that the nature
danger
scales at 165 pounds, and Emory 15 chances without a micue.' I each. Carbonell drove in three may
Blackwell, weighing 170 pounds. I runs. For the Embalmers, Kerr 1
I
marsh, first batter up, doubled toI
Rojas has fought and won three hit three saely two of which I
I I In the Bar-B-Q-Lopez game 1 1I. left. Moore flied out to first and :i
fights in CCC camps two KO's the hitting of Jones and Goehringof were good doubles. Ingrahamand I B. Lowe hit to shortstop, who !
decision. He knocked I. .Sterling tripled. In the field I
nd out
: one i Extra of The CitizenCONTAINING
the Sandwich boys featured.f made a wild peg to first and Whit- Copies
Duke Warren and Kid Tarzan. Each connected for four out of J. Garcia :Cub rinan. Jr., starred t marsh scored. B. Lowe stopped I
with'Figueredo i with his wonderful running catches -
here and fought a draw ; five. The Bar-B-Q outfit fought at second with the tying run. Onj I Ia
outstanding contender]! until the last man was out to win in the outfield. Kerr and Sawyer wild pitch, Lowe went to third.)i
for the heavyweight crown of Key :the game. In in the ninth with for the Lopez ten<< were outstanding Nelson hit to short and Lowe went !
i West j the Embalmers at bat and two also. out, short to home. It was aj! THE
a Blackwell has participated inj outs to their credit. A. Lunn hit great play by Sawyer, who was |
: # 12 fights 10 of which he. won to short, who could have tagged The four clubs are playing a knocked around but held on toj i
: two of which went to draws.I' second for the third out but threwto good brand of ball and some real the ball to save the game for his i
Local fans are wondering if the first who dropped the ball and I tough games are expected in the club. '; LISTON
thirteenth fight coming up next', the game was lost. In the field. future. Funeral Homers' club has At bat, the leader was Sawyer) QUALIFIED
Monday night will be his jinx. Kerr and McCarthy handled eight I i been hit hard by the loss of play- with two singles in three times I
The semi-final offering will be chances without a miscue. Stanley s I ers. H. Gates will not play any-1 up. Lones connected for a sin-i
1 zx between Bobby Waugh, weighing made the best catch of the eve- I m re. A. Loan has transferred gle in his only time up. B. Lowe I
121 pounds, and Kid Pelican, at ning-a one-handed stab off the I,, his residece to Fort Lauderdae.i : singled in two tries. j SALE AT
the same weight Two other pre- right center field light pole. He 'i Gopher has gone to the CCC B. Pinder and Gonzalez for the j I
liminaries include Blondie Roberts also made two running catches in camp. The Bakers have lost Peter School boys, and Sawyer and !i
at 124 pounds, and Pi-Juan, back of first base. Castro and Pena who very"sel- Blondy Roberts or the Park ten
at 126 pounds, and Mario Garcia dom come out. The Bar-B-Q played a good game in the field. .
a 118 pounds and Young Santana, In the third contest of the new I!' aggregation and Firemen have t Score by innings: R. II. E. The Citizen Office
6 :%Y ,a 118 pounds. scheduled in the Senior League.];| good clubs and when the Sandwich Bayview Park- i
%'PS r Five negroes will take part in I boys get started good look 203 000 0-5 6 7
the battle royaLA sons. The bell for the first fight I'I out brother teams. They willi High School 100 200 1-4 5 4
special section of bleachers 7the "battle royal-will ring out spread the ketchup and onions allover Batteries: Elwood'and Sawyer;
I i
"Things: .. tiK.. ; ..._. ..... -rr in in life. Anne said. is: being reserved for colored per- at 8P.M. the field. B. Pinder and Nelson. I
R Jeugth and tad began asking almost impossible to speak. lie -- -,
queer 'Questions, was she told the looked at the modishly clad girl at I ; 4 .
truth. the white face dominated by the :
And suddenly Anne believed. wide-set dark eyes and darker brows
tattle unrelated things flashed out of at the brave uplift of the chin.
her memory to confront her with "Well find out somehow he
their evidence. promised.
She had told Barney, she never That means you don't know," she .
Hinted. She dWn't faint now. She declared. "Please won't ;you tell me 1)-. "
stood up. gripped the ehairback nose everything? It's going to be easierto : .
her knuckles were white and her know the truth than face any .
,nsers; ached. Those people. That more uncertainty like this. They ain't stream lined .
"van and woman whom she had "Let's' go back and sit down," he
used whom she still loved so suggested and arm about her shoulder .. t
arly over whom she had grieved he directed her to the inner .
&.t deeply. They were not her parents. room. I or air conditioned
'1..1 can't can't quite believe 'Judge' wouldn't adoption papers
Her voice was husky labored. : tell about my parents?"
.t's so so melodramatic fan- I "They :would Anne If there were
-. lie. Things like that don't happen I any papers. It was due to their absence but they sure are mild i4
tn life." that I learned as much as I did.
In a tuomeiil she would awaken The\ Westport attorney. Clive Bur- '
Tiiis: was another of those terrible ton's his name telephoned me last and ns
earns which had haunted her sincee i night. lIe knew 1 had acted for they sure got taste
night of the tragedy. There wasa i Farnsworth, at times and thought I
clock ticking slowly in the room. I might be able to locate the papers or 'tcS/9.' .
:ike the clocks at school. Lncinda I some record of their having been
'Lake but why hadn't they told I drawn up."Barton.
!ter? I said that Farley insisted 'Y.,
I there had been no papers drawn. lie
MUM' EN'T of rebellion swept.over, said your mother had come into the -
.:\ her. Why had they taken! her toM i hospital as- an emergency case unconscious ?;'; 'J+ ;.. .
i.ieir hearts poured their- love and II alone. She died the same
,are over her with such lavishness night. Farley was Just beginning his
lien withdrawn everything, at a law practice at Crescent City whereall 't af
time like this? of this took place. Luke sent for
Judge Kellogg motioned to the him. their first meeting by the way .
had but as your mother didn't regain
imsteboarj cup of water be 3Gb
drawn from the cooler and placedbefore consciousness. there was nothing he
her. She coked at it stupidly I could do." lie paused at the quick
He picked it up and thrust it into gasp! which came from Anne.
"That's It that's what Tom
her hands.MDettl'r drlnk.he tnaISIN. -
Farley has known about me. Judge I
It she could only deny it in her Kellogg that man hates me." II -
heart but she couldn't. Childhood. "1 don't think he's overrunningwith
Visitors meeting her for the first love for anyone, excepting Tom I t
aw 1
Farley. Kellogg replied. '
time. %.v' Y cA i
"Doesn't reaembie either one of Anne's eyes were wide calm now. I
She nodded. understand. if be can
you And they'd she would say. rush to a mirrorto prove I'm not adopted; then I won'tbe > t'J
sturdy her; reflection: searching for able to ask (or my share of the .. #
one resew r:3.IUtr be: :o..a feature or the other Shed so tried hard.to estate.Kellogg" nodded. "That seems to :: .*
She remembered tow unable to be the idea. If be would only be content r : I
copy Lnclnda's small-boned to stop there." r -T :
feet fulness.apart she hands bad taken clasped to grace-I "He's"What do planned yon mean further!" persecu .: 4, -.5- r
back chin out. like Luke and how Lion Anne. That's why I said I must ,
they'd laughed and Lucinda had see you before anyone else
cried a little at the ludicrous little (CoI lg1at.. JJJS. t>y Jean: *. Botcmtrmi
figure she'd made. made of
.
The Judot plans Anne's cam |
Sorry I had to tell yon like this oaign. tomorrow.
--- --- ---
1 I I mild ripe tobaccos x
i i to play the 12-A's. This will be:
BASKETBALL AT
I
i a real came as there are members' :
I II
,Iof the varsity on both outfit I I we believe Chesterfields :
SCHOOL TONIGHT --- -- -
For City Councilman
A. H. McINNIS I will add a lotto 3
F'I"!<' of the series of games tot SPECIAL OFFERPERMANENT
>. "a':' ti! .r'! the Key West High _
Sch ." .c i !b ill Tournamen' your pleasure.
WAVES
i ,k. i ''t,' t-.i-.i-ht at the High!
School Gymnasium. : Two Permanents CJT f\f\\
LIGGETT & MYERS TOBACCO CO.
*V-t 7:00p for .. ...
game will start at I ------ -
m between 9-B team and the I Better Wave.. $5.00 ..4 .p
10-A q inter Immediately aft-, MRS. MILLER
erwardsj{ the 11-B's are scheduled; 407 South Street Phone 574-. I u+a C W>.Itean*Mm TOSACCO Co.
'
>':
j -f ..;Ji. $ i ITUESDAY
,
FOUR TZ.-- ;- :: _- ; .- -- - _
-- ----. -
-
S..e...CC.e.. teeeeeeeeeei I
I TOO MUCH PRESSURE DIAGNOSEDAS FLORIDA TRANSFORMING HURRICANESEEN HOWDY\ KEY WEST! PO&C{ ENFMIESV1L ,' eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeePOLITICAL DANCE AT LEGION i
'SCHOOL SICKNESS'CAUSEBy EVERGLADES SCENE I HALL BIG SUCCESS
By RED KERCEeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.., ANNOUNCEMENTS
ray Ass.eiatr. Press) I FLORIDA
MIAMI\ Fla., Nov. 5. Overnight I ,
only! Y-Ki-Ki Club reports that the,
WWWATO A hick town is where the
,
ALEXANDER R. GEORGE TAC1CffO.H VIJ-li ETk
transformation CITY ELECTION, NOVEMBER first *
in characteristics ALGA social
activity of the club,!
;people who can three
5.-The SUBSCRIBERSIf of the Everglades National syllable words stutter. 12, 1935eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ,the dance sponsored at American'Legion GEORGE W' ,
WASHINGTON, Nov. I '
Park region was worked by I *.. Hall last Friday evening,i' WASHINGTON amt t .c ..
health specialists are concentrating yon do act receive your the recent Florida keys hurricane Awake ye husbands; protect I' For Mayor i was a grand success. i j ..,e' si..a a -kr
their attention oa a newly paper by 6:15clock in the that killed more than 400 per-'' your prerogative! The male seahorses I I DR. H. C. GALEY I nished Joe Catala's orchestra fur-'!' .Ii.a...$.v..4c Vads.. L.H.+.trirGAIAGi"d'.e s..d ., '
afternoon, call telephone 51 sons.Ernest bear the little ones. I I WflfGti TfIE Oh: GUS a splendid program of'
diagnosed disease which_ is peculiarly F. Coe, exeentivfe 'chair I For Mayor i i dance music. Joe Hennqucz, -...+ ... u53 'teArls..SL30..d.p
aDd will be sent to +
a paper man of the Everglades National One danger is, when the 70 WM..H. MALONE president of the organization, an-
a product of the school your lao.... A complaint:. boy Park association who flew over ment begins interferring with govern the I For Reelection ) nounces that other events arc AYfLOWE1
It is "school sickness". which l. OB duty at this office from. part of the 2,000 n ec ff land I delicate balance of nature, the f planned for the near future. ,
I --- -- .. 300 a..L
6:15 to 7:15 p. m. for th.purpose and water in the park area, said' poor class gets a swift kick in the I fL For Councilman -- -- -- ?i. .i.d51...
recently bas been definitely identified the hurricane September 2? held pants. J + ; :
of delivering com J DR ARMANDO Positive Relief
: COBO
lessons of value I I
great concerning .. ..
illness brought .
i
as a nerve Help us give yon 100 -r; rn .a.a..r.
the kind of construction work Actresses I
with the most beau- GAIAGt.a.r.r
I I For Councilman : 4'
about by "pressure on the moreor percent service by eating 51 needed to withstand nature's tiful legs have been selected in for SATES, .St00.dm
JamesF. if you do not receive The Citi fury.He Hollywood. A'! further survey I / wL i! WILLIAM A. FREEMAN I MALARIA !
less sensitive child. Dr.
Zen.rmmm. said he found new channels should be conducted to reveal to,
Rogers consultant in hygiene I formed with old ones gone!: new what extent the male populationhas I I For Councilman Sure End to Chills I II to aw..a.i.r"v .
: I bars and shallows, outlying become popeyed.As I CLIFFORD G. HICKS and Fever! I s..i..d.r .
of the United States office of education ands is-j I a.=:::
changed or washed I I Here's real relief for !..labriaGrove' i ..__..tGAIAGE
"even tuberculosiswill FRENCH CAVEMEN i new beaches thrown up and accumulated a timely suggestion to the l For Councilman Tasteless Chill Tonic I I d..sIIATES..SI.m.dq
says ,
I I deposits in bays washed U.S., if it becomes entangled in I MARCOS A. MESA, SR. Quickly it stops the chills and fever !
not work such havoc. with the DWELL IN CLIFFS inland. I j i another warfare crisis, they might, 0 and restores your body to comfort. I
I Although trees suffered heavily, aptly establish recruiting offices I I For CouncilmanJIM Many remedies will merely alleviate the
chi'd save in the final stages.** II tttr A.I.' Prc..) I in symptoms'of Malaria temporarily, but !
from the storm. dense
I palmetto palms every swamp, if they ROBERTS Grove'i Tasteless Chill Tonic goes all the
The disease ia characterized by! TOURS, France, Nov. 5.-More and red mangroves were re over-1: want to enlist us. way and completely lids your system i .
than 1,200 persons make their ing quickly, he reported, and practically -I i For City CouncilmanJ. of the infection. I! ALA .a..dTI
irritability, restlessness, anxietyand i '
Grove's Tasteless Chill Tonic is real
all life which One of the Dionne a
homes in artificial caverns their plant was not gals has
B.
SULLIVANFor corrective of Malaria because it contains
a highly emotional state. The ancestors cut out of the lime- wholly uprooted was again in' spoken her first word. It is our two things.Fust,tasteless quinine which !.i iI
child usualy has a poor appetite, vigorous growth. 1 most' accumulated desire that the kills the Malarial infection in the blood. I
stone cliffs bordering the Loire Police JusticeT. ii
he sleeps badly and may have girls, when they are large enough I Second,tonic iron which helps overcome: I
.. .. .
river. e e .e. I! to marry and begin suing for S. CARO the ravages of the chills and fever and
night terrors. The symptoms begin ,, GEORGE WASHINGTON I
Living in the heart of the cha- CLASSIFIED i" j alimony. Develop harmonious fortifies against further attack.Play safe! i i .
after school I Take Grove's Tasteless Chill Tonic. It SOB 5s ee viik Slit" *>J Sk sees
and soon the commences term ad- teau country, they are cavemen in voices. Criminal court judgesare For Chief of Police now comes in two sizes-50c and$1.The 0.-.... a.&.......,......._
worse as .
grow .4u.s.d-I..ss.n nd rr.sl.aRATES
the literal, if not anthropologicalsense. MYRTLAND CATES i
so peculiar, you know. $1 size contains 2)4 times as much as the .
aggravated,
vances. They are COLUMNeteeeeeeeeeaaaeeeeeeeee I JiOO*l** GAftAGC_
Many dwellings equip- sac size and
are gives you 2S%more for your
physicians say, by mental exam- ped with gas, electricity and We shall begin laying tentative I For Captain of Police money.Get bottle todayat anydrugstors.ROSES : .II'r5Jii HI; ti f'.Hi"i11II'( .eansu' :..jI
inations and athletic contests.
by
radios.It plans to become extremely meek 6 ttrtg I ALBERTO CAMEROFor -- -... ------ __ ___ __ h _____
Illness Is Real is not poverty, but economic Advertisements under this head !i I only after the final funeral procession 5 rOJtMlfTf(
Dr. Rogers says that in many convenience in most cases that will be Inserted In The Citizen at for the last tax collector I\ Captain of Police ..1 I WILL
ROGERS MEMORIAL FUND
school sYbtems children (no two keep these modern troglodytes in the rate of Ie a word for each insertion fades into the distance. "Watch her step." invites The ROBERT J. LEWIS:
of whom are alike even if they their caverns. Many work on the but the minimum for the Braggart. "Shell do 70-30-90 "Bobby" ;t Local Committee for Key WestDate
are twins) are expected to pass premised as wine-distillers. first insertion in every instance is25e. When our dear mother nursedus -" and he proceeds to prove it.
through the same courses at the for bawling our ears red, the Pride in one's is under- ...... _................... .
same speed or be labelled "D," ........................ Payment for classified advert! last string of self-resistance was standable but there car is no excuse ,I BENJAMIN LOPEZ ? .. ... .....-.-.............-.
"dull," "retarded" or "interior." THE FIRST IN U. S. but tisements regular is advertisers invariably in with advance ledger:! cut. Ever since Uncle Sam has for "putting it through its paces"on FUNERAL HOME TO THE EDITOR: I
"The more sensitive child, who ......e.e.e.....ee.e..se accounts may have their advertise-j f|continuously developed our desire the public highways. Such Serving Key We.t 1
cannot keep up the pace in one or j to do nothing and yell until
some- to
ments charged. I recklessness invites disaster. Half Century Wishing have a part in perpetuating the t
more subjects, does his utmost under SKY-TRAIN INTERNATIONALROUND body fed us. I
the well-intended stimulus and TRIP FLIGHT took place Advertisers should give their Good drivers realize that acar's 24 Hoar Ambulance Service I I memory of one of our most beloved and useful
the result is illness real from Key Weal, Fla.. May 14, street address as well as their telephone Lives speed and power is there Licensed Embamer !,
an as as of great men oft remind citizens I enclose herewith
number if they desire reults. for their protection. Phone 135 Night 696I. -\\ I my contribution of
measles and unfortunately far 1935, at 1:40 p. m. to Havana, ns,
more drawn out and full of i Cuba, arriving one hour and Honest toil don't stand a .. :__..__.__.__...____....___to the Will Rogers Memorial
Subscribe The Git:zen-20c
With classified advertise- to
misery," he said. I forty-five minutes later, averag- ment The each Citizen will give free an chance; weekly. I Fund. I understand that this gift will be added to
To this disease sixty-four miles an hour. The The KEY WEST
prevent some I ing more we work we leave be- I.
health specialists have suggested I'I sky-train consisted of an airplane, it.Autostrop Razor Outfit. Ask for hind us- For City Clerk COLONIAL HOTEL I I others from Key West and will go without any
that the child's report card bear,',piloted by Elwood Klein of New I Larger patches on our pants. WALLACE PINDER I deductions whatsoever to the National Pond to be
only the remarks "satisfactory"pr i York, which towed two gliders i In the Center of the Businessand i
"unsatisfactory." Satisfactorywould which were piloted by E. Paul du WANTED I Now, on our pants, once new For Re-Election Theater District I expended, also without any deduction: as the Me-
mean that the child was doing I Pont, Jr. of Wilmington, Del. and WANTED"-Girl's second hand, The and glossy, I morial Committee may detenwme.
as.well as could be expected Jack O'Meara of New York. The bicycle in good condition. Ap.: patches are all threadbaretoo !' First Cla..-Fireproof-
taking into consideration his age,I return flight was made from Havana ply The Citizen office. Just ,because subscribers linger PALACEClark I Sensible Rate I, Name ._._._..._._._---0-__ -_.___._.......
mentality, health degree of social Way 19, 1935. nov2-tf
adjustment in the school room And won't pay us what is due. l Gable-Loretta Jack Oakie _in Young, COFFEE SHOP NOW OPEI AddressN3 ___ ___......._..
and emotional poise. I CIGAR FACTORY of import FOR RENT Yet, we should be up and doing I
Few Exempt ance was established at Key West' I I' And not by the wayside fall, CALL OF THE WILD Garage Elevator I'
in William H. Wall NICELY FURNISHED APARTMENT
1831
Fla by 'Ere this winter finds Matinee Popular Price
Dr. J. V. Treynor, of Council weary us, : 10-15c; Night: 15-25c i .
who imported his tobacco from with garage. Apply 827 6
Bluffs, Ia., credited with being Without any pants at all.
I -- -------------- ---------------
oct19 -- --
West Duval street I
Gazette
Havana, Cuba. (Key : ,
the first to use the term "school
sickness" in diagnosing the dis-' April 20, 1831)). FOR SALE I II(I We have perfectly good reasons
ease, has advocated that "the I 5 I: for believing Father Time was a I
schools be rid of the one great' COLORS PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN UNDER IN NATURAL THE PERSONAL CARDS-100. printed:;travelin'i, salesman.
evil pressure." SEAS:'were'made for. the. National cards, $1.25. The Artman'I t; '
Dr. Rogers says that while he Press. ng7 I' According the old adage, a FIRMS
was visiting a class for physically'I Geographic .Magazine-,off ,i fool and his money is soon parted.It .
of the Florida Keys,
delicate and possibly tuberculosis Tortngas OLD PAPERS FOR.SALE-Two must be a lot of good clean
children in an eastern city, the I on July 16, 1926, and were published bundles for 6c. The Citizen Of-i i| amusement, though, in being a
special teacher informed him that! in the January 1927 issueof fice. octlSj I f millionidollaridiot.I .
the pupils were permitted to proceed I the magazine. The work was I i \Who Rush To Give You Service-Patronize Them
in their studies "at their own carried out by Dr. W. II. Longley PRINTING-Quality Printing at I I Still, about the only thing not J
pace." of Goucher College and Charles the Lowest Prices. The Art-I: coming to pass is that so persist-
This meant, he says that only I I Martin, Chief of the National: man Press. aug7'I I ently predicted.
Geographic Society's photographic II
about 100 pupils out of some 75- I Star American Coffee
000 in that city were wholly exempt laboratory. The camera used in TYPEWRITING PAPER 600 Many prefer being a lamb in a JOHN C. PARK I
from conditions which might; making these autochromes was sheets, 75e. The Artman Press ,I manor to being a jackass in a Ha a taste and aroma thais t TIFT'SCASH
inclosed in a brass case with a ang7 mansion.
produce "school sickness. lIe believes found in coffee
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lens. A supplementary hood was SECOND SHEETS-500 for 60c.' checks 328 SIMONTON ST. and yon can be sure that it'*
edly some of the 100 were in the fitted above the regulation reflector The Artman Press. aug7 COLDSand fresh because it'* blended i in SPECIALTY
special classes because
nutrition produced by of anxietyover poor I and by means'of an acute- 16 666 6 6 Key West 1101 Division Street
school work in regularclasses. angle mirror the photographer was WANTED I FEVERfirst PLUMBINGDURO LARGO, Ib 18c; PLANTS and VINES PHONE 29
able to focus his instrument.
.
WANTED tfbance to bid on I day STAR, Ib 25c;
"We make much today of medical I next printing order. The Liquid Tablets HEADACHES
:MAIL BOX was invented in your V. & S. Ib ISc. Staple and Fancy-
<< inspection thus disclosed but the are physical trifling defects -. 1810 by Thomas Brown, who was Artman Press aug7,I SaJye )fUicDraps'. in 30 minuteseACakeOTe" PUMPS SOUTH FLORIDA GroceriesComplete
of Florida from 184 to 1- ,
in comparison with mental states governor STAR COFFEE MILL
which 1 1853. The mail boxes consisted! ofa PLUMBING SUPPLIES NURSERYPHONE
produce loss of sleep lossof
series of pigeon holes with glass 512 Greene Street Line Fresh
appetite loss of weight and
energy" Dr. Rogers said. fronts and numbers on them en- PHONE 348 Phone 256 Fruits and VegetablesHAPPY
I II I abling the public to see whether 597 I
there was mail for them in "Like
A scientist says it is a waste of any
time to sleep. And even now timesare their respective boxes.
DAYS ARE HERE
SELECT SEA FOODS
considerable worse than they -READ-
were years ago when he woke up For CouncilmanF. Jewfish, 2 Ib. 35c INSURANCEOffice
long enough to make that crack. F. HOFFMAN THE KEY WEST
Yellowtail Steak, 2 Ib* 35c
Bermuda MONROE THEATERKay Yellowtail on Bone, 2 Ib*. 25c : 319 Duval Street
Meat Market I
1 t Francis Grouper, 2 Ib*. 2Sc SUNDAY STARe
FRESH KOSHER MEAT George Brent and
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Key Only Sunday
Juan Cobo, Prop. 1 tra; 15-20e Night 15-25c ,T Large Select Oyster
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-- --- - i
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THE ARTMAN PRESSThe I AmbalaBce Service
i Display At- : See Him For Your Next Work ARTMATPRESSCitizen
Citizen Building 1 r Ice ALL PRICES REDUCED Bldg.PHONE LADY ATTENDANT Citizen
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On Mon, May 23, 2016 at 1:42 PM, T. C. <rs2...@gmail.com> wrote:I've written a paper based on Melissa O'Neill's randutils.hpp (described here), proposing a simple wrapper class template for URNGs with various convenience member functions and automatic nondeterministic seeding (for random number engines): would be greatly appreciated.
The new random algorithms here (choose, pick, ...) should be made available as non-member functions that operate on URNGs, like sample and shuffle already are -- it doesn't seem reasonable for these to exist in the convenience wrapper but [not] for the general case.
With that change made, the value of a separate class here is diminished. Instead ofstd::random_generator<std::mt19937> rng; // nondeterministically seededstd::cout << rng.choose(some_list);... how would you feel aboutauto urng = std::seeded<std::mt19937>(); // returns a nondeterministically seeded std::mt19937std::cout << choose(some_list, urng);
// assuming that unsigned int is 32 bits
std::random_device rd;
std::seed_seq sseq {rd(), rd(), rd(), rd(), rd(), rd(), rd(), rd()};
std::mt19937 rng(sseq); // seeded with 256 bits of entropy from random_device
std::random_device rd;
std::mt19937 rng(rd); // seeded with however much entropy it needs from the provided random_device
Richard Smith wrote:
> The new random algorithms here (choose, pick, ...) should be made available as non-member functions that operate on URNGs, like sample and shuffle already are -- it doesn't seem reasonable for these to exist in the convenience wrapper but for the general case.
FWIW, sample doesn't exist in the standard yet, it's a proposed addition. When I wrote randutils it didn't exist. So the only stand-alone function in C++14 is shuffle, whose origins date back to random_shuffle (which predates the C++11 <random> library and thus has a different flavor). Thus pick, choose, uniform, variate, and sample all don't exist right now.
To me there is a bit of a fork in the road here, let's look at the two forks:
Option 1: Global functions, exemplified by the proposed sample algorithm, which take (optional) extra arguments to specify the engine. To simply things, there is a global state (actually per-thread) that holds some system-defined random engine (i.e., the randint proposal). But do you want a constellation of thematically-related global helper functions (i.e., seeded, uniform, variate, pick, choose, shuffle, and sample)?
Option 2: Random-generator objects, which tie together the <random> pieces but stay in the domain of object orientation. There is far less reliance on baked-in global state and only one new name in the std namespace.
The rest of the random number generation library is happy to use objects (e.g., the distributions, the engines, etc.), the second option retains the flavor of the existing library while making it easier to use.
> ... how would you feel about
>
> auto urng = std::seeded<std::mt19937>(); // returns a nondeterministically seeded std::mt19937
> std::cout << choose(some_list, urng);
I don't like it. I teach C++ (to smart people who already have some programming experience), and I don't want to to have to explain this. If urng is a std::mt19937, it looks like a band-aid around a design flaw (why doesn't std::mt19937 know how to construct itself well in the first place?
why does it need a helper function?
why doesn't it look like the rest of the rng library?). And, did a std::mt19937 object get copied here?
If you presuppose that randint is a done deal and so is sample, then perhaps there isn't as much reason for this convenience class, but I don't think they are set in stone yet, and I think it's worthwhile to think through what really fits best with the random generation library we have. In that vein, it's shuffle that's the outlier.
The focus of this proposal is providing a tiny amount of glue to make all the wonderful features of <random> actually easy to use. There is pretty much no reason to provide pick as a helper function, or variate, or even sample, because they aren't really meaty *algorithms* at all, they're virtually one liners (choose is just a call to advance by an appropriate random amount, sample is just stable_partition with an appropriate random-based predicate. etc.).
But there are a very good reasons to make these things something a random-generator object can do, because it creates something cohesive.
> ForwardIterators can't be subtracted. `sample`'s description seems to rely on that. You probably meant `std::distance`.
Yes, my implementation actually uses std::distance; when Tim turned it into a proposal, I think he tried to simplify the description but this wasn't a valid simplification. Good catch, thanks.
Hi,I've written a paper based on Melissa O'Neill's randutils.hpp (described here), proposing a simple wrapper class template for URNGs with various convenience member functions and automatic nondeterministic seeding (for random number engines):
Nicol Bolas wrote (across three messages):
> Be advised: there's already a proposal for improving the seeding of RNGs.
That's good to know. (One issue with encouraging std::random_device though is that std::random_device is not currently required to be in any way nondeterministic. It is allowed to produce the same output on every run of the program.)
> As for the idea, if you're interested in a do-everything RNG class, why bother making the random number engine a template parameter? Why expose the underlying engine at all?
Although it's not part of this proposal draft, in my original version I did provide some typedefs for common generators precisely so that people didn't need to specify an engine as a parameter.
> That seems like an over-complication of the idea. If the goal is to be as simple as Python, then just make it `random_generator`, and have implementations decide on what the underlying engine is.
>
> If you're serious about your random engine and distributions, about the specific details of seeding and so forth, you're not going to use this class. And if just want some randomness, then you don't care about the details. You just want a quick, simple, braindead class that spits out randomness in various ways upon.
The key idea is that it's easy enough for a beginner, but still handy for an expert, and provides a good stepping stone to the facilities that still exist. It's not a dumbing down, it's handy glue to avoid annoying and error-prone boilerplate, boilerplate that's confusing to beginners and a hassle for experts.
mt19937 rng(/*seed*/);
double x = std::normal_distribution<double>(17, 3)(rng);
On Mon, May 23, 2016 at 8:24 PM, M.E. O'Neill <one...@cs.hmc.edu>.
>
I'm seeing a problem with this code. std::normal_distribution
caches results, so does other distributions internally using it.
But here it looks like that a normal_distribution object will be
created for each run of `variate`, wasting both CPU cycles and
bits from the engine.
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Have you not looked at Chapter 25 of the C++ Standard? That's how we do things in C++. | https://groups.google.com/a/isocpp.org/g/std-proposals/c/l3FLfjM91Mw/m/SNbYpzNLDgAJ | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | refinedweb | 1,251 | 53.21 |
This might be a something simple here, but I'm still learning python.
Basically I'm trying to pull an IP address from a hostname, which works fine, but if the host does not resolve it errors. I have it now so that once it resolves the IP address it populates it to a text box, so what i'm trying to do here is if it fails to resolve... To put a message in that text box saying no host found or whatever. I get an error: "socket.gaierror: [Errno 11004] getaddrinfo failed" when it does not resolve.
This is the code i have:
def findip():
host = hname.get() # Pulls host from text box1
ip = gethostbyname(host)
ipaddress.set(ip) #exports to text box2
return
if "gethostbyname fails"
ipaddress.set("Host does not resolve")
else
ipaddress.set(ip)
You have to try and catch the exception, this way:
def findip(): host = hname.get() try: ip = gethostbyname(host) except socket.gaierror: ip = "Host does not resolve" ipaddress.set(ip)
Just make sure you have the
socket module imported or it won't work, if you have no need for the
socket module you can import the the exception only, so you need to do either of these:
import socket import socket.gaierror | https://codedump.io/share/YGUWHXiqDpJ9/1/how-to-return-quothost-is-not-resolvablequot-message-after-gethostbyname-failiure | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | refinedweb | 212 | 74.39 |
Chapter 4: Automatically writing makefiles with Automake
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Shortly after Autoconf was well on its way to success in the GNU world, David MacKenzie began work on a new tool—a tool for automatically generating makefiles for a GNU project. MacKenzie’s work on Automake lasted about a year during 1994, ending around November of that year. A year later, during November of 1995, Tom Tromey (of RedHat and Cygnus fame) took over development of the Automake project. Tromey really had very much a defining role in Automake. In fact, although MacKenzie wrote the initial version of Automake in Bourne shell script, Tromey completely rewrote the tool in Perl over the following year. Tromey continued to maintain and enhance Automake during the next 5 years.
NOTE: Do not confuse the requirements of Automake on the project maintainer with the requirements of a generated build system on the end user. Perl is required by Automake, not by the generated build system.
Around February of 2000, Alexandre Duret-Lutz began to take a more active role in the development of the Automake project, and by the end of that year, had pretty much taken over project maintenance. Duret-Lutz’s role as project lead lasted until about mid-2007. Since then, the project has been maintained by Eric Blake of the Free Software Foundation (FSF), with strong leadership (and most of the repository check-in’s, for that matter) from automake mailing list contemporaries such as Ralf Wildenhues and Akim Demaille. (I owe many heartfelt thanks to Ralf for kindly answering so many seemingly trivial questions while I worked on this book.)
Sometime early during development of the GNU Coding Standards (GCS), it became clear to MacKenzie that much of a GNU project makefile was fairly boilerplate in nature. This is because the GCS guidelines are fairly specific about how and where a project’s products should be built, tested, and installed. These conditions have allowed Automake syntax to be concise—in fact, it’s terse, almost to a fault. One Automake statement represents a lot of functionality. The nice thing, however, is that once you understand it, you can get a fairly complete, complex and functionally correct build system up and running in short order—I mean on the order of minutes, not hours or days.
Getting down to business
Let’s face it, writing a makefile is hard. Oh, the initial writing is fairly simple, but getting it right is often very difficult—the devil, as they say, is in the details. Like any high-level programming language, make syntax is often conducive to formulaic composition. That’s just a fancy way of saying that once you’ve solved a “make problem”, you’re inclined to memorize the solution and apply the same formula the next time that problem crops up—which happens quite often when writing build systems.
So what advantages does Automake give us over our hand-coded Makefile.in templates, anyway? Well, that’s pretty easy to answer with a short example. Consider the following changes to the files in our project directory structure (these commands are executed from jupiter’s top-level directory):
$ rm autogen.sh Makefile.in src/Makefile.in $ echo "SUBDIRS = src" > Makefile.am $ echo "bin_PROGRAMS = jupiter > jupiter_SOURCES = main.c" > src/Makefile.am $ touch NEWS README AUTHORS ChangeLog $ vi configure.ac ... AC_INIT([Jupiter], 1.0, [bugs@jupiter.org]) AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/main.c]) ... $ autoreconf -i $
The “
rm” command deletes our hand-coded Makefile.in templates and the autogen.sh script we wrote to ensure that all the support scripts and files were copied into the root of our project directory. We won’t be needing this script anymore because we’re upgrading jupiter to Automake proper.
For the sake of brevity in the text, I used
echo statements to write the new Makefile.am files, but you may, of course, use an editor if you wish. NOTE: There is a hard carriage-return after “
bin_PROGRAMS = jupiter” in the third line. The shell will continue to accept input after the carriage return until the quotation is closed on the following line.
The
touch command is used to create new empty versions of the
NEWS,
README,
AUTHORS and
ChangeLog files in the project root directory. These files are required by the GCS for all GNU projects. While they’re not required for non-GNU programs, they’ve become something of an institution in the FOSS world—you’d do well to have these files, properly formatted, in your project, as users have come to expect them. The GCS document covers the format and contents of these files. Section 6 covers the
NEWS and
ChangeLog files, and Section 7 covers the
README and
INSTALL files. The
AUTHORS file is a list of people (names and optional email addresses) to whom attribution should be given.
Enabling Automake in
configure.ac
Finally, I’ve added a single line to the configure.ac file,
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE between the
AC_INIT and
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR statements. Besides the normal requirements of an Autoconf input file, this is the only line that’s required to enable Automake in a project that’s already configured with Autoconf. The AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE macro accepts an optional argument—a white-space separated list of option tags, which can be passed into this macro to modify the general behavior of Automake. The following is a comprehensive list of options for Automake version 1.10:
gnits
gnu
foreign
cygnus
ansi2knr
path/ansi2knr
check-news
dejagnu
dist-bzip2
dist-lzma
dist-shar
dist-zip
dist-tarZ
filename-length-max=99
no-define
no-dependencies
no-dist
no-dist-gzip
no-exeext
no-installinfo
no-installman
nostdinc
no-texinfo.tex
readme-alpha
std-options
subdir-objects
tar-v7
tar-ustar
tar-pax
<version>
-W<category>
--warnings=<category>
I won’t spend a lot of time on the option tag list at this point. For a detailed description of each option, check out Chapter 17 of the GNU Automake manual. I will, however, point out a few of the most useful options.
The
check-news option will cause “make dist” to fail if the current version doesn’t show up in the first few lines of the
NEWS file. The
dist-* tags can be used to change the default distribution package type. Now, these are handy because often developers want to distribute tar.bz2 files, rather than tar.gz files. By default, “make dist” builds a tar.gz file. You can override this by using “make dist-bzip2”, but this is more painful than it needs to be for projects that like to use bzip2 by default. The
readme-alpha option can be used to temporarily alter the behavior of the build and distribution process during alpha releases of a project. First, a file named
README-alpha, found in the project root directory, will be distributed automatically while using this option. This option will also alter the expected versioning scheme of the project.
The
<version> option is actually a placeholder for a numeric version number. This value represents the lowest version number of Automake that is acceptable for this project. For instance, if
1.10 is passed as a tag, then Automake will fail if it’s version is less than 1.10. The
-W<category> and
--warnings=<category> options indicate that the project would like to use Automake with various warning categories enabled.
What we get from Automake
The last line of the example executes the
autoreconf -i command, which, as I’ve already discussed in prior chapters, regenerates all Autotools-generated files according to the configure.ac file. This time, with the inclusion of the
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE statement, the
-i option properly tells Automake to add any missing files. The
-i option need only be used once in a newly checked out work area. Once the missing utility files have been added, the
-i option may be dropped.
These few commands create for us an Automake-based build system containing everything that we wrote into our original Makefile.in templates, except that this one is more correct and functionally complete. A quick glance at the resulting generated Makefile.in template shows us that, from just a couple of input lines, Automake has done a significant amount of work for you. The resulting top-level Makefile.in template (remember, the configure script turns these templates into Makefiles), is nearly 18K in size. The original files were only a few hundred bytes long.
A generated Automake build system supports the following important
make targets—and this list is not comprehensive:
all
distdir
install
install-strip
install-data
install-exec
uninstall
install-dvi
install-html
install-info
install-ps
install-pdf
installdirs
check
installcheck
mostlyclean
clean
distclean
maintainer-clean
dvi
ps
info
html
ctags
dist
dist-bzip2
dist-gzip
dist-lzma
dist-shar
dist-zip
dist-tarZ
uninstall
As you can see, this goes a bit beyond what was provided in your hand-coded Makefile.in templates. And Automake writes all of this functionality automatically, correctly and quickly for each project that you instrument in the manner outlined above.
So, what’s in a Makefile.am file?
You’ll no doubt recall from Chapter 3 that Autoconf accepts shell script, sprinkled with M4 macros, and generates the same shell script with those macros fully expanded into additional shell script. Likewise, Automake accepts as input a makefile, sprinkled with Automake commands. As with Autoconf, the significance of this statement is that Automake input files are nothing more or less than makefiles with additional syntax.
One very significant difference between Autoconf and Automake is that Autoconf generates no output text except for the existing shell script in the input file, plus any additional shell script resulting from the expansion of embedded M4 macros. Automake, on the other hand, assumes that all makefiles should contain a minimal infrastructure designed to support the GCS, in addition to any targets and variables that you specify.
To illustrate this point, I’ll create a
temp directory in the root of the jupiter project, and add an empty Makefile.am file to that directory. Then I’ll add this new Makefile.am to my project, like this:
$ mkdir temp $ touch temp/Makefile.am $ echo "SUBDIRS = src temp" > Makefile.am $ vi configure.ac ... AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile src/Makefile temp/Makefile]) ... $ autoreconf $ ./configure ... $ ls -1sh temp total 20K 12K Makefile 0 Makefile.am 8.0K Makefile.in $
Thus we can see that Automake considers a certain amount of support code to be indispensable in every makefile. Even with an empty Makefile.am file, you end up with about 12K of code in the resulting Makefile, which is generated by configure (config.status) from an 8K Makefile.in template. Incidentally, it’s fairly instructive to examine the contents of this Makefile.in template to see the Autoconf substitution variables that are passed in, as well as the framework code that Automake generates.
Since the make utility uses a fairly rigid set of rules for processing makefiles, Automake takes some minor “literary license” with your additional make code. Specifically, two basic rules are followed by Automake when generating Makefile.in templates from Makefile.am files that contain additional non-Automake-specific syntax (rules, variables, etc):
- Make variables that you define in your Makefile.am files are placed at the top of the resulting Makefile.in template, immediately following any Automake-generated variable definitions.
- Make rules that you specify in your Makefile.am files are placed at the end of the resulting Makefile.in template, immediately following any Automake-generated rules.
Make doesn’t care where rules are located relative to one another, because it reads all of the rules and stores them in an internal database before processing any of them. Variables are treated in a similar manner. To prove this to yourself, try referencing a variable in a makefile before its definition. Make binds values to variable references at the last possible moment, right before command lines containing these references are passed to the shell for execution.
Often, you won’t need to specify anything besides a few Automake commands within a given Makefile.am, but there are frequent occasions when you will want to add your own make targets. This is because, while Automake does a lot for you, it can’t anticipate everything you might wish to do in your build system. It’s in this “grey” area where most developers begin to complain about Automake.
I’ll spend the rest of this chapter examining the functionality provided by Automake. Later, I’ll get into some tricks you can use to significantly enhance existing Automake functionality.
Analyzing our new build system
I will now spend some time looking at what I put into those two simple Makefile.am files. I’ll start with the top-level file, with its single line of Automake code:
Makefile.am
SUBDIRS = src
It’s pretty easy to divine the primary purpose of this line of text just by looking at the text itself. It appears to be indicating that I have a sub-directory in our project called
src. In fact, this line tells Automake several things about our project:
- There are one or more immediate sub-directories containing Makefile.am files to be processed, in addition to this file.
- Directories in this space-delimited list are to be processed in the order specified.
- Directories in this list are to be recursively processed for all primary make targets.
- Directories in this list are to be treated as part of the project distribution.
SUBDIRS is not just a make variable: it’s recognized by Automake to have special meaning, besides the intrinsic meaning associated with common make variables. As you continue to study Automake constructs, this theme will come up over and over again. Most Automake statements are, in fact, just make variables with special meaning to Automake.
Another point about the
SUBDIRS variable is that it may be used in an arbitrarily complex directory structure, to process Makefile.am files within a project. You might say that
SUBDIRS is the “glue” that links Makefile.am files together in a project’s directory hierarchy.
One final point about
SUBDIRS is that the current directory is implicitly listed last in the
SUBDIRS list, meaning that the current directory will be built after all of the directories listed in the
SUBDIRS variable. You may change this implied ordering if you wish, by using “.” (meaning the current directory) anywhere in the list. This is important because it’s sometimes necessary to build the current directory before one or more subdirectories.
Let’s move down a level now into the
src directory. The
src/Makefile.am file contains slightly more code for you to examine; two lines rather than one:
src/Makefile.am
bin_PROGRAMS = jupiter jupiter_SOURCES = main.c
Primaries
The first line, “
bin_PROGRAMS = jupiter” lists the products generated by this Makefile.am file. Multiple files may be listed in this variable definition, separated by white space. The variable name itself is made up of two parts, the installation location,
bin, and the product type,
PROGRAMS. GNU Automake documentation calls the product type portion of these variables a “primary”. The following is a list of valid primaries for version 1.10 of Automake:
PROGRAMS
LIBRARIES
LISP
PYTHON
JAVA
SCRIPTS
DATA
HEADERS
MANS
TEXINFOS
NOTE: Libtool adds
LTLIBRARIES to the primaries list supported by Automake. I’ll examine this and other Automake extensions provided by Libtool in Chapter 5.
You could consider primaries to be “product classes”, or types of products that might be generated by a build system. This being the case, it’s pretty clear that not all product classes are handled by Automake. What differentiates one class of product from another? Basically differences in handling semantics during build and installation.
PROGRAMS, for example are built using different compiler and linker commands than are
LIBRARIES. Certainly
LISP,
JAVA and
PYTHON products are handled differently—the build system uses entirely different tool chains to build these types of products. And
SCRIPTS,
DATA and
HEADERS aren’t generally even built (although they might be), but rather simply copied into appropriate installation directories.
PROGRAMS also have different execution, and thus installation, semantics from
LISP,
PYTHON and
JAVA programs. Products that fit into the
PROGRAMS category are generally executable by themselves, while
LISP,
JAVA and
PYTHON programs require virtual machines and interpreters.
What makes this set of primaries important? The fact that they cover 99 percent of the products created in official GNU projects. If your project generates a set of products that define their own product class, or use a product class not listed in this set of primaries, then you might do well to simply stick with Autoconf until support is added to Automake for your product class. Another option is to add support yourself to Autoconf for your product class, but doing so requires a deep knowledge of both the product class and the Automake Perl script. I believe it’s fair to say, however, that this set of primaries covers a wide range of currently popular product classes.
Prefixes
Supported installation locations are provided by the GCS document. This is the same list that I provided to you in Chapter 2. I’ll relist them here for convenience:
bindir
sbindir
libexecdir
datarootdir
datadir
sysconfdir
sharedstatedir
localstatedir
includedir
oldincludedir
docdir
infodir
htmldir
dvidir
pdfdir
psdir
libdir
lispdir
localedir
mandir
manNdir
You may have noticed that I left a few entries out of this version of the list. Essentially, all entries ending in
dir are viable prefixes for Automake primaries. Besides these standard GCS installation locations, three other installation locations are defined by Automake to have enhanced meaning:
pkglibdir
pkgincludedir
pkgdatadir
The
pkg versions of the
libdir,
includedir and
datadir prefixes are designed to install products into subdirectories of these installation locations that are named after the package. For example, for the jupiter project, the
pkglibdir installation location would be found in
$(exec-prefix)/lib/jupiter, rather than the usual
$(exec-prefix)/lib directory.
If this list of installation locations isn’t comprehensive enough, don’t worry—Automake provides a mechanism for you to define your own installation directory prefixes. Any make variable you define in your Makefile.am file that ends in
dir can be used as a valid primary prefix. To reuse the example found in the GNU Automake manual, let’s say you wish to install a set of XML files into an
xml directory within the system data directory. You might use this code to do so:
xmldir = $(datadir)/xml xml_DATA = file1.xml file2.xml file3.xml ...
Note that the same naming conventions are used with custom installation locations as with the standard locations. Namely, that the variable ends with
dir, but the
dir portion of the variable name is left off when using it as a primary prefix.
There are also several prefixes with special meanings not related to installation locations:
check
noinst
EXTRA
The
check prefix indicates products that are built only for testing purposes, and thus will not be installed at all. Products listed in primary variables that are prefixed with
check aren’t even built if the user never types
make check.
The
noinst prefix indicates that the listed products should be built, but not installed. For example, a static so-called “convenience” library might be built as an intermediate product, and used in other stages of the build process to build final products. Such libraries are not designed to be installed, so the prefix shouldn’t be an installation location. The
noinst prefix serves this purpose.
The
EXTRA prefix is used to list programs that are conditionally built. This is a difficult concept to explain in a few paragraphs, but I’ll give it a try. All product files must be listed statically (as opposed to being calculated at build-time) in order for Automake to generate a Makefile.in template that will work for any set of input commands. However, a project maintainer may elect to allow some products to be built conditionally, based on configuration options given to the configure script. If some products are listed in variables generated by the configure script, then these products should also be listed in a primary prefixed with “
EXTRA”, like this:
EXTRA_PROGRAMS = myoptionalprog bin_PROGRAMS myprog $(optional_programs)
Here, it is assumed that the “
optional_programs” variable is defined in the configure script, and listed in an
AC_SUBST macro. This way, Automake can know in advance that “
myoptionalprog” may be built, and so generate rules to build it. Any program that may or may not be built, based on configuration options should be specified in
EXTRA_PROGRAMS, so that Automake can generate a makefile that could build it if requested to do so.
“Super” prefixes
Some primaries allow a sort of “super” prefix to be prepended to a prefix/PRIMARY variable specification. Such modifiers may be used together on the same variable where it makes sense. Thus, these “super” prefixes modify the normal behaviour of a prefix/PRIMARY specification. The existing modifiers include:
dist
nodist
nobase
The
dist modifier indicates a set of files that should be distributed (that is, included in the distribution package when “make dist” is executed). The
dist modifier is used with files that are normally not distributed, but may be used explicitly anywhere for clarity. For instance, assuming that some source files for a product should be distributed, and some should not (perhaps they’re generated), the following rules might be used:
dist_jupiter_SOURCES = file1.c file2.c nodist_jupiter_SOURCES = file3.c file4.c
While the
dist prefix is redundant in this example, it is nonetheless useful to the casual reader.
The
nobase modifier is used to suppress the removal of path information from installed header files that are obtained from subdirectories by a Makefile.am file. For instance, assume that installable jupiter project header files exist in a subdirectory of the
src directory “
jupiter”:
nobase_dist_include_HEADERS = \ jupiter/jupiter_interface.h
Normally, such a header file would be installed into the
/usr(/local)/include directory as simply
jupiter_interface.h. However, if the
nobase modifier is used, then the extra path information would not be removed, so the final resting place of the installed header would instead be
/usr(/local)/include/jupiter/jupiter_interface.h.
Notice also in this example that I combined the use of the
nobase modifier with that of the
dist modifier—just to show the concept.
Product sources
The second line in
src/Makefile.am is “
jupiter_SOURCES = main.c”. This variable lists the source files used to build the
jupiter program. Like product variables made from prefixes and primaries, this type of variable is derived from two parts, the product name,
jupiter in this case, and the dependent type. I call it the “dependent type” because this variable lists source files on which the product depends. Ultimately, Automake adds these files to make rule dependency lists.
The
EXTRA prefix may also be used sometimes as a super prefix modifier. When used with a product SOURCES variable (eg.,
jupiter_SOURCES),
EXTRA can be used to specify extra source files that may or may not be used, which are directly associated with the jupiter product:
EXTRA_jupiter_SOURCES = possibly.c
In this case,
possibly.c may or may not be compiled—perhaps based on an AC_SUBST variable.
Unit tests - supporting “
make check”
I mentioned earlier that this Automake-generated build system provided the same functionality as our hand-coded build system. Well, I wasn’t completely truthful when I said that. For the most part, that was an accurate statement, but what’s still missing is our simple-minded
make check functionality. The
check target is indeed supported by our new Automake build system, but it’s just not hooked up to any real functionality. Let’s do that now.
You’ll recall in Chapter 2 that you added code to the
src/Makefile to run the jupiter program and check for the proper output string when the user entered “make check”. You did this with a fairly simple addition to our
src/Makefile:
... check: all ./jupiter | grep "Hello from .*jupiter!" @echo "*** ALL TESTS PASSED ***" ...
As it turns out, Automake has some solid support for unit tests. Unfortunately, the documentation consists of Chapter 15 of the GNU Automake manual—a single page of text—half of which is focused on the obscure DejaGNU test suite syntax. Nevertheless, adding unit tests to a Makefile.am file is fairly trivial. To add a simple “grep test” back into the new Automake-generated build system, I’ve added a few more lines to the bottom of the
src/Makefile.am file:
src/Makefile.am
bin_PROGRAMS = jupiter jupiter_SOURCES = main.c jupiter_CPPFLAGS = -I$(top_srcdir)/common jupiter_LDADD = ../common/libjupcommon.a check_SCRIPTS = greptest.sh TESTS = $(check_SCRIPTS) greptest.sh: echo './jupiter | grep \ "Hello from .*jupiter!"' > greptest.sh chmod +x greptest.sh CLEANFILES = greptest.sh
The
check_SCRIPTS line is clearly a prefixed primary. The
SCRIPT primary indicates a “built” script, or a script that is somehow generated at build time. Since the prefix is “check”, you know that scripts listed in this line will only be built when the user enters “make check” (or “make distcheck”). However, this is as far as Automake goes in supporting such built scripts with Automake-specific syntax. You must supply a make rule for building the script yourself.
Furthermore, since you supplied the rule to generate the script, you must also supply a rule for cleaning the file. Automake provides an extension to the generated
clean rule, wherein all files listed in a special
CLEANFILES variable are added to the list of automatically cleaned files.
The
TESTS line is the important one here, in that it indicates which targets are built and executed when a user enters “make check”. Since the “
check_SCRIPTS” variable contains a complete list of these targets, I simply reused its value here.
Generating scripts or data files in this manner is a very useful technique. I’ll present some more interesting ways of doing this sort of thing in Chapter 8.
Adding complexity with convenience libraries
Well, jupiter is fairly trivial, as free software projects go. In order to highlight some more of the key features of Automake, I’m going to have to expand jupiter into something a little bit more complex (if not functional).
I’ll start by adding a convenience library, and having jupiter consume this library. Essentially, I’ll move the code in main.c to a library source file, and then call the function in the library from jupiter’s main routine. Start with the following commands, executed from the top-level project directory:
$ mkdir common $ touch common/jupcommon.h $ touch common/print.c $ touch common/Makefile.am
Add the following text to the .h and .c files:
common/jupcommon.h
int print_routine(char * name);
common/print.c
#include <jupcommon.h> #if HAVE_CONFIG_H # include <config.h> #endif #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #if HAVE_PTHREAD_H # include <pthread.h> #endif static void * print_it(void * data) { printf("Hello from %s!\n", (char *)data); return 0; } int print_routine(char * name) { #if ASYNC_EXEC pthread_t tid; pthread_create(&tid, 0, print_it, name); pthread_join(tid, 0); #else print_it(name); #endif return 0; }
As promised,
print.c is merely a copy of
main.c, with a couple of small modifications. First, I renamed
main to
print_routine, and second, I added the inclusion of the jupcommon.h header file at the top. This header file (as you can see) merely provides
print_routine’s prototype to the new
src/main.c, where it’s called from
main. Modify
src/main.c to look like this:
src/main.c
#include <jupcommon.h> int main(int argc, char * argv[]) { print_routine(argv[0]); return 0; }
And now for the new
common/Makefile.am file; add the following text to this file:
common/Makefile.am
noinst_LIBRARIES = libjupcommon.a libjupcommon_a_SOURCES = jupcommon.h print.c
Let’s take a look at this file for a minute. You’ll recall from our discussion of Automake primaries and prefixes that the first line indicates the products to be built and installed by this Makefile.am file. In this case, the
noinst prefix indicates that this library should not be installed at all. This is because you’re creating a “convenience” library, or a library designed solely to make using the source code in the common directory more convenient for two or more consumers. (Granted, you only have one consumer at this point—the jupiter program—but later on you’ll add another consumer of this library, and then it will make more sense.)
The library we’re creating will be called “libjupcommon.a”—this is a static library, also known as an “object archive”. Object archives are merely packages containing one or more object (.o) files. They can’t be executed, or loaded into a process address space, as can shared libraries. They can only be added to a linker command line. The linker is smart enough to realize that such archives are merely groups of object files. The linker extracts the object files it needs to complete the linkage process when building a program or shared library.
The second line represents the list of source files associated with this library. I chose to place both the header and the C source file in this list. I could have chosen to use a “
noinst_HEADERS” line for the header file, but it was unnecessary because the “
libjupcommon_a_SOURCES” list works just as well. The appropriate time to use “
noinst_HEADERS” is when you have a directory that contains no source (.c) files—such as an internal include directory. Personally, I don’t care for this style of project directory structure organization. I prefer to place private header files right along side of the source code they represent. As a result, I never seem to need “
noinst_HEADERS” in my projects.
Notice the format of the “
libjupcommon_a_SOURCES” variable. Automake transforms library and program names in the product list into derived variable names by converting all characters except for letters, numbers and at-signs (
@) into underscore characters. Thus, a library named
libc++.a generates a SOURCES variables called
libc___a_SOURCES (there are three consecutive underscores in that variable name).
Clean up your top-level project directory, removing all files and directories except those that we’ve written by hand so far. Also remove all Makefile.in files in the top-level directory and in sub-directories. The top-level directory should look like this when you’re done:
$ ls -1F AUTHORS ChangeLog common/ configure.ac COPYING INSTALL src/ Makefile.am NEWS README
Edit the
SUBDIRS variable in the top-level Makefile.am file to include the new common directory that we just added:
Makefile.am
SUBDIRS = common src
Now you have to add some additional information to the
src/Makefile.am file so that the generated Makefile can find the new library and header file you created in the common directory. Add two more lines to the end of the existing file, in this manner:
src/Makefile.am
bin_PROGRAMS = jupiter jupiter_SOURCES = main.c jupiter_CPPFLAGS = -I$(top_srcdir)/common jupiter_LDADD = ../common/libjupcommon.a
Like the
jupiter_SOURCES variable, these two new variables are obviously derived from the program name. The
jupiter_CPPFLAGS variable is used to add product-specific C preprocessor flags to the compiler command line for all source files that are built for the jupiter program. The
jupiter_LDADD variable is used to add libraries to the linker command line for the jupiter program.
These product-specific option variables are used to pass options to the compiler and linker command lines. The option variables currently supported by Automake for programs include:
program_CCASFLAGS
program_CFLAGS
program_CPPFLAGS
program_CXXFLAGS
program_FFLAGS
program_GCJFLAGS
program_LFLAGS
program_OBJCFLAGS
program_RFLAGS
program_UPCFLAGS
program_YFLAGS
For static library products use
library_LIBADD, instead of
program_LDADD. The _LIBADD variable for libraries allows you to specify additional object files and static libraries that should be added to the static archive you’re currently building. This can be handy for combining multiple convenience libraries. Consider the difference between these cases: The
library_LIBADD variable is merely allowing you to specify already built objects—either libraries or actual object modules—to the library you’re currently building. This can’t be accomplished with the
library_SOURCES variable, because
library_SOURCES members are compiled, whereas
library_LIBADD members are already built.
Additionally, the
program_LDADD variable generally expects linker command line options such as
-lz (to add the libz library to the linker’s library specification for this program), while the
library_LIBADD variable is formatted as a list of fully specified objects (eg., libabc.a file1.o). This rule isn’t particularly strict however, as I’ll explain shortly here. Quite frankly, it doesn’t really matter, as long as the final command line composed by Automake from all of these variables makes sense to the linker.
File-level option variables
Often you’ll see unprefixed variables like
AM_CPPFLAGS or
AM_LDFLAGS used in a Makefile.am. This is the per-file form of these flags, rather than the per-product form. The per-file forms are used when the developer wants the same set of flags to be used for all products within a given Makefile.am file.
Sometimes you need to set a group of preprocessor flags for all products in a Makefile.am file, but add additional flags for one particular target. When you use a per-product flag variable, you need to include the per-file variable explicitly, like this:
AM_CFLAGS = ... some flags ... program_CFLAGS = ... more flags ... $(AM_CFLAGS)
User variables, such as
CFLAGS, should never be modified by configuration scripts or makefiles. These are reserved for the end-user, and will be always be appended to the per-file or per-product versions of these variables.
Regarding the
jupiter_LDADD variable,
../common/libjupcommon.a merely adds an object to the linker command line, so that code in this library may become part of the final program. Note that this sort of syntax is really only necessary for libraries built as part of your own package. If you’re linking your program with a library that’s installed on the user’s system, then the configure script should have found it, and automatically added an appropriate reference to the linker’s command line.
In the
jupiter_CPPFLAGS variable, the
-I$(top_srcdir)/common directive tells the C preprocessor to add a search directory to its list of locations in which to look for header file references. Specifically, it indicates that header files referenced in C source files with angle brackets (
< and
>) should be searched for in this include search path. Header files referenced with double-quotes are not searched for, but merely expected to exist in the specified directory, relative to the directory containing the referencing source file.
Getting back to our example—edit the configure.ac file; add a reference to the AC_CONFIG_FILES macro for the new generated common/Makefile, in this manner:
configure.ac
... AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile common/Makefile src/Makefile]) ...
Okay, now give your updated build system a try. Add the
-i option to the
autoreconf command so that it will install any additional missing files that might be required after our enhancements:
$ autoreconf -i configure.ac:6: installing `./missing' configure.ac:6: installing `./install-sh' common/Makefile.am:1: library used but `RANLIB' is undefined. The usual way to define `RANLIB' is to add `AC_PROG_RANLIB' to `configure.ac' and run `autoconf' again. common/Makefile.am: installing `./depcomp' src/Makefile.am:3: compiling `main.c' with per-target flags requires `AM_PROG_CC_C_O' in `configure.ac' autoreconf: automake failed with exit status: 1
Well, it appears that you’re still not done yet. Since you’ve added a new type of entity to our build system—static libraries—Automake (via autoreconf) tells you that you need to add a new macro to the configure.ac file. The AC_PROG_RANLIB macro is a standard program check macro, just like AC_PROG_YACC or AC_PROG_LEX. There’s a lot of history behind the use of the ranlib utility on archive libraries. I won’t get into whether it’s still useful with respect to modern development tools. It seems however, that wherever you see it used in modern Makefiles, there’s always a comment about running ranlib in order to “add karma” to the archive. You be the judge…
Additionally, you need to add the Automake macro, AM_PROG_CC_C_O, because this macro defines constructs in the resulting configure script that support the use of per-product flags, such as
jupiter_CPPFLAGS. Add these two macros to your configure.ac script:
configure.ac
... # Checks for programs. AC_PROG_CC AC_PROG_INSTALL AC_PROG_RANLIB AM_PROG_CC_C_O ...
Alright, once more then, but this time I’m adding the
--force option, as well as the
-i option to the autoreconf command line to keep it quiet about adding files that already exist. (This seems like a pointless option to me, because the entire purpose of the
-i option is to add missing files, not to add all files that are required, regardless of whether they already exist, or not, and then complain if they do exist.):
$ autoreconf -i --force configure.ac:15: installing `./compile'
Blessed day! It works. And it really wasn’t too bad, was it? Automake told you exactly what you needed to do.
(I always find it ironic when a piece of software tells you how to fix your input file—why didn’t it just do what it knew you wanted it to do, if it understood your intent without the correct syntax?! Okay, I understand the “purist” point of view, but why not just do “the right thing”, with a side-line comment about your ill-formatted input text? Eventually, you’d be annoyed enough to fix the problem anyway, wouldn’t you? Of course you would!)
A word about the utility scripts
It seems that Automake has added yet another missing file—the “compile” script is a wrapper around some older compilers that do not understand the use of both
-c and
-o on the command line to name the object file differently than the source file. When you use product-specific flags, Automake has to generate code that may compile source files multiple times with different flags for each file. Thus it has to name the files differently for each set of flags it uses. The requirement for the compile script actually comes from the inclusion of the AM_PROG_CC_C_O macro.
At this point, you have the following Autotools-added files in the root of our project directory structure:
compile
depcomp
install-sh
missing
These are all scripts that are executed by the configure script, and by the generated Makefiles at various points during the end-user build process. Thus, the end-user will need these files.You can only get these files from Autotools. Since the user shouldn’t be required to have Autotools installed on the final target host, you need to make these files available to the user somehow.
These scripts are automatically added (by “make dist”) to the distribution tarball. So, do you check them in to the repository, or not? The answer to this question is debatable, but generally I recommend against doing this. Anyone who will be creating a distribution tarball should also have the Autotools installed, and should be working from a repository work area. As a result, this maintainer will also be running
autoreconf -i (--force) to ensure that she has the latest updated Autotools-provided utility scripts. Checking them in will only make it more probable that they become out of date as time goes by.
As mentioned in Chapter 2, this sentiment goes for the configure script as well. Some people argue that checking the utility and configure scripts into the project repository is beneficial, because it ensures that someone checking out a work area can build the project from the work area without having the Autotools installed. But is this really important? Shouldn’t developers and maintainers be expected to have more advanced tools? My personal philosophy is that they should. Yours may differ. Occasionally, an end user will need to build a project from a work area, but this should be the exceptional case, not the typical case. If it is the typical case, then there are bigger problems with the project than can be solved in this discussion.
What goes in a distribution?
In general, Automake determines automatically what should go into a distribution created with
make dist. This is because Automake is vary aware of every single file in the build process, and what it’s used for. Thus, it need not be told explicitly which files should be in the package, and which should be left behind.
An important concept to remember is that Automake wants to know statically about every source file used to build a product, and about every file that’s installed. This means, of course, that all of these files must somehow be specified at some point in a Makefile.am primary variable. This bothers some developers—and with good reason. There are cases where dozens of installable files are generated by tools using long, apparently random and generally unimportant naming conventions. Listing such generated files statically in a primary variable is problematic, to say the least.
I’ll cover techniques that can be used to work around such problem cases later in this book. At this point, however, I’d like to introduce the
EXTRA_DIST variable for those cases where file system entities are not part of the Automake build process, but should be distributed with a distribution tarball. The
EXTRA_DIST variable contains a space-delimited list of files and directories which should be added to the distribution package when “make dist” is executed.
EXTRA_DIST = windows
This might be used to add, for example, a
windows build directory to the distribution package. Such a directory would be otherwise ignored by Automake, and then your windows users would be upset when they unpacked your latest tarball. Note in this example that
windows is a directory, not a file. Automake will automatically and recursively add every file in this directory to the distribution package.
Summary
In this chapter, I’ve covered a fair number of details about how to instrument a project for Automake. The project I chose to instrument happened to already be instrumented for Autoconf, which is the most likely scenario, as you’ll probably be adding Autoconf functionality to your bare projects first in most cases.
What I’ve explicitly not covered are situations where you need to extend Automake to handle your special cases, although I’ve hinted at this sort of thing from time to time.
In the next chapter, I’ll examine adding Libtool to the jupiter project, and then in Chapter 6, I’ll Autotool-ize a real-world project, consisting of several hundred source files and a custom build system that takes the form of a GNU makefile designed to use native compilers on multiple platforms including Solaris, AIX, Linux, Mac OS and Windows, among others. I’ll warn you up front thatI’ll be remaining true to the original mission statement of this book in that we’ll not be trying to get Autotools to build Microsoft Windows products. | http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/books/agaal/automatically_writing_makefiles_with_autotools | crawl-002 | refinedweb | 7,182 | 55.13 |
Novice Python coder here coming from a Java background. I'm still puzzled by this:
with open(...) as f:
do_something(f)
as f:
import numpy as np
File objects are themselves context managers, in that they have
__enter__ and
__exit__ methods.
with notifies the
file object when the context is entered and exited (by calling
__enter__ and
__exit__, respectively), and this is how a file object "knows" to close the file. There is no wrapper object involved here; file objects provide those two methods (in Java terms you could say that file objects implement the context manager interface).
Note that
as is not an alias just like
import module as altname; instead, the return value of
contextmanager.__enter__() is assigned to the target. The
fileobject.__enter__() method returns
self (so the file object itself), to make it easier to use the syntax:
with open(...) as fileobj:
If
fileobject.__enter__() did not do this but either returned
None or another object, you couldn't inline the
open() call; to keep a reference to the returned file object you'd have to assign the result of
open() to a variable first before using it as a context manager:
fileobj = open(...) with fileobj as something_enter_returned: fileobj.write()
or
fileobj = open(...) with fileobj: # no as, ignore whatever fileobj.__enter__() produced fileobj.write()
Note that nothing stops you from using the latter pattern in your own code; you don't have to use an
as target part here if you already have another reference to the file object, or simply don't need to even access the file object further.
However, other context managers could return something different. Some database connectors return a database cursor:
conn = database.connect(....) with conn as cursor: cursor.execute(...)
and exiting the context causes the transaction to be committed or rolled back (depending on wether or not there was an exception). | https://codedump.io/share/kjCnRq2NXX2L/1/quotwithquot-context-manager-python-what39s-going-on-in-simple-terms | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | refinedweb | 311 | 64.1 |
Java, J2EE & SOA Certification Training
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In this Java Interview Questions. And hence today, Java is used everywhere! This is the reason why Java Certification is the most in-demand certification in programming domain..
main() in Java is the entry point for any Java program. It is always written as public static void main(String[] args).
Java is called platform independent because of its byte codes which can run on any system irrespective of its underlying operating system.
Java is not 100% Object-oriented because it makes use of eight primitive data types such as boolean, byte, char, int, float, double, long, short which are not objects..:
Singleton class is a class whose only one instance can be created at any given time, in one JVM. A class can be made singleton by making its constructor private..
The major difference between Heap and Stack memory are:.
JIT stands for Just-In-Time compiler in Java. It is a program that helps in converting the Java bytecode into instructions that are sent directly to the processor. By default, the JIT compiler is enabled in Java and is activated whenever a Java method is invoked. The JIT compiler then compiles the bytecode of the invoked method into native machine code, compiling it “just in time” to execute. Once the method has been compiled, the JVM summons the compiled code of that method directly rather than interpreting it. This is why it is often responsible for the performance optimization of Java applications at the run time.
In Java, access modifiers are special keywords which are used to restrict the access of a class, constructor, data member and method in another class. Java supports four types of access modifiers:
A class in Java is a blueprint which includes all your data. A class contains fields (variables) and methods to describe the behavior of an object. Let’s have a look at the syntax of a class.
class Abc { member variables // class body methods}
An object is a real-world entity that has a state and behavior. An object has three characteristics:
An object is created using the ‘new’ keyword. For example:
ClassName obj = new ClassName();
Object-oriented programming or popularly known as OOPs is a programming model or approach where the programs are organized around objects rather than logic and functions. In other words, OOP mainly focuses on the objects that are required to be manipulated instead of logic. This approach is ideal for the programs large and complex codes and needs to be actively updated or maintained.
Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs is a programming style that is associated with concepts like:
In Java, a local variable is typically used inside a method, constructor, or a block and has only local scope. Thus, this variable can be used only within the scope of a block. The best benefit of having a local variable is that other methods in the class won’t be even aware of that variable.
if(x > 100) { String test = "Edureka"; }
Whereas, an instance variable in Java, is a variable which is bounded to its object itself. These variables are declared within a class, but outside a method. Every object of that class will create it’s own copy of the variable while using it. Thus, any changes made to the variable won’t reflect in any other instances of that class and will be bound to that particular instance only.
class Test{ public String EmpName; public int empAge; }.
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { if (i == 3) { break; } System.out.println(i); }
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { if(i == 2) { continue; } System.out.println(i); }
An infinite loop is an instruction sequence in Java that loops endlessly when a functional exit isn’t met. This type of loop can be the result of a programming error or may also be a deliberate action based on the application behavior. An infinite loop will terminate automatically once the application exits.
For example:
public class InfiniteForLoopDemo { public static void main(String[] arg) { for(;;) System.out.println("Welcome to Edureka!"); // To terminate this program press ctrl + c in the console. } }
In Java, super() and this(), both are special keywords that are used to call the constructor.
Java String pool refers to a collection of Strings which are stored in heap memory. In this, whenever a new object is created, String pool first checks whether the object is already present in the pool or not. If it is present, then the same reference is returned to the variable else new object will be created in the String pool and the respective reference will be returned.
data-src= alt width=300 height=187
Compile time polymorphism is method overloading whereas Runtime time polymorphism is done using inheritance and interface.
In Java, runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time. In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass.(); //upcasting b.run(); } }. Abstraction can be achieved in two ways:6. What is inheritance in Java?
Inheritance in Java is the concept where the properties of one class can be inherited by the other. It helps to reuse the code and establish a relationship between different classes. Inheritance is performed between two types of classes:
A class which inherits the properties is known as Child Class whereas a class whose properties are inherited is known as Parent class.
Java supports four types of inheritance which are:(); } }
You cannot override a private or static method in Java. If you create a similar method with the same return type and same method arguments in child class then it will hide the superclass method; this is known as method hiding. Similarly, you cannot override a private method in subclass(); } }
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Encapsulation is a mechanism where you bind your data(variables) and code(methods) together as a single unit. Here, the data is hidden from the outer world and can be accessed only via current class methods. This helps in protecting the data from any unnecessary modification. We can achieve encapsulation in Java by:. These relationships can be one to one, one to many, many to one and many to many.
An aggregation is a specialized form of Association where all object has their own lifecycle but there is ownership and child object can not belong to another parent object. Let’s take an example of Department and teacher. A single teacher can not belong to multiple departments, but if we delete the department teacher object will not destroy.
Composition is again a specialized form of Aggregation and we can call this as a “death” relationship. It is a strong type of Aggregation. Child object does not have their lifecycle and if parent object deletes all child object will also be deleted. Let’s take again an example of a relationship between House and rooms. House can contain multiple rooms there is no independent life of room and any room can not belongs to two different houses if we delete the house room will automatically delete.
Q15..
public interface Serializable{ }
Q16. What is object cloning in Java?
Object cloning in Java is the process of creating an exact copy of an object. It basically means the ability to create an object with a similar state as the original object. To achieve this, Java provides a method clone() to make use of this functionality. This method creates a new instance of the class of the current object and then initializes all its fields with the exact same contents of corresponding fields. To object clone(), the marker interface java.lang.Cloneable must be implemented to avoid any runtime exceptions. One thing you must note is Object clone() is a protected method, thus you need to override it.
Copy constructor is a member function that is used to initialize an object using another object of the same class. Though there is no need for copy constructor in Java since all objects are passed by reference. Moreover, Java does not even support automatic pass-by-value.
In Java, constructor overloading is a technique of adding any number of constructors to a class each having a different parameter list. The compiler uses the number of parameters and their types in the list to differentiate the overloaded constructors.!
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RequestDispatcher interface is used to forward the request to another resource that can be HTML, JSP or another servlet in same application. We can also use this to include the content of another resource to the response.
There are two methods defined in this interface:
1.void forward()
2.void include()
There are 5 stages in the lifecycle of a servlet: data-src=
The difference between ServletContext and ServletConfig in Servlets JSP is in below tabular format.
Session is a conversational: Driver is a software component that enables java application to interact with the database. There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:
The java.sql package contains interfaces and classes for JDBC API.
The DriverManager class manages the registered drivers. It can be used to register and unregister drivers. It provides factory method that returns the instance of Connection.
The Connection interface maintains a session with the database. It can be used for transaction management. It provides factory methods that returns the instance of Statement, PreparedStatement, CallableStatement and DatabaseMetaData.
The ResultSet object represents a row of a table. It can be used to change the cursor pointer and get the information from the database.
The ResultSetMetaData interface returns the information of table such as total number of columns, column name, column type etc.
The DatabaseMetaData interface returns the information of the database such as username, driver name, driver version, number of tables, number of views etc.
Batch processing helps you to group related SQL statements into a batch and execute them instead of executing a single query. By using batch processing technique in JDBC, you can execute multiple queries which makes the performance faster..
You should use execute() method only when you are not sure about the type of statement else use executeQuery or executeUpdate method.
JDBC statements are basically the statements which are used to send SQL commands to the database and retrieve data back from the database. Various methods like execute(), executeUpdate(), executeQuery, etc. are provided by JDBC to interact with the database.
JDBC supports 3 types of statements:
In case you are facing any challenges with these java interview questions, please comment your problems in the section below. Apart from this Java Interview Questions Blog, if you want to get trained from professionals on this technology, you can opt for a structured training from edureka!.
Some of the important Spring Framework modules are:
The important annotations are:.
data-src=.
data-src.
Autowiring enables the programmer to inject the bean automatically. We don’t need to write explicit injection logic. Let’s see the code to inject bean using dependency injection.
The autowiring modes are given below:
Spring MVC Framework provides the following ways to help us achieving robust exception handling.
We can define exception handler methods in our controller classes. All we need is to annotate these methods with @ExceptionHandler annotation.
Exception Handling is a cross-cutting concern and Spring provides @ControllerAdvice annotation that we can use with any class to define our global exception handler.
For generic exceptions, most of the times we serve static pages. the scope of the spring bean.
@Configuration, @ComponentScan and @Bean – for java based configurations.
AspectJ annotations for configuring aspects and advices , @Aspect, @Before, @After, @Around, @Pointcut, etc..
Two types of transaction management are supported by Spring. They are:
In case you are facing any challenges with these java interview questions, please comment your problems in the section below. Apart from this Java Interview Questions Blog, if you want to get trained from professionals on this technology, you can opt for structured training from edureka!
Object-relational mapping or ORM is the programming technique to map application domain model objects to the relational database tables. Hibernate the.
Some of the important benefits of using hibernate framework are:
Overall hibernate is the best choice in current market for ORM tool, it contains all the features that you will ever need in an ORM tool.
data-src=
The differences between get() and load() methods are given below.
Some of the important advantages of Hibernate framework over JDBC are: provides 9 implicit objects by default. They are as follows:
<%
response.setHeader(“Cache-Control”,”no-store”);
response.setHeader(“Pragma”,”no-cache”);
response.setHeader (“Expires”, “0”); //prevents caching at the proxy server
%>
There are 5 type of JSTL tags.
The following code explains how to delete a Cookie in a JSP :
Cookie mycook = new Cookie("name1","value1"); response.addCookie(mycook1); Cookie killmycook = new Cookie("mycook1","value1"); killmycook . set MaxAge ( 0 ); killmycook . set Path ("/"); killmycook . addCookie ( killmycook 1 );
jspDestry() method is invoked from javax.servlet.jsp.JspPage interface whenever a JSP page is about to be destroyed. Servlets destroy methods can be easily overridden to perform cleanup, like when closing a database connection..
There are five keywords used to handle exceptions in Java:.
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To create you own exception extend the Exception class or any of its subclasses.
Exception and all of it’s subclasses doesn’t provide any specific methods and all of the methods are defined in the base class Throwable..
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Methods are defined in the base class Throwable. Some of the important methods of Java exception class are stated below.
Synchronized Throwable getCause() – This method returns the cause of the exception or null id as represented by a Throwable object.
OutOfMemoryError is the subclass of java.lang.Error which generally occurs when our JVM runs out of memory..
In Java, threads can be created in the following two ways:- Questions” and we will get back to you as soon as possible. | https://www.edureka.co/blog/interview-questions/java-interview-questions/ | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | refinedweb | 2,344 | 55.74 |
This is a searchable description of the content of a live stream recording, specifically “Episode 2 – Starting to build a bookshop backend service with CAPM” in the “Hands-on SAP dev with qmacro” series. There are links directly to specific highlights in the video recording. For links to annotations of other episodes, please see the “Catch the replays” section of the series blog post.
This episode, titled “Starting to build a bookshop backend service with CAPM“, was streamed live on Fri 01 Feb we set up our tools and development environment ready for some SAP Cloud Application Programming Model (CAPM) action of the Node.js (JavaScript) flavour. So now we’re ready to start exploring our first data and service definitions in the language of CAPM, i.e. CDS (Core Data & Services).
We follow the “Create a Business Service with Node.js using Visual Studio Code” tutorial on the SAP Developers tutorial navigator and start to explore what CAPM and CDS can do for us.
Links to specific highlights
00:06:15: This time I’m holding my coffee mug the right way round to show the Coffee Corner Radio podcast logo to the camera!
00:06:46: A recap of what we did in the previous episode and how far into the tutorial we got.
00:08:55: Talking about what we get out of the box from CAP – built in core services for CRUD+Q, not boilerplate code that we must take over and manage ourselves.
00:10:05: Starting the CAP project with
cds init my-bookshop.
00:10:50: Looking at what was installed when we installed the
@sap/cds package and wondering why the
@sap/generator-cds package has a different name pattern (all the other packages are
cds-...). On this subject, Fred later makes what I think is a nice oblique reference to Conway’s Law: “Organizations which design systems … are constrained to produce designs which are copies of the communication structures of these organizations“.
Talking of
@sap/generator-cds, we can see that this provides a “binary” (executable)
cds-gen by looking at the output of
npm info @sap/generator. This is used in turn by the
cds command.
00:11:55: Taking a first quick look at what’s been generated in the
my-bookshop project, and noting that the
README.md file contains a tutorial similar to what we’re following here. We also briefly explore the
@sap packages inside the
node_modules directory, especially the “binaries” in the
.bin directory such as
cds,
cds-gen,
cdsc,
mime and
uuid.
00:15:02: Initialising this project as a git repository so we can see and track changes, and then opening up the project in VS Code.
00:16:50: Looking at some VS Code specific items that have been created as part of the
cds init based project generation, in particular the contents of the
.vscode directory, relating to the launch and debug facilities that VS Code offers.
00:17:45: Creating the
cat-service.cds file in the
srv directory, and noticing immediately what the extension for CDS is doing for us (in terms of highlighting errors and even suggesting completions).
00:19:00: Thinking about what we’re doing with this first line:
using { Country, managed } from '@sap/cds/common';
This refers to
common.cds inside the
@sap/cds package itself; the file provides some basic types and definitions that are common to many projects. Definitions for languages, currencies and countries are in this file, for example. We explore this
common.cds file here, looking at the
managed type and the concept of aspects.
00:23:39: Noting the convention for names of entity definitions is capitalised and in the plural (e.g. “Books”) – this comes from CAP Best Practices – see the Using our Naming Conventions section.
00:25:38: Using the F8 shortcut to jump between errors that have been found in the CDS definition so far (which of course is because we’re using the VS Code extension for the CDS language that is pointing out these nrrors).
00:28:25: Looking in detail at how the
managed aspect is used on the definition of the
Orders entity, and what that aspect brings to the entity in terms of extra fields that are automatically filled on certain events.
00:32:05: Looking at the
sap.common context, which is like a namespace, but within a file.
00:35:58: Bringing up the integrated terminal (with the shortcut Ctrl-]`) and maximising it with a custom keyboard shortcut. Here we use
cds compile to see what is produced. In fact we don’t even use the
compile command as that is the default, as we can see here:
So invoking
cds srv/cat-service.cds we get a whole load of output, which is in fact Core Schema Notation (CSN), specifically a plain JavaScript object representation thereof (there are different representations possible – see the cds.compile documentation for details).
00:36:57: But this is too much to wrap our heads around right now, so we look at what else we can do here. Looking in the
node_modules/.bin/ directory we see the
cdsc executable which is the CDS compiler, and what the
cds command uses for compilation. LET’S RUN IT! We see that it shows us all sorts of output in a help format, and we can explore what different types of compiler output are possible.
00:38:50: The options we see translate into parameters available for the
cds compile command, like this one which we run now:
cds srv/cat-service.cds --to sql which perhaps is more palatable to us right now:
CREATE TABLE my_bookshop_Authors ( ID INTEGER, name NVARCHAR(5000), PRIMARY KEY(ID) ); ...
00:39:39: We can also do this for HANA, thus:
cds srv/cat-service.cds --to hana which produces something like this:
using MY_BOOKSHOP_BOOKS as MY_BOOKSHOP_BOOKS; entity MY_BOOKSHOP_AUTHORS { key ID : Integer; NAME : String(5000); BOOKS : association[*] to MY_BOOKSHOP_BOOKS on BOOKS.AUTHOR_ID = ID; }; ...
00:40:44: Even though we don’t even have a persistence layer (a database) yet, we can start this service up, with
cds run, which we do now, and we see a local server start up, listening by default on port 4004 (there’s a story behind why the port is 4004 … and it’s not because of the first commercial the Intel microprocessor as I’d thought … but I’ll leave that for another time :-)). We can change this port by setting the value of the
PORT environmental variable too (e.g.
PORT=1234 cds run).
00:44:10: Changing the service name from
CatalogService to
Banana we can see what effect this has on how the service is served.
00:44:50: We now examine the output from
cds run and make sure we understand what’s going on:
[cds] - server listens at [cds] - serving CatalogService at /catalog [cds] - service definitions loaded from: srv/cat-service.cds node_modules/@sap/cds/common.cds [cds] - launched in: 1350.885ms
The service definitions are loaded of course not only from our
srv/cat-service.cds file but also the
common.cds file that we’re using for the
Country and
managed definitions.
00:45:30: We can now explore what has been generated and is running for us (in the form of the OData V4 service document and metadata document), even though we have only a very simple definition, and no data!
00:45:35: Slightly controversially I make known my dislike for the choice of font for the “Welcome to cds.services” at this point 😉
00:46:35: Thanks to a question from MEXICO_MAN we explore how we might define multiple services in a single CDS definition file at this point. We add a second service definition to
cat-service.cds:
service Mexico { entity Things { key ID : Integer; name : String; } }
and when we reinvoke
cds run we see:
[cds] - serving CatalogService at /catalog [cds] - serving Mexico at /mexico
And we see the corresponding second group of links in the root web page. Nice!
00:52:40: Getting towards the end of this episode, we create a JavaScript based implementation of our service, by creating a file of the same name but with a
.js extension, i.e.
cat-service.js, in the same directory. By following this convention we can have the runtime use our JavaScript code to enhance the implementation of our definitions. This is Step 5 in the tutorial, by the way.
00:54:35: Finally we extend the implementation of the function for
srv.on ('READ', 'Books', ...) in the
cat-service.js implementation by changing the body of the function from a single expression that is returning an array, to a block that executes a
console.log statement, and then returns the array.
After fixing an error due to the fact that I missed the definition of the “stock” property in the original Books entity definition, we can see the output from the
console.log statement, which is a very small step towards a future investigation into logging and debugging (which we do in Episode 4). Hurray!
Hi DJ,
Thanks for the tutorials!
I followed your bookshop-example to build a CDS-based service wich I deployed to Cloud Foundry and use in a UI5-application. But I was wondering if it is possible to update a record in the service. When I try to update a record in my service, I get the “Method PUT not allowed for ENTITY.COLLECTION”-error. Same goes for PATCH.
Could you help me out, please?
Thanks in advance!
Kind regards,
Jordi
Hey Jordi – you’re welcome!
Might I please suggest you ask this question on the community Q&A so that others can see it and perhaps also take part in responding? There’s a tag for CAP, and the section is here:
Cheers!
Hi DJ,
many thanks for your great videos. It is really a pleasure to follow. But I got a problem, and looks like, that I’m not able to find a solution on my own. So I created a question here:
Maybe someone can help me.
Thx in advance Stefan | https://blogs.sap.com/2019/03/06/annotated-links-episode-2-of-hands-on-sap-dev-with-qmacro/ | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | refinedweb | 1,696 | 62.78 |
Most of the developers who want to use workflow in their cloud applications always have this larger question as: “how can I integrate my scenario specific user interface as task UI in workflow?”
In this blog, I will show you how to make your custom HTML5 application integrated with User Task in workflow. For that, I am assuming that you already have an SAPUI5 application which is running standalone.
PART 1A
Part 1A is for the readers who do not have any HTML5 application to be used as user task in workflow. You can skip Part1A if you already have a custom application.
We start with creating an easy “hello world” SAPUI application first.
- Open SAP Cloud Platform cockpit and go to Services
- Click on the tile to navigate into the service
- If the service is not enabled, then click on Enabled button and wait for service to be enabled
- Click on the link Go to Service link to open the Web IDE in browser
Note: Due to recent updates with the Wed IDE you need to open the URL with parameter “sap-ide-external=true”. If you do not do that then it assumes that you are Fiori developer and the application your building must go through regular release build process.For example:
- Right click on the File –> New –> Project from Template
- Select SAPUI5 Application template
- Click Next and all the required details as project name, namespace and view name
- Finally, click Finish to see the project created in the workspace.Note: Due to recent updates from Web IDE, you might see new build files created Gruntfile.js and package.json
- For ease of the explanation, I have built a simple application on “Hello World” which will show a user information like first name, last name and address. For that, I changed view.xml as shown
- Once you have finished building the view, right-click on the project and select option:
Deploy –> Deploy to SAP Cloud Platform
- Now you can open the cockpit and find the application URL
- Click on the Application URL to open the application and you will the personal information of a user
You have now finished creating a simple application which we will integrate as Task UI inPart1B: Using your Custom HTML5 application as User Task in Workflow of the blog series
Previous Blogs
Understanding Custom UI Integration with SAP Cloud Platform Workflow
Part1A: Build your Custom HTML5 application in SAP WebIDE for Workflow
Hi Archana,
excellent – thank you for this blog ! I will now go on to part 1B and hope i get my first SCP workflow running! impossible without contributions like this !
Johannes
Hi Archana,
When having a project containing of Workflows and UIs, is it suggested to move them into seperate git repositories or to have one common git repository (workflows and UIs) for the whole project?
We have tried to have everything in one repository but it seems, that you have no direct deployment option anymore in that case for the individual UIs, the only deploy option would be on project level.
Hello Christian,
It is recommended to have different projects for SAPUI5 application and Workflows. Reason is: Both Workflow project and SAPUI5 project have their respective project natures and because of which you cannot create a workflow inside SAPUI5 application project or vice versa.
The deployment also differs for the project and workflow. If you want to deploy the SAPUI5 application then you need to select the project – which would then first build the project (which creates a hidden dist folder) and then deploys it to SAP Cloud Platform but to deploy the workflow you need to select the workflow and deploy.
Hope that helps.
Hi Archana Shukla ,
Thank you for the sharing, it’s extremely useful~
And could you please kindly let me know if it’s possible to integrate React/Vue application with SCP workflow other than UI5 application?
Thanks&Best Regards,
Madeleine
Hi Madeleine,
Yes, you use the workflow service in a “headless” mode and integrate with your UIs via the REST APIs.
However, usage of My Inbox is only possible with SAPUI5 task UIs.
Regards,
Christian | https://blogs.sap.com/2017/10/12/part-1a-build-your-custom-html5-application-in-sap-webide-for-workflow/ | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | refinedweb | 690 | 53.55 |
A minimal GUI for a quick view of netcdf files. Aiming to be a drop-in replacement for ncview and panoply.
Project description
A minimal GUI for a quick view of netCDF files. Aiming to be a drop-in replacement for ncview and panoply.
About ncvue
ncvue is a minimal GUI for a quick view of netCDF files. It is aiming to be a drop-in replacement for ncview and panoply, being slightly more general than ncview targeting maps but providing animations, zooming and panning capabilities unlike panoply. If ncvue is used with maps, it supports mostly structured grids, more precisely the grids supported by cartopy.
ncvue is a Python script that can be called from within Python or as a command line tool. It is not supposed to produce publication-ready plots but rather provide a quick overview of the netCDF file.
The complete documentation for ncvue is available from:
Quick usage guide
ncvue can be run from the command line:
ncvue netcdf_file.nc
or from within Python:
from ncvue import ncvue ncvue('netcdf_file.nc')
where the netCDF file is optional. The latter can also be left out and a netCDF file can be opened with the “Open File” button from within ncvue.
Note, ncvue uses the TkAgg backend of matplotlib. It must be called before any other call to matplotlib. This also means that you cannot launch it from within iPython if it was launched with –pylab. It can be called from within a standard iPython, though, or using ipython –gui tk.
When using ncvue with jupyter notebooks, one has to set %matplotlib inline before the import and call of ncvue. You have set %matplotlib inline again if you want to continue having inline plots in jupyter afterwards.
%matplotlib inline from ncvue import ncvue ncvue('netcdf_file.nc') %matplotlib inline
One can also install standalone macOS or Windows applications that come with everything needed to run ncvue including Python:
- macOS app (macOS > 10.13, High Sierra)
- Windows executable (Windows 10)
A dialog box might pop up on macOS saying that the ncvue.app is from an unidentified developer. This is because ncvue is an open-source software. Depending on the macOS version, it offers to open it anyway. In later versions of macOS, this option is only given if you right-click (or control-click) on the ncvue.app and choose Open. You only have to do this once. It will open like any other application the next times.
General layout
On opening, ncvue presents three panels for different plotting types: Scatter or Line plots, Contour plots, and Maps. This is the look in macOS light mode (higher resolution images can be found in the documentation):
All three panes are organised in this fashion: the plotting canvas, the Matplotlib navigation toolbar and the pane, where one can choose the plotting variables and dimensions, as well as plotting options. You can always choose another panel on top, and open another, identical window for the same netCDF file with the button “New Window” on the top right.
Map panel
If ncvue detects latitude and longitude variables with a size greater than 1, it opens the Map panel by default. This is the Map panel in macOS dark mode, describing all buttons, sliders, entry boxes, spinboxes, and menus:
If it happens that the detection of latitudes and longitudes did not work automatically, you can choose the correct variables manually. Or you might use the empty entries on top of the dropdown menus of the latitudes and longitudes, which uses the index and one can hence display the matrix within the netCDF file. You might want to switch of the coastlines in this case.
You might want to switch off the automatically detected “global” option sometimes if your data is on a rotated grid or excludes some regions such as below minus -60 °S.
All dimensions can be set from 0 to the size of the dimension-1, to “all”, or to any of the arithmetic operators “mean”, “std” (standard deviation), “min”, “max”, “ptp” (point-to-point amplitude, i.e. max-min), “sum”, “median”, “var” (variance).
Be aware that the underlying cartopy/matplotlib may (or may not) need a long time to plot the data (with the pseudocolor ‘mesh’ option) if you change the central longitude of the projection from the central longitude of your data, which is automatically detected if “central lon” is set to None. Setting “central lon” to the central longitude of the input data normally eliminates the problem.
Scatter/Line panel
If ncvue does not detect latitude and longitude variables with a size greater than 1, it opens the Scatter/Line panel by default. This is the Scatter/Line panel in macOS dark mode, describing all buttons, sliders, entry boxes, spinboxes, and menus:
The default plot is a line plot with solid lines (line style ‘ls’ is ‘-‘). One can set line style ‘ls’ to None and set a marker symbol, e.g. ‘o’ for circles, to get a scatter plot. A large variety of line styles, marker symbols and color notations are supported.
ncvue builds automatically a datetime variable from the time axis. This is correctly interpreted by the underlying Matplotlib also when zooming into or panning the axes. But it is also much slower than using the index. Selecting the empty entry on top of the dropdown menu for x uses the index for the x-axis and is very fast. Plotting a line plot with 52608 time points takes about 2.2 s on my Macbook Pro using the datetime variable and about 0.3 s using the index (i.e. empty x-variable). This is especially true if one plots multiple lines with ‘all’ entries from a specific dimension. Plotting all 10 depths of soil water content for the 52608 time points, as in the example below, takes also about 0.3 s if using the index as x-variable but more than 11.1 s when using the datetime variable.
Contour panel
The last panel provide by ncvue draws contour plots. This is the Contour panel in macOS dark mode, describing all buttons, sliders, entry boxes, spinboxes, and menus:
This produces also either pseudocolor plots (‘mesh’ ticked) or filled contour plots (‘mesh’ unticked) just as the Map panel but without any map projection.
Installation
- ncvue is an application written in Python. If you have Python installed,
- then the best is to install ncvue within the Python universe. The easiest way to install ncvue is thence via pip if you have cartopy installed already:
pip install ncvue
Cartopy can, however, be more elaborate to install. The easiest way to install Cartopy is by using Conda and then installing ncvue by pip. After installing, for example, Miniconda:
conda install -c conda-forge cartopy pip install ncvue
We also provide a standalone macOS app and a Windows executable that come with everything needed to run ncvue including Python. The macOS app should work from macOS 10.13 (High Sierra) onward. It is, however, only tested on macOS 10.15 (Catalina). Drop me a message if it does not work on newer operating systems.
See the installation instructions in the documentation for more information.
License
ncvue is distributed under the MIT License. See the LICENSE file for details.
ncvue uses the Azure theme by rdbende on Windows.
The project structure was originally based on a template provided by Sebastian Müller.
Different netCDF test files were provided by Juliane Mai.
Project details
Download files
Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages. | https://pypi.org/project/ncvue/ | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | refinedweb | 1,263 | 63.59 |
Mono & SourceGear Move Forward 56
miguel writes "The Mono project keeps evolving and is quickly becoming a mature platform for running .NET applications on Linux. SourceGear and Ximian have entered into a partnership to make their .NET-based Vault client software available to Linux and Unix users by implementing the missing web services support in Mono. The formal announcement is here and a developer overview is here. OpenLink has also contributed the functionality to turn Wine into a library that Mono is using to implement the System.Windows.Forms namespace. Another recent progress bit is the fact that Mono can run Eclipse with the IKVM Java VM for .NET"
What do you think they will do? (Score:3, Funny)
Re:What do you think they will do? (Score:1)
Re:What do you think they will do? (Score:1)
ooops... (Score:2, Insightful)
Re:What do you think they will do? (Score:3, Informative)
Ximian has changed the license for a key part of Mono from the GPL to a license that permits the software to be used in closed-source projects.
The change was made to accommodate Intel, which wanted to contribute to class library work but chafed at the GPL's requirement that software remain open-source only. That provision of the GPL helps ensure that the work of open-source programmers--often volunteers--isn't appropriated for others' gain. Companies that want to
80% of what programmers? (Score:3, Interesting)
My own attitude towards these questions is I'm a relative GPL zealot when it comes to code that I write for free on my own time. I don't see why I should develop products for proprietary software companies without getting paid. However, if I am getting paid, then I'm not so fussy about the license. I suspect a lot of other programmers feel the same way at some level, thoug
Re:What do you think they will do? (Score:1, Interesting)
theres your step 3.
the WINE projects been doing this for ages, WINE is free but if you want to run something like office xp you need a commercial versian/fork of WINE.
the differnce with mono is the core software is not actually GPL - it is more like a BSD license - so the commercial improvements don't have to be rolled back into core mono.
$$$ PROFIT! $$$
How mature is it? (Score:4, Interesting)
I've just downloaded the port for FreeBsd of mono 0.24 and was delighted to find that hello world works. True, not an exhaustive test but nice to see. Then, I thought, how about seeing if my current applications would be ported. So I looked for the System.DirectoryServices library only to find it wasn't there. OK, not a big deal for some but I need LDAP access. The JIT stuff seems pretty good, but the libs are incomplete.
So a qualified hurrah to all this. I'm delighed so far, but it won't run all
.NET code today.
Re:How mature is it? (Score:3, Interesting)
Are there any other assemblies that are planned to be released in this way?
If someone in the community contributed an alternative implementation of DirectoryServices under the standard Mono license, would it be accepted?
Thanks,
Stuart (occasional mono user who had to #if out references to this namespace in some code to make it compile under Mono)
MODERATORS BEWARE (Score:2, Informative)
Re:MODERATORS BEWARE (Score:2)
This Mono thing is for clever people... (Score:3, Funny)
Well, I am pretty sure that that is a fine achievement, but it looks like one of those scary organical molecules to me
:-)
Re:This Mono thing is for clever people... (Score:2, Informative)
IKVM also helps bridge the two worlds: Java and CIL. Your Java code can then be loaded and used by CIL applications (C#, VB, etc) all running together.
personally i don't rate Eclipse much as a development environment compared to Visual Studio.NET. But i am a big fan of the Standard Widget Toolkit (SWT)
Re:This Mono thing is for clever people... (Score:2)
Sorry if this has been answered somewhere else, but wouldn't something like Eclipse be a perfect foundation for development of C# on Linux? I haven't seen another development tool that has the extensive cross-platform and cross-language support and seem to be outside the scope of a religion.
I am currently doing a lot of C# development, using visual studio
Mature? (Score:5, Insightful)
Re:Mature? (Score:5, Insightful)
I think much of the meaning is already gone. People will jump on whatever techology looks well presented enough. They get burned, eventually, but, for some reason, these setbacks are quickly forgotten. This process has been repeating for decades and is probably due to the constant influx of unqualified people into the software and IT industries.
Re:Mature? (Score:5, Funny)
actually mono was mature, stable, 100% compatible and bug-free as soon as the Ximian marketing department said so
something else the mono team has copied from Microsoft
Re:MODERATORS (Score:1)
Re:Mature? (Score:2)
Once "The Vault" works... (Score:1)
Re:Once "The Vault" works... (Score:2)
I knew it! (Score:5, Insightful)
I see their fiendish plot now. When every application is a
Re:I knew it! (Score:4, Interesting)
Did you RTFA? They are using Wine to implement the forms package only. The rest of the non Win32-specific stuff runs without Wine just fine. There's even bindings for GTK if you're not interested in the full forms package.
Just another "Oh, Ximian/Miguel/et.al are in bed with Microsoft, they suck" uninformed post.
Re:I knew it! (Score:4, Interesting)
its like when the mplayer (don't get me wrong i love mplayer and use it every day) team announced the ability to playback Realplayer videos provided you installed the latest version of Realplayer....?
as i understood it the original goal of mono was to implement the EMCA c# CLR specs and nothing more. Now they are going way beyond that - and the problems they are hitting are because
if you wanna run windows programs on linux use a Wine
I use KDE, java and Mozilla mail because yeah I do kindof suspect Ximian are in bed with Microsoft
WINE is unnecessary (Score:5, Informative)
Re:I knew it! (Score:3, Insightful)
There are two versions of Windows.Forms: one uses Gtk# and another one uses Wine for its implementation. The differences are covered in our FAQ and on our Winforms page. The wine version is there for those who want complete compatibility with their GUI apps developed on Windows.
If you are willing to live without overriding the WndProc method in the Control cl
Re:I knew it! (Score:1)
Ahh, cool. You should make that fact more obvious. From what I had read it looked like you either needed to write directly to Gtk# or install wine and use Win.Forms.
Re:I knew it! (Score:2)
Can you imagine a GTK+ or Qt that was touted as cross-platform, but you needed Wine to have a GUI? I would call that bullshit.
Maybe you don't need Wine for your
Re:I knew it! (Score:1)
Why?
If your '.NET server' is serving a web-app (i.e. html) then why would you need WINE on the client?
If your '.NET server' is using remoting as the communications protocol, then again, why does this mandate the use of WINE?
Maybe you could clarify what you're talking about here.
The client will be dependent upon either Wine or a web browser. How long until that web browser is a
Well, we all know
Re:I knew it! (Score:2)
If it's just a normal web page I get, I wouldn't have any problems with it. But I don't trust
They're Not Using Wine (Score:2)
ignorant question (Score:1, Interesting)
Re:ignorant question (Score:2)
CLR has support for explicit threading (create thread, abort thread, rendezvous...) and also a highly efficient thread pool for async execution.
Re:ignorant question (Score:1)
Not sure what AC was referring to, but sounds like it is the equivalent to a NT Service, which would qualify the process as a heavy weight thread. Most of the threading examples given in
.NET threading books, MSDN and Technet are client centric, which are not daemons. An example to compare contrast might be a multi-threaded HTTP connection like C# webclient and a
Certainly able to write NT services using .NET (Score:2)
Re:Certainly able to write NT services using .NET (Score:1)
that's actually not uncommon. I'm sure plenty of people have written multi-threaded listeners for simple HTTP server and messaging systems. The hard task is making it handle 2-4K connections/requests per second
:) . Having said that, getting any kind of server/NT service to perform at that level is hard. The hardest issues with scalability that I've come across are the result of processes that absolutely had to be sync-ed. Most things yo
Re:Certainly able to write NT services using .NET (Score:2)
My experience was that we could get multi-threaded C# servers to take, say, tens of requests per second, all backed onto a SQL server backend and generally with each net request corresponding to one or two stored procedure calls. This was with fairly bland hardware. That suggests (very unscientifically) that by tweaking the code and scaling up the hardware we could get in sight of maybe 100 req/sec for each server. Beyond that, not sure. This was not HTTP by the way but custom prot
Re:Certainly able to write NT services using .NET (Score:1)
Pretty offtopic really (Score:3, Insightful)
No
WineLib is there to aid people who want to write Windows.Forms (fat client) applications that are cross-platform. But you could write "pure" *nix stuff using the GTK bindings without using Wine, and you can write console mode and asp.net apps without Wine.
Has nothing to do with the desktop.
Sure it does (Score:2)
Re:Sure it does (Score:1)
Mono is about more than the desktop| (Score:2)
Mono is progressing nicely! (Score:2, Interesting)
This is a great leap forward for supporting SOAP/WSDL I imagine. My applications pretty much persist themselves into an XML language.
Great work Mono team!
BTW it woul | http://developers.slashdot.org/story/03/06/12/1352252/mono-sourcegear-move-forward?sdsrc=nextbtmprev | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | refinedweb | 1,755 | 73.88 |
Back in the day, I wrote a bunch of articles for what was, then, pretty much the leading Visual FoxPro magazine. I used to have these published elsewhere on the web, but that site's pretty much dormant now and so I thought I'd pop them up here as well.
This one was first published in FoxTalk December 1998, so the content is not necessarily relevant to today's versions of OSs and App Dev environments. Remember, This was the days of VFP 5.0, Windows NT 4 and Win 95/98
Update – Thanks to Ken Levy for pointing out to me that you can do this exact thing with the My.Computer.FileSystem namespace in Sedna – as per below:
my = NEWOBJECT("my", "my.vcx")
loDrive = My.Computer.FileSystem.GetDriveInfo('J:')
? loDrive.ShareName && returns the UNC path
I learnt something this week that I guess I should have known. The Win32API is not consistent across operating systems. There are functions that work fine under Windows NT, but that fail miserably when called under Win95. I found one when working on the subject matter for this article.
Mapping network drives is a common way of simplifying network storage systems from a user's point of view. Unfortunately for the cause of universal access, however, different users map network shares to different driver letters. If your application allows users to store links to files, how can you tell whether E:\COMMON DOCUMENTS\BUDGET98.XLS and W:\BUDGET98.XLS refer to the same document? Even more importantly, how can a third user who has neither E: or W: mapped retrieve the document?
The answer is UNC. The Universal Naming Convention uses the format \\SERVER\SHARENAME\ to refer to the location of a file or folder. In the example above, the first user may have mapped drive E to \\SERVER_PDC\PUB, and the second may have mapped drive W to \\SERVER_PDC\COMMONDOC.
Any Visual FoxPro function that accepts a path as a parameter will handle UNC paths. However, returning a UNC path from the getfile() and getdir() functions is a completely different matter. These functions are central to allowing your users to specify the location of files and folders. The getfile() function will return a UNC path, but only if the user navigates to the file through the network neighborhood – something a user used to having a network drive mapped is unlikely to do. The getdir() function is even worse. There is no way of getting it to return a UNC path to a folder (except in one specific instance – see the sidebar for details). Not only do the functions not return UNC paths, VFP does not provide any way to convert a mapped path to a UNC path.
The windows 32 bit API provides a function that accepts a mapped path and returns the UNC path that corresponds to that mapped path. I searched through the API documentation and found a function called WnetGetUniversalName() in mpr.dll in the system directory. The function will accept the path to either a file, or to a folder with or without a trailing backslash.
Unfortunately, this function is only available under Windows NT. I found this out the hard way, having developed and tested a routine using WnetGetUniversalName on my WinNT development box, I proudly installed it on a client's Win95 machine, only to have it not work;. Microsoft have a Knowledge Base article confirming that it doesn't work under Win95 (there's no mention in the article of Win98). So much for a single, consistent Win32API!
What the article does mention though, is a couple of work-arounds. The first involves about 30 lines of C code that calls another couple of functions in mpr.dll. The second mentions in passing that there's yet another function in mpr.dll called WnetGetConnection(). WnetGetConnection() is not quite as versatile as WnetGetUniversalName(). It only accepts a drive letter and a colon (e.g. H:), rather than a full path. With a little string manipulation, however, it's pretty easy to split up a mapped path, pass the function what it wants and then re-assemble a complete UNC path from the pieces.
To take the drudgery out of calling the Windows API, I wrote a wrapper function called GetUNCPath() that I include in any project in which I call either getdir() or getfile(). You could, of course, write wrappers for getfile() and getdir() which called GetUNCPath().
For example, if the pub share on the server_pdc server were mapped as drive s:
? GetUNCPath('s:\documents')
\\server_pdc\pub\documents
? GetUNCPath('c:\temp')
c:\temp
? GetUNCPath('s:\documents\myfile.doc')
\\server_pdc\pub\documents\myfile.doc
The wrapper function itself is pretty straightforward. The complete function is shown in listing 1 and is available in the download file (2k). It accepts the mapped drive path as a compulsory parameter and optionally a length for the UNC version of the path. This second parameter is most often passed by the function itself in a recursive call if the default buffer size guess is not large enough (more on this later).
Constants from the corresponding API header files are reproduced in the function rather than in a stand-alone header to make it more portable and a couple of local constants are also #DEFINEd for clarity later in the code.
The mapped drive parameter is checked and if it is not a character expression, or if it's .NULL., then the function simply returns whatever was passed to it. If the tests are passed, then the API function is DECLAREd. Note the use of the WIN32API rather than the specific mpr.dll.
Splitting up the mapped path parameter into its component pieces is simply a matter of taking the first two characters and calling them the mapped drive, and taking the rest of the expression and calling them the path. There's no problem if that's not a valid assumption because the API function will return an error value and we'll take the appropriate action.
Next I call the API function and check the return value. The two important values I'm looking for are NO_ERROR (my personal favorite <g>) and ERROR_MORE_DATA. The NO_ERROR code means just that: the drive mapping was decoded successfully, and the result is in the lcBuffer variable.
The value placed in lcBuffer is a null-terminated string. This means that the string is terminated by a chr(0) that needs to be stripped before we use it in VFP. I just append the path part of the original mapped path parameter to the translated drive returned by the PAI call and viola, a UNC version of the mapped path.
The ERROR_MORE_DATA return value tells me that I didn't allocate enough space in the return buffer and I need to call the function again. Fortunately, once I get this error, I no longer need to guess how long to make the buffer. In addition to returning the error, the API function sets lnBufferSize to the value required so I can call GetUNCPath() recursively with the original mapped drive path and lnBufferSize.
Each of the other error states indicates that the mapping could not be decoded for some reason or other. I've decided to treat them all the same way: simply return the mapped path passed to the function.
While Visual FoxPro is a wonderful development environment it does have some limitations. Fortunately it provides enough access to the Windows API to be able to work around most of them.
* Program....: GetUNCPath.prg
* Version....: 1.0
* Author.....: Andrew Coates
* Date.......: September 28, 1998
* Notice.....: Copyright © 1998 Civil Solutions, All
* Rights Reserved.
* Compiler...: Visual FoxPro 05.00.00.0415 for Windows
* Abstract...: Wrapper to the API call that converts a
* mapped drive path to the UNC path
* Changes....:
* Originally used WNetGetUniversalName, but that
* doesn't work under Win95 (see KB Q131416). Now uses
* WNetGetConnection which uses a string rather than a
* structure so STRUCTURE_HEADER is now 0
lParameters tcMappedPath, tnBufferSize
* from winnetwk.h
#define UNIVERSAL_NAME_INFO_LEVEL 0x00000001
#define REMOTE_NAME_INFO_LEVEL 0x00000002
* from winerror.h
#define NO_ERROR 0
#define ERROR_BAD_DEVICE 1200
#define ERROR_CONNECTION_UNAVAIL 1201
#define ERROR_EXTENDED_ERROR 1208
#define ERROR_MORE_DATA 234
#define ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED 50
#define ERROR_NO_NET_OR_BAD_PATH 1203
#define ERROR_NO_NETWORK 1222
#define ERROR_NOT_CONNECTED 2250
* local decision - paths are not likely to be longer
* than this - if they are, this function calls itself
* recursively with the appropriate buffer size as the
* second parameter
#DEFINE MAX_BUFFER_SIZE 500
* string length at the beginning of the structure
* returned before the UNC path
* ACC changed to 0 on 9/10/98 - Now using
* WnetGetConnection which uses a string rather than a
* struct
#DEFINE STRUCTURE_HEADER 0
local lcReturnValue
if type('tcMappedPath') = "C" and ! isnull(tcMappedPath)
* split up the passed path to get just the drive
local lcDrive, lcPath
* just take the first two characters - we'll put it
* all back together later. If the first two
* characters are not a valid drive, that's OK. The
* error value returned from the function call will
* handle it.
* case statement ensures we don't get the "cannot
* access beyond end of string" error
do case
case len(tcMappedPath) > 2
lcDrive = left(tcMappedPath, 2)
lcPath = substr(tcMappedPath, 3)
case len(tcMappedPath) <= 2
lcDrive = tcMappedPath
lcPath = ""
endcase
declare INTEGER WNetGetConnection IN WIN32API ;
STRING @lpLocalPath, ;
STRING @lpBuffer, ;
INTEGER @lpBufferSize
* set up some variables so the appropriate call can
* be made
local lcLocalPath, lcBuffer, lnBufferSize, ;
lnResult, lcStructureString
* set to +1 to allow for the null terminator
lnBufferSize = iif(pcount() = 1 or type('tnBufferSize') # "N" or isnull(tnBufferSize), ;
MAX_BUFFER_SIZE, ;
tnBufferSize) + 1
lcLocalPath = lcDrive
lcBuffer = space(lnBufferSize)
* now call the dll function
lnResult = WNetGetConnection(@lcLocalPath, @lcBuffer, @lnBufferSize)
do case
* string translated sucessfully
case lnResult = NO_ERROR
* Actually, this structure-stripping is no longer
* required because WnetGetConnection() returns a
* string rather than a struct
lcStructureString = alltrim(substr(lcBuffer, STRUCTURE_HEADER + 1))
lcReturnValue = left(lcStructureString, ;
at(chr(0), lcStructureString) - 1) + lcPath
* The string pointed to by lpLocalPath is invalid.
case lnResult = ERROR_BAD_DEVICE
lcReturnValue = tcMappedPath
* There is no current connection to the remote
* device, but there is a remembered (persistent)
* connection to it.
case lnResult = ERROR_CONNECTION_UNAVAIL
lcReturnValue = tcMappedPath
* A network-specific error occurred. Use the
* WNetGetLastError function to obtain a description
* of the error.
case lnResult = ERROR_EXTENDED_ERROR
lcReturnValue = tcMappedPath
* The buffer pointed to by lpBuffer is too small.
* The function sets the variable pointed to by
* lpBufferSize to the required buffer size.
case lnResult = ERROR_MORE_DATA
lcReturnValue = getuncpath(tcMappedPath, lnBufferSize)
* None of the providers recognized this local name
* as having a connection. However, the network is
* not available for at least one provider to whom
* the connection may belong.
case lnResult = ERROR_NO_NET_OR_BAD_PATH
lcReturnValue = tcMappedPath
* There is no network present.
case lnResult = ERROR_NO_NETWORK
lcReturnValue = tcMappedPath
* The device specified by lpLocalPath is not
* redirected.
case lnResult = ERROR_NOT_CONNECTED
lcReturnValue = tcMappedPath
otherwise
lcReturnValue = tcMappedPath
endcase
else
lcReturnValue = tcMappedPath
endif
return lcReturnValue
If you pass getdir() an initial folder in UNC format, then that folder will be the initially selected folder but it will not appear in the list of drives in the dialog (see Figure 1). If that folder or one of its sub folders is selected then the string returned will be in UNC. Be careful though. If you navigate to a mapped or local drive from the drives drop-down box, there's no way to get back to the UNC drive.
Figure 1. "Passing getdir() a UNC path will initially display the UNC path in the dialog, but the un-mapped drive will not appear in the drop-down list."
PingBack from | http://blogs.msdn.com/b/acoat/archive/2009/02/26/un-mapping-mapped-network-drives-in-vfp5.aspx | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | refinedweb | 1,912 | 52.7 |
The easy way to compute and visualize the time & frequency domain correlation (codes included)
In geophysics, it is important to understand and identify the complex and unknown relationships between two time-series. Cross-correlation is an established and reliable tool to compute the degree to which the two seismic time-series are dependent on each other.
Introduction
Cross-correlation is an established and reliable tool to compute the degree to which the two seismic time-series are dependent on each other. Several studies have relied on the cross-correlation method to obtain the inference on the seismic data. For details on cross-correlation methods, we refer the reader to previous works [see references].
It is essential to understand and identify the complex and unknown relationships between two time-series for obtaining meaningful inference from our data. In this post, we will take the geophysical data for understanding purposes. For general readers, I recommend to ignore the field specific examples and stay along, as the concept of correlation is mathematical and can be applied on data related to any field.
Similar posts
In seismology, several applications are based on finding the time shift of one time-series relative to other such as ambient noise cross-correlation (to find the empirical Green’s functions between two recording stations), inversion for the source (e.g., gCAP) and structure studies (e.g., full-waveform inversion), template matching etc.
In this post, we will see how we can compute cross-correlation between seismic time-series and extract the time-shift information of the relation between the two seismic signals in the time and frequency domain.
Time domain cross-correlation function
The correlation between two-stochastic processes A and B (expressed in terms of time-series as \(A(t)\) and \(B(t)\)) can be expresses as (see ref. 1):
\begin{equation} \label{eq:square} \begin{split} \rho (\tau) = \frac{\sum_i A(t_i-\tau) B(t_i)}{[\sum_i A(t_i)^2\sum_iB(t_i)^2]^{1/2}} \end{split} \end{equation}
The above equation is the sample cross-correlation function between two time-series with a finite time shift \(\tau\). It is important to note that the correlation \(\rho\) by its face value alone does not dictate whether or not the correlation in question is significant, unless the degrees of freedom (DOF) of the processes, which signifies the information content (or entropy), is also specified (see Chao and Chung, 2019 for details).
Compute Cross-correlation
Let us now look into how we can compute the time domain cross correlation between two time series. For this task, I arbitrarily took two seismic velocity time-series:
Arbitrarily selected data
import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import pandas as pd from synthetic_tests_lib import crosscorr time_series = ['BO.ABU', 'BO.NOK'] dirName = "data/" fs = 748 # take 748 samples only MR = len(time_series) Y = np.zeros((MR, fs)) dictVals = {} for ind, series in enumerate(time_series): filename = dirName + series + ".txt" df = pd.read_csv(filename, names=[ 'time', 'U'], skiprows=1, delimiter='\s+') # reading file as pandas dataframe to work easily # this code block is required as the different time series has not even sampling, so dealing with each data point separately comes handy # can be replaced by simply `yvalues = df['U]` yvalues = [] for i in range(1, fs+1): val = df.loc[df['time'] == i]['U'].values[0] yvalues.append(val) dictVals[time_series[ind]] = yvalues timeSeriesDf = pd.DataFrame(dictVals).
Please note that there are several different ways to read the data and preference of that way depends on the user and the data format.
To plot the time-series, I used
matplotlib.
# plot time series # simple `timeSeriesDf.plot()` is a quick way to plot fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(10, 6), sharex=True) ax[0].plot(timeSeriesDf[time_series[0]], color='b', label=time_series[0]) ax[0].legend() ax[1].plot(timeSeriesDf[time_series[1]], color='r', label=time_series[1]) ax[1].legend() plt.savefig('data_viz.jpg', dpi=300, bbox_inches='tight') plt.close('all')
Compute the cross-correlation in time-domain
d1, d2 = timeSeriesDf[time_series[0]], timeSeriesDf[time_series[1]] window = 10 # lags = np.arange(-(fs), (fs), 1) # uncontrained lags = np.arange(-(200), (200), 1) # contrained rs = np.nan_to_num([crosscorr(d1, d2, lag) for lag in lags]) print( "xcorr {}-{}".format(time_series[0], time_series[1]), lags[np.argmax(rs)], np.max(rs))
In this example,
timeSeriesDf[time_series[0]], and
timeSeriesDf[time_series[1]] are the two pandas Series object as required by the
crosscorr function. I read the time series from the Pandas DataFrame
timeSeriesDf, for the specified columns
time_series[ind1] and
time_series[ind2], where
time_series is a list with two elements.
Alternatively, one can directly create Pandas Series object by using pd.Series().
I have used the
crosscorr function to compute the correlation between the pair of time-series for a series of lag values. The lag values has been contrained between -200 to 200 to avoid artifacts.
# Time lagged cross correlation def crosscorr(datax, datay, lag=0): """ Lag-N cross correlation. Shifted data filled with NaNs Parameters ---------- lag : int, default 0 datax, datay : pandas.Series objects of equal length Returns ---------- crosscorr : float """ return datax.corr(datay.shift(lag))
Here, as you can notice that the
crosscorr makes use of the pandas
corr method and hence, the
d1 and
d2 is required to be pandas Series object.
I obtained the correlation between the above pair of time-series to be
0.19with a lag of
36.
xcorr BO.ABU-BO.NOK 36 0.19727959397327688
Frequency-domain approach of cross-correlation for obtaining time shifts
shift = compute_shift( timeSeriesDf[time_series[0]], timeSeriesDf[time_series[1]]) print(shift)
This gives:
-36
Where, the function
compute_shift is simply:
def cross_correlation_using_fft(x, y): f1 = fft(x) f2 = fft(np.flipud(y)) cc = np.real(ifft(f1 * f2)) return fftshift(cc) def compute_shift(x, y): assert len(x) == len(y) c = cross_correlation_using_fft(x, y) assert len(c) == len(x) zero_index = int(len(x) / 2) - 1 shift = zero_index - np.argmax(c) return shift
Here, the shift of
shift means that
y starts
shift time steps before
x.
Generate synthetic pair of time series
Although the results obtained seems plausible, as we used the arbitrary pair of real time series, we do not know if we have obtained the correct results. So, we apply the above methods on synthetic pair of time-series with known time-shifts.
Let us use the
scipy.signal fucntion to generate two unit impulse function. We then apply low pass filter of order 4 and with center frequency of 0.2 to smoothen the edges (Note that the results will be same even without the filter).
# Delta Function length = 100 amp1, amp2 = 1, 1 x = np.arange(0, length) to = 10 timeshift = 30 t1 = to+timeshift series1 = signal.unit_impulse(length, idx=to) series2 = signal.unit_impulse(length, idx=t1) # low pass filter to smoothen the edges (just to make the signal look pretty) b, a = signal.butter(4, 0.2) series1 = signal.lfilter(b, a, series1) series2 = signal.lfilter(b, a, series2) fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(8, 6), sharex=False) ax[0].plot(x, series1, c='b', lw=0.5) ax[0].axvline(x=to, c='b', lw=0.5, ls='--', label=f'x={to}') ax[0].plot(x, series2+0.1, c='r', lw=0.5) ax[0].axvline(x=to+timeshift, c='r', lw=0.5, ls='--', label=f'x={to+timeshift}') ax[0].set_yticks([0, 0.1]) ax[0].legend() ax[0].set_yticklabels(['Series 1', 'Series 2'], fontsize=8) d1, d2 = pd.Series(series2), pd.Series(series1) lags = np.arange(-(50), (50), 1) rs = np.nan_to_num([crosscorr(d1, d2, lag) for lag in lags]) maxrs, minrs = np.max(rs), np.min(rs) if np.abs(maxrs) >= np.abs(minrs): corrval = maxrs else: corrval = minrs ax[1].plot(lags, rs, 'k', label='Xcorr (s1 vs s2), maxcorr: {:.2f}'.format( corrval), lw=0.5) # ax[1].axvline(x=timeshift, c='r', lw=0.5, ls='--') ax[1].axvline(x=lags[np.argmax(rs)], c='r', lw=0.5, ls='--', label='max time correlation') ax[1].legend(fontsize=6) plt.subplots_adjust(hspace=0.25, wspace=0.1) plt.savefig('xcorr_fn_delta.png', bbox_inches='tight', dpi=300) plt.close('all')
References
- Chao, B.F., Chung, C.H., 2019. On Estimating the Cross Correlation and Least Squares Fit of One Data Set to Another With Time Shift. Earth Sp. Sci. 6, 1409–1415.
- Robinson, E., & Treitel, S. (1980). Geophysical signal analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice‐Hall.
- Template matching using fast normalized cross correlation
- Qingkai’s Blog: “Signal Processing: Cross-correlation in the frequency domain”
- How to Calculate Correlation Between Variables in Python
Download Codes
All the above codes can be downloaded from my Github repo.. | https://www.earthinversion.com/geophysics/computing-cross-correlation-between-seismograms/ | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | refinedweb | 1,444 | 50.23 |
import mp4 at the start of my game, how could i do it? Because it seems that the video plugin only loads from project files but i want it to use files from folders in my Node webkit exported folder
I want to import .mp4 files directly from a folder located in the exported, that's like 1-2 hours i'm trying to find something about importing files like this in project folder and/or use different files in video plugin
It seems that it works with blobs using FileChooser : ... sic-player
But i'm not sure we cant set the FileChooser path (to NWJS.Appfolder) anywhere unless we upload something
It seems it work with web urls, but i want it to work with local files
Bump
Develop games in your browser. Powerful, performant & highly capable.
I've found a way to do it using a local server (wamp), it redirect to
Still not what i'm looking for <img src="{SMILIES_PATH}/icon_e_sad.gif" alt=":(" title="Sad"> (+ its not working finally lol) | https://www.construct.net/en/forum/construct-2/how-do-i-18/import-file-project-file-97515 | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | refinedweb | 174 | 67.99 |
Frank Hileman's WebLogVector Graphics with VG.net and Visual Studio Integration Server2005-03-18T16:59:00ZVG.net 7.4 Released<p><img alt="VG.net designer in Visual Studio 2012" src="" width="894" height="669" mce_src=""> </p> <p>We have released version 7.4 of the <a href="" mce_href="">VG.net vector graphics</a> system. Changes include:</p> <ul> <li>Support for Visual Studio 2012, the SHOUTING MENU edition.</li> <li>Redesigned Picture Designer dialog windows: we reduced their size and made them more usable with all environment font sizes.</li> <li>A redesign of the CustomElement class API. This includes breaking changes necessary to fix the underlying design problems. CustomElement based sample code has changed accordingly.</li> <li>Bug fixes.</li> </ul> <img src="" width="1" height="1">Frank Hileman 6.2 Released<P><IMG alt="VG.net designer in Visual Studio 2010" src="" width=863 height=549 </P> <P>Today we released Version 6.2 of the <A href="" mce_href="">VG.net vector graphics</A> system. Changes include:</P> <UL> <LI>Visual Studio 2010 support.</LI> <LI>The new Center Selection button, in the Drawing Toobar, pans the designer surface to center the selected Elements.</LI> <LI>Double-clicking on a Group makes it the Active Group. When a Group is active, double clicking on the background deactivates the Active Group.</LI> <LI>You can now make a nested Group the Active Group. The Group can be nested to any depth. Formerly, you could only make a top-level Group the Active Group.</LI> <LI>Keyboard shortcuts for zooming and panning.</LI> <LI>Use the new PixelSnapMode property, in the RenderAppearance class, to increase the clarity of thin lines, or the edges of rectangles, by snapping points to pixel coordinates. PixelSnapMode values: <UL> <LI>None</LI> <LI>Absolute: points are snapped to pixels by rounding absolute coordinates. </LI> <LI>VectorCenter: a new, unique type of snapping. The Element's Center is snapped to a pixel point. Vectors from the Center to each point are then snapped to a pixel boundary. By snapping vectors rather than points, a small Shape improves its clarity and symmetry.</LI> <LI>BoundsAbsolute: the upper left and lower right corner of the Element's Bounds are snapped by rounding their absolute coordinates. Interior points in a Polyline or Path are not snapped.</LI></UL></LI> <LI>Visual Basic versions of some samples.</LI> <LI>The ThemedRobot and ThemedRobotVB samples, in the Extras package, demonstrate how to use Groups, Rotation transformations, and TransformationReference settings to create a segmented robot arm.</LI> <LI>Bug fixes.</LI></UL> <P.</P> <P><IMG alt="PixelSnapMode None" src="" width=96 height=96 <IMG alt="PixelSnapMode Absolute" src="" width=96 height=96 <IMG alt="PixelSnapMode VectorCenter" src="" width=96 height=96 </P> <P><IMG alt="PixelSnapMode None Zoomed" src="" width=254 height=248 <IMG alt="PixelSnapMode Absolute Zoomed" src="" width=254 height=248 <IMG alt="PixelSnapMode VectorCenter Zoomed" src="" width=254 height=248 </P> <P:</P> <P><IMG alt="PixelSnapMode None" src="" width=247 height=222 <IMG alt="PixelSnapMode VectorCenter" src="" width=247 height=222 </P><img src="" width="1" height="1">Frank Hileman 5.1 Released<P><A href="" mce_href=""><IMG height=793</A> </P> <P>Version 5.1 of the <A href="" mce_href="">VG.net vector graphics</A> system is released. Click the image above to run the <A href="" mce_href="">robot arm</A> sample. The buttons at the top change the overall color of the application. This color change uses a new feature in VG.net called Themes. </P> <P. </P> <P>Other changes in version 5.1 include: </P> <UL> <LI><STRONG>Fast Scrolling</STRONG>: by default, Canvas scrolling is hardware accelerated, as demonstrated in an earlier <A href="" mce_href="">blog post</A>. </LI> <LI><STRONG>Serialization</STRONG>: save and restore objects to and from compact binary files or streams. You can serialize VG.net objects or your own classes and structures. This is useful for custom editors, storing objects in a database, or transferring objects across a network. You will find serialization related classes in the Prodige.Serialization namespace. Unlike the serialization support built into the .NET framework, the classes in Prodige.Serialization are designed to: minimize file size, maximize speed, operate without reflection or boxing of value types, and provide infinite upward compatiblity for serialized files. </LI> <LI><STRONG>TranslucentForm</STRONG> Improvements: the TranslucentForm class, a window providing a complete vector graphics UI with per-pixel alpha transparency, is extensively reworked and many problems are eliminated. </LI> <LI><STRONG>Source Code Samples</STRONG>: new samples in the standard and Extras package include a strip chart library, a SCADA simulation, a particle system, a Theme demonstration, a basic button library, and bitmap effects. Two of the these samples are described below. </LI> <LI>The VG.net Users Guide contains new sections describing Themes and Serialization. </LI> <LI>Bug fixes and smaller enhancements: please see the 5.1 <A href="" mce_href="">Readme</A> for more information. </LI></UL> <P><A href="" mce_href=""><IMG height=281</A> </P> <P>A new strip chart component is provided in the <A href="" mce_href="">strip chart sample</A>. </P> <P><A href="" mce_href=""><IMG height=501</A> </P> <P>Click the image above or below to run the new <A href="" mce_href="">particle system</A>. </P> <P><A href="" mce_href=""><IMG height=571</A> </P><img src="" width="1" height="1">Frank Hileman Powered Textile Application Wins Design Award<P><IMG height=300</P> <P><IMG height=300 </P> <P>A <A href="" mce_href="">Monforts</A> textile machine monitoring application won an <A href="" mce_href="">iF Communications Design Award</A>. The application was designed by <A href="" mce_href="">:i/d/d</A> using the fast <A href="" mce_href="">VG.net vector graphics</A> system for the user interface.</P><img src="" width="1" height="1">Frank Hileman scrolling beta for VG.net<p><a href=""><img style="width: 557px; height: 635px" src="" alt="VG.net vector graphics scrolling sample" title="VG.net vector graphics scrolling sample" width="557" height="635" /></a></p><p>We have released a beta of the <a href="" title="VG.net Animated Vector Graphics">VG.net vector graphics</a> system containing fast scrolling enhancments. Click on the image above to run the <a href="" title="Vector Graphics Scrolling Sample">Scrolling Scalability</a> sample, to see the difference in performance. This demo is built with the 2.0 .net framework.</p><p>The new <strong>ScrollingMode</strong>.</p><img src="" width="1" height="1">Frank Hileman: State Machine Editor for Visual Studio<P><A href=""><IMG height=481Steed.net</A> is a new way of doing .net development in Visual Studio. You can create state machines in Visual Studio using a graphical designer. The graphical designer uses <A href="">VG.net vector graphics</A>. A list of features:</P> <UL> <LI>Visual Studio integration <LI>Graphically create flow charts and state machines <LI>Your workflow (state machines) determine visualization and creation of controls <LI>Monitor and log object lifetimes in running applications <LI>Automatically generates documentation <LI>Maintains a strict separation between architecture and application code <LI>Simplifies debugging and error finding</LI></UL> <P>Read more on the <A href="">State Method</A> web site.</P><img src="" width="1" height="1">Frank Hileman 4.0 Released: Visual Studio 2005 Support<p><img src="" alt="Vector Graphics Calendar Control" width="619" height="567" /></p><p>Versions 4.0 and 3.0 of the <a href="">VG.net vector graphics</a> system are released. Version 4.0 supports Visual Studio 2005, and version 3.0 supports Visual Studio 2003. Read more in the <a href="">Readme</a> file.</p><p>Some new features:</p><ul><li>Use the new Style Precedence property to override a Style in a sub Picture with a Style in a parent Picture. </li><li>Trigger code when the mouse wheel is rotated using the new MouseWheel event on every Element. </li><li>Copy and paste Styles in the Style collection editor. </li><li>Font caching increases the performance of displays using many different TextAppearance objects.</li></ul><p>If you downloaded version 4.0.2702, and you ran into a file path error during installation, please re-download the latest build 4.0.2705, which fixes this installer error.</p><p>The screenshot above is a calendar pop-up window created with <a href="" title="VG">VG.net</a> scalable vector graphics. The shadow around the window has per-pixel translucency, thanks to the TranslucentForm class.</p><img src="" width="1" height="1">Frank Hileman Tracking Simulation<p><a href=""><img height="538" alt="Vector Graphics Vehicle Tracking Simulation" src="" width="603" /> </a></p> <p>If you write transportation management applications, or applications which track trucks, railroad cars, or other vehicles, you may be interested in this <a href="">vehicle tracking simulation</a> using <a href="">VG.net vector graphics</a>. It is a combination of the PanZoom and PathMove samples, demonstrating:</p> <ul> <li>Real-time tracking of vehicles using scalable vector graphics</li> <li>Implementation of a Vehicle class with custom properties</li> <li>Movement of an object along a path</li> <li>Control over velocity of movement</li> <li>Zooming and panning</li> <li>Throttling CPU usage of animation of specific objects</li> <li>Layers using Groups</li></ul> <p>The Vehicle class custom properties:</p> <ul> <li>Velocity</li> <li>MovementPath: the path along which the vehicle moves</li> <li>Position: distance along the movement path</li> <li>Direction: forward or backward</li> <li>State: normal, or alarm state, indicated visually by a change in the color (red vehicles are in the alarm state)</li></ul> <p>Download the <a href="">executable</a> by clicking on the image above. Download the <a href="">source code</a>, which compiles with Visual Studio 2003. You will need <a title="VG.net" href="" >VG.net</a> installed, full or Lite version.</p><img src="" width="1" height="1">Frank Hileman Styles Sample; LED Radio Button<P><A href=""><IMG height=604Centralized Styles</A> sample for <A href="">VG.net vector graphics</A>. Grab the lower right corner of the window to scale the UI larger and smaller.</P> <P>Download the <A href="">source code</A> to learn how to centralize all your Styles into a single template Picture that overrides Styles recursively, starting at a top-level Picture and moving to sub Pictures.</P> <P>In the future we will have a special class in VG.net you can derive from, a type of Picture, that you can drag and drop onto any Picture in order to reuse a central set of Styles. This sample code allows you to centralize Styles with released versions of VG.net, 2.7 or 2.8.</P> <P>This sample also demonstrates how to create a vector graphics LED radio button, and how to use the TranslucentForm class. </P> <P>If you are using a Lite version, change DisplayInTranslucentForm to DisplayInForm, and you can run the code.</P><img src="" width="1" height="1">Frank Hileman Designer in Visual Studio 2005, Beta<p><img height="647" alt="VG.net Vector Graphics in Visual Studio 2005" src="" width="659" /></p> <p>A beta version of the <a href="">VG.net vector graphics</a> Designer integrated in Visual Studio 2005 is released. If you are an existing customer, you will receive an email with download instructions.</p> <p>Regarding <a title="VG.net" href="" >VG.net</a> version numbers: from now on, versions 3.x will be built for VS 2003, and versions 4.x will be built for VS 2005. These versions can be installed side-by-side. There is one problem in the beta version: if you uninstall the 4.0 beta, the documentation for both versions is uninstalled. This can be fixed by going to Add/Remove Programs and selecting "Repair" for VG.net.</p> <p>A big thanks to the Microsoft people who helped us around the breaking changes in Visual Studio 2005.</p><img src="" width="1" height="1">Frank Hileman, Drop, and Move Vector Graphics Components<p><a href=""><img height="504" alt="Vector Graphics Drag-Drop Sample" src="" width="486" /> </a></p> <p>Click on the image above to download and run the new <a href="">drag-drop sample</a> using <a href="">VG.net vector graphics</a>..</p> <p>Mouse events are simpler, but the drag-drop events may be more appropriate when using multiple Canvas objects. See the <a href="">sample source code</a> for more information. You will need to install <a title="VG" href="">VG.net</a> to build this sample.</p> <p>If you are interested in 3D effects, examine the GlowButton class in this sample.</p><img src="" width="1" height="1">Frank Hileman 2.7 Released<p><a href=""><img height="500" alt="Vector Graphics Calculator" src="" width="600" /></a></p> <p><a href="">Download the translucent calculator executable</a>. </p> <p>Version 2.7 of the <a href="">VG.net vector graphics</a> system is released. The <a href="">Translucent Calculator</a> article describes how to build a user interface completely defined with vector graphics, using the new <strong>TranslucentForm</strong> class. </p> <p>The calculator has no window border, and the edges are anti-aliased with per-pixel translucency, as seen in the close-up below: </p> <p><img height="180" alt="Close-Up of Translucent Calculator" src="" width="260" /></p> <p>Grab any of the calculator corners to resize it using the mouse. Because this calculator is built with vector graphics, you can resize it without any of the pixel scaling problems inherent in bitmap graphics:</p> <p><a href=""><img height="610" alt="Smooth Resizing with Vector Graphics" src="" width="505" /></a> </p> <p>The techniques in the article are ideal for applications that use skinning and fancy user interface features, such as gel buttons. The article describes how to separate a user interface from application logic, so you can build a custom calculator skin. </p> <p>Other new features in this release include:</p> <ul> <li>Greatly improved performance, in memory and time, for <strong>path gradient fills</strong>, by sharing gradient cache data across similar Elements</li> <li>Other performance improvements for non-shared path gradient fills</li> <li>Use the new <strong>BaseStyle</strong> property in Style to collect common appearance properties from several Styles into a single location</li> <li>All mouse events in the Picture class now bubble up to Canvas or TranslucentForm, which have a set of new events, including PictureMouseDown</li> <li>You can now drag and drop a Picture from the Toolbox onto a Canvas or TranslucentForm to display in the recipient</li> <li>Use new <strong>ElementPoint</strong> property in ElementMouseEventArgs to determine the mouse position in the coordinate space of the Element raising the event</li></ul> <p>For a complete list of changes see the <a href="">version 2.7 Readme</a> document.</p><img src="" width="1" height="1">Frank Hileman 2.4b<p><a title="VG.net" href="" >VG.net</a> Version 2.4b was released yesterday. It contains a small set of changes.</p> <h4>Designer Enhancements</h4> <ul> <li>If you wish to make all invisible Elements visible at design-time, select the top-level Picture and set the <strong>InvisibleAreDisplayed</strong> property to true. This has no effect at run-time. </li> <li>If you wish to select disabled Elements by clicking with the mouse, select the top-level Picture and set the property <strong>DisabledArePickable</strong> to true. A "disabled" Element is one with Enabled set to false. </li></ul> <h4>Run-time Only Enhancements</h4> <ul> <li>The CustomElement copy constructor is now protected, to be used by derived classes. We added the InternalFill, InternalStroke, and InternalTextAppearance protected properties, as well as supporting members so that a CustomElement based class can expose a Fill, Stroke, or TextAppearance property.</li> <li>In DrawContext, we made several members public to support CustomElement derived clases: Font, TextBrush, GetFullTextBounds, GetTextPixelBounds, DrawText, PushTransformation, and PopTransformation.</li> <li>We created a preliminary CustomElement sample, which draws text along an arbitrary Shape path. If you need to build a CustomElement (an advanced topic) please request a copy of this sample. In the future the sample will be added to the Extras package.</li></ul> <h4>Bug Fixes and Obsolete Members</h4> <ul> <li>In the VG.net Designer Lite version only, if you attempted to exceed the object count limit, the Rotation and Shearing adornments would disappear. This bug is fixed. </li> <li>Setting the Enabled property from true to false on a Shape caused problems with mouse events and display updates, if the DrawAction was set to Fill. This bug is fixed.</li> <li>We added an overload for the Element HitTest method: bool HitTest(Vector point, out Element hitElement). The existing HitTest method has an additional boolean parameter called skipDisabled. This parameter is no longer supported, and the HitTest(Vector, bool, out Element) overload is now obsolete. </li></ul><img src="" width="1" height="1">Frank Hileman 2.4 Released: More Vector Graphics<p><img height="864" alt="Version 2.4 Screenshot" src="" width="741" /></p> <p>Version 2.4 of the <a href="">VG.net vector graphics</a> system is released. Some notes:</p> <ul> <li>Use the new <strong>PointText</strong> class to create text objects that are positioned relative to a point. Adjust the relative position using the TextAppearance HorizontalAlignment and VerticalAlignment properties. <li>You can now draw all text, including text in Shapes and PointText, with an <strong>outline</strong> Stroke. We added a Stroke property to the TextAppearance class. Control Stroke visibility using the new StrokeVisible property. <li>Use the new <strong>Active Group</strong> mode in the designer to work on Elements within a Group. Previously, you had to UnGroup, or select Elements by name, in order to work on child Elements in a Group. Now you can make the Group “active”, which allows you to select and work with the Group children as if they were not Grouped. This mode prevents you from inadvertently selecting Elements outside the Group, so you can focus all work on the Group. New Elements and Elements pasted from the clipboard all go into the Active Group. <li>Derive from the new <strong>CustomElement</strong> base class to create Elements with custom rendering code. <li>Use the new <strong>layout commands</strong> in the VG.net designer to adjust alignment, spacing, and centering of Elements. You can use all the commands on the Layout toolbar. <li>We added numerous other features and bug fixes. Read the installed Readme document for more information. The Users Guide documents all new designer features, including new <strong>keyboard control</strong> during selection operations. </li></ul> <p>In the following sections I discuss two new features, PointText and Active Group mode. </p> <h3>Positioning PointText</h3> <p>When you select a PointText, you will see a small blue diamond with a black edge:</p> <p><img height="200" alt="Location Adornment on PointText" src="" width="309" /></p> <p>This is the <strong>Location</strong> adornment, marking the point specified by the Location property. </p> <p: </p> <p><img height="195" alt="" src="" width="367" /></p> <h3>Active Group Mode</h3> <p>You may need to select and modify child Elements within a Group using the mouse. The Group will be destroyed if you use UnGroup to access the Elements. Active Group mode allows you to access the child Elements while leaving the Group intact.</p> <p>When the Picture Designer is in Active Group mode, you can select and manipulate Elements with the mouse the same way you would operate on any Element at the top level of the Picture.</p> <p>Make a Group active using one of these methods:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Click on the <strong>Change Active Group</strong> combo box in the Drawing Toolbar and select the Name of the Group. </p> <p><img height="122" src="" width="156" /></p> <li> <p>Select the Group and invoke the <strong>"Make Active Group"</strong> command on the right-click context menu<. </p> <p><img height="680" src="" width="658" /></p></li></ul> <p>The current Active Group is indicated by a dashed red rectangle called the Active Group adornment:</p> <p><img height="320" src="" width="300" /></p> <p><strong>Note</strong> If you wish to create a new, empty Group and immediately make it active, select the <strong>"New Group..."</strong> command from the <strong>Change Active Group</strong> combo box. You will be prompted for a name for the new Group (which can be left blank), the new Group will be created, and made active:</p> <p><img height="103" src="" width="326" /></p> <h3>To Exit Active Group Mode</h3> <p>Use one of these methods to exit Active Group mode:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Choose "(none)" from the Change Active Group combo box on the Drawing Toolbar:</p> <p><img height="122" src="" width="156" /></p> <li> <p>Choose the Exit Active Group command from the right-click context menu:</p> <p><img height="20" src="" width="152" /></p></li></ul> <h3>Working within an Active Group</h3> <p>By making a Group active, you can focus work on a sub-set of Picture Elements:</p> <ul> <li>Only Elements within the Group can be selected with the mouse. <li>You can select Elements by clicking or by using a lasso. <li>If you create new Elements, they will go into the active Group. You can create new Elements created using the Toolbox, using Copy and Paste, or by performing a Control-drag on an Element. You can also Paste copies of Elements external to the Group, by copying them to the clipboard before making the Group active. <li>You can manipulate Elements in any way you would normally manipulate them. </li></ul><img src="" width="1" height="1">Frank Hileman Effect Vector Graphics Arrow<p><img src="" /></p> <p>This is a cool 3D effect arrow created with <a href="">VG.net vector graphics</a>. The construction of this arrow is described briefly on the <a href="">forum</a>. If you would like a Picture file containing the arrow, let us know on the forum.</p><img src="" width="1" height="1">Frank Hileman | http://weblogs.asp.net/frank_hileman/atom.aspx | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | refinedweb | 3,746 | 57.06 |
Created on 2006-09-26 06:58 by ghazel, last changed 2017-09-01 14:53 by vstinner. This issue is now closed.
Attached is a file which demonstrates an oddity about
traceback objects and the gc.
The observed behaviour is that when the tuple from
sys.exc_info() is stored on an object which is inside
the local scope, the object, thus exc_info tuple, are
not collected even when both leave scope.
If you run the test with "s.e = sys.exc_info()"
commented out, the observed memory footprint of the
process quickly approaches and sits at 5,677,056
bytes. Totally reasonable.
If you uncomment that line, the memory footprint
climbs to 283,316,224 bytes quite rapidly. That's a
two order of magnitude difference!
If you uncomment the "gc.collect()" line, the process
still hits 148,910,080 bytes.
This was observed in production code, where exc_info
tuples are saved for re-raising later to get the stack-
appending behaviour tracebacks and 'raise' perform.
The example includes a large array to simulate
application state. I assume this is bad behaviour
occurring because the traceback object holds frames,
and those frames hold a reference to the local
objects, thus the exc_info tuple itself, thus causing
a circular reference which involves the entire stack.
Either the gc needs to be improved to prevent this
from growing so wildly, or the traceback objects need
to (optionally?) hold frames which do not have
references or have weak references instead.
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Your memory bloat is mostly due to the
d = range(100000)
line. Python has no problem collecting the cyclic trash,
but you're creating 100000 * 100 = 10 million integer
objects hanging off trash cycles before invoking
gc.collect(), and those integers require at least 10 million
* 12 ~= 120MB all by themselves. Worse, memory allocated to
"short" integers is both immortal and unbounded: it can be
reused for /other/ integer objects, but it never goes away.
Note that memory usage in your program remains low and
steady if you force gc.collect() after every call to bar().
Then you only create 100K integers, instead of 10M, before
the trash gets cleaned up.
There is no simple-minded way to "repair" this, BTW. For
example, /of course/ a frame has to reference all its
locals, and moving to weak references for those instead
would be insanely inefficient (among other, and deeper,
problems).
Note that the library reference manual warns against storing
the result of exc_info() in a local variable (which you're
/effectively/ doing, since the formal parameter `s` is a
local variable within foo()), and suggests other approaches.
Sorry, but I really couldn't tell from your description why
you want to store this stuff in an instance attribute, so
can't guess whether another more-or-less obvious approach
would help.
For example, no cyclic trash is created if you add this
method to your class O:
def get_traceback(self):
self.e = sys.exc_info()
and inside foo() invoke:
s.get_traceback()
instead of doing:
s.e = sys.exc_info()
Is that unreasonable? Perhaps simpler is to define a
function like:
def get_exc_info():
return sys.exc_info()
and inside foo() do:
s.e = get_exc_info()
No cyclic trash gets created that way either. These are the
kinds of things the manual has suggested doing for the last
10 years ;-)
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I have read the exc_info suggestions before, but they have
never made any difference. Neither change you suggest
modifies the memory footprint behaviour in any way.
Weakrefs might be slow, I offered them as an alternative to
just removing the references entirely. I understand this
might cause problems with existing code, but the current
situation causes a problem which is more difficult to work
around. Code that needs locals and globals can explicity
store a reference to eat - it is impossible to dig in to
the traceback object and remove those references.
The use-case of storing the exc_info is fairly simple, for
example:
Two threads. One queues a task for the other to complete.
That task fails an raises an exception. The exc_info is
caught, passed back to the first thread, the exc_info is
raised from there. The goal is to get the whole execution
stack, which it does quite nicely, except that it has this
terrible memory side effect.
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I'm still having problems figuring out what the bug is that
you are reporting. Ok, in this case, it consumes a lot of
memory. Why is that a bug?
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The bug is the circular reference which is non-obvious and
unavoidable, and cleaned up at some uncontrolable (unless
you run a full collection) time in the future.
There are many better situations or solutions to this bug,
depending on which you think it is. I think those should be
investigated.
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I disagree that the circular reference is non-obvious. I'm
not sure what your application is, but I would expect that
callers of sys.exc_info should be fully aware what a
traceback is, and how it refers to the current frames. I do
agree that it is unavoidable; I fail to see that it is a bug
because of that (something unavoidable cannot be a bug).).
As for the time of cleanup not being controllable: you can
certainly control frequency of gc with gc.set_threshold; no
need to invoke gc explicitly.
tim_one: Why do you think your proposed modification of
introducing get_traceback would help? The frame foo still
refers to s (which is an O), and s.e will still refer to the
traceback that includes foo.
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[Martin]
> tim_one: Why do you think your proposed modification of
> introducing get_traceback would help? The frame foo still
> refers to s (which is an O), and s.e will still refer
> to the traceback that includes foo.
Sorry about that! It was an illusion, of course. I wanted
to suggest a quick fix, and "tested it" too hastily in a
program that didn't actually bloat with /or/ without it.
For the OP, I had need last year of capturing a traceback
and (possibly) displaying it later in ZODB. It never would
have occurred to me to try saving away exc_info(), though.
Instead I used the `traceback` module to capture the
traceback output (a string), which was (possibly) displayed
later, with annotations, by a different thread. No cycles,
no problems.
BTW, I must repeat that there is no simple-minded way to
'repair' this. That isn't based on general principle, but
on knowledge of how Python is implemented.
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A quick grep of the stdlib turns up various uses of
sys.exc_info that do put it in a local variable., e.g.
doctest._exception_traceback, unittest._exc_info_to_string,
SimpleXMLRPCServer._marshaled_dispatch. Do these all need
to be fixed?
>).
"This was observed in production code, where exc_info
tuples are saved for re-raising later to get the stack-
appending behaviour tracebacks and 'raise' perform."
I would like the traceback object so that I can re-raise the error. I can stringify it as tim_one suggests, but that can't be used with 'raise' and 'try','except' later.
It is not important for my application to have all the references that the traceback object contains, which is what is causing the massive memory requirement. If I could replace the exc_info()[2] with a traceback look-alike that only held file, line, etc information for printing a standard traceback, that would solve this problem.
Or, being able to remove the references to the locals and globals from
the traceback would be sufficient.
Something like this:
try:
raise Exception()
except:
t, v, tb = sys.exc_info()
tbi = tb
while tbi:
tbi.tb_frame.f_locals = None
tbi.tb_frame.f_globals = None
tbi = tbi.tb_next
# now "tb" is cleaned of references
Similar issue: issue4034 proposes to be able to set tb.tb_frame=None.
It's easy to implement this, I can write a patch for this.
I wrote a patch to support <traceback object>.tb_frame=None. It works
but the traceback becomes useless because you have unable to display
the traceback. The frame is used by tb_printinternal() to get the
filename (co_filename) and the code name (co_name).
I also tried:
while tbi:
frame = tbi.tb_frame
tbi = tbi.tb_next
frame.f_locals.clear()
frame.f_globals.clear()
... and it doesn't work because the tbi variable is also removed!
A traceback object have to contain the full frame, but the frame
contains "big" objects eating your memory. A solution to your initial
problem (store exceptions) is to not store the traceback object or at
least to store it as a (list of) string. Solution already proposed by
loewis (msg29999).
But a list of strings is not re-raisable. The co_filename, co_name, and
such used to print a traceback are not dependent on the locals or
globals.
I tried to remove the frame from the traceback type (to keep only the
filename and code name), but many functions rely on the frame object.
Some examples:
Lib/unittest.py:
class TestResult(object):
def _is_relevant_tb_level(self, tb):
return '__unittest' in tb.tb_frame.f_globals
Lib/traceback.py:
print_tb() uses tb.tb_frame.f_globals for linecache.getline()
Doc/tools/jinga/debugger.py:
translate_exception() checks if __jinja_template__ variable is
present in b.tb_frame.f_globals
Lib/idlelib/StackViewer.py:
StackTreeItem.get_stack() stores each tb.tb_frame in a list
FrameTreeItem.GetText() reads frame.f_globals["__name__"] and gets
the filename and code name using frame.f_code
Lib/logging/__init__.py:
currentframe() reads sys.exc_traceback.tb_frame.f_back
Lib/types.py:
Use tb.tb_frame to create the FrameType
(...)
co_name/co_filename can be stored directly in the traceback. But what
about tb.tb_frame.f_back and tb.tb_frame.f_globals? I'm not motivated
enough to change traceback API.
Greg Hazel> But a list of strings is not re-raisable
Do you need the original traceback? Why not only raising the exception? Eg.
----
import sys
try:
raise Exception("hm!")
except:
t, v, tb = sys.exc_info()
raise v
----
STINNER Victor> Do you need the original traceback? Why not only raising
the exception?
If the exception was captured in one stack, and is being re-raised in
another. It would be more useful to see the two stacks appended instead
of just the place where it was re-raised (or the place where it was
raised initially, which is what a string would get you - not to mention
the inability to catch it).
Given comments like "I'm still having problems figuring out what the bug is that you are reporting. (Martin)" and "I must repeat that there is no simple-minded way to 'repair' this. (Tim)", and subsequent changes to Python, should this still be open? If so, for which version(s)?
This is still an issue.
The bug I'm reporting had been explained well, I thought, but I'll repeat it in summary:
There is no way to pass around traceback objects without holding references to an excessive number of objects.
Traceback raising typically does not use these references at all, so having some way to discard them would be very valuable. This allows storing and passing tracebacks between threads (or coroutines or async tasks) without dying quickly due to memory bloat. The simple-minded way to fix this is to allow the user to break the reference themselves.
Fixing this bug would invalidate the need for hacks like the one Twisted has come up with in their twisted.python.Failure object which stringifies the traceback object, making it impossible to re-raise the exception. Failure has a lot of re-implementations of Exceptions and traceback objects as a result.
I still don't understand the issue. You say that you want a traceback, but then you say you don't want the objects in the traceback. So what *precisely* is it that you want, and what is it that you don't want?
In any case, whatever the solution, it is likely a new feature, which aren't acceptable anymore for 2.x release. So please don't target this report for any 2.x version.
The objects I do want in the traceback are the objects necessary to print a traceback, but not the locals and globals of each frame.
For example:
def bar():
x = "stuff"
raise Exception("example!")
bar()
prints:
Traceback (most recent call last):
Line 4, in <module>
bar()
Line 3, in bar
raise Exception("example!")
Exception: example!
There is no reason in that example to have a reference to "x" in the traceback, since it's not used in the output. This becomes important when I try to save a reference to the traceback object and raise it later:
import sys
def bar():
x = "stuff"
raise Exception("example!")
try:
bar()
except:
exc_info = sys.exc_info()
def foo(e):
raise e[0], e[1], e[2]
# sometime possibly much later...
foo(exc_info)
Traceback (most recent call last):
Line 12, in <module>
foo(exc_info)
Line 6, in <module>
bar()
Line 4, in bar
raise Exception("example!")
Exception: example!
During that "sometime possibly much later..." comment, a reference to "x" is held, when it will not be used in printing the traceback later. So, I would not like to keep a reference to "x", and currently there is no way to do that without also dropping a reference to the data needed to print the traceback.
To call this a bug for tracker purposes, there would have to be a specific discrepancy between doc promise and observed behavior. Every feature request fixes a 'design bug' ;-).
It seems this is partially addressed in a big red "Warning" section of the docs on sys.exc_info:
and is captured in the "Open Issue: Garbage Collection" section for PEP-3134:
Bug or feature request, this a well understood and real issue.
Those.
It depends on how you look at it. Those two issues describe the surprising behavior of the same references I'm talking about here, when the lifetime of the traceback reference is only inside the same frame. This ticket describes the surprising behavior of those references when the lifetime of the traceback is any number of frames. My example eat_memory.py is much closer to the issue described in those links - the lifetime of the traceback object is insignificantly one frame higher, not the lifetime of the application.
Either way, a feature to discard those references would resolve both.
It is true that your proposed feature would provide a way for a programmer to manually resolve the cycle issue; however, the open issue in the pep is how to do this automatically.
But if you hold on to the traceback reference, you should *expect* all those values to persist, so that shouldn't be "surprising".
I repeat my recommendation that you take this to python-ideas for feedback, and then work on a patch if the feedback is positive.
(By the way, I checked with a twisted developer, and what he wanted was a convenient way to manually create traceback objects.)
> you should *expect* all those values to persist, so that shouldn't be "surprising".
It's not something I expected, and the warnings around traceback objects are a good indication that other developers have not expected it either. One poster on python-ideas said "Working with traceback objects can easily introduce hidden circular references, so it usually better not access them at all". Since these 'hidden' references are not used in many cases, it is surprising that they would be required.
> I repeat my recommendation that you take this to python-ideas for feedback, and then work on a patch if the feedback is positive.
I have, and it has been so far.
> (By the way, I checked with a twisted developer, and what he wanted was a convenient way to manually create traceback objects.)
When does Twisted want to manually create traceback objects? Failure has specific functions to stringify the traceback to remove the references mentioned here. Creating a fake traceback would be one way to achieve that, but if the references did not exist I'm not sure what the goal would be.
Excellent.
As for twisted, I'm just repeating what I understood of what he said when I asked. It could well be that this feature would help them, I don't know.
This seems to be about reducing internal resource usage in a way that would be mostly invisible to the normal user. A core surface feature request would have to be put off to 3.3, but I do not see that as such.
frame.clear() was committed in issue17934.
> frame.clear() was committed in issue17934.
How should it be used to workaround this issue ("tracebacks eat up memory by holding references to locals and globals when they are not wanted")?
We need maybe an helper to clear all frames referenced by a traceback?
> We need maybe an helper to clear all frames referenced by a traceback?
Yes. Something in the traceback module would be fine.
Here's a patch implementing traceback.clear_tb_frames(). (Feel free to bikeshed about the name.)
One more substantial question: the top frame of the traceback is possibly still running. Currently the code skips it by doing an initial 'tb = tb.tb_next'. Would it be better to catch and ignore the RuntimeError
from frame.clear()?
> One more substantial question: the top frame of the traceback is
> possibly still running. Currently the code skips it by doing an
> initial 'tb = tb.tb_next'. Would it be better to catch and ignore the
> RuntimeError
> from frame.clear()?
Yes, I think it would be better.
Other than that, the doc lacks a "versionadded" tag.
Thanks!
Revised version of the patch: catches RuntimeError instead of skipping the first frame; adds versionadded tag; adds entry to NEWS and whatsnew files.
I would prefer a clear_frames() method on the traceback object rather than
a function.
> Revised version of the patch: catches RuntimeError instead of
> skipping the first frame; adds versionadded tag; adds entry to NEWS
> and whatsnew files.
Looks good to me, thank you.
I tried to implement the feature as a new traceback.clear_frames() method. I tried to follow the chain of frame objects (using frame.f_back), but it does not work as expected. The method needs to follow the chain of traceback objects (tb.tb_next). So it makes sense to define a function instead of a method (a method usually only affect the object, not a chain of objects).
clear-tb-frames-2.txt:
- I didn't see the "tb" abbreviation in other places in Python, except for traceback attributes. I prefer clear_traceback_frames(). The name clear_frames() is maybe better because traceback is already known by the context (the module is called "tracback". Example: traceback.clear_frames(tb) instead of traceback.clear_traceback_frames(tb).
- The documentation is wrong: frame.clear() does not guarantee to clear *all* locals, but only *most* locals:
"F.clear(): clear most references held by the frame");
So I suggest a more permissive documentation:
"Clear most reference held by frames."
> - The documentation is wrong: frame.clear() does not guarantee to
> clear *all* locals, but only *most* locals:
>
> "F.clear(): clear most references held by the frame");
Actually, the documentation is right: "references" != "locals" ;-)
I'm happy to change the function name, though I'll note that the traceback module does have print_tb(), format_tb() and extract_tb().
I'm OK with both of Victor's suggestions but personally slightly prefer traceback.clear_frames(tb).
Rationale: People who are keeping tracebacks around and want to save memory are probably using other functions from the traceback module, and the module has fairly short names (print_tb, format_exception) so I doubt they'll often do 'from traceback import clear_traceback_frames'.
Ping! I'd like to change the function name to clear_frames() and then commit this. Antoine or anyone, want to disagree with using clear_frames() as the name?
> Ping! I'd like to change the function name to clear_frames() and then
> commit this. Antoine or anyone, want to disagree with using
> clear_frames() as the name?
clear_frames() sounds fine to me :-)
New changeset 100606ef02cf by Andrew Kuchling in branch 'default':
#1565525: Add traceback.clear_frames() helper function to clear locals ref'd by a traceback
traceback.clear_frames() doesn't really clear all frames: see bpo-31321. | https://bugs.python.org/issue1565525 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | refinedweb | 3,377 | 65.62 |
Nathan Lynch <ntl@pobox.com> writes:> Hi Eric,>> On Fri, 2011-05-06 at 19:24 -0700,.>> I don't understand exactly what the nstype argument buys us - why would> correct code ever need to specify a value other than 0? And reusing the> CLONE_NEW* values in this interface is kind of ugly when setns is> precisely _not_ creating new namespaces.No but it is setting a new namespace. I do agree it is a bit ugly. Butthe worst case at this point is I introduce a new set of beautifuldefines with the same values.> Is there some fundamental reason it couldn't be>> int setns(int fd);>> or is there a use case I'm missing?When someone else opens the file descriptor and passes it to usand we don't completely trust them. Or equally when someoneelse does the bind mount into the filesystem namespace and wedon't completely trust them.Plus having a flags field is useful in general.>> +SYSCALL_DEFINE2(setns, int, fd, int, nstype)>> +{>> + const struct proc_ns_operations *ops;>> + struct task_struct *tsk = current;>> + struct nsproxy *new_nsproxy;>> + struct proc_inode *ei;>> + struct file *file;>> + int err;>> +>> + if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))>> + return -EPERM;>> +>> + file = proc_ns_fget(fd);>> + if (IS_ERR(file))>> + return PTR_ERR(file);>> +>> + err = -EINVAL;>> + ei = PROC_I(file->f_dentry->d_inode);>> + ops = ei->ns_ops;>> + if (nstype && (ops->type != nstype))>> + goto out;>> +>> + new_nsproxy = create_new_namespaces(0, tsk, tsk->fs);>> create_new_namespaces() can fail; shouldn't this be checked?Yes. This was pointed out a little earlier and has been fixedin my tree.>> + err = ops->install(new_nsproxy, ei->ns);>> + if (err) {>> + free_nsproxy(new_nsproxy);>> + goto out;>> + }>> + switch_task_namespaces(tsk, new_nsproxy);>> +out:>> + fput(file);>> + return err;>> +}>> +Eric | http://lkml.org/lkml/2011/5/11/394 | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | refinedweb | 267 | 65.12 |
CodePlexProject Hosting for Open Source Software
Hello,
if I load a kml-file from a kmz-file like
KmlFile kml = KmlFile.LoadFromKmz(kmzFile)
and save this kml-file with
kml.Save(fileName)
i got a prefix (kml:) in every tag of the resulted kml-file. How can I avoid this behaviour?
Thanks in advance
Rainer
It shouldn't matter where the KML came from - KmlFile shouldn't save every element with a kml tag.
Have you had a look at the Kml file it's extracting from the kmz archive? A kmz archive is just a zip archive so you can either open it with an application like 7zip or change the extension to .zip and it will open with your operating system. Check the kml
file inside and verify that the namespace is.
If you have difficulties (and you can share the archive) then please can you
create a work item and attach the archive to it so I can take a look?
Thanks,
Sam
Are you sure you want to delete this post? You will not be able to recover it later.
Are you sure you want to delete this thread? You will not be able to recover it later. | http://sharpkml.codeplex.com/discussions/399571 | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | refinedweb | 202 | 83.05 |
26 June 2012 06:10 [Source: ICIS news]
By Helen Yan
?xml:namespace>
SINGAPORE
About 30,000 tonnes of European BD will arrive in
In the week ended 22 June, spot BD was assessed at $1,920-1,950/tonne CFR (cost and freight) northeast (NE) Asia, up by $50-120/tonne (€40-96/tonne) from the previous week, according to ICIS.
“More buyers are looking to buy as they are restocking and they can pay more than $2,000/tonne CFR NE Asia. But the market outlook is still uncertain and it is not clear whether the price uptrend is sustainable,” a trader said.
Players across the commodities and equities markets continue to worry about the weakening global economy, as the eurozone debt crisis remains unresolved, the
Buying interest for BD in
Yangzi Petrochemical, Sinopec SABIC Tianjin Petrochemical and Liaoning Huajin Tongda Chemical are scheduled to take their crackers off line for turnaround.
Last week’s BD price rebound was triggered by a supply disruption, following a power outage at the Mailiao complex of Taiwanese producer Formosa Petrochemical Corp (FPCC) on 20 June.
The shutdown of company’s crackers and downstream facilities at the site forced FPCC to delay shipments of about 3,000 tonnes of BD, market sources said.
The company has three crackers with a combined capacity of 2.93m tones/year, while its BD units have a combined capacity of 450,000 tonnes/year.
Its 1.03m tonne/year No 2 cracker and its1.2m tonne/year No 3 cracker were shut because of the power outage, while the 700,000 tonne/year No 1 cracker was taken off line a day earlier on 19 June for maintenance.
Until the FPCC outage, BD prices in
In southeast Asia, supply is also currently limited as Bangkok Synthetics’ (BST) 140,000 tonne/year BD unit in
BST’s BD unit is expected to be down until September, according to a market source.
“The [BD price] upside is still there, but the downstream demand may not be strong enough to sustain a BD price uptrend,” a trader said.
Should BD prices continue to increase, downstream synthetic rubber producers are inclined to cut production, market sources | http://www.icis.com/Articles/2012/06/26/9572510/asia-bd-rebounds-on-restocking-poor-demand-to-limit.html | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | refinedweb | 366 | 55.47 |
PdfPig
This project allows users to read and extract text and other content from PDF files. In addition the library can be used to create simple PDF documents containing text and geometrical shapes.
This project aims to port PDFBox to C#.
Migrating to 0.1.6 from 0.1.x? Use this guide: migration to 0.1.6.
Installation
The package is available via the releases tab or from Nuget:
#404
Or from the package manager console:
> Install-Package PdfPig
While the version is below 1.0.0 minor versions will change the public API without warning (SemVer will not be followed until 1.0.0 is reached).
The simplest usage at this stage is to open a document, reading the words from every page:
using (PdfDocument document = PdfDocument.Open(@"C:\Documents\document.pdf")) { foreach (Page page in document.GetPages()) { string pageText = page.Text; foreach (Word word in page.GetWords()) { Console.WriteLine(word.Text); } } }
An example of the output of this is shown below:
Where for the PDF text ("Write something in") shown at the top the 3 words (in pink) are detected and each word contains the individual letters with glyph bounding boxes.
To create documents use the class
PdfDocumentBuilder. The Standard 14 fonts provide a quick way to get started:
PdfDocumentBuilder builder = new PdfDocumentBuilder(); PdfPageBuilder page = builder.AddPage(PageSize.A4); // Fonts must be registered with the document builder prior to use to prevent duplication. PdfDocumentBuilder.AddedFont font = builder.AddStandard14Font(Standard14Font.Helvetica); page.AddText("Hello World!", 12, new PdfPoint(25, 700), font); byte[] documentBytes = builder.Build(); File.WriteAllBytes(@"C:\git\newPdf.pdf", documentBytes);
The output is a 1 page PDF document with the text "Hello World!" in Helvetica near the top of the page:
Each font must be registered with the PdfDocumentBuilder prior to use enable pages to share the font resources. Only Standard 14 fonts and TrueType fonts (.ttf) are supported.
Usage
The
PdfDocument class provides access to the contents of a document loaded either from file or passed in as bytes. To open from a file use the
PdfDocument.Open static method:
using UglyToad.PdfPig; using UglyToad.PdfPig.Content; using (PdfDocument document = PdfDocument.Open(@"C:\my-file.pdf")) { int pageCount = document.NumberOfPages; // Page number starts from 1, not 0. Page page = document.GetPage(1); decimal widthInPoints = page.Width; decimal heightInPoints = page.Height; string text = page.Text; }
PdfDocument should only be used in a
using statement since it implements
IDisposable (unless the consumer disposes of it elsewhere).
Encrypted documents can be opened by PdfPig. To provide an owner or user password provide the optional
ParsingOptions when calling
Open with the
Password property defined. For example:
using (PdfDocument document = PdfDocument.Open(@"C:\my-file.pdf", new ParsingOptions { Password = "password here" }))
You can also provide a list of passwords to try:
using (PdfDocument document = PdfDocument.Open(@"C:\file.pdf", new ParsingOptions { Passwords = new List<string> { "One", "Two" } }))
The document contains the version of the PDF specification it complies with, accessed by
document.Version:
decimal version = document.Version;
Document Creation (0.0.5)
The
PdfDocumentBuilder creates a new document with no pages or content.
For text content, a font must be registered with the builder. This library supports Standard 14 fonts provided by Adobe by default and TrueType format fonts.
To add a Standard 14 font use:
public AddedFont AddStandard14Font(Standard14Font type)
Or for a TrueType font use:
AddedFont AddTrueTypeFont(IReadOnlyList<byte> fontFileBytes)
Passing in the bytes of a TrueType file (.ttf). You can check the suitability of a TrueType file for embedding in a PDF document using:
bool CanUseTrueTypeFont(IReadOnlyList<byte> fontFileBytes, out IReadOnlyList<string> reasons)
Which provides a list of reasons why the font cannot be used if the check fails. You should check the license for a TrueType font prior to use, since the compressed font file is embedded in, and distributed with, the resultant document.
The
AddedFont class represents a key to the font stored on the document builder. This must be provided when adding text content to pages. To add a page to a document use:
PdfPageBuilder AddPage(PageSize size, bool isPortrait = true)
This creates a new
PdfPageBuilder with the specified size. The first added page is page number 1, then 2, then 3, etc. The page builder supports adding text, drawing lines and rectangles and measuring the size of text prior to drawing.
To draw lines and rectangles use the methods:
void DrawLine(PdfPoint from, PdfPoint to, decimal lineWidth = 1) void DrawRectangle(PdfPoint position, decimal width, decimal height, decimal lineWidth = 1)
The line width can be varied and defaults to 1. Rectangles are unfilled and the fill color cannot be changed at present.
To write text to the page you must have a reference to an
AddedFont from the methods on
PdfDocumentBuilder as described above. You can then draw the text to the page using:
IReadOnlyList<Letter> AddText(string text, decimal fontSize, PdfPoint position, PdfDocumentBuilder.AddedFont font)
Where
position is the baseline of the text to draw. Currently only ASCII text is supported. You can also measure the resulting size of text prior to drawing using the method:
IReadOnlyList<Letter> MeasureText(string text, decimal fontSize, PdfPoint position, PdfDocumentBuilder.AddedFont font)
Which does not change the state of the page, unlike
AddText.
Changing the RGB color of text, lines and rectangles is supported using:
void SetStrokeColor(byte r, byte g, byte b) void SetTextAndFillColor(byte r, byte g, byte b)
Which take RGB values between 0 and 255. The color will remain active for all operations called after these methods until reset is called using:
void ResetColor()
Which resets the color for stroke, fill and text drawing to black.
Document Information
The
PdfDocument provides access to the document metadata as
DocumentInformation defined in the PDF file. These tend not to be provided therefore most of these entries will be
null:
PdfDocument document = PdfDocument.Open(fileName); // The name of the program used to convert this document to PDF. string producer = document.Information.Producer; // The title given to the document string title = document.Information.Title; // etc...
Document Structure (0.0.3)
The document now has a Structure member:
UglyToad.PdfPig.Structure structure = document.Structure;
This provides access to tokenized PDF document content:
Catalog catalog = structure.Catalog; DictionaryToken pagesDictionary = catalog.PagesDictionary;
The pages dictionary is the root of the pages tree within a PDF document. The structure also exposes a
GetObject(IndirectReference reference) method which allows random access to any object in the PDF as long as its identifier number is known. This is an identifier of the form
69 0 R where 69 is the object number and 0 is the generation.
Page
The
Page contains the page width and height in points as well as mapping to the
PageSize enum:
PageSize size = Page.Size; bool isA4 = size == PageSize.A4;
Page provides access to the text of the page:
string text = page.Text;
There is a new (0.0.3) method which provides access to the words. This uses basic heuristics and is not reliable or well-tested:
IEnumerable<Word> words = page.GetWords();
You can also (0.0.6) access the raw operations used in the page's content stream for drawing graphics and content on the page:
IReadOnlyList<IGraphicsStateOperation> operations = page.Operations;
Consult the PDF specification for the meaning of individual operators.
There is also an early access (0.0.3) API for retrieving the raw bytes of PDF image objects per page:
IEnumerable<XObjectImage> images = page.ExperimentalAccess.GetRawImages();
This API will be changed in future releases.
Letter
Due to the way a PDF is structured internally the page text may not be a readable representation of the text as it appears in the document. Since PDF is a presentation format, text can be drawn in any order, not necessarily reading order. This means spaces may be missing or words may be in unexpected positions in the text.
To help users resolve actual text order on the page, the
Page file provides access to a list of the letters:
IReadOnlyList<Letter> letters = page.Letters;
These letters contain:
- The text of the letter:
letter.Value.
- The location of the lower left of the letter:
letter.Location.
- The width of the letter:
letter.Width.
- The font size in unscaled relative text units (these sizes are internal to the PDF and do not correspond to sizes in pixels, points or other units):
letter.FontSize.
- The name of the font used to render the letter if available:
letter.FontName.
- A rectangle which is the smallest rectangle that completely contains the visible region of the letter/glyph:
letter.GlyphRectangle.
- The points at the start and end of the baseline
StartBaseLineand
EndBaseLinewhich indicate if the letter is rotated. The
TextDirectionindicates if this is a commonly used rotation or a custom rotation.
Letter position is measured in PDF coordinates where the origin is the lower left corner of the page. Therefore a higher Y value means closer to the top of the page.
Annotations (0.0.5)
Early support for retrieving annotations on each page is provided using the method:
page.ExperimentalAccess.GetAnnotations()
This call is not cached and the document must not have been disposed prior to use. The annotations API may change in future.
Bookmarks (0.0.10)
The bookmarks (outlines) of a document may be retrieved at the document level:
bool hasBookmarks = document.TryGetBookmarks(out Bookmarks bookmarks);
This will return
false if the document does not define any bookmarks.
Forms (0.0.10)
Form fields for interactive forms (AcroForms) can be retrieved using:
bool hasForm = document.TryGetForm(out AcroForm form);
This will return
false if the document does not contain a form.
The fields can be accessed using the
AcroForm's
Fields property. Since the form is defined at the document level this will return fields from all pages in the document. Fields are of the types defined by the enum
AcroFieldType, for example
PushButton,
Checkbox,
Text, etc.
Hyperlinks (0.1.0)
A page has a method to extract hyperlinks (annotations of link type):
IReadOnlyList<UglyToad.PdfPig.Content.Hyperlink> hyperlinks = page.GetHyperlinks();
TrueType (0.1.0)
The classes used to work with TrueType fonts in the PDF file are now available for public consumption. Given an input file:
using UglyToad.PdfPig.Fonts.TrueType; using UglyToad.PdfPig.Fonts.TrueType.Parser; byte[] fontBytes = System.IO.File.ReadAllBytes(@"C:\font.ttf"); TrueTypeDataBytes input = new TrueTypeDataBytes(fontBytes); TrueTypeFont font = TrueTypeFontParser.Parse(input);
The parsed font can then be inspected.
Embedded Files (0.1.0)
PDF files may contain other files entirely embedded inside them for document annotations. The list of embedded files and their byte content may be accessed:
if (document.Advanced.TryGetEmbeddedFiles(out IReadOnlyList<EmbeddedFile> files) && files.Count > 0) { var firstFile = files[0]; string name = firstFile.Name; IReadOnlyList<byte> bytes = firstFile.Bytes; }
Merging (0.1.2)
You can merge 2 or more existing PDF files using the
PdfMerger class:
var resultFileBytes = PdfMerger.Merge(filePath1, filePath2); File.WriteAllBytes(@"C:\pdfs\outputfilename.pdf", resultFileBytes);
API Reference
If you wish to generate doxygen documentation, run
doxygen doxygen-docs and open
docs/doxygen/html/index.html.
Issues
Please do file an issue if you encounter a bug.
However in order for us to assist you, you must provide the file which causes your issue. Please host this in a publically available place.
Credit
This project wouldn't be possible without the work done by the PDFBox team and the Apache Foundation. | https://curatedcsharp.com/p/this-project-uglytoad-pdfpig/index.html | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | refinedweb | 1,883 | 50.33 |
Tim Golden wrote a useful wrapper for accessing active directory. It is was written for Python 2 but 2to3.py is able to fully translate it. Once downloaded (and updated to 3 if applicable) run python setup.py install to compile and copy the library ready to be used in your programs.
For example to display the user logon name (ID) for all accounts with a name beginning with quackajack (notice the asterisk to do the wildcard search)
import active_directory adusers = active_directory.search("displayName='quackajack*'", objectCategory='Person', objectClass='User') for adu in adusers: print adu.sAMAccountName
If using sAMAccountName seems confusing don’t worry. I struggle to remember all but the most common ones preferring to look them up when needed by listing all attributes then picking the ones I need. If you want to have a look a full list of user attributes is available here.
Those who have used dsquery before from the command line may be aware of the using -attr * to display all attributes of the object. You can do the same in your python script with the dump function. Hence changing the print line above to print adu.dump() will print out a key,value list of all attributes. Be warned its a long list. | https://quackajack.wordpress.com/tag/ldap/ | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | refinedweb | 210 | 66.44 |
Dockerize App and Push to Container Registry: CI/CD Automation on Container Service document provides a fundamental DevOps best practices guide on Alibaba Cloud. In this guide, you will understand the best practices on how to implement the continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) on using the cloud services on Alibaba Cloud.
This document describes the practical approach of implementing the lifecycle of CI/CD for a real-world scenario. The software industry is rapidly seeing the value of using containers as a way to facilitate development, deployment, and environment orchestration for application developers. That’s because containers effectively manage environmental differences, allow for improved scalability, and provide predictability that supports Continuous Delivery (CD) of new.
Alibaba Cloud Container Service is based on Kubernetes, which is a platform-agnostic container orchestration tool created by Google and heavily supported by the open source community as a project of the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF). Alibaba Cloud is a platinum member of the CNCF. Alibaba Cloud Container Service allows you to spin up the number of container instances and manage them for scaling and fault tolerance. It also handles a wide range of management activities that would otherwise require separate solutions or custom code, including request routing, container discovery, health checks, and rolling updates.
Alibaba Cloud Container Service is compatible with the majority of CI/CD tools which allows developers run tests, deploy builds in Kubernetes and update applications with no downtime. While Alibaba Cloud Container Service does work with other open source tools, it comes with CI and CD automation capabilities.
The first article of this series focuses on configuring CI/CD pipelines using Alibaba Cloud Container Service and Container Registry automation features.
4. Scenario
A financial institution that have deployed a customer facing website portal that allows investor to view their portfolio, invest new fund, purchase additional funds, view the funds’ performance and statistics. At the moment, the customer is using the ECS, SLB and Auto Scaling to host their application workloads. The customer is using traditional way to do deployment, once the developer changes the source code from the source code repository, it would continue for unit testing. After successful testing, the developer would manually package it into customer image and store it on the Cloud. Then, it would be used to create ECS based on the image.
In the real world scenario, application tends to change often, in this case the customer almost change the sources daily. The application team also require to test and release as quick as possible. Traditionally, it would require the hassle of going through the cycle of change, test and redeploy application to the application servers and if things failed, they will require tedious way to roll it back to the previous version. The developers are already doing some research and development on Docker container. In this case, this guide provides the steps in continuing the CI/CD earlier but this time the application is package into Docker container and deploy to the Alibaba Cloud Container service that is based on Kubernetes technology. The ability of switch multiple version of application that is running on the container service is very seamless and useful for the developer.
Let’s take a closer look into the tutorial. In this tutorial, we will be using Alibaba Cloud Container Service and Container Registry.
Architecture Diagram
5. Continuous Integration & Continuous Deployment (CI/CD)
5.1 CI/CD Steps
CI/CD process generally follows the following scheme:
- Create a branch of the source codes
- Build and run unit tests
- Dockerize the application
- Push dockerized application to Docker Registry
- Deploy the image to the Kubernetes cluster
6. Create a CI/CD Server
In this section, you would be creating a new server to act as a development/CI server. You would be installing docker on the server, clone a sample application to the server. After that, you would run docker build and package it into a container. At last, you will be running the application on the server.
6.1 Create a Virtual Private Cloud
On the home menu, go to Products -> Networking -> Virtual Private Cloud
Enter the name of the VPC, for e.g. vpc-devops and the description.
Then, enter the VSwitch details. Key in vswitch-devops for the name, use the default CIDR block and click submit button.
6.2 Purchase Elastic Compute Service (ECS)
Go to the Home -> Products -> Elastic Computing -> Elastic Compute Service
On the ECS landing page, click on the Instances menu on the left.
Once on the instances page, click on the “Create Instance” button.
Choose the Pay-As-You-Go for billing method. Region of your choice. For server specification, it is recommended to use 2 vCPU and 4GB RAM.
Choose the CentOS as the public image and use default 40GB as storage. Click Next: Networking.
On the networking page, select the VPC: “vpc-devops” and VSwitch: “vswitch-devops” that was created in the earlier section. In a real world scenario, it is recommended to not assign public IP for ECS, instead only allow access through SLB, jump host or SSL-VPN. For this lab purpose, we will be ssh directly into the host. Check on the assign public IP checkbox. Choose the maximum bandwidth.
On the security group section, use the default security group. If it is not available, you can create a new security group by clicking on the “Create Security Group”.
On the security groups page, click on the Create Security Group button.
Choose Web Server Linux as the template, give a name and description for the security group. Choose VPC as network type, choose the VPC created earlier. Leave the default rules for ingress and egress.
Ignore the prompt if you encounter this to requests to add new rules, as the default port for ssh 22 is already added.
Click on the Add Security Group Rule.
On the pop-up screen, key in 8080/8080 for the Port Range and 0.0.0.0/0 for the Authorization Objects. Click OK.
The security group show now have the following rules.
Go back to the ECS->Networking screen, choose the security group that was created earlier.
Click on the Next: System Configurations button.
Choose Password on Logon Credentials, enter the password for the root user name. Give a name for the ECS server and click preview.
On the preview page, once the information is correct, check on the Terms of Service checkbox and click on Create Instance.
Once the ECS is created, on the landing page, observe the new ECS being created. After the ECS is successfully created, there would be a public internet IP address associated. Take down this IP address to be used for the later exercises.
6.3 Setup Development/CI Server
Logon to the CI server that was created in the earlier lab. On the PC or laptop, open a terminal or command prompt or Putty. To logon to the ECS, use ssh command.
$ ssh root@x.x.x.x
On the password, use the password that was entered on the root during ECS setup earlier. After successful login, you should see the screen below.
6.3.1 Uninstall Old Dockers.
6.3.2 Install Docker CE
Install required packages. yum-utils provides the yum-config-manager utility, and device-mapper-persistent-data and lvm2
Install the latest version of Docker CE, or go to the next step to install a specific version.
$ sudo yum install docker-ce -y
Warning: If you have multiple Docker repositories enabled, installing or updating without specifying a version in the yum install or yum update command docker group is created, but no users are added to the group.
Start Docker.
$ sudo systemctl start docker
Verify that docker is installed correctly by running the hello-world image.
$.
6.4 Build Docker Image
Install the latest version of git.
$ sudo yum install git -y
6.4.1 Clone the source codes to the CI server
Next, you would need to clone the codes to the local computer.
$ git clone
6.4.2 Docker build
To build the docker, first change to the directory of the source codes that have cloned locally.
$ cd java-webapp-docker
Type the below command to build the docker image:
$ docker build -t simplewebapp .
6.4.3 Verify docker image
Verify if the docker image is built successfully.
$ docker images
6.5 Run Docker Image Locally
Before the docker being pushed to the Kubernetest, let’s try to run it locally to make sure everything is running properly.
$ docker run -p 8080:8080 simplewebapp
6.5.1 View the web application on the browser
Open your browser and enter the URL of the web application, for e.g. if the CI server IP address is 47.254.192.185:
The response should be as below:
7. Setup Container Registry
7.1 Create GitHub Account (Optional)
If you do not have a GitHub account, go to and sign up for a new account. Fill in the username, email and password. Then, after verification, choose the Free account.
After registration is completed, it shall bring you the main landing page.. Authorization page, click on “Authorize Aliyun Developer”
Once it is authorized, you should receive a notification email. Go back to the Container Registry page. Click on the Account Bound button.
By now, it should show “Bound” on the GitHub code source section.
7.4 Namespace
Go back to the Namespace page. On the default
Create a namespace according to the following figure. The new namespace cannot be the same as an existing one. If the namespace you entered already exists, enter another one.
The following figure shows that the namespace has been created..
7.6 Push the Docker Image to the Container Registry
On the root directory, change to the directory of the source codes that have cloned locally.
$cd java-webapp-docker
7.6.1 Dockerfile
Open the dockerfile and review the file. Below is the dockerfile, which simply means:
- Download the maven as base image
- Setup the working directory
- Copy the source codes to the target image directory
- Run maven build
- Download Tomcat image and deploy to the tomcat container
- Expose port 8080
- Run the Tomcat server
# setup working directory
FROM maven AS build
RUN mkdir /app
WORKDIR /app# maven build
COPY src /app/src
COPY pom.xml /app
RUN mvn -f /app/pom.xml clean package# deploy to tomcat server
FROM tomcat
COPY --from=build app/target/simplewebapp.war /usr/local/tomcat/webapps
EXPOSE 8080
CMD ["catalina.sh", "run"]
Run the following command to obtain the ID of simplewebapp image:.
7.7 Configure Automatic Image Build
Go to the build section, enable the Automatically build image option.
For details about how to download the image in other environments, see the repository guide.
On the next part of the series, you will learn how to deploy this docker image to the Alibaba Cloud Container Service and also to apply the concept of the Kubernetes deployment strategies for the Continuous Deployment workflow.
Reference: | https://alibaba-cloud.medium.com/dockerize-app-and-push-to-container-registry-ci-cd-automation-on-container-service-1-3ed94bb845b3 | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | refinedweb | 1,836 | 56.05 |
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