text stringlengths 454 608k | url stringlengths 17 896 | dump stringclasses 91
values | source stringclasses 1
value | word_count int64 101 114k | flesch_reading_ease float64 50 104 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
table of contents
- buster 4.16-2
- buster-backports 5.04-1~bpo10+1
- testing 5.10-1
- unstable 5.10-1
NAME¶reboot -TheSinceFor the values of cmd that stop or restart the system, a successful call to reboot() does not return. For the other cmd values, zero is returned on success. In all cases, -1 is returned on failure, and errno is set appropriately.
ERRORS¶
- EFAULT
- Problem with getting user-space data under LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_RESTART2.
- EINVAL
- Bad magic numbers or cmd.
- EPERM
- The calling process has insufficient privilege to call reboot(); the caller must have the CAP_SYS_BOOT inside its user namespace. | https://manpages.debian.org/buster-backports/manpages-dev/reboot.2.en.html | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | refinedweb | 102 | 62.44 |
Mars Rovers Celebrate Their 1000th Sol On Mars 102
Cherita Chen writes, "Yesterday NASA, Cornell University, and the USGS celebrated the Mars Exploration Rovers' 1000th Sol on the Red Planet. The first rover to land, Spirit, reached the 1000 Sol mark a few weeks ago while the planet was in Solar conjunction. 'Opportunity,' Spirit's twin, and the second lander to make the bounce to Mars, celebrated the milestone yesterday while sitting atop Victoria Crater on the other side of Mars. Both Rovers are still operational (though Spirit is limping) and are sending back valuable data. Not bad for what was slated to be a '90 Sol' mission."
Come On. (Score:5, Funny)
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:1)
Well...it would be better if... (Score:3, Funny) [theonion.com]
Seriously, the last message that it sent ('OVERPRICED SPACE-ROOMBA AWAITING MORE BULLSHIT ORDERS') was really uncalled for.
Spirit has stayed busy at Winter Haven during... (Score:1, Offtopic)
Re:Spirit has stayed busy at Winter Haven during.. (Score:1, Informative)
Re: (Score:2, Funny)
Maybe there is karmic justice after all, (Score:3, Informative)
failure in one sense. (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
i belive with this mission it was predicted to be dust on the solar panels (cleaning mechanisms would have added both a lot of weight and another major point of failure) that didn't happen to anywhere near the expected level due to the unexpected actions of the martian wind.
there is also
Great achievement! (Score:4, Interesting)
Re: (Score:1)
Re: (Score:2)
For a manufacturing run of two, I'm guessing that the design and build phase go hand in hand, but I suppose that if they used the same design then they could build quite a few for what it cost originally to build and design the two.
But then they have to get them to mars, which may well dwarfs the cost of everything else, and then they have to control them throughout their lifetime once the
Re: (Score:1)
Re: (Score:1)
Congrads NASA! (Score:5, Interesting)
Re:Congrads NASA! (Score:5, Informative)
Re: (Score:3, Informative) [google.com]
Re: (Score:1)
Re: (Score:1)
Usual x10 engineering factor (Score:5, Insightful)
90 sol * 10 -> 900. Sort of close to 1000%.
The engineers would have looked at MTBF (mean time between failures) of the components and probably designed for at least a 99% survivability to 90 sol. This might factor down to a 90% survivability to 900 sol depending on the failure curves for the parts. So the the probability of two surviving that long would be 0.9 * 0.9 = 0.81 or 81% chance.
Re:Usual x10 engineering factor (Score:5, Insightful)
They dont even use 50% margines.
If they did, they would never be able to lift of the ground.
Re:Usual x10 engineering factor (Score:5, Insightful)
Can we say it is due to the usual x10 engineering safety margin?
I don't know. How many other rovers have been deployed in the Martian environment that we can get data back from to determine component lifetimes? I only know of one, and it was a much smaller rover.
I find it pretty amazing that these machines have worked as long as they have. I can't imagine it's an easy job to design a rover to last as long as it has without really being able to test the thing in the environment it's going to be in. Sure you can simulate parts of the environment, but I doubt you can simulate them all at the same time with all the parts working together.
Many people seem to pooh-pooh the survivability of these things because they just assume they were over-engineered. I'm sure they were over-engineered, but the amazing thing is that they were over-engineered in the right way, and pretty cheaply too (820 million to get them to Mars and the first 90 days of operation).
A bit of probe History here (Score:1)
On a side note, I think they are being too cautious with Opportunity right now. They should send it into the crater *now* rather than search for the best entr
Re: (Score:2)
Part of the reason for their durability is a response to the "metric conversion" orbiter failure and the Mars Polar Lander crash.
How would increasing durability of the rovers protect from a conversion error where the probe crashed into the surface? I guess I find it hard to believe that if NASA has the ability to make something extremely durable for a low cost they wouldn't do it ever time.
On a side note, I think they are being too cautious with Opportunity right now. They should send it into the crater *n
Re: (Score:1)
Although one error was a conversion error, the other was bad mechanical design coupled with insufficient testing. Thus, QA across-the-board was increased.
so power resources are rather limited. It seems a bit foolish to risk anything now when there's few power resources to spend trying to get out of getting "stuck" somewhere.
They could go down a sun-facing slope.
Re: (Score:1)
...but that statement's been true since Sol 1. One of the reasons the rovers have lasted so long is that the JPL teams have made intelligent trade-offs between not doing anything too hasty and wasting time. Oppy got stuck at Erebus for six months or more when it looked like the IDD join
Re: (Score:1)
Which can crack critical components and render the rover inopperable. Just because it hasn't happened yet does not mean it is not going to.
Re: (Score:1)
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:1)
(I learnt this info from a tv documentary with one of the engineers)
Re: (Score:2)
WTF is a Sol? (Score:5, Informative)
Re: (Score:1)
Silly Jargon (Score:1)
Re: (Score:2, Informative)
Using the same term for both would only lead to confusion, hence the use of different terms is very important. This is especially true on Mars, where the "sol" is very close to one Earth day long and it wouldn't necessarily be clear from context which was meant.
There are many examples of NASA/JPL using unnecessary jargon, but this isn't one of them.
Re:Silly Jargon (Score:5, Insightful)
Re: (Score:3, Interesting)
Re:Silly Jargon (Score:5, Funny)
using namespace Mars {
"On the fifth day of their missions the Shock and Awe probes on Mars are doing fine. Shock is current exploring the northern polar cap and Awe is..."
}
using namespace Venus {
"As we approach half way through Harsh Questioning's first day on Venus it has just circled successfully around a pool of molten lead..."
}
Yeah, that might work.
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:1)
Re: (Score:2)
not really, the teams controlling the probes will likely be pretty independent of each other.
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:3, Funny)
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:1)
Re: (Score:2)
Wait a minute... (Score:3, Funny)
The predictions (Score:4, Insightful)
The predictions was probably made as some sort of "average", but the odds it'd last exactly 90 days was slim. I'd say the odds of not landing properly at all, or immobilized shortly sfter landing was fairly significant. It's like a computer surviving burn-in or a person surviving infant mortality (though they are much lower in recent year), then they're likely to live significantly well past average. Plus some luck with whirlwinds clearing the solar panels, I guess.
Re: (Score:2, Informative)
Indeed. I've read somewhere that statist
Re: (Score:2)
NICE! (Score:3, Informative)
First the sensible robot, now mars rovers surviving, even without one wheel!
What a happy day for me, eheheh.
Rovers win! Rovers win! (Score:2)
It was always a tossup between a Rover death or Vista release,
but Microsoft went into hurry-up mode.
The really tough feat will be if the Rovers survive until
Vista is no longer supported.
Re: (Score:1)
Sol2k "bug" (Score:5, Informative)
Luckily the Operational Softare System team had plenty of time to work this issue, and it even fascilitated the introduction of newer, more capable software into the mission, as if we were already changing everything, why not ad some great stuff. I wish everyone on MER great success with the next 1000 sols!
Re: (Score:3, Funny)
John, I told you not to use COBOL in the rovers. You're so fired...
---
Your boss
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
The sad truth is that considering how inexpensive this mission was, if we had significantly more public support, we could easily have done ten of these without putting even a nick in the federal budget. Alas, it is not to be...
Shameless plug (Score:2, Informative)
Mars-Ride! (Score:3, Funny)
Re: (Score:1)
Ah but... (Score:4, Funny)
Anyway, congratulations NASA !
Mars Rover Time on your Palm (Score:3, Informative)
NASA Propaganda (Score:3, Insightful)
They intentionally underestimate the operational duration of the equipment to continually "WOW" the public. "Undercommit, overdeliver."
Something Engineers need to do to when scheduling their projects.
Re: (Score:2)
From the ST:TNG episode Relics, an engineer should always heed the wisdon of Scotty's words.... (shamelessly plagarized from a past?"
LaFo
Wisdom. (Score:2)
^^^^^^^^^
And in the wisdom of Krusty the Clown's words.... Awwwwww Crap!!!
Re: (Score:1)
IIRC, some contractor payments are based on duration. Thus, they are not arbitrary.
It's a sol bot... (Score:1)
Re: Bounce (Score:2)
Actually it was the 3rd. The 1997 Sojourner rover also used air bags (but bundled with lander station).
Over Engineered? (Score:2)
That is, the engineers obviously went way beyond the spec if the things are still working 10x longer than they should have.
At least they're not... (Score:1)
twisted thought (Score:2)
Not even having an S.O. seems to help....
Too much time in Mars... (Score:1) | https://slashdot.org/story/06/11/17/2150259/mars-rovers-celebrate-their-1000th-sol-on-mars | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | refinedweb | 1,685 | 71.34 |
Add in-depth, production ready analytics to your application in minutes using AWS Amplify & AWS Mobile Hub.
Usually, tracking and analytics is a part of the app that is not considered in “build-time”, despite its critical importance for the success of the product.
Tracking is critically important to understand how your users are interacting with your app, answering questions like:
- Which app features are being used?
- What is the time spent within the app, and using certain features?
- How frequently is my app visited?
- How are users interacting with UI elements (swipes, gestures, etc..)
Amplify helps developers with ‘out-of-the-box’ analytics support for these types of questions and more.
In this tutorial, we will be adding analytics to a React Native Application using Amplify.
Video walkthrough of this tutorial.
AWS Amplify currently works with React, React Native, Angular, & Ionic, with Vue coming soon!
Getting Started
The first thing we will do is create a new React Native project. You can use either Expo (create-react-native-app) or the React Native CLI.
react-native init RNAnalytics
Next, we will need to install the AWS Mobile CLI. This will allow us to create and interact with mobile projects directly from our command line.
npm i -g
awsmobile-cli
Now we need to configure the cli with our credentials.
awsmobile configure
Here, you will need to enter your AWS region, IAM
accessKeyId, and IAM
secretAccessKey.
To see a walkthrough of how to get these credentials and configure the CLI, watch this video:
Creating a new AWS Mobile Project
Now that we have the CLI installed and the React Native project created, we can add analytics using the AWS Mobile CLI.
You can also go into Mobile Hub, create your own project, and configure your aws-exports file manually, but we will be using the command line to automate this process. Both processes will produce the same result.
Change into the root directory of the project, create a folder called src, and run
awsmobile init:
cd RNAnalyticsmkdir srcawsmobile init
Once you run
_awsmobile init_, you will be prompted with a few options regarding the configuration of your project. You can choose the default for all of these if you would like by just pressing enter, or feel free to give your project a custom name when prompted.
This has automatically created and configured a new AWS Mobile Hub project for you and provisioned S3 as well as Pinpoint Analytics! You should also now see an aws-exports.js file in the src folder of your root directory. You can view your new application at.
Tracking Events and Sessions
Now we are ready to start tracking!
Open App.js and add the following code below the last React Native import:
import Amplify, { Analytics } from 'aws-amplify'import aws_exports from './aws-exports'Amplify.configure(aws_exports)
Now let’s go ahead and refresh our app.
That is it. We now have Analytics installed and tracking! Out of the box, this configuration will begin tracking things like sessions, device type, and will give you information on active users.
You should now be able to go to, click on the app you just created, click on Analytics on the left side menu, and see the new session show up along with some information about the device.
Now let’s start tracking a few custom events!
We can use the
Analytics.record()method to track custom events. One event that may make sense is to track when a user opens the app, as in when it goes into the background and then into the foreground.
Let’s use AppState from the React Native API to listen for the current application state. If it is
active, we will record an “App Opened” event!
In
App.js, let’s also import the
AppStatecomponent from React Native, and set up a couple of new methods in the class:
import {Platform,StyleSheet,Text,AppState,View} from 'react-native'
import Amplify, { Analytics } from 'aws-amplify'import aws_exports from './src/aws-exports'Amplify.configure(aws_exports)
export default App extends React.Component {componentDidMount() {AppState.addEventListener('change', this.onAppStateChange)}onAppStateChange(appState) {if (appState === 'active') {Analytics.record('App opened')}}render() {// rest of class}}
Now let’s refresh our application, place the app in the background and then back into the foreground a few times, and then open up the Pinpoint console, click on Analytics and then the Events tab.
You should now be able to choose the new event from the Event dropdown menu in the console, and see the data from the new event!
Tracking Attributes and Metrics
We also have the ability to track attributes and metrics. Attributes are often things like information about the current user or a dynamic value such as the type of item a user is viewing in a shopping application, while metrics are often things like computed time within a certain page or the number of times a user has viewed a certain item within that same shopping application.
To track attributes, we pass a second argument to record:
Analytics.record(name: string, attributes?: object, metrics?: object)
So, let’s try to manually simulate the tracking of a user sign in. To do so, we will create a username, store it in the state, and send this event to Pinpoint:
state = {username: 'naderdabit'}trackUser() {Analytics.record('userSignin', { username: this.state.username })}render() {//<Button title='Sign In' onPress={this.trackUser}>//}
You should now be able to go back into your Analytics dashboard, choose
userSigninfrom the Event dropdown menu, and then view the available attributes on the right, choosing the user you would like to view and seeing the information about the user.
The method of tracking metrics is exactly the same, just passing in the object as the third argument.
If you would like to only track name and metrics, you can pass an empty object as the second argument:
Analytics.record('timeSpentOnPage', {}, { pageName: shoes, time: 23000 })
Roadmap
- Crash analytics
- Exception logging
- Actions based on users’ app activity (Send a one-time notification to user not visiting for 30 days …., Pinpoint campaigns (push, sms, email)
What we have covered in this short tutorial is only a small part of what you can do with the Amplify library. With the existing project that we have already created, it’s also pretty simple to also add things like Authentication! To learn more about how to add Authentication, check out this blog post. To learn more about what Amplify can do, check out the docs..
Add SMS, calling to apps in your favorite language | https://hackernoon.com/adding-amazon-pinpoint-analytics-to-your-next-mobile-javascript-application-24ad49557a6f | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | refinedweb | 1,092 | 54.32 |
Directory Browser Dialog
One of the things that’s always surprised me about WPF is the lack of any kind of out-of-the-box file/directory browser dialog. It seems as though every time this comes up, I poke around the internet, hoping that it’s been added in some kind of update somewhere, but it never is. At least, it never is in the scope and skill of my google skills, anyway.
So, I wrote one for WPF. There’s nothing particularly hard about this, and I don’t view it as some kind of breakthrough. The reason that I’m making this post is that I noticed a trend that I find rather irritating. Whenever I’m searching for something like this, I seem to encounter two kinds of posts: posts that offer some zipped Visual Studio project I can download and plugin or else some vague, incomplete suggestion of what to do.
As for me personally, I’m just looking for functional code that I can slam right into my project. I don’t really want to download things and I don’t really want to spend the effort coding up something that I think should already exist. That is to say, I have no issue getting my hands dirty when I can learn something or customize, but I’m also not a big proponent of reinventing the wheel.
I’m posting here to break this trend that I noticed. This is a completely functional solution that exists not at all beyond what you see here. I’m hoping this appeals to people with tastes like mine. I like to see all the code but without downloading things.
So, without further ado:
Above is the XAML for the user control and below is the code behind
public partial class DirectoryDialog : UserControl { ///
This is to allow for binding of the directory path obtained by this controlpublic static readonly DependencyProperty DirectoryPathProperty = DependencyProperty.Register("DirectoryPath", typeof(string), typeof(DirectoryDialog), new FrameworkPropertyMetadata((string)string.Empty, FrameworkPropertyMetadataOptions.AffectsRender)); public string DirectoryPath { get { return (string)GetValue(DirectoryPathProperty) ?? string.Empty; } set { SetValue(DirectoryPathProperty, value); } } /// Initializes the directroy dialog user control and sets data context to selfpublic DirectoryDialog() { InitializeComponent(); } /// Handler for when user double clicks the file box/// I try to avoid code behind whenever possible. Logic in declarative markup sucks for debugging and testing, /// and code behind is inherently hard to debug and test, but this is an exception. I don't want this COM construct /// anywhere near something I'm planning to unit test. =)private void HandleDoubleClick(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e) { using (var myDialog = new System.Windows.Forms.FolderBrowserDialog()) { if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(DirectoryPath)) { myDialog.SelectedPath = DirectoryPath; } myDialog.ShowDialog(); DirectoryPath = myDialog.SelectedPath; } } }
An example user of this is here:
As you can see, this is about as simple as it gets. If I have use for it, I’ll probably later rename the control to something like ChooserDialog and allow it to have modes of “File” and “Directory” which pop up their respective kinds of dialogs. This could certainly be extended and made snazzier, and maybe I’ll do that with time. And, maybe when I do, I’ll post a link allowing people to download it, but I will also post the code so that you can inspect it without jumping through hoops, and you can see if it suits your needs. | https://daedtech.com/directory-browser-dialog/ | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | refinedweb | 560 | 51.99 |
Objective-C is the programming language behind native Apple applications. The language was originally designed in the 1980s as a way to add object-oriented capabilities to the ANSI C programming language, and it has since been used to create everything from command-line tools to Mac programs to mobile apps. You can think of Objective-C as Apple's version of the C# programming language.
However, learning Objective-C is only one aspect of iPhone, iPad, and Mac app development. On top of the language lie a handful of frameworks that provide the tools necessary to build apps for any of these platforms. For example, the UIKit framework defines the basic UI components you see on your iPhone (buttons, lists, images, etc.), while the Core Data framework provides an API for saving and retrieving data from a device. Objective-C is the glue that lets you pull together these tools and assemble them into a useful program.
Objective-C Succinctly is the first installment in a two-part series on Apple app development. In this series, we'll explore the entire Objective-C language using hands-on examples. We'll focus on learning core language concepts by building command-line tools, which means we won't be building graphical applications in this book. This lays the foundation for iOS Succinctly, which explores the iOS framework underlying iPhone and iPad apps. Both books utilize Xcode, Apple's official integrated development environment.
The Objective-C Language
For developers coming from a C# background, Objective-C retains many of the same workflows and object-oriented concepts. You still write code, compile it into an executable, and, of course, use objects to organize your application. Objective-C provides standard object-oriented constructs like interfaces, classes, class/instance methods, and accessors. That said, there are a few important differences between Objective-C and languages like C++ and C#.
person.sayHello(); // C# method calling. [person sayHello]; // Objective-C message sending.
The first thing you'll notice is that Objective-C uses a completely different syntax for communicating between objects. For example, compare the method calling syntax of C# to the message sending syntax of Objective-C:
Instead of calling a method that's bound to an object, Objective-C "sends messages" from object to object using the square bracket notation. For most practical purposes, you can approach message sending as method calling, and we'll use the terms interchangeably unless it leads to confusion.
Second, Objective-C is designed to be a superset of C, meaning it's possible to compile C code with any Objective-C compiler. This also means you can combine Objective-C and C in the same project or even in the same file. In addition, most modern compilers add C++ to the mix, so it's actually possible to mix Objective-C, C++, and C in a single file. This can be very confusing for newcomers to Objective-C, but it also makes the entire C/C++ ecosystem accessible to Mac and iOS apps.
We'll explore these differences and much more throughout Objective-C Succinctly.
Sample Code
You will learn more from this book if you recreate the samples using the code provided in the book.
A select set of samples using the code provided in the book is available online. These samples are essential to understanding Objective-C. These samples are available for download from. Samples that apply to specific sections are mentioned in the section they apply, using the following format:
Included code sample: {name of the sample folder}
Setting Up
There are a number of compilers for Objective-C, but this book will focus on the Xcode IDE, which comes with a compiler, text editor, debugger, interface editor, and everything else you need to create iOS apps in a convenient package. At the time of this writing, Xcode is only available for OS X, so you'll need to be on a Mac before you can run any of the code in this book.
We'll start by walking through the installation of Xcode, and then we'll learn how to create an application and explore some of the prominent features of the IDE.
Installation
Xcode can be downloaded from the Mac App Store. Navigate to the link or search for Xcode in the Mac App Store, and then click Free in the upper left-hand corner to start the download. The Xcode app is rather large, so it will take at least a few minutes to download. If you're not sure whether the download is working, you can check its status in the Purchases tab of the Mac App Store:
Scroll down to find the Xcode download and you should see a progress bar indicating how far along it is. Once the download has completed, the installation should be straightforward, and you should (hopefully) see a friendly welcome screen when you launch the program.
Creating an Application
Our first Objective-C application will be a simple command-line "Hello, World!" program. To create the Xcode project, click Create a new Xcode project in the welcome screen. As an alternative, you can also select File > New > Project.... This gives you the opportunity to select a project template. As you can see, templates are categorized as either iOS apps or Mac OS X apps. In the second part of this series, we'll work with several of the iOS templates, but for now, let's stick to the simple Command Line Tool template under Mac OS X > Application:
Next, you should be presented with some configuration options for your new project. For the Product Name, use HelloObjectiveC. If you were planning on distributing this program, you would need to acquire a Company Identifier by registering as a developer with Apple, but since this is a personal project, you can use edu.self. This serves as a unique namespace for the application. For Type, select Foundation (more on this later), and be sure to select the Use Automatic Reference Counting check box since we don't want to manually manage memory. Your final configuration options should look like the following:
Finally, you should be able to select a location to save your project. Save it wherever you like, but deselect the Source Control option at the bottom of the window. This would initialize a Git repository in your project folder, but we're working with such a small project that we don't need to worry about revision control.
After selecting a location for the project and clicking Create, Xcode creates a new folder called HelloObjectiveC. In it, you should find another HelloObjectiveC folder containing the project files, along with a HelloObjectiveC.xcodeproj folder; however, the latter acts more like a file than a folder. HelloObjectiveC.xcodeproj defines the metadata for your application, as well as local configuration settings for the IDE.
The only file that you actually need in a .xcodeproj folder is the project.pbxproj file, which contains build settings and other project-related information. That is to say, if your project was under source control, project.pbxproj is the only file in HelloObjectiveC.xcodeproj that would need to be under version control.
Double-clicking the HelloObjectiveC.xcodeproj folder will launch Xcode and open the project.
Getting to Know the Xcode IDE
Xcode is a large application with many capabilities, and it has a correspondingly complex interface. It's worth taking some time to familiarize yourself with the various UI components highlighted in the following screenshot.
As you can see, the Xcode interface is split into three main windows: a project navigator (blue), an editor/work area (yellow), and a utilities area (purple). The navigator lets you select files, find code breaks, and debug your program. The editor is where you'll do the bulk of your work-it's where you edit code and, for graphical applications, where you design your user interfaces and control the flow of an app. But again, for Objective-C Succinctly, we won't need any of the interface editing tools. Finally, the utilities area lets you define options for the selected component (e.g., the build targets associated with a particular file).
You can control which of these windows are visible using the view selector (green) in the upper right corner; however, it's not possible to hide the work area. Clicking the center button in the view selector will display an output window where we can see log data for our application.
Editing Files
Our command-line template comes with a single Objective-C file, main.m. The .m extension is used for files that only contain Objective-C code, and the .mm extension is for files with a mix of Objective-C and C, Objective-C and C++, or a combination of all three. To edit main.m, select it in the navigator panel, and you should see the following code appear in the editor window:
// // main.m // HelloObjectiveC // // Created by Ryan Hodson on 8/21/12. // Copyright (c) 2012 __MyCompanyName__. All rights reserved. #import <Foundation/Foundation.h> int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) { @autoreleasepool { // Insert code here... NSLog(@"Hello, World!"); } return 0; }
The next chapter provides an in-depth explanation of this code, but for now, the only important thing is the
NSLog() function, which outputs a string to the console. Also notice that Objective-C strings are prefixed with an
@ symbol (as are most constructs that are exclusive to Objective-C), and they must be double-quoted.
Compiling Code
Included code sample: HelloObjectiveC
To compile this code and run the resulting executable, simply click the Run button in the upper-left corner of the IDE. Alternatively, you can select Product > Run in the main menu bar, or use the Cmd+R keyboard shortcut. This should open the output panel at the bottom of the screen with a "Hello, World!" message:
Summary
And those are the basics of installing the Xcode IDE and using it to create and compile an Objective-C project. We didn't do any coding, but hopefully you're feeling more comfortable with the Xcode interface and are at least able to navigate your way through a project's files. In the next chapter, we'll start actually writing Objective-C code, defining classes, instantiating objects, and sending messages to them.
This lesson represents a chapter from Objective-C Succinctly, a free eBook from the team at Syncfusion.
| http://code.tutsplus.com/tutorials/objective-c-succinctly-introduction--mobile-21965 | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | refinedweb | 1,738 | 53.41 |
What's the Camel Transport for CXF="... ...>
The
destination.
The
conduit element.
Configure the destination and conduit with Blueprint
From Camel 2.11.x, Camel Transport supports to be configured with Blueprint
If you are using blueprint, you should use the the namespace and import the schema like the blow.
" />
Example Using Camel as a load balancer for CXF
This example show how to use the camel load balance feature in CXF, and you need load the configuration file in CXF and publish the endpoints on the address "camel://direct:EndpointA" and "camel://direct:EndpointB>
Complete Howto and Example for attaching Camel to CXF
Better JMS Transport for CXF Webservice using Apache Camel | https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=40504804 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | refinedweb | 113 | 58.42 |
Creating Dashboards
This chapter describes how to create dashboards that display Ensemble business metrics. It contains the following topics:
For information on defining Ensemble business metrics, see Developing Ensemble Productions.
Introduction to Dashboards
A dashboard displays business metrics or other data (such as DeepSee pivot tables). InterSystems dashboards are web-based. You can display them with the Dashboard Viewer (which is a web page) or you can embed them in Zen pages.
To see the dashboards provided in the ENSDEMO namespace, do the following:
In the Management Portal, switch to the ENSDEMO namespace.
Click DeepSee > User Portal from the Home page. This launches the DeepSee User Portal, which is a separate web-based application.Note:
For your end users, you would probably provide a direct link to the User Portal page.
You then see the DeepSee User Portal (which is intended for general use, despite its specific name). In ENSDEMO, the User Portal looks like this:
The right area of this page lists all dashboards to which you have access. (For workflow users, the right area also includes the Workflow Inbox, with which users display and manage their workflow tasks.)
The left area displays items such as the following:
Alerts (messages from other users of the User Portal). These are unrelated to Ensemble alerts.
List of recently accessed dashboards.
List of dashboards marked as favorites.
The DeepSee End User Guide the DeepSee Implementation Guide.
You can instead embed individual dashboards in Zen pages. In this case, the users would not need the User Portal. For information, see “Accessing Dashboards from Your Application” in the DeepSee Implementation Guide.
Creating Dashboards
The following is an example procedure of how to create a simple dashboard in DeepSee. Note that not all options you see are described in these steps. (See Creating DeepSee Dashboards for full details.)
In the ENSDEMO namespace, start the Demo.Dashboards.Production from the Production Configuration page (Ensemble > Configure > Productions).
In the Management Portal, click DeepSee, click User Portal, and then clickfolder the DeepSee End User Guide.)
Locked — Enables you to temporarily prevent changes to this dashboard. If you select this option, you cannot edit the dashboard again unless you first clear the Locked option again.
Dashboard Owner — Optionally specifies the Caché user who owns this dashboard. If a dashboard has an owner, then only the owner can specify the Access Resource value for the dashboard; see the next item.
Access Resource — Optionally specifies the Caché resource that is used to control access to this dashboard. See the DeepSee Implementation Guide. DeepSee Elements into Classes” in the DeepSee Implementation Guide.
For More Information
InterSystems dashboards are documented more fully within the DeepSee documentation. See the following books:
Creating DeepSee Dashboards describes how to create and modify dashboards.
DeepSee End User Guide describes how to work with the User Portal. | https://docs.intersystems.com/latest/csp/docbook/DocBook.UI.Page.cls?KEY=ECONFIG_dash | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | refinedweb | 469 | 58.38 |
Creating a Laravel Logger - Part 3: Integrating our Pusher logger package
For this part of the series, you will need PHP 7.13+, Laravel 5.7+ and Composer installed on your machine.
In this part, we’ll see how we can connect our app and the Laravel package so that when a log form is submitted using the dispatch button, it is triggered to Pusher Channels and if the log level is of type error, it is also published through Pusher Beams too.
In the first two parts of this series, we built a simple Laravel app with a form to collect a log message and level and we also built a Laravel package to interact with the Pusher API.
Requirements
To follow along with this series you need the following things:
- Completed previous parts of the series. Part 1, Part 2
-.
- A Pusher application. Create one here.
- A Pusher Beams application. Create one here.
Connecting our Laravel app with the logger package
To get started, you need the code from the first part of the article, which is available in the GitHub repository. When you have the code,
cd to the directory of the code and copy the
.env.example to your
.env file if you don’t already have it and update the following keys:
# File: ./.env # [...] PUSHER_APP_ID="PUSHER_APP_ID" PUSHER_APP_KEY="PUSHER_APP_KEY" PUSHER_APP_SECRET="PUSHER_APP_SECRET" PUSHER_APP_CLUSTER="PUSHER_APP_CLUSTER" PUSHER_BEAMS_SECRET_KEY="PUSHER_BEAMS_SECRET_KEY" PUSHER_BEAMS_INSTANCE_ID="PUSHER_BEAMS_INSTANCE_ID"
Update with the keys from your Pusher Channels and Pusher Beams dashboard.
Next, open the
config/broadcasting.php file and scroll until you see the
connections key. In there, you’ll have the
pusher object. Add the
beams object to it and make sure it looks like this:
// File: ./config/broadcasting.php 'connections' => [ // [...] 'pusher' => [ 'driver' => 'pusher', 'key' => env('PUSHER_APP_KEY'), 'secret' => env('PUSHER_APP_SECRET'), 'app_id' => env('PUSHER_APP_ID'), 'options' => [ 'cluster' => env('PUSHER_APP_CLUSTER'), 'encrypted' => true, ], 'beams' => [ 'secret_key' => env('PUSHER_BEAMS_SECRET_KEY'), 'instance_id' => env('PUSHER_BEAMS_INSTANCE_ID'), ], ], ],
You see that this file instructs Laravel to get the keys from the
.env file. Inside our Laravel app, we need to add a new repository definition. Open
composer.json in the root directory of the Laravel app and add this there:
// File: ./composer.json // [...] "repositories": [ { "type": "path", "url": "./packages/*", "options": { "symlink": true } } ], // [...]
By setting the
"type": "path", the Composer knows that you would like to reference a local repository and the
url defines the package location which can be relative or absolute to the package code.
Composer will copy the package code into the
vendor folder of our app and anytime there is an update change on the package there is a need to run
composer update. To prevent Composer from doing so you need to specify the
symlink option and composer will create a symlink to the package folder.
Run this in the root directory of the app to install the package:
$ composer require packagename/pusher-logger
If you used a different package name than this in the previous part, then use that package name.
When your package installation is complete you’ll see the “Package manifest generated successfully” message.
Now that our package is installed, let us create the logic to use the package. Open a new terminal tab, inside the root directory of the project folder and run:
$ php artisan make:controller LogController
This command will create a
LogController class inside the
LogController.php file found at the
app/Http/Controllers directory.
Open the
LogController.php and add the method below:
<?php // File: ./app/Http/Controllers/LogController.php // [...] use Illuminate\Http\Request; class LogController extends Controller { public function __invoke(Request $request) { // Logic Here } // [...] }
The
__invoke method is a magic method in
PHP which gets called when the object is called as a function.
$request is an instance of the
Illuminate\Http\Request class via dependency injection and it returns the current HTTP request.
Now, we will introduce the Laravel package into our
LogController class, so at the top of the class after the namespace declaration add this:
use PackageNamespace\PusherLogger\PusherLogger;
If you used a different namespace, replace the namespace above with whatever you used.
Remember that when we’re building our package, we could log a message and the level with the syntax below:
PusherLogger::log('Winter is Coming', PusherLogger::LEVEL_WARNING) ->setEvent('log-event') ->setChannel('log-channel') ->setInterests(['log-interest']) ->send()
So let’s update our logic in the
__invoke method like so:
// File: ./app/Http/Controllers/LogController.php // [...] public function __invoke(Request $request) { $data = $request->validate([ 'message' => 'required|string', 'level' => 'required|string' ]); $dispatched = PusherLogger::log($data['message'], $data['level']) ->setChannel('log-channel') ->setEvent('log-event') ->setInterests(['log-interest']) ->send(); return response()->json(['status' => $dispatched]); } // [...]
From this snippet above, we first validate the request to make sure the message and level values are being sent to the server. Next, we set the log message, level, channel and event name. In a case where the log is an error, we set the interests to be sent to the Pusher Beam API using the
setInterests method which accepts an array of interests.
Finally, we triggered the
send method that dispatches the log to both the Pusher Channels and Pusher Beams.
Now open
api.php located in the
routes folder in the app directory and declare this route like so:
Route::post('/push', 'LogController')->name('log-message');
This route can be accessed as
api/push via a
POST request. A name log-message has been set on this route which allows us to use the Laravel URL helper function
route() to generate the endpoint anywhere inside the Laravel app. We will use this route shortly.
Next, open the
welcome.blade.php file located at
resources/views directory and update it as instructed below:
Just before the closing
head tag add this link:
<!-- File: ./resources/views/welcome.blade.php --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="" />
Just before the end of the
body tag add these scripts:
<!-- File: ./resources/views/welcome.blade.php --> <script src=""></script> <script src=""></script>
Here, we added Toastr and Axios to the frontend of the application. Toastr is a simple notification library and Axios is HTTP client for the browser that makes network requests.
Next, add the following code below the code we just added:
<!-- File: ./resources/views/welcome.blade.php --> <script> function dispatchLog() { let level = document.getElementById('level').value; let message = document.getElementById('message').value; let errToastr = () => toastr.error("Oops! An error encountered"); axios.post('{{ route('log-message') }}', { message, level }) .then(r => r.data.status ? toastr.success('Log dispatch successful') : errToastr()) .catch(errToastr); } </script>
The function above is to help dispatch our log inputs (message and level).
Axios is used to send both variables to our earlier declared route. When we get a response, we display a notification to the user.
Now let us attach the function in the script above to the dispatch button in our modal.
Look for this line of code in your
./resources/views/partials/modal.blade.php file:
<button type="button" class="btn btn-danger">Dispatch</button>
Then replace it with the following:
<button type="button" class="btn btn-danger" onclick="dispatchLog()">Dispatch</button>
So, whenever the dispatch button is clicked, the
dispatchLog function is triggered.
If you run your app, it should work like this (the view on the left is the Pusher Channels debug console):
Pushing log messages without the trigger
When creating actual applications, you won’t have a trigger and you’ll want the logged messages to automatically get pushed to the Pusher Channel. This is why we created the Monolog handler in the previous part.
To use this handler, open the
config/logging.php file and add a new channel to the
channels array:
'channels' => [ // [...] 'pusher' => [ 'driver' => 'monolog', 'level' => 'debug', 'handler' => PackageNamespace\PusherLogger\PusherLoggerHandler::class, ], // [...] ],
If you changed your packages namespace, don’t forget to change it above.
Finally, in your
stack channel in the same
channels array, add the
pusher channel to the list of channels as seen below:
'channels' => [ 'stack' => [ 'driver' => 'stack', 'channels' => ['daily', 'pusher'], 'ignore_exceptions' => false, ], // [...] ],
To test, you can go to the
routes/web.php and add this to the file:
info('Testing');
This should push the message to the Pusher Channel.
Conclusion
In this part of the series, we have been able to set up the logic we need to be able to push logs to Pusher. In the next part of the series, we will create the Android application for our logging monitor.
The source code is available on GitHub.
March 25, 2019
by Neo Ighodaro | https://pusher.com/tutorials/laravel-logger-part-3 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | refinedweb | 1,395 | 55.64 |
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Hello all,
For the longest time I've been using the following method to import
OpenGL functions and constants:
from OpenGL.GL import *
After starting to use pydoc to make documentation of my code, I came to
realize how badly this pollutes the namespace (and makes huge HTML
files). I'm also recently concerned that this is seriously slowing down
my app's startup time on old HW.
In view of this I looked at alternatives. Thought of two. Either
from OpenGL.GL import glBegin, glVertex3f, glEnd, GL_LINES
# ... and whatever else is used in module
or
import OpenGL.GL as GL
GL.glBegin(GL.GL_LINES)
GL.glVertex3f(0,0,0)
GL.glVertex3f(1,1,1)
GL.glEnd()
I'm unhappy with both methods. Method 1 makes for long import lines,
and you end up invariably running into unimported names as they get used
in the code. The second method is also error-prone, as it is quite easy
to forget the prefix each time you add a block of OpenGL code.
Surely this is an old problem, and someone on the list can deliver me
from my misery by showing me the "one, true, perfect" method, no? :)
--
Maciej Kalisiak|mac@] "It's a shallow life that doesn't give a person a few
dgp.toronto.edu|www.] scars." -- Garrison Keillor
dgp.toronto.edu/~mac] | http://sourceforge.net/p/pyopengl/mailman/pyopengl-users/?viewmonth=200307&viewday=8 | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | refinedweb | 236 | 75.3 |
The Widget class has a getLookup() method but not implements Lookup.Provider.
This should be added even if the lookup is not used anywhere.
Related discussion can be found at bug 209609
A uses I see for lookup is the same kind of uses as for a Node.
1) With a constructor where you can pass the lookup, you can for example provide actions, border, layout.
2) An action can use the layout to find out if a given functionality is supported by the widget (rotating it,...)
Only thing to be changed in Widget.java is
public class Widget implements Accessible {
by
public class Widget implements Accessible, Lookup.Provider {
I can supply a patch if needed.
Created attachment 123721 [details]
Proposed Patch
Patch with change suggested by bcallebaut. Thank you!
Please review. Thanks.
(In reply to comment #2)
> Please review. Thanks.
For me it is fine
If there are no objections, I'll integrate on Thursday.
Integrated as
Integrated into 'main-golden', will be available in build *201212020001* on (upload may still be in progress)
Changeset:
User: Jaroslav Havlin <jhavlin@netbeans.org>
Log: #216581: Widget should implement Lookup.Provider
SPAM - Removed by Administrator | https://netbeans.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=216581 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | refinedweb | 193 | 66.54 |
http.server --- HTTP 服务器¶
源代码： Lib/http/server.py
这个模块定义了实现 HTTP 服务器（ Web 服务器）的类。
警告
不推荐在生产环境中使用
http.server 。它只实现了基本的安全检查功能。
HTTPServer 是
socketserver.TCPServer 的一个子类。它会创建和侦听 HTTP 套接字，并将请求调度给处理程序。用于创建和运行服务器的代码看起来像这样：
def run(server_class=HTTPServer, handler_class=BaseHTTPRequestHandler): server_address = ('', 8000) httpd = server_class(server_address, handler_class) httpd.serve_forever()
- class
http.server.
HTTPServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass)¶
该类基于
TCPServer类，并会将服务器地址存入名为
server_name和
server_port的实例变量中。服务器可被处理程序通过
server实例变量访问。
- class
http.server.
ThreadingHTTPServer(server_address, RequestHandlerClass)¶
This class is identical to HTTPServer but uses threads to handle requests by using the
ThreadingMixIn. This is useful to handle web browsers pre-opening sockets, on which
HTTPServerwould wait indefinitely.
3.7 新版功能.
The
HTTPServer and
ThreadingHTTPServer must be given
a RequestHandlerClass on instantiation, of which this module
provides three different variants:
- class
http.server.
BaseHTTPRequestHandler(request, client_address, server)¶
This class is used to handle the HTTP requests that arrive at the server. By itself, it cannot respond to any actual HTTP requests; it must be subclassed to handle each request method (e.g. GET or POST).
BaseHTTPRequestHandlerprovideshas the following instance variables:.
rfile¶
An
io.BufferedIOBaseinput stream, ready to read from the start of the optional input data.
wfile¶
Contains the output stream for writing a response back to the client. Proper adherence to the HTTP protocol must be used when writing to this stream in order to achieve successful interoperation with HTTP clients.
在 3.6 版更改: This is an
io.BufferedIOBasestream.
BaseHTTPRequestHandlerhas the following attributes:
server_version¶
Specifies the server software version. You may want to override this. The format is multiple whitespace-separated strings, where each string is of the form name[/version]. For example,
'BaseHTTP/0.2'.
sys_version¶
Contains the Python system version, in a form usable by the
version_stringmethod and the
server_versionclass variable. For example,
'Python/1.4'.
error_message_format¶
Specifies a format string that should be used by
send_error()method for building an error response to the client. The string is filled by default with variables from
responsesbased on the status code that passed to
send_error().
error_content_type¶
Specifies the Content-Type HTTP header of error responses sent to the client. The default value is
'text/html'.
protocol_version¶
This specifies the HTTP protocol version used in responses. If set to
'HTTP/1.1', the server will permit HTTP persistent connections; however, your server must then include an accurate
Content-Lengthheader (using
send_header()) in all of its responses to clients. For backwards compatibility, the setting defaults to
'HTTP/1.0'.
MessageClass¶
Specifies an
email.message.Message-like class to parse HTTP headers. Typically, this is not overridden, and it defaults to
http.client.HTTPMessage.
responses¶
This attribute contains a mapping of error code integers to two-element tuples containing a short and long message. For example,
{code: (shortmessage, longmessage)}. The shortmessage is usually used as the message key in an error response, and longmessage as the explain key. It is used by
send_response_only()and
send_error()methods.
A
BaseHTTPRequestHandlerinstance has the following methods:
handle()¶
Calls
handle_one_request()once (or, if persistent connections are enabled, multiple times) to handle incoming HTTP requests. You should never need to override it; instead, implement appropriate
do_*()methods.
handle_one_request()¶
This method will parse and dispatch the request to the appropriate
do_*()method. You should never need to override it..
3.2 新版功能.attribute and emitted, after a complete set of headers, as the response body. The
responsesattribute holds the default values for message and explain that will be used if no value is provided; for unknown codes the default value for both is the string
???. The body will be empty if the method is HEAD or the response code is one of the following:
1xx,
204 No Content,
205 Reset Content,
304 Not Modified.
在 3.4 版更改: The error response includes a Content-Length header. Added the explain argument.
send_response(code, message=None)¶ an
end_headers()call.
在 3.3 版更改: Headers are stored to an internal buffer and
end_headers()needs to be called explicitly.
send_header(keyword, value)¶.
在 3.2 版更改: Headers are stored in an internal buffer..
3.2 新版功能.
end_headers()¶
Adds a blank line (indicating the end of the HTTP headers in the response) to the headers buffer and calls
flush_headers().
在 3.2 版更改: The buffered headers are written to the output stream.
flush_headers()¶
Finally send the headers to the output stream and flush the internal headers buffer.
3.3 新版功能.
log_request(code='-', size='-')¶
Logs an accepted (successful) request. code should specify the numeric HTTP code associated with the response. If a size of the response is available, then it should be passed as the size parameter.
log_error(...)¶
Logs an error when a request cannot be fulfilled. By default, it passes the message to
log_message(), so it takes the same arguments (format and additional values).
log_message(format, ...)¶.
version_string()¶
Returns the server software's version string. This is a combination of the
server_versionand
sys_versionattributes.
date_time_string(timestamp=None)¶
Returns the date and time given by timestamp (which must be
Noneor in the format returned by
time.time()), formatted for a message header. If timestamp is omitted, it uses the current date and time.
The result looks like
'Sun, 06 Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT'.
- class
http.server.
SimpleHTTPRequestHandler(request, client_address, server, directory=None)¶:
server_version¶. Any
OSErrorexception in opening the requested file is mapped to a
404,
'File not found'error. If there was a
'If-Modified-Since'header in the request, and the file was not modified after this time, a
304,
'Not Modified'response is sent. Otherwise, the content type is guessed by calling the
guess_type()method, which in turn uses the extensions_map variable, and the file contents are returned.module.
在 3.7 版更改: Support of the
'If-Modified-Since'header.
The
SimpleHTTPRequestHandler class can be used in the following
manner in order to create a very basic webserver serving files relative to
the current directory:
import http.server import socketserver PORT = 8000 Handler = http.server.SimpleHTTPRequestHandler with socketserver.TCPServer(("", PORT), Handler) as httpd:. Both IPv4 and IPv6
addresses are supported. For example, the following command causes the server
to bind to localhost only:
python -m http.server 8000 --bind 127.0.0.1
3.4 新版功能:
--bind argument was introduced.
3.8 新版功能:
--bind argument enhanced to support IPv6
By default, server uses the current directory. The option
-d/--directory
specifies a directory to which it should serve the files. For example,
the following command uses a specific directory:
python -m http.server --directory /tmp/
3.7 新版功能:
--directory specify alternate directory
- class
http.server.
CGIHTTPRequestHandler(request, client_address, server)¶
This class is used to serve either files or output of CGI scripts from the current directory and below. Note that mapping HTTP hierarchic structure to local directory structure is exactly as in
SimpleHTTPRequestHandler.
注解
CGI scripts run by the
CGIHTTPRequestHandler | https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/http.server.html | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | refinedweb | 1,115 | 51.14 |
Codeguru Update eNewsletter - May 29th, 2007
==========================================================
CodeGuru Newsletter
May 29, 2007
This newsletter is part of the Developer.com, EarthWeb, and
internet.com networks.
Jupitermedia Corporation
___________________________ Sponsors
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==========================================================
TOPICS:
--> Editorial
... Is Microsoft Indicating that nothing new is coming?
--> Recently Published Books
--> New on CodeGuru:
==> Controls
- TIP: Create In-Place ToolTips on Your Own Controls
==> Data
- Introduction to LINQ, Part 2: LINQ to XML
==> Shell
- Creating PowerShell Cmdlets in VB 2005
==> VB.NET Syntax
- Implementing Extension Methods in VB.NET
==> XSD Tutorial
- XML Schemas For Beginners
--> Discussion Groups -- HOT
Threads
- C# Interview Questions (C#)
- Sending and receiving signals via rs232.... (Java)
- Buffered File Input (VC++)
--> Highlighted new articles on
Developer.com
1. Copying Arrays in Java 6
2. Add Mapping Technology To Your Work
3. Using the DOM class in AJAX with the GWT.-/
==========================================================
==========================================================
Is Microsoft Indicating that Nothing New Is Coming?
I write a lot about Microsoft and its products in this newsletter. As such, the question above might seem a bit weird because I'm always mentioning new things. Recent new products mentioned include Silverlight and PopFly. Over the past year, you've seen mention of products currently in beta, including Visual Studio "Orcas," LINQ, Silverlight, Windows Server 2008 "Longhorn", and SQL Server "Katmai".
With all this stuff in the pipeline, you might wonder why I'd ask whether Microsoft is indicating nothing new is coming!
Microsoft does a lot of technology shows. The two big ones for developers are Microsoft Tech Ed and Microsoft's Professional Developer Conference (PDC). Microsoft does a Tech Ed show yearly. In fact, the next show is next week in Orlando. The Tech Ed show generally is focused on the tools and servers that are available today. Although some leading edge stuff is covered, most of the coverage is on products that people can access now. At next week's show, this will include Visual Studio "Orcas" and many of the products mentioned above. These products have preview versions or betas that are publicly available now, so it fits that Microsoft would cover them at Tech Ed.
Although Tech Ed really focuses on the server and IT Pro topics more than developer topics, the PDC conference is the converse. It focuses on developer topics. The PDC show also tends to focus on upcoming and future technologies rather than on "today's" technologies. This is what has differed the PDC show from Tech Ed.
It is also why the PDC show happens less often. Rather than happening yearly, it tends to happen every other year. The next PDC was slated to be in Los Angeles, California on October 2 - 5. The PDC conference is the "big one" for developers who use Microsoft technology. As such, it was a surprise to see that the October event for this year is being "rescheduled." Yes, it was canceled. If you go to the PDC site at
you'll see that Microsoft states that the reason for rescheduling is that they won't be in front of any major platform milestones.
There are two ways that you can look at the canceling of the PDC. The obvious way is to see that nothing new will happen for a while. An alternative view is that Microsoft was surprised in that it was actually shipping a number of products when expected, rather than getting the standard "Microsoft delays." Had they gotten the standard delays, the PDC would have been timed just right for "Orcas," "Katmai," and Windows Server 2008 to all be future products. Maybe Microsoft is on track to ship a number of key products on time. That would be something new.
Are you going to Tech Ed? A big part of going to conferences is the ability to network with your fellow developers. It would be great for Codeguru members to get a chance to meet face-to-face. I was given the URL as a potential networking opportunity on Sunday night. If you come across any other parties, err networking opportunities, at Tech Ed, feel free to share with the rest of your Codeguru friends in the forum, or at least drop me an email! BizTalk Server 2006
By Jefford, Smith, and Fairweather for WROX
700 pages for $49.99
--> Professional Microsoft Virtual Server
2005
By Ben Armstrong for WROX
600:
There was a United States holiday this week, so this week's postings are light.
==> Controls
- TIP: Create In-Place ToolTips on Your Own
Controls
By pengch -
Learn how very easy it is to create in-place ToolTips on your own controls, such as a treeview control.
==> Data
- Introduction to LINQ, Part 2: LINQ to
XML
By Marius Bancila -
Learn about the System.Xml.Linq namespace and how to construct and query XML data with LINQ.
==> Shell
- Creating PowerShell Cmdlets in VB
2005
By Josh Fitzgerald -
Windows PowerShell not only offers a powerful shell and scripting language, but also an easily extensible interface. Here, you will learn that it is relatively simple to extend the shell and language by creating custom cmdlets.
==> VB.NET Syntax
- Implementing Extension Methods in
VB.NET
By Paul Kimmel -
Extension Methods permit programmers to add behavior to a class without creating a wrapper. Here, you will learn how to implement Extension Methods in Visual Basic and .NET.
==> XSD Tutorial
- XML Schemas For Beginners
By Simon Sprott -
This five-part article gives a basic overview of the building blocks underlying XML Schemas, showing how and when to use them.
==========================================================
Discussion Groups
==========================================================
Forums include Visual C++, General C++, Visual Basic, Java, General Technology, C#, ASP.NET, XML, Help Wanted, and much, much, more!
... HOT THREADS ...
Some of the current threads with the most activity are:
==> C# Interview Questions
(C#)
==> Sending and receiving signals via rs232....
(Java)
==> Buffered File Input
(VC++)
==========================================================
New Articles on Developer.com
==========================================================
Below are some of the new articles that have been posted to Developer.com ().
1. Copying Arrays in Java 6
By Jeff Langr -
The new arraycopy method supports more than just copying the entire contents of a source array into a target. It allows for a source and target start index, as well as a length that represents the number of elements to copy.
2. Add Mapping Technology To Your Work
By Jason Gilmore -
The technology has arrived. These articles will show you how to take advantage of it.
3. Using the DOM class in AJAX with the GWT and
Java
By Richard G. Baldwin -
Learn how to write the Java code necessary to make effective use of the DOM class in the Google Web Toolkit.
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To blog Previous post | Next post on the JVM internal behaviour based upon the presence of such method.
When JVM detects that class has a finalize() method, magic starts to happen. So, lets go forward and create a class with a non-trivial finalize() method so we can see how differently JVM is handling objects in this case. For this, lets start by constructing an example program:
Example of Finalizable class
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger; class Finalizable { static AtomicInteger aliveCount = new AtomicInteger(0); Finalizable() { aliveCount.incrementAndGet(); } @Override protected void finalize() throws Throwable { Finalizable.aliveCount.decrementAndGet(); } public static void main(String args[]) { for (int i = 0;; i++) { Finalizable f = new Finalizable(); if ((i % 100_000) == 0) { System.out.format("After creating %d objects, %d are still alive.%n", new Object[] {i, Finalizable.aliveCount.get() }); } } } }
The example is creating new objects in an unterminated loop. These objects use static aliveCount variable to keep track how many instances have already been created. Whenever a new instance is created, the counter is incremented and whenever the finalize() is called after GC, the counter value is reduced.
So what would you expect from such a simple code snippet? As the newly created objects are not referenced from anywhere, they should be immediately eligible for GC. So you might expect the code to run forever with the output of the program to be something similar to the following:
After creating 345,000,000 objects, 0 are still alive. After creating 345,100,000 objects, 0 are still alive. After creating 345,200,000 objects, 0 are still alive. After creating 345,300,000 objects, 0 are still alive.
Apparently this is not the case. The reality is completely different, for example in my Mac OS X on JDK 1.7.0_51, I see the program failing with java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: GC overhead limitt exceeded just about after ~1.2M objects have been created:
After creating 900,000 objects, 791,361 are still alive. After creating 1,000,000 objects, 875,624 are still alive. After creating 1,100,000 objects, 959,024 are still alive. After creating 1,200,000 objects, 1,040,909 are still alive. Exception in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: GC overhead limit exceeded at java.lang.ref.Finalizer.register(Finalizer.java:90) at java.lang.Object.(Object.java:37) at eu.plumbr.demo.Finalizable.(Finalizable.java:8) at eu.plumbr.demo.Finalizable.main(Finalizable.java:19)
Garbage Colletion behaviour
To understand what is happening, we would need to take a look at our example code during the runtime. For this, lets run our example with -XX:+PrintGCDetails flag turned on:
[GC [PSYoungGen: 16896K->2544K(19456K)] 16896K->16832K(62976K), 0.0857640 secs] [Times: user=0.22 sys=0.02, real=0.09 secs] [GC [PSYoungGen: 19440K->2560K(19456K)] 33728K->31392K(62976K), 0.0489700 secs] [Times: user=0.14 sys=0.01, real=0.05 secs] [GC-- [PSYoungGen: 19456K->19456K(19456K)] 48288K->62976K(62976K), 0.0601190 secs] [Times: user=0.16 sys=0.01, real=0.06 secs] [Full GC [PSYoungGen: 16896K->14845K(19456K)] [ParOldGen: 43182K->43363K(43520K)] 60078K->58209K(62976K) [PSPermGen: 2567K->2567K(21504K)], 0.4954480 secs] [Times: user=1.76 sys=0.01, real=0.50 secs] [Full GC [PSYoungGen: 16896K->16820K(19456K)] [ParOldGen: 43361K->43361K(43520K)] 60257K->60181K(62976K) [PSPermGen: 2567K->2567K(21504K)], 0.1379550 secs] [Times: user=0.47 sys=0.01, real=0.14 secs] --- cut for brevity--- [Full GC [PSYoungGen: 16896K->16893K(19456K)] [ParOldGen: 43351K->43351K(43520K)] 60247K->60244K(62976K) [PSPermGen: 2567K->2567K(21504K)], 0.1231240 secs] [Times: user=0.45 sys=0.00, real=0.13 secs] [Full GCException in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: GC overhead limit exceeded [PSYoungGen: 16896K->16866K(19456K)] [ParOldGen: 43351K->43351K(43520K)] 60247K->60218K(62976K) [PSPermGen: 2591K->2591K(21504K)], 0.1301790 secs] [Times: user=0.44 sys=0.00, real=0.13 secs] at eu.plumbr.demo.Finalizable.main(Finalizable.java:19)
From the logs we see that after just a few minor GCs cleaning eden, the JVM turns to a lot more expensive Full GC cycles cleaning tenured and old space. Why so? As nothing is referring our objects, shouldn’t all the instances die young in Eden? What is wrong with our code?
To understand, the reasons for GC behaving as it does, let us do just a minor change to the code and remove the body of the finalize() method. Now the JVM detects that our class does not need to be finalized and changes the behaviour back to “normal”. Looking at the GC logs we would see only cheap minor GCs running forever.
As in this modified example nothing indeed refers to the objects in Eden (where all objects are born), the GC can do a very efficient job and discard the whole Eden at once. So immediately, we have cleansed the whole Eden, and the unterminated loop can continue forever.
In our original example on the other hand, the situation is different. Instead of objects without any references, JVM creates a personal watchdog for each and every one of the Finalizable instances. This watchdog is an instance of Finalizer. And all those instances in turn are referenced by the Finalizer class. So due to this reference chain, the whole gang stays alive.
Now with the Eden full and all objects being referenced, GC has no other alternatives than to copy everything into Survivor space. Or worse, if the free space in Survivor is also limited, then expand to the Tenured space. As you might recall, GC in Tenured space is a completely different beast and is a lot more expensive than “lets throw away everything” approach used to clean Eden.
Did you know that GC stops 20% of Java applications regularly for more than 5 seconds? Don’t spoil the user experience – increase GC efficiency with Plumbr instead.
Finalizer queue
Only after the GC has finished, JVM understands that apart from the Finalizers nothing refers to our instances, so it can mark all Finalizers pointing to those instances to be ready for processing. So the GC internals add all Finalizer objects to a special queue at java.lang.ref.Finalizer.ReferenceQueue.
Only when all this hassle is completed our application threads can proceed with the actual work. One of those threads is now particularly interesting for us – the “Finalizer” daemon thread. You can see this thread in action by taking a thread dump via jstack:
My Precious:~ demo$ jps 1703 Jps 1702 Finalizable My Precious:~ demo$ jstack 1702 --- cut for brevity --- "Finalizer" daemon prio=5 tid=0x00007fe33b029000 nid=0x3103 runnable [0x0000000111fd4000] java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE at java.lang.ref.Finalizer.invokeFinalizeMethod(Native Method) at java.lang.ref.Finalizer.runFinalizer(Finalizer.java:101) at java.lang.ref.Finalizer.access$100(Finalizer.java:32) at java.lang.ref.Finalizer$FinalizerThread.run(Finalizer.java:190) --- cut for brevity ---
From the above we see the “Finalizer” daemon thread running. “Finalizer” thread is a thread with just a single responsibility. The thread runs an unterminated loop blocked waiting for new instances to appear in java.lang.ref.Finalizer.ReferenceQueue queue. Whenever the “Finalizer” threads detects new objects in the queue, it pops the object, calls the finalize() method and removes the reference from Finalizer class, so the next time the GC runs the Finalizer and the referenced object can now be GCd.
So we have two unterminated loops now running in two different threads. Our main thread is busy creating new objects. Those objects all have their personal watchdogs called Finalizer which are being added to the java.lang.ref.Finalizer.ReferenceQueue by the GC. And the “Finalizer” thread is processing this queue, popping all the instances from this queue and calling the finalize() methods on the instances.
Most of the time you would get away with this. Calling the finalize() method should complete faster than we actually create new instances. So in many cases, the “Finalizer” thread would be able to catch up and empty the queue before the next GC pours more Finalizers into it. In our case, it is apparently not happening.
Why so? The “Finalizer” thread is run at a lower priority than the main thread. In means that it gets less CPU time and is thus not able to catch up with the pace objects are being created. And here we have it – the objects are created faster than the “Finalizer” thread is able to finalize() them, causing all the available heap to be consumed. Result – different flavours of our dear friend java.lang.OutOfMemoryError.
If you still do not believe me, take a heap dump and take a look inside. For example, when our code snipped is launched with -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError parameter, I see a following picture in Eclipse MAT Dominator Tree:
As seen from the screenshot, my 64m heap is completely filled with Finalizers.
Conclusions
So to recap, the lifecycle of Finalizable objects is completely different from the standard behaviour, namely:
- The JVM will create the instance of Finalizable object
- The JVM will create an instance of the java.lang.ref.Finalizer, pointing to our newly created object instance.
- java.lang.ref.Finalizer class holds on to the java.lang.ref.Finalizer instance that was just created. This blocks next minor GC from collecting our objects and is keeping them alive.
- Minor GC is not able to clean the Eden and expands to Survivor and/or Tenured spaces.
- GC detects that the objects are eligible for finalizing and adds those objects to the java.lang.ref.Finalizer.ReferenceQueue
- The queue will be processed by “Finalizer” thread, popping the objects one-by-one and calling their finalize() methods.
- After finalize() is called, the “Finalizer” thread removes the reference from Finalizer class, so during the next GC the objects are eligible to be GCd.
- The “Finalizer” thread competes with our “main” thread, but due to lower priority gets less CPU time and is thus never able to catch up.
- The program exhausts all available resources and throws OutOfMemoryError.
Moral of the story? Next time, when you consider finalize() to be superior to the usual cleanup, teardown or finally blocks, think again. You might be happy with the clean code you produced, but the ever-growing queue of Finalizable objects thrashing your tenured and old generations might indicate the need to reconsider.
Thanks for this great article I suspect our application is suffering this problem. This has helped me understand very clearly how all these Finalizer stuff works. Thank you!!! | https://plumbr.io/blog/garbage-collection/debugging-to-understand-finalizer | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | refinedweb | 1,745 | 57.57 |
The off some of the transition effects – in this case, a picture is not speaking the 1000 words they say it does. At some point in the near future (once an appropriate version of WinFX run-time ships) , I will post the source code for this project on CodePlex. If you download the code, you will be held responsible for contributing a gadget of your choice to this project J.
Not bad for a weekend’s worth of work ah?
Note: Contrary to some of the e-mails I have recieved, this project has nothing to do with the Vista Gadgets. This is only an imitation of them created as a Windows Presentation Foundation application using the Expression tools. The main goal of this project was to see how the Expression tools would scale up to a more real-world application, and to understand some of the usability issues of the tool so we could fix them.
Gotta love gadgets: Active Desktop components that can be non-rectangular. 🙂
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Just to clarify, this project has nothing to do with Vista’s Gadgets. This is only an imitation using Windows Presentation Foundation, creating using the Expression tools.
Thanks!
How do you create transparent non-rectangular Windows in WinFX? I seem to only get non-opaque Top-Level windows without using any Win32 calls, which you said you didn’t use.
There is a reason why I am not releasing the source code for some of my last few examples :).
Why don’t you release the source code for this cool sidebar sample?
I can’t wait to see your sidebar tools. If you don’t mind can you post your sidebar tools atleast?
Thanks,
Deepak
Hi Unni,
I’ve had a lot of fun tearing this example apart and putting it back together in many different ways. Some of these experiments worked great, others not so much. One of my failed experiments was to rework the code to include the Gadgets as part of the main assembly and not be separate dlls. I think all my problems here boil down to namespace issues, plus a failure to understand Activator.CreateInstance. Could you show the implementation of a very basic Gadget – one that just displays a textbox for example – that could be compiled as part of the main assembly? I would also like to see how it would be created using Activator in the LoadGadgets method.
Thank you for sharing the project!
hi,
how can i find the source code…
i want to see the implementation.
Thanks i got it
So, why don’t you just expand on google’s skins and skills? its alot more well known and, no offence meant, but i don’t really download from sites i don’t trust. i think lots of people trust google and will look at that more. plus, it will give other people ideas… anyway i might not remember about this post, so if you get mad at me or something, then email: bennis44565@gmail.com
–mister2
How would the Vista gadgets look like on XP?
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PingBack from | https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/unnir/2006/06/02/how-would-the-vista-gadgets-look-like-on-xp/ | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | refinedweb | 521 | 71.44 |
Developer FAQ
What are the dependencies?
Orchard uses a number of external libraries. They can all be found under \lib directory in your enlistment. They are also enumerated in Orchard dependencies and libraries.
What framework versions does Orchard support?
Orchard supports the following versions of .net:
Which branch should I be using when working on the codebase?
Branches are discussed on the contributing patches page.
What types of extensions can I write?
Orchard Modules and Themes are supported. There is extensive documentation covering these topics in the main documentation index.
Where are Modules physically located?
The projects in the "Modules" folder are physically located under the "src\Orchard.Web\Modules" folder. This allows modules to contain ASP.NET views and static content without having to copy files between projects to be able to run the project.
The Core modules are physically located under the "\src\Orchard.Web\Core" folder.
What is a
Module.txt file?
This is the module manifest. It is a YAML-format file. You can learn more about
Module.txt in the manifest files guide.
What is the AdminMenu.cs file?
This file has an implementation of the Orchard interface called
INavigationProvider. It lets modules hook themselves into the admin menu in the backend. This is typically where you declare what links should your module inject into the Admin menu and what controller actions these links invoke.
What is the Permissions.cs file?
This file has an implementation of the Orchard interface called
IPermissionProvider. It lets modules declare a set of permissions as well as attach those permissions to default Orchard roles. Once you add a new permission type to your module here, you will be able to use the Orchard authorization APIs to check that permission against the current user. You will also be able to manage which custom roles the permission belongs to in the Roles administration page.
How do I do authorization inside my module against current user/roles?
Orchard comes with a default services implementation of the
IOrchardServices interface. Simply include
IOrchardService in your constructor and you will get the default implementation injected. Like:
public AdminController(IMyService myService, IOrchardServices orchardServices) { _myService = myService; _orchardServices = orchardServices; }
At this point, services gives you Authorizer for authorization, Notifier for writing out notifications, ContentManager for access to the Orchard content manager and TransactionManager for handling database transactions.
To check if the current user has a certain permission, you would simply do:
Services.Authorizer.Authorize(Permissions.SomeModulePermission, T("Some operation failed"));
What are Core Modules?
Core Modules are Orchard Modules you can find under \src\Orchard.Web\Core. They also constitute the Orchard.Core project in the solution. These are modules that are always enabled and come with the default Orchard installation.
See "Why are Core modules modules?" and "Why are Core Modules Core Modules?" below for more detailed information.
Why are Core modules modules?
The difference is similar to OS concepts of monolithic vs micro-kernel: it was pretty obvious during high level design of Orchard that an extensibility point such as modules was needed. Everything else would constitute the core framework.
Take the Common module for example, which introduces the BodyPart, a core concept common to many types of content types, such as blog posts or pages. Now we could've implemented this as part of the Orchard framework dll, and have modules depend on it. But then it wouldn't get the benefit of being a module, such as being able to hook up handlers, drivers, views, routes etc.
This also relates to MVC and areas, where everything that belongs to an area is under the same directory. It was pretty clear that the right choice was to get some core concepts out of the framework dll into a separate dll, and have them be modules.
This is very similar to non-monolithic operating systems where parts of the core functionality is implemented as modules outside the kernel, talking to it via the same exact interfaces as the more higher level modules.
Why are Core Modules Core Modules?
Now that we want core concepts to be implemented as modules, why not put them into the modules directory along with the rest of the more obvious Orchard modules, such as the comments module. Well, this time it's about dependencies. In Orchard, modules that are in the modules directory can be disabled, uninstalled or otherwise updated in a breaking way.
We prefer modules that are self-contained and don't require other non-core modules as dependencies, as much as possible. That's part of the entire dynamism behind the content type architecture. Pages and Blog posts, which belong to Pages and Blog modules, don't reference Comments or Tags modules, but it's possible to attach comments or tags to pages and blogposts.
This decoupled behavior is ensured by the underlying content type architecture and not by direct reference from one or the other modules. Core modules are part of the Orchard framework and it's ok for modules to depend on them. They will be distributed by us and for all practical purposes are integral parts of the Orchard framework. Modules can depend on them and directly access their public surface.
How do I write and run tests?
Orchard comes with a solution folder called Tests. This hosts 2 types of tests:
- Unit Tests: These are NUnit test fixtures. To write a fixture for a module, simply create a new directory under Orchard.Tests.Modules and populate it with your tests.
- Integration Tests: These are also NUnit tests, generated using SpecFlow () .feature files. Your integration tests would go under Orchard.Specs and there are a multitude of examples there you can look at if you are new to the BDD approach.
Running the unit tests is a matter of right clicking the solution or appropriate project and choose Run Unit Tests.
Note
this applies to writing tests for the modules that come with the standard source code distribution of Orchard.
To write code for your own modules you should work in your own separate project. You can use the orchard scaffolding command
codegen moduletests <module-name>to set up test projects for your own modules.
How do I contribute my changes to Orchard?
Contributing changes to Orchard are discussed on the contributing patches page.
How to build a WCF service that exposes Orchard functionality?
To host a WCF Service in Orchard, with all of its goodies coming from IoC you have to:
Create a SVC file for your service with the new Orchard Host Factory:
<%@ ServiceHost Language="C#" Debug="true" Service="Orchard.Service.Services.IService, Orchard.Service" Factory="Orchard.Wcf.OrchardServiceHostFactory, Orchard.Framework" %>
Register the service normally as an IDependency.
using System.ServiceModel; namespace Orchard.Service.Services { [ServiceContract] public interface IService : IDependency { [OperationContract] string GetUserEmail(string username); } }
Provide implementation (i.e.: Service : IService).
What's in
App_Data?
The
App_Data folder is used to store various kinds of data. Contents of
App_Data are never served. The contents are organized this way:
- File:cache.dat is a cache XML document describing what features are enabled for each tenant in the site. This being only a cache, modifying it may have unpredictable results.
- File:hrestart.txt stands for Host Restart. It is a file that is touched by the system to indicate a need to restart the application.
- Folder:Dependencies is used by dynamic compilation to store compiled dlls and has an XML file, dependencies.xml that tracks how each module was compiled (dynamically or not).
- Folder:Exports contains export XML files generated by the import/export feature.
- Folder:Localization contains localization
.pofiles.
- Folder:Logs contains log files.
- Folder:RecipeQueue is used during setup to queue the recipes to execute.
- Folder:Sites contains one folder per tenant. The default tenant is in the Default folder, which is all there is if no tenant was created. Each folder contains the following:
- mappings.bin is a binary serialized cache of nHibernate mappings.
- Orchard.sdf is the SQL CE database file for the tenant.
- reports.dat is a legacy log file.
- Settings.txt describes the low-level settings for the tenant (database provider, connection string, etc.)
- *.settings.xml - You will see one of these per search index you have configured in the admin panel. They hold configuration settings for the current state of that index.
- Folder: Indexes - Used by the Lucene module to store search index cache files.
- Folder:Warmup contains cached versions of pages generated by the warmup module, and a warmup.txt file that contains the timestamp for the last warmup file generation.
Understanding bug status and triage
When you submit a bug, the team (or anybody subscribing to notifications) receives an e-mail. We do regular triage meetings with a small committee, sometimes as often as daily and usually at least once a week.
When we do triage, we make a query that returns all bugs in "Proposed" state, ordered by number of votes. This means that we are always looking at the most voted bugs first. If you care about a bug, you should vote for it, and it won't fall on deaf ears.
A bug that is still in "Proposed" state has not been triaged yet. When we look at a bug, several things can happen. We may close it if it doesn't reproduce, if it's by design or if it was fixed since submitted. We may ask for more information (and leave it in "Proposed" state). Or finally, we may move it to the "Active" bucket.
A bug that is in "Active" state has been triaged and should have been assigned a release. The release usually is one of the planned releases. Planned releases are usually the ones we are currently working on, plus a "Future Versions" release that we use for bugs and features that we want to handle but don't think we can do in the current cycle. The "Assigned to" field is only set when the bug is scheduled to be fixed in the current iteration or cycle. If it's in "Future Versions" it is usually unassigned.
Impact is usually set during triage but a "Low" value does not necessarily mean much: this is the default value so it might just mean that it hasn't been touched. It's OK to investigate with the team on the impact of a bug you care about.
Developer Troubleshooting
- Record Names: Your implementations of the ContentPartRecords shouldn't have properties that are known keywords to NHibernate. Examples include Identity, Version. | http://docs.orchardproject.net/en/latest/Documentation/Developer-FAQ/ | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | refinedweb | 1,751 | 58.18 |
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Web Service
Web Services with NetBeans IDE
Creating webservices in NetBeans.
In this example program I will show you how you can make webservices in the Netbeans IDE. NetBeans IDE provides necessary GUI | http://roseindia.net/tutorialhelp/comment/93865 | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | refinedweb | 1,862 | 65.93 |
Omar AL Zabir OmarAlZabir@gmail.com
August 2005
Download the sample code associated with this article, OfficeAutomation.msi.
Summary: Shows you a way to implement a Microsoft Word-like object model for your own .NET Framework application, following the Model-View-Controller design pattern. (26 printed pages)
Overview of the Microsoft Word Object Model Hierarchy Benefits of the Object Model with Automation Support Comparison with the Model-View-Controller Pattern The Making of Smart Editor The Automation Supported Object Model and Object Model of the Application How the Presentation Layer Uses the Object Model Sample Execution of an Activity Framework Classes How to Make Your Own Application Introducing Plug-ins Scripting Feature Conclusion
All Microsoft Office applications are built on top of an object model that supports automation. Any developer can use the 0bject model to drive the application UI and add, edit, and delete content, just as a real user interacts with the application. The rich object model, together with automation support, makes Office applications truly extensible and pluggable. Anyone can write a powerful add-in within a very short time in order to extend the behavior of Microsoft Word according to their own need. As good object-oriented (OO) developers, we develop our applications with rich architecture and with a reasonably good object model following the Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern.
However, until recently, very few applications have been developed that offer automation similar to Microsoft Office applications. As a result, we cannot extend our applications the same way we can extend and customize Office applications using the .NET Framework and Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). This article shows you a way to implement a Microsoft Word-like object model for your own .NET application. We will be following the Model-View-Controller design pattern and also .NET Framework events and delegates heavily. The object model we will develop here will add infinite extensibility to our application. It will give us the opportunity to add plug-in and scripting capability to our applications as designed, without writing additional code for them. The plug-in and scripting feature will have the same power as the core application. The design will also produce a very clean code base that truly decouples business logic from the UI logic. Best of all, we will be able to write code to drive the UI and thus create test scripts that not only test business logic but also test the UI behaviors.
Let's start with the Microsoft Word object model. Those who already know how the Microsoft Word object model works can skip to the next section.
Microsoft Word's automation-supported object model starts from the Application class. An instance of Word has a singleton application object that provides the toolbars, menus, status bar, and so on.
Figure 1. The Microsoft Word object model (partial)
The entire application can be driven by the Application class. We can access any documents, manipulate the content, add command bars, change menu labels and icons, programmatically click a button, show status messages, and so on. For example, you can make Word show a File Open dialog box by calling Application.Documents.Open(). You can make Word quit by calling Application.Quit(). You write code and Microsoft Word acts according your code. There is no need for you, nor for the Word developers, to find the module that is showing a document or call its public method to tell it to change the document name. All you do is get the instance of the Document object and then modify its Name property. The UI responds to it immediately. This is the beauty of an object model that supports automation.
Before I implemented the automation-supported object model for my own applications, I used to look at the Visual Studio IDE with deep respect and marvel at it. I used to wonder how Visual Studio's developers keep track of so many aspects of a particular event. For example, think how many things happen when a file is deleted from the Solution Explorer tree when you press the DEL button. The tree node is removed, the project and solution is set to pending save mode (dirty), the window title bar changes, the status bar changes, if the document is open then its tab is closed, all the command bars get updated, the menu bar gets disabled, and so on. The entire IDE goes through a lot of changes. Think about the poor guy who implemented this file delete feature. Did the person ever imagine that all of these actions need to be performed just for a mere file delete feature? The truth is that the person need not worry about all of these at all because the Visual Studio has a marvelous automation-supported object model. After learning about such object models I found that such applications are actually not that complicated.
Let's have a quick review why an automation supported object model is so much beneficial. When you have such object model for your own application, always keep in mind three easy principles:
I have seen programmers often focus first on the UI whenever they are given a task. If you ask a programmer to load the files in a folder and show it in a tree view (like Windows Explorer), generally the person will think of the following:
Figure 2. Windows Explorer showing the files and folders in a tree view
You see, a programmer's worries are mostly about reflecting a particular action on the UI. If you tell the programmer just to populate a collection class with the files and folders and tell him that as soon as you add an object in the collection, by some magic it will be automatically displayed on the tree view, that person can freely concentrate more on his own tasks and not worry about all the other parts of the application at all.
An automation-supported object model frees developers from thinking about the implementation of a task from beginning to end, from the data access layer to the front end. A programmer can focus on developing a particular without thinking about the rest of the system.
When you have an automation-supported object model, your design and implementation process is narrowed down to small unit tasks. For example, first you think how to populate the Application.Files collection with the files from the file system. You need not know whether there is any tree view in the application that will show the files at all. Always have this running in your mind: "There's no UI, there's no UI . . . " There may not be one tree view; there can be three tree views and four list boxes that need to be populated with the same file list. You need not know how many of them are there, you just need to think how to read the files and then call Application.Files.Add( new File( ... ) ) in order to populate the collection.
Figure 3. Visual Studio .NET Solution Explorer
Now let's come to the UI part of the task. Let's say you are making a Visual Studio-like application (no kidding!). The developer who is responsible for building the "solution explorer" of your application knows that, whenever an item is added in the Application.Files collection, it needs to be added in the solution explorer tree. The person need not know where the file object is coming from. It may be coming from the file system, it may be a new file added by the user that is not yet in the file system, it may be added by a third-party plug-in or from a macro. Again, the solution explorer developer knows that if the user deletes an item from the Application.Files collection, it needs to be deleted from the file system. But that may not be all that needs to be done. The file may be a logical file that is not in the file system. It may be something that a plug-in has produced. The person needs to know only that the File object must be removed whenever the user deletes it. The other person who is responsible for adding that file object in the collection is already listening for changes on that object and will act accordingly whenever the object is removed.
When we have an automation-supported object model, we can distribute the responsibility of implementing some features to the persons who are responsible for different modules, regardless of whether they know about the others' existence. This means that the solution explorer guy need not know that there's a document tabs guy who needs to activate a tab when a file is double-clicked on the solution explorer. The document tab guy need not know that there's a Window menu guy who needs to show all the open document tabs. All they need to know is there's an object model and in that object model there are model objects that will notify them whenever something happens to them.
Imagine what happens when you delete a file from the solution explorer tree. The file name from the Window menu needs to be removed. If the file is open, the document window needs to be closed. The file needs to be removed from the file system. The project needs to be marked as "dirty" or save pending. If there is no open document, we need to disable menus, disable command bars, and so on. There are so many things to do just when user presses a simple DEL button on a file. When I was not aware of the concept of automation-supported object model, I used to write code this way:
AskForSave( file );
DeleteTreeNode( file );
CloseOpenDocument( file );
RemoveMenuItem( windowMenu, file );
UpdateRecentFiles( fileMenu, file );
KillFile( file );
MakeProjectDirty( project );
I needed to have a mental picture of the entire application while implementing any feature, however small it was. Of course I used a proper command pattern, very well designed classes to do the jobs, and a highly modularized application. Nevertheless, thoughts of the complete implementation always ran in my brain and that created a great pressure when the number of modules increased day by day.
When you have an automation-supported object model you do it this way:
Different modules of the application subscribe to different objects and collections exposed by the Application object and listen to notifications relevant to them. When a notification is received, they only do what is relevant to them and ignore other notifications. They don't care about the others' existence at all.
Those who know the MVC design pattern must be saying to themselves, this is nothing but MVC! This type of object model does follow the principles of Model-View-Controller, which are:
Figure 4. MVC sample object model
MVC is a very widely used design pattern for designing desktop applications. You will see significant difference in the complexity of a program's code before implementing MVC and after implementing MVC. The best description of MVC can be found at. Here I quote two paragraphs from that page:
Several problems can arise when applications contain a mixture of data access code, business logic code, and presentation code. Such applications are difficult to maintain, because interdependencies between all of the components cause strong ripple effects whenever a change is made anywhere. High coupling makes classes difficult or impossible to reuse because they depend on so many other classes. Adding new data views often requires reimplementing or cutting and pasting business logic code, which then requires maintenance in multiple places. Data access code suffers from the same problem, being cut and pasted among business logic methods.
The Model-View-Controller design pattern solves these problems by decoupling data access, business logic, and data presentation and user interaction.
In our object model, the model is the Application.Files collection and the controller is the "Solution Explorer" module and view is the tree view that shows the files. However, the fundamental difference between regular MVC and this model is that the controller is not aware of the view. As I mentioned at the beginning—"Don't think about the UI always"—the controller does not know that there's a view. Whatever it needs to do, it does on the model. The model sits between the view and the controller to decouple them completely and provide an architecture where developers can think about and develop a system without ever worrying about the UIs.
Figure 5. MVC modified for our model
Moreover, we usually do not make an object model hierarchy that starts from a singleton class "Application" and provides a complete map of the entire UI. Usually our object model contains entity objects relevant to our business domains. For example, Person, Account, Transaction, and so on are the usual objects we expose through our object model. Normally the object model does not have Buttons, Toolbars, Menu, StatusBar, and so on. If we create an object model that not only reflects the business objects but also the UI structure and make our UI modules respond to actions performed on the object model, we create an object model that can provide automation. This is the principle that Microsoft products use in their applications. As a result, we can extend their applications with great control over the data containing objects and over the UI. We will use this same idea in our application in order to create an object model that provides automation support by using .NET Framework events and delegates and see the end result by making a sample application.
The sample project that accompanies this article is a text editor called "Smart Editor." The this editor is "smart" because it has a very extensible and pluggable object model that supports automation. The application looks like the Visual Studio IDE. The object model is also heavily taken from Visual Studio's own object model, which is also similar to the Microsoft Word object model. Surprisingly, almost all Microsoft products have very similar concepts in their object models. After reading this article, you will also find out why all the products share the same design ideas behind their object model and how convenient such design really is.
Figure 6. Smart Editor UI
The application has a tiny object model that supports automation just like Microsoft Word. The root object is Application. Do not confuse this Application class with the Application class of the .NET Framework. System.Windows.Forms.Application is a class for Windows Forms. Our Application class is Editor.ObjectModel.Application. If you want to use our "Application" class as the default in your code instead of the Windows Forms one, use this declaration at the beginning of your file:
using Application = Editor.ObjectModel.Application;
From now on in this article, "Application" will refer to the Editor.ObjectMode.Application, not the one in the Windows Forms namespace.
Figure 7. Smart Editor Object model
Each of these objects maps to particular UI elements. The following picture explains how the UI is organized.
Figure 8. Smart Editor modules
Figure 8 shows how the entire UI is broken into small user controls. Each area actually represents one user control. The most important part of this UI that I will be referring to throughout the article is the Document Explorer at the top right. Document tabs where the content of a document is shown in a text box, is also frequently used.
This is the singleton class and root of the entire object model. Its constructor initializes the object model:
private Application()
{
this._Tabs = new TabCollection( this );
this._ToolBars = new ToolBarCollection( this );
this._Menus = new MenuCollection( this );
this._Documents = new DocumentCollection( this );
}
The primary role of its constructor is to initialize the first level of objects in the object model hierarchy.
Each of these collections is mapped with some UI elements. The Toolbars and Menus collection is populated immediately when the UI loads.
Figure 9. Mapping UI elements with the Object Model
The Application class exposes a public collection named "Documents", which is an instance of DocumentCollection. It is derived from a custom-made collection class named SelectableCollectionBase. It exposes a Selected property from where you can always get the currently selected document. It's similar to the Listbox or Treeview control's Items collection, where you have a Selected property that always returns the currently selected item. How this happens is explained later on.
DocumentCollection has a very small amount of code because most of the work is done on the SelectableCollectionBase. It just provides some functions in order to make it strongly typed to the Document class only:
public class DocumentCollection : SelectableCollectionBase
{
new public int Add( Document doc )
{
return base.Add( doc );
}
new Document this[ int index ]
{
get { return (Document)base[ index ]; }
}
new public Document Selected
{
get { return (Document) base.Selected; }
set { base.Selected = value; }
}
public Document New( string name, string path, byte [] data, IDocumentEditor editor )
{
return new Document( name, path, data, editor, null );
}
public DocumentCollection( object parent ) : base( false, parent ) { }
}
The only requirement you have is to call the base( IsMultiSelect, ParentObject ) with true/false in order to indicate whether this is a multi-select collection and to identify who is the parent of this collection. In order to maintain the hierarchy, a weak reference to parent is always carried on with child objects.
The Document class is also very simple, as it extends from ItemBase (explained later on), which exposes all the features required for such an object model. All you need to do is call base(parent) and pass the parent object's reference:
public class Document : ItemBase
{
private string _Name;
private string _Path;
private byte [] _Data;
private IDocumentEditor _DocumentEditor;
public IDocumentEditor DocumentEditor { ... }
public byte[] Data { ... }
public string Name { ... }
public string Path { ... }
public Document(
string name, string path, byte [] data,
IDocumentEditor editor, object parent )
: base( parent )
{
...
}
}
Menu collection is a similar collection of the Menu class. It inherits CollectionBase, not SelectableCollectionBase, as we are not interested in maintaining which menu is now selected. However, this can easily be done just by inheriting from SelectableCollectionBase instead of CollectionBase.
Whenever the UI loads, it creates the Menu object for each menu on the menu bar. For example, File, Edit, View, Tools all are menus and you will find one object for each menu in the Application.Menus collection.
Each menu contains a MenuItem collection. The menu items are stored in this collection. For example,
MenuItem fileNew = Application.Menus[ "File" ].Items["New"];
fileNew.Click();
This will return a reference to a representative object for the "File->New" menu item. You can then call its Click method to simulate a menu item click as if the user has clicked the menu item.
A document is shown as a tab. For each document one tab is created that contains the document editor. Only the open tabs are available in the Tabs collection of the Application class.
Figure 10. Object model of tabs
Whenever a file is opened for editing, a tab is created and added in the collection; when the document is closed, the Tab object is removed from the collection.
You can at any time call the Show method of a Tab object to bring that tab on screen, or call the Close method to close it.
For each toolbar on the UI, one instance of Toolbar class is available in the Applications.Toolbars collection. You can get a reference to a toolbar from Application.Toolbars[ index ]. You can also add a new toolbar at run time using the Add method of the Toolbar collection.
Toolbar contains a collection of toolbar items, which can be buttons, drop-down menus, separators, and so on. For each toolbar item, an instance of ToolbarItem is available in the Items collection of Toolbar class. You can get a reference to the New button by using the following code:
// Get the first toolbar in the collection and the first toolbar item
ToolbarItem newButton = Application.Toolbars[ "Standard" ].Items[ "New" ];
newButton.Click();
You can then call the Click method to simulate the button click.
You can call Application.Quit() from anywhere to terminate the application. You can also call Application.Save() in order to save the current open document, if there is any. The Application.ActiveDocument property always returns the currently selected document that is being edited or selected from Document Explorer. You can also call to the current tab that has the focus from Application.ActiveTab.
The sample application shows one way in which you can design your application when you have an automation-supported object model. The implementation is pretty straight-forward and I have skipped many best practices for the sake of simplicity. Do not consider this as the only way to build applications on top of such an object model.
When the main form loads, it first subscribes to all the UI-related generic events that the Application class exposes. For example, Application.OnFileSaveDialog, Application.ShowStatus, etc. These are common and generic UI services that anyone can provide. In our case, it's the main form. It acts as a centralized UI service provider to the Application class. Of course, complicated applications will distribute a greater responsibility to smaller modules. But in this sample application, we will be providing all necessary generic UI support from the main form. Whenever there is a need for showing messages in the UI, changing the title bar of the application window, or showing a common file dialog box, the main form responds to these events raised by the Application class and acts accordingly.
This control hosts the menu and toolbars. Although both the menu and toolbar are prepared at design time, at run time it populates the object model with the Menu, Toolbar, and ToolbarItems in order to make the UI elements available for automation.
First, it creates the Toolbar object for the first toolbar. The code is very simple:
standardToolBar = Application.ToolBars.New( "Standard" );
Application.ToolBars.Add( standardToolBar );
Then, for each button on the toolbar, it creates ToolbarItems:
ToolBarItem itemNew = standardToolBar.Items.New( "New", string.Empty, btnNew );
standardToolBar.Items.Add( itemNew );
itemNew.OnClick += new ToolBarItemClickHandler(itemNew_OnClick);
Similarly, it creates the Menu and MenuItem objects for each menu. For example, the File menu is created this way:
Menu fileMenu = Application.Menu.New( "File", string.Empty, this.mnubarStandard, null );
Application.Menu.Add( fileMenu );
The "Top Area" control has several important responsibilities, which are:
private void toolbar_OnChange(ItemBase item, StringArgs s)
{
if( item is ToolBarItem )
{
ToolBarItem toolBarItem = item as ToolBarItem;
ButtonItem button = toolBarItem.Tag as ButtonItem;
button.Enabled = toolBarItem.Enabled;
button.Visible = toolBarItem.Visible;
button.Checked = toolBarItem.Selected;
}
}
Every module that needs to provide automation needs to provide these two services—reflect actions on the object model to the UI and reflect actions on the UI to the object model.
This control hosts the tabs for open documents. It listens to the changes made in Application.Documents and most important of all, Applications.Tabs. Whenever a new Tab object is added in the Application.Tabs collection, a Tab Control is created containing the document and shown on the UI.
Application.Tabs.OnItemCollectionAdd += new CollectionAddHandler( Tabs_OnAdd );
...
...
private void Tabs_OnAdd( CollectionBase collection, ItemBase item )
{
if( item is Tab )
{
CreateNewTab( (Tab) item );
}
}
It also listens to the Show method call of any Document object because if someone calls doc.Show(), a new tab needs to be created and added to the Tabs collection, which in turn shows the Document in edit mode.
Whenever the user creates a new file or opens a document, it is added to the Document Explorer Tree. This tree represents the Application.Documents collection. It performs two basic tasks:
private void Documents_OnItemCollectionAdd(CollectionBase collection, ItemBase item)
{
if( item is Document )
{
Document doc = item as Document;
DocumentNode node = new DocumentNode( doc );
// There's a tree view control named "treSolution" on the UI
treSolution.Nodes[0].Nodes.Add( node );
}
}
private void treSolution_KeyUp(object sender, System.Windows.Forms.KeyEventArgs e)
{
DocumentNode node = treSolution.SelectedNode as DocumentNode;
if( null != node )
{
if( e.KeyCode == Keys.Delete )
{
Application.Documents.Remove( node.Document );
}
else if( e.KeyCode == Keys.Enter )
{
node.Document.Show();
}
}
}
All it does is just delete the Document object from the object model. As the control is already listening to the changes made in the collection and refreshing the tree, the node for the document gets removed as soon as it is removed from the collection.
Here's a sample illustration of what happens when the user clicks the Open button from the toolbar.
Figure 11. Execution flow when user clicks Open button
First, the toolbar receives the click event and calls the Click method of the Button object that is representing the Open button on the toolbar. A default click handler is attached with the button object that receives the notification. It then calls Application.Open(). The method does nothing but raise the OnOpen event. The main form captures this event and shows the .NET Framework File Open dialog box. When the user selects a file, the file is loaded and a new Document object is created for the file. As soon as the new document object is added in the Application.Documents collection, the Document Explorer control gets the notification and shows the file in the tree. Next the Show() method of the new document object is called. This raises the OnShow event of the document. The event is captured by the Document Tabs module, which is responsible for showing tabs for documents. As it receives the notification, it creates a new Tab object for the document that raised the event. As soon as the Tab object is added in the Application.Tabs collection, another event is fired that is also captured by the Document Tabs module. This event tells the module that there's a new tab object in the tabs collection that needs to be shown. So, the module creates a new tab control, hosts the text box, and shows the document content inside it.
The automation-supported object model is built on top of three framework classes: ItemBase, CollectionBase, and SelectableCollectionBase. These three classes provide the most important feature of the object model: it is an Observable object model. If you inherit your class from any one of these, you can observe changes made to them. For example, the DocumentCollection class inherits from CollectionBase. CollectionBase contains all the code to raise events whenever an item is added, removed, cleared, and so on. Moreover, the collection class also listens to changes made in all the items it contains. As a result, it can capture events raised from child objects and forward them to its own observers.
Figure 12. Event bubbling of collection items
The picture above shows how events bubble from child objects to parent objects. As the events bubble, you can attach events to a collection and receive change notifications from any of the items it contains, no matter how deep it is in the hierarchy.
Figure 13. Subscribe to the collection in order to get notification from child items
The above picture shows how you can subscribe to individual objects for notification and also subscribe to a collection in order to receive notification from any object inside that collection.
The events are bubbled from the lowest level to the top-most level. Consider the menu item Exit in the File menu. Each MenuItem is added in MenuItemCollection. It is contained in a Menu object that in turn is contained in a MenuCollection. So, if you subscribe to any menu object for any event, you can get notification from any of the menu item it contains. Best of all, if you subscribe to Application.Menus you will get notification from any menu item of any menu object.
This class is for single objects like Document, Toolbar, ToolbarItem, and so on. Extend from this object only when you are interested in getting notification of changes from an object.
The class contains a very useful method called ListenCollection, which takes a collection and subscribes to all its events. You will need this method for those composite classes like Menu that contain their own collections like MenuItemCollection. In order to support event bubbling, you need to capture all the events raised from the child collection class so that you can bubble them upward in the object model hierarchy. So, just call the ListenCollection method and pass the collection that you want to listen to and you will be receiving all the events from it. All you need to do is raise events in such a way that the original object that raised the event at first is carried on.
This handy class is for the collection classes that are collections of ItemBase inheritors. Examples include DocumentCollection, ToolbarCollection, and MenuCollection. It provides all the codes to support event bubbling from child items. Whenever an object is added to it, it subscribes to the events exposed by ItemBase. As a result, whenever an event is raised from the child object, first it receives the event and then raises the event via its own events. For example, if it receives an OnChange event from an item, it forwards the event by raising OnItemChange(item). This provides a very useful feature. You can subscribe to a collection, instead of individual objects, and get events from all the items inside it.
This class extends the CollectionBase and exposes the Selected property and a SelectedItems collection. ItemBase contains the property Selected. When it is set to true, if the item is inside a Selectable Collection, the Selected property of the collection is set to that item. The item is also added in the SelectedItems collection of the Collection class.
There are two modes: single selection and multiple selection. In single selection mode, only one item is always selected. As soon as it receives a selection change event, it sets the previous item to deselected mode and sets the new item as currently selected. The multiselection mode is more complicated. You can study the code to understand the logic of it. However, as long as you just inherit the class, you don't need to understand the logic at all.
Let's walk through how you can get started with your own application. Here's a step-by-step guide:
a. Listen to the object model for changes and reflect them on the UI. For example, when an OnClick event is fired from a Button object from the object model, reflect the click on the UI—make the button look pressed, for example.
b. Reflect events from the UI to the object model. For example, when the user clicks a button, get reference to the representative button object from the object model and call Click().
One of the greatest features of the automation-supported object model is that it provides extensibility at such a level that you can add plug-ins and scripting ability as designed. For example, in the sample program, file handling is done by external modules. There are two external modules that are loaded at run time just like an extension or plug-in. The first is NewFileHandler, which provides the features for creating new files and the second is TextFileLoader, which provides the text file loading and saving feature. You will be surprised to know that there is no code for handling the New and Open feature in the core application. The core application's Menu module just creates the menu items for New and Open and attaches a default click handler to them in order to invoke Application.New() and Application.Open() respectively. Run-time plug-ins attach themselves to Application.OnNew and Application.OnOpen/OnSave events when they load. They provide the actual functionality of creating a new file and opening and saving file content to a file. The following code shows how the NewFileHandler works:
public class NewFileHandler
{
public NewFileHandler()
{
Application.OnNew += new EventHandler(Application_OnNew);
}
private void Application_OnNew( object source, EventArgs e )
{
// A new file needs to be opened
// Create a blank document with some dummy text
byte [] data = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(string.Empty);
string newName = this.MakeNewDocumentName();
Document doc = new Document( newName, string.Empty, data,
new TextDocumentEditor(), null );
Application.Documents.Add( doc );
// Show the editor
doc.Show();
Application.ShowStatus( this, "New file created." );
}
}
// When the main form loads, it is initialized this way
new NewFileHandler();
Similarly, the TextFileLoader plug-in subscribes to Application.OnOpen and Application.OnSave events and provides the text file open and save feature. You can follow the same idea and create BitmapFileLoader, MusicFileLoader, WordFileLoader (and so on) just by subscribing to the OnOpen and OnSave events of the Application class.
The object model makes it easy for developers to reduce the amount of code written in core assemblies and move most of the code to extension assemblies that are loaded at run time. The core application remains lightweight and contains very little business logic. As a result, it is easier to release patches, fixes, and updates to applications since it requires sending updated version of those extensions only.
Scripting is the most powerful extensibility feature of any Windows application. Scripts allow you to write code and execute on-the-fly, which makes the application do whatever you want it to do. The Visual Studio IDE has a Command Window where you can write one line of code at a time and instantly execute it.
Figure 14. Visual Studio Command Window
You can write code in VBA to drive the IDE and make it do whatever you want. Such powerful scripting ability can add true extensibility to your own applications. You have already seen that you can make the UI dance as you instruct it just by calling some methods from Application and its child objects. So, if you can execute some C# code at run time, then you can provide the scripting feature. Users will write code using the object model and you need to execute the code at run time.
The sample application shows you how this can be done. Using the System.CodeDom.Compiler namespace, we have the power to generate C# code, compile, and then run all at run time using our own code. Here's how it is done:
using( CSharpCodeProvider provider = new CSharpCodeProvider() )
{
ICodeCompiler compiler = provider.CreateCompiler();
...
string fullSource = this.MakeCode( code );
CompilerResults results = compiler.CompileAssemblyFromSource(options, fullSource);
...
try
{
Assembly assembly = results.CompiledAssembly;
Type type = assembly.GetType( NAMESPACE_NAME + "." + CLASS_NAME );
object obj = Activator.CreateInstance( type );
MethodInfo method = type.GetMethod(METHOD_NAME);
method.Invoke( obj, null );
}
...
}
We can provide users with a text box and collect the code to execute, and then we can wrap the code inside a method of a class and then compile an assembly out of it. After that, we can get the class and then call the method dynamically using reflection.
Smart Editor has a command window that looks like this:
Figure 15. Smart Editor Command Window
You can write code inside it, and get it executed at once. Try running the code it already contains and you will see how it creates a toolbar with 10 buttons and opens 10 new document tabs. Whatever you can do from your own C# code files, you can now do the same from this command window.
Furthermore, you can provide a script save and playback feature just like you can using Microsoft Word VBA. Such scripting ability can give your application "ultimate extensibility" and is a very handy feature for power users to perform routine jobs very quickly.
The possibilities of the automation-supported object model are endless. It makes your application highly reusable, using truly decoupled code and UI logic, and best of all it provides you the ultimate extensibility features—plug-ins and scripting.
Omar AL Zabir is a student of Computer Science in American International University—Bangladesh, () currently working toward his B.Sc. He developed the Web-based automation and collaboration system for his university using the .NET Framework almost three years ago when it was in the Beta 1 stage. He has also worked for seven years (beginning when he was in high school) at Orion Technologies as Lead Developer, developing solutions for large banks in the United States. His love for Microsoft technologies can be seen at his Web site. | http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms973253.aspx | crawl-002 | refinedweb | 6,040 | 55.03 |
Code edit
API editHere is my working API design. Please share any comments or questions you may have. I welcome opinions about the alternatives and wishes I outline below, and please feel free to add your own ideas.
Types
typedef struct ArraySearch *Tcl_ArraySearchTcl_ArraySearch is an opaque pointer to struct ArraySearch which has the search internals.
Arguments
Tcl_Interp *interp (in)Interpreter containing array variable.
Tcl_Obj *part1Ptr (in)Points to a Tcl object containing the variable's name. The name may include a series of :: namespace qualifiers to specify an array variable in a particular namespace.
Tcl_Obj *part2Ptr (in)Points to a Tcl object containing the element name filter. If NULL, no filtering is applied.
Tcl_Obj *listPtr (in/out)Tcl list object to which array names are appended.
Tcl_Obj *dictPtr (in/out)Tcl dict object from/to which array names and values are read/written.
Tcl_Obj *stringPtr (in/outTcl string object to which hash table statistics information is appended.
Tcl_ArraySearch search (in)Search token obtained from Tcl_ArraySearchStart().
int flags (in)OR-ed combination of zero or more of the following bit values providing additional information:
- TCL_GLOBAL_ONLY
- The variable is looked up only in the global namespace even if there is a procedure call active.
- TCL_NAMESPACE_ONLY
- The variable is looked up only in the current namespace; if a procedure is active its variables are ignored, and the global namespace is also ignored unless it is the current namespace
- TCL_MATCH_EXACT
- The filter accepts only the element whose name exactly matches part2Ptr. This is the default.
- TCL_MATCH_GLOB
- The filter interprets part2Ptr as a [string match]-style glob expression.
- TCL_MATCH_REGEXP
- The filter interprets part2Ptr as a regular expression.
Functions
int Tcl_ArraySet(interp, part1Ptr, dictPtr, flags)Set the elements of an array. If there are no elements to set, create an empty array.
int Tcl_ArrayUnset(interp, part1Ptr, part2Ptr, flags)Unsets array elements.
int Tcl_ArrayGet(interp, part1Ptr, part2Ptr, dictPtr, flags)Loads the elements of an array into a dict. The dict need not be empty before calling this function, in which case the array elements are merged with (and supersede) the original contents of the dict.
int Tcl_ArrayNames(interp, part1Ptr, part2Ptr, listPtr, flags)Appends array element names to the listPtr list object. part2Ptr can be used to specify an element filter.The reason listPtr is not created or reinitialized but rather appended to is so Tcl_ArrayNames() can be called multiple times on a single list object, with a different filter each time, to build a list of all elements matching any one of the filters. In this usage, elements matching multiple filters will be listed multiple times. To reset listPtr before calling Tcl_ArrayNames(), truncate it by calling Tcl_SetListObj(listPtr, 0, NULL).
int Tcl_ArraySize(interp, part1Ptr, part2Ptr, intPtr, flags)Obtains the array size. part2Ptr can be used to specify an element filter, in which case the return value is the number of array elements matching the filter.
int Tcl_ArrayExists(interp, part1Ptr, part2Ptr, intPtr, flags)Checks if an array exists or if at least one array element matches an optional filter.
Tcl_ArraySearch Tcl_ArraySearchStart(interp, part1Ptr, part2Ptr, flags)Returns a Tcl_ArraySearch on success or NULL on error. part2Ptr can be used to specify an element filter.
Tcl_Obj *Tcl_ArraySearchPeek(search)Returns name of next element or NULL if finished.
Tcl_Obj *Tcl_ArraySearchNext(search)Returns name of next element or NULL if finished. The search state is updated so successive calls to Tcl_ArraySearchNext() will return successive array element names.
void Tcl_ArraySearchDone(search)Cleans up array search internals.
int Tcl_ArrayStatistics(interp, part1Ptr, stringPtr, flags)Obtains array hash table statistics.
Scope creep editThe baseline [array names] supports filtering by exact, glob, and regular expression matches. The baseline [array get], [array set], and [array unset] support filtering only by glob matches. The baseline [array exists], [array size], and [array startsearch] don't support filtering at all. Because I implemented a common infrastructure for the array enumeration commands, I need to support the general case: filtering by exact, glob, and regular expression matches. In order to properly test this functionality, I need to expose it to the script level via options to all the commands listed in this paragraph.Even though exposing [array get] at the C level was not part of my original plan, it's arguably part of array enumeration. Furthermore, it should be able to benefit from the new common infrastructure. Thus I added a function for it as well.Since I did that much, I went ahead and completed the set by providing C interfaces to [array exists], [array set], [array unset], and even [array statistics]. All of [array] is now C-callable.Now that I have multiple kinds of changes (new C API functions, new Tcl command arguments), do I need to write multiple TIPs? Or is the fact that they are closely and usefully related mean a single TIP will suffice?Lastly, I am considering changing [array unset] to start by making a list of elements it intends to unset before it actually unsets them. This works around various pathological trace problems and is in accordance with DKF's recommendation found at [2], dated 2010-02-03 16:46:16. It's now easy to do this. Just look at Tcl_ArrayGet() which already does this. Would this have to be a third TIP? It is a potential incompatibility in case any scripts actually depend on the current ill-defined interaction between [array unset] and traces.
Filtering in C API not requiredDKF: Strictly, the enumeration API itself does not need to support name filtering. That's trivially implementable by the client of the enumeration engine.AMG: True, the caller can indeed apply its own filtering. I decided to provide it anyway in the C API for a number of reasons:
- I wanted the C API be as functional as the Tcl API. FlightAware expressed dissatisfaction with having to evaluate Tcl code from C in order to enumerate an array, and I took that as a request for the full Tcl capability to be directly exposed to C.
- Performance is degraded when the entire element list must always be built even if the caller then has to chuck out the elements it doesn't want. If FlightAware weren't concerned with performance, they'd accept evaluating Tcl from C, and they wouldn't be buying [clock] and general speedups.
- Filtering was already implemented to support [array get], [array names], and [array unset]. I find it to be poor form to hide easily-exposed functionality in favor of requiring each caller to reimplement it, provided that the cost of exposure isn't too great. I should note that this would not be an issue if [lsearch] were part of the C API.
Crash during iterative enumeration with C API edit(Credit goes to BLL for the original bug report.)Okay, I now have a good idea what is going wrong with array searches. The root of the problem is my failure to notice the documented, intended behavior of terminating searches when any elements are added to or removed from the array. Thus I did not incorporate proper handling of same into my design.When an element is added to or removed from an array, all pending searches on the array are terminated, and the search structures are all freed. This includes ArraySearch structures which escaped the control of tclVar.c because they were the return value of Tcl_ArraySearchStart(). Unsurprisingly, a crash results when the C API is asked to use a freed search structure to continue a terminated search. There is no way to notify the caller that a search has been completed and its structure freed, so it can't avoid it. Thanks to traces, it can't even be sure it's avoiding inadvertently causing the search to terminate.What to do? I think the intended approach is to not let the ArraySearch pointer escape tclVar.c. Instead, do exactly what the Tcl API does: reference in-progress searches by tokens contained in Tcl_Objs. Should a search unexpectedly terminate, the ArraySearch lookup will fail and can be handled.There are costs. One, this is slower because a hash table lookup must be performed every time a search function is called, though it won't be any slower than the Tcl equivalent. Two, every search function will be more complicated to use due to taking interpreter and array name arguments and returning error codes which must be checked. Together, these two issues make the iterative search functions less attractive than the total enumeration functions, much like the case in Tcl scripts.Another approach is to leave things as they are and update the documentation. State that the iterative search functions are only to be used in cases where array elements are guaranteed to not be added or removed. This includes not only direct attempts to add or remove elements but also anything that can possibly enter the script engine, for example modifying array elements since that might trigger traces.On the subject of traces, all array commands, including array anymore and array donesearch, trigger array traces. Other than Tcl_ArraySearchStart(), my new C API search functions don't do this: Tcl_ArraySearchPeek(), Tcl_ArraySearchNext(), Tcl_ArraySearchDone(). This is because they do not call ArrayVar() since the array variable is referenced by the ArraySearch argument. While this inconsistency may seem bad, it does at least make the approach described by my previous paragraph possible.Ultimately, I think I will need to change my Tcl_ArraySearch*() functions to work exactly like their Tcl counterparts, termination and traces and errors and all. But this will also make them less attractive.A third approach is to admit that the concept of Tcl_ArraySearch*() is fundamentally hampered by the issues described above and to eliminate it outright due to being some combination of slow, inconvenient, unsafe, and inferior.Thoughts? Preferences? Jokes? Criticisms?
Progress edit
- 20 November 2016
- Began work, implemented Tcl_ArraySize().
- 24 November 2016
- Published commits, fixed [array size] reporting of trace errors, improved Wiki page, added filtering. Implementation of above-listed functions is complete.
- 25 November 2016
- Implemented Tcl_ArrayExists(), Tcl_ArraySet(), Tcl_ArrayUnset(), and Tcl_ArrayGet().
- 27 November 2016
- Implemented Tcl_ArrayStatistics(), refined API, added man page for C API.
- 28 November 2016
- Updated [array] man page, added filtering to [array exists] and Tcl_ArrayExists().
- 29 November 2016
- Test suite, work proceeding gradually.
- 10 December 2016
- Fixed panic in [array anymore], test suite complete unless I want to more thoroughly test interactions with [trace].
- 19 December 2016
- Investigated crash due to adding or removing array elements in the middle of a search performed using the C API. | http://wiki.tcl.tk/48264 | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | refinedweb | 1,748 | 55.03 |
Are JavaDB is very lightweight database that might be used for storing data in your desktop applications. I would like to show how to use embedded JavaDB in your applications. Let's to create desktop application that uses embedded database. In his mode the Derby database engine runs inside the same Java Virtual Machine (JVM) as the application. At first you need to download Derby database from here. Then, create new J2SE project and add derby.jar from Derby DB to project's classpath. We should load EmbeddedDriver, connect, add SQL code for inserting, selecting application data and we are done. See code snapshot:
Class.forName("org.apache.derby.jdbc.EmbeddedDriver").newInstance(); Connectionconn= DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:derby:myDB;create=true"); conn.createStatement().execute("CREATE TABLE ..."); .....Now, run your applications and myDB directory with JavaDB files should be created in working directory. If you want to change a location when thies directory is created use derby.system.home Java system property. Persisting application data with embedded JavaDB is easy, isn't it? I described how to persists your objects in database using Toplink in previous prost. However, sometimes
you might want to save your objects in XML. It's very simple with NetBeans 5.5 since we included JAXB
library in IDE. Let's to create application that stores information about orders in xml instead of in DB.
This approach might be used when you want to send your objects via network. Just create new project in
Netbeans 5.5 and select Libraries node in project tab, righ-click and choose Add Library item and select
JAXB 2.0 in list, don't forget to click OK button.
Now, create Item class that holds info related to one item. This class might have name and amount fields and appropriate set/get methods for them. Since, I would like to have XML schema type with itemOrder name in generated schema then put following annotation above class definition:
@XmlType(name="orderItem") public class Item implements Serializable { ........Order class is similar as Item. Order has reference to items and also order number and due date. This class is top level class and should be annotated with the @XmlRootElement annotation. See code snapshot:
@XmlRootElement() public class Order implements Serializable { private String orderNumber; private Calendar dueDate; private CollectionWorking with these objects is very simple and intuitive. I will show only storing objects in XML but creation of objects from XML or update them is similar. See storing order in XML file:
- items;
JAXBContext ctx = JAXBContext.newInstance(Order.class); Marshaller m = ctx.createMarshaller(); m.setProperty(Marshaller.JAXB_FORMATTED_OUTPUT, true); File xml = new File("order.xml"); Order order = new Order(); order.setOrderNumber("FSX-2345-5454"); order.addItem(new Item("book", 1)); order.addItem(new Item("pen", 1)); m.marshal(order, new FileOutputStream(xml));When you run application, you can check order.xml. However, what's about creation schema from classes, it's easy as well. Only add following target in build.xml and rebuild project.
<target name="-pre-compile"> <taskdef name="schemagen" classname="com.sun.tools.jxc.SchemaGenTask" classpath="${javac.classpath}"/> <echo message= "Generating schemas..." /> <mkdir dir="${build.dir}/schemas" /> <schemagen destdir="${build.dir}/schemas" classpath="${javac.classpath}"> <src path="${src.dir}" /> <schema file="order.xsd"/> </schemagen> </target>Working with JAXB is very easy in Netbeans 5.5. You don't need to download JWSDP pack since JAXB is bundled in IDE. In this post only java to XML binding is presented but you can simple create XML to Java as well. It means you will create objects from existing schema.();
Where is the NetBeans with JavaEE5 support avalaible? I have seen some e-mails on mailing lists that NetBeans JavaEE daily builds aren't avalaible on netbeans.org. It's true and this issue should be already resolved. However, forget for Java EE 5 builds since these builds will not be avalaible any more, you should use 5.5 release from now.
How to use date in persistence In today's post I would like to describe how to use date data type in persistence class and then in queries. We very often use java.util.Date or java.util.Calendar objects in Java, these types can be used in persistence as well. In persistence class you can use Temporal annotation for specifying how the date property should be persisted. Without using Temporal annotation the property is persisted as TIMESTAMP. The TemporalType defines the mapping for temporal type, i.e. DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP. The example is below:
@Temporal(TemporalType.TIME) public Date getDueTime(){ return dueDate; }In this example dueDate will be persisted as java.sql.Date. Now, this property will be used in query. We should use setParameter in Entitymanager class and specify TemporalType for query like:
ListPosted by pblaha ( Feb 15 2006, 09:19:49 AM CET ) Permalink
currentPlans = em.createQuery("SELECT a FROM Plan a WHERE a.creationTime <= :time"). setParameter("time", new Date(), TemporalType.TIME).getResultList(); | http://blogs.sun.com/pblaha | crawl-001 | refinedweb | 820 | 52.56 |
I have a matrix like this in my code with unix timestamps:
event_sequences = [
[1368136883, 1368137089], #The first event is never empty
[1368214777, 1368214966],
[],
.... There are the perfect number of days (empty arrays) in the gaps between the existing events.
[],
[1368747495, 1368747833],
[1368830501, 1368831869]
]
event_sequences[n][0]
event_sequences[n][1]
[
[start, end],
[start, end],
[the day after the last event at 00:00, the day after the last event at 23:59]
]
The following should do the trick. A few questions/things to be aware of though:
event_sequencesis an empty list
event_sequences? For example, you'll see in the output below that there's a gap in your sequence between 5/12/2013 and 5/16/2013, even after the blank entries are filled.
Code:
from datetime import datetime, timedelta import time event_sequences = [ [1368136883, 1368137089], [1368214777, 1368214966], [], [], [1368747495, 1368747833], [1368830501, 1368831869] ] #take the last_day recorded date as a datetime object from the event_sequences and return a 2-element list #with the unix timestamps for 00:00 and 23:59 def getNextDay(last_day): next_day = last_day + timedelta(days=1) next_day_start = next_day.replace(hour=0,minute=0,second=0) next_day_end = next_day.replace(hour=23,minute=59,second=0) return [int(next_day_start.strftime("%s")), int(next_day_end.strftime("%s"))] def fillEmptyDates(event_list): new_event_list = [] #note: this will fail if the first element in the list of event_sequences is blank last_day = int(time.time()) for x in event_sequences: if len(x) == 0: next_day = getNextDay(last_day) last_day = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(next_day[1]) else: next_day = x last_day = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(next_day[1]) new_event_list.append(next_day) return new_event_list new_event_sequence = fillEmptyDates(event_sequences) print new_event_sequence #[[1368136883, 1368137089], [1368214777, 1368214966], [1368230400, 1368316740], [1368316800, 1368403140], [1368747495, 1368747833], [1368830501, 1368831869]] for event in new_event_sequence: print str(datetime.utcfromtimestamp(event[0]))+ ' and '+str(datetime.utcfromtimestamp(event[1])) #2013-05-09 22:01:23 and 2013-05-09 22:04:49 #2013-05-10 19:39:37 and 2013-05-10 19:42:46 #2013-05-11 00:00:00 and 2013-05-11 23:59:00 #2013-05-12 00:00:00 and 2013-05-12 23:59:00 #2013-05-16 23:38:15 and 2013-05-16 23:43:53 #2013-05-17 22:41:41 and 2013-05-17 23:04:29 | https://codedump.io/share/IOPd0CXJ0mQH/1/python-how-to-get-the-next-day-of-unix-timestamps-at-0000-and-2359 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | refinedweb | 366 | 52.8 |
.
Some useful (but not as common) terminal commands are the following.
- talk about the Courses directory late in the lab./personal/students/<first initial>/<username>
This system is backed up:
cd /Volumes/personal/faculty/srtaylor
Or, use a shortcut. If you type cd in the terminal, then drag the icon for your directory onto the terminal, then the path to it will automatically be pasted.
- Now make a directory (in your personal folder) named Proj1. You can do this using the Finder, or you can type mkdir Proj easer
- We need to set a couple of preferences.
- We need to it up to display line numbers. This will help later, when you encounter error messages that tell you where an error is by supplying the file's name and the line's number.
- We need to tell it to "Auto-expand tabs". Python is cares whether you use tabs or spaces. But just by looking at code, it is hard for you to tell whether you used tabs or spaces. So, let's tell the text editor to insert 4 spaces (instead of a tab) when you press the tab button).
- Create a new file (Cmd-N). Save it as smart.py in your Proj a degrees
- right(a) - turn right a degrees
- up() - pick up the pen (don't draw when the turtle moves)
- down() - put the pen down (draw when the turtle moves)
More complete documentation is available on the Python documentation site. Let's write our first turtle program.
Project Prep
- In TextWrangler, create a new file
- On the first line, put the instruction:
from turtle import *
That will import all of the turtle commands (i.e. it will give you the ability to direct the turtle to draw for you.)
- On the last line, put the instruction:
raw_input('Press Enter to continue')
That will keep the turtle window open until you press return in the terminal. When you are finished, save a copy of your Python file to your directory on the Personal server.
- Save the file in your Proj1 directory. Call it simple_turtle.py because it is your first turtle program. Notice that the filename ends in with the .py extension - that is meant to indicate the file contains Python code.
- Now, let's make the program do something. Using the right and forward turtle functions (commands), let's draw a hexagon. We place one command on each line, and put them in between our import and raw_input commands. I don't want to ruin the fun of figuring out how to drawn a hexagon, so let me give you an example of how to draw a square:
forward(100) right(90) forward(100) right(90) forward(100) right(90) forward(100) right(90)
- Run the program images you created with your program. Since this project is an introduction to writing Python turtle code, the first required picture is of the tools you need to write and run the code. And since you have already drawn a hexagon, let's include it. Get your screen set up: Run your simple_turtle.py program and leave the image up. Then make sure the terminal, the hexagon, and TextWrangler are all visible (and make sure TextWrangler has simple_turtle.py displayed). Take a picture of these three things by pressing Shift-Command-4. A cursor will pop up. Draw a box around the hexagon,s).
- Option 2: Mount your directory directly.
You can mount your personal directory explicitly using the the following path in the 'Connect To Server...' dialog.
smb://files.colby.edu/MACFiles/Courses/CS151/<username>
Project PrepPractice turning in your code by copying your entire Proj1 directory from your Personal server to the Courses server. The easiest way to do this is to drag and drop the folder from one Finder (one open to Personal) to another (one open to Courses).
When you are done with the lab exercises, you may start on the rest of the project. | http://cs.colby.edu/srtaylor/courses/S13/cs151-labs/labs/lab01/ | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | refinedweb | 661 | 73.47 |
: The Ethics Author: Benedict de Spinoza Posting Date: Release Date: First Posted: Last Updated: May 28, 2009 [EBook #3800] February, 2003 September 26, 2001 July 29, 2007
Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ETHICS ***
Produced by Tom Sharpe. HTML version by Al Haines.
).). hence they may attribute to substances the beginning which they observe in natural objects. its nature. ii.E. it must. which would also necessarily exist (Prop. if . divine and human. therefore.D. iii.--As finite existence involves a partial negation. but one substance only. Q.--It is impossible that there should be in the universe two substances with an identical attribute. if substance be produced by an external cause.E. For in the universe nothing is granted. and. and infinite existence is the absolute affirmation of the given nature. It does not exist as finite. iii. VI.). to comprehend the demonstration of Prop. readily attribute human passions to the deity. for (by Def.e. and Deff. and there would be two substances with an identical attribute. iii.: for such persons make no distinction between the modifications of substances and the substances themselves. especially so long as they do not know how passions originate in the mind.). and have not been accustomed to know them by their primary causes.E.E. Q. Prop vi. Existence belongs to the nature of substances.) that every substance is necessarily infinite. also. Every substance is necessarily infinite. be its own cause--that is. PROP. therefore it cannot be produced by anything external to itself. which is absurd (Prop. Proof. make complete confusion--think that trees might talk just as well as men--that men might be formed from stones as well as from seed.--Hence it follows that a substance cannot be produced by anything external to itself. neither can one be produced by the other. and are ignorant of the manner in which things are produced. Those who are ignorant of true causes. it follows (solely from Prop. vii. But.). its essence necessarily involves existence. therefore (Prop. Now (by the last Prop. involves existence. VIII. Q. Proof.D.) it would then be limited by something else of the same kind.) it would itself not be substance. iv.--Substance cannot be produced by anything external (Corollary. and existence follows from its nature (Prop.D. VII. and imagine that any form might be changed into any other. the knowledge of it would depend on the knowledge of its cause (Ax. either as finite or infinite. ii. For.) substance cannot be produced by another substance. i. one cannot be the cause of the other.--There can only be one substance with an identical attribute.). One substance cannot be produced by another substance. or existence belongs to its nature. PROP.).D. and v. vii. v.--No doubt it will be difficult for those who think about things loosely. It therefore exists as infinite.cannot be granted several substances. So. i. Note I. PROP. vii. This is shown still more readily by the absurdity of the contradictory. save substances and their modifications (as appears from Ax. therefore. Proof. which have anything common to them both (Prop. vii. Q. and (by Def.). Note II. those who confuse the two natures. Corollary.
there must be some cause for the existence of exactly that number. but that he is not sure whether such substance exists. and. For instance. It must. I think that this may profitably be done at once. and to have had no predecessors). Now this cause cannot be contained in the actual nature of man. Consequently. because they are conceived through themselves. and. would be the same as if he said that he had a true idea. yet their essence is so involved in something external to themselves that they may through it be conceived. it will not be enough to show the cause of human existence in general. For. From this it follows that---2. This cause of existence must either be contained in the nature and definition of the thing defined.people would consider the nature of substance. Whereas the only truth substances can have. we must also show why there are exactly twenty men. And we can hence conclude by another process of reasoning--that there is but one such substance. if a given number of individual things exist in nature. In fact. whereas modifications exist in something external to themselves. must consist in their existence. No definition implies or expresses a certain number of individuals. in order to proceed regularly with the demonstration. this proposition would be a universal axiom. or if anyone affirmed that substance is created. they would have no doubt about the truth of Prop. 4. although they may have no actual existence apart from the conceiving intellect. something of which the conception requires not the conception of anything else. For example. inasmuch as it expresses nothing beyond the nature of the thing defined. if twenty men exist in the universe (for simplicity's sake. by substance. It therefore follows that. 3. we may have true ideas of non--existent modifications. and we want to account for the existence of these twenty men. the cause for the existence of these twenty men. for a person to say that he has a clear and distinct--that is. or must be postulated apart from such definition. a true--idea of a substance. vii. and accounted a truism. consequently. would be understood that which is in itself. neither more nor less. external to the intellect. for the true definition of man does not involve any consideration of the number twenty. Therefore. we must premise:---1. Therefore. necessarily be admitted that the existence of substance as its essence is an eternal truth. for. must . of each of them. and is conceived through itself--that is. and a conception of them is formed by means of a conception of the thing in which they exist. The true definition of a thing neither involves nor expresses anything beyond the nature of the thing defined. the definition of a triangle expresses nothing beyond the actual nature of a triangle: it does not imply any fixed number of triangles. it would be the same as saying that a false idea was true--in short. neither more nor less: for a cause must be assigned for the existence of each individual. I will suppose them existing simultaneously. then. the height of absurdity. There is necessarily for each individual existent thing a cause why it should exist. but was not sure whether or no it was false (a little consideration will make this plain).
or for its non--existence--e. must be conceived through itself (Def.). if possible.--An attribute is that which the intellect perceives of substance. it does not exist.). therefore it follows that there is only one substance of the same nature.D. The more reality or being a thing has.necessarily be sought externally to each individual. though two attributes are. each of which expresses a certain eternal and infinite essence.D. God.E. a cause must also be granted. by what sign shall he be able to distinguish different substances. XI. and from its definition alone existence must be deducible. iii. For it is the nature of substance that each of its attributes is conceived through itself. notes ii. conceived as distinct--that is. Consequently it is abundantly clear. and. as it has been shown already that existence appertains to the nature of substance. necessarily exists. which show that there is but one substance in the universe. and none could be produced by any other. of which each expresses eternal and infinite essentiality. as constituting its essence (Def.). wherefore such a sign would be sought in vain. in fact. on the contrary. PROP. But this (Prop. Proof. a reason or cause must be granted for its existence. conceive. the greater the number of its attributes (Def. either for its existence. If anyone now ask. therefore. And. far from an absurdity to ascribe several attributes to one substance: for nothing in nature is more clear than that each and every entity must be conceived under some attribute. that God does not exist: then his essence does not involve existence. which prevents it from existing. PROP.--Of everything whatsoever a cause or reason must be assigned. iii. This reason or cause must . Proof. Each particular attribute of the one substance must be conceived through itself. X. Q. we cannot infer the existence of several substances. that an absolutely infinite being must necessarily be defined as consisting in infinite attributes. Hence we may lay down the absolute rule. Q. iv. let him read the following propositions.. But from its definition (as we have shown. but each expresses the reality or being of substance. iv. existence must necessarily be included in its definition. if.). Note--It is thus evident that. consisting of infinite attributes. It is. IX. PROP. conclude that they constitute two entities. or two different substances.E. Therefore God necessarily exists. or annuls its existence. Another proof. and that it is absolutely infinite. if a triangle exist.g.) is absurd. or substance. inasmuch as all the attributes it has have always existed simultaneously in it. one without the help of the other--yet we cannot. that everything which may consist of several individuals must have an external cause. vii. therefore.--If this be denied. then. and that its reality or being is in proportion to the number of its attributes expressing necessity or eternity and infinity..
Moreover. and cannot possibly appertain thereto. Hence we drew the conclusion that extended substance is one of the infinite attributes of God. inasmuch as he is a supremely perfect being. If. let it be conceived to be divided into two parts. it will consist of an infinite number of such parts. but extended substance. they persist in drawing the conclusion that extended . and. which I am not now discussing). Lastly. Wherefore the weapon which they aimed at us has in reality recoiled upon themselves. if from a single point there be conceived to be drawn two diverging lines which at first are at a definite distance apart. if each part measured only an inch: therefore. is infinite. as they think. the only fair conclusion to be drawn is that: infinite quantity is not measurable. from considering quantity as infinite. until at length it changes from definite to indefinable. of which I will take one or two. it is said. As these absurdities follow. I think an attentive reader will see that I have already answered their propositions. Prop. cannot appertain to the nature of God. if an infinite line be measured out in foot lengths. therefore. and composed of finite parts therefore. from which it is sought to extract the conclusion that extended substance is finite. is passive. It follows.). However. I showed (in Prop. The second argument is also drawn from God's supreme perfection. then one infinite will be twice as large as another infinite. that extended substance must necessarily be finite. from this absurdity of theirs. in order to explain more fully. God. xiv. If the latter. consequently. but merely from the notion that an infinite quantity is measurable. which is absurd. then infinite substance is composed of two finite parts. do not at all follow from the notion of an infinite quantity. one infinity would be twelve times as great as the other. I will refute the arguments of my adversaries. who by them try to prove that extended substance is unworthy of the divine nature. it would equally consist of an infinite number of parts. in so far as it is substance. which is also absurd. insofar as it is divisible. xii. This is exactly what we have already proved (in Prop. If the former. anyone who reflects will see that all these absurdities (if absurdities they be. consists. If extended substance.. However. cannot be passive. that it can appertain to God. it is certain that the distance between the two lines will be continually increased.viii. xiii. that no substance can be produced or created by anything other than itself. Further. This they illustrate with many examples. or consequently. each part will then be either finite or infinite. they say. for all their arguments are founded on the hypothesis that extended substance is composed of parts. Such are the arguments I find on the subject in writers. it is said.). the conclusion is drawn. that besides God no substance can be granted or conceived. wherefore they deny that it can be infinite.). but are produced to infinity. in parts. and cannot be composed of finite parts.) to be absurd. that extended substance does not appertain to the essence of God. which all start from the following points:---Extended substance. and Coroll. and such a hypothesis I have shown (Prop. xii. Further.
v. Further. Assuredly it is not less absurd to assert that extended substance is made up of bodies or parts. also. that matter. is produced and corrupted. Why are we naturally so prone to divide quantity? I answer. not really. So. find that it is infinite. but modally. as we conceive it solely by the intellect. that it is composed of finite parts. and . taking extended substance. especially if it be remembered. water. in so far as it is water. one. whence its parts are distinguished. there does not exist a vacuum in nature (of which anon). in so far as it is substance. and a line of points. after asserting that a line is composed of points. we shall find that it is finite. divisible. but all parts are bound to come together to prevent it. or as substance. is divisible. the others remaining joined together as before? And why should all be so fitted into one another as to leave no vacuum? Surely in the case of things. xii. This will be plain enough to all who make a distinction between the intellect and the imagination. and most of all by those who deny the possibility of a vacuum. and indivisible (Props. If anyone asks me the further question. inasmuch as besides God (by Prop. which can only be conceived as infinite. as we imagine it. but if we regard it as it is represented in our intellect. one. in order to prove that it is finite. we regard quantity as it is represented in our imagination. water. from this point of view it is neither separated nor divisible. founded on the same assumption as the first--namely. All things. This must be admitted by all who know clear reason to be infallible. which it is very difficult to do. and conceive it as substance.) no substance can be granted. but not in so far as it is extended substance. than it would be to assert that a solid is made up of surfaces. If. For if extended substance could be so divided that its parts were really separate. which are really distinct one from the other.. they will in good sooth be acting like a man who asserts that circles have the properties of squares. wherefrom it could receive its modifications. and can remain in its original condition. As. can produce many arguments to prove that a line cannot be infinitely divided. except in so far as we conceive matter as diversely modified. in the abstract and superficially. as I have sufficiently proved. and compounded of parts. viii. that its parts are not distinguishable. Even if it were so.) they assert. and that it can be multiplied and divided. For.substance must be finite. from which all lines drawn to the circumference are equal. then. it is. in so far as it is water. are in God. one can exist without the other. it is neither produced nor corrupted. a surface of lines. I repeat. and composed of parts. in fact. but. that matter is everywhere the same. in so far as it is substance. why should not one part admit of being destroyed. finding himself thereby landed in absurdities. and that extended substance in so far as it is substance cannot be divided. that quantity is conceived by us in two ways. For instance. it follows from this that the parts cannot really be distinguished. which we often and more easily do. I do not know why it should be considered unworthy of the divine nature. we conceive to be divided.. xiv. we shall then. and. proceeds to deny that circles have any center. and indivisible. and its parts to be separated one from the other. I think I have now answered the second argument. others. then.
that solely from the necessity of the divine nature.) the sole free cause. Corollary III. that God is passive in respect to anything other than himself. Corollary II.). either extrinsically or intrinsically. and is not constrained by anyone. Wherefore God acts solely by the laws of his own nature. and acts by the sole necessity of his own nature. and it infers more properties in proportion as the definition of the thing expresses more reality.--It follows: 2.--We have just shown (in Prop. vi.E. wherefore God is (by Def. Corollary II. Proof. that is. vii. that God is the efficient cause of all that can fall within the sphere of an infinite intellect. That there can be no cause which. PROP. or. But enough of this for the present. all things which can fall within the sphere of infinite intellect. and not through an accident of his nature. an infinite number of things absolutely follow in an infinite number of ways. who remembers that from the given definition of any thing the intellect infers several properties.--It follows: 1.).). come to pass solely through the laws of the infinite nature of God. even if it be supposed divisible. i.--Hence it follows.D. which really necessarily follow therefrom (that is. what is the same thing. Q. Q.E. and is not constrained by anyone. xi. or that extended substance is unworthy of the Divine nature. of which each expresses infinite essence after its kind. it follows that from the necessity of its nature an infinite number of things (that is. From the necessity of the divine nature must follow an infinite number of things in infinite ways--that is. thirdly.). XVII.. solely from the laws of his nature. and Prop. so long as it is granted to be infinite and eternal.--It follows.D. Coroll. besides the perfection of his own nature. Wherefore nothing can exist. God acts solely by the laws of his own nature.--This proposition will be clear to everyone. Wherefore it can in nowise be said. that without God nothing can be nor be conceived but that all things are in God. Corollary I. xv. moves God to act. as the divine nature has absolutely infinite attributes (by Def. and follow (as I will shortly show) from the necessity of his essence. PROP. everything which can fall within the sphere of an infinite intellect) must necessarily follow. outside himself. xiv. XVI.E. For God alone exists by the sole necessity of his nature (by Prop. Now.D. that God is the absolutely first cause. from the actual essence of the thing defined). and we proved (in Prop. .--It also follows that God is a cause in himself. whereby he can be conditioned or constrained to act.all things which come to pass. xvi. in proportion as the essence of the thing defined involves more reality. Q. Corollary I. Proof. That God is the sole free cause.
because he can. this seems to be a hypothesis most absurd. Further (to say a word here concerning the intellect and the will which we attribute to God). that those things which we have said follow from his nature--that is. exhaust his omnipotence. in the same way as from the nature of a triangle it follows from eternity and for eternity. and that he creates nothing except that which he has decided. in fact. as they think. that from God's supreme power. therefore. an animal that barks.--Others think that God is a free cause. would have nothing in common with them but the name. But this is the same as if they said. If intellect belongs to the divine nature. and most repugnant to God's omnipotence. for they think that they would thus destroy God's power. if he created all that he understands. to create. and render himself imperfect. that neither intellect nor will appertain to God's nature. I know that there are many who think that they can show.). that supreme intellect and free will do appertain to God's nature. and will for all eternity remain in the same state of activity. I think I have shown sufficiently clearly (by Prop. far more perfect. that God could bring it about. should not come to pass. bring it about. would perforce be as far apart as the poles from the human intellect and will. otherwise. he would. and this. xvi. according to this showing. Wherefore the omnipotence of God has been displayed from all eternity. for they say they know of nothing more perfect. without the aid of this proposition. which he will never be able to create. the heavenly constellation. God had created everything which is in his intellect. they contend. an infinite number of things--that is. or infinite nature. which is absurd. or that from a given cause no effect should follow. they think. in my opinion. although they conceive God as actually supremely intelligent. This manner of treating the question attributes to God an omnipotence. For. we are compelled to confess that God understands an infinite number of creatable things. we should be reduced to establishing at the same time. Moreover.Note. all things have necessarily flowed forth in an infinite number of ways. than that which is the highest perfection in ourselves. if intellect and will appertain to the eternal essence of God. in order to establish that God is perfect. which should constitute the essence of God. he would not be able to create anything more. For intellect and will. they yet do not believe that he can bring into existence everything which he actually understands. If. that its three interior angles are equal to two right angles. or should not be produced by him. which they can attribute to God. we must take these words in some significance quite different from those they usually bear. they prefer to asset that God is indifferent to all things. and a dog. Wherefore. This I will prove as follows. Further. by some absolute exercise of will. However. as ours is generally thought to be. it cannot be in nature. posterior to. I will show below. or simultaneous with the things understood. that he cannot bring to pass everything over which his power extends. inasmuch as God is prior to all things by reason of his causality . for. or always flow from the same necessity. would clash with God's omnipotence. which are in his power. there would be about as much correspondence between the two as there is between the Dog. that it should follow from the nature of a triangle that its three interior angles should not be equal to two right angles.
as we said before.. should be involved in the attributes of substance. by the attributes of God we must understand that which (by Def. viii. therefore. For a cause differs from a thing it causes. xiv.--God (by Def. and God's power. therefore (by Prop.) God is the cause of those things which are in him. On the contrary. Further. eternity must appertain to each of the attributes. i.D. but not of his essence (for the latter is an eternal truth). Now the intellect of God is the cause both of the essence and the existence of our intellect. are eternal.). I say. For example. therefore. This seems to have been recognized by those who have asserted. This is our second point. Wherefore. but must be different in existence. must differ from such effect both in respect to its essence. vii. both of their essence and existence. the intellect of God in so far as it is conceived to constitute the divine essence. Further. it is . i. God's intellect is the sole cause of things. the essence of the other would be destroyed also. Wherefore the intellect of God.) existence appertains to its nature. The reasoning would be identical in the case of the will. that which appertains to substance: that. vi. are in God. namely.). therefore.).) is substance. PROP. because it exists by representation as such in the intellect of God. the truth and formal essence of things is as it is. is. vii. differs from our intellect both in respect to essence and in respect to existence.) I demonstrated the existence of God. xv. nor can it in anywise agree therewith save in name. as anyone can easily see. or (what is the same thing) follows from its definition. Coroll.--This proposition is also evident from the manner in which (in Prop. God's will. As.) expresses the essence of the divine substance--in other words. Proof. that is nothing in itself external to God. and in respect to its existence. This is our first point.D. that is (by Prop.E. both of their essence and of their existence. a thing which is the cause both of the essence and of the existence of a given effect. xvi. but if the essence of one could be destroyed. Q. the cause of things. Q. in reality. which (by Prop. XIX. xvi. is the indwelling and not the transient cause of all things. it must necessarily differ from them in respect to its essence. Coroll. and must be conceived through God (by Prop. God. besides God there can be no substance (by Prop.(Prop. and hence if the existence of one of them cease. and also in respect to its existence. are one and the same.).). Now eternity appertains to the nature of substance (as I have already shown in Prop. God is the indwelling and not the transient cause of all things. and all the attributes of God. xi. and be made false. and thus all are eternal. therefore. therefore..E.--All things which are. Proof. xi.) necessarily exists. in so far as it is conceived to constitute God's essence. therefore. iv. the existence of the other will not necessarily cease also. a man is the cause of another man's existence. Note. the two men may be entirely similar in essence. that God's intellect. God. God is eternal (by Def. precisely in the quality which the latter gains from the former. PROP. XVIII. and.
) and all his attributes are eternal. is necessarily (by Prop. Coroll. which nevertheless (by Prop. obviously.) must necessarily exist. is an eternal truth. I repeat. they must also be able to be changed in respect to essence--that is. or. PROP. the idea of God expressed in the attribute thought. it is limited by thought. is an eternal truth. but it is not limited by thought itself. therefore. from that proof. that something in some attribute of God can follow from the absolute nature of the said attribute. Proof. unless it be limited by thought (by Def. like his essence. and also as not constituting. of my "Principles of the Cartesian Philosophy"). are eternal and infinite through the said attribute. and all the attributes of God. in other words. in so far as it has not constituted the idea of God. the idea of God does not naturally follow from its nature in so far as it is absolute thought (for it is conceived as constituting. be changed from true to false.E. in so far as it is supposed to be an attribute of God.D.--God (by the last Prop. Wherefore God's existence and God's essence are one and the same. that the existence of God. PROP. it is supposed finite. which is against our hypothesis. explain at the same time his eternal existence--in other words. which was our first point. Now thought. thought not constituting the idea of God. I. if it be possible (supposing the proposition to be denied). or. It cannot. which is absurd. For . Proof. anything else in any attribute of God (for we may take any example.--Hence it follows that God's existence. the said thing must necessarily be infinite. a thing which thus follows from the necessity of the nature of any attribute cannot have a limited duration. and that at the same time it is finite. the idea of God). as the proof is of universal application) follows from the necessity of the absolute nature of the said attribute. ii. Furthermore. viii. xix.evident. and. XX. for instance.) in its nature infinite. be conceived as finite. Wherefore.). indeed.) each of his attributes expresses existence. in so far as it has constituted the idea of God (for so far it is supposed to be finite). Further (in Prop. Q. if the idea of God expressed in the attribute thought. which I need not here repeat. We have now granted. II--Secondly. it follows that God. accordingly. XXI. however. in another manner. All things which follow from the absolute nature of any attribute of God must always exist and be infinite. that which constitutes God's essence constitutes at the same time his existence. But. I have proved the eternity of God. The existence of God and his essence are one and the same. For if they could be changed in respect to existence. therefore. Coroll. in so far as it possesses the idea of God. and has a conditioned existence or duration. xi. xi. are unchangeable. Therefore the same attributes of God which explain his eternal essence. like his essence.--Conceive. that is (by Def.
that is. v. Whatsoever follows from any attribute of God. and Prop. that is (by Prop. and solely through God can be conceived.--Hence it follows that God is not only the cause of things coming into existence. in other words (Def. which exists necessarily and as infinite. in so far as it is modified by a modification. thought being given. must necessarily exist unchanged (by Prop. the idea of God expressed in the attribute thought. Proof. or from an attribute modified by a modification which exists necessarily. which necessarily exists as infinite.--A mode exists in something else. God is cause of the being of things (essendi rerum). XXIV. in so far as such attribute is conceived as expressing the infinity and necessity of existence. Now thought being an attribute of God. For whether things exist. XXII. the idea of God necessarily flowed therefrom. in so far as it is considered absolutely.). that is. which exists both necessarily and as infinite. PROP. it exists solely in God. but through the said attribute is eternal. suppose a thing. For that of which the nature (considered in itself) involves existence is self--caused. xxii. cannot have a limited duration. or to be about not to exist.) or through the means of some modification. either immediately (Prop. Therefore the idea of God expressed in thought..).if it can. must necessarily follow either from the absolute nature of some attribute of God. xx. or anything which necessarily follows from the absolute nature of some attribute of God. Proof. or not to be going to exist) thought would perforce have existed without the idea of God. for we supposed that. therefore. xi. which in any attribute necessarily follows from God's absolute nature. and let it be supposed at some time not to have existed. to exist in some attribute of God. . A mode. xv.--The proof of this proposition is similar to that of the preceding one. and exists by the sole necessity of its own nature. i. which is our second point. Bear in mind that the same proposition may be affirmed of anything. xxi. that is (Prop. which is contrary to our hypothesis.). Every mode. PROP. it must necessarily be inferred or perceived through some attribute of God. but also of their continuing in existence. Corollary.) eternity. must also exist necessarily and as infinite.). viii.. for instance. through which it must be conceived (Def. which follows from the necessity of the nature of some attribute. If therefore a mode is conceived as necessarily existing and infinite. ii. and beyond the limits of the duration of the idea of God (supposing the latter at some time not to have existed. in scholastic phraseology. must follow from the absolute nature of some attribute of God. which exists necessarily and as infinite. PROP. Coroll. XXIII. and as infinite. The essence of things produced by God does not involve existence. Proof. through the said attribute. which follows from the absolute nature of the said attribute.--This proposition is evident from Def.
Proof. PROP. and therefore the essence of things can (by Ax. or be conditioned to act.E. xiv. xvi. it cannot be the cause of either the one or the other. and has a conditioned existence.D. and xvi. God is the cause of the essence of things. and that which has not been conditioned by God cannot condition itself to act. has been thus conditioned by God (by Prop. This will be made still clearer by the following corollary. i. the essence of things must be inferred from it. cannot exist or be conditioned to act. PROP. For if a thing. which also is finite. xv. and likewise this cause cannot in its turn exist.. XXVII. therefore both of its essence and of its existence God by the necessity of his nature is the efficient cause (Props.) be conceived without God. Coroll. v. (Prop. and Prop. and so on to infinity.or do not exist. For it is evident thereby that. cannot render itself unconditioned. or everything which is finite and has a conditioned existence. The proof appears from Prop.D. Q. Proof. given the divine nature. inasmuch as to him alone does existence appertain. xxvi. A thing which is conditioned to act in a particular manner. Coroll. consequently.). no less than their existence--in a word. XXVIII. we see that it involves neither existence nor duration. which also is finite.) is absurd. Proof. unless it be conditioned for existence and action by a cause other than itself. A thing. XXV. and this. or modes by which the attributes of God are expressed in a fixed and definite manner.) Q. XXVI. the first part of our proof would be false. unless it be conditioned for existence and action by another cause. PROP. has necessarily been thus conditioned by God. God is the efficient cause not only of the existence of things. Corollary.--Individual things are nothing but modifications of the attributes of God. then God is not the cause of the essence of things. God must be called the cause of all things. PROP. Our second point is plainly to be inferred therefrom. God must be the sole cause. This (by Prop. which has not been conditioned by God.). Every individual thing. . xxv. in the same sense as he is called the cause of himself.--This proposition is evident from the third axiom. and has a conditioned existence. Proof. as we have shown is absurd.--If this be denied.--Whatsoever is conditioned to exist and act. and Def. could condition itself.--This proposition follows more clearly from Prop. Therefore. this is our first point. xv. which has been conditioned by God to act in a particular way. but also of their essence. whenever we contemplate their essence.E. xxiv. iv. Note.--That by which things are said to be conditioned to act in a particular manner is necessarily something positive (this is obvious).
Coroll. It must. are in God.). and not contingent. or from any of his attributes. it is impossible. the modes of the divine nature follow therefrom necessarily. as is usually stated. i. Proof. Coroll. xvi. is in God (Prop. cannot be produced by the absolute nature of any attribute of God.). But all things which are.). For the effects of God cannot either exist or be conceived without a cause (Prop. for whatsoever follows from the absolute nature of any attribute of God is infinite and eternal (by Prop. This is our first point. which. namely those things which necessarily follow from his absolute nature. But from God. That God cannot properly be styled the remote cause of individual things. and Def.--Whatsoever is. which also is finite. and has a conditioned existence.--As certain things must be produced immediately by God. in so far as the latter is modified by a modification infinite and eternal. in so far as the said attribute is considered as in some way modified. except for the sake of distinguishing these from what he immediately produces. and so on (for the same reason) to infinity. existence and action by God or one of his attributes. and they thus follow. and not contingently (Prop. xv. this last by another (for the same reason). or rather from what follows from his absolute nature. but all things are conditioned to exist and operate in a particular manner by the necessity of the divine nature. 2. contrariwise. Wherefore it must follow from.D.). in so far as the latter are modified by some modification which is finite. and has a conditioned existence. xxiv. it follows:--1. but also in so far as they are considered as conditioned for operating in a particular manner (Prop. and so depend on God. Wherefore all things are conditioned by the necessity of the divine nature. Again. that they should render themselves unconditioned. Nothing in the universe is contingent. XXIX. by a remote cause. and Prop. or whether we consider it as in any way conditioned to act (Prop. nevertheless. not after his kind. xxi. follow from some attribute of God. xi. and has a conditioned existence. Further. xv. Note. it is impossible. God is not only the cause of these modes.). But God cannot be called a thing contingent. this cause or this modification (for the reason by which we established the first part of this proof) must in its turn be conditioned by another cause. and there is nothing . that they should condition themselves.But that which is finite. PROP. if they be conditioned by God. that without him they can neither be nor be conceived.E. and not contingent. we understand a cause which is in no way conjoined to the effect. xxiv. iii. whether we consider the divine nature absolutely. therefore. For (by Prop. can neither exist nor be conceived without God. xxvi. and.). If they be not conditioned by God (Prop. That God is absolutely the proximate cause of those things immediately produced by him. and not contingently. xxvii. I say absolutely.. again. but also to exist and operate in a particular manner. For.).). Further.). Q. through the means of these primary attributes. v. while modes are merely modifications of the attributes of God.) he exists necessarily. for substance and modes make up the sum total of existence (by Ax. a conditioned thing cannot follow. in so far as they simply exist (by Prop. not only to exist. xxvi. or be conditioned for.
but only a certain mode of thinking. ii) God. For we cannot perceive anything without adding to our knowledge of the act of understanding. but only a necessary cause.). through some attribute of God which expresses the eternal and infinite essence of thought. in other words (Prop. Coroll. v. in other words (obviously).. The intellect in function. Will cannot be called a free cause.--By the intellect we do not (obviously) mean absolute thought. Coroll. or of any of the attributes of God.D. in function finite. and nothing else. or those attributes of substance. admit that there is such a thing as intellect in potentiality: but. by speaking of intellect in function. desire. and Def. it is sufficiently clear. namely. Note. that without such attribute it could neither be nor be conceived. xiv. and cannot without God either be or be conceived. what we should understand by nature viewed as active (natura naturans).E. and nature viewed as passive (natura naturata). or rather call attention to it.D. vi. I say to explain. XXX.. xiv. in so far as he is considered as a free cause. i.. PROP. or in function infinite.. which express eternal and infinite essence. from what has been said.. Proof. Therefore the intellect. XXXII. &c. whether finite or infinite. wishing to avoid all confusion. love.--I do not here. and therefore (Def.) there is no substance save God. all the modes of the attributes of God. PROP. and Prop. in function (actu) finite. Q. differing from other modes. It must therefore be referred to nature passive rather than to nature active.--Before going any further. that is. and nothing else. of the very act of understanding.) requiring to be conceived through absolute thought. But in nature (by Prop. Proof. as will.) which are in God. Intellect. Note. be so conceived. like . nor any modifications save those (Prop.that is contingent.E.. or in function infinite.--Will is only a particular mode of thinking. Proof.D. By nature viewed as passive I understand all that which follows from the necessity of the nature of God. in so far as they are considered as things which are in God. xvii. I wish here to explain. XXXI.E. for I think that. Q.--A true idea must agree with its object (Ax. vi. desire. &c. Coroll. I desire to speak only of what is most clearly perceived by us. such as love. that which is contained in the intellect in representation must necessarily be granted in nature. Q. and which without God cannot exist or be conceived. that by nature viewed as active we should understand that which is in itself. xv. i. and is conceived through itself.). It must (by Prop. must comprehend the attributes of God and the modifications of God. should be referred to passive nature and not to active nature. must comprehend the attributes of God and the modifications of God. than which nothing is more clearly perceived. PROP. xv. as must also the other modes of thinking.
Coroll. could have been of a different nature.D. But if will be supposed infinite.) is absurd. PROP. secondly. Therefore things could not have been brought into being by God in any other manner. or from a given efficient cause. If things. and rest. xiv. xi. and therefore (by Prop. when will or intellect be granted. or have been conditioned to act in a different way. Q. xxiii. xvi. like the rest. And although.D. I. vii. For will. that God does not act according to freedom of the will.) that different nature also would have perforce existed. and absolutely all natural phenomena. i.) no volition can exist. first. unless it be conditioned by some cause other than itself. Things could not have been brought into being by God in any manner or in any order different from that which has in fact obtained. not by virtue of his being substance absolutely infinite. Q. but I will first explain the words necessary and impossible. either from its essence and definition. stands in need of a cause. and so on to infinity. but stands in the same relation to him as motion. rest. xxviii. an infinite number of results may follow. For similar reasons a thing is . whether as finite or infinite. XXXIII. yet God cannot on that account be said to act from freedom of the will. and to be conditioned by it to exist and act in a particular manner. but by virtue of his possessing an attribute which expresses the infinite and eternal essence of thought (by Prop. and consequently there would have been able to be two or more Gods. therefore (by Prop.E. Thus (Def.). which cause is conditioned by a third cause. and by the nature of God are conditioned to exist and act in a particular way (Prop. Thus.--Hence it follows. it must also be conditioned to exist and act by God. which must be conditioned by God (Prop. that will and intellect stand in the same relation to the nature of God as do motion.). it requires a cause by which it should be conditioned to exist and act.E. This (by Prop. for the existence of a thing necessarily follows. II. therefore.) it cannot be called a free cause.). God's nature would also have been able to be different from what it now is. that there is nothing to justify us in calling things contingent.) to exist and act in a particular manner. Note I.--As I have thus shown. more clearly than the sun at noonday. xxix. however it be conceived. any more than the infinite number of results from motion and rest would justify us in saying that motion and rest act by free will.--It follows.intellect. and the like. Wherefore will no more appertains to God than does anything else in nature. but only a necessary or constrained cause. by which it is conditioned to exist and act in a particular manner. Coroll. &c. Coroll. so that the order of nature would have been different. xxix.. A thing is called necessary either in respect to its essence or in respect to its cause. which we have shown to follow from the necessity of the divine nature. nor be conditioned to act. Proof--All things necessarily follow from the nature of God (Prop. I wish to explain briefly what meaning we shall attach to the word contingent.
God would be convicted of imperfection or change. that things could not have been by him created other than they are. Wherefore we call it contingent or possible. different from those which he has ordained--in other words. or never could have decreed anything but what is. inasmuch as its essence or definition involves a contradiction. xvii. I say.said to be impossible. we should clearly gather (as I have just shown). But. and will refuse to give their minds up to contemplating it. and would not exist without them. this is easily proved. There is no need for me to repeat what I have said in the note to Prop. and also a different will. we are still in doubt concerning the existence. in short.--It clearly follows from what we have said. But persons who say this must admit that God can change his decrees. for it has compelled us to affirm his perfection. But if it were allowable to assign to God a different intellect and a different will. without any change in his essence or his . save in relation to the imperfection of our knowledge. or because no external cause is granted. for the sake of my opponents. inasmuch as they have necessarily followed from a most perfect nature. it nevertheless follows from his perfection. They assign to him. If it were otherwise. Note II. or after. that each thing is what it is. If it were otherwise. God would not be the cause of all things. if we reflect on what our opponents themselves concede. or of which. but a thing can in no respect be called contingent.) have deduced. I will show further. which is conditioned to produce such an effect. that God never can decree. for if things had been brought into being in any other way. they will reject such freedom as they now attribute to God. we should have to assign to God a nature different from that. However. if he had willed and conceived something different concerning nature--he would perforce have had a different intellect from that which he has. I do not doubt. cannot appear to us either necessary or impossible. hence it follows solely from the perfection of God. namely. we could not therefore conclude any imperfection in God. but also as a great impediment to organized knowledge. or in a different order. Further. or had ordained other decrees from all eternity concerning nature and her order. I am also convinced that if such persons reflect on the matter. it is said. vii. that it depends solely on the decree and will of God. For if God had ordained any decrees concerning nature and her order. From its contrary proposition. But in eternity there is no such thing as when. before. that all the decrees of God have been ratified from all eternity by God himself. simply because they are accustomed to assign to God a freedom very different from that which we (Def. that God is not supremely perfect. that things have been brought into being by God in the highest perfection. But. knowing that it does not involve a contradiction. not only as nugatory. A thing of which we do not know whether the essence does or does not involve a contradiction. which we are bound to attribute to him from the consideration of an absolutely perfect being. that God did not exist before his decrees. namely. supposing that God had made a different universe. absolute free will. because the order of causes escapes us. and duly weigh in their minds our series of propositions. Nor does this prove any imperfection in God. that many will scout this idea as absurd.--such a thing. that although it be granted that will pertains to the essence of God.
however they be conceived. that which is in them. and which causes them to be called perfect or imperfect. that he should understand things differently from the way in which he does understand them? This (as we have just shown) is the height of absurdity. Proof. For these latter persons seem to set up something beyond God. there is in things no perfection nor imperfection.perfection. and asserts that they are all dependent on his fiat. therefore. But God's will cannot be different (as we have just most clearly demonstrated) from God's perfection. In order that things should be different from what they are. God's will would necessarily have to be different. and God's will. I need. PROP. by . and to create them in the same perfection as he had understood them. Therefore neither can things be different. we can have no sound reason for persuading ourselves to believe that God did not wish to create all the things which were in his intellect. might bring it about by his will. which is absurd. who necessarily understands that which he wishes. as they also admit that God's intellect. which does not depend on God. and vice versâ. Wherefore the power of God. all the philosophers whom I have read admit that God's intellect is entirely actual. his essence would also have been different. it follows that. and as the truth of this proposition follows from the supreme perfection of God. xvi. he might have brought it about that what is now perfection should be extreme imperfection. but an open declaration that God. but which God in acting looks to as an exemplar. God's power is identical with his essence. If God had so willed. if God had had a different actual intellect and a different will. that is (as is admitted) his essence would perforce have been different. spend no time in refuting such wild theories. Wherefore. What is such an assertion.). what would there be to prevent him changing the decrees which he has made concerning created things. it will be said. as I concluded at first. and thus. and God's essence are identical. and Coroll. As these things could not have been brought into being by God in any but the actual way and order which has obtained. God's intellect and will. if things had been brought into being by God in a different way from that which has obtained.--From the sole necessity of the essence of God it follows that God is the cause of himself (Prop. as follows:--All things depend on the power of God. good or bad. XXXIV. I confess. whom we have shown to be the first and only free cause of the essence of all things and also of their existence. depends solely on the will of God. an utter absurdity in respect to God. in respect to his essence and perfection. and nevertheless remaining perfect? For his intellect and will concerning things created and their order are the same. and not at all potential. I may turn the argument against its employers. But.) and of all things (Prop. is less far from the truth than the theory of those. that the theory which subjects all things to the will of an indifferent deity. or which he aims at as a definite goal. Further. xi. who maintain that God acts in all things with a view of promoting what is good. This is only another name for subjecting God to the dominion of destiny.
as I have explained it above. that God himself directs all things to a definite goal (for it is said that God made all things for man. expresses in a given conditioned manner God's power. that all things are predetermined by God. asking first.D. lastly. xxv. that without him they could neither exist nor be conceived. that men think themselves free inasmuch as they are conscious of their volitions and desires. namely.E. not through his free will or absolute fiat. therefore an effect must (by Prop. There is no cause from whose nature some effect does not follow. is identical with his essence. necessarily exists. that all things are in God. XXXV. that it necessarily follows therefrom. if I assume as a starting point. and acts solely by the necessity of his own nature. but from the very nature of God or infinite power. taken care to remove the prejudices. first. and the like. of the causes which have disposed them so to wish and desire. this is not the place to deduce these misconceptions from the nature of the human mind: it will be sufficient here. Proof. order and confusion. that he is the free cause of all things. PROP.). and never even dream.. that he is one: that he is. I will.).--Whatsoever exists expresses God's nature or essence in a given conditioned manner (by Prop. I have therefore thought it worth while to bring these misconceptions before the bar of reason.--Whatsoever is in God's power. I will show how it has given rise to prejudices about good and bad. PROP. . must (by the last Prop.E.D. Q. I will point out its falsity. Whatsoever we conceive to be in the power of God. All such opinions spring from the notion commonly entertained. which might and may prove very grave hindrances to the understanding of the concatenation of things. what ought to be universally admitted. therefore. why it obtains general credence. that all men are born ignorant of the causes of things. praise and blame. (by Prop.D. which might impede the comprehension of my demonstrations. in their ignorance. that all have the desire to seek for what is useful to them. Q.) be comprehended in his essence in such a manner. namely. and therefore necessarily exists. xxxiv. and why all men are naturally so prone to adopt it? secondly. Q. and how he is so. lastly. However. and man that he might worship him). beauty and ugliness.) necessarily follow. that all things in nature act as men themselves act. It is accepted as certain. Coroll. xvi. Yet there still remain misconceptions not a few. and. and so depend on him. consider this opinion. and that they are conscious of such desire. I have shown that he necessarily exists. I have further. with an end in view.E. right and wrong. where occasion afforded. whatsoever exists. XXXVI. APPENDIX: In the foregoing I have explained the nature and properties of God.which he and all things are and act. Herefrom it follows. Proof. that is. which is the cause of all things.
teeth for chewing. they cannot believe them to be self--created. and thus to retain their actual and innate condition of ignorance. such as storms. they are bound to believe in some ruler or rulers of the universe endowed with human freedom. they think they have cause for believing. that good and evil fortunes fall to the lot of pious and impious alike. because the gods are angry at some wrong done to them by men. as they find in themselves and outside themselves many means which assist them not a little in the search for what is useful. than to destroy the whole fabric of their reasoning and start afresh. they are compelled to turn to considering themselves. if mathematics had not furnished another standard of verity in considering solely the essence and properties of figures without regard to their final causes. a different way of worshipping God. the gods. but. they come to look on the whole of nature as a means for obtaining such conveniences. that they found these conveniences and did not make them. judging from the means which they are accustomed to prepare for themselves. according to his abilities. still they would not abandon their inveterate prejudice. that God's judgments far transcend human understanding. herbs and animals for yielding food. who have arranged and adapted everything for human use. and direct the whole course of nature for the satisfaction of his blind cupidity and insatiable avarice. As they look upon things as means. Further. as having no cause for further doubt. They therefore laid down as an axiom. that men do all things for an end. so that God might love him more than his fellows. . and have led them to the knowledge of the truth. and when these are learned. and reflecting what end would have induced them personally to bring about the given event. that some other being has made them for their use. and which they seek. which might have caused men's minds to be directed to these general prejudices. namely. and took deep root in the human mind. They are bound to estimate the nature of such rulers (having no information on the subject) in accordance with their own nature. or at some fault committed in their worship. but in their endeavor to show that nature does nothing in vain. diseases. and for this reason everyone strove most zealously to understand and explain the final causes of things. eyes for seeing. If they cannot learn such causes from external sources. the sea for breeding fish. the result: among the many helps of nature they were bound to find some hindrances. for that which is useful to them. in order to bind man to themselves and obtain from him the highest honor. I pray you. earthquakes. that everyone thought out for himself. nothing which is useless to man.Secondly. There are other reasons (which I need not mention here) besides mathematics.: so they declared that such things happen. they are content. Hence also it follows. Consider. and men are all mad together. Thus it comes to pass that they only look for a knowledge of the final causes of events.e. Experience day by day protested and showed by infinite examples. Such a doctrine might well have sufficed to conceal the truth from the human race for all eternity. and therefore they assert that the gods ordained everything for the use of man. Now as they are aware. for instance. the sun for giving light. for it was more easy for them to class such contradictions among other unknown things of whose use they were ignorant. they only seem to have demonstrated that nature. and thus they necessarily judge other natures by their own. i.. &c. Thus the prejudice developed into superstition. &c.
and being ignorant of the causes of so great a work of art. thus showing that they have no other method of exhibiting their doctrine. that God lacked those things for whose attainment he created means. again. and why was the man at that very time walking that way?" If you again answer. not to the impossible. That which is really a cause it considers as an effect. Certainly. both from the causes and foundations on which I have shown such prejudice to be based. and. and are therefore driven to admit (as they clearly must). not for the sake of creation." they will insist.. they will demonstrate by their new method. They are unable to point to anything prior to creation. that nature has no particular goal in view. This. the effect which requires for its production several intermediate causes is. that the wind had then sprung up because the sea had begun to be agitated the day before. how could so many circumstances (and there are often many concurrent circumstances) have all happened together by chance? Perhaps you will answer that the event is due to the facts that the wind was blowing. and that which is highest and most perfect to be most imperfect. and has been so put together that one part shall not hurt . till at last you take refuge in the will of God--in other words. and with the utmost perfection. We must not omit to notice that the followers of this doctrine. in fact. if a stone falls from a roof on to someone's head. and that the man had been invited by a friend. in order to overthrow this doctrine of a final cause utterly. when they survey the frame of the human body. for. the sanctuary of ignorance. as an object for which God should act. and further that he desired them. theologians and metaphysicians draw a distinction between the object of want and the object of assimilation. So. xxiii. I will add a few remarks. but by divine and supernatural skill. xxi.I have now sufficiently explained my first point. and also from Prop. Further. still they confess that God made all things for the sake of himself. all those propositions in which I have shown. xvi. they are amazed. But if those things which were made immediately by God were made to enable him to attain his end. "was the wind blowing. and the Corollary of Prop. more imperfect. and the man was walking that way. but to ignorance. and that final causes are mere human figments.. for the sake of which the first were made.. in that respect. I think. the weather being previously calm. if God acts for an object. xxxii. For example. However. this doctrine does away with the perfection of God: for. anxious to display their talent in assigning final causes. and vice versâ: it makes that which is by nature first to be last.. they will again insist: "But why was the sea agitated. that everything in nature proceeds from a sort of necessity. conclude that it has been fashioned. that the effect is most perfect which is produced immediately by God. he necessarily desires something which he lacks. except God himself. have imported a new method of argument in proof of their theory--namely. then the things which come after. if it had not by God's will fallen with that object. that the stone fell in order to kill the man. and kills him. xxii. are necessarily the most excellent of all. "But why. Passing over the questions of cause and priority as self--evident. not mechanically. a reduction. is already evident enough. There is no need to show at length. and why was the man invited at that time?" So they will pursue their questions from cause to cause. it is plain from Props.
badness. except in relation to our imagination--and say that God has created all things in order. and can consequently be easily remembered. and arranged everything. and very many others which confound its weakness. when I treat of human nature. When phenomena are of such a kind. healthy or rotten and corrupt. being really ignorant both of things and their own nature. inasmuch as they believe that everything was created for the sake of themselves. that the impression they make on our senses requires little effort of imagination. and to account those things the best of all which have the most beneficial effect on mankind. as things which are easily imagined are more pleasing to us. and inasmuch as those who do not understand the nature of things do not verify phenomena in any way.another. For instance. they are styled ugly. Further. the former I will briefly explain here. with the removal of ignorance. the wonder which forms their only available means for proving and preserving their authority would vanish also. But I now quit this subject. indeed. and. the objects causing it are styled beautiful. far surpassing our imagination. If this be their theory. we say that they are well--ordered. Things which are perceived through our sense of smell are . beauty. deformity. everything which hinders these objects they have styled bad. and mistake their imagination for understanding. perhaps. sin and merit. according as they are affected by it. if the motion which objects we see communicate to our nerves be conducive to health. But enough has been said on this subject. and so on. Further. they would not. but merely imagine them after a fashion. thus. I will speak of these latter hereafter. and pass on to my third point. that they are ill--ordered or confused. such as goodness. be daunted by the fact that we find an infinite number of phenomena. such persons firmly believe that there is an order in things. cold. if a contrary motion be excited. they were bound to consider as the chief quality in everything that which is most useful to themselves. in which the imagination is differently affected: though they are considered by the ignorant as the chief attributes of things. warmth. is set down and denounced as an impious heretic by those. they would have it that God foresaw human imagination. Everything which conduces to health and the worship of God they have called good. order. they were bound to form abstract notions for the explanation of the nature of things. unless. After men persuaded themselves. and from the belief that they are free agents arose the further notions of praise and blame. Such persons know that. style it good or bad. men prefer order to confusion--as though there were any order in nature. The other abstract notions are nothing but modes of imagining. and strives to understand natural phenomena as an intelligent being. that everything which is created is created for their sake. if the contrary. without knowing it. whom the masses adore as the interpreters of nature and the gods. confusion. Hence anyone who seeks for the true causes of miracles. and not to gaze at them like a fool. attributing imagination to God. so that it should be most easily imagined.
It is commonly said: "So many men. easily confuted. loathsome deformity. If all things follow from a necessity of the absolutely perfect nature of God. that men judge of things according to their mental disposition. and rather imagine than understand: for. To those who ask why God did not so create all men. that the motion of the heavenly bodies gives rise to harmony--all of which instances sufficiently show that everyone judges of things according to the state of his brain. more strictly. therefore. as things corrupt to the point of putridity. or harmony. I call them entities imaginary rather than real. hard or soft. so that what seems good to one seems bad to another. or. and finally skepticism: for. and. In this last case. they would. as though they were entities. if through our taste. and so on. because this is not the place to treat the subject at length. things are not more or less perfect. or rather mistakes for things the forms of his imagination. xvi. confusion. and do not indicate the true nature of anything. as to suffice for the production of everything conceivable by an infinite intelligence. if they understood phenomena. We need no longer wonder that there have arisen all the controversies we have witnessed. although human bodies in many respects agree. and philosophers are not lacking who have persuaded themselves. what seems well ordered to one seems confused to another. But these reasoners are. Such are the misconceptions I have undertaken to note. if through our touch. by what I have urged. that all the explanations commonly given of nature are mere modes of imagining. Whatsoever affects our ears is said to give rise to noise. or according as they are serviceable or repugnant to mankind. what is pleasing to one displeases another. but only the constitution of the imagination. yet in very many others they differ. I need not further enumerate. there are men lunatic enough to believe. &c. brains differ as completely as palates.styled fragrant or fetid. sweet or bitter. why are there so many imperfections in nature? such. and also because the fact is sufficiently well known. We have now perceived. sin. I give no answer but this: because matter was not lacking to him for the creation of every degree of perfection from highest to lowest. &c. full--flavored or insipid. and. be convinced. rough or smooth. existing externally to the imagination. that they should be governed only by reason. according as they delight or offend human senses. so many minds. for the perfection of things is to be reckoned only from their own nature and power. as I have said. if there are any more of the same sort. . for instance. as mathematicians attest. if not attracted. evil. everyone may easily dissipate them for himself with the aid of a little reflection. because the laws of his nature are so vast. as I have shown in Prop. all arguments against us drawn from such abstractions are easily rebutted. everyone is wise in his own way. although they have names." All of which proverbs show. that even God himself takes pleasure in harmony. sound. Many argue in this way.
(See Pt. Prop. xxv. all of them (for we proved in Part i. namely.Part II. or by its efficient cause. which must necessarily follow from the essence of God. not. By particular things. but does not take it away. I mean the mental conception which is formed by the mind as a thinking thing. Reality and perfection I use as synonymous terms. and. i.. whereas conception seems to express an activity of the mind. DEFINITION III. the thing is necessarily given also. Explanation. which necessarily gives the existence of the thing. that without which the thing.) DEFINITION II. xvi. I mean an idea which. indeed. I mean things which are finite and have a conditioned existence. to the knowledge of the human mind and its highest blessedness. because it cannot be determined through the existence itself of the existing thing.--I say indefinite. I consider as belonging to the essence of a thing that. and which itself without the thing.--I say conception rather than perception. in so far as he is considered as an extended thing. that an infinite number must follow in an infinite number of ways). ON THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF THE MIND PREFACE I now pass on to explaining the results. the thing is necessarily removed also. which being removed. as it were by the hand. By idea.. because the word perception seems to imply that the mind is passive in respect to the object. which being given. Coroll. the agreement between the idea and its object (ideatum). in other words. or of the eternal and infinite being. By an adequate idea. in so far as it is considered in itself. Explanation. Prop.--I say intrinsic. DEFINITION VI. but only those which are able to lead us. can neither be nor be conceived. DEFINITION V. in order to exclude that mark which is extrinsic. DEFINITIONS DEFINITION I. without relation to the object. By body I mean a mode which expresses in a certain determinate manner the essence of God. but if several . Duration is the indefinite continuance of existing. DEFINITION VII.. DEFINITION IV.. Explanation. has all the properties or intrinsic marks of a true idea.
IV. in the order of nature. or any other of the passions. or God is an extended thing. but also of all things which necessarily follow from his . so far. is. unless there be in the same individual an idea of the thing loved. Thought. Prop. necessarily. II. or this and that thought. do not take place. come to pass that this or that man does or does not exist. In other words.). We feel and perceive no particular things. it may. so is it conceived as containing more reality or perfection. The Postulates are given after the conclusion of Prop. Extension is an attribute of God. that is. PROP. which express God's eternal and infinite essence (Pt.B. We perceive that a certain body is affected in many ways. AXIOMS I. desired. Therefore a being. Q. v.. Thought is an attribute of God. The essence of man does not involve necessary existence. i. or God is a thinking thing. therefore. i. Modes of thinking. are modes which.) one of the infinite attributes of God.--This proposition is also evident from the fact. For. III. Proof. desire.. so as to be all simultaneously the effect of one cause..--Particular thoughts.) of which the concept is involved in all particular thoughts. as we were desirous of showing. we conceive an infinite being. PROP. save bodies and modes of thought. in a certain conditioned manner. from the consideration of thought alone. i. In God there is necessarily the idea not only of his essence. &c. as one particular thing. such as love. vi. xxv..D. express the nature of God (Pt. II. Man thinks. and vi. V. Def. xiii. which latter are conceived thereby.. God is a thinking thing. therefore. III. which can think an infinite number of things in an infinite number of ways. PROPOSITIONS PROP.individual things concur in one action. But the idea can exist without the presence of any other mode of thinking. i. N. Proof. thought is necessarily (Pt. Def. I. iv. infinite. that we are able to conceive an infinite thinking being. in proportion as a thinking being is conceived as thinking more thoughts. Coroll. As. in respect of thinking. Note.). is one of the infinite attributes of God.--The proof of this proposition is similar to that of the last. God therefore possesses the attribute (Pt.E. Deff. I consider them all.
). Wherefore the actual being of ideas owns for cause God.. solely because he is a thinking thing. not in so far as he is unfolded in any other attribute. unless he is scrupulously careful not to confound the power of God with the human power and right of kings. Prop.).E. and the right over all things that exist. Q.. as to conceive him as non--existent. to the end. It may be differently proved as follows: the actual being of ideas is (obviously) a mode of thought. wherefrom an infinite number of things follow in infinite ways. xxx. that God's power is identical with God's essence in action. or in the likeness of a man). Prop.. Prop. can only be one. I would only beg the reader again and again. If we might pursue the subject further. We there drew the conclusion.. from which an infinite number of things follow in infinite ways. PROP. i. that is (Part i. in so far as he is a thinking thing. Therefore. in other words. and of all things which follow necessarily therefrom. I could point out. the power of God is very often likened to the power of kings. therefore it is as impossible for us to conceive God as not acting. .) Note. The actual being of ideas owns God as its cause.. that God understands himself. that God can form the idea of his essence. that the power which is commonly attributed to God is not only human (as showing that God is conceived by the multitude as a man. the ideas both of the attributes of God and of particular things do not own as their efficient cause their objects (ideata) or the things perceived. but God himself in so far as he is a thinking thing.). and we have shown (Part i. Further. xxxii. We further showed (Part i.. However. xvi.) can form the idea of his essence.). Part i. such an idea as we are considering necessarily is. PROP. xvi.--The multitude understand by the power of God the free will of God.D.. that is. of this Part) can think an infinite number of things in infinite ways. as that by which he understands himself.. by Prop. but involves a negation of power. Proof. as it follows from the necessity of the divine nature (as all admit). I am unwilling to go over the same ground so often.--God (by the first Prop. xxxv. Q. and ii. V. only in so far as he is considered as a thinking thing.E. and in God alone. and not because he is the object of his own idea. can only be one. which latter are accordingly generally considered as contingent. Coroll. iii.essence. For it is said that God has the power to destroy all things. Proof. i. xiv. Prop.).--Infinite intellect comprehends nothing save the attributes of God and his modifications (Part i. (Part i. Prop. But this doctrine we have refuted (Pt. i. Now all that is in the power of God necessarily is (Pt. and to reduce them to nothing. Prop.D. of this Part..) that God acts by the same necessity. The idea of God.--This proposition is evident from Prop. Prop. xv. Proof. Corolls. that God performs infinite acts in infinite ways.. and of all things which necessarily follow therefrom. or (what is the same thing. so also does it follow by the same necessity. Now God is one (Part i. No one will be able to follow my meaning. to turn over frequently in his mind what I have said in Part I from Prop. Prop. xvi. IV. xxxiv.. Therefore the idea of God.
and the idea of a circle existing. VII. For the idea of everything that is caused depends on a knowledge of the cause. in so far as he is considered as a thinking thing. Corollary. Q. The modes of any given attribute are caused by God. So. and not in so far as he is considered through any other..D. and not in so far as he is considered through any other attribute. I wish to recall to mind what has been pointed out above--namely. For instance. and are derived from their particular attribute.). iv.) involves the conception of no other attribute of God.--This proposition is evident from Part i. PROP. that whatsoever can be perceived by the infinite intellect as constituting the essence of substance. or under any other attribute. The order and connection of ideas is the same as the order and connection of things. the same things following in either case. Proof. Q.) they are caused by God. a mode of extension and the idea of that mode are one and the same thing.--Hence the actual being of things. iv. does not follow from the divine nature.--Before going any further. iv. and consequently (by Part i.xxv. belongs altogether only to one substance: consequently.D... though expressed in two ways. Therefore the actual being of ideas owns God as its cause. substance thinking and substance extended are one and the same substance. and with the same necessity as ideas follow (according to what we have shown) from the attribute of thought.E. a circle existing in nature. because that nature has prior knowledge of the things. Prop. in so far as he is a thinking thing. Note. or one and the same chain of causes--that is.) is not the effect of any attribute save thought. x. VI. but not of any other. and the things understood by God are identical. Ax. &c. and therefore (Part i. Thus (Part i. in so far as he is considered through the attribute of which they are modes. wherefore the modes of each attribute involve the conception of that attribute. Ax. now through the other. follows without exception in the same order and connection from the idea of God in the world of thought (objective). Corollary. whether we conceive nature under the attribute of extension. without any other (Part i.. x. are one and the same thing displayed through different attributes. . Proof. PROP.) a mode which expresses in a certain manner the nature of God. Ax. or under the attribute of thought.. Thus. Prop. Things represented in ideas follow. which is also in God. we shall find the same order.--Each attribute is conceived through itself. comprehended now through one attribute. This truth seems to have been dimly recognized by those Jews who maintained that God. which are not modes of thought. in the same manner.--Hence God's power of thinking is equal to his realized power of action--that is. also. only in so far as he is considered through the attribute whose modes they are.. whereof it is an effect. whatsoever follows from the infinite nature of God in the world of extension (formaliter).E. Coroll. God's intellect.
it is understood more clearly from the preceding note. I will endeavour to illustrate it as far as possible. and of a circle. which adequately explains the thing of which I here speak. so long as we consider things as modes of thinking. in the case of the other attributes. PROP. or of modes.--The idea of an individual thing actually existing is an individual mode of thinking. I cannot for the present explain my meaning more clearly. so that. inasmuch as he consists of infinite attributes. must be comprehended in the infinite idea of God. The ideas of these two not only exist. so long as particular things do not exist. IX. Corollary.--Hence. Note. VIII. but also as they involve the existence of those rectangles. from this infinite number of rectangles. Yet none of these rectangles can be said to exist. but also in so far as they are said to continue. inasmuch as it is unique. The nature of a circle is such that if any number of straight lines intersect within it. in the same way as the formal essences of particular things or modes are contained in the attributes of God. and is distinct from other modes . I fear. not be able to give him any. and so on to infinity. or the whole chain of causes.--in so far as he is a thinking thing. of the idea of a circle. thus. in so far as he is an extended thing. infinite equal rectangles are contained in a circle.--This proposition is evident from the last. their representations in thought or ideas do not exist. we must explain the order of the whole of nature through the attributes of extension only.I said that God is the cause of an idea--for instance. I shall. Proof. except in so far as they are comprehended in the attributes of God. PROP. and that again through another. not in so far as he is infinite. and so on to infinity. but in so far as he is considered as affected by another idea of a thing actually existing. their ideas will also involve existence. And. through which they are said to continue. that do not exist. the rectangles formed by their segments will be equal to one another. in so far as we consider things as modes of extension. in so far as they are contained in the idea of the circle. of which he is the cause. Wherefore of things as they are in themselves God is really the cause. Proof. in so far as he is affected by a third idea. we must explain the order of the whole of nature. except in so far as the circle exists. except in so far as the infinite idea of God exists. simply because the actual being of the idea of a circle can only be perceived as a proximate cause through another mode of thinking.--If anyone desires an example to throw more light on this question. through the attribute of thought only. wherefore they are distinguished from the remaining ideas of the remaining rectangles. except in so far as they are comprehended in the idea of the circle. and when particular things are said to exist. and so on. The idea of an individual thing actually existing is caused by God. however. two only exist. Let us grant that. The ideas of particular things. nor can the idea of any of these rectangles be said to exist. not only in so far as they are involved in the attributes of God.
not in so far as he is infinite. vi. immutable.E. Therefore of a given individual idea another individual idea.). PROP.E. and. vii.). Note. Now. If.. in so far only as he has the idea of the object. and so on to infinity. of this part) the order and connection of ideas is the same as the order and connection of things. The knowledge. vii. but (by Prop.). Ax. 25. the being of substance is not that which constitutes the actual being of man. Coroll. iii. whether it be a modification (i.D. &c. and of this second idea God is the cause. Proof. as being affected by a third. That essence therefore (by i. of that which takes place in any individual object will be in God. of this book) the same as the order and connection of causes. Corollary. and he is the cause of this latter.--Whatsoever takes place in the individual object of any idea.D. viii. 15) is something which is in God. the knowledge thereof is in God. Note.). &c. in so far only as he has the idea of that object. the being of substance appertains to the essence of man. For (by the last Prop. consequently. Q. Again. that the essence of man is constituted by certain modifications of the attributes of God. indivisible. man would necessarily be granted also (II.--Hence it follows. man would necessarily exist. in so far as he is affected by another idea. that substance is in its nature infinite. of this part). but in so far as he is considered as affected by another idea of an individual thing (by the last Prop. as anyone may see for himself. Therefore.) in so far as he is a thing thinking absolutely. The being of substance does not appertain to the essence of man--in other words. therefore. substance being granted. is the cause. its idea is in God (by Prop. of this part) it is caused by God. Def. therefore. only in so far as he is considered as affected by another mode of thinking. and which without God can neither be nor be conceived. substance does not constitute the actual being[2] of man. xxviii. X. thus (by Prop. in so far as he is considered as modified by that idea. in so far only as he is a thinking thing. Prop. the proposition is evident from the other properties of substance--namely. that nothing can be or be . and so on to infinity. Corollary.(by the Corollary and note to Prop. But not (by Prop. which is absurd (II.). vii.v. of Part i.) the being of substance does not belong to the essence of man..E. or a mode which expresses God's nature in a certain conditioned manner. [2] "Forma" Proof..--This proposition may also be proved from I. Q. the order and connection of ideas is (by Prop. for as there may be many men.--The being of substance involves necessary existence (Part i. in which it is shown that there cannot be two substances of the same nature. i.--Everyone must surely admit. of this part). ii.--Whatsoever takes place in the object of any idea. Q.D. or God.
which should be reflected on first. and have put into the first place what they call the objects of sensation. namely (by II. xxii. is the idea of some particular thing actually existing. they hold inconsistent doctrines. viii.--The essence of man (by the Coroll. ii. it must therefore be the idea of something actually existing. they have taken to be last in the order of knowledge. or that without which the thing. thus when we say. that the human . yet God does not appertain to their essence. hence. the other modes (namely. I said that "I considered as belonging to the essence of a thing that. must always necessarily exist. iii. the thing is necessarily removed also. that that. However. but also in respect to their being (secundum esse). as is more probably the case. without which a thing cannot be or be conceived. and which being removed.) the idea itself cannot be said to exist. without which a thing cannot be nor be conceived. belongs to the essence of that thing: individual things cannot be or be conceived without God. or else. which being given. which constitutes the actual being of the human mind.).D.) the idea is prior in nature. that these persons contradict themselves freely. the thing is necessarily given also. with which they have overlaid the knowledge of natural phenomena. I pass over this point. So that it is hardly to be wondered at. and which itself without the thing can neither be nor be conceived.).--Hence it follows. of all which (by II. inasmuch as it is prior both in the order of knowledge and the order of nature. Ax. God is not only the cause of things in respect to their being made (secundum fieri). wherefore they believe that either the nature of God appertains to the essence of created things. and. is the idea of something actually existing. which constitutes the actual being of the human mind. that that. belongs to the essence of that thing. this would (by II. Therefore an idea is the first element constituting the human mind.) PROP.) is constituted by certain modes of the attributes of God. All men agree that God is the one and only cause of all things. But not of an infinite thing. while they are considering natural phenomena. I think the cause for such confusion is mainly. of the last Prop." (II. Corollary. by the modes of thinking. ii. The nature of God. xxi. i.conceived without God. that they do not keep to the proper order of philosophic thinking. Q. for then (II. Therefore the first element. Def. Proof. But not the idea of a non--existent thing.) involve an absurdity. XI. Coroll. when the idea is given. My intention her was only to give a reason for not saying. those of which the idea is prior in nature) must be in the same individual (by the same Axiom). that is. or else that created things can be or be conceived without God. that the human mind is part of the infinite intellect of God. The first element.E.. and. when afterwards they apply their mind to the study of the divine nature. they are quite unable to bear in mind the first hypotheses. they give no attention at all to the divine nature. For an infinite thing (I. Ax. both of their essence and of their existence. Ax. inasmuch as such hypotheses are no help towards understanding the divine nature. At the same time many assert.
v.). not only in so far as he constitutes the essence of the human mind. Coroll.--We thus comprehend. xi.) we do possess the idea of the modifications of the body. in so far as he constitutes the mind of anything. That is. in so far as he is considered as affected by the idea of the said object. or in so far as he constitutes the essence of the human mind. xi.). that is (by II. not in so far as he is infinite. Proof. PROP. Therefore.--Whatsoever comes to pass in the object of any idea. in so far as he constitutes the essence of the human mind. and will call to mind many things which will cause them to hesitate. Ax. step by step.) the ideas of the modifications of the body would not be in our mind: now (by II. Coroll. not only that the human mind is united to the body. and nothing else.. but in so far as he is displayed through the nature of the human mind. in other words a certain mode of extension which actually exists. Ax. if there were any other object of the idea constituting the mind besides body. Note. has the further idea of another thing. but (I. no one will be able to grasp this adequately . xxxvi. must be perceived by the human mind. whatsoever takes place in the object constituting the idea of the human mind. but also in so far as he.mind perceives this or that. However. Wherefore the object of our mind is the body as it exists. vii. that is (II. and when we say that God has this or that idea.).--This proposition is also evident. PROP. and is more clearly to be understood from II. nothing can take place in that body without being perceived by the mind. the knowledge thereof is necessarily in God.) the knowledge of the said thing will necessarily be in the mind. The object of the idea constituting the human mind is the body. xi. Note. if the object of the idea constituting the human mind be a body. Therefore the object of the idea constituting the human mind is the body. iv. in other words the mind perceives it. and not to pronounce on my statements. that is (II. Coroll. xi. Note. but also the nature of the union between mind and body. I therefore beg them to accompany me slowly.) in virtue of his constituting our mind. that God has this or that idea. Q. which would be the effect of that other object (II. we make the assertion.) there would necessarily have to be in our mind an idea. as nothing can exist from which some effect does not follow (I. the ideas of the modifications of the body would not be in God (II. XII.--If indeed the body were not the object of the human mind. which see. and nothing else.E. or there will necessarily be an idea in the human mind of the said occurrence. ix. XIII. readers will come to a stand. and the body as it actually exists (II. Whatsoever comes to pass in the object of the idea. we assert that the human mind perceives a thing in part or inadequately. simultaneously with the human mind. which constitutes the human mind.--Here. ix. till they have read to the end. I doubt not. but in virtue of his constituting the mind of something else.D. the knowledge thereof is necessarily in God (II.). then. xi. Proof. Further. Coroll.) there is no such idea.
of the human body. is plain both from I. and the fewer other bodies concur with it in action. self--evident. wherein the human mind differs from other things. we cannot deny that ideas.). It is brought out still more clearly from I. A body in motion or at rest must be determined to . Still. i. like objects. We may thus recognize the superiority of one mind over others.. just as the object of one idea is more excellent than the object of another idea. that is. quickness and slowness. of which it is the object. LEMMA I. note. of which God is the cause. That bodies are not distinguished in respect of substance. and also many kindred questions. Proof.--The first part of this proposition is. LEMMA III. it is necessary for us to know the nature of its object. in the fact that they may be moved less or more quickly. I take it. differ one from the other. one being more excellent than another and containing more reality. Further. All bodies agree in certain respects. viii. The propositions we have advanced hitherto have been entirely general. Def. and contains more reality. and I. and the more the actions of the body depend on itself alone. that I should do so. all of which. the more fitted is the mind of which it is the object for distinct comprehension. and may further see the cause. What this nature is. though in different degrees. I am not able here to explain. AXIOM I. and wherein it surpasses them. thus whatever we have asserted of the idea of the human body must necessarily also be asserted of the idea of everything else. LEMMA II. in order to determine. that in proportion as any given body is more fitted than others for doing many actions or receiving many impressions at once. I must premise a few propositions concerning the nature of bodies. Proof. are animated. in the same way as there is an idea of the human body. Bodies are distinguished from one another in respect of motion and rest. more fitted than others for forming many simultaneous perceptions. xv. Every body is moved sometimes more slowly. on the other hand. In order to do so. All bodies are either in motion or at rest. v. nor is it necessary for the proof of what I advance.or distinctly. and not in respect of substance. and may be absolutely in motion or at rest. why we have only a very confused knowledge of our body. which I will. AXIOM II. deduce from what has been advanced. [3] "Animata" Wherefore.--All bodies agree in the fact.[3] For of everything there is necessarily an idea in God. Wherefore I have thought it worth while to explain and prove more strictly my present statements. unless he first has adequate knowledge of the nature of our body. in the following propositions. I will only say generally. so also is the mind. that they involve the conception of one and the same attribute (II. applying not more to men than to other individual things. sometimes more quickly.
from an external cause determining A to a state of rest. and that third again by a fourth. Def. for no other consequence could have been involved than its remaining at rest. and a body at rest remains so. Corollary. according to the difference in the nature of the bodies moving it. vi. Axiom II. this rest cannot be the result of A's previous motion. the state of rest therefore must have resulted from something.--When a body in motion impinges on another body at rest. which was not in A. which other body is also (Ax.). until it is determined to a state of rest by some other body. except that it is at rest. which it is unable to move. xxviii. for instance. and so on to infinity. And this body again can only have been set in motion or caused to rest by being determined by a third body to motion or rest. except that it is in motion. so long as we only consider A. A be given in motion.) are distinguished one from the other in respect to motion and rest. So far we have been speaking only of the most simple bodies.--Bodies are individual things (II.D. A. different bodies may be moved in different modes by one and the same body. it recoils.--Hence it follows.--All modes. This third body again by a fourth. If it afterwards comes to pass that A is in motion. is at rest. Axiom III. or if they be moved at the same or different rates of speed. that a body in motion keeps in motion. and do not take into consideration other bodies in motion. i. This is indeed self--evident. or a . and that together they compose one body or individual. I cannot affirm anything concerning the body A. Proof. Q. in order to continue its motion. we shall. so that one and the same body may be moved in different modes. whereon the moving body has impinged. and so on to infinity. i. which other body has been determined to motion or rest by a third body. wherein one body is affected by another body.) each must necessarily be determined to motion or rest by another individual thing.) in motion or at rest. be unable to affirm anything concerning it. For when I suppose.motion or rest by another body. we say that such bodies are in union. thus (I. follow simultaneously from the nature of the body affected and the body affecting.--In proportion as the parts of an individual. for such motion can only have led to continued motion.). namely (II. so that their mutual movements should preserve among themselves a certain fixed relation.E. that a given body. will be equal to the angle formed by the line of motion of incidence and the same plane. and the angle made by the line of motion in the recoil and the plane of the body at rest.. until it is determined to a state of motion by some other body. this cannot have resulted from its having been at rest. If A is subsequently found to be at rest. namely.--When any given bodies of the same or different magnitude are compelled by other bodies to remain in contact. by another body. which are only distinguished one from the other by motion and rest. which (Lemma I. If. which is distinguished from other bodies by the fact of this union. Axiom I. quickness and slowness. Definition. on the other hand. We now pass on to compound bodies. on the other hand.
--This proposition is evident from the definition of an individual prefixed to Lemma iv. for the individual is supposed to retain all that. those. whose parts are in contact over large superficies. Thus far we have conceived an individual as composed of bodies only distinguished one from the other in respect of motion and rest. will be greatly multiplied.E. are called hard. of bodies of the most simple character. with greater or less difficulty. Proof. we now conceive another individual composed of several individuals of diverse natures.) are not distinguished in respect of substance: that which constitutes the actuality (formam) of an individual consists (by the last Def. will retain its nature as before. the individual will preserve its nature as before. be brought to assume another form. in motion or at rest. and its actuality will not be changed. LEMMA IV. but this union. Those bodies. the individual thus composed preserves its nature. Each of its parts . for motion in another direction. and preserves its communication with other parts as before. how a composite individual may be affected in many different ways. compounded of several bodies. Proof. those. LEMMA VI.--This proposition is self--evident. certain bodies be separated. however. consequently the individual will. are called soft. LEMMA VII. so long as each part retains its motion. and preserve its nature notwithstanding. will (by our hypothesis) be maintained. If.D. If the parts composing an individual become greater or less. which they have in one direction. the individual. without any change in its actuality (forma).compound body. without losing its nature. the individual will retain its own nature without any change of its actuality. Q. Furthermore. whether it be. speed and slowness. Proof. that they all preserve the same mutual relations of motion and rest. but in such a manner.--We thus see. that they be able to continue their motions and their mutual communication in the same relations as before. an equal number of other bodies of the same nature take their place. Proof.--The same as for the last Lemma. LEMMA V. If certain bodies composing an individual be compelled to change the motion. but in such proportion.--Bodies (Lemma i. both in respect of substance and in respect of mode. that is. and if. the individual will still preserve its original nature. at the same time. whose parts are in motion among one another. therefore. whose parts are in contact over small superficies. whether it be moved in this or that direction. are called fluid. we spoke of as its actual being. are in contact over a greater or less superficies. Note. If from a body or individual. as a whole. in its definition.) in a union of bodies. they will with greater or less difficulty admit of being moved from their position. we shall find that the number of ways in which it can be affected. although there is a continual change of bodies. which.
continually regenerated.). and does not know it to exist.D. a Roman would straightway arrive at the thought of the fruit apple. PROP. in so far as he constitutes the nature of the human mind. which has no similitude with the articulate sound in question. Proof. except that the body of the man has often been affected by these two things. But the ideas of the modifications of body are in God. and as actually existing.) is in God. XX.outside the human body. which association arises in the mind according to the order and association of the modifications (affectiones) of the human body. xvi. which arises from the order of the intellect. inasmuch as (Post. that is. The human mind has no knowledge of the body. the human mind does not know the human body. xvi. strictly speaking (II. Q. in so far as he is regarded as affected by the ideas of very many particular things.) the human body itself. iv.). why the mind from the thought of one thing. in order to distinguish it from that association of ideas. therefore the mind perceives thus far only the human body. that this association arises according to the order and association of the modifications of the human body. XIX. similarly every man will go on from one thought to another. while a countryman will proceed from the thought of a horse to the thought of a plough. that the man has often heard the word pomum. according as his habit has ordered the images of things in his body. it is an association of those ideas only. xiii. PROP.). those which involve the nature both of the human body and of external bodies. when he sees the tracks of a horse in sand. vii. in so far as he is regarded as affected by another idea of a particular thing actually existing: or. &c. Coroll. And hence we can further clearly understand. from the thought of the word pomum (an apple). Thus every man will follow this or that train of thought. or the human mind perceives those modifications (II. I say. first. or knows the human body. and thence to the thought of war. The idea or knowledge of the human mind is also in God. secondly.E. this idea will therefore be in God. while he was looking at the fruit. xi. which (II. ix. and being referred to God in the same manner. following in God in the same manner.) the human body stands in need of very many bodies whereby it is. as it were. for instance. as the idea or knowledge of the human . and consequently (II. xii.--The human mind is the very idea or knowledge of the human body (II. Thus God has the idea of the human body.).). a field. whereby the mind perceives things through their primary causes. nor anything in common with it. and the order and connection of ideas is the same as the order and connection of causes (II. For a soldier.. I say. which involve the nature of things outside the human body: not of ideas which answer to the nature of the said things: ideas of the modifications of the human body are. &c. according as he has been in the habit of conjoining and associating the mental images of things in this or that manner. save through the ideas of the modifications whereby the body is affected. that is (by II. for instance. and not in so far as he constitutes the nature of the human mind. in so far as he is affected by very many other ideas. which has no similarity with the first. will at once pass from the thought of a horse to the thought of a horseman. and which is in all men the same. should straightway arrive at the thought of another thing.
PROP. is nothing but the distinctive quality (forma) of the idea in so far as it is conceived as a mode of thought without reference to the object. by that very fact. therefore (II.). which therefore perceives not only the modifications of the body.) there must necessarily be in God the idea both of thought itself and of all its modifications. are one and the same individual conceived now under the attribute of thought.E.). xxi. that is (II. but also the ideas of such modifications. The human mind perceives not only the modifications of the body. the idea of the mind. and the mind itself are in God by the same necessity and follow from him from the same power of thinking. as the ideas of the said modifications. thought. PROP. if a man knows anything. and xiii. mind and body (II. that is. consequently also of the human mind (II. that is. But (II. Q. xi. and so on to infinity.E. But I will treat of this hereafter.--The ideas of the ideas of modifications follow in God in the same manner. The idea of the mind.). This idea of the mind is united to the mind in the same way as the mind is united to the body.D. xx. except in so far as it perceives the ideas of the modifications of the body. they will be in the human mind itself. But the ideas of the modifications of the body are in the human mind (II. XXIII. The mind does not know itself. xii. We there showed that the idea of body and body. in the same manner as the idea or knowledge of the body. in so far as he is infinite. that the body is the object of the mind (II.--This proposition is comprehended much more clearly from what we have said in the note to II.--That the mind is united to the body we have shown from the fact. Proof.). but in so far as he is affected by another idea of an individual thing (II.D.D. in so far as he constitutes the essence of the human mind. ix. XXI.) follows in God in the same manner. Q. iii. now under the attribute of extension. that is. in God. and at the same time knows that he knows that he knows it. therefore the ideas of these ideas will be in God. This is proved in the same way as II. this idea or knowledge of the mind does not follow from God. I repeat.--Thought is an attribute of God (II. XXII. wherefore the idea of the mind and the mind itself are one and the same thing. in so far as he has the knowledge or idea of the human mind.body. i. vii. and is referred to God in the same . xii.E. and are referred to God in the same manner.) the order and connection of ideas is the same as the order and connection of causes. PROP. that is. Strictly speaking. he.). xiii. xx. Proof. and so for the same reason the idea of the mind must be united with its object. the idea of an idea. Proof. which is conceived under one and the same attribute. but also the ideas of such modifications. knows that he knows it. namely. Further.--The idea or knowledge of the mind (II. Q.). vii. Proof. therefore this idea or knowledge of the mind is in God and is referred to God. with the mind in the same manner as the mind is united to the body.). Note.
XXVI. therefore. whose parts (Lemma iv.) the knowledge of these ideas is in the human mind itself.) the human mind does not know the human body itself. xi. therefore (II. in so far as he constitutes the essence of the human mind. ix. xi. but (by the last Prop. not in so far as they can be regarded as individuals without relation to the human body.E. wherefore the human mind thus far only has knowledge of itself. Coroll.) can be separated from the human body without in any way destroying the nature and distinctive quality of the latter.). vii. But. The parts of the human body are highly complex individuals (Post. in other words. inasmuch (II.) is naturally prior to the said external body. therefore (by the same Coroll.). wherefore the knowledge of these ideas necessarily involves knowledge of the mind. in so far as he has the idea of the modification of the human body. Further the ideas of the modifications. the idea of the modification of the human body does not involve an adequate knowledge of the external body. Proof. Proof. i. We may affirm the same thing of each part of each individual composing the human body. xiii. ix.). involve the nature of the human body itself (II. except through the ideas of the . in other words. whereby the body is affected. PROP.) as he is regarded as affected by another idea of a particular thing. they agree with the nature of the mind. Q.manner. the human mind thus far has no knowledge of itself. in so far as God is regarded as affected by the idea of a further thing. in so far as he constitutes the nature of the human mind. the human mind does not involve an adequate knowledge of the human body. except in so far as they communicate their motions to one another in a certain fixed relation (Def. II. i. The human mind does not involve an adequate knowledge of the parts composing the human body. since the knowledge of the human body is not referred to God. Q.E. that is (II.D. after Lemma iii. Q. Coroll. which has no reference to the human body.). therefore. XXIV.).) to other bodies in another relation.). iii.). the idea which constitutes the nature of the human mind (II. xix.D. PROP. But since (II.). vii. neither is the knowledge of the mind referred to God. The human mind does not perceive any external body as actually existing. XXV.). which particular thing is prior in the order of nature to the aforesaid part (II.--The parts composing the human body do not belong to the essence of that body. xiii). the knowledge of each part composing the human body is in God.) the idea or knowledge of each part will be in God. in so far as that external body conditions the human body in a given manner. in so far as he is affected by very many ideas of things. and not in so far as he has the idea of the human body only. after Lemma iii. as the idea or knowledge of the body. the knowledge or idea thereof is in God (II. that is (II. PROP. The idea of each modification of the human body does not involve an adequate knowledge of the external body. Wherefore an adequate knowledge of the external body is not in God. in so far as the external body is an individual. xi.--We have shown that the idea of a modification of the human body involves the nature of an external body.E.. xvi. which (II.D. and they can communicate their motions (Ax. therefore (II.
in so far as the mind imagines external bodies.--If the human body is in no way affected by a given external body. affected in any way by the idea of the existence of the said external body. XXVII. The idea of each modification of the human body does not involve an adequate knowledge of the human body itself. but in so far as he is regarded as affected by other ideas. Q. xvi. now the mind can only imagine external bodies as actually existing. xvi. These ideas of modifications. iii. Proof. it has not an adequate knowledge thereof. xxv. confused ideas. in so far as he is regarded as affected by the human mind. xvii.E.). in so far as they are referred to the mind only. PROP. in so far as the human body is regarded as affected in a given manner (II. PROP.).modifications of its own body. xvi.D. The ideas of the modifications of the human body. when considered in itself alone. are as consequences without premisses. Note. But (by II. for the modifications are modes (Post. the idea of the said modification. inasmuch as the human body is an individual which may be affected in many other ways. But.) it perceives that external body. Q.). Q.E. thus far (II. . note). nor does it in any manner perceive its existence. the human body as a whole are affected. is not in God. and. Proof. in so far as they have reference only to the human mind.--When the human mind regards external bodies through the ideas of the modifications of its own body. and the ideas of the ideas of the modifications of the human body. vii. they must involve the nature not only of the human body but also of its parts. and Coroll. in so far as they are referred to the human mind alone. Therefore (by II.--The idea which constitutes the nature of the human mind is. XXIX.) neither is the idea of the human body. Proof.E.E. the human mind. then (II. as also is the case with the idea of the human mind. Proof. whereby the parts of the human body.D. But. in the same manner. as also of the parts composing the human body. in so far as the human body is affected in any way by a given external body. but confused.). in other words..D. Proof. XXVIII. proved not to be.--In so far as the human mind imagines an external body. consequently.--The idea of a modification of the human body (II. Q. xxiv. xxv. PROP. it has not an adequate knowledge of them. are not clear and distinct.--The ideas of the modifications of the human body involve the nature both of the human body and of external bodies (II. &c.) the adequate knowledge of external bodies. Corollary. in other words. The idea of the idea of each modification of the human body does not involve an adequate knowledge of the human mind. as everyone may easily see.D. we say that it imagines (see II. clear and distinct.--Every idea of a modification of the human body involves the nature of the human body.
except in so far as it perceives the ideas of the modifications of body (II. has not an adequate but only a confused and fragmentary knowledge of itself. difference. and of external bodies. vi) the idea of this idea does not adequately express the nature of the human mind. and note). or the constitution of things. Proof.--Every particular thing. For the mind does not know itself. i.xxvii. as I will show below.) As we have shown in the foregoing proposition. and only perceives external bodies through the same means. Note. xiii.) through the ideas of the modifications.). however a thing may be constituted. and so on to infinity. therefore (I.). Now. its own body. it has not an adequate knowledge of itself (II. thus. xxiii. xi. nor of its own body (II.E.). to understand their points of agreement. XXXI. Proof.--The duration of our body does not depend on its essence (II. this knowledge is very inadequate to our mind. like the human body. But (I. (II. xxi.D.) it is conditioned to exist and operate by causes. PROP. Whenever it is determined in anywise from within. it regards things clearly and distinctly. We can only have a very inadequate knowledge of the duration of particular things external to ourselves. xxv.) does not involve an adequate knowledge of the said body. we have only a very . when it perceives things after the common order of nature. ix. that is. of its own body. xix. this other particular thing must likewise be conditioned by a third. that is (II. nor on the absolute nature of God (I.). xxvii. the adequate knowledge of that thing is in God. Q.) Wherefore the knowledge of the duration of our body is in God very inadequate.).D. xxix. does not adequately express its nature. in so far as it has such ideas of modification. PROP. It only perceives its own body (II. (I. Coroll.). Corollary. not at such times as it is determined from within. whenever it perceives things after the common order of nature. XXX. these last again being conditioned by others. Q. in other words. must be conditioned by another particular thing to exist and operate in a fixed and definite relation.). or does not involve an adequate knowledge thereof. namely. to regard this or that. in so far as he has the ideas of all things. that is (II.) it does not agree with the nature of the mind adequately. xxviii. Ax. which in their turn are conditioned to exist and operate in a fixed and definite relation by other causes. Ax. that the mind has not an adequate but only a confused knowledge of itself. but only a fragmentary and confused knowledge thereof (II. The duration of our body therefore depends on the common order of nature. and so on to infinity. by the fortuitous play of circumstance. xxviii. in so far as he is only regarded as constituting the nature of the human mind.E. by the fact of regarding several things at once. and of external bodies. xxviii. and not in so far as he has the idea of the human body only. nor of external bodies (II.--I say expressly. whenever it is determined from without. that is.--Hence it follows that the human mind. from this common property of particular things. Coroll. and contrast. We can only have a very inadequate knowledge of the duration of our body.
--In the note to II. xxxiii. therefore (I. fragmentary. xv..). xxxii. Falsity consists in the privation of knowledge. are said to err and to be mistaken).). that the idea is adequate and perfect in God.). PROP. Note.). XXXII. What the will is. Proof. (I. Therefore there is nothing positive in ideas which causes them to be called false. which inadequate. Corollary.) they are all true. which causes them to be called false (II. conceive. a positive mode of thinking. PROP.) For (I.--There is nothing positive in ideas.E. which inadequate. XXXIV. is true. not bodies. but falsity cannot consist in simple privation (for minds. we must draw a similar conclusion with regard to the duration of particular things. Such a mode of thinking cannot be in God (II.). this is a mere phrase without any idea to correspond thereto. xxxii. namely. that we can only have a very inadequate knowledge of the duration thereof. Coroll. For we can have no adequate idea of their duration (by the last Prop. we say.). those who boast of such knowledge.--If this be denied.D. Proof. Q. Proof.E. and ignorance of the causes by which they are conditioned. external to God it cannot be or be conceived (I. except in this sense. I explained how error consists in the privation of knowledge. or confused ideas involve. Every idea. Coroll. are true. and this is what we must understand by the contingency and perishableness of things. in so far as he constitutes the essence of our mind. PROP. therefore. and feign . but in order to throw more light on the subject I will give an example. For instance. XXXV.D.E. Q. xvii.D.). Q. and how it moves the body. fragmentary. neither can it consist in absolute ignorance. they none of them know. There is nothing positive in ideas. if possible. in so far as they are referred to God. wherefore it consists in the privation of knowledge. xxix. in other words (II.E. xi. All ideas. Ax.D. we say that such an idea is true. consequently (II. Note i. Q.E. Their idea of freedom.--When we say that an idea in us is adequate and perfect.--All ideas which are in God agree in every respect with their objects (II. which should constitute the distinctive quality of falsehood. which causes them to be called false. xxxiii.D. XXXIII. As for their saying that human actions depend on the will. Q. men are mistaken in thinking themselves free. their opinion is made up of consciousness of their own actions.--Hence it follows that all particular things are contingent and perishable. nothing is contingent. or confused ideas involve. vii.).inadequate knowledge of the duration of our body. Proof. PROP. is simply their ignorance of any cause for their actions. for ignorance and error are not identical. vi. which in us is absolute or adequate and perfect.
xii.. XXXVI. For although we afterwards learn. Therefore it does not appertain to B's essence. for instance. xi.) necessarily perceives A adequately. both in so far as God has the idea of the human body.) and (II. therefore all ideas.E. vii. and in so far as he has the ideas. Lemma II.--All ideas are in God (I. Q. and which are equally in a part and in the whole. Q. Coroll. Inadequate and confused ideas follow by the same necessity.D. Therefore the mind (II. Those things. which (by the foregoing Prop. xv. PROP. vi.). II. I say A cannot be conceived except adequately. while we thus imagine. For the idea thereof in God will necessarily be adequate (II.. PROP.. XXXVII. which is common to all bodies. which are common to all.). when we look at the sun. we imagine that it is distant from us about two hundred feet.. whether adequate or inadequate.--Let A be something. and in so far as it perceives its own or any external body. again. but this is against our hypothesis.).E. cannot be conceived except adequately. and which is equally in a part and in the whole. above). are wont to provoke either laughter or disgust.) must be adequately or clearly and distinctly perceived by all. So. that is (II. Coroll. Proof. vii. for we do not imagine the sun as near us. both in so far as it perceives itself.E. except in respect to a particular mind (cf. Def. follow by the same necessity (II.--If this be denied.) it cannot without B either exist or be conceived. xxxii. the idea in God will necessarily be adequate. Corollary--Hence it follows that there are certain ideas or notions common to all men. xxiv. we do not know the sun's true distance or the cause of the fancy. Proof. as adequate or clear and distinct ideas. which (II. ii.dwellings and habitations for the soul. therefore there are no ideas confused or inadequate. does not constitute the essence of any particular thing. and in so far as they are referred to God are true (II. that the sun is distant from us more than six hundred of the earth's diameters.D. for (by Lemma ii. and also in so far as he has the idea of the modifications of the human body. and has this adequate perception. That which is common to all (cf. Coroll. Q. both in so far as he constitutes the human mind. because we are ignorant of its true distance. PROP. and which is equally present in the part of any given body and in the whole.). . xxvii. if possible. xiii.D. which are in the human mind. and xxviii. Proof. that it constitutes the essence of some particular thing. but because the modification of our body involves the essence of the sun. XXXVIII.) adequate.). but in the fact that. in so far as our said body is affected thereby.) all bodies agree in certain respects. nor does it constitute the essence of any particular thing. Then (II. the essence of B.) involve in part the nature of the human body and the nature of external bodies. nor can A be conceived in any other manner. this error does not lie solely in this fancy. xvi. conceive. we none the less shall fancy it to be near. xxv.
But there are other causes of certain axioms or notions. xi. for it would thus appear what notions are more useful than others. Whatsoever ideas in the mind follow from ideas which are therein adequate. that the human body. xi. Let it now be granted. in proportion as its body has more in common with other bodies. Coroll.). that is (II. in order not to omit anything necessary to be known. or in the whole. Proof. and what notions are only clear and distinct to those who are unshackled by prejudice.--This proposition is self--evident. in so far as God is affected by the idea of the human body. and other points of interest connected with these questions. partly because I have set it aside for another treatise. such as Being. Something. in each part of each external body and in the whole. is only capable of distinctly forming a certain number of images (what an image is I explained in the II. if this number of images. which are common to all men. will be represented by an adequate idea in the mind. xiii. Q. Nevertheless. partly because I am afraid of wearying the reader by too great prolixity. whence are derived the terms styled transcendental.--Hence it follows that the mind is fitted to perceive adequately more things. we should see what notions are common to all men. For when we say that an idea in the human mind follows from ideas which are therein adequate. which it has in common therewith. Coroll.D. I will briefly set down the causes. if this number be exceeded. and in so far as he has the ideas of the given external bodies. there will be an adequate idea of A in God (II. and which form the basis of our ratiocination. namely. and therefore (II. both in so far as he has the idea of the human body. XXXIX.PROP. Note I.). and equally present in the human body and in the said external bodies. XL. are also themselves adequate. note) within itself at the same time. That. in other words (II. that an idea is in the divine intellect. being limited. A. and we should detect those which are ill--founded. the images will begin to be confused. PROP. xvii. Proof. of which the body is capable of forming .).E. which is common to and a property of the human body and such other bodies as are wont to affect the human body. that the human body is affected by an external body through that. Coroll. which is common to and a property of the human body and external bodies. in so far as it involves the property A. and which is present equally in each part of either. the idea of this modification will involve the property A (II. not in so far as he is infinite.--I have thus set forth the cause of those notions. Coroll. and what notions have scarcely any use at all. vii. Again we should discern whence the notions called secondary derived their origin. therefore (II.). Thing. and consequently the axioms on which they are founded. will be adequate in God. nor in so far as he is affected by the ideas of very many particular things. whereof God is the cause. But I have decided to pass over the subject here. Corollary. we say.) the idea of this modification.) this idea is also adequate in the human mind.--If A be that. xvi. These terms arose from the fact. vii. but only in so far as he constitutes the essence of the human mind. which it would be to the purpose to set forth by this method of ours. Furthermore. in so far as he constitutes the nature of the human mind.
for the purpose which we have in view it is sufficient for us to consider one only.. not indeed utterly. to wit. The same conclusion can be drawn from the fact that images are not always equally vivid.) From particular things represented to our intellect fragmentarily. For instance. be largely exceeded. a rational animal.) that the human mind can distinctly imagine as many things simultaneously. and without order through our senses (II. but vary in each individual according as the point varies.[4] [4] A Baconian phrase. and will comprehend them. agree. namely. [Pollock. which there is no need to explain here. It is thus not to be wondered at.--From all that has been said above it is clear. as we have said. They arise.) From symbols. xvii. confusedly. for that is the point. it is unable to imagine the definite number of individuals. xviii. and from other analogous causes. in other cases. such as man. Nov. and this it predicates of an infinite number of particular individuals. For. Prop. a two--footed animal without feathers. that these terms represent ideas in the highest degree confused. all will become entirely confused one with another. it is evident (from II. in so far as the body is affected by them. opinion. for instance. that among philosophers. who seek to explain things in nature merely by the images formed of them. size. xxxviii. &c. this the mind expresses by the name man. from the fact that so many images. whereby the body has been most often affected and which the mind most easily imagines or remembers. colour. and adequate ideas of the properties of things (II. horse. xxix. p. which we call general. 126. that man is a laughing animal. under one attribute. from the fact of having read or heard certain words we remember things and form certain ideas concerning them. so many controversies should have arisen. will by the name of man understand an animal of erect stature. that the powers of imagination break down. Note II.) and their definite number. the mind also imagines all bodies confusedly without any distinction. that we. in many cases.g. &c. as its body can form images simultaneously. (3. are formed simultaneously in the human mind.g. perceive and form our general notions:--(1.). Coroll. Org. in which all the individuals. Coroll.] (2.. will form a different general image of man. those who have been accustomed to regard some other attribute. This being so. in which each of the said individuals chiefly affected the body. and thus. n. as it were. that these general notions are not formed by all men in the same way. We must. but to the extent of the mind losing count of small differences between individuals (e. I shall call both these ways of regarding things knowledge of the first kind.distinctly within itself. and xviii. note). Coroll. similar to those through which we imagine things (II. dog. everyone will form general images of things according to the habit of his body. From similar causes arise those notions. for instance. I have settled to call such perceptions by the name of knowledge from the mere suggestions of experience.) From the fact that we have notions common to all men. those who have most often regarded with admiration the stature of man. . Thing. under the attribute of Being. e.. &c. 100. or imagination. of men. When the images become quite confused in the body. All may be reduced to this. however. and only distinctly imagining that. Aph. bear in mind.
must have an adequate idea of true and false. two.. the adequate idea of the idea A will be in the mind. in so far as he is displayed through the human mind. I will illustrate all three kinds of knowledge by a single example. who knows how to distinguish between true and false. XLI. xi. and this is much clearer. three. But the idea A is supposed to be referred to God.--This proposition is self--evident. Proof.--A true idea in us is an idea which is adequate in God. xl.). which are inadequate and confused. we assigned to the second and third kinds of knowledge those ideas which are adequate. either because they have not forgotten the rule which they received from a master without any proof.). which we will call intuition. this I call reason and knowledge of the second kind.E.. and cannot doubt of the truth of the thing perceived. that is (by II. simultaneously knows that he has a true idea. xxxv.xxxix. and xl. namely. therefore this kind of knowledge is the only source of falsity (II. a third kind of knowledge. not knowledge of the first kind. Furthermore. as I will hereafter show. because we infer the fourth number from an intuitive grasping of the ratio. there is. whereof the proof is of universal application). the idea of the idea A must be referred to God in the same manner. XLII. in so far as he is displayed through the nature of the human mind (II. he must know the true and the false by the second or third kind of knowledge.). Besides these two kinds of knowledge. therefore he. which shall be to the third as the second is to the first. PROP. in so far as he is displayed through the human mind. Three numbers are given for finding a fourth.). xi. being given. in virtue of the general property of proportionals. He.--To knowledge of the first kind we have (in the foregoing note) assigned all those ideas. Let us suppose that there is in God. Proof. xxxiv. PROP. Knowledge of the first kind is the only source of falsity. This kind of knowledge proceeds from an adequate idea of the absolute essence of certain attributes of God to the adequate knowledge of the essence of things. A. an adequate idea. which has the adequate idea A. Tradesmen without hesitation multiply the second by the third. everyone can see that the fourth proportional is six. The idea of this idea must also necessarily be in God. Knowledge of the second and third kinds. Q. For instance. therefore these kinds are necessarily true (II. one. Proof.). which the first bears to the second. He. and divide the product by the first. XLIII. therefore. xx. Coroll. But with very simple numbers there is no need of this. Coroll. That is (II. who has a true idea. and Coroll. knowledge of the second and third kinds is necessarily true. and be referred to him in the same way as the idea A (by II. or because they have often made trial of it with simple numbers. PROP.). note ii. who has an adequate . or by virtue of the proof of the nineteenth proposition of the seventh book of Euclid. teaches us to distinguish the true from the false.D.
what is meant by the idea of an idea. even . that he has ideas which agree with their objects? These questions. I think I have thus sufficiently answered these questions--namely. sufficiently answered. whether in respect to the future or the past. with the note. neither will a man who has a true idea have any advantage over him who has only false ideas.). It is not in the nature of reason to regard things as contingent. No one. and not a mode of thinking--namely. Further. what can there be more clear. unless he thinks that an idea is something lifeless. can doubt of this. I repeat. Ax. the clear and distinct ideas of the mind are as necessarily true as the ideas of God. Corollary I. who can know that he is sure of a thing. that truth is its own standard. that it is only through our imagination that we consider things. And who. The difference between a true idea and a false idea is plain: from what was said in II.D. I will briefly explain. or as well as possible. Q. I have. not as contingent. with abundant clearness.--Hence it follows.--How this way of looking at things arises. and more certain. consequently.) that the mind always regards things as present to itself. As for the last question--as to how a man can be sure that he has ideas that agree with their objects. that he has an idea which corresponds with its object--in other words. unless he be first sure of that thing? Further. who has a true idea. the difference between a man who has true ideas.E.E. the former is related to the latter as being is to not--being. but we may remark that the foregoing proposition is in itself sufficiently plain.. the very act of understanding. I ask. xi. that is. unless he do first understand it? In other words. if a true idea is distinguished from a false idea.). xix. as they are in themselves--that is (I. and II. Note.idea or knows a thing truly (II. therefore. xvii. and a man who has only false ideas. xxxv. in so far as it perceives things truly. We have shown above (II. PROP. I have just pointed out. xxi. We may add that our mind. XLIV. is ignorant that a true idea involves the highest certainty. namely (I. xli. as contingent. so is truth a standard both of itself and of falsity. he must be assured. but as necessary.--I explained in the note to II.). is made apparent.).D.--It is in the nature of reason to perceive things truly (II. xxxv. The causes of falsity I have set forth very clearly in II. than a true idea as a standard of truth? Even as light displays both itself and darkness. Proof. vi. No one. xxix. in my opinion. obviously. that his knowledge arises from the simple fact. how can anyone be sure. a true idea has no more reality or perfection than a false idea (since the two are only distinguished by an extrinsic mark).). can know that he understands anything. but as necessary. must at the same time have an adequate idea or true knowledge of his knowledge. Coroll. For to have a true idea is only another expression for knowing a thing perfectly. and Coroll. only in so far as it is said to agree with its object. Q. how comes it that men have false ideas? Lastly. indeed. like a picture on a panel. From what is there stated. xxxiv. is part of the infinite intellect of God (II. Note.
that falsity consists solely in the privation of knowledge involved in ideas which are fragmentary and confused. This affirmation involves the conception or idea of a triangle. or not distinguished with sufficient accuracy or care. a false idea. will and understanding are one and the same. I have thought it worth while to point out some of the advantages. note). which follow therefrom.whereby the mind affirms. However. this affirmation cannot be made (II. then. Further. that it is nothing but an idea. as it is to say. or conception of the mind. and I will furthermore answer the objections which may be advanced against our doctrine. namely. does not involve certainty. that is. When we say.E. although the man be assumed to acquiesce in what is false. therefore. Thus. this affirmation belongs to the essence of the idea of a triangle. Proof. then. how absolutely necessary is a knowledge of this doctrine of the will. Note. or that he acquiesces in what is false. which should cause his imagination to waver (see II. and note). Again. I say "some.D. that a man acquiesces in what is false. iii. we do not say that he is certain. and hence people are generally in ignorance. not merely the absence of doubt. For by certainty we mean something positive (II. in order to remove every scruple.). in order that the foregoing proposition may be fully explained. For we have shown above.E.D. I begin. and note).) without the idea of a triangle. It is further necessary that they should distinguish between idea and words. Ax. that the concept A must involve the concept B. images. that its three interior angles are equal to two right angles. we shall never say that he is certain.--We have thus removed the cause which is commonly assigned for error. words. I will draw attention to a few additional points. xlviii. It is the same thing to say.--Will and understanding are one and the same. xliv. and is nothing besides. without the idea of a triangle. and warn my readers to make an accurate distinction between an idea. But a particular volition and a particular idea are one and the same (by the foregoing Prop. and ideas--are by many persons either entirely confused together. Wherefore. this idea of a triangle must involve this same affirmation. and that he has no doubts on the subject. without the idea of a triangle it cannot be conceived. that A cannot be conceived without B. this idea of a triangle can neither be nor be conceived without this affirmation. Q. inasmuch as there are no reasons. Therefore. Q. with the first point. These three--namely. therefore. inasmuch as it is false. both for philosophic purposes and for the wise ordering of life.--Will and understanding are nothing beyond the individual volitions and ideas (II. Lastly. and the images of things which we imagine. Those who think that ideas consist in images which are formed in us by ." for they will be better appreciated from what we shall set forth in the fifth part. but only that he does not doubt. Corollary. xliii. What we have said of this volition (inasmuch as we have selected it at random) may be said of any other volition. and vice versâ. Wherefore. that the three interior angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles. namely. this affirmation can neither be nor be conceived. whereby we signify things.
who reflects on the nature of knowledge. what will happen if the incentives to action are equally balanced. Of these. The essence of words and images is put together by bodily motions. These few words on this subject will suffice: I will therefore pass on to consider the objections. than that the will or faculty of assent is free and different from the faculty of understanding. this also seems to point to a difference between the understanding and the will. Other objections might also be raised. seen that one idea has more reality or perfection than another. the first is advanced by those. will therefore clearly understand. The reason for their holding the belief. involves an affirmation or negation. I shall seem to have in my thoughts an ass or the statue of a man rather than an actual man. Thirdly. affirm. they thus regard ideas as though they were inanimate pictures on a panel. are not ideas. or with the affirmation which an idea involves. those who confuse words with ideas. as in the case of Buridan's ass? Will he perish of hunger and thirst? If I say that he would. This misconception will easily be laid aside by one. The will is thus distinguished from the intellect. which may be raised against our doctrine. and. Nothing therefore seems to be taught more clearly by experience. inasmuch as it is an idea. as I am not bound to put in evidence everything that anyone may dream. but that they have need of an increase in their faculty of understanding. which in no wise involve the conception of thought. If I say that he would not. so also are the ideas of them some more excellent than others. and that therefore it is different therefrom. and seeing that it in no wise involves the conception of extension. that we do not seem to need for affirming. which we invent by the free decree of our will. it may be objected. does not therefore admit that a winged horse exists. any greater power than for affirming. but only figments. persuade themselves that the ideas of those things. but. or deny. is that they assert. he who feigns a winged horse.contact with external bodies. I will only set myself to the . whereof we can form no mental picture. the latter being finite and the former infinite. that is of affirmation or negation. We have. he is not deceived. filled with this misconception. that an idea (being a mode of thinking) does not consist in the image of anything. Secondly. it may be objected that experience seems to teach us especially clearly. however. who think that the will has a wider scope than the understanding. and would consequently possess the faculty of going and doing whatever he liked. that they have no need of an increase in their faculty of assent. Again. Fourthly. that the will has wider scope than the understanding. in order to assent to an infinity of things which we do not perceive. this is confirmed by the fact that no one is said to be deceived. that what is false is true. do not see that an idea. unless he admits in addition that a winged horse does exist. nor in words. but only in so far as he assents or dissents. think that they can wish something contrary to what they feel. in other words. it may be objected that one affirmation does not apparently contain more reality than another. that what is true is true. For instance. that is. that we are able to suspend our judgment before assenting to things which we perceive. for as objects are some more excellent than others. in so far as he perceives anything. if man does not act from free will. he would then determine his own action.
common or universal to all volitions. that we have a free power of suspending our judgment: for. let us suppose a boy imagining a horse. as we are able by the same faculty of volition to affirm an infinite number of things (one after the other. I grant that the imaginations. whereby we explain all particular volitions--in other words. in order to grasp such infinite entities. act of .task of refuting those I have mentioned. when we say that anyone suspends his judgment. We have daily experience of such a state of things in dreams. nor do I see why the faculty of volition should be called infinite. but I deny. but not a greater faculty of volition than we have already. nor. As. is a faculty. If it be said that there is an infinite number of things which we cannot perceive. so also can we. if God wished to bring it about that we should understand an infinite number of other entities. a perception. In order to illustrate the point. consequently. and of an infinite number of individuals. Further. that we cannot attain to such things by any thinking. and bringing it about that he should not dream those things. he will necessarily regard the horse as present: he will not be able to doubt of its existence. But. that he does not perceive the matter in question adequately. if by the understanding be meant only clear and distinct ideas. he has the free power of suspending his judgment concerning the things in his dream. by the same faculty of feeling. if God wished to bring it about that we should perceive them. note).). but not a more universal idea of entity than that which we have already. and that as briefly as possible. that even in dreams we suspend our judgment. by any faculty of volition. beyond the limits of the understanding: for what is universal is predicated alike of one. we merely mean that he sees. I answer. regarded in themselves. but I deny that the will has a wider scope than the perceptions. To the first objection I answer. do not involve xvii. that such a faculty extends itself into the infinite. and perceive nothing else. therefore. and the faculty of forming conceptions. any more than the faculty of feeling: for. feel or perceive (in succession) an infinite number of bodies. Suspension of judgment is. it may still be urged. and the boy does not perceive anything which would exclude the existence of the horse. Inasmuch as this imagination involves the existence of the horse (II. it is little to be wondered at that they assert. and I do not suppose that there is anyone. We have shown that will is a universal entity or idea. Coroll. who would maintain that. of many. that a man does not. he would be obliged to endow us with a greater faculty of perception. which he dreams that he sees. namely. our opponents maintain that this idea. xvii. strictly speaking. that I admit that the will has a wider scope than the understanding. for we cannot affirm an infinite number simultaneously). that which is common to all such volitions. yet it happens. so far actual perception extends--that is. it would be necessary for him to give us a greater understanding. I grant that no one can be deceived. and not free will. although he be not certain thereof. while he is dreaming. then. in the as mind's error (II. notwithstanding. when we dream that we are dreaming. This is the same as to say that. To the second objection I reply by denying.
in this respect. whether such an one should not rather be considered an ass than a man. I think that I have anticipated my answer to the third objection. and this may be easily gathered from what has been said. be in every idea. It remains to point out the advantages of a knowledge of this doctrine as bearing on conduct. if we regard the mind. who hangs himself. but also shows us where our highest happiness or blessedness is. make any affirmation. &c. and be. the same in all. in so far as it is thus conceived in the abstract. a certain food and a certain drink. nor any faculty of dissent. Further. namely. As for the fourth objection. and to affirm that that which is false is true. as perceiving nothing but hunger and thirst. how far astray from a true estimate of virtue are those who expect to be decorated by God with high rewards for their virtue. that the will is something universal which is predicated of all ideas. as much as do ideas. an affirmation. that we are in need of an equal power of thinking. that I do not know. as much as the idea of a circle differs from the idea of a triangle. namely. it would regard the same as present to itself: it would have no reasons for doubting its existence. the affirmation which involves the idea of a circle. The doctrine is good. solely in the knowledge of God. xxxv. as if virtue and the . Inasmuch as it teaches us to act solely according to the decree of God. I absolutely deny. unless the imagination of a winged horse be joined to an idea which precludes the existence of the said horse. We must therefore conclude. particular affirmations differ one from the other. as we perform more perfect actions and more and more understand God. and their best actions. for there is nothing positive in ideas. not in so far as it is considered as constituting the idea's essence: for. and so much the more. or will necessarily be in doubt on the subject. whereby we are led to act only as love and piety shall bid us. note).perception. These two affirmations. when we confuse universals with singulars. madmen. note. 1. and the entities of reason and abstractions with realities. as for having endured the direst slavery. If I am asked. each equally distant from him) would die of hunger and thirst. save affirming that a horse has wings? If the mind could perceive nothing else but the winged horse. namely. to affirm that that which is true is true. which constitutes the actual reality of falsehood (II. in which case it will either necessarily deny the existence of such a horse. whose adequate essence must. and xlvii. differs from that which involves the idea of a triangle. neither do I know how a man should be considered. and that it only signifies that which is common to all ideas. and to be partakers in the Divine nature. therefore. are in the same relation to one another as being and not--being. For what is the perception of a winged horse. fools. that we are easily deceived. or unless the mind perceives that the idea which it possess of a winged horse is inadequate. I answer. in this respect alone. For instance. or how we should consider children. Such a doctrine not only completely tranquilizes our spirit. We may thus clearly understand. that a man placed in the equilibrium described (namely. I am quite ready to admit.
ON THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF THE EMOTIONS Most writers on the emotions and on human conduct seem to be treating rather of matters outside nature than of natural phenomena following nature's general laws. which accordingly they bemoan. 2. and I thus bring the second part of my treatise to a close. and helpful to his neighbour. as will. Still there has been no lack of very excellent men (to whose toil and industry I confess myself much indebted). or superstition. but to some mysterious flaw in the nature of man. despise. how we ought to conduct respect to the gifts of fortune. I think I have therein explained the nature and properties of the human mind at sufficient length. with sufficient clearness. who succeeds in hitting off the weakness of the human mind more eloquently or more acutely than his fellows. for it teaches how citizens should be governed and led. deride.service of God were not in itself happiness and perfect freedom. it teaches us. or matters which power. 4. and do not follow from our nature. in what follows. neither to despise. or to be angry with any. whereon may be raised many excellent conclusions of the highest utility and most necessary to be known. and. not so as to become slaves. as usually happens. PART III. For it we should await and endure fortune's smiles or equal mind. They appear to conceive man to be situated in nature as a kingdom within a kingdom: for they believe that he disturbs rather than follows nature's order. favour. They attribute human infirmities and fickleness. to envy. is looked upon as a seer. seeing that all things follow from the of God by the same necessity. so far as I know. that he has absolute control over his actions. to deride. Inasmuch as ourselves with are not in our shows us. who have written many noteworthy things concerning the right way of life. not from any womanish pity. as I will show in Part III. inasmuch as it teaches us to hate no man. but solely by the guidance of reason. be partly made plain. according as the time and occasion demand. or. I have thus fulfilled the promise made at the beginning of this note. I have laid a foundation. Further. as it tells us that each should be content with his own. this doctrine confers no small advantage on the commonwealth. that frowns with an eternal decree the essence of right angles. but so that they may freely do whatsoever things are best. considering the difficulty of the subject. This doctrine raises social life. has defined the nature and strength of the emotions. and have given much sage advice to mankind. But no one. Lastly. as it follows from a triangle. and the power of the mind against them for their . abuse: he. not to the power of nature in general. that the three angles are equal to two 3. and that he is determined solely by himself.
are everywhere and always the same. I mean a cause through which its effect can be clearly and distinctly perceived. and possess certain properties as worthy of being known as the properties of anything else. therefore. doubtless think it strange that I should attempt to treat of human vice and folly geometrically. Such persons will. I mean a cause through which. at the same time. to point out a way. through which they are understood. absurd. and should wish to set forth with rigid reasoning those matters which they cry out against as repugnant to reason. and so on. in my opinion. that the mind has absolute power over its actions. I then call the emotion an activity. treat of the nature and strength of the emotions according to the same method. namely. for nature is always the same. Thus the passions of hatred. they answer to certain definite causes. follow from this same necessity and efficacy of nature. . as though I were concerned with lines. strove to explain human emotions by their primary causes. On the other hand. If we can be the adequate cause of any of these modifications. planes. I do not forget. as I will show in the proper place. However. and solids. which can be set down to a flaw therein.B. By an inadequate or partial cause. frivolous. whereby all things come to pass and change from one form to another. DEFINITIONS I. which can through our nature alone be clearly and distinctly understood. and.restraint. I shall consider human actions and desires in exactly the same manner. by itself. and everywhere one and the same in her efficacy and power of action. or follows from our nature externally. I shall. whereof the contemplation in itself affords us delight. its effect cannot be understood. we being only the partial cause. Nothing comes to pass in nature. By an adequate cause. by which the mind might attain to absolute dominion over them. I say that we are passive as regards something when that something takes place within us. considered in themselves. For the present I wish to revert to those. either within us or externally to us. he accomplishes nothing beyond a display of the acuteness of his own great intellect. that the illustrious Descartes. envy. and also the ideas of such modifications. and dreadful. aided or constrained. II. N. However. though he believed. that is. whereof we are the adequate cause. or state wherein the mind is passive. I say that we act when anything takes place. whereby the active power of the said body is increased or diminished. otherwise I call it a passion. so that there should be one and the same method of understanding the nature of all things whatsoever. as I employed heretofore in my investigations concerning God and the mind. anger. who would rather abuse or deride human emotions than understand them. such is my plan. By emotion I mean the modifications of the body. through nature's universal laws and rules. III. that is (by the foregoing definition) when through our nature something takes place within us or externally to us. nature's laws and ordinances.
II. . I. this was our second point.).) the mind of the given man is not an adequate. I repeat.B. The human body can be affected in many ways. i.E. Therefore our mind. xl. not inasmuch as he contains in himself the essence of the given mind alone. and in certain cases passive. whatsoever necessarily follows from the idea which is adequate in God. and those which are inadequate in the mind are likewise (by the same Coroll. the mind in question is the adequate cause (II. together with the mind of that one man. and. and Lemmas v. of such an effect (II. The human body can undergo many changes. but inasmuch as he is conceived as affected by the given idea (II. and.).). by virtue of his being a thinking thing. Those ideas which are adequate in the mind are adequate also in God. is in certain cases necessarily active. xi. xvii. vi. but by virtue of his containing.D. ii. inasmuch as it has inadequate ideas. Def. inasmuch as he constitutes the essence of the mind (II. Again. PROP. which see after II. Coroll. and.) adequate in God.).).--In every human mind there are some adequate ideas. retain the impressions or traces of objects (cf. Our mind is in certain cases active. 36). In so far as it has adequate ideas it is necessarily active. nevertheless. from any given idea some effect must necessarily follow (I. not by virtue of his possessing in himself the mind of one man only. but only a partial cause. xiii. but as he. That. PROP. This postulate or axiom rests on Postulate i. is in certain cases necessarily passive. this was our first point. Q. Proof. Proof. in proportion as it possesses inadequate ideas. Coroll.--Hence it follows that the mind is more or less liable to be acted upon.. Def. the same images of things (see note II. v. But of that effect whereof God is the cause. Corollary. Therefore our mind.). Coroll. and not by virtue of his being displayed under any other attribute (II. xl. and in so far as it has inadequate ideas. in so far as it has adequate ideas (III. the minds of other things also. N.). II. it is necessarily passive. Def. contains the minds of other things.POSTULATES I. at the same time.). ix. and also in other ways which do not render its power of activity either greater or less. Again. xi. and some ideas that are fragmentary and confused (II.--All modes of thinking have for their cause God. ii. neither can mind determine body to motion or rest or any state different from these. not inasmuch as he is infinite. contrariwise. of that effect. inasmuch as he is affected by an idea which is adequate in a given mind. &c. is more or less active in proportion as it possesses adequate ideas. note).) the mind. if such there be. Post. Body cannot determine mind to think. and vii. of this effect God is the adequate cause (III. thus (III. consequently. II. whereby its power of activity is increased or diminished.
E. no one has hitherto laid down the limits to the powers of the body. which far transcend human sagacity. which is a mode of thought. that the body can by the sole laws of its nature do many things which the mind wonders at. which latter has dominion over the body. which they would not venture to do when awake: these instances are enough to show. namely. we have experience. it cannot spring from the mind. that men can be induced to consider the question calmly and fairly. nor how many various degrees of motion it can impart to the body.. in so far as she is regarded as extension. accordingly. I can scarcely believe. But. as to the first point. I ask such objectors. no one knows how or by what means the mind moves the body. it is not body. which has also been determined to a state of motion or rest by a third body. However. and absolutely everything which takes place in a body must spring from God. secondly. whether we know or do not know the means whereby the mind acts on the body. that mind and body are one and the same thing. and do not wonder at it. vi. that if the body be inactive the mind is simultaneously unfitted . under the attribute of extension. vii. &c. Again. No one hitherto has gained such an accurate knowledge of the bodily mechanism. But. in so far as he is regarded as affected by some mode of extension. conceived first under the attribute of thought. experience of the fact that unless the human mind is in a fit state to think. and not by some mode of thought (II. Again. the body remains inert. so firmly are they convinced that it is merely at the bidding of the mind. Thus. or are confessing in specious phraseology that they are ignorant of the cause of the said action. at any rate. i. whether nature be conceived under the one attribute or the other. xii. Moreover. Nevertheless. Note. nor need I call attention to the fact that many actions are observed in the lower animals. we have. Therefore body cannot determine mind. or performs a variety of actions depending solely on the mind's will or the exercise of thought. no one has as yet been taught by experience what the body can accomplish solely by the laws of nature. and though there be no further room for doubt.).therefore. that is. which determines the mind to thought is a mode of thought. though such is the case. nor how quickly it can move it. we say depend on the mind's decree. they are using words without meaning. whether experience does not also teach. This was our first point. until the fact is proved by experience. Q. that he can explain all its functions. that the mind alone can determine whether we speak or are silent. that the body is set in motion or at rest. This was our second point. The same conclusion is evident from the manner in which we proved II. and not a mode of extension. that is (II. and a variety of similar states which. Thus it follows that the order or concatenation of things is identical. Def. when men say that this or that physical action has its origin in the mind. the motion and rest of a body must arise from another body.D. they will say.--This is made more clear by what was said in the note to II. consequently the order of states of activity and passivity in our body is simultaneous in nature with the order of states of activity and passivity in the mind. and that somnambulists do many things in their sleep. that is.).
that the mind is not at all times equally fit for thinking on a given subject. and restrain anything more easily than their appetites. a drunken man believes that he utters from the free decision of his mind words which. and has no power of thinking. As for the second objection. when it comes about that many believe. because our desire for such can easily be controlled by the thought of something else frequently remembered. Everyone shapes his actions according to his emotion. the mind simultaneously is in a state of torpor also. a timid child believes that it freely desires to run away. which they would never have believed possible except under the direction of mind: such are the actions performed by somnambulists while asleep. such as it possesses when the body is awake. we should be able to deduce the causes of buildings. when they are in reality unable to restrain their impulse to talk. and. and unconscious of the causes whereby those actions are determined. and things of that kind. a child. unless it were determined and led by the mind. Experience abundantly shows that men can govern anything more easily than their tongues. a delirious man. if men were as fully able to keep silence as they are to speak. that men believe themselves to be free. whereas they have experience of many things being accomplished solely by the laws of nature. namely. be capable of building a single temple. he would willingly have withheld: thus. believe that they speak from the free decision of their mind. that we are only free in respect to objects which we moderately desire. it will be urged. unless such persons had proved by experience that we do many things which we afterwards repent of. which far surpasses in complexity all that has been put together by human art. and wondered at by their performers when awake. too. nor would the human body.for thinking? For when the body is at rest in sleep. when assailed by contrary emotions. further. Experience teaches us no less clearly than reason. I submit that the world would be much happier. those who are not attacked by any emotion are readily swayed this way or that. a garrulous woman. see the better and follow the worse. so also is the mind more or less fitted for contemplating the said object. but that we are by no means free in respect to what we seek with violent emotion. under whatever attribute she be considered. and therefore vary according to the varying state of the body. not to repeat what I have already shown. and again that we often. However. I have just pointed out that the objectors cannot fix the limits of the body's power. I think everyone's experience will confirm the statement. or say what can be concluded from a consideration of its sole nature. simply because they are conscious of their actions. But. All these considerations clearly show that a mental . an angry child believes that it freely desires vengeance. those who are assailed by conflicting emotions know not what they wish. pictures. and others of like complexion. but according as the body is more or less fitted for being stimulated by the image of this or that object. However. that from nature. Again. Thus an infant believes that of its own free will it desires milk. which are produced only by human art. further. for our desire cannot then be allayed with the remembrance of anything else. it is plain that the dictates of the mind are but another name for the appetites. when he is sober. it is impossible that solely from the laws of nature considered as extended substance. infinite results follow. there would be nothing to prevent their believing that we are free in all things. I would further call attention to the mechanism of the human body.
or.--The first element. and deduced from the laws of motion and rest. and we seem to act from the same decision of the mind as that. xxix. and xiii. which constitutes the essence of the mind. that passive states are attributed to individual things in the same way that they are attributed to the mind. we cannot say a word without remembering that we have done so. as the ideas of things actually existing. This will appear yet more plainly in the sequel. Note. except in so far as it contains something involving negation. For the present I wish to call attention to another point.). do but dream with their eyes open. or in so far as it is regarded as a part of nature. by virtue of being an idea.. which (II. namely. yet we do not speak. we believe that we speak from a free decision of the mind. Therefore the freedom of the mind must in any case be limited to the power of uttering or not uttering something which it remembers. But in so far as the mind (III. and the other sort free? If our folly does not carry us so far as this. is not distinguishable from the imagination or memory. III. we dream that we are concealing something.D. Wherefore these decisions of the mind arise in the mind by the same necessity. which we call decision. whereby we keep silence when awake concerning something we know. . it is necessarily passive: wherefore the activities of the mind follow solely from adequate ideas. it is not within the free power of the mind to remember or forget a thing at will. and has mind for its proximate cause. xlix.) has inadequate ideas. it is by a spontaneous motion of the body. which cannot be clearly and distinctly perceived through itself without other parts: I could thus show. and accordingly the mind is only passive in so far as it has inadequate ideas. which an idea. one sort illusive. are simultaneous. that the decision of the mind. through which it must be understood. xi. when it is regarded under the attribute of extension. the passive states of the mind depend solely on inadequate ideas. whereof some are adequate and some inadequate (II. we must necessarily admit.--Thus we see.). Again. Coroll. and that they cannot otherwise be perceived. For instance. that they speak or keep silence or act in any way from the free decision of their mind. Proof. xxxviii. that we cannot act by the decision of the mind. Now I should like to know whether there be in the mind two sorts of decisions.) is compounded of many other ideas. but my purpose is solely to treat of the human mind. and is nothing more than the affirmation. The activities of the mind arise solely from adequate ideas. Therefore those who believe. PROP. Again. we dream that from the free decision of our mind we do something. Coroll. unless we have a remembrance of having done so. Lastly. Q. Whatsoever therefore follows from the nature of mind. which is believed to be free. and a conditioned state. II. or rather are one and the same thing. which we should not dare to do when awake. if we do. or determined state. when it is regarded under and explained through the attribute of thought. necessarily involves (II. is nothing else but the idea of the actually existent body (II. that passive states are not attributed to the mind. must necessarily follow either from an adequate or from an inadequate idea. But when we dream that we speak.E.decision and a bodily appetite.). i. xv.
endeavours to persist in its own being. it acts.D.--This proposition is self--evident. v. or which can take away its existence (III. it would then follow solely from that power whereby the thing exists.E. Proof. iv.E. xxxiv. Everything. Nothing can be destroyed. involves no finite time.). PROP. Proof. and in so far as it is in itself. Wherefore the endeavour wherewith a thing exists involves no definite time. The endeavour. in other words. is absurd. that the thing could not exist beyond the limits of that time. PROP. PROP.E. that is (III. but. VI. but contrariwise it is opposed to all that could take away its existence (III. VII. Proof.).D.) it will by the same power whereby it already .D. but this (III. Q. in so far as it can. V. it endeavours to persist in its own being. except by a cause external to itself.). vi. So long therefore as we regard only the thing itself. PROP. Things are naturally contrary. but does not negative it. whereby a thing endeavours to persist in its own being. wherewith it endeavours to persist in its own being. &c. we shall not be able to find in it anything which could destroy it. now no thing contains in itself anything whereby it can be destroyed. since (III. the power or endeavour. they are things which express in a given determinate manner the power of God. for the definition of anything affirms the essence of that thing.--If they could agree together or co--exist in the same object. there would then be in the said object something which could destroy it. Therefore. but this. Coroll. Proof. is nothing else but the actual essence of the thing in question. either alone or with other things. The endeavour. by the foregoing proposition. Q. cannot exist in the same object. but that it must be destroyed. that is.) is absurd.). or endeavours to act. Proof. is nothing else but the given or actual essence of the thing in question. or the endeavour whereby. but does not take it away. Q. that is.--Individual things are modes whereby the attributes of God are expressed in a given determinate manner (I.).). xxix. nor have things any power save such as necessarily follows from their nature as determined (I. xxxvi. in so far as it is in itself.). VIII.E. therefore things.--From the given essence of any thing certain consequences necessarily follow (I. wherefore the power of any given thing. but an indefinite time.PROP. wherewith everything endeavours to persist in its own being. contrariwise.D. Q. in so far as one is capable of destroying the other. which should determine the duration of the thing. whereby God is and acts. IV. it postulates the essence of the thing. (I. xxv. without taking into account external causes. iv. iv.--If it involved a limited time.
and of this endeavour it is conscious.). and in so far as it possesses the latter. the idea of that thing cannot be postulated as in our mind. the mind is therefore (III.exists always continue to exist. or desire it.--Thus we see. An idea. is contrary to our mind. which excludes the existence of our body. therefore (III. sometimes to a state of lesser perfection. unless it be destroyed by some external cause. X. endeavours to persist in its being for an indefinite period.--This endeavour. Proof. xi. an idea. but on the other hand we deem a thing to be good.) the first element. IX. Coroll. helps or hinders the power of activity in our body. and which man has thus been determined to perform. Q.). xiv.).) conscious of its own endeavour. vii. ix. wish for. in so far as they are conscious of their appetite.D.--This proposition is evident from II. when referred solely to the mind. v. and also in so far as it has confused ideas. xiii. xxiii. PROP.. or desire anything. between appetite and desire there is no difference. but is contrary thereto. since (II. the idea thereof increases or diminishes.) is necessarily conscious of itself through the ideas of the modifications of the body. Note. Proof. xi. that is (II. Note. helps or hinders the power of thought in our mind. XI. from the nature of which necessarily follow all those results which tend to its preservation. long for. except that the term desire is generally applied to men.--The essence of the mind is constituted by adequate and inadequate ideas (III. Further. and may accordingly be thus defined: Desire is appetite with consciousness thereof. but contrariwise. wish for it. both in so far as it possesses the former. viii. cannot be postulated in our mind.). iii. long for it. because we strive for it. and that for an indefinite time (III. xiii. it is. PROP. when referred to the mind and body in conjunction it is called appetite. this endeavour involves an indefinite time.). and can pass sometimes to a state of greater perfection. because we deem it to be good.). It is thus plain from what has been said. which negatives the existence of our body. vii. that constitutes the essence of the mind. cannot be postulated therein (III. nothing else but man's essence. is the idea of the human body as actually existing. Therefore neither can the idea of such a thing occur in God.. is called will. that in no case do we strive for.E. &c. it endeavours to persist in its own being. in fact. Now as the mind (II. The mind. in so far as he has the idea of our body (II. both in so far as it has clear and distinct ideas.--Whatsoever can destroy our body. Whatsoever increases or diminishes. or from II. Proof. PROP. These passive states of transition explain to us the emotions of pleasure and pain. that the mind can undergo many changes. . it follows that the first and chief endeavour of our mind is the endeavour to affirm the existence of our body: thus. vii.
xvii. vi. beyond these three I recognize no other primary emotion.--So long as the human body is affected in a mode. as soon as the mind ceases to affirm the present existence of the body. xvii. Further. that stimulation and suffering are attributed to man.By pleasure therefore in the following propositions I shall signify a passive state wherein the mind passes to a greater perfection. of this part. involves the existence of body. which increase or help the power of activity in the body. as far as it can.D.. but (II. to remember things which exclude the existence of the . the emotion of pain in the same relation I shall call suffering or melancholy. endeavours to conceive those things. xvii. also depends on the fact. it endeavours. xi. Now the cause. so long as the human mind regards an external body as present. the body is affected in modes which increase or help its power of activity (III. PROP. Thus (III. is not that the body began to exist. In the note to II. vii. it does not cease to affirm the existence of the body. as far as possible. nor again the fact that the body ceases to exist. the emotion of pleasure in reference to the body and mind together I shall call stimulation (titillatio) or merriment (hilaritas). and consequently (II.E. we showed that the idea. consequently (III.). The mind. the human body is affected in a mode. But we must bear in mind. because the body ceases to exist. that it involves the actual existence of the body.) the cause.) the mind's power of thinking is for that period increased or helped. that the present existence of our mind depends solely on the fact. the human mind will regard that external body as present (II. x of this part. I will show as I proceed. What I mean by desire I have explained in the note to Prop. when all parts are alike affected. iv. that is (II. Q. XIII. Lastly. in order that we may clearly understand how one idea is contrary to another.). of our mind. But. why the mind affirms the existence of the body. ix. viii. ix. which increase or help the power of activity in our body. as far as it can.. endeavours to imagine such things. before I go further. and which is therefore contrary to the idea constituting the essence of our mind.). For (by II. which involves the nature of the said external body. consequently. why the mind ceases to affirm this existence of the body. whereby it imagines and remembers things. and note) that the power of the mind. PROP. xviii. for the same reason. XII. thus so long as the mind conceives things.) this result follows from another idea. Proof. cannot be the mind itself (III. that all other emotions arise from these three.) the mind. vi. we showed (II. I should like here to explain at greater length Prop. xvii. When the mind conceives things which diminish or hinder the body's power of activity. therefore. so long as the body itself exists. that the present existence of the mind and its power of imagining are removed. when one part of his nature is more affected than the rest. Post. that the mind involves the actual existence of the body. which excludes the present existence of our body and. i. note).). xvii. merriment and melancholy. By pain I shall signify a passive state wherein the mind passes to a lesser perfection. Whence it follows. conceives it. which involves the nature of any external body. which constitutes the essence of mind. it follows from what we pointed out in the Corollary to II. Again..
xvii. Love is nothing else but pleasure accompanied by the idea of an external cause: Hate is nothing else but pain accompanied by the idea of an external cause. and the other does either increase or diminish the said power (III. which excludes the present existence thereof (II.--So long as the mind conceives anything of the kind alluded to. xviii. if the body. and to keep present to him.--Let it be granted that the mind is simultaneously affected by two emotions.).). be also affected by the other. therefore. which (by hypothesis) neither increases nor diminishes its power of action. Coroll. or desire. while he who hates endeavours to remove and destroy the object of his hatred. through its true cause. be also affected by the other. Q. If the mind has once been affected by two emotions at the same time.E. Note.--If the human body has once been affected by two bodies at once. In the same way also it can be easily shown. the power of the mind and body is diminished or constrained (cf. which does increase or diminish its power of activity. which excludes the existence of the former thing conceived: therefore the mind (III. which diminish or constrain the power of itself and of the body. accidentally. until the mind conceives something else. of which one neither increases nor diminishes its power of activity. it will straightway remember the other also (II.) has been once affected by two emotions at the same time. will endeavour to conceive or remember the latter. whenever the mind is afterwards affected by the former. From the foregoing proposition it is evident that. iii. or constrained. it will be at the same time affected by the latter. the power of the mind and of the body is diminished.). Corollary. though that thing be not . not through itself.D. it will. Proof.--From what has been said we may clearly understand the nature of Love and Hate.first--named things. but accidentally. xvi. that he who loves necessarily endeavours to have.). III. xii. We further see. that is (as I have just shown). whenever it is afterwards affected by one of the two. nevertheless it will continue to conceive it. and consequently the mind (III. as far as it can. Post. PROP. XV. whenever it is afterwards affected by one of these two. be the cause of pleasure or pain. Thus the former of the two emotions will.D. that a thing may be accidentally the cause of desire. ix. Proof.). the object of his love. Corollary. Def. note) it will be affected with pleasure or pain. it will. be the cause of pleasure. ii. until the mind conceives something else. that is (III. Anything can. Proof). But the mind's conceptions indicate rather the emotions of our body than the nature of external bodies (II.--Simply from the fact that we have regarded a thing with the emotion of pleasure or pain. Proof.--Hence it follows that the mind shrinks from conceiving those things. i. pain. Q. XIV. But I will treat of these matters at more length hereafter. xi. whenever afterwards the mind conceives one of them.E. PROP.
when the mind is affected by the image thereof.--The point of resemblance was in the object (by hypothesis). which is wont to affect us painfully. as a phrase is.) a cause of pleasure or pain. xi.--This disposition of the mind. we shall hate it: further. PROP. and at the same time we shall love it. it will straightway be affected by one or the other emotion. xvi. according as it may love or hate the same. PROP. in so far as we imagine it with this emotion.the efficient cause of the emotion. which arises from two contrary emotions. thus we shall both hate and love the same thing. Simply from the fact that we conceive. when we regarded it with pleasure or pain. according as the power of the mind and body may be increased or diminished. that we love or hate a thing without any cause for our emotion being known to us. we shall still regard the first--named object with love or hate. I am aware that certain authors. although the point in which the two objects resemble one another be not the efficient cause of the emotion. xiv. is called vacillation. simply because they resemble other objects which affect us in the same way. we shall still regard the first--named object with love or hate.--The given thing is (by hypothesis) in itself a cause of pain. according as the mind may desire or shrink from the conception of it (III. XVII. and consequently (III. Q. Proof. we shall hate the first--named thing.D.E.--Hence we understand how it may happen. This I will show in the next Prop. xii. nevertheless I think we may be permitted to use the same terms to indicate known or manifest qualities. which is wont to affect us with an equally strong emotion of pleasure. Proof.). xiii.). and consequently the thing. and (III. it stands to the emotions in the same relation as doubt does to the imagination .).--For from this fact alone it arises (III. which affect us pleasurably or painfully. that a given object has some point of resemblance with another object which is wont to affect the mind pleasurably or painfully. from sympathy or antipathy. Note. XVI. We should refer to the same category those objects.).D. will be accidentally (III. note). we shall with an equally strong impulse of pleasure love it (III. Thus (by the foregoing Corollary).E. which we perceive to have the same point of resemblance. in other words (III. Q. xiv. note)." wished to signify thereby some occult qualities in things. note). merely. has any point of resemblance with another thing which is wont to affect us with an equally strong emotion of pleasure. If we conceive that a thing. xiii. that the mind afterwards conceiving the said thing is affected with the emotion of pleasure or pain. thus (III. inasmuch as we conceive that it has some point of resemblance to something else. xv. Proof.. xiii. who were the first to introduce these terms "sympathy" and "antipathy. Q.).E. Coroll. we can either love or hate it. &c. that is (III. Note.D. although the point of resemblance be not the efficient cause of the said emotions.
and Disappointment. who have had many experiences.) be affected in a variety of different ways by one and the same body. For instance. but I do not deny that vacillation of the disposition generally arises from an object. Note I.[5] Hope is nothing else but an inconstant pleasure. and to the other accidentally.(II. it can also in many different ways affect one and the same part of the body. and therefore (II. In other words. i. arising from the image of something future or past. Pleasure or Pain arising from the image of something concerning which we have hoped or feared. The human body is composed (II. he will not conceive it as past or future. on the other hand. Hence we can easily conceive. However. But we must bear in mind that I have deduced this vacillation from causes. whether the image be of a thing past. that is.) of a variety of individual parts of different nature. in the same way as if the thing were actually present. A man is as much affected pleasurably or painfully by the image of a thing past or future as by the image of a thing present. which give rise through themselves to one of the emotions. vacillation and doubt do not differ one from the other. Fear. xvii. whether it be referred to time past. Fear. Q. and Coroll. xliv. as we thus conceive it.--I call a thing past or future. that one and the same object may be the cause of many and conflicting emotions. in order that they might be more easily deduced from what went before. Joy. Joy is Pleasure arising from the image of something past . Thus the emotion of pleasure or pain is the same. and are usually in doubt about its issue (II. the body is affected by no emotion which excludes the existence of the thing.--So long as a man is affected by the image of anything. or are about to see it. PROP. or time present.). the disposition or emotion of the body is identical. it follows that the emotions which arise from similar images of things are not so constant. Coroll. whether the image be of a thing past or future. If the element of doubt be removed from these emotions. we affirm its existence. that is (II. after II. except as greater differs from less. XVIII. Wherefore the image of a thing. For.i. according as it has harmed us. and contrariwise. hope becomes Confidence and fear becomes Despair. future. after Lemma iii. according as it has recreated us.) the body is affected by the image of the thing. I have done this.D.--From what has just been said. xvii. xiii. even though it be non--existent (II. xliv. so long as they regard a thing as future or past. except in so far as its image is joined to the image of time past or future (II. or present. Confidence. or will harm us. according as we either have been or shall be affected thereby. we understand what is meant by the terms Hope. and may therefore (Ax. regarded in itself alone. whereof we do not yet know the issue. note). Note II. note). as one and the same thing can be affected in many ways. Again. note). as it generally happens that those. time future. is identical. until men become assured of the issue. Post. he will regard that thing as present. is an inconstant pain also arising from the image of something concerning which we are in doubt. or will recreate us. which is the efficient cause of both emotions. xliv. according as we have seen it. Proof. Despair. but are generally disturbed by the images of other things. vacillate.E. xvi.).
which exclude the existence of things whereby the body's power of activity is diminished or constrained. affects the mind pleasurably.).) he who conceives. endeavours to conceive those things which increase or help the body's power of activity (III. so much the more in proportion as the emotion of pleasure is greater. PROP. will himself be affected painfully. therefore (III. This was our first point. affect the mind painfully. Thus he who conceives that the object of his hate is destroyed will feel pleasure. it endeavours to conceive such things as exclude the existence of what it hates. xix. will himself be affected pleasurably or painfully. xvii.--The mind. Proof. in proportion as the said emotion is greater or less in the object of love. it affects the lover pleasurably. note). in so far as a thing is affected with pain. He. Q. which postulate the existence of an object of love. Proof.) endeavours to conceive those things. for it is (III.D.--The images of things (as we showed in III. and so much the more. Pollock. it is to that extent destroyed. xii. therefore the image of pleasure in the object of love helps the mental endeavour of the lover. XXI. if he conceives that it is preserved he will feel pleasure. help the mind's endeavour to conceive the said object. in other words (III. .--The mind (III. But pleasure postulates the existence of something feeling pleasure. xiii. xi.) which postulate the existence of the object of love. that the object of his love is affected painfully.D. in other words (III. Further. therefore. affect the mind pleasurably.E.whereof we have doubted the issue. &c. Q.). xiii. that is. PROP. xii. [5] Conscientiæ morsus--thus rendered by Mr. the extent being in proportion to the amount of pain (III. XIX. that the object of his love is affected pleasurably or painfully. hinder the aforesaid mental endeavour. and contrariwise is hindered by those which exclude the existence of a thing (II. He who conceives. Q. which excludes the existence of what the mind hates. xix. in other words. and the one or the other emotion will be greater or less in the lover according as it is greater or less in the thing loved.D. which exclude the existence of an object of love. note). He who conceives that the object of his love is destroyed will feel pain. contrariwise those things. who conceives that the object of his love is destroyed will feel pain. XX. as far as possible. But conception is helped by those things which postulate the existence of a thing.E. those things which it loves. note). in other words (III. note). therefore the image of a thing. xi. xi. in proportion as this emotion may have been greater in the object of love. Disappointment is the Pain opposed to Joy. note) a transition to a greater perfection.E. Proof. therefore the images of things. helps the aforesaid mental effort. note). PROP. xi. that is (III. help the mind's endeavour to conceive the object of love. He who conceives that the object of his hate is destroyed will also feel pleasure.
note).) will hinder his own endeavour to persist. Proof.). but also for a thing which we have hitherto regarded without emotion. Note. we shall be affected with love or hatred towards him. and the hatred towards him who injures another. and without any mental conflict. in other words (III. we shall feel love towards him. Contrariwise. to an extent proportioned to the strength of the pain (III. and he will have the contrary emotion in contrary circumstances. Each of these emotions will be greater or less. note). xxi.D. that we not only feel pity for a thing which we have loved (as shown in III. We must further remark. PROP. he will feel pain. he who hates will be painfully affected. XXIV. and. we shall be affected with hatred towards it.--Prop. xx. will feel pleasure.E. if we conceive that anyone affects an object of our love pleasurably or painfully. he (III. we shall be affected with love towards that thing. note). xi. I know not. pleasure postulates the existence of the pleasurably affected thing (III. this conception (III. will feel pleasure. If we conceive that anything pleasurably affects some object of our love. contrariwise. we shall feel hatred towards him also.PROP. according as its contrary is greater or less in the object of hatred. Proof. For (as I am about to show in Prop. Contrariwise. in proportion as the pleasure is greater or less. If we conceive that he painfully affects that said object. If we conceive that anyone pleasurably affects an object of our hate. xi. he will himself be affected in like manner. we will call Indignation. if we conceive the loved object as affected with the said pleasure or pain (III. xxi. Thus. provided that we deem that it resembles ourselves (as I will show presently). xxi.). XXII. Therefore. XXIII. What term we can use for pleasure arising from another's gain. if he thinks that the said object is pleasurably affected.E. explains to us the nature of Pity. Note.--In so far as an object of hatred is painfully affected. in so far as a man conceives that something similar to himself is affected by pain. Approval.--This pleasure can scarcely be felt unalloyed. But here we are regarding hatred only. xiii. to an extent proportioned to the amount of pain he conceives in the object of his hatred. affects us also pleasurably or painfully--that is. He who conceives. Again. note). xiii. PROP. Q. Q. we bestow approval on one who has benefited anything resembling ourselves. if we conceive that it affects an object of our love painfully. that an object of his hatred is painfully affected. xxvii. But this pleasure or pain is postulated to come to us accompanied by the idea of an external cause. are indignant with him who has done it an injury. . that some object of his hatred is painfully affected.D. xi. We will call the love towards him who confers a benefit on another. it is destroyed. If anyone imagines that an object of his hatred is pleasurably affected. This was our first point. who affects pleasurably or painfully the object of our love.).--He. which we may define as pain arising from another's hurt.) who conceives. therefore (III.
Contrariwise.). concerning that which we hate. we endeavour to negative everything. that a man may easily think too highly of himself. which is like ourselves. concerning ourselves. everything that we can conceive to affect pleasurably ourselves. affects us also pleasurably or painfully (III. is pleasure springing from a man thinking too highly of himself. to be affected with any emotion. Note. we are ourselves affected with a like emotion (affectus). xvii. so long as he is unable to conceive anything which excludes their existence. XXVI. Whereas the pleasure which arises from thinking too little of a man is called disdain. and thereupon accounting them real. Proof. Again. as far as possible. which we conceive to affect painfully ourselves or the loved object. too meanly of a hated object. xiii.E. Q. and Coroll.--Thus we see that it may readily happen.Proof. and to grieve at another's advantage.). we endeavour to affirm concerning ourselves. whatever we conceive to affect ourselves. it endeavours to regard them as present. XXVII. concerning it. xxi. But the mind (III. Proof. and determines his own power of action. the pleasure which arises from a man thinking too highly of another is called over--esteem. therefore. and is a species of madness. therefore. contrariwise (III. xvii. and.--These and similar emotions of hatred are attributable to envy. the nature of the external bodies as present. By the very fact that we conceive a thing.D.--The images of things are modifications of the human body. it endeavours to exclude the existence of such things as affect us painfully. and exulting in them. as the foregoing proposition followed from III. which see. and which we have not regarded with any emotion. If. the nature of . xii. is nothing else but hatred. and concerning what we love. xxiii. or the loved object. contrariwise. and concerning the loved object. xxi. This feeling is called pride. and. accordingly. XXV. xxii. therefore. whereof the ideas represent external bodies as present to us (II...--This proposition is proved in the same way as III. to conceive those things which affect us pleasurably. We endeavour to affirm. and.) endeavours. x. in other words (II.). Pride. at the same time.). which we conceive to affect an object of our love pleasurably or painfully. PROP.--This proposition follows from III. or the love object pleasurably.). We endeavour to affirm. And. Note. which. everything which we conceive to affect it painfully. or a loved object. everything which we conceive to affect it pleasurably.--That. whereof the ideas involve the nature of our body. we endeavour to deny. thinking that he can accomplish all things that fall within the scope of his conception. in reference to the man who thinks too highly of himself. Proof. PROP. in other words (II. wherein a man dreams with his eyes open. contrariwise. in so far as it is regarded as disposing a man to rejoice in another's hurt. PROP.
xvii.D. we should rejoice in its pain. or which destroys it (cf. we shall be affected with hatred towards him. ix. when it is referred to pain.). to that extent.D. thus.--That. Corollary I.--If we could hate it for this reason.) we shall endeavour to conceive it as far as possible as present or actually existing. Note II. xiii. Concerning love or hate towards him who has done good or harm to something. which is contrary to the hypothesis. whom we have hitherto regarded with no emotion.the external body be similar to the nature of our body. we conceive that he painfully affects the same. But the endeavour of . we shall endeavour to recall everything which removes its existence.--This imitation of emotions. note).--This is proved from the last proposition in the same manner as III. from the fact of conceiving a thing like ourselves to be affected with any emotion. xii.).E. Thus. If. then the idea which we form of the external body will involve a modification of our own body similar to the modification of the external body. however. is called compassion (cf. affects us also with similar pain (by the foregoing proposition). or to conduce to pain. Q. note). we shall desire to destroy it. note. which painfully affects the object of our pity. xxii.--We cannot hate a thing which we pity. is called benevolence. but we endeavour to remove or destroy whatsoever we conceive to be truly repugnant thereto. XXVIII. or we shall be determined for its destruction. is proved from III. Note I. Proof. if we conceive anyone similar to ourselves as affected by any emotion. in other words (II. Corollary III. in other words (III. when it is referred to desire. we shall endeavour to free from misery a thing which we pity. because its misery affects us painfully. xxii. xxii. Proof. and not similar. as far as we can. xxi. III. this conception will express a modification of our body similar to that emotion. pleasurably affects something similar to ourselves. we shall be affected with love towards him. emotion. as far as possible.--This will or appetite for doing good.--If we conceive that anyone. we hate the said thing like ourselves. which arises from pity of the thing whereon we would confer a benefit. engendered in us by the fact that we conceive that others have the like desire. PROP. to conceive that which we imagine to conduce to pleasure (III. a thing which we pity. which we conceive to be like ourselves. Proof. we are ourselves affected with a like emotion. which is nothing else but the desire of anything. Q. III. see III.E. on the other hand. Consequently. We endeavour to bring about whatsoever we conceive to conduce to pleasure. and is nothing else but desire arising from compassion. Corollary II. If. therefore.--We endeavour. Proof. be affected by a contrary. we shall. it is called emulation.--We seek to free from misery.
--This endeavour to do a thing or leave it undone.). which we hate. we shall rejoice (III. note. if he has done anything which he conceives as affecting others painfully.). PROP. the endeavour of the body. xiii. We shall. come to the same thing) we desire and strive for it. that we do or omit certain things to our own or another's hurt: in other cases it is generally called kindliness.E. accompanied by the idea of himself as cause. Note. he will regard himself with pain. so that we may not regard it as present. Note. Q. On the other hand. Furthermore I give the name of praise to the pleasure. will be affected with pleasure accompanied by the idea of himself as cause. Again. in other words. therefore (by the first part of this proof). note). xiii.--He who conceives. as a man (II. xiii.) to remove it from us. that he affects others pleasurably. ix. And so mutatis mutandis in the case of pain. it follows that he who conceives. Proof. I mean men whom we regard without any particular emotion. will. is destroyed. XXX. if we conceive that something. by that very fact. endeavour to destroy the same. If anyone has done something which he conceives as affecting other men pleasurably. and II. which we believed to be the cause of pain.) is pleasure accompanied by the idea of an external cause. xiii. xxvii. Therefore we make an absolute endeavour for its existence. we will employ .--As love (III. or the body's power of action.--From the fact of imagining.). but of blame to the pain wherewith we feel aversion to his action. Coroll.the mind. whereby he has endeavoured to please us. &c. but. Wherefore whatsoever conduces to pleasure. Proof. PROP. or the mind's power of thought. (This is clear from II. And so we shall endeavour to do whatsoever we conceive men to love or regard with pleasure. is equal to.D. or (III. that men love or hate anything. the pleasure and pain in question will be a species of love and hatred. he will regard himself with pleasure. as the terms love and hatred are used in reference to external objects. xix. in other words (which by III. and hatred is pain accompanied by the idea of an external cause. solely in order to please men. xi. this was our second point.). [6] By "men" in this and the following propositions. Q. vii.D.E. Q. we shall love or hate the same thing (III. with which we conceive the action of another. and simultaneous with. etc. But.D. this was our first point. and xxiii. and contrariwise we shall shrink from doing that which we conceive men to shrink from. Coroll. especially when we so eagerly endeavour to please the vulgar. We shall also endeavour to do whatsoever we conceive men[6] to regard with pleasure. note). himself be affected with pleasure or pain (III. xxvii. in other words. XXIX. That is (III.E. that he affects others with pleasure or pain.) is conscious of himself through the modifications whereby he is determined to action. we call ambition. from this mere fact we shall feel pleasure or pain at the thing's presence. xx. he will regard himself with pleasure. he will be affected by pleasure. that is (III.
that the rest of mankind should live according to his own individual disposition: when such a desire is equally present in all. therefore. from the mere fact of conceiving that anyone shrinks from anything. xxix."[9] [9] Ovid. wherefore we see that everyone by nature desires (appetere). If we assume that we at the same time love it. The Dutch version and Camerer read. desires. "an internal cause. as far as possible. Coroll. it follows that everyone endeavours.E. si quis. we shall be subject to vacillation (III." II. &c. xix.D. and in wishing to be loved or praised by all. "Speremus pariter. wherewith a man conceives that he affects others. we shall ourselves shrink from that thing (III. xxviii." "Honor" = Gloria. Again. may exist solely in his own imagination. If we conceive that anyone loves. we shall then simultaneously love it and shrink from it.) that the pleasure.other names for the emotions now under discussion: pleasure accompanied by the idea of an external cause[7] we will style Honour. Again.) everyone endeavours to conceive concerning himself that which he conceives will affect him with pleasure. PROP. note). XXXI. and its contrary pain is called repentance." Note. desire. Proof. pariter metuamus amantes. as it may happen (II. or hate.5. and as (III. we shall thereupon regard the thing in question with more steadfast love. On the contrary. and the emotion contrary thereto we will style Shame: I mean in such cases as where pleasure or pain arises from a man's belief. xxv.--From the mere fact of conceiving that anyone loves anything we shall ourselves love that thing (III. is really ambition (see III.). that our own likes and dislikes should meet with universal approval. xvii. it may easily come to pass that a vain man may be proud and may imagine that he is pleasing to all. xxvii. and also from III. to cause others to love what he himself loves.--This endeavour to bring it about. amat. we shall undergo vacillations of soul. hence we shall thereupon love it more steadfastly. Spinoza transposes the verses. Corollary. if we think that anyone shrinks from something that we love. . in other words. everyone stands in everyone else's way. whereby our former emotion is fostered. [8] See previous endnote. note).--From the foregoing. quod sinit alter.): but we are assumed to love it already. 4. Q. [7] So Van Vloten and Bruder. that he is being praised or blamed: otherwise pleasure accompanied by the idea of an external cause[8] is called self--complacency. or hates anything which we ourselves love. xxvii. there is. "Amores. when in reality he may be an annoyance to all. and to hate what he himself hates: as the poet says: "As lovers let us share every hope and every fear: ironhearted were he who should love what the other leaves. all become mutually hateful. xvii. Ferreus est. a new cause of love.
that what we love should love us in return: in other words. xxxiii.--We endeavour (III. as it were. PROP. PROP. XXXIV. When we love a thing similar to ourselves we endeavour. Proof.D. xi. it follows also that they are envious and ambitious. as we have said. the greater will be our complacency.). xxvii. that we pleasurably affect something similar to ourselves. xxix. that he takes pity on those who fare ill. as far as we can.E. The greater the emotion with which we conceive a loved object to be affected towards us. XXXII. in proportion as the loved object is more pleasurably affected because of us. we shall endeavour to bring it about that the man in question shall not gain possession thereof.). xiii. Therefore. we shall find that she entirely confirms what we have said.--That which we love we endeavour.). to bring about.E. to bring about that it should love us in return. and note) the greater will be our pleasure. 30). Lastly. therefore the greater the emotion with which we conceive a loved object to be affected. modifications of the human body. in equilibrium. &c. note). and to possess themselves of whatever they conceive as delighting others: inasmuch as the images of things are. But we assumed that the pleasure in question would be prevented by another's delight in its object. Further. that is (III. whose body is continually. laugh or cry simply because they see others laughing or crying.--that is (III. endeavour to prevent his possession thereof (III. whence it follows that men are merciful. more especially if we turn our attention to the first years of our life. xxviii.E. Q. as far as we can. XXXIII. as far as we can. they desire forthwith to imitate whatever they see others doing. Note.) we shall ourselves love that thing and desire to take delight therein. or modes wherein the human body is affected and disposed by external causes to act in this or that manner.PROP. Proof. we shall endeavour to affect it pleasurably in preference to anything else (III. that what we love should be affected with pleasure accompanied by the idea of ourself as cause. Q. our endeavour will be assisted. moreover. Proof. that it should love us in return. as far as we can. we shall endeavour. to conceive in preference to anything else (III.--We thus see that man's nature is generally so constituted. We find that children. and Coroll.--From the mere fact of our conceiving that another person takes delight in a thing (III. Q. If the thing be similar to ourselves. If we conceive that anyone takes delight in something. we regard ourselves with pleasure (III.D. therefore. to bring it about. xii. But when we take pleasure in the fact. we see that from the same property of human nature.D. if we make appeal to Experience. and envies those who fare well with an amount of hatred proportioned to his own love for the goods in their possession. In other words. . that the thing should be affected with pleasure accompanied by the idea of ourselves. we shall.). which only one person can possess.
desires to possess it under the same circumstances as when he first took delight therein.PROP. in which he has once taken delight. But this endeavour or desire is assumed to be checked by the image of the loved object in conjunction with the image of him whom the loved object has joined to itself. . which latter he will envy as enjoying the beloved object. not only because his own desire is restrained. that a loved object is well affected towards him.) affected with hatred towards the loved object and also towards his rival (III.--In proportion as a man thinks. xv. that is (III. This condition generally comes into play in the case of love for a woman: for he who thinks. accompanied by the idea of the loved object as a cause in conjunction with the image of his rival. if he thinks that someone else has a similar desire (III. he will desire to possess the object of his love under the same circumstances as when he first took delight therein. Q. and also in proportion to the feelings he had previously entertained towards his rival. PROP.--Everything. He who remembers a thing. to imagine the loved object as most closely bound to him: this endeavour or desire will be increased. that an object of his love joins itself to another with closer bonds of friendship than he himself has attained to. xxx. which a man has seen in conjunction with the object of his love. desire to possess it.E.). that a jealous man is not greeted by his beloved with the same joyful countenance as before. XXXV. note). he will be affected with hatred towards the loved object and with envy towards his rival.D.E. he will.D.). Corollary.--A lover will. therefore. Proof. he will be (III. therefore. endeavour. If he had hated him. We must add. and this also gives him pain as a lover. in proportion to the pleasure which the jealous man had been wont to derive from the reciprocated love of the said object. he will forthwith hate the object of his love. will be the strength of his self--approval (by the last Prop. If anyone conceives. xi. feel pain if one of the aforesaid attendant circumstances be missing. he therefore shrinks from her. xxxi. therefore (III. in other words. xv. being compelled to associate the image of her he loves with the parts of shame and the excreta of another. which accordingly is nothing else but a wavering of the disposition arising from combined love and hatred. he will. but also because. of his pleasure.). xxviii. therefore (III. accompanied by the idea of some rival who is envied.--This hatred towards an object of love joined with envy is called Jealousy. note) he will for that reason be affected with pain. Further. because he conceives it is pleasurably affected by one whom he himself hates: and also because he is compelled to associate the image of his loved one with the image of him whom he hates. will be to him accidentally a cause of pleasure (III. in conjunction with that wherein he has taken delight. that a woman whom he loves prostitutes herself to another.). Q. Note. XXXVI.). this hatred towards the object of love will be greater. Coroll. Proof. as I will now show. as far as he can. that is. will feel pain. xiii.
). xix. the greater will be the desire or appetite in endeavouring to remove it. Coroll. xiii. note) will for this cause also be affected with pain. will hate it more than if he had never loved it. Q.--If a man begins to hate that which he had loved.). and by affecting it as far as he can pleasurably. XXXVIII. xi.D. PROP. and with the more intensity in proportion as his former love was greater. Note. causes being equal. so that love is thoroughly destroyed. that a man affected by pleasure has no desire further than to preserve it. As he is assumed to be desirous for love's sake of that thing or circumstance (by the last Prop. Lastly. and his desire will be in proportion to the magnitude of the pleasure. he will. in so far as he finds some circumstance to be missing. in other words (III.--Pain diminishes or constrains a man's power of activity (III. in addition to the pain caused by hatred.Proof. he does so by regarding the object of his love as present. in proportion as the pain is greater. wherefore the lover will regard the beloved with greater pain. and so also is the endeavour to bring about that the beloved should return his affection (III.E. that is. For love is a pleasure (III. If a man has begun to hate an object of his love. regard it with more hatred than if he had never loved it. Now these endeavours are constrained by hatred towards the object of love (III. is greater in proportion as the emotion is greater. will be greater in proportion to the hatred or love. xi. xiii. Desire arising through pain or pleasure. xxxiii. in so far as he conceives it to be missing. Proof.D. therefore (III. Q. it follows in like manner that the endeavour. that is. the more so in proportion as his love has been greater. or in other words. note). there is a pain caused by the fact that he has loved the object. so also is it necessarily opposed to a greater part of man's power of activity. note) which a man endeavours as far as he can to render permanent (III. wherefore the lover (III.). it may easily be shown in like manner. the greater the power of activity employed to remove it.D. or desire. xxviii. which arises through hatred or love. XXXVII. xxiii. and III. Again. xi. since hatred and love are themselves emotions of pain and pleasure.). PROP. XXXIX. more of his appetites are put under restraint than if he had never loved it. hatred or love.E. Q. feel pain (III.E. v.--This pain. wherewith he endeavours to persist in his own being. PROP. But (by the definition of pain). he conceives something which excludes its existence. unless he fears that a greater injury will thereby accrue . Proof. since pleasure (III. vii.). diminishes or constrains the effort. is called Regret. this endeavour is greater in proportion as the love is greater. he will. He who hates anyone will endeavour to do him an injury. note) increases or aids a man's power of activity. appetite. therefore the greater the pain. and his hatred will be in proportion to the strength of his former love.--For.).) it is contrary to the said endeavour: thus all the endeavours of a man affected by pain are directed to removing that pain. in so far as it has reference to the absence of the object of love.
so that the man knows not which to choose. PROP. everyone. useful or useless. For I have shown (III. therefore. accompanied by the idea of an external cause. with pain. especially if both the evils feared be very great. an ambitious man desires nothing so much as glory. and all that conduces thereto. what is better. Note. XL.) will be greater than his former endeavour to do injury. xxviii. he who loves anyone will. xxxvii. The second part of this proof proceeds in the same manner. contrariwise. This reciprocation of hatred may also arise from the hatred. if the desire to avoid a future evil be checked by the fear of another evil. etc. is called timidity.D. will hate that other in return.--He who thinks that he has given just cause for hatred will (III. by the same law.--He who conceives another as affected with hatred. I mean every kind of pain. should accrue to the hater thereby--and if the hater thinks he can avoid such evil by not carrying out the injury. will thereupon be affected himself with hatred (III.D.). and the strength of his endeavour (III. and fears nothing so much as shame. timidity becomes bashfulness. on the other hand. who conceives himself to be hated by another. Q. he conceives no cause for this pain except him who is his enemy. fear becomes consternation.). Q.). Proof. what is worse. ix. and want of money the worst. or to wish for that which he turns from. especially that which frustrates our longings. but. and what is worst. So every man. xxvii. he will be affected with pain. xxv. we deem a thing good because we desire it: consequently we deem evil that which we shrink from. therefore he who hates a man will endeavour to remove or destroy him. accompanied by the idea of his enemy. note) that we in no case desire a thing because we deem it good.--By good I here mean every kind of pleasure. note) to conceive him as a cause of pain. according to his emotions. But if anything more painful. what is bad. and will therefore prevail over it. He. which may accordingly be defined as the fear whereby a man is induced to avoid an evil which he regards as future by encountering a lesser evil (III. from conceiving that he is hated by some one. that is. which he planned against the object of his hate--he will desire to abstain from inflicting that injury (III. and nothing more painful than another's success. To an envious man nothing is more delightful than another's misfortune. whatsoever they may be. or. especially that which satisfies our longings. a greater evil. as we asserted. which follows an endeavour to injure . seek to benefit him. but this case (III. xxviii.E. judges or estimates what is good. in other words. Note. and believes that he has given him no cause for hatred.to himself. what is best. which induces a man to turn from that which he wishes. and note) be affected with shame. he will hate his enemy in return. Proof. according to his particular emotions. xxx. But. Wherefore he who hates another. judges a thing to be good or bad. xiii. But if the evil which he fears be shame. The emotion.) rarely happens.E. lastly. in other words. Lastly. By evil. by the hypothesis. therefore. Thus a miser thinks that abundance of money is the best.--To hate a man is (III.
--He who conceives.). xvi.. PROP. xxxix. Coroll. he will moreover endeavour to do him an injury (III.) This reciprocal love. PROP. He who has conferred a benefit on anyone from motives of love or honour will feel pain. he is determined to hate his enemy in return. III. (See note to preceding proposition. xxx. He therefore who conceives that he is hated by another will conceive his enemy as the cause of some evil or pain. xxxix. whom he has hitherto regarded without emotion. he will. XLII. and believes that he has given no cause for such love. Note. he will forthwith seek to repay the injury in kind. Corollary I. forthwith endeavour to repay it in kind. accompanied by the idea of his enemy as cause. Note. It thus appears that men are much more prone to take vengeance than to return benefits. has done him any injury from motives of hatred. xxv. and III. See also the note appended thereto. and consequently the desire of benefiting him who loves us (III. XLI. and (III.--If hatred be the prevailing emotion. he will endeavour to injure him who loves him. xxxix. in other words. (Cf. and note).). thus he will be affected with pain or fear. and we said that its contrary took place whenever a man conceives himself to be hated by another. Q. in so far as he conceives that he is an object of hatred.--The endeavour to injure one whom we hate is called Anger.--He who conceives.--He who imagines that he is loved by one whom he hates.) Proof. But. will be a prey to conflicting hatred and love.). therefore. Corollary.). xv. he will take pride therein (III. is called gratitude or thankfulness. he will be affected with hatred towards his enemy. will (by the last proposition) hate his enemy in return.--If he believes that he has given just cause for the love. this emotion is called cruelty.) will endeavour to recall everything which can affect him painfully. This is proved in the same way as the first corollary of the preceding proposition. especially if the victim be believed to have given no ordinary cause for hatred. the endeavour to repay in kind injury done to ourselves is called Revenge.--If a man conceives that one. Proof. For. he nevertheless loves him: wherefore he will be a prey to conflicting hatred and love. that one whom he loves hates him. Corollary II. if he sees that the .the object of our hate (III. and who endeavours to benefit us. as I said above. Note.D. he will love that other in return. If anyone conceives that he is loved by another. will be a prey to conflicting hatred and love. by the hypothesis.E. this is what most often happens (III. that another hates him.--This proposition is proved in the same way as the preceding one. Now the first thing of this sort which he conceives is the injury done to himself. xxvi.
to bring it about that he should be loved thereby in return (III.) will endeavour to please the cause of his emotion. to conceive this cause of honour. on the other hand. XLIV. If the contrary is conceivable.) will be greater or less in proportion to the emotion from which it arises. Hatred is increased by being reciprocated. by the hypothesis. in the hope of recovering from the injury. xxxviii.). xl. that the hatred be continually increased more and more.--The proof proceeds in the same way as Prop. Q. wherefore the man would desire. in order that he might love him the more thereafter. Note. vi. he will endeavour not to hate him (III. Hatred which is completely vanquished by love passes into love: and love is thereupon greater than if hatred had not preceded it. . For everyone will always endeavour to persist in his being. for a similar reason.D. Q. xxxviii.) regard himself with pleasure. accompanied by the idea of the former object of hatred as cause.--When a man loves something similar to himself. XLIII. in order that he might take a greater pleasure in being restored to health: in such a case he would always endeavour to be ill.). namely. and.) from the hope of honour or (III. xxxvii. as far as he can. will thereupon feel a new hatred. from the very fact of loving feels pleasure. and through which the man endeavours to affect painfully the thing which he hates. xxix. and not to affect him painfully. if it be greater than that which arises from hatred. PROP. that a man should desire to hate someone. hence he will endeavour. To this pleasure involved in love is added the pleasure arising from aid given to the endeavour to remove the pain involved in hatred (III. Proof. xix. and (III. Proof. he will to this extent (III. and to ward off pain as far as he can. PROP. Therefore.) is absurd. xli. no one will endeavour to hate anything. nor long to be ill for the sake of getting well.--Though this be so. For the strength of love is in proportion to the strength of the hatred. for the sake of enjoying this greater pleasure. Proof.D. xxx. which (III. Therefore he who has conferred a benefit confers it in obedience to the desire. xxxiii. he conceives something else. this endeavour (III. that is. or to be affected with pain. as far as he can. which he feels of being loved in return. it will get the better of it and banish the hatred from his mind. that is (III. he conceives that the object of hate loves him. But if. But. xxxvii.). which he was wont to hate or regard with pain. and can on the other hand be destroyed by love. of this Part: for he who begins to love a thing. while the former hatred (by hypothesis) still remains (III.).E.benefit is received without gratitude. In other words. or to regard it as actually existing. which excludes the existence of the said cause of honour: wherefore he will thereat feel pain (III. he endeavours. he would desire to become more and more ill. that an object of his hatred hates him in return.). xxxiv. no one will desire that he should be injured.E.--He who conceives. note) pleasure. he will always desire to hate him.
they conceive it as still future. since he has joined to the image of the thing other images. a man is determined to regard it with pain. For when men conceive a danger. is indeed checked by the remembrance of other things excluding the existence of the aforesaid thing. For.E. he will hate him who hates anything which he himself loves (III. every time we remember that object of hatred. xl.D. therefore the lover. this determination is checked afresh by the idea of freedom. xvii. PROP. Love or hatred towards. but also to the whole class or nation whereto he belongs. and are determined to fear it. Proof. PROP. If a man has been affected pleasurably or painfully by anyone. If a man conceives.). Peter is destroyed. we ourselves feel pain. of a class or nation different from his own.--This is evident from III. For in so far as we conceive a thing similar to ourselves to be affected with pain. in so far as the remembrance of the thing is strong. which became associated with the idea of the danger when they escaped therefrom: this renders them secure afresh: therefore they rejoice afresh. xxvii. it determines the man to regard the thing with the same pain as he was wont to do. if the pleasure involved in the former. we regard it only as present. However. even if it does not actually exist. PROP. for instance. inasmuch as it involves the thing's existence. he will hate that person. a man only feels pleasure in so far as the said determination is checked: for this reason the joy arising from the injury done to what we hate is repeated.PROP. Whenever we remember anything. note). Joy arising from the fact. and the man rejoices afresh as often as the repetition takes place. is aroused.--The beloved object feels reciprocal hatred towards him who hates it (III. which exclude its existence. by pain. as we have said. or the pain . Note. Proof. Q. XLVII. in conceiving that anyone hates the beloved object. is never unaccompanied by a certain pain in us. xiii. under the general category of the class or nation: the man will feel love or hatred. which he loves. and if the pleasure or pain has been accompanied by the idea of the said stranger as cause. XLVIII.--This is evident from III. this determination to pain is forthwith checked. xiii. when the image of the thing in question. or suffers other injury. and delight in narrating dangers from which they have escaped. that anything we hate is destroyed. that is. but is not destroyed: hence. conceives the beloved thing as affected by hatred. This is the cause of men's pleasure in recalling past evils.--This proposition can also be proved from the Corollary to II. XLV. consequently he is himself affected by pain accompanied by the idea of the hater of the beloved thing as cause. Proof. that anyone similar to himself hates anything also similar to himself. and the body is affected in the same manner. wherefore.). XLVI. not only to the individual stranger. this determination. xvi. in other words (III. when it actually did exist. while the image of the thing in question lasts.
xv. in so far as such omens are the cause of hope or fear.. we shall therefore (III. simply in so far as Peter is regarded as the cause of one emotion or the other.. XLIX.--A thing which we conceive as free must (I. therefore. we are apt to estimate such objects above or below their true value. accidentally. When this condition of causality is either wholly or partly removed. or causes of that which we fear. L. and endeavour either to invoke them as means towards that which we hope for. is evident from the mere definition of love and hatred (III. we shall then (by the same Def. from III. It follows. Def. feel more love or hatred towards one another than towards anything else: to this consideration we must add the imitation of emotions treated of in III. that we are naturally so constituted as to believe readily in that which we hope for. whereby men are everywhere assailed. they are (by the definitions of hope and fear given in III. Note. or to remove them as obstacles. further. but as one of the causes of the emotion. xxxiv. and pain is called hatred towards Peter.E. But if the thing which causes the emotion be conceived as acting by necessity. xiii. xxvii. Different men may be differently affected by the same .. to this extent. that men. If. be greater than if it were felt towards a thing acting by necessity.. regard them with love or hatred. which see. be associated with the idea of another cause: and will be diminished in proportion as we conceive Peter not to have been the sole cause of either emotion. Q. that there can be no hope without fear. together with the note to III. which we conceive to be free. we conceive it as the cause of pleasure or pain. PROP. PROP. LI. Hence there have arisen superstitions.E. moreover. consequently we. it follows from the definition of these emotions. xviii. and with difficulty in that which we fear. in so far as we hope for or fear anything.--This proposition is proved in the same way as III. xxv.--This Prop. and no fear without hope. Part I. as I will duly explain in the proper place. Proof. xiii. a cause of hope or fear. we regard it with love or hatred.) be perceived through itself without anything else.) conceive it not as the sole cause. note). Q. Further. vii. I do not think it worth while to point out here the vacillations springing from hope and fear.involved in the latter emotion. xl. Proof. vii. and shall do so with the utmost love or hatred that can arise from the given emotion. must. thinking themselves to be free. However. Proof.D.D. note) love it or hate it. Now. xviii. note) the causes also of pleasure and pain. PROP. Note. other conditions being similar. Anything whatever can be. For pleasure is called love towards Peter. and xliii. and therefore our love or hatred towards it will be less. the emotion towards Peter also wholly or in part vanishes. thus everyone can apply by himself to hope and fear what we have said concerning love and hatred.--Hence it follows.--Things which are accidentally the causes of hope or fear are called good or evil omens. Love or hatred towards a thing.
if he fears an evil which I am accustomed to despise. and style some intrepid. I shall call a man intrepid. in his desire to injure his enemies and to benefit those whom he loves. and that what one man fears another may not fear. PROP. xxviii. what bad. [10] This is possible. xxxix. An object which we have formerly seen in conjunction with others. I shall say that he is cowardly.--The human body is affected by external bodies in a variety of ways (II. Again. sometimes in another. that one and the same man may love what he once hated. I shall call him daring. are often purely imaginary. Self--complacency is pleasure. inasmuch as a man often judges things solely by his emotions. though the human mind is part of the divine intellect. it follows that men's judgments may vary no less than their emotions[10]. and the same man may be differently affected at different times by the same object. after Lemma iii. Thus we can easily understand what are Repentance and Self--complacency. after II. from this inconstancy in the nature of human judgment. and which we do not conceive to have any property that is not common to many. we at once remember those others (II. others timid. accompanied by the idea of one's self as cause.) the human body can be affected sometimes in one way. we distinguish them solely by the diversity of their emotions. as I have shown in II. and therefore (by Ax. iii. and at another with pain.. Post. Lastly. he is not restrained by the fear of an evil which is sufficient to restrain me. xviii. and thus we pass forthwith from the . note. will not be regarded by us for so long. others by some other epithet. and therefore endeavours to promote or prevent. Repentance is pain. and what worse (III.--We thus see that it is possible. as an object which we conceive to have some property peculiar to itself. as everyone judges according to his emotions what is good. not to speak of the uncertainty of things alluded to in III. again. if I further take into consideration.--As soon as we conceive an object which we have seen in conjunction with others. Two men may therefore be differently affected at the same time. i. and note). or. we may readily conceive that a man may be at one time affected with pleasure. a man will appear timid to me.). For instance. or may be bold where he once was timid.object. and inasmuch as the things which he believes cause pleasure or pain. LII. Further (by the same Post.D. that. and so on. xiii. and if I further take into consideration that his desire is restrained by the fear of an evil. Again. Q. Note.E. Proof. which is not sufficient to restrain me. accompanied by the idea of one's self as cause. note). accompanied by the idea of himself as cause.) may be differently affected by one and the same object. xlix. Proof. and these emotions are most intense because men believe themselves to be free (III. if he despises an evil which I am accustomed to fear.). hence when we compare some with others. what better. and in like manner will everyone pass judgment. xiii. consequently (by the same Axiom) it may be differently affected at different times by one and the same object. that what one man loves another may hate.
and when joined to wonder or veneration is called Devotion. and we should thus be able to deduce more emotions than those which have obtained names in ordinary speech. we are. and can thence deduce other emotions. Lastly. determined to wonder at. love. because we see someone wondering at. honour. if it be the prudence. by the presence of the thing. which we have not before seen in conjunction with other objects. Note. loving. while regarding that object. than of those which are in it. in consequence (III. Q. &c. but if it be excited by an object of fear. But when we suppose that we conceive an object something special. industry. we can conceive the emotions of love. in association with contempt. love. which generally arises from the fact that. be what we wonder at.. xxvii. the object of wonder be a man's prudence. otherwise. industry. or imagination of a particular thing. which we have never seen before. we are compelled to deny concerning it all that can be the cause of wonder. We may in like manner conceive hatred.). that the names of the emotions have been applied in accordance rather with their ordinary manifestations than with an accurate knowledge of their nature. and the other emotions. wonder is called Veneration. And this is the case with the object. To wonder is opposed Contempt. PROP. as associated with wonder. on the other hand. hope. at first sight. of a man we love. LIII. &c. xv. For we thereupon assume that we are regarding therein nothing. if a man's anger. As devotion springs from wonder at a thing which we love. the emotion is called Horror. whereas. because wonder at an evil keeps a man so engrossed in the simple contemplation thereof. Coroll. Therefore an object.E.contemplation of one object to the contemplation of another object. or anything of that sort. hope. it is called Consternation. which we ourselves wonder at. which we conceive to have no property that is not common to many.. or more accurate contemplation of the said thing. inasmuch as the said man. .). however. has in itself nothing which it can fall to regarding instead thereof. is thereby regarded as far surpassing ourselves. our love will on this account be the greater (III. Again. or fear that thing. &c. it feels pleasure: and that pleasure is greater in proportion to the distinctness wherewith it conceives itself and its own power of activity. envy. &c. love. which are not distinguished one from another by any recognized name. Whence it is evident. as veneration from wonder at prudence.. the presence of the object would cause it more particularly to regard that which is therein.--This mental modification. If. in so far as it is alone in the mind. appears to be like things. and III. that he has no power to think of anything else whereby he might avoid the evil. fear. that we wonder at. But if from the presence. therefore it is determined to the contemplation of that object only. and Scorn from contempt of folly. is called Wonder. When the mind regards itself and its own power of activity. confidence. the mind then.. or fearing something.D. &c. or because something. or what not. remains determined to think rather of those qualities which are not in it. so does Derision spring from contempt of a thing which we hate or fear. fear. we must needs say that the mind. xii.
or (III. and displaying the force both of his body and mind. we are merely saying that while the mind is attempting to conceive something which asserts its power of activity. xxiv. But. Corollary. PROP.). in other words. he is affected with pleasure (III. wherewith it is able to conceive itself and its own power of activity. note). and regard them as something special. or his own power of activity.D. For the more he conceives himself as praised by others. LIV. this may be proved in the same way as the corollary to III. and III. liii. Therefore.D. note). Q. The mind endeavours to conceive only such things as assert its power of activity. liii. Note. the pleasure. Proof. it is the mind's nature to conceive only such things as assert its power of activity (last Prop. it is thereby assumed to pass to a greater perfection. Thus. Q. note).--A man does not know himself except through the modifications of his body. Again. and the pleasure will be greater in proportion to the distinctness. note.E.) himself affected with greater pleasure. xxxii.). and the ideas thereof (II. Q. PROP.). men are troublesome to one another. but the essence of the mind obviously only affirms that which the mind is and can do. therefore the mind endeavours to conceive only such things as assert or affirm its power of activity. xxix. it feels pain thereat. rejoicing in the shortcomings of their equals. which springs from the contemplation of ourselves.D.). accompanied by the idea of himself. in proportion as a man conceives himself to be praised by others. when he contemplates some quality which he denies to others. when we say that the mind contemplates its own weakness. not that which it neither is nor can do. the more he will imagine them to be affected with pleasure.--This pain. therefore. note). is called humility. xl. a man will take most pleasure in contemplating himself. for this reason.E.E. accompanied by the idea of our own weakness. and feeling pain at their virtues. When the mind contemplates its own weakness.E. thus he is (III.--This pain is more and more fostered.D. xxvii. if a man conceives that he is blamed by others. it follows that men are naturally envious (III. note) to feel pleasure. Corollary. it is checked in its endeavour----in other words (III.--The essence of the mind only affirms that which the mind is. and also that. For whenever a man conceives his own actions.Proof. is called self--love or self--complacency.--The endeavour or power of the mind is the actual essence thereof (III. or can do. in proportion as he can distinguish them from others. xix. accompanied by the idea of himself (III. if that which he affirms . LV. When. Proof. And inasmuch as this feeling is renewed as often as a man contemplates his own virtues. Q. xi.--This pleasure is fostered more and more. and he conceives them more distinctly--that is (II. and xxiii. vii. the mind is able to contemplate itself. it follows that everyone is fond of narrating his own exploits. in proportion as his actions display more perfection. it feels pain. xi.
xi. we do so. because we not seldom admire men's virtues. nor he himself pained by the contemplation of virtue in some one unlike himself. note). note) pain. hope. Note. fear.D. note) or (III. that is (III. xi. perhaps. But. Corollary. which arises from the object B. and venerate their possessors. or passive states (III. and note) in so far as we are affected by an emotion. and the nature of an external body. inasmuch as the . or derived from these. that is appropriate to another's nature and foreign to his own.--No one envies the virtue of anyone who is not his equal. in so far as we conceive. therefore a man will not desire any power of activity or virtue (which is the same thing) to be attributed to him. if he conceives that his own actions fall short when compared with those of others. because we conceive those qualities to be peculiar to him. I append the following corollary. PROP. are passions.--Envy is a species of hatred (III.E. is checked. There are as many kinds of pleasure. the pleasure. Namely. hatred. than we envy trees for being tall.. we are only necessarily passive (II. which cannot follow from his nature as it is given. who is assumed to have the same nature as himself.) he will endeavour to remove.. &c. no more envy their possessor. or by. note). It is thus apparent that men are naturally prone to hatred and envy. xiii. we venerate a man. xxiv. the object A. or (II. and not as common to our nature. as there are kinds of objects whereby we are affected. that the nature of the object whereby we are affected be expressed. which involves the nature of our own body. xl. In order to remove such doubts. embellishing his own. that is. For parents are accustomed to incite their children to virtue solely by the spur of honour and envy.. he will not be so greatly pleased: he will. But a man does not endeavour or desire to do anything. wherefore these two pleasurable emotions are by nature different.--When. which arises from. note). a modification whereby a man's power of activity. as we said in the note to III. xvii. we. This pain (III. such as love.). lii. as far as he can. now we are necessarily passive (III. and only in so far as we have such ideas are we passive (III. Proof. of pain. hence his desire cannot be checked. Wherefore the nature of every passive state must necessarily be so explained. and the pleasure. in so far as we have inadequate ideas. on the contrary. &c. some will scruple to assent to what I have said.--Pleasure and pain. iii. and consequently the emotions compounded thereof. Q. LVI. xxviii. feel pain. consequently he cannot envy such an one. or lions for being courageous. But he can envy his equal. therefore. Proof. say. or endeavour towards activity. i. of desire. involves the nature of the object B. by putting a wrong construction on the actions of his equals. which latter is fostered by their education. or derived therefrom. and of every emotion compounded of these.). therefore. such as vacillations of spirit. involves the nature of that object A.of himself be attributable to the idea of man or animals in general. fortitude. through wonder at his prudence.
. as widely as the emotions differ. or to track out further the nature and origin of the emotions. there is no need for us to take cognizance of such differences. in so far as it is conceived as determined to a particular action by any given modification of itself (III. must be very numerous. are not emotions or passive states. &c. Proof. PROP. in the case of love. as there are kinds of pleasure. if I could. is by nature different from the pain arising from another object. ix. in so far as we distinguish them from others merely by the objects wherewith they are concerned. For by luxury. &c. Thus.. avarice. &c. LVII. Furthermore.). the chief are luxury. hatred. hatred. as their definitions above given show. have no contraries. pain. pain. which. vacillation. All emotions are attributable to desire. hatred. Q. Any emotion of a given individual differs from the emotion of another individual. note). which we are wont to oppose to luxury. and chastity.. and lust. &c. for instance between love felt towards children.E. ambition. according as his nature is disposed in this or that manner. love. with which they are concerned. so will his desire be of one kind or another. to have a general definition of each emotion. It is sufficient for our purpose. (which see after Lemma iii. wherefrom each desire arose. would it be necessary. namely. or desire. or pain. xiii. lust. to enable us to determine the quality and extent of the mind's power in moderating and checking the emotions. sobriety. Thus there are as many kinds of desire. Thus. drunkenness. as there are kinds of objects whereby we are affected. only in so far as the essence of the one individual differs from the essence of the other.--Among the kinds of emotions. However. as there are kinds of objects whereby we are affected. I cannot here explain the remaining kinds of emotions (seeing that they are as numerous as the kinds of objects). we will prove it from the nature of the three primary emotions. drinking.D. by the last proposition. Nevertheless. consequently (by what has been shown) there are as many kinds of desire. which arises from one object. nor. lust.. similarly. love. avarice. displaying the nature of those emotions in a manner varying according to the object. Note. to determine the strength of the emotions. Part II. and fame. Prop. &c. It is sufficient. I repeat.causes whence they arise are by nature different.--This proposition is evident from Ax. drunkenness. riches. love. we simply mean the immoderate love of feasting. For temperance. fear. therefore. according as a man is affected through external causes by this or that kind of pleasure. pleasure. drunkenness. So again the emotion of pain. these emotions. Now desire is each man's essence or nature. hope. to understand the general properties of the emotions and the mind. pain. But desire is each man's . and ambition. venery. but indicate a power of the mind which moderates the last--named emotions. and the nature of one desire must necessarily differ from the nature of another desire. though there is a great difference between various emotions of love. in other words. and love felt towards a wife. and. i.. and the mind's power over them. hatred. there are necessarily as many kinds of pleasure. being merely species of love or desire.
D. that the emotions of the animals which are called irrational (for after learning the origin of mind we cannot doubt that brutes feel) only differ from man's emotions.) in so far as we are active. helped or hindered.E. Q. endeavours to persist in its own being (III. LVIII. It remains to add a few words on those attributable to him in so far as he is active. desire is also attributable to us. that there is no small difference between the joy which actuates. which are attributable to us in so far as we are active. Q.).). xi. to the extent that the essence of one differs from the essence of another.E. xliii. But the mind does conceive certain adequate ideas (II. and note). in so far as it is attributable to mind and body in conjunction. we mean appetite and desire (III. in so far as it is active (III. in so far as he is passive. the mind. Thus far I have treated of the emotions attributable to man. PROP. ix. or (III. and the joy possessed by a philosopher. therefore. it follows from the foregoing proposition. wherefore the pleasure and pain felt by one man differ from the pleasure and pain felt by another man. PROP. say. whereby every man's power or endeavour to persist in his being is increased or diminished. Note. Again. &c. only in so far as the nature or essence of the one differs from the nature or essence of the other. is nothing else but the idea. in so far as we understand. therefore pleasure and pain are identical with desire or appetite. ix. note 2. i.--When the mind conceives itself and its power of activity. xl. it feels pleasure (III. But by the endeavour to persist in its being.nature or essence (III. note). helped or hindered (III. fishes. liii. that is. although each individual lives content and rejoices in that nature belonging to him wherein he has his being. and in so far as it has confused ideas. Horse and man are alike carried away by the desire of procreation. Besides pleasure and desire. a drunkard.). in other words. Thus. Among all the emotions attributable to the mind as active. there are none which cannot be referred to pleasure or desire. yet the life. LIX. Again. Lastly. when it conceives a true or adequate idea (II. or soul. as I just mention here by the way. pleasure and pain are passive states or passions. . and hence the joy of one only differs in nature from the joy of another.--Hence it follows. and birds must needs vary according to the several natures. Proof. to the extent that brute nature differs from human nature. therefore desire in one individual differs from desire in another individual. i. only in so far as the nature or essence of the one man differs from the essence of the other. but the desire of the former is equine. Therefore it feels pleasure in so far as it conceives adequate ideas.): now the mind necessarily contemplates itself. in so far as by external causes they are increased or diminished.D. but by such an endeavour we mean desire (by the note to the same Prop.). consequently. both in so far as it has clear and distinct ideas. ix. the desire of the latter is human.). note). of the said individual. So also the lusts and appetites of insects. wherein each is content and rejoices. any emotion of one individual only differs. there are other emotions derived from pleasure and desire. they are every man's nature. which are passivities or passions.
For. Thus temperance. the new disposition of the body will feel repugnance to the desire or attempt. acquires a new disposition. It is evident from what I have said.. not all that might be given. in so far as the mind feels pain. &c. when we conceive something which generally delights us with its flavour. If. are varieties of highmindedness. when the body is thus otherwise disposed. desire.E. the body.--All emotions can be referred to desire. I think everyone will agree from what has been said. to aid other men and to unite them to himself in friendship. as to exceed all possibility of computation. but only emotions of pleasure and desire.Proof. that it very often happens that while we are enjoying a thing which we longed for. By highmindedness I mean the desire whereby every man endeavours. solely under the dictates of reason. and that like waves of the sea driven by contrary winds we toss to and fro unwitting of the issue and of our fate. such. and the mind begins to conceive and desire something fresh.). is diminished or checked (III. However. which arise from the combination of the three primary emotions. show. the stomach is filled and the body is otherwise disposed. which (by the last Prop. or pain.--All actions following from emotion. Those actions. which are attributable to the mind in virtue of its understanding. Now by pain we mean that the mind's power of thinking is diminished or checked (III. mercy. Note. Q. therefore. are varieties of courage. that is. But I have said. I set down to strength of character (fortitudo).) are attributable to the mind in that condition. This revulsion of feeling is called satiety or weariness. to eat it. I have neglected the outward modifications of the body observable in emotions. no painful emotions can be attributed to the mind in virtue of its being active. its power of understanding. and consequently the endeavour or desire to eat it be stimulated also. therefore. and note).. pleasure. which I divide into courage (animositas) and highmindedness (generositas). which have regard solely to the good of the agent I set down to courage. already given. therefore. to reckon up the rest which I have omitted would be more curious than profitable. and displayed through their primary causes the principal emotions and vacillations of spirit. i. that is. as their definitions. and pain. pleasure. from the act of enjoyment. we can easily show that love is united to repentance. those which aim at the good of others I set down to highmindedness. shame. and consequently the presence of the food which we formerly longed for will become odious. whereby it is determined in another way. other images of things are aroused in it. scorn. It remains to remark concerning love. that we are in many ways driven about by external causes. and so many variations may arise therefrom. therefore. that the emotions may be compounded one with another in so many ways. &c. to wit. that I have only set forth the chief conflicting emotions.D. of activity. by proceeding in the same way as above. courtesy. and presence of mind in danger. xi. we desire to enjoy. &c. For example. the image of the food which is present be stimulated. sobriety. But whilst we are thus enjoying it. I think I have thus explained. For the rest. it is enough to have enumerated the most important. for my purpose. for . By courage I mean the desire whereby every man strives to preserve his own being in accordance solely with the dictates of reason.
I have refrained from explaining desire by appetite. . For.. II. Explanation--I say transition: for pleasure is not perfection itself. or solely under the attribute of extension. in so far as it is determined by some given modification. that appetite is the essence of man. that pain consists in the transition to a less perfection. which we distinguish by the terms appetite. I will therefore repeat them. as determined to a particular activity by some given modification of itself. in so far as it is conceived. then.instance. Pain is the transition of a man from a greater to a less perfection. but from such a definition (cf. according as a man is drawn in different directions. we understand every disposition of the said essence. he would possess the same. in order to imply the cause of such consciousness. sobbing. strictly speaking.) it would not follow that the mind can be conscious of its desire or appetite. For. Lastly. Pleasure is the transition of a man from a less to a greater perfection. as trembling. and not in the less perfection itself: for a man cannot be pained. it be referred simultaneously to both these attributes. Therefore. pain. III. in the same note. impulses. lastly. in the note to Prop. not seldom opposed one to another. will. of this part. This appears more clearly from the consideration of the contrary emotion. II. and volitions. whereas the emotion of pain is an activity. &c. desire. that pain consists in the absence of a greater perfection. I also remarked that. it remains one and the same appetite. interpolating such observations as I think should here and there be added. xxiii. by a modification of man's essence. and are. in so far as it is determined to act in a way tending to promote its own persistence. whether such disposition be innate. Explanation. For absence is nothing. therefore. but I have take care to define it in such a manner. indeed. Neither can we say.--We have said above. as to comprehend. have said. that desire is appetite. No one can deny. and knows not where to turn. I might. under one head. it was necessary to add. I recognize no distinction between appetite and desire. DEFINITIONS OF THE EMOTIONS I. ix. with consciousness thereof. laughter. I here mean all man's endeavours. pallor. all those endeavours of human nature. without any reference to the mind. appetites. Desire is the actual essence of man. &c. the definitions of the emotions require to be supplemented in a few points. But. for these are attributable to the body only. or whether. Thus. in so far as he partakes of perfection of any degree. without the emotion of pleasure. if man were born with the perfection to which he passes. in order to avoid the appearance of tautology. which vary according to each man's disposition. or impulse. further. or whether it be conceived solely under the attribute of thought. For whether a man be conscious of his appetite or not. in so far as it is conceived as determined to a particular activity. that desire is the essence of man. By the term desire.
that the lover should wish to unite himself to the beloved object. xviii. when they are referred to the objects of our wonder. VI. which should determine the mind to pass from the contemplation of one object to the contemplation of another. This state of association is impossible. nor do I see why I should so include it. I pass over the definitions of merriment. pain. I. namely. it is an activity whereby a man's power of action is lessened or constrained (cf. that its presence leads the mind to imagine those qualities which are not in it rather than such as are in it (cf. because these terms are generally used in reference to the body. until it is determined by other causes to think of something else. note). III. but not the essence of love. I do not include wonder among the emotions. wherein the mind comes to a stand. as such authors have not sufficiently discerned love's essence. V. pleasure. because the images of the two things are so associated and arranged. lii. however. III. the definition given by those authors who say that love is the lover's wish to unite himself to the loved object expresses a property. and grief. accompanied by the idea of an external cause. xi. inasmuch as this distraction of the mind arises from no positive cause drawing away the mind from other objects. the mind will then be at a stand in the contemplation thereof. I am led by the same motive to add a definition of contempt. lii. straightway falls to the contemplation of another thing. It must. and. Love is pleasure. Explanation--In the note to II. they have been unable to acquire a true conception of its properties. I have spoken of wonder simply because it is customary to speak of certain emotions springing from the three primitive ones by different names. but merely from the absence of a cause. and note). and are merely kinds of pleasure or pain. stimulation. for I am not aware that any emotions are named after them. III. Contempt is the conception of anything which touches the mind so little. The definitions of veneration and scorn I here pass over. Explanation--This definition explains sufficiently clearly the essence of love. accordingly their definition is on all hands admitted to be very obscure. hence. xi. I do not here mean by wish . Wonder is the conception (imaginatio) of anything. that one follows the other. if the image of the thing be new.). be noted. recognize only three primitive or primary emotions (as I said in the note to III. why the mind. is of the same nature as other conceptions. note).wherefore this activity can only be the activity of transition from a greater to a less perfection--in other words. and desire. because the particular concept in question has no connection with other concepts (cf. from the contemplation of one thing. therefore. Thus the conception of a new object. we showed the reason. IV. that when I say that it is a property of love. considered in itself. melancholy. namely.
accompanied by the idea of something which is accidentally the cause of pain (cf. also conceives something which excludes the existence of the thing in question. xx. we shall cease to wonder at it. note). which excludes the existence of the said thing in the future. xviii. Hope is an inconstant pleasure. neither do I mean a desire of being united to the loved object when it is absent. or at least maintained. xiii. Fear is an inconstant pain arising from the idea of something past or future.. III. and consequently to this extent he hopes that it will turn out as he desires (III. arising from the idea of something past or future. VIII. or of continuing in its presence when it is at hand. xix. also III.). accompanied by the idea of an external cause. X. Explanation--Wonder (admiratio) arises (as we have shown. therefore he. lii. note). and no fear unmingled with hope. he fears for the issue. thus we see. Aversion is pain. xlvii. or a free decision of the mind (for I have shown such. lii. to this extent he feels pleasure. which we despise. in an object which we hate. whereby the pleasure of the lover is strengthened. III. xlviii. xv. III. For he. III. in other words doubts. it follows that the pleasure in question is not without alloy (cf. in II. to this extent. concerning the issue of something which he hates.). accompanied by the idea of something which is accidentally a cause of pleasure.consent. Inclination is pleasure. Contrariwise he. who depends on hope and doubts concerning the issue of anything. note). to be fictitious). but by wish I mean the contentment. III. . is assumed to conceive something. note). on account of the presence of the beloved object. whereof we to a certain extent doubt the issue. that there is no hope unmingled with fear. XIII. XII.). But since we assume that man hates that which he derides. that the emotion of devotion readily degenerates into simple love. VII. Devotion is love towards one whom we admire. feels pain (cf. Explanation--In so far as we despise a thing which we hate. If. while dependent on hope.) from the novelty of a thing. whereof we to a certain extent doubt the issue (cf. Explanation--From these definitions it follows. Hatred is pain. consequently. Explanation--These observations are easily grasped after what has been said in the explanation of the preceding definition (cf. who fears. therefore. which is in the lover. Derision is pleasure arising from our conceiving the presence of a quality. it happens that the object of our wonder is often conceived by us. XI. xx. for love can be conceived without either of these desires. or conclusion. we deny existence thereof (III. IX. note). and to that extent rejoice (III.
which has had an issue beyond our hope.XIV. not the meaning of words. XVI. Thus it may happen that we are affected by the same emotion of pleasure or pain concerning a thing past or future. it may nevertheless happen that we feel no doubt concerning it. XXI. note). Coroll. note. as may convey my meaning without any violent departure from their ordinary signification. III. xxvii. note. As for the cause of the above--named emotions see III. Explanation--Between pity and sympathy (misericordia) there seems to be no difference. which has had an issue contrary to our hope. Explanation--Thus confidence springs from hope. Partiality is thinking too highly of anyone because of the love we bear him.. as concerning the conception of a thing present. Disparagement is thinking too meanly of anyone because we hate him. wherefrom all cause of doubt has been removed. XIX. For we have shown. and the latter in reference to a disposition. unless perhaps that the former term is used in reference to a particular action. Despair is pain arising from the idea of something past or future. xlix. xxvii. and disparagement an effect of hatred: so that partiality may also . I therefore make use of such terms.. I refer the reader. Indignation is hatred towards one who has done evil to another. Explanation--I am aware that these terms are employed in senses somewhat different from those usually assigned. But my purpose is to explain.). Joy is pleasure accompanied by the idea of something past. xxii. xviii. xxii. and III. with its note. when all cause for doubt as to the issue of an event has been removed: this comes to pass. For. and despair from fear. xxxi. XV. that to feel no doubt concerning a thing is not the same as to be quite certain of it (II. Coroll. although we can never be absolutely certain of the issue of any particular event (II. Pity is pain accompanied by the idea of evil. XXII. and III. Confidence is pleasure arising from the idea of something past or future. i. XVIII. this I have already shown in III. One statement of my method will suffice. note). Approval is love towards one who has done good to another. Disappointment is pain accompanied by the idea of something past. to which. because man conceives something past or future as present and regards it as such. XX. which exclude the existence of the causes of his doubt. XVII. but the nature of things. Explanation--Thus partiality is an effect of love. wherefrom all cause of doubt has been removed. which has befallen someone else whom we conceive to be like ourselves (cf. or else because he conceives other things.
Explanation--Concerning envy see the notes to III. which we believe we have performed by the free decision of our mind. These emotions also arise from pleasure or pain accompanied by the idea of something external. by reprobating the former class of actions. This is confirmed by experience. it is opposed to repentance. Pride is thinking too highly of one's self from . which are called right. note. According as each man has been educated. Explanation--Envy is generally opposed to sympathy. This is perhaps the place to call attention to the fact. XXVIII. in so far as it induces a man to be pained by another's good fortune. and what some consider honourable others consider disgraceful. XXVI. Contrariwise. Parents. that it is nothing wonderful that all those actions. lv. and xxxii. I now pass on to other emotions. Self--approval is pleasure arising from a man's contemplation of himself and his own power of action. Envy is hatred. note. Sympathy (misericordia) is love. Explanation--Self--complacency is opposed to humility. III. and by frequently chiding their children because of them. We can easily gather from what has been said. xxvi. li. by doing some violence to the meaning of the word. and all those. XXV. liii. For custom and religion are not the same among all men. Cf.. note. and note. he feels repentance for a given action or glories therein. and also by persuading to and praising the latter class. in so far as it induces a man to think too meanly of a hated object.be defined as love. but that which some consider sacred others consider profane. xxiv. but. XXIII. in so far as it induces a man to think too highly of a beloved object. and in III. which. and to rejoice in another's evil fortune. xxxv. Explanation--The causes of these emotions we have set forth in III. Repentance is pain accompanied by the idea of some action. disparagement may be defined as hatred. which are accompanied by the idea of something within as a cause. have brought it about. which we may thus define: XXVII. in so far as we thereby mean pleasure arising from a contemplation of our own power of action. which are commonly called wrong. liv.. Concerning the free decision of the mind see II. in so far as we mean thereby pleasure accompanied by the idea of any action which we believe we have performed by the free decision of our mind. may therefore be thus defined: XXIV. are followed by pleasure. are followed by pain. in so far as it induces a man to feel pleasure at another's good fortune. that this depends in great measure on education. and pain at another's evil fortune. Humility is pain arising from a man's contemplation of his own weakness of body or mind. that the former should be associated with pain and the latter with pleasure. as cause either in itself or accidentally.
). therefore. as partiality is the effect of love. for as from self--complacency springs pride. we shall find it conceivable that a man may think too meanly of himself. For whatsoever a man imagines that he is incapable of doing. love of self or self--approval. humility and self--abasement. However. that a man. who sets forth other men's virtues. for instance. who are believed to be most self--abased and humble. Shame is pain accompanied by the idea of some action of . To this emotion there is no contrary. these emotions. and consequently so long is it impossible for him to do it. in so far as he conceives that he is incapable of doing this or that.. that a man thinks too meanly of himself. who talks of nothing but his own virtues and other people's faults. who confesses his faults. which we believe to be praised by others. that he really cannot do that which he conceives that he cannot do. so long as he conceives that he cannot do it. a man may think too meanly of himself. when we see him from excessive fear of shame refusing to do things which others. Again. we call humble the man who too often blushes. or that he can desire and do nothing but what is wicked and base. sorrowfully regarding his own weakness. walks with bent head and is negligent of his attire. However. for the latter term is used in reference to an external object. Explanation--We are nevertheless generally accustomed to oppose pride to humility. who wishes to be first. On the other hand. I say that no one thinks too meanly of himself. his equals. XXX. liv. We can. so from humility springs self--abasement. Honour[11] is pleasure accompanied by the idea of some action of our own. &c. but in that case we pay more attention to the effect of either emotion than to its nature. For. if he should say that he is unable to form any clear conceptions. lastly. and by that notion he is so disposed. For no one thinks too meanly of himself because of self--hatred. note). considered in itself. set down as a contrary to pride an emotion which I will call self--abasement.self--love. if we consider such matters as only depend on opinion. However. As. We are wont to call proud the man who boasts too much (III. XXXI. are extremely rare. which I will accordingly thus define: XXIX. hence those. venture. Explanation--Thus pride is different from partiality. and who. so long is he not determined to do it. so is pride the effect or property of self--love. for it may happen. xiii. if he deny of himself in the present something in relation to a future time of which he is uncertain. in so far as it leads a man to think too highly of himself. [11] Gloria. which may therefore be thus defined. but pride is used of a man thinking too highly of himself. while the rest of the world are thinking of nothing less than of despising him. strives against them as much as it can (see III. Self--abasement is thinking too meanly of one's self by reason of pain. xxx. are generally in reality the most ambitious and envious. We may also say. For human nature. he imagines this of necessity. should imagine that he is despised by all men. and lastly who goes through life with a style and pomp suitable to those far above him in station.
as the name regret seems to refer to desire. xxxii. Thankfulness or Gratitude is the desire or zeal springing from love. Explanation--On this subject see the note to III. and note. as I will duly show. but the latter is not an emotion. which restrains a man from committing a base action. Cf. but because it has become customary to speak of emulation only in him. not because the causes of emulation and imitation are different. xxvii. we are by that very fact. engendered in us by our conception that others have the same desire. Regret is the desire or appetite to possess something. which we believe to be blamed by others. which arises from the absence of something we hate (cf. such an one can be said to imitate another's emotion. . while we are awake. Wherefore regret is. But. But we should here remark the difference which exists between shame and modesty. III. XXXIII. note. Emulation is the desire of something. III. note). whereby we endeavour to benefit him. disposed to contemplate it with the same emotion as if it were something present. XXXII. xxxix. cf. among the emotions springing from desire. useful. note and xl. xxx. he who. but not to emulate him. but this endeavour is at once checked by the remembrance of things which exclude the existence of the thing in question. Benevolence is the desire of benefiting one whom we pity. XXXIV. III. strictly speaking. Explanation--When we remember a thing. however. Thus when we remember something which affected us with a certain pleasure. I set this emotion down. we by that very fact endeavour to regard it with the same emotion of pleasure as though it were present. Explanation--He who runs away. or he who fears. on seeing that another man has burnt his hand. kept alive by the remembrance of the said thing. I have now fulfilled the task of explaining the emotions arising from pleasure and pain. Modesty is usually opposed to shamelessness. and at the same time constrained by the remembrance of other things which exclude the existence of it. As to the cause of emulation.our own. but this disposition or endeavour. because he sees others running away. the names of the emotions (as I have remarked already) have regard rather to their exercise than to their nature. is generally checked by the images of things which exclude the existence of that which we remember. or again. Cf. a pain opposed to that of pleasure. as I have already said more than once. Modesty is the fear or dread of shame. because he sees others in fear. XXXV. xxvii. Shame is the pain following the deed whereof we are ashamed. draws towards him his own hand. and note. or pleasant. III. and moves his body as though his own were burnt. who with similar feelings of love has conferred a benefit on us. xlvii. The reason why this emotion is generally coupled with envy may be seen from III. I therefore proceed to treat of those which I refer to desire. who imitates that which we deem to be honourable.
which most men are wont not to fear. he is at the same time necessarily bound by this. xxxix. whose desire is checked by the fear of some danger which his equals dare to encounter. therefore this emotion can with difficulty be overcome.) XXXVIII. and xxxi. Timidity is the desire to avoid a greater evil. and refraining from that which should displease them. XLIII. ii and note. Ambition is the immoderate desire of power. xxxix. note. so long as a man is bound by any desire. XL. Explanation--To cruelty is opposed clemency. On this subject. Cowardice is attributed to one. but a power whereby man restrains his anger and revenge. Anger is the desire. when they write a book contemning honour. lii. Consternation is attributed to one. III." and so on." says Cicero. to injure one who. through mutual hatred. it may be more conveniently defined as a fear which keeps a man so bewildered and wavering. nothing else but the fear of some evil. I say wavering. note. XXXVII. or deference (Humanitas seu modestia). whereby through hatred we are induced to injure one whom we hate. with similar feelings. "are especially led by honour. I say bewildered. which is not a passive state of the mind. Explanation--Consternation is. note. whereby a man is set on to do something dangerous which his equals fear to attempt. . a species of cowardice. has injured us. Even philosophers. III. (See III. But.) are fostered and strengthened. xl. III. which equally torments him: whence it comes to pass that he knows not. whereby all the emotions (cf. li. Cf. in so far as we look to the desire. is the desire of acting in a way that should please men. which he may avert of the two. For. xxxix. XLII. Explanation--Ambition is the desire. note. Courtesy. see III. Explanation--Cowardice is. therefore. sign their names thereto. that he is not able to remove the evil.XXXVI. which we dread. I have chosen to explain it here. Cruelty or savageness is the desire. by undergoing a lesser evil. XXXIX. whereby a man is impelled to injure one whom we love or pity. in so far as we understand his desire of removing the evil to be constrained by his amazement. XLI. Nevertheless. therefore. xxvii. "The best men. because. Revenge is the desire whereby we are induced. and III. whose desire of avoiding evil is checked by amazement at the evil which he fears. it is truly opposed to the emotion of daring. Concerning cowardice and daring. inasmuch as consternation arises from a double fear. Coroll. XLIV. see III. Daring is the desire. hence I do not reckon it among the emotions springing from desire. in so far as we understand the said desire to be constrained by the fear of another evil.
a force for existence (existendi vis) greater . I have already pointed out. Intemperance is the excessive desire and love of drinking. Again. or sexual indulgence. wherefore each is wont to be called by a variety of names in accordance with its various relations and extrinsic tokens. For an avaricious man often is glad to gorge himself with food and drink at another man's expense. Explanation--Whether this desire be excessive or not. he will none the less remain avaricious. for the sake of avoiding death. which shows that it is sufficient for practical purposes to have merely a general knowledge of them. that temperance. and chastity indicate rather a power than a passivity of the mind. that they all spring from desire. For deference is a species of ambition. Lust is desire and love in the matter of sexual intercourse. but high--mindedness and valour. and to what has been said concerning the nature of the mind.XLV. &c. on the ground of abstention. or any part thereof. that an avaricious. can be opposed to these emotions. from the mere fact of being ambitious. because many of them have no distinctive names. in so far as they are referred to the mind only. as with the appetite and love of such. he will. is a confused idea. therefore. nevertheless. Avarice is the excessive desire and love of riches. we shall be able thus to define the emotions. Nothing. or a timid man may abstain from excess in eating. note. he does not. However. An ambitious man will restrain himself in nothing. first. and debauchery. sobriety. GENERAL DEFINITION OF THE EMOTIONS Emotion. III. because they arise from the compounding of the emotions already described. The definitions of jealousy and other waverings of the mind I pass over in silence. pleasure. which we have set forth. a timid man does that which he would not. an ambitious. be more prone to those vices. Luxury is excessive desire. In fact. so. XLVIII. XLVII.) have on contraries. drinking. or even love of living sumptuously. cast his riches into the sea. because he cannot follow his bent. drunkenness. Cf. lvi. and if he lives among drunkards and debauchees. happen. rather. For though an avaricious man should. and fear are not contraries to luxury. drinking. or. these emotions are not so much concerned with the actual feasting. secondly. These last five emotions (as I have shown in III. also. so long as he thinks his indulgences are secret. if a lustful man is downcast. whereof I will speak presently. cease to be lustful. ambition. It may. xxix. it is still called lust. Lastly. it is established from the definitions of the emotions. that there is nothing besides these three. which is called a passivity of the soul. XLVI. whereby the mind affirms concerning its body. yet avarice. If we now direct our attention to these primitive emotions. or pain..
Explanation--I say. in so far as it has inadequate or confused ideas. because its power of action or force for existence is increased or diminished. (III. while seeing that which is better for him. and what is good or evil in the emotions. therefore. it would be well to make a few prefatory observations on perfection and imperfection. in fact. helped or hindered. good . I merely meant that the mind had formed of its own body. but that the idea which constitutes the reality of an emotion affirms something of the body. For all the ideas of bodies. to follow that which is worse. whereby the mind affirms concerning its body or any part thereof a force for existence greater than before. when it happens to affirm concerning its own body. besides the nature of pleasure and pain.) I say. that emotion or passion of the soul is a confused idea. when a man is a prey to his emotions. Lastly. iii. he is not his own master.or less than before. I do not mean that the mind compares the present with the past disposition of the body. I might also express the nature of desire. Why this is so. an idea involving more or less of reality. Coroll. or of some part thereof. or any part thereof. something involving more or less reality than before. ii. For we have shown that the mind is only passive. than it had already affirmed concerning its own body. which the first part of the definition explains. which we possess. and by the presence of which the mind is determined to think of one thing rather than another. that he is often compelled. further. denote rather the actual disposition of our own body (II. or of some part thereof. PART IV: Of Human Bondage. first. or the Strength of the Emotions PREFACE Human infirmity in moderating and checking the emotions I name bondage: for. But it must be noted that. xi. before I begin. But the idea which constitutes the reality of an emotion must denote or express the disposition of the body. it follows that the mind passes to greater or less perfection. For the excellence of ideas. so that. xiii. and the actual power of thinking are measured by the excellence of the object. that it affirms the actual existence of its own body. when I say a greater or less force for existence than before. but lies at the mercy of fortune: so much so. xvi. But. I propose to show in this part of my treatise. And inasmuch as the essence of mind consists in the fact (II. involves more or less of reality than before.. and inasmuch as we understand by perfection the very essence of a thing. I said above that the power of the mind is increased or diminished. which. When. I have added by the presence of which the mind is determined to think of one thing rather than another.).) than the nature of an external body.
in so far as it is considered as the origin or cause of anything. the common saying that Nature sometimes falls short. conceiving the conveniences of household life. when they behold something in Nature. because men are generally ignorant of the causes of their desires. no less than of things artificial. are one and the same. of his existence and of his action there is neither origin nor end. that Nature does not work with an end in view. they say that Nature has fallen short or has blundered. he will call the work imperfect. This seems to be the only reason for calling natural phenomena. the being inhabited. Wherefore. Therefore. it likewise works (I. For we have shown. But. in so far as it is regarded as a final cause. that by the same necessity of its nature. acts by the same necessity as that whereby it exists. which. But if a man sees a work. after men began to form general ideas. perfect or imperfect: for men are wont to form general ideas of things natural. as he does not exist for the sake of an end. on the other hand. as I have often said already. and if he knows not the intention of the artificer. and called imperfect that which he saw agree less with his own preconceived type. which is really the efficient cause.. Thus we see that men are wont to style natural phenomena perfect or imperfect rather from their own prejudices. They are. it came about. is nothing else but this particular desire. than from true knowledge of what they pronounce upon. but by everyone who rightly knows. For instance. and the reason why he acts. the like whereof he has never seen before. a cause which is called final is nothing else but human desire. and knows that the aim of the author of that work is to build a house. indeed. and such ideas they hold as types. his work will be pronounced perfect. whether that work be perfect or imperfect. we mean nothing more than that a man. call it perfect. and has left her work incomplete. Such seems to be the primary meaning of these terms. &c. which we call God or Nature. he plainly cannot know. believing that Nature (who they think does nothing without an object) has them in view. even though it had evidently been completed in accordance with the idea of its artificer. that each man called perfect that which he saw agree with the general idea he had formed of the thing in question. which its author had purposed for it. or thinks that he knows. Therefore. so neither does he act for the sake of an end. the intention and aim of its author. and has brought it to perfection. it is regarded as the primary cause. buildings. For the eternal and infinite Being.. and has set them as types before herself.). which does not wholly conform to the preconceived type which they have formed of the thing in question. xvi. when we say that to be inhabited is the final cause of this or that house. and to prefer certain types to others. or blunders. When a man has purposed to make a given thing. and . conscious of their own actions and appetites.and evil. towers. whereby it exists. had a desire to build a house. to think out types of houses. as soon as he sees that it is carried through to the end. suppose anyone sees a work (which I assume to be not yet completed). he will. are not made with human hands. For example. but ignorant of the causes whereby they are determined to any particular desire. Wherefore. Now we showed in the Appendix to Part I. The reason or cause why God or Nature exists. Therefore. not only by himself. us, whereof we are only a partial cause (III. Def. ii.), (III. Def. i.), something which cannot be deduced solely laws of our nature. We are passive therefore, in so far in that is from the as we
PROP.E. which cannot be conceived by itself without other parts. Proof.D. This was our first point.). Therefore. of the essence thereof (I. Thus the power of man. xxi. For. and is infinitely surpassed by the power of external causes. The force whereby a man persists in existing is limited. Proof. Again. thus the power of man is limited by the power of some other thing. whereby each particular thing. that he follows and obeys the general order of nature. when man is given.).E. PROP.--Hence it follows. save such as can be explained solely through his own nature. this would be the necessary consequence of a cause whose power was either finite or infinite. It is.) that man is infinite. The power and increase of every passion. V. in so far as it is explained through his own actual essence.).--The power. inasmuch as he would be capable of removing from himself all changes which could spring from external causes. and that he accommodates himself thereto. or of the infinite power of Nature. that man should not be capable of undergoing any changes. that man should undergo no changes save such as can be understood solely through the nature of man. that man should not be a part of Nature. in other words. and can be applied to all individual things). whereby we ourselves endeavour to persist in existing. which (by the first part of this proof) is absurd. xxiv. IV. impossible. is the power of God or of Nature (I. the proof of which is universal. but would always necessarily exist. and its persistence in existing are not defined by the power. if it were possible.) from the necessity of the divine nature. that man is necessarily always a prey to his passions. III. Q. the whole order of nature as conceived under the attributes of extension and thought must be deducible. or that he should be capable of undergoing no changes. either of man's power only. and consequently man. Corollary. there is something else--say A--more powerful. that man should be incapable of undergoing any changes save such as tended towards his own preservation. and consequently that he must always (as we have shown) necessarily exist. as much as the nature of things demands. it would follow that he would not be able to die. and is infinitely surpassed by the power of external causes. if it be possible. It would therefore follow (I. whereby all individual things would be so ordered. Q. vii. not in so far as it is infinite. and consequently (I.are a part of Nature. preserves his being. there is something else--say B--more powerful than A.D. such a result must follow from the infinite power of God.--This is evident from the axiom of this part. in so far as it is regarded as affected by the idea of any given man. but in so far as it can be explained by the actual human essence (III. namely. is a part of the infinite power of God or Nature. Q. that man should not undergo any changes save those whereof he is the adequate cause. and so on to infinity.E. therefore. PROP. but by the power of .D. But the first alternative is absurd (by the last Prop. It is impossible. when A is given. xvi. xxxiv. Coroll.. save such as can be understood through his nature only as their adequate cause.
Deff. and with more power for controlling emotion.--The essence of a passion cannot be explained through our essence alone (III. therefore (IV. v.). i. in so far as it is referred to the mind.). Ax.--An emotion. the mind is assailed by any emotion. in virtue of the body being affected with a modification contrary to (III. and stronger than the former modification. that is (III. in so far as we are conscious thereof.). (by the general Definition of the Emotions) only by an idea of a modification of the body contrary to. whereby the mind affirms of its body a greater or less force of existence than before (cf. Q.) must necessarily be defined by the power of an external cause compared with our own. Now this modification of the body (IV. VII. when it is of service or the reverse in preserving our being (IV.--We call a thing good or evil. the body is at the same time affected with a modification whereby its power of activity is increased or diminished. Thus.D. that which we are undergoing. and stronger than. the modification which we undergo. the general Definition of the Emotions at the end of Part III. The force of any passion or emotion can overcome the rest of a man's activities or power. Corollary. &e.D. is an idea.E. that is (III. so that the emotion becomes obstinately fixed to him.E. and stronger than. Proof. our power of activity. xii. The knowledge of good and evil is nothing else but the emotions of pleasure or pain.).E.). in so far as it is referred to the mind. iii.an external cause compared with our own.--Emotion. Q. helps or hinders. can only be controlled or destroyed through an idea of a modification of the body contrary to.D. in other words. Proof.). wherefore (II. itself. (by the general definition of the emotions) the mind will be affected by an emotion contrary to and stronger than the former emotion. i. which force can only be checked or destroyed by a bodily cause (II. in other words. and stronger than. PROP.). whereby we ourselves endeavour to persist in existing. in so far as we perceive . PROP.) receives from its cause the force for persistence in its being.) it can overcome a man's power. and ii. VIII.). Proof. PROP. which will exclude or destroy the existence of the former emotion. but (as is shown in II. and ii. xvi. When. An emotion can only be controlled or destroyed by another emotion contrary thereto. vii. when it increases or diminishes. v. For the emotion which we undergo can only be checked or destroyed by an emotion contrary to. VI. Q. Deff. therefore. Proof. the power of a passion cannot be defined by the power. vii.--The force and increase of any passion and its persistence in existing are defined by the power of an external cause compared with our own (by the foregoing Prop.) the mind is affected by the idea of a modification contrary to.) and stronger than itself (IV. vi. thus an emotion cannot be destroyed nor controlled except by a contrary and stronger emotion.
so long as we conceive nothing which excludes the present existence of the external object. I expressly stated. when other conditions are equal.E. Note. Corollary.). X. save in conception only.D.--The image of something past or future. Q. ii. to the exclusion of time present. more intensely affected towards it. we conceive that which excludes the presence of the object less. so too by the remembrance of what we conceive to have not long passed away we are affected more intensely. note). Therefore the knowledge of good and evil is nothing else but the emotion. Towards something future. of a thing which we regard as in relation to time past or time future. . is stronger than if we did not conceive the cause to be with us.--Imagination or conception is the idea.D. Proof. in so far as it indicates the disposition of the body. But a conception (by II. xxi. than if we conceive that it has long passed away. than an emotion felt towards something present. so far. weaker than the image of something present. we call it good or evil. by which the mind regards a thing as present (II.). or not long passed away. which we conceive as close at hand. Q. wherefore an emotion is also stronger or more intense. in so far as we are conscious thereof. whether we have conceived it or not. but which indicates the disposition of the mind rather than the nature of the external thing (II. whereof we conceive the cause to be with us at the present time. than when we do not conceive the cause to be with us. PROP. when we regard as present to us other things which exclude the present existence of the future object: I did not expressly call attention to the fact.--In so far as we conceive a thing as close at hand. we are affected more intensely. xvi. other conditions being equal. that this is only true in so far as we look solely to the image of the thing in question itself. Coroll. is.D. PROP. An emotion is therefore a conception.) is stronger. xvii. But this idea is united to the emotion in the same way as mind is united to body (II.) we are.). xvii. that is.--When I said above in III. that is. than if we conceive that its time for existence is separated from the present by a longer interval. which necessarily follows from that pleasurable or painful emotion (II. Q. for the thing's nature is unchanged. Proof.that a thing affects us with pleasure or pain. I did not deny that the image becomes weaker. that we are affected by the image of what is past or future with the same emotion as if the thing conceived were present. An emotion. when we conceive the cause to be with us at the present time.E. because I purposed to treat of the strength of the emotions in this part of my work. or if it had long passed away (this is obvious) therefore (by the foregoing Prop.E. there is no real distinction between this idea and the emotion or idea of the modification of the body. than if its period of future existence were more distant from the present. xxii. consequently an emotion felt towards what is past or future is less intense. wherefore the knowledge of good and evil is nothing else but the idea of the pleasure or pain. IX. xviii.
D. but. is more intense. of this part it follows that. But. PROP. XII. or non--necessary.). we are assumed to conceive something. wherefore an emotion towards a thing. Def. wherefore (IV. But. ix. affirm its existence. than if we conceived the thing to be present with us. which exclude its present existence.D. Q. XI. which we know not to exist at the present time. than if we conceive the thing as present. which recalls the thing to memory. Def.Corollary. which we know not to exist in the present. when other conditions are equal. XIII. though their dates of occurrence be widely separated one from the other. we conceive certain things excluding its present existence. on the other hand we deny a thing's existence. note. Q.--In so far as we conceive a thing as contingent. or excites the image thereof (II.E. which we regard as contingent. xxxiii. but.). which we conceive to exist. we are affected by the conception of some further thing. An emotion towards a thing.--From the remarks made in Def.). on the other hand (by hypothesis). in so far as we conceive it not to be necessary (I. if objects are separated from the present by a longer period than we can define in conception. which would assert the existence of the former (IV.D. nevertheless. we.--An emotion towards a thing.E. than if we conceived the thing as contingent. we (by hypothesis) conceive certain things. xviii. is far fainter. xviii. fainter than an emotion towards a thing past. An emotion towards that which we conceive as necessary is. more intense than an emotion that which is non--necessary. iv.--In so far as we conceive a thing to be necessary. than if the future time be conceived as far distant from the present (IV. Q. we are not affected by the image of any other thing. is far fainter. that is (III. which asserts the existence of the said thing (IV. Therefore an emotion towards a thing. things which promote hope or fear: wherefore an emotion towards something possible is more vehement. vi. or contingent. than an emotion towards a thing contingent.). and which we conceive as possible. other conditions being equal. other conditions being equal.). x. and which we conceive as contingent. other conditions being equal.) an emotion towards that which is necessary is. than if we conceive the thing to be present with us. Proof. whose period of existence we conceive to be far distant from the present. which we know not to exist in the present. i.--In so far as we conceive a thing as contingent. in so far as we conceive it in relation to time past. it is. iii. ix. Corollary. and is much more vehement. PROP. if we conceived the thing as future (IV. more intense. Coroll. more intense than an emotion towards that which possible. they all affect us equally faintly.--Emotion towards a thing. to that extent. in so far as we conceive a thing to be possible in the future. PROP. Proof. Proof.). iii. Proof. is more intense than it would be.E. we there by conceive things which assert its existence (IV. is. and . will be far fainter.). Emotion towards a thing contingent. on the other hand.
E. Desire arising from the knowledge of good and bad can be quenched or checked by many of the other desires arising from the emotions whereby we are assailed. xvii. XVII. consequently (III. which we conceive as future. &c. ix. therefore it has no positive quality.--From the true knowledge of good and evil. in so far as such knowledge regards what is future. Coroll. inasmuch as this desire arises (by hypothesis) from the fact of our truly understanding anything. which. may be more easily controlled or quenched. whereby the mind affirms of its body a greater or less force of existing than before (by the general Definition of the Emotions). other conditions being equal.). than the desire for what is agreeable at the present moment. in so far as such knowledge is an emotion (IV. of the Emotions. Coroll. Def.--An emotion is an idea. viii. Wherefore desire arising from such knowledge. can be more easily controlled or quenched. which is so far the same as regarding it as present (II. when compared with our own power. and may. Proof. restrain any emotion. control or quench it.).D. i.D. Q.) if it have more strength for restraining emotion. Q. vii.). which we know does not exist in the present.). is fainter than emotion towards a thing that is present (IV.--Emotion towards a thing. it will to that extent be able to restrain the given emotion. which can be destroyed by the presence of what is true.). and must therefore be understood through our essence only (III. hence the desires arising from like emotions may be more vehement. which arises from the true knowledge of good and evil.D. the strength of which is proportioned to the strength of the emotion wherefrom it arises (III. necessarily arises desire (Def. in so far as such knowledge is concerned with what is . But. in so far as we are active (III. though it be concerned with things which are good at the moment.E.). But. Again. Desire arising from the true knowledge of good and evil. xxxvii. A true knowledge of good and evil cannot check any emotion by virtue of being true. Q. PROP.E. Proof. but only in so far as it is considered as an emotion. consequently the knowledge of good and evil cannot.) an emotion towards a thing contingent. Q. ii. XIV. ix.) its force and increase can be defined solely by human power. PROP. Proof. in so far as it is an emotion. PROP. in proportion as the said emotions are more vehement. indefinitely surpass it (IV. PROP. than an emotion towards a thing past. consequently. XVI. when concerned with the future. i. iii. the proof whereof is of universal application). it follows that it is also present with us.D.E.note). Desire arising from the knowledge of good and evil.). by virtue of being true. But desire. is fainter. Therefore (IV. XV. than the desire which arises from a true knowledge of good and evil. wherefore their force and increase must be defined solely by the power of external causes.. can be quenched or controlled by any headstrong desire (by the last Prop. the desires arising from the emotions whereby we are assailed are stronger.
should seek that which is useful to him--I mean." I have not written the above with the object of drawing the conclusion. the endeavour whereby a man endeavours to persist in his own being.--Desire is the essence of a man (Def. before we can determine what reason can do in restraining the emotions.contingent. that which is really useful to him. by the fact of pleasure being felt. and should. Met. each for himself. but because it is necessary to know the power and the infirmity of our nature. that ignorance is more excellent than knowledge. from IV. other conditions being equal. Deteriora sequor. which of the emotions are in harmony with the rules of human reason.--This Prop." Ecclesiastes seems to have had the same thought in his mind.E. (Cf. The worse--I follow.) . But. as that a whole is greater than its part. Thus the former is the stronger of the two. Note.--In these few remarks I have explained the causes of human infirmity and inconstancy. stronger than desire arising from pain. xii. is proved in the same way as the last Prop. before I begin to prove my Propositions in detailed geometrical fashion.20. Proof. The power of reason over the emotions I have settled to treat separately. diminished or hindered. I have said. iv. vii. that in the present part I shall merely treat of human infirmity. It now remains for me to show what course is marked out for us by reason. and which of them are contrary thereto. can be controlled far more easily still. This is as necessarily true. and shown why men do not abide by the precepts of reason. "He who increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow. PROP. when he says. that every man should love himself. Note. Desire arising from pleasure is. or that a wise man is on a par with a fool in controlling his emotions." [12] Ov. on the contrary. of the Emotions. it is advisable to sketch them briefly in advance. i. desire arising from pain is. Coroll. As reason makes no demands contrary to nature. than desire for things that are present. Wherefore desire arising from pleasure is. by the fact of pain being felt. so that everyone may more readily grasp my meaning. endeavour as far as he can to preserve his own being.--I think I have now shown the reason. and often yields to every kind of passion. Proof. why it is that the true knowledge of good and evil stirs up conflicts in the soul. and what is beyond her power. whereas desire arising from pain must be defined by human power only. hence the force of desire arising from pleasure must be defined by human power together with the power of an external cause. III. increased or helped. XVIII. "Video meliora proboque. should desire everything which really brings man to greater perfection.). This state of things gave rise to the exclamation of the poet:[12]---"The better path I gaze at and approve. Q. it demands. that is.D. why men are moved by opinion more readily than by true reason.
after briefly showing that the contrary is the case. and shrinks from what he thinks bad. in order. therefore. and shrinks from the other. viii. by the laws of his nature. endeavour to preserve their being. and as no one endeavours to preserve his own being. than those which are in entire agreement with our nature. that virtue is to be desired for its own sake.). and all with one consent seek what is useful to them all. Therefore. two individuals of entirely the same nature are united. as virtue is nothing else but action in accordance with the laws of one's own nature (IV. ix. XIX. &c. I repeat. secondly. it follows from Postulate iv. that we can never arrive at doing without all external things for the preservation of our being or living. i. desires the one. one single mind and one single body. of the Emotions. men who are governed by reason--that is. and could understand nothing besides itself. for the sake of which we should desire it. the Definition of Appetite. that the principle that every man is bound to seek what is useful for himself is the foundation of impiety. and that there is nothing more excellent or more useful to us. every man necessarily desires what he thinks good. every man. are just. to gain the attention of those who believe. as far as they are able. Now this appetite is nothing else but man's nature or essence (Cf. for example.). and honourable in their conduct. many things outside ourselves. who seek what is useful to them in accordance with reason. which they do not also desire for the rest of mankind. thirdly and lastly. except in accordance with the laws of his own nature. then. Therefore. so as to have no relations with things which are outside ourselves. first.) the emotion of pleasure or pain. which I purposed thus briefly to indicate. Of such none can be discerned more excellent. Therefore. .--The knowledge of good and evil is (IV. and Def. solely by the laws of his nature. There are. and that all should. rather than of piety and virtue. III. than that all should so in all points agree. Further. as that whereby I have hitherto proceeded. faithful. For if. they form a combination twice as powerful as either of them singly. viii. we see that our intellect would be more imperfect. Part II.Again. which are useful to us. Proof. Def. Again. necessarily desires or shrinks from that which he deems to be good or bad. to man there is nothing more useful than man--nothing. and.D.. and that happiness consists in man's power of preserving his own being. if we consider our mind. as it were. therefore. I go on to prove it by the same method. Hence. it follows. consequently. to be desired. desire for themselves nothing. I have taken this course. Q.. if mind were alone. if possible. Such are the dictates of reason. that suicides are weak--minded. in so far as we are conscious thereof. before beginning to prove them in greater detail. and are. that the foundation of virtue is the endeavour to preserve one's own being. note. PROP. more excellent for preserving their being can be wished for by men. Every man.E. that the minds and bodies of all should form. and are overcome by external causes repugnant to their nature. with one consent.
) But that a man. after a little reflection. who twists round his right hand. Therefore..). x. is self--evident. by a tyrant's command. that is. no one can desire. acting. and. from the necessity of his own nature. of the Emotions. to escape a greater evil by incurring. in so far as a man neglects to preserve his own being. For prior to this principle nothing can be conceived. is as impossible as that something should be made out of nothing. shrinks from food.E. and to live rightly. like Seneca. should endeavour to become non--existent. &c. he may be compelled. lastly. or. and whereof the idea cannot exist in the mind (III.D. I say. act. and to live--in other words. For the desire of living. the endeavour made by everyone to preserve his own being.--The effort for self--preservation is the first and only foundation of virtue. as everyone will see for himself. for instance.). or otherwise than under compulsion from external causes. wherewith he happened to have taken up a sword. XXI. the more a man endeavours. Q. if any virtue could be conceived as prior thereto. . is (Def. unless he be overcome by causes external and foreign to his nature.--No one. and so affect his body. &c.--The proof of this proposition. the essence of a thing would have to be conceived as prior to itself. Def. Q. to act rightly. without at the same time wishing to be. Proof.).) the essence of man--that is (III.).E. which is defined solely by the endeavour made by man to persist in his own being. The more every man endeavours. Wherefore. to preserve his own being. Proof. &c. which is obviously absurd. he is wanting in power. that it may assume a nature contrary to its former one.--The effort for self--preservation is the essence of a thing (III. and is also plain from the definition of desire. iv. neglects seeking his own good.PROP.D. from the necessity of his own nature. on the contrary. Proof. and is able to seek what is useful to him--in other words. No one. a lesser. therefore. latent external causes may so disorder his imagination. which is defined solely by man's essence (IV. again.--Virtue is human power. consequently (III. No virtue can be conceived as prior to this endeavour to preserve one's own being. viii. blessedly or rightly. or preserving his own being. he is wanting in power. that is. PROP. Therefore no virtue. in proportion as a man neglects to seek what is useful to him. Q. No one can desire to be blessed. PROP. A man. and forces him to turn the blade against his own heart.D. or rather the proposition itself. vii. Note. to actually exist. and vi. therefore. to preserve his own being--the more is he endowed with virtue. the more is he endowed with virtue. and is able to preserve his own being. and without it no virtue can be conceived. XX. Corollary. to open his own veins--that is. i. vii.E. or kills himself: which latter may be done in a variety of ways. or. XXII. kills himself under the compulsion of another man.
vii. Proof. Def. in so far as he is determined for the action because he understands. xl. is conceived to have force for continuing in existence (III. of Appetite. to live. in so far as he is determined for an action because he understands. is absurd.). Proof.E. Proof. xxii. note. this . to preserve its own being is nothing else but understanding. and that on the basis of seeking what is useful for us (IV. or which adequately follows from his virtue.) and doing such things as necessarily follow from its given nature (see the Def.. that is (III. which.--The endeavour. which. and not from the essence of anything else. PROP. To act absolutely in obedience to virtue is in us the same thing as to act.PROP. Q. Whatsoever we endeavour in obedience to reason is nothing further than to understand. XXIV. in so far as we understand (III. in so far as he is determined to a particular action because he has inadequate ideas. in so far as it clearly and distinctly understands (see the definition in II. neither does the mind. since this effort of the mind wherewith the mind endeavours. But. he is active. therefore (II. he is passive (III. or to preserve one's being in obedience to reason. vi. Man.). judge anything to be useful to it. he does something. XXV. viii. ii.. in so far as it reasons.E.). xxii. vii. by the foregoing corollary.--In so far as a man is determined to an action through having inadequate ideas. this proposition is plain from IV.) that everyone endeavours to preserve his being. he can only be so described. III. But we only act.). Deff. i. PROP.). from this alone. ix. to live.D. and iii. that is (by IV. Q.): therefore to act in obedience to virtue is in us nothing else but to act. is defined solely by the essence of the thing itself (III. Moreover.). Q. iii. No one wishes to preserve his being for the sake of anything else.D. that is. in so far as it exists such as it is. which is perceived through his essence alone. wherewith everything endeavours to persist in its being. which cannot be perceived solely through his essence. Proof. he does something. Again.). for if a man should endeavour to preserve his being for the sake of anything else. note). i. Therefore no one. the last--named thing would obviously be the basis of virtue. vi. Coroll. Coroll.) whatsoever we endeavour in obedience to reason is nothing else but to understand.--To act absolutely in obedience to virtue is nothing else but to act according to the laws of one's own nature. it necessarily follows (III.--The effort for self--preservation is nothing else but the essence of the thing in question (III. &c. PROP. But the essence of reason is nought else but our mind. xl.D. XXIII. XXVI. save such things as are conducive to understanding. or to preserve one's being (these three terms are identical in meaning) in accordance with the dictates of reason on the basis of seeking what is useful to one's self. which does not follow from his virtue.E. in so far as it makes use of reason. cannot be absolutely said to act in obedience to virtue.
save such things as conduce to understanding (by the foregoing Prop. in so far as it reasons. or such as are able to hinder us from understanding. and note) cannot possess certainty concerning anything. helps or hinders.D. xv. can only be determined by an individual thing (I. note).).) good is the knowledge of God.--The mind is not capable of understanding anything higher than God. but not by the power of anything.E. desires nothing beyond understanding.--We call a thing bad when it is the cause of pain (IV. that is (I.). vi. Coroll. xxv. xxviii. PROP. however it be conceived. Proof. Q. and the mind's highest virtue is to know God. can be determined and consequently helped or hindered by the power of any other individual thing. save such things as really conduce to understanding. therefore the highest virtue of the mind is to understand or to know God.--The power of every individual thing. Q. that is (III.--The mind. . Again. whereby he exists and operates. the mind's highest utility or (IV. XXIX.). No individual thing. only in so far as it understands. our power of activity.). vi. and without which (I. xxii. and consequently the power of man. the mind is active. The mind's absolute virtue is therefore to understand. XXX. xliii.. The mind's highest good is the knowledge of God. and xxvii.). and since we call good or evil that which is the cause of pleasure or pain (IV. which is entirely different from our own nature. xl. PROP. Def. whose nature (II. and judges nothing to be useful to itself. i. will not be able to conceive any good for itself. which increases or diminishes.) must be understood through the same nature as that. xi.) nothing can either be or be conceived. is the same thing) in so far as it reasons.) the first and single basis of virtue. Q. and only to the same extent can it be said absolutely to act virtuously. can help or check our power of activity. as we have already shown.effort at understanding is (IV. XXVII. &c.E. therefore. the mind. Def. that which is entirely different from our nature can neither be to us good nor bad. on the other hand. PROP. But the mind (II. than a Being absolutely infinite. through which human nature is conceived.E. except in so far as it has adequate ideas. Now. Proof. which has something in common with us. Therefore our power of activity. We know nothing to be certainly good or evil. therefore (IV. save such things as are conducive to understanding. but it is bad for us in so far as it is contrary to our nature. of which the nature is entirely different from our own. Proof. A thing cannot be bad for us through the quality which it has in common with our nature. note. xxvi. Proof. XXVIII. PROP. unless it has something in common with our nature. the highest that the mind can understand is God. in so far as it reasons. and absolutely nothing can do us good or harm. viii.D. or (what by II. Therefore we know nothing to be good or evil save such things as really conduce.). nor shall we endeavour to understand things for the sake of any ulterior object (IV. xli.D.
it will necessarily be different therefrom or contrary thereto. so is it more in harmony with our nature. which tends to the preservation of our nature. Proof. that.). and hence a thing is useful. wherefore men. not existing by the necessity of their own nature. we absolutely affirm that the do not agree in any respect. in proportion as it is in harmony with our nature. Note. when it diminishes or checks our power of action. Wherefore nothing can be bad for us through that quality which it has in common with us. it can neither be good nor bad (IV. PROP. XXXII. that is. For.). it cannot be bad for it. Q. note). it would be able itself to diminish or check that which it has in common with our nature. which see in III. which tends to the preservation of the thing itself. In so far as men are a prey to passion. which (III. that is (by the hypothesis). or. they cannot. in so far as they are a prey to their passions. XXXI. Nothing. Q. iii. vii.D.). or in qualities which neither possess. on the other hand.E.) is absurd. Q. vi.--Hence it follows. so is it more useful or better for us.viii. xxix. PROP. except in so far as it is in harmony with our nature.D. in proportion as a thing is in harmony with our nature. therefore. and vice versâ. in so far as it is bad for us. iv. XXXIII. and consequently not in passion (III. contrary to what is good--in short.) is absurd. it will be contrary to that which is in harmony with our nature.E. Therefore. but. If it be assumed that it be neither good nor bad. therefore. if we say that a man and a stone only agree in the fact that both are finite--wanting in power.D. If different. in so far as they are assailed by those emotions. Corollary.E. that is (as we have just shown). cannot be said to be naturally in harmony. but this (III. In so far as a thing is in harmony with our nature. be said to be naturally in harmony.--Things. for.E. i. bad. it is contrary to our nature. So. in so far as it can diminish or check our power of action. in so far as a thing is in harmony with our nature.D. Def. which are passions. xi.). indefinitely surpassed by the power of external causes--we should certainly affirm that a man and a stone are in no respect alike. in that respect. Q. not in want of power or negation. nothing will follow from its nature (IV.--In so far as a thing is in harmony with our nature. lastly. It will therefore necessarily be either good or indifferent. it is necessarily good. that is (by the Def. really agree in no respect. PROP. it is necessarily good. in so far as it is not in harmony with our nature. therefore. if contrary. can be good. in proportion as a thing is more useful for us. or passive states. things which agree only in negation. Proof. and vice versâ. if we say that white and black only agree in the fact that neither is red. are understood to agree in power (III. Men can differ in nature.--This is also self--evident. if anything were bad for us through that quality which it has in common with our nature.. note). which are said to be in harmony naturally. and to this extent one and the same man is variable and .
the love of each is fostered thereby (III. from this it seems. xxxii. but it must be defined by the power. the other will be affected with pain. but in virtue of one differing from the other. that all other causes of hatred depend solely on differences. vii. (III.D.) the pleasure of each is fostered thereby. as I have said. of Emotions.D. Proof. and that each should endeavour to do the other an injury. we shall see that the discrepancy vanishes. Deff. and xxxi. while Paul has the idea of the loved object as lost. and. In so far as men are assailed by emotions which are passions. do they always necessarily agree in nature. XXXIV. can be contrary one to another. Wherefore it is far from being the case. that one and the same man may be differently affected towards the same object. i. For. XXXV. We can easily show in like manner. and note).). they can be contrary one to another. Note. and that men may be differently affected by one and the same object (III. that is (III. in so far as each loves the same thing.). lvi. can be the cause of Paul's feeling pain. in so far as they are assailed by emotions which are passions. that is (Def.). consequently it may easily happen also.E. or for other causes (of which the chief are enumerated in III.).). and not on the agreement between men's natures. Props. if this were so. The cause for their opposition lies. Proof. hence men.E. that is (IV. vi.. at first sight. xxxi. xxxix. PROP. Hence the one man will be affected with pleasure. For the two men are not in one another's way in virtue of the agreement of their natures. hence it follows.). xxx. For we assume that Peter has the idea of the loved object as already in his possession. and may therefore be variable and inconstant. that they are at variance through both loving the same thing. ii. because he conceives that Peter possesses something which he (Paul) also loves. of this part would be untrue.inconstant. lv. But the emotion of pain is always a passion or passive state (III.). of the Emotions.--A man. and to this extent differ in nature. it may therefore happen that Paul should hate Peter (Def. PROP. because he (Peter) possesses something similar to that which Paul hates (III. xxx. solely in the fact that they are assumed to differ.). stand in one another's way. that is. for instance Peter.). But if we give the matter our unbiased attention.--In so far as men are assailed by emotions that are . Q. that these two men. li. Q. that they should be contrary one to another. consequently.). Proof. through both loving the same thing. that Peter should hate Paul in return. lix. and thus they will be at variance one with another. that there are as many kinds of each emotion as there are external objects whereby we are affected (III. lastly.--I said that Paul may hate Peter. and through the agreement in their natures. vii. xvi. through agreement of their respective natures. through both loving the same thing. by the nature of external causes in comparison with our own. In so far only as men live in obedience to reason. note).--The nature or essence of the emotions cannot be explained solely through our essence or nature (III. or because Peter has sole possession of a thing which Paul also loves (III. to follow.
and endeavours to remove that which he deems bad (IV. Nevertheless they are scarcely able to lead a solitary life.). xx. xxxiii. and consequently for each individual man (IV. man. in fact. viii. iii. xli. But men are most in natural harmony.). that they are generally envious and troublesome one to another. they can be different in nature (IV. for things are so ordered among them.--As every man seeks most that which is useful to him.).--What we have just shown is attested by experience so conspicuously. Therefore. Note. xix.passions. what so ever follows from human nature in so far as it is defined by reason must (III.D.E. Let satirists then laugh their fill at human affairs. deem good or bad. that it is in the mouth of nearly everyone: "Man is to man a God. such things as are in harmony with each man's nature. the more is he endowed with virtue (IV. Def. But man acts absolutely according to the laws of his nature.). in other words. xxxi. .E. what is the same thing (IV. which is most in harmony with his nature (IV. wherefore among individual things nothing is more useful to man.).--There is no individual thing in nature. But men are only said to be active." Yet it rarely happens that men live in obedience to reason. Def. men in so far as they live in obedience to reason. Corollary I. and at variance one with another. and that only by uniting their forces can they escape from the dangers that on every side beset them: not to say how much more excellent and worthy of our knowledge it is. men do derive from social life much more convenience than injury. For that thing is to man most useful.). than a man who lives in obedience to reason. Coroll. necessarily live always in harmony one with another. in so far as they live in obedience to reason.) men will be most useful one to another. Q. therefore (by the foregoing Coroll. But I will treat of this more at length elsewhere. when he lives in obedience to reason (III. since every man by the laws of his nature desires that which he deems good. necessarily do only such things as are necessarily good for human nature.) be understood solely through human nature as its proximate cause. in accordance with reason. since that which we. Q. when they live in obedience to reason (by the last Prop.). let them heap contempt on men and praises on beasts. the more is he endowed with power to act according to the laws of his own nature. than a man who lives in obedience to reason. obviously.). when each seeks most that which is useful to him. that is.). to study the actions of men than the actions of beasts. that is to live in obedience to reason. let theologians rail. it follows that men.). when all is said. ii. and to this extent only is always necessarily in harmony with the nature of another man (by the last Prop. Corollary II. necessarily is good or bad (II. Def. so are men most useful one to another. xxxi. therefore. they will find that men can provide for their wants much more easily by mutual help. But. For the more a man seeks what is useful to him and endeavours to preserve himself. in so far as they act in obedience to reason (III. Coroll. and further.).D. Q. or.E. so that the definition of man as a social animal has met with general assent. ii. and let misanthropes praise to their utmost the life of untutored rusticity.D. which is more useful to man.
xxxvii.--He who. which each follower of virtue seeks for himself. therefore (IV. For it belongs to the essence of the human mind (II.D. Note. can neither be. therefore. to have an adequate knowledge of the eternal and infinite essence of God. XXXVI. he will desire also for others.).). xlvii. endeavours to cause others to love what he loves himself. now the essence of the mind consists in knowledge (II. if he sees that others love it also (III. in proportion as his own enjoyment of the good is greater. and that a man could neither be. in other words.). Proof. xxxv. Again.--Someone may ask how it would be. in proportion as the mind's essence involves a greater knowledge of God.). . which a man desires for himself and loves. that is (II. that men living in obedience to reason.). and so much the more. I make answer.) the highest good for those who follow after virtue is to know God. Q.). for the same reason. in proportion as he has a greater knowledge of God. XXXVII. and therefore all can rejoice therein. as above (IV.). xlvii. follows after virtue. if the highest good of those who follow after virtue were not common to all? Would it not then follow.).--To act virtuously is to act in obedience with reason (IV. and whatsoever we endeavour to do in obedience to reason is to understand (IV. that other men should possess that which he seeks as good for himself. is to understand (IV. Proof. inasmuch as it is deduced from the very essence of man. he will therefore endeavour that others should love it also. he will love more constantly. of the Emotions. so also will be greater the desire of the follower of virtue. men in so far as they agree in nature.).PROP. in so far as they are of the same nature. xxviii. in so far as defined by reason.D. desires for himself he will also desire for other men. Another Proof. nor be conceived. and this he will do the more (III. desires for himself.E. we shall in obedience to reason necessarily endeavour to bring about that men should live in obedience to reason. guided by emotion only. would be at variance one with another? To such an inquiry. and to make the rest of the world live according to his own fancy. The highest good of those who follow virtue is common to all.--The good. xxxiv. are most useful to their fellow men (IV.). PROP. xxxv. xxvi. and note) a good which is common to all and can be possessed by all men equally. or. therefore (IV. wherefore the good.E. in so far as it is referred to the mind. to bring about that all should rejoice therein.). But the good which every man. and as the good in question is common to all. desire. which involves the knowledge of God (II.). Note I. nor be conceived without the power of taking pleasure in this highest good. that main's highest good is common to all. who follows after virtue. that is (IV. i. xix. xxxi.). he will endeavour. acts solely by impulse. is the very essence of the mind (Def.). that it follows not accidentally but from the very nature of reason. and without it (I. xi. Coroll. Q.--Men. The good which every man. xxiv. i. in so far as he is guided by reason. in so far as they live in obedience to reason. xv. xlvii. and therefore all can equally rejoice therein. xxvi.
by sovereign natural right performs those actions which follow from the necessity of his own nature. namely. who endeavours to lead men by reason. and accordingly study and. I call piety. especially. men have far greater rights over beasts than beasts have over men. as the highest good sought by men under the guidance of emotion is often such. we have the same rights in respect to them as they have in respect to us. Nay. I call honour[13]. Further. which is engendered by a life according to reason. It remains for me to explain what I mean by just and unjust. xviii. that we may not consult our own advantage and use them as we please. The desire of well--doing. and their emotions are naturally different from human emotions (III. Concerning praise and blame I have spoken in III. to make men live in accordance with what pleases themselves. by similar impulse. does not act by impulse but courteously and kindly. whereof we are the cause in so far as we possess the idea of God. while infirmity is nothing else but man's allowing himself to be led by things which are external to himself. I set down to Religion. it follows that those who love it are not consistent in their intentions. Every man exists by sovereign natural right. therefore. merit and sin. xxix. sin and merit. or know God. But I must first say a few words concerning man in the state of nature and in society. endeavour. or power. and his intention is always consistent. whatsoever we desire and do. The rational quest of what is useful to us further teaches us the necessity of associating ourselves with our fellow men. therefore by . Again. Note II. but. justice and injustice. note). On these points see the following note. as everyone's right is defined by his virtue. that true virtue is nothing else but living in accordance with reason. Still I do not deny that beasts feel: what I deny is. Again. fear to be believed. while they delight to sing its praises. I have also shown in addition what are the foundations of a state. note: the time has now come to treat of the remaining terms. hateful. whereby it is plain that the law against the slaughtering of animals is founded rather on vain superstition and womanish pity than on sound reason. [13] Honestas Such are the matters which I engaged to prove in Prop. whereby a man living according to reason is bound to associate others with himself in friendship.and is. and. and to be by them determined to act in a manner demanded by the general disposition of things rather than by his own nature considered solely in itself. that it can only be possessed by a single individual. by honourable I mean that which is praised by men living according to reason. for their nature is not like ours.--In the Appendix to Part I. or things. treating them in the way which best suits us. I undertook to explain praise and blame. of this Part. consequently. whose nature is different from our own. and the difference between true virtue and infirmity may be readily gathered from what I have said. and by base I mean that which is repugnant to the gaining of friendship. But he. but not with beasts. to those who take delight in something different. lvii. the desire.
refrain from all actions which can injure their fellow--men. and being at variance one with another (IV. so long as it keeps in its own hand the right. xx. of avenging injury. where good and evil are pronounced on by common consent.). which can be said to belong to one man rather than another: all things are common to all. Wherefore. and feel mutual trust. if he takes delight in the advantages which a State provides. xxxiv. no one is by common consent master of anything. while those who live under its protection are called citizens.). i. in the state of nature.sovereign natural right every man judges what is good and what is bad. which is powerless in restraining emotion.).). without any injury being done to his neighbour (IV. and diverse. which by universal consent is pronounced good or bad. xvii. and where everyone is bound to obey the State authority. if men lived under the guidance of reason. On this law society can be established. stand in need of mutual help (IV. should be able to render each other mutually secure. sin and merit. it is necessary that they should forego their natural right. on the other hand. note). or to deprive a man of that which belongs to him. xxxiii. We may readily understand that there is in the state of nature nothing. decides what is good or bad. xl. not by reason.). Again. and III. possessed by everyone. being bound by no law to anyone besides himself. In the state of nature. and contrary to itself. and provided it also possesses the power to lay down a general rule of conduct. in other words. xxviii. but by threats (IV. are extrinsic ideas. for in the state of nature everyone thinks solely of his own advantage. xxxix. Sin. they are often drawn in different directions. so that men who are necessarily a prey to their emotions (IV. Coroll. therefore. vi. and IV. then. which far surpass human power or virtue (IV. and to pass laws sanctioned. note). and may aid one another. which is therefore punished by the right of the State only. iv. Hence. avenges the wrongs done to him (III. Such ideas are only possible in a social state. inconstant. with reference only to his individual advantage. we can conceive no wish to render to every man his own. Obedience. in the state of nature. From all these considerations it is evident. takes care of his own advantage according to his own disposition (IV. nor is there anything in nature. is nothing else but disobedience. there is nothing in the state of nature answering to justice and injustice. vii. The way in which this end can be obtained. is set down as merit. it can only exist in a state. ii.). for the sake of security. and. inasmuch as a man is thought worthy of merit. Such a society established with laws and the power of preserving itself is called a State. and pronouncing on good and evil. Coroll.). is evident from IV. sin is inconceivable. But seeing that they are a prey to their emotions. xxxv. xix. and not attributes . when it is decreed by common consent what belongs to one man and what to another. Now. everyone would remain in possession of this his right. that an emotion can only be restrained by an emotion stronger than. that justice and injustice. and according to his disposition. in order that men may live together in harmony. and endeavours to preserve that which he loves and to destroy that which he hates (III. and that men avoid inflicting injury through fear of incurring a greater injury themselves. Coroll. xxxv. It is there shown.
).--Whatsoever thus increases the capabilities of the body increases also the mind's capability of perception (II. is necessarily good or useful (IV. Again. is useful to man. in proportion as the body is thereby rendered more capable of being affected or affecting other bodies in an increased number of ways. may none the less be changed into another nature totally different from its own. therefore it is bad. IV. PROP. experience would seem to point to the opposite conclusion. while keeping the circulation of the blood and other properties. preserves the specific reality of the human body. contrariwise. xiv. that he would not believe the plays and tragedies he had written to be his own: indeed. xiv. in other words (see Preface to this Part towards the end. xxvi. whatsoever thus disposes the body and thus renders it capable. though the point is indeed self--evident).--The human body needs many other bodies for its preservation (II. But I would here remark that I consider that a body undergoes death. to be destroyed. For I do not venture to deny that a human body. xxvii. or of affecting external bodies in an increased number of ways.D.). But that which constitutes the specific reality (forma) of a human body is.). is good. xiii. he might have been taken for .). before Lemma iv. so as to render it capable of being affected in an increased number of ways. if it renders the body in this respect less capable.. xxvii. that a man undergoes such changes. wherein the life of a body is thought to consist. Note.D. and consequently renders the human body capable of being affected in many ways and of affecting external bodies in many ways. iv. XXXIX. There is no reason.which display the nature of the mind. when the proportion of motion and rest which obtained mutually among its several parts is changed. whatsoever brings about the preservation of the proportion between motion and rest. that its parts communicate their several motions one to another in a certain fixed proportion (Def. unless it becomes a corpse. contrariwise. which the parts of the human body mutually possess. As I have heard tell of a certain Spanish poet. xxvi. Q. after II. which compels me to maintain that a body does not die. PROP. which the parts of the human body mutually possess. XXXVIII. Proof. But I have said enough. and though he recovered therefrom yet remained so oblivious of his past life. contrariwise (II. Proof. and is so in proportion to the extent to which it can render the body capable. Whatsoever brings about the preservation of the proportion of motion and rest. It sometimes happens. whatsoever brings about a change in the aforesaid proportion causes the human body to assume another specific character. who had been seized with sickness. whatsoever causes a change in such proportion is bad. Post.).). and consequently totally incapable of being affected in an increased numbers of ways. and is so.E. nay. therefore. it is hurtful. consequently it is good (by the last Prop. that I should hardly call him the same.--The extent to which such causes can injure or be of service to the mind will be explained in the Fifth Part. Whatsoever disposes the human body. Q. whatsoever renders the body less capable in this respect is hurtful to man. Therefore.E.
I prefer to leave such questions undiscussed. vi. . on the other hand.) good.--For whatsoever causes men to live together in harmony also causes them to live according to reason (IV. Proof. and preventing its becoming excessive. which. Q. in III. note) is pleasure.D. whereby the body's power of activity is diminished or checked. therefore (IV. If this instance seems incredible.) is pain.). if he had also forgotten his native tongue. xi. Again. III. or causes men to live together in harmony.). xxxix. therefore (IV. xi. XLIII. thus rendering it incapable of being affected in a variety of other ways: therefore (IV. which is pain. whereas whatsoever brings discord into a State is bad.D. Q. xxxviii. PROP. xi. the body's power of activity is increased or aided in such a manner. xxxviii. cannot as such be good (IV. we can conceive infinite degrees and modes of strength in this emotion (IV. xxxv.E. Pleasure in itself is not bad but good: contrariwise. which. in so far as it is referred to the body. Proof. in so far as stimulation or pleasure is bad. to this extent. and (for the same reason) whatsoever brings about discord is bad.). v. consists in one or some of its parts being affected more than the rest (see its Definition. pain is emotion. that he can only be persuaded that he too has been an infant by the analogy of other men. Q. PROP. PROP.). but is always good. and hindering the body's capabilities. Q.) pleasure in itself is good. is useful. xxvii.E.) it is always bad. XLII.--Pleasure (III.) it may be bad.--Mirth (see its Def. and cannot be excessive. and note) is emotion.--Localized pleasure or stimulation (titillatio) is pleasure. But. grief. note). thus. that the several parts maintain their former proportion of motion and rest.E.). consists in the absolute decrease or hindrance of the body's power of activity.a grown--up child. therefore Mirth is always good (IV. we can. Proof. iii. grief may be good. in the same note to III. therefore. xxxviii. Mirth cannot be excessive. Melancholy is always bad. in so far as it is referred to the body. XL. xxvi. and may remain obstinately fixed therein. what shall we say of infants? A man of ripe age deems their nature so unlike his own. contrariwise. Whatsoever conduces to man's social life. whereby the body's power of activity is increased or helped. lest I should give ground to the superstitious for raising new issues. and is therefore (IV. &c. But Melancholy (see its Def.E. as its force and increase is defined by the power of an external cause compared with our own (IV.).). Stimulation may be excessive and bad. consists in all parts of the body being affected equally: that is (III. pain in itself is bad. Proof.D. xli. However. xi. xi. which. XLI. PROP. it will be good. in so far as it is referred to the body. the power of this emotion may be sufficient to overcome other actions of the body (IV. conceive it as capable of restraining stimulation.D.
note. although it be not present. Corollary I. hence the emotions are generally excessive. that.--Love is pleasure. xxxvii. or when an ambitious man thinks of nothing but glory. when this is the case with a man who is not asleep. for they are made objects of ridicule.). considered as less mad. are species of madness. whereby we are daily assailed. and from the definitions of baseness and injustice in IV. can desire. I mean by hatred only hatred towards men. as a rule. Corollary II.--Mirth. and although men. N. Hatred can never be good. of Emotions. For why is it more lawful to satiate one's . though they may not be reckoned among diseases. This also is evident from III. or arising therefrom. Lust. and in what follows. We sometimes see men so absorbed in one object. &c.). Here. note). and are thought worthy of being hated. But when a miser thinks of nothing but gain or money.. xxxix. Love and desire may be excessive. For the emotions.E. XLIV. are bad. as we showed in the last proposition concerning stimulation. are generally referred to some part of the body which is affected more than the rest. Again. Therefore.. Proof. which arises from the same emotion.). xli. revenge. therefore. Note. and become excessive. anger. xi. xxxvii. because they are generally harmful. which I have stated to be good. I. Proof. they think they have it before them. therefore stimulation. this is evident from III. and in a State unjust.). nor are those persons who are inflamed with love. Assuredly nothing forbids man to enjoy himself. it is in itself good (IV.--Envy. they are not reckoned to be mad.--When we hate a man. and who dream all night and all day about nothing but their mistress.). accompanied by the idea of an external cause is love (III. we endeavour to do something that is bad. PROP. in reality. and so fix the mind in the contemplation of one object.B. that it is unable to think of others. we say he is delirious or mad. overcome all other desires.). vi. are a prey to many emotions--and very few are found who are always assailed by one and the same--yet there are cases. so. xxxix. can be conceived more easily than it can be observed. xxxvii. XLV.PROP. derision. where one and the same emotion remains obstinately fixed. the strength of desire varies in proportion to the emotion from which it arises (III. accompanied by the idea of an external cause (Def. stated to be bad) and laughter I recognize a great difference. vi. Avarice. &c. therefore. But. that is (IV. contempt.--Between derision (which I have in Coroll. as also jocularity. save grim and gloomy superstition. For laughter. Note. xxxvii. xxxix. is merely pleasure. and other emotions attributable to hatred. or some woman. Q.D. and IV. Now emotion may overcome all the rest of men's actions (IV. so long as it be not excessive. hence love maybe excessive. we endeavour to destroy him (III. Ambition.--Whatsoever we desire from motives of hatred is base.
takes pleasure in my infirmity and discomfort. with theatres.--He who chooses to avenge wrongs with hatred is assuredly wretched. of the Emotions. as far as possible.).D. with many sports. to render back love. all these consequences follow so plainly from the mere definitions of love and understanding.--All emotions of hatred are bad (IV. of the Emotions. and also with perfumes. the more must we necessarily partake of the divine nature. . Explanation xii.). therefore he who lives under the guidance of reason will endeavour. There is no need for me to set forth the matter more clearly or in more detail. to avoid being assailed by such emotions (IV. the greater the perfection whereto we pass. endeavours. that I have no need to prove them in detail. so that the whole body may be equally capable of performing all the actions. xliii.). the greater the pleasure wherewith we are affected. and. and hope (Def. xxxvii. and the like.hunger and thirst than to drive away one's melancholy? I reason. therefore (IV. towards him. i. that is. but only in so far as they can restrain excessive pleasure (IV. or kindness. with music. not through failure. then.) these emotions cannot be good in themselves.)..--Emotions of hope and fear cannot exist without pain.). PROP. who strives to conquer hatred with love. PROP. &c. with kindness. as far as possible. and the like.D. XLVII. I say it is the part of a wise man to refresh and recreate himself with moderate and pleasant food and drink. Q. nor anyone else. But hatred is increased by being reciprocated. xli. so that the mind may also be equally capable of understanding many things simultaneously. which follow from the necessity of its own nature. and also with general practice. Coroll. with the soft beauty of growing plants. he will also endeavour to prevent others being so assailed (IV.E. to make use of what comes in our way. Therefore. xliii. therefore he who lives under the guidance of reason will endeavour to repay hatred with love. so that hatred may pass into love (III. of diverse nature. XLVI. such as every man may make use of without injury to his neighbour. He. xlv.E. he withstands many as easily as one. anger.). but through increase in their powers. therefore. and to enjoy it as much as possible (not to the point of satiety. consequently. for that would not be enjoyment) is the part of a wise man. Those whom he vanquishes yield joyfully.). xliv. For fear is pain (Def. on the contrary. But he.) cannot exist without fear. save the envious. nor sets down to my virtue the tears. contempt. For the human body is composed of very numerous parts. in other words. for other men's hatred. who lives under the guidance of reason. This way of life. which axe signs of infirmity of spirit. xiii. the plan we have mentioned is the best. xix. Proof. and in every way to be commended. Note. fights his battle in joy and confidence. and can be quenched by love (III. Emotions of hope and fear cannot be in themselves good. with dress. consequently. and xiii. and has very little need of fortune's aid. Proof. sobs. fear. Q. agrees best with our principles. if there be any question of another plan. and have convinced myself as follows: No deity. which continually stand in need of fresh and varied nourishment.
is in itself bad and useless. xxvii. partly because we can never be sure that an action caused by emotion is good. or contempt. XLVIII. Q.E. we are apt to become proud. LI. we are apt to become elated (III. xxv. The good effect which follows. is rightly styled inhuman. Proof. and disappointment are signs of a want of mental power. of the Emotions. in other words. but to the utmost extent of human virtue he will endeavour to do well.--Approval is love towards one who has done good to . Approval is not repugnant to reason. Pity. they nevertheless imply a preceding pain. the less do we depend on hope. xli.--We may add. The emotions of over--esteem and disparagement are always bad.--He who rightly realizes. as far as we can. Proof. Q. we endeavour to free ourselves from fear.). as the saying is. xxxvii. PROP. to dominate fortune. for love's sake. xviii.D.) is in itself bad. PROP. derision. our endeavour to free the object of our pity from misery. for the same reason confidence. L.--Pity (Def.--If we see that any one rates us too highly.E.) he seems unlike a man.) are repugnant to reason. xxvii. xxi. Wherefore the more we endeavour to be guided by reason. or to be pleasurably affected (Def. of the Emotions. Note. is an action which we desire to do solely at the dictation of reason (IV. thus. and is moved by another's sorrow or tears. He who is moved to help others neither by reason nor by compassion. in a man who lives under the guidance of reason. namely. nor will he bestow pity on anything. xxvi. and are therefore (IV.). that these emotions show defective knowledge and an absence of power in the mind.) bad. that he. and therefore (IV.). the good which we hear of ourselves we readily believe (III. Q. often does something which he afterwards regrets.Note. Proof. and. hope and fear. Proof. Over--esteem is apt to render its object proud. who is easily touched with compassion. xli. despair. I am in this place expressly speaking of a man living under the guidance of reason. and to rejoice. in a man who lives under the guidance of reason.) is a pain.E. and come to pass in accordance with the eternal laws and rules of nature.--These emotions (see Def.). pity in itself is useless and bad. will not find anything worthy of hatred. partly because we are easily deceived by false tears. namely. We may add. PROP.). and therefore. For although confidence and joy are pleasurable emotions. xxii.D. for (III.D. joy. xxx. PROP. that all things follow from the necessity of the divine nature. xxvii. directing our actions by the sure counsels of wisdom. only at the dictation of reason are we able to perform any action. XLIX. of the Emotions. rate ourselves too highly. for love's sake. which we know for certain to be good (IV. but can agree therewith and arise therefrom.
in other words. Another Proof. ii. Note. Humility is not a virtue. as the said man clearly and distinctly contemplates her (II.D.). in so far as the latter is active (III. &c. fame becomes the most powerful of incitements to action. because[14] his power of activity is aided. of the Emotions. it is not by virtue of his understanding himself. xl. LII.). Proof. xliii. and. and on the contrary (III. xlv. wherefore from seeing someone doing good to his fellow his own endeavour to do good is aided. he will feel pleasure (III.) is more and more disturbed by blame.). of the Emotions. PROP.).). his power (III. of the Emotions. lv.). iii. that is (III. Note.--Self--approval is pleasure arising from a man's contemplation of himself and his own power of action (Def.--He. But a man's true power of action or virtue is reason herself (III.E. it is led by a sense of duty to punish him. vii. LIII. does not arise from the .) by virtue of his power of activity being checked. Def.) no one endeavours to preserve his being for the sake of any ulterior object. But.).another (Def. iii. of the Emotions. it is in agreement with reason. desires for others the good which he seeks for himself (IV. iii.). xxv. xxxvii. and life under disgrace is almost unendurable. that is. xi.). therefore. and that which arises from reason is the highest possible. therefore in such contemplation alone does the highest possible self--approval arise. for it is not incited by hatred to ruin him. remark that. he only perceived clearly and distinctly or adequately. Therefore he approves of him. however.). or the pain which arises from a man's contemplation of his own infirmity. it should not be said to be indignant with the criminal.--Humility is pain arising from a man's contemplation of his own infirmities (Def. this is the same as saying that we conceive that a man understands himself distinctly (IV. Wherefore humility. if we assume that a man perceives his own infirmity by virtue of understanding something stronger than himself.E. in so far as a man knows himself by true reason. Coroll. when a man is contemplating himself. by the knowledge of which he determines his own power of activity.) is necessarily evil (IV. liii.). who lives under the guidance of reason. from his power of understanding.--Self--approval is in reality the highest object for which we can hope. when the sovereign power for the sake of preserving peace punishes a citizen who has injured another. Q. PROP. he is assumed to understand his essence. that is (III.E. Q. lix. or does not arise from reason. xxvi. if a man in self--contemplation perceives any infirmity in himself. Q. But. Proof. xix. note) accompanied by the idea of the benefactor. therefore self--approval arises from reason.D. Wherefore. we may. therefore it may be referred to the mind.--Indignation as we defined it (Def. lv. xxvi. in so far as it understands. xxv. For (as we showed in IV. Self--approval may arise from reason.). xx.).). as this approval is more and more fostered and strengthened by praise (III. Coroll. such things as follow from his power of action (III. but (III. Again.D.
and would fear nothing. first. viii. For. Coroll. xxviii. Indeed those who are a prey to these emotions may be led much more easily than others to live under the guidance of reason. as also Hope and Fear. who is ignorant of himself. and consequently of all virtues. Note. xxvii. Q. not of a few. xliii.D.). Humility and Repentance. He suggests as alternative readings to 'quod'. Corollary. LVI. hence. Proof.D.--As men seldom live under the guidance of reason. xxii. hence we need not wonder that the prophets. if all men who are a prey to emotion were all equally proud. is most infirm of spirit. Again.) under the guidance of reason (IV. xviii. or does not arise from reason.). by pain. xxiv. bring more good than harm. 'quo' (= whereby) and 'quodque' (= and that). Def. Proof. to act virtuously is merely to act under the guidance of reason (IV. and consequently of all virtues. Note. must necessarily know that he so acts (II. Q.). so strenuously commended Humility.--Hence it most clearly follows. xxiv. PROP. LV. Therefore he who is in extreme ignorance of himself. of the Emotions. The second part is proved from the mere definition of the emotion in question (Def.contemplation or reason.--The first foundation of virtue is self--preservation (IV.). is ignorant of the foundation of all virtues. secondly. and is not a virtue but a passion. in other words (IV. Repentance is not a virtue. He. that is. by evil desires. but he who repents of an action is doubly wretched or infirm. For the man allows himself to be overcome.--This is evident from Def. Extreme pride or dejection indicates extreme ignorance of self. when it is not in fear.). namely. Proof. PROP. Repentance. and the former a painful emotion. and xxix.--The first part of this proposition is proved like the foregoing one. . PROP.E. as we must sin.--Yet dejection can be more easily corrected than pride. and Reverence. that acts under the guidance of reason. they would shrink from nothing. who consulted the good. [14] Land reads: "Quod ipsius agendi potentia juvatur"--which I have translated above. these two emotions. we had better sin in that direction. that the proud and the dejected specially fall a prey to the emotions.): now he.E. therefore. LIV. Thus extreme pride or dejection indicates extreme infirmity of spirit. acts least in obedience to virtue. to become free and to enjoy the life of the blessed. the pleasurable is stronger than the painful (IV. of the Emotions. Extreme pride or dejection indicates extreme infirmity of spirit. how then could they be joined and linked together in bonds of union? The crowd plays the tyrant. but of all. for the latter being a pleasurable emotion.
xiii. in order to reserve their praises for dejection." Contrariwise. with a view to fault--finding rather than correction. Honour (gloria) is not repugnant to reason. Though dejection is the emotion contrary to pride. therefore. pass over in silence the fact. but may arise therefrom. we can easily see that a proud man is necessarily envious (III. note). note). Note. and only takes pleasure in the company. who value him according to his deserts. For. I have already said that I call these and similar emotions bad. and. of nature. though to none of them less than to love and pity. . xli. I mention this. if not of human nature. hence none are so prone to envy as the dejected. he will therefore delight in the company of flatterers and parasites (whose character is too well known to need definition here). and vi. he will be the more pained in proportion as he thinks himself inferior to others. I regard human emotions and their properties as on the same footing with other natural phenomena. whereof man is but a part. may be defined as pain arising from the false opinion.--It would be too long a task to enumerate here all the evil results of pride.--Pride is pleasure arising from a man's over estimation of himself (Def. Assuredly human emotions indicate the power and ingenuity. or. however. that the three angles are equal to two right angles. inasmuch as the proud are a prey to all the emotions. this estimation the proud man will endeavour to foster by all the means in his power (III. which bring advantage to man.). in other words. it will be removed. if his imagination be occupied in contemplating other men's faults.D. solely in respect to what is useful to man. as it follows from the nature of a triangle. whereby a man may consider himself superior to his fellows. in passing. The proud man delights in the company of flatterers and parasites. The dejection. and make him insane instead of merely foolish. whereby a man may think himself inferior to his fellows. I cannot. and to glory therein. whence arises the proverb. who fool his weak mind to the top of his bent. he will feel pleasure. LVII. or inflict injury upon him. quite as fully as other things which we admire. that a man may be called proud from his underestimation of other people. Such being the ease. yet is the dejected man very near akin to the proud man. For. xxviii. These effects follow as necessarily from the said emotion. "The unhappy are comforted by finding fellow--sufferers. and which we delight to contemplate. they are specially keen in observing men's actions. though all the time with a dejected air. of the Emotions. But I pass on to note those qualities in the emotions. Proof. Q. PROP. inasmuch as his pain arises from a comparison between his own infirmity and other men's power or virtue. but hates the company of the high--minded. LVIII.E. which is the opposite quality to this sort of pride.PROP. lest any should think that I have wished to set forth the faults and irrational deeds of men rather than the nature and properties of things. The laws of nature have regard to nature's general order. pride in this sense may be defined as pleasure arising from the false opinion. as I said in the preface to the third Part. and will avoid the company of high--minded men.
Proof. therefore to this extent we could not be determined by it to any action. he whose honour is rooted in popular approval must. except in so far as a man's power of action is not increased to the extent of affording him an adequate conception of himself and his . in so far as it diminishes or checks the power of action (IV. xxxvii. xliii. I will only add that shame. and would be useless. To all the actions. in other words. xli. Again. xliv. Everyone wishes to catch popular applause for himself. Lastly.) but to perform those actions. xli. the highest object of each man's love (IV. like compassion. is in harmony with reason (for it consists in the fact that a man's capability for action is increased or aided). if a reputation be not kept up. in so far as it shows. consequently. Proof. till he who at last comes out victorious is more proud of having done harm to others than of having done good to himself. and scheme in order to retain his reputation. he is yet more perfect than he.--This is evident from Def. of the Emotions. as for the desires.. LIX. they are good or bad according as they spring from good or evil emotions. of our nature considered in itself alone. and Def. wherefore we cannot by pain be determined to any action. which we could not perform under the guidance of reason. This sort of honour. pleasure is bad only in so far as it hinders a man's capability for action (IV. is really empty. as showing that the injured part is not mortified. act. fostered only by the good opinion of the populace. Therefore. iii. anxiously strive. note). which follow from the necessity. nor is the mind passive therein. be induced to live by the guidance of reason only. it quickly withers away. For the populace is variable and inconstant. pleasure. then. though a man who feels shame is sorrowful. which we should be unable to perform under the guidance of reason. PROP. lii. when this good opinion ceases there ceases also the self--approval. as I will now briefly. note). as it is styled. day by day. Note--Empty honour. Such are the points which I undertook to remark upon concerning the emotions of pleasure and pain. i. so that. who is shameless. is self--approval. and readily represses the fame of others. The points to note concerning shame may easily be inferred from what was said on the subject of mercy and repentance. being nothing.). note. is nothing else (III. we can be determined without emotion by reason.). But all. in so far as it is good. The object of the strife being estimated as the greatest of all goods.--To act rationally. ii. if men could easily. in so far as they are engendered in us by emotions wherein the mind is passive. But pain is bad.). that the feeler of shame is really imbued with the desire to live honourably. each combatant is seized with a fierce desire to put down his rivals in every possible way. show. and has no desire to live honourably. is yet good. though not a virtue. are blind (as is evident from what was said in IV. in the same way as suffering is good. xxx. and also from the definition of an honourable man (IV. whereto we are determined by emotion wherein the mind is passive.
will endeavour to preserve its condition. moved by anger or hatred. Hence it is evident that every desire which springs from emotion. The action of striking. Desire arising from a pleasure or pain. &c. Note.--Let it be assumed. that A. the mind also. sometimes bad. if a man who is pleasurably affected be brought to such a state of perfection. clenches his fist. be checked so that the remaining parts prevail.) is nothing else but the attempt to act. Note. in so far as it arises from one being affected by hatred or any evil emotion. Q. to pain. A. is either good or bad (as we pointed out in the preface to Pt. Q. and. and desire (Def. which (III.) is absurd. If.). of the Emotions.E. that the desires which have most hold over . wherein the mind is passive. iii. in order that the other parts of the body may perform its office. vi.--As pleasure is generally (IV. he will be equally.). Let us now see why desire which arises from emotion. considered in itself alone. The said part. this result takes place (as we showed in Pt. Another Proof. Q. one and the same action being sometimes good. because one and the same action can be associated with various mental images of things. If it be assumed. Wherefore. or by clear and distinct ideas. is called by us blind. But no action.D. we generally desire to preserve our being with out taking into consideration our health as a whole: to which it may be added. wherein the mind is passive..). then. or arises from some evil emotion. vi. on the other hand. but only to one or certain parts thereof.--An example will put this point in a clearer light. and moves his whole arm violently downwards. for instance. and note). note) attributed to one part of the body. II. PROP. in so far as it is considered physically. is a virtue or excellence which is conceived as proper to the structure of the human body. or to desire (Def. capable of those actions. nay more. xliv. would become useless. is led to clench his fist or to move his arm. consequently.D. IV. explanation).D. and in so far as we merely look to the fact that a man raises his arm. if men could be guided by reason. a part of a body. But all emotions are attributable to pleasure. we may be led by reason (IV. LX. of the Emotions.). to which he is determined by emotion wherein the mind is passive. that is not attributable to the whole body. This part will not endeavour to do away with its own powers. a man. that it prevails over the remaining parts (IV.actions (III. Proof. Wherefore desire arising from a pleasure of the kind aforesaid has no utility in reference to a man as a whole.--A given action is called bad. it may be proved in the same manner that desire arising from pain has no utility in respect to a man as a whole. that he gains an adequate conception of himself and his own actions. xix. for this it would be necessary for it to have a force or power of doing away with its own powers. to all actions. iv. is without utility in respect to a man as a whole. is so strengthened by some external cause.E. that the part. therefore. wherefore to the action which is sometimes bad. therefore we may be determined to the performance of one and the same action by confused ideas. i.E.
LXII. and note). Q.--If we could possess an adequate knowledge of the duration of things.). is not led by reason.--Desire (Def. xli. Hence desire. we can have but a very inadequate knowledge of the duration of things (II. the mind conceives it under the same necessity and is affected with the same certitude.us (IV.).D. or future. which is not so powerfully affected by the future as by the present.D. Hence such true knowledge of good and evil as we possess is merely abstract or general.). LXIII. i. xxxi. xliv. LXI. Therefore it is nothing wonderful. whether the idea be of a thing future. (Cf. whether the idea be of a thing future. with a view to determining what is good or bad for us in the present.).) PROP. iv.) we can only determine by imagination.). as we shall presently show. in so far as it is conceived as in any way determined to a particular activity by some given modification of itself.E. consequently it would necessarily neglect a lesser good in the present for the sake of a greater good in the future.) considered absolutely is the actual essence of man. or future. or would be able to do more than it can.). iii. Therefore. whether the thing be present. it is affected in the same manner.E.--Whatsoever the mind conceives under the guidance of reason. Now. past. past. Proof. it conceives under the form of eternity or necessity (II. However. in so far as it is conceived as determined to such activities as are adequately conceived through man's essence only (III. Wherefore. and the mind would desire as though it were present the good which it conceived as future. a manifest contradiction. in so far as it looks on into the future. that is (III. . it will always possess the same properties of an adequate idea (II. and would in no wise desire that which is good in the present but a source of evil in the future. He who is led by fear. IV. which arises from reason. in so far as the mind conceives things under the dictates of reason. and the judgment which we pass on the order of things and the connection of causes. of the Emotions. if the desire arising from such knowledge of good and evil. and whether the idea be of something present. that is. ii. xvi. and is therefore affected with the same certitude (II. xliii. which is engendered in us in so far as we act. past. is rather imaginary than real. PROP. is the actual essence or nature of man. Def. or present. Desire which springs from reason cannot be excessive. past. PROP.) take account of the present and not of the future. In so far as the mind conceives a thing under the dictates of reason. such desire cannot be excessive. ii. we should contemplate things future with the same emotion as things present. it is affected equally. it will in all cases be equally true (II. Def. Coroll. Q. therefore. or present. Note. Proof. and does good in order to escape evil. and could determine by reason their periods of existence. xliv. be more readily checked than the desire of things which are agreeable at the present time. and the periods of their existence (II. ix. note. human nature considered in itself alone would be able to exceed itself. if such desire could be excessive.
not of evil (IV. who condemns a criminal to death.--Hence it follows that.--Desire which springs from reason can only spring from a pleasurable emotion. The knowledge of evil is an inadequate knowledge. Def. is really good.). Note.D. Corollary. The sick man through fear of death eats what he naturally shrinks from.) depends on inadequate ideas. which is here called the lesser. if the human mind possessed only adequate ideas. LXV.--Under desire which springs from reason. lix.D. iii. have no other aim but to make others as wretched as themselves. is guided solely by reason. .--We may. in other words. evil is in reality a lesser good. Q. he who is led by fear.--The knowledge of evil (IV.). therefore it is a passive state (III.E. is inadequate.. we seek good directly. wherefore it is nothing wonderful. and we may shun the lesser good. or in other words to reason.) is pain. ii.Proof. it would form no conception of evil. vi. wherefore this desire springs from the knowledge of good. lxi. For the evil. Under the guidance of reason we should pursue the greater of two goods and the lesser of two evils. wherein the mind is not passive (III. therefore. and desired directly to avoid it. which would be the cause of the greater evil. PROP.) which (III. if they be generally troublesome and odious to their fellow--men.). and does good in order to escape evil. and who strive not to guide men by reason. lix. is not led by reason. Note. from a pleasure which cannot be excessive (IV. but so to restrain them that they would rather escape evil than love virtue.--A good which prevents our enjoyment of a greater good is in reality an evil. for we apply the terms good and bad to things. and shun evil indirectly. but the healthy man takes pleasure in his food. and vii. Q. namely. Proof. who know better how to rail at vice than how to teach virtue.--All the emotions which are attributable to the mind as active. and thus gets a better enjoyment out of life.--Superstitions persons. pursue the lesser evil as though it were the greater good. Proof. Proof. in so far as we are conscious thereof.). of the Emotions. the knowledge of evil.) and therefore cannot be understood through man's nature (III. Corollary. LXIV. are emotions of pleasure and desire (III. xxix. consequently the knowledge thereof (II. under the guidance of reason. hence under the guidance of reason we seek or pursue only the greater good and the lesser evil.). Now pain is the transition to a lesser perfection (Def. viii. So a judge. viii. Corollary.E. hence under the guidance of reason we seek good directly and only by implication shun evil. iii.). in so far as we compare them one with another (see preface to this Part). PROP. than if he were in fear of death.E. not from hatred or anger but from love of the public well--being. and not from pain.--This Corollary may be illustrated by the example of a sick and a healthy man. Q. therefore.D.
). but who directly desires that which is good (IV. and his wisdom is a meditation not of death but of life. who is born free.." (Van Vloten). and to preserve his being on the basis of seeking his own true advantage.).--We may. they would. who is not led by fear (IV. so long as they remained free. but his wisdom is a meditation of life." (Pollock.) we may seek a greater good in the future in preference to a lesser good in the present. who is led by reason.) Proof. lxv. in other words (IV.and the lesser good is really evil. as he knows are of primary importance in life. and who remains free. lxii. and the latter a free man. note. concerning whose disposition and manner of life it will be well to make a few observations.--I call free him who is led solely by reason. the latter is his own master and only performs such actions. seek a greater good in the future in preference to a lesser good in the present. Note. to live.[15] [15] "Maltim praesens minus prae majori futuro. PROP.E. and therefore chiefly desires. whether will or no. quod causa est faturi alicujus mali. hence (IV. xxiv.). LXVI.D. Coroll. lxiv." The last word of the latter is an obvious misprint. lxv. Q. lxiii. lxv. under the guidance of reason. or assumed as future.E. Coroll. therefore. we shall readily see the difference between a man. xviii. PROP. and a man. p. who strives to act. Proof. he. because it is the cause of a greater evil in the future. seek a lesser evil in the present. is related to the said IV. therefore (IV. The former. wherefore we may seek the former and shun the latter. and we may seek a lesser evil in the present in preference to a greater evil in the future.) he has no . Q. looking merely to reason.--A free man is one who lives under the guidance of reason. and we may shun a lesser good in the present. Q. Corollary. LXVII. form no conception of good and evil. PROP. 268. wherefore such an one thinks of nothing less than of death. and is corrected by the Dutch translator into "majoris boni. who is led solely by emotion or opinion. &c.--If these statements be compared with what we have pointed out concerning the strength of the emotions in this Part up to Prop. lxiii.). LXVIII.--If the mind could have an adequate knowledge of things future. wherefore I call the former a slave. Proof. This Corollary is related to the foregoing Proposition as the Corollary to IV. We may. A free man thinks of death least of all things. wherefore.E. as in this proposition we are assumed to do. If men were born free.D. there is no difference. whether the greater good or evil be assumed as present. under the guidance of reason. it would be affected towards what is future in the same way as towards what is present (IV. performs actions whereof he is utterly ignorant. has only adequate ideas.D. because it is the cause of a greater good in the future. Bruder reads: "Malum praesens minus.
no less virtue or firmness is required in checking daring than in checking fear (III. which can give rise to any evil. Proof. Proof. iv. and what I mean thereby. and. he knew that there could be nothing in nature which could be more useful to him. and that. Q. as when he strives to overcome them. lix.--The free man is as courageous in timely retreat as in combat. as we have shown above (IV. The virtue of a free man is seen to be as great.E.). who lives among the ignorant. I explained in III. Note. puts his own estimate upon it. when he declines dangers. note). the free man shows as much virtue. to eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. when it declines dangers.. to avoid receiving favours from them.--It is evident. as far as he can. xxxvii. save that whereby he created man. and other matters which we have already proved. note). if it appears to be estimated less highly by the receiver. discord.--What courage (animositas) is. as soon as man should have eaten of it. hatred. This. who was in entire harmony with his nature. xl. but only in so far as he is the cause of man's existence. not repaying their benefits with others reckoned as of like value. wherefore an ignorant man. PROP. whereon alone it depends. PROP. For in that narrative no other power of God is conceived.). or. Corollary. and xli. not in so far as the latter is infinite. who has conferred a benefit on another. .): hence.conception of evil. by the idea of God. whether he elect to give battle or to retreat.E. it is written that when man had found a wife.--Everyone judges what is good according to his disposition (III. such as pain. he would straightway fear death rather than desire to live. xlii. and to lose his freedom. By danger I mean everything. that man may be free.D. which can be conceived as equally great (IV.--Emotion can only be checked or removed by an emotion contrary to itself. and iii. xxvii. a free man shows equal courage or presence of mind. But the free man only desires to join other men to him in friendship (IV. in other words (Def. vii. Note. but that after he believed the beasts to be like himself. will feel pain (III. &c. note. of the Emotions. that is the power wherewith he provided solely for man's advantage. this freedom was afterwards recovered by the patriarchs. he straightway began to imitate their emotions (III. and possessing more power in restraining emotion (IV. strives. Q. But blind daring and fear are emotions. or consequently (good and evil being correlative) of good. led by the spirit of Christ. and desire for others the good which he desires for himself. LXIX. as when it overcomes them. being free. that the hypothesis of this Proposition is false and inconceivable. or rather to God.D. xxxvii.). LXX. xxxix. that is. except in so far as we look solely to the nature of man. from IV. The free man.). v.).). seem to have been signifieded by Moses in the history of the first man. it is stated that God forbade man. Further. lix.
PROP. in which case reason would persuade men not to agree in good faith to unite their forces.--Only free men are thoroughly useful one to another. from avaricious motives. to his own or the general hurt. Note. who is guided by reason. in so far as he endeavours to . lxiii. does not obey through fear (IV. LXXIII. Proof. Only free men are thoroughly grateful one to another. and Coroll. yet are they men. or follow their desires rather than reason.. to confer benefits on each other (IV. and consequently to repay such favours in kind.--If it be asked: What should a man's conduct be in a case where he could by breaking faith free himself from the danger of present death? Would not his plan of self--preservation completely persuade him to deceive? This may be answered by pointing out that. avarice.). who is guided by reason. anger. inasmuch as he cannot by any gifts be corrupted. lest he should become hateful to the ignorant. or of being.E.--The man. Note. Proof. is not ungrateful. we must. Q. &c. and doing only such things as he knows to be of primary importance. rather than pure goodwill. by reason of his folly. if reason persuaded him to act thus. PROP. LXXI. xxxvii. only they are thoroughly grateful one to another. and. The free man never acts fraudulently. the most excellent of all things: therefore it is often necessary to accept favours from them.): but. will endeavour. than in solitude. where he is independent. Proof. Contrariwise. ingratitude is not an emotion. Moreover. where he lives under a general system of law. in declining favours. to avoid receiving their favours. and associated among themselves by the closest necessity of friendship (IV.but guiding himself and others by the free decision of reason. or by any similar persons. only such men endeavour. Therefore the free man. is generally a bargaining or enticement. it would persuade all men to act in a similar manner. knows not how to return benefits. exercise caution in declining favours. with mutual zeal of love. or to have laws in common. inasmuch as it generally shows.--I say. LXXII.D. which men who are led by blind desire have for one another. PROP. such an one shows a constant mind.). is more free in a State. and so give ground for offence by the very fact of striving to avoid it. therefore. which is absurd. xxxv. and in cases of necessity could afford us human aid. that a man is affected by excessive hatred. as far as he can. lest we should have the appearance of despising those who bestow them.--The goodwill. Yet it is base. Thus. unwilling to requite them. pride. that is. The man. we must look to the requirements of utility and courtesy. as far as he can. or by a thief to conceal his thefts. therefore. much less he who is not gained over by the gifts of a courtesan to serve her lust. but always in good faith. i. He who. For though men be ignorant. not to have any general laws.
and to remove the hindrances to true knowledge. Wherefore he strives before all things to conceive things as they really are. xlvi. pride. may be referred to strength. he desires to order his life according to the general good (IV. but by the power of things external to us: wherefore the former are rightly called actions. envy.preserve his being according to the dictates of reason. are those which are referred to the mind. are easily proved from IV. How far human virtue is capable of attaining to such a condition. which follow from our nature in such a manner. is angry with no man. note). is indignant with no man. unjust. I propose. and whatsoever. and least of all things is proud. that hatred should be overcome with love. to rearrange my remarks and to bring them under leading heads. according as I thought each Proposition could most readily be deduced from what preceded it. APPENDIX. and similar emotions. or by virtue of our being a part of nature. derision. and what its powers may be. We may also repeat what we drew attention to in the note to IV. horrible. so that whatsoever he deems to be hurtful and evil. and their force and increase are generally defined not by the power of man. fragmentary. Therefore the free man. These propositions. Thus he endeavours. in so far as the latter is conceived to consist of adequate ideas: the remaining desires are only referred to the mind.).. that they can be understood through it alone. lix. therefore. note). anger. as their proximate cause. as far as in him lies. consequently (as we showed in IV. xxxvii. Q. lxvi. assumes that appearance owing to his own disordered. and confused view of the universe. I will prove in the following Part. that is. in so far as it conceives things inadequately. so as to admit of being seen at one view. xxxvii. which I have mentioned above. desires to possess the general rights of citizenship.). What have said in this Part concerning the right way of life has not been arranged. and.. such as are hatred. l. but has been set forth piece--meal. to live according to the laws of his country. in order to enjoy greater freedom. seems to him impious. Note. I do not think it worth while to prove separately all the properties of strength. despises no man. that he that is strong hates no man. that the strong man has ever first in his thoughts.--These and similar observations. Desires. All our endeavours or desires so follow from the necessity of our nature. note. namely. and all that relate to the true way of life and religion. to courage and nobility of character (III. and base. much less need I show.D. as we said before. xxxvii. and in other places. ii. which we have made on man's true freedom. that is (IV. and IV. II. that they can be understood either through it alone. accordingly. to do good. which cannot be adequately conceived through itself without other individuals. in so far as he endeavours to live in freedom. that all things follow from the necessity of the divine nature. I. the latter . namely. and that every man should desire for others the good which he seeks for himself.E. envies no man. and to go on his way rejoicing.
As all things whereof man is the efficient cause are necessarily good. therefore (cf. in so far as they aid man in his enjoyment of the intellectual life. than in so training men. whatsoever things hinder man's perfecting of his reason. he will hardly be able to accommodate himself to them without undergoing a great change himself. show our infirmity and fragmentary knowledge. on the other hand. do whatsoever he thinks will advance his own interest. Further. whereas. which is defined by intelligence. and to conform to in almost infinite ways. the ultimate aim or highest desire. VII. on the other hand. by sovereign right of nature. God's attributes. or that he should not follow her general order.) for man in the preservation of his being and the enjoyment of the rational life there is nothing more useful than his fellow--man who is led by reason.passions. but if he be thrown among individuals whose nature is in harmony with his own. Contrariwise. as we know not anything among individual things which is more excellent than a man led by reason. whatsoever we deem to be good or useful for preserving our being. namely. III. if he be thrown among such as are but very little in harmony with his nature. Whatsoever in nature we deem to be evil. that they come at last to live under the dominion of their own reason. Thus in life it is before all things useful to perfect the understanding. or reason. Our actions. we may endeavour to remove in whatever way seems safest to us. the latter. Nothing can be in more harmony with the nature of any given thing than other individuals of the same species. those desires which are defined by man's power or reason. V. vii. his power of action will thereby be aided and fostered. VIII. that is. and enabling us to enjoy the rational life. IV. no man can better display the power of his skill and disposition. Everyone without exception may. and capability to enjoy the rational life. are always good. VI. Therefore. or to be capable of injuring our faculty for existing and enjoying the rational life. The rest may be either good or bad. is that whereby he is brought to the adequate conception of himself and of all things within the scope of his intelligence. without intelligence there is not rational life: and things are only good. Wherefore of a man. whose laws human nature is compelled to obey. It is impossible. . as far as we can. to perfect the understanding is nothing else but to understand God. which arises from the intuitive knowledge of God: now. we may appropriate to our use and employ as we think best. for the former always indicate our power. and the actions which follow from the necessity of his nature. whereby he seeks to govern all his fellows. are alone called evil. by virtue of man being a part of universal nature. that man should not be a part of nature. and in this alone man's highest happiness or blessedness consists. indeed blessedness is nothing else but the contentment of spirit. IX. no evil can befall man except through external causes. who is led by reason.
as they are more powerful than their fellows. For men are diverse (seeing that those who live under the guidance of reason are few). harmony is often the result of fear: but such harmony is insecure. XIV. and honourable living. In so far as men are influenced by envy or any kind of hatred. and . or from misguided religious zeal. an individual man's resources of character are too limited for him to be able to make all men his friends. especially such as have not the means to buy what is necessary to sustain life. Those things. XII. For winning love those qualities are especially necessary which have regard to religion and piety (cf. XI. For men brook ill not only what is unjust or iniquitous. and to restrain one's self from imitating the emotions of others. and are more skilled in railing at vice than in instilling virtue. or that a man should slight the received customs of their society. xlvi. ii. Further. although men are generally governed in everything by their own lusts. Again. notes.X. yet are they generally envious and more prone to revenge than to sympathy. they are at variance. However. though this latter seems to bear a certain resemblance to piety. but by love and high--mindedness. IV. are such as are attributable to justice. yet their association in common brings many more advantages than drawbacks. Further. and who break rather than strengthen men's dispositions.. as boys or youths. who cannot peaceably endure the chidings of their parents. which beget harmony. and generally to do whatsoever serves to strengthen friendship. to bind themselves together with such bonds as they think most fitted to gather them all into unity. note). are hurtful both to themselves and others. i. have preferred to live among brutes rather than among men. so long as they may spite their parents. But those who carp at mankind. Therefore. Hence providing for the poor is a duty. equity. will enlist as soldiers and choose the hardships of war and the despotic discipline in preference to the comforts of home and the admonitions of their father: suffering any burden to be put upon them. fear arises from infirmity of spirit. Thus many from too great impatience of spirit. Wherefore it is better to bear patiently the wrongs they may do us. For the riches of any private person are wholly inadequate to meet such a call. and are therefore to be feared in proportion. But for this there is need of skill and watchfulness. XVII. which falls on the State as a whole. No small force of character is therefore required to take everyone as he is. and lxxiii. Men are also gained over by liberality. XVI. It is before all things useful to men to associate their ways of life. note. XIII. XV. and to strive to promote whatsoever serves to bring about harmony and friendship. but also what is reckoned disgraceful. Yet minds are not conquered by force. to give aid to every poor man is far beyond the power and the advantage of any private person. xxxvii. and moreover belongs not to the exercise of reason: the same is true of compassion. one towards another.
or the desire whereby. Correctness of conduct (modestia). Further. III. that is. Thus will men be stirred not by fear.has regard only to the general advantage. but also by the desire to beget children and to train them up wisely. who wish to be first. note. and the way whereby it may be perfected. There is in abasement a spurious appearance of piety and religion. note. although indignation seems to bear a certain resemblance to equity. but only by the emotion of joy. XXV. As concerning marriage. to endeavour. In accepting favours. we know of no particular thing in nature in whose mind we may rejoice. I say. in his conversation he will shrink from talking of men's faults. lxx. flattery begets harmony. it is a species of madness. as shame is a species of pain. XXIII. to wit. if the desire for physical union be not engendered solely by bodily beauty. IV. equity. Coroll. and generally every sort of love. he. XX. note). and whom we can associate with . Although abasement is the opposite to pride. so far as in them lies. lxxi. xxxvii. lvii. For he who desires to aid his fellows either in word or in deed. which owns anything save freedom of soul as its cause. XVIII. xxxi. and will be careful to speak but sparingly of human infirmity: but he will dwell at length on human virtue or power. so that they may together enjoy the highest good. is not caused by bodily beauty only. and moreover. meretricious love.). so that a system may be called after his name. but also by freedom of soul. but only by means of the vile offence of slavishness or treachery. the desire of pleasing men which is determined by reason. but are not. XIX. it is certain that this is in harmony with reason. Shame also brings about harmony. yet is life but lawless. None are more readily taken with flattery than the proud. nor to give any cause for envy.). if the love of both. But. Besides men. if it spring from emotion. it does not concern the exercise of reason. is attributable to piety (as we said in IV. of the man and of the woman. i. it is ambition. The remaining emotions of pain towards men are directly opposed to justice. where every man may pass judgment on another's deeds. XXII. and. Further. under the false cloak of piety. the lust of generation arising from bodily beauty. nor by aversion. and religion. XXIV. yet is he that abases himself most akin to the proud (IV. what is worse. honour. but only in such matters as cannot be hid. and then it promotes discord rather than harmony (cf. men. piety. XXI. unless indeed. that is. Furthermore. will before all things strive to win them over with love: not to draw them into admiration. readily passes into hate. generally stir up discords and seditions. Again. note). XXVI. and vindicate his own or other men's rights. and in returning gratitude our duty must be wholly different (cf. to live in obedience to reason.
and from recombining their elements in different forms. As. But there seem to be very few things of this kind in nature. that pleasure is generally referred to one part of the body more than to the other parts. besides the experience and knowledge which we acquire from observing them. and. The advantage which we derive from things external to us. not from poverty or to supply their necessary wants. therefore most emotions of pleasure (unless reason and watchfulness be at hand). so much the more is the mind capable of thinking (IV. which is not accompanied with the idea of money as cause. Superstition. Now for providing these nourishments the strength of each individual would hardly suffice. it can hardly conceive any kind of pleasure. who seek money. This result is the fault only of those. that the mind of the multitude is chiefly engrossed: nay. . But seeing that things do not work with the object of giving us pleasure. nor can we estimate what is future with emotions equally vivid. But money has furnished us with a token for everything: hence it is with the notion of money. believing that they lose as much of their wealth as they spend on the preservation of their body. and of affecting external bodies in a great number of ways. according to custom. but scantily. it follows that all those things which bring pleasure are good. therefore. in so far as he is composed of mind and body.) XXXI. or aid to. but because they have learned the arts of gain. may become excessive. and who fix the measure of wealth solely with regard to their actual needs. xxxviii.ourselves in friendship or any sort of fellowship. and consequently that the mind also may be equally capable of forming many perceptions. xliv. XXVII. wherewith they bring themselves to great splendour. so that the whole body may be equally capable of doing everything that can follow from its own nature. on the other hand. (IV. those things are most useful which can so feed and nourish the body. and as bad all that brings pleasure. XXVIII. seems to account as good all that brings pain. if men did not lend one another mutual aid. and enable them to perform their functions. lastly.. Moreover we may add that emotion leads us to pay most regard to what is agreeable in the present. Certainly they nourish their bodies. live content with little. but to preserve or destroy according to its various capabilities. man's power. that all its parts may rightly fulfil their functions. But they who know the true use of money. which stand in continual need of varied nourishment. is principally the preservation of the body. from this point of view. and lx. For the human body is composed of very many parts of different nature. and as pleasure consists in an increase of. xxxix. and consequently the desires arising therefrom. wherefore for the due nourishment of the body we must use many foods of diverse nature. therefore. note. note.). For. those things are good which assist the various parts of the body. and that their power of action is not tempered to suit our advantage. XXIX. whatsoever there be in nature besides man. in proportion as the body is capable of being affected in a greater variety of ways. a regard for our advantage does not call on us to preserve. and to adapt to our use as best we may. XXX.
an absolute power of shaping to our use those things which are without us. The latter question lies in the province of Medicine. Here. the former in the province of Logic. and that we could absolutely govern them. But human power is extremely limited. nor yield absolute acquiescence to anything. in so far as we have a right understanding of these things. I have already shown. to confess. the greater is the perfection whereto we pass. we have not. remembering that we are a part of universal nature. and that the power which we possess is not sufficient to enable us to protect ourselves completely. we shall then be able to see. That we do not possess absolute dominion over them. I repeat. or of reason. as to be capable of the due performance of its functions. therefore. save to that which is true: wherefore.However. we cannot desire anything save that which is necessary. we shall bear with an equal mind all that happens to us in contravention to the claims of our own advantage. or of Human Freedom PREFACE At length I pass to the remaining portion of my Ethics. XXXII. Nevertheless. For the greater the pleasure whereby we are affected. and what is the nature of Mental Freedom or Blessedness. PART V: Of the Power of the Understanding. and in such acquiescence will endeavour to persist. note). so long as we are conscious. It is no part of my design to point out the method and means whereby the understanding may be perfected. and consequently the more do we partake of the divine nature: no pleasure can ever be evil. For. that the emotions depended absolutely on our will. and that we follow her order. how much more powerful the wise man is than the ignorant. by the protest of experience. that no slight practice and zeal is needed to control and . showing how far the reason can control the emotions. If we have a clear and distinct understanding of this. none but the envious take delight in my infirmity and trouble. for their control and moderation. as we said above (IV. that we have done our duty. therefore. in other words the better part of ourselves. But contrariwise he. that part of our nature which is defined by intelligence. and I shall mainly show the extent and nature of its dominion over the emotions. nor to show the skill whereby the body may be so tended. which is regulated by a true regard for our advantage. who is led by fear and does good only to avoid evil. and is infinitely surpassed by the power of external causes. the endeavour of the better part of ourselves is in harmony with the order of nature as a whole. I shall therefore treat therein of the power of the reason. which is concerned with the way leading to freedom. xlv. Yet the Stoics have thought. not from their own principles. in so far as we are intelligent beings. will assuredly acquiesce in what befalls us. I shall treat only of the power of the mind. But these philosophers were compelled. is not guided by reason.
it is one which. wherein it has already been suspended once before by the animal spirits driven in one way or another. To this opinion Descartes not a little inclines. we determine our will with sure and firm decisions in the direction to which we wish our actions to tend. that it could be moved by the slightest motion of the animal spirits: further. or consequently of the spirits. and also external objects. had it been less ingenious. and associate the motions of the passions which we wish to acquire with the said decisions. the determination of the will depends entirely on our own powers. that he would draw no conclusions which do not follow from self--evident premisses. that this gland is so suspended in the midst of the brain. that the soul or mind is specially united to a particular part of the brain. we shall acquire an absolute dominion over our passions. the act of volition causes the pupil of the eye to dilate.moderate them: and this someone endeavoured to illustrate by the example (if I remember rightly) of two dogs. I could hardly believe to have proceeded from so great a man. whenever anyone desires to look at a remote object. this he endeavours to prove in the Passions de l'âme. that every act of mental volition is united in nature to a certain given motion of the gland. if.50. that a philosopher. Lastly. that it cannot. preserved. He further asserted. For instance. that as many different marks are impressed on the said gland. who had stoutly asserted. although every motion of the aforesaid gland seems to have been united by nature to one particular thought out of the whole number of our thoughts from the very beginning of our life. again.27). that if the will of the soul suspends the gland in a position. and would affirm nothing which he did not . For he maintained. the mere wish to dilate it would not have brought about the result. to any volition. seeing that we can join any motion of the gland. but with the wish to look at remote or very near objects. acquire absolute power over its passions. or disturbances of the soul. when repulsed before by a similar position of the gland. whence it follows. as there are different external objects which impel the animal spirits towards it. and which (mark the expression) are produced. and. which serves to impel the animal spirits towards the optic nerve in a way which would dilate or contract the pupil. I. Such is the doctrine of this illustrious philosopher (in so far as I gather it from his own words). Indeed. He asserted. is not associated in nature with the wish to dilate or contract the pupil. therefore. He thence concludes. and the hunting--dog to cease from running after hares. that this gland is suspended in the midst of the brain in as many different manners. For by long training it could be brought about." (Passions de l'âme. under proper direction. which are referred to the soul as species. the one a house--dog and the other a hunting--dog. driving and determining them to the condition wherein they were. by the aid of which the mind is enabled to feel all the movements which are set going in the body. or feelings. that the house--dog should become accustomed to hunt. I. whereas. if the person in question had only thought of the dilatation of the pupil. and strengthened through some movement of the spirits. For passions as defined by him are "perceptions. that there is no soul so weak. inasmuch as the motion of the gland. I am lost in wonder. to that part called the pineal gland. the gland in its turn reacts on the said spirits. as the animal spirits can impinge thereon. namely. and which the mind by a simple act of volition can put in motion in various ways. yet it can nevertheless become through habituation associated with other thoughts. he maintained that. But.
which have regard to the mind's blessedness. But he had so distinct a conception of mind being distinct from body. we shall determine solely by the knowledge of the mind the remedies against the emotions. which we have closely united with firm decisions. I should much like to know. What does he understand. but was obliged to have recourse to the cause of the whole universe. Further. Lastly. AXIOMS. Therefore. inasmuch as I have abundantly proved that his premisses are false. which I believe all have had experience of. beside which occult qualities are commonplace. vii. although the mind firmly intended to face a given danger.clearly and distinctly perceive. could maintain a hypothesis. yet at the sight of the danger the gland might become suspended in a way. that is to God. whether this gland can be agitated more slowly or more quickly by the mind than by the animal spirits. and who had so often taken to task the scholastics for wishing to explain obscurities through occult qualities. Even as thoughts and the ideas of things are arranged and associated in the mind. as I have shown above. so is there no comparison possible between the powers of the mind and the power or strength of the body. or of the mind itself. consequently the strength of one cannot in any wise be determined by the strength of the other. I omit all the assertions which he makes concerning the will and its freedom. and with what force can it hold it suspended? For I am in ignorance. as there is no common standard of volition and motion. and had united to this decision the motions of boldness. II. that there is no gland discoverable in the midst of the brain. a change must necessarily take place. I ask. since the power of the mind. which would preclude the mind thinking of anything except running away. We may also add. so placed that it can thus easily be set in motion in so many ways. If two contrary actions be started in the same subject. I. by the union of the mind and the body? What clear and distinct conception has he got of thought in most intimate union with a certain particle of extended matter? Truly I should like him to explain this union through its proximate cause. so are the modifications of body or the images of things precisely in the same way arranged and .) PROPOSITIONS. in so far as its essence is explained or defined by the essence of its cause. The power of an effect is defined by the power of its cause. and from the same basis we shall deduce all those conclusions. and also that all the nerves are not prolonged so far as the cavities of the brain. and continue until they cease to be contrary. In truth. is defined by the understanding only. cannot be again disjoined therefrom by physical causes. (This axiom is evident from III. PROP. but do not accurately observe or distinctly see. or in one of the two. what degree of motion the mind can impart to this pineal gland. that he could not assign any particular cause of the union between the two. either in both. I. in which case it would follow that. and whether the motions of the passions.
For an emotion is the idea of a modification of the body (by the general Def. and that we clearly and distinctly understand whatever follows from an idea. in so far as it is referred to the mind only. vi. in proportion as it is more known to us.--An emotion. whereof we cannot form some clear and distinct conception. xxxvi. and unite it to other thoughts. is a confused idea (by the general Def. Proof. Q. the emotion will cease to be a passion. it follows that everyone has the power of clearly and distinctly understanding himself and his emotions.E.) the order and connection of modifications of the body takes place in accordance with the manner. and vii. and must therefore (by the preceding Prop. that idea will only be distinguished from the emotion. Q. therefore (II. Proof.) as the order and connection of things.) there is no modification of the body. so vice versâ (III. and note). wherefore. whereof we cannot form some clear and distinct conception. we form a clear and distinct idea of a given emotion.--Properties which are common to all things can only be conceived adequately (II.). which is a passion. Coroll. II.--Seeing that there is nothing which is not followed by an effect (I. iii. xii. If. in which thoughts and the ideas of things are arranged and associated in the mind. vii. which is a passion. vii. III. whereof we cannot form some clear and distinct conception. PROP.E. be destroyed. xl. Corollary--An emotion therefore becomes more under our control. the reality of love or hatred is removed with it.). Corollary.. therefore. therefore (III. Wherefore. of the Emotions). and vice versâ the order and connection of things is the same (II. after II. There is no modification of the body. from the thought of an external cause. Proof. Note. and Lemma ii. is pleasure or pain. Proof. and also the vacillations of spirit which arise from these emotions. xiii.). even as the order and connection of ideas in the mind takes place according to the order and association of modifications of the body (II.D. An emotion. PROP. by reason (II. xxxviii. Q. PROP.E. or emotion. vi.D.D.).).--The order and connection of ideas is the same (II.) involve some clear and distinct conception.--That. ii. when this cause is removed.). therefore these emotions and those which arise therefrom are destroyed.D. ceases to be a passion. xviii. xxi. then will the love or hatred towards that external cause. Q. and the mind is less passive in respect to it.associated in the body. IV.--Hence it follows that there is no emotion. which constitutes the reality of love or hatred.) as the order and connection of ideas.E. of the Emotions. of the Emotions). if not . accompanied by the idea of an external cause (Def. which in us is adequate (II. If we remove a disturbance of the spirit. as soon as we form a clear and distinct idea thereof.
and second proof). But to conceive a thing as free can be nothing else than to conceive it simply. it is an activity or virtue which is called piety (IV. can be devised. V. or as possible. at any rate in part. and does not greatly differ from pride. xi. that he should become less subject to them. and may be associated with true thoughts. ii. is greater than one towards what we conceive to be necessary (III. who lives by the dictates of reason. we have shown that human nature is so constituted. it thus far brings it about. For all desires.). and wherein it fully acquiesces: and thus that the emotion itself may be separated from the thought of an external cause. whereas in a man. and consequently of bringing it about. and (III. who is not guided by reason. and. For the mind has no other power save that of thinking and of forming adequate ideas. note. the same results are accredited to virtue.--An emotion towards a thing. through emotion. be determined to think of those things which it clearly and distinctly perceives. that everyone desires his fellow--men to live after his own fashion (III. To attain this result. therefore (by the foregoing Proposition). that it is less subject to the emotions arising therefrom. note). xlviii. An emotion towards a thing.). or as contingent. in so far as it understands all things as necessary. nothing more excellent. being within our power. an emotion towards a thing which we conceive simply is. in so far as they spring from inadequate ideas. and that through which he is said to be passive is one and the same.) feels less emotion towards the things themselves. which are wont to arise from such emotion. but also that the appetites or desires. note).E. Proof. hatred. possible.). may arise as much from adequate as from inadequate ideas (IV. The mind has greater power over the emotions and is less subject thereto. which consists in a true knowledge thereof. will be destroyed (V. Q. when they are aroused or generated by adequate ideas. i. lxi.) and to be determined to existence and operation by an infinite chain of causes. which we conceive simply. whence it will come to pass. while we are in ignorance of the causes whereby it has been determined to action (II. &c.). is. xxxv. which we feel towards what is necessary. therefore. will become incapable of being excessive (IV. we must chiefly direct our efforts to acquiring. xxxi. PROP. or contingent (IV. as we have shown above (III. Q. .D. consequently.E.). other conditions being equal.D. other conditions being equal. greater than one. therefore. xxix. and. in order that the mind may thus. In like manner all appetites or desires are only passions. not only that love. lix. VI. consequently. xlix. PROP.--The mind understands all things to be necessary (I. xxxvii. greater than any other emotion.absolutely. it is the greatest of all. as far as possible. this appetite is a passion which is called ambition. Than this remedy for the emotions (to return to the point from which I started). iii. Proof. in a man. that the appetite through which a man is said to be active. or contingent. For instance. which we conceive to be free. still greater than one towards what we conceive as possible. a clear and distinct knowledge of every emotion. For it must be especially remarked.). whereby we are determined to any given action. and not as necessary.
if most people were born full--grown and only one here and there as an infant.) emotions. which is attributable to many and diverse causes which the mind regards as simultaneous with the emotion itself.). and which we always conceive in the same manner (II. is applied to particular things. xxvi. Note--This proposition is also evident from V. Q. the emotion. An emotion. PROP. xvii. which is referred to the thing which we regard as absent. will be obliged to adapt themselves to it more and more. to this extent the emotion which springs from reason is more powerful. in unconsciousness. an emotion becomes stronger. than if it were a different and equally powerful emotion attributable to fewer causes or to a single cause. that things are necessary.): therefore (IV. which we conceive more distinctly and vividly.E. in proportion to the increased number of simultaneous causes whereby it is aroused. is less hurtful. v. and we are less subject thereto and less affected towards each of its causes.D. xxvii. IX.). But an emotion which springs from reason is necessarily referred to the common properties of things (see the def. Ax. the greater is the power of the mind over the emotions. if we take account of time. and consequently (V. Ax.Note. VII.).--The more this knowledge. is not of a nature to overcome the rest of a man's activities and power (IV. everyone would pity the infants. which we always regard as present (for there can be nothing to exclude their present existence). walk. Wherefore. that the pain arising from the loss of any good is mitigated.). Proof. PROP. which are attributable to particular objects that we regard as absent. that it could not by any means have been preserved. because it cannot speak. whereby the mind is determined to the .D. Proof. PROP. ii. which are contrary thereto and are not kept going by their external causes. Emotions which are aroused or spring from reason. but is. by reason of the emotion wherewith we conceive it. in so far as it hinders the mind from being able to think (IV. and we may note several other instances of the same sort. Proof. Q. Whereas. vi. as experience also testifies. therefore.).--An emotion is only bad or hurtful. Wherefore an emotion of this kind always remains the same. xxxviii. or lastly. being affected by another emotion excluding the existence of the said thing (II. until they are no longer contrary to it. VIII. because it passes so many years. So also we see that no one pities an infant. which exclude the existence of its external cause (IV.--Many simultaneous causes are more powerful than a few (III. An emotion is stronger in proportion to the number of simultaneous concurrent causes whereby it is aroused. as soon as the man who has lost it perceives. vii. are stronger than those.E. For we see.). but by reason of the body.--We do not regard a thing as absent. note.). of reason in II. ii. as it were. or reason. because infancy would not then be looked on as a state natural and necessary. of a nature to be in some sort controlled by the emotions. an emotion. on the contrary. xl. ix. i. but as a fault or delinquency in Nature.
). xviii. which accordingly will always be ready for use when a wrong is done to us (II.contemplation of several things at once. its power (III.). and therefore it is able to form clear and distinct ideas and to deduce them one from another (II. which are contrary to our nature. lii. Proof. or the hatred. no less than everything else. that it is unable to think of anything else. Q. is to frame a system of right conduct. which so engrosses the mind in the single contemplation of a few objects or of one. far sooner .). we have laid down among the rules of life (IV. this emotion (III. xlviii. in other words. so long as we do not possess a perfect knowledge of our emotions. and II. For (V. though not without a spiritual conflict. and not required with hatred in return. and that men. note. consequently we have in such cases the power of arranging and associating the modifications of the body according to the intellectual order. is less hurtful than another equally powerful emotion. xlvi.). therefore.). Q. is not impeded. note). whereby it endeavours to understand things (IV. as we are not assailed by emotions contrary to our nature.D.--The emotions. is less powerful in regard to each of them. are bad in so far as they impede the mind from understanding (IV.).--By this power of rightly arranging and associating the bodily modifications we can guard ourselves from being easily affected by evil emotions. that is (IV. so that our imagination may become fully imbued therewith. Lastly. are uncertain and unsettled. the mind's power. Note.D. which causes it to think of several things at once. and in what manner and way they may be best warded off by high--mindedness: we shall thus associate the idea of wrong with the idea of this precept. than in regard to an equally strong emotion. xlvii. Again.E. So long as we are not assailed by emotions contrary to our nature. Now. the mind is less passive in respect to an emotion.E.) a greater force is needed for controlling the emotions. ii. we should often think over and reflect upon the wrongs generally committed by men. xxx. The best we can do. if we remember that complete acquiescence is the result of the right way of life ( IV. act by the necessity of their nature: in such case I say the wrong. If we keep also in readiness the notion of our true advantage. xi. For instance. So long. and common fellowships. further. xl. PROP. which are bad. or. as the mind's essence. xxvi. when they are arranged and associated according to the intellectual order. will engross a very small part of our imagination and will be easily overcome. vii. than when they.). xxvii. consists solely in thought (II. and of the good which follows from mutual friendships. therefore. which keeps it engrossed in the contemplation of a few or of a single object: this was our second point. that hatred should be overcome with love or high--mindedness. if the anger which springs from a grievous wrong be not overcome easily. which commonly arises therefrom. and that it may be always ready to our hand. it will nevertheless be overcome.). we have the power of arranging and associating the modifications of our body according to the intellectual order. that this precept of reason may be always ready to our hand in time of need. to commit it to memory. vii. and note). or fixed practical precepts. in so far as it is attributable to several causes. X. this was our first point. and to apply it forthwith[16] to the particular circumstances which now and again meet us in life.
E. than with others. or more often vivid. but also of other people's riches. let him think over its right use. As is indeed evident from V.--In proportion as a mental image or an emotion is referred to more objects. who cry out the loudest against the misuse of honour and the vanity of the world. viii. Wherefore it is certain that those. for the most part. and (V. be able. and the like. and the fickleness of mankind.). or is more often in full vigour. or to carp at his fellows. therefore the emotion is more frequent. are those who most greedily covet it. XI. Coroll. together with the means whereby through readiness of resource and strength of mind we can avoid and overcome them. to gain a knowledge of the virtues and their causes. whereof no man thinks except through a morbidness of disposition. so are there more causes whereby it can be aroused and fostered. will talk incessantly of the misuse of wealth and of the vices of the rich. the end for which it should be pursued. lxiii. lix. or to revel in a false show of freedom. so is it more frequent. and shows the world that he is intolerant. Pollock on the ground that the classical meaning of the word does not suit the context. PROP. Let him not think of its misuse. in the same way. and in thus giving vent to their anger would fain appear wise. For a poor man also. again. and III. We should. Thus he who would govern his emotions and appetite solely by the love of freedom strives. treachery. In proportion as a mental image is referred to more objects. the ordinary dangers of life should frequently be brought to mind and imagined. and its emptiness. that in arranging our thoughts and conceptions we should always bear in mind that which is good in every individual thing (IV. and occupies the mind more. with thoughts like these do the most ambitious most torment themselves. The mental images of things are more easily associated with the images referred to things which we clearly and distinctly understand. So. This is not peculiar to the ambitious. and who are infirm in spirit. all of which they consign to oblivion. whereby he merely torments himself. all of which (by hypothesis) the mind contemplates simultaneously in association with the given emotion. but is common to all who are ill--used by fortune.) occupies the mind more. XII. directly they are again taken into favour by their sweetheart. vii. as far as he can. and other stock faults of the fair sex. Rendered "constantly" by Mr. when they despair of gaining the distinctions they hanker after. and the means whereby he may attain it. those who have been ill received by a woman they love think of nothing but the inconstancy. to direct his actions according to the commandments of reason. Whosoever will diligently observe and practise these precepts (which indeed are not difficult) will verily. and to fill his spirit with the joy which arises from the true knowledge of them: he will in no wise desire to dwell on men's faults. not only of his own poverty.than if we had not thus reflected on the subject beforehand. Q. in a short space of time. PROP. But we must note. vi. [16] Continuo. Proof. if a man sees that he is too keen in the pursuit of honour. . For instance. who is miserly. reflect on courage as a means of overcoming fear.D. viii. in order that we may always be determined to action by an emotion of pleasure.
II. Q.--All ideas. in so far as they are referred to God. This love towards God must hold the chief place in the mind. .E. which we clearly and distinctly understand. of the Emotions) God is without passions. xxxii. vi. For God (by the foregoing Prop. vi. Q. Def. Q.Proof. and this pleasure is (by the last Prop.E. Proof. A mental image is more often vivid.). Again.D.--There is no modification of the body. Corollary. Proof.E. XIII.--In proportion as an image is associated with a greater number of other images. Proof. xx. iii. are either the common properties of things or deductions therefrom (see definition of Reason. that they should all be referred to the idea of God (I.E. XVII. God cannot pass either to a greater or to a lesser perfection (I.D. of the Emotions. note ii. God does not love or hate anyone. it must hold the chief place in the mind. of the Emotions. Proof. Q.) is not affected by any emotion of pleasure or pain. PROP. therefore (V.) accompanied by the idea of God. XVI. that all bodily modifications or images of things may be referred to the idea of God.) and is fostered by them all (V.--He who clearly and distinctly understands himself and his emotions feels pleasure (III. consequently (Def.) he is not affected by any emotion of pleasure or pain. liii. xv.--Strictly speaking. ii. XV.) adequate. PROP. and (for the same reason) so much the more in proportion as he more understands himself and his emotions.) more often aroused in us.D.). so (II. The mind can bring it about. xl.E. of the Emotions. PROP.) that the images of the said things should be more often associated with the images of these than with the images of something else. whereof the mind may not form some clear and distinct conception (V.). vii. xviii. ii.).) such an one loves God. PROP. xviii.) are there more causes whereby it can be aroused. iv. that is (II. neither is he affected by any emotion of pleasure or pain. xi.). Q.--For this love is associated with all the modifications of the body (V. xiv.). in proportion as it is associated with a greater number of other images. that we should contemplate other things in conjunction with these than in conjunction with something else.). PROP. God is without passions. are true (II. wherefore it can bring it about. Coroll. He who clearly and distinctly understands himself and his emotions loves God. and consequently (II. xv. iv.) he does not love or hate anyone. therefore (by Def. Proof.). and therefore (by the general Def. Wherefore it may more readily happen. and so much the more in proportion as he more understands himself and his emotions.--Things.D.D. therefore (Def. and are consequently (by the last Prop. XIV.
xlvi.D. xviii. ii. II. it to that extent (V.) that God. it cannot be destroyed. in so far as we contemplate God. xlvii. xxiii. Therefore. lix. xxxvii. in so far as we understand God to be the cause of pain. But I make answer. he would desire (V. it ceases to be pain (III.--We can in the same way show. should not be God. and consequently he would desire to feel pain (III. vii. and that. note).). PROP. As to its nature.PROP. Note. it cannot be stained by the emotion envy. can do against them. no one can hate God. therefore.--This love towards God is the highest good which we can seek for under the guidance of reason (IV. Q. see definition of Jealousy. Proof. I have now gone through all the remedies against the emotions. unless the body be destroyed also. that there is no emotion directly contrary to this love. and V. xxxvi. in other words (Def.--It may be objected that. we are active (III. &c.). he who loves God.). in so far as we understand the causes of pain. whom he loves. of envy or proportion God by the This love towards God cannot be stained by the emotion jealousy: contrariwise. nor by the emotion of jealousy (V.) there can be no pain accompanied by the idea of God. Corollary. as we understand God as the cause of all things. if a man should so endeavour. wherefore.E. PROP. of the Emotions.). in so far as it is referred to the mind only. Q. and we desire that all should rejoice therein (IV. in proportion as we conceive a greater number of men to rejoice therein.D. but. we by that very fact regard God as the cause of pain. Coroll. who loves God. xxviii. which we conceive confusedly (V. in as we conceive a greater number of men to be joined to same bond of love. it is the more fostered. which is absurd (III.) ceases to be a passion. we to that extent feel pleasure. note).E. xvii.). Q.--The idea of God which is in us is adequate and perfect (II. In the actual knowledge of the emotions (V. He. of the Emotions. III. that. . that is. Proof.--Love towards God cannot be turned into hate. XVIII. XIX.D. No one can hate God. that this love towards God is the most constant of all the emotions. iv. xxxv. Proof. Note. whereby this love can be destroyed. xix.). or all that the mind. iv.). considered in itself alone.--For. it must needs be the more fostered. cannot endeavour that God should love him in return. contrariwise.). XX.).E. xxviii. Whence it appears that the mind's power over the emotions consists:---I.). therefore we may conclude. lix. in so far as it is referred to the body. we shall presently inquire. iii. In the fact that it separates the emotions from the thought of an external cause. consequently (III. iii. note). it is common to all men (IV. therefore (Def.
Lastly. But.). it should be specially observed that the emotions are called by us strong. [17] Affectiones. xlv. and see that one man is more troubled than another by the same emotion. xlvii. note and xii. that. than by ideas which tell of human infirmity. V. xv. it begets a love towards a thing immutable and eternal (V. whereof we may really enter into possession (II.). neither can it be defiled with those faults which are inherent in ordinary love. xi. its own emotions (V. and especially that third kind of knowledge (II. at any rate. the emotions referred to things. that spiritual unhealthiness and misfortunes can generally be traced to excessive love for something which is subject to many variations. IV. when we compare the emotion of one man with the emotion of another. &c. founded on the actual knowledge of God. For no one is solicitous or anxious about anything. For the strength of every emotion is defined by a comparison of our own power with the power of an external cause.). whose greatest part is made up of adequate ideas. in the order wherein the mind can arrange and associate. as I said in the beginning of this note. unless he loves it. whose greatest part is made up of inadequate ideas. x.).). which have regard to the common properties of things or to God (V.III. iii. in so far as they are passions (V. We may thus readily conceive the power which clear and distinct knowledge. although it may contain as many inadequate ideas as the former mind. so that. and iv. xiv. that that mind is most passive. but it may grow from strength to strength. vii. in order that this power of the mind over the emotions may be better understood. and deeply penetrate it. xiii. Again. and its infirmity or passion is defined by the privation of knowledge only: it therefore follows. And . Further. xiv. and find that he is more affected or stirred by one emotion than by another. surpass those referred to what we conceive in a confused and fragmentary manner (V. except in regard to things whereof no one can be really master. possesses over the emotions: if it does not absolutely destroy them. Camerer reads affectus----emotions. I have briefly described all the remedies against the emotions. In the fact. and which we can never become masters of. suspicions. it must be observed. In the number of causes whereby those modifications[17] are fostered. enmities. Now the power of the mind is defined by knowledge only. and may engross the greater part of the mind.). neither do wrongs. note). note). one with another. which we distinctly understand. And now I have finished with all that concerns this present life: for. it may yet be more easily characterized by ideas attributable to human virtue. so that it may be characterized more readily by its passive states than by its activities: on the other hand. it causes them to occupy a very small part of the mind (V. ix. arise. or when we are comparing the various emotions of the same man one with another. in respect to time. that mind is most active.
).E. viii.). of Part III. Thus. no less than those things that it remembers. PROP. except while the body endures (II. and. consequently (II. except while its own body endures.). or remember things past. notwithstanding.E. note). which. which appertains to the essence of the mind.this everyone may readily have seen for himself. definable by time. PROP. lastly. without relation to the body. except in so far as it expresses the actual existence of the body.). and this conception must necessarily exist in God (II. Proof. Yet it is not possible that we should remember that we existed before our body. iii. while the body endures. which belongs to the essence of the mind.). must necessarily be conceived through the very essence of God (I. II. For the eyes of the mind. which expresses the essence of the human body (last Prop. XXII. xxvi.D.). It is now. are none other than proofs. Coroll. this something. and may be defined by time--that is (II. will necessarily be eternal. it does not imagine any body as actually existing. if he has attended to what is advanced in the present note.D. although we do not remember that we existed before . Q.--There is necessarily in God a concept or idea. viii. Thus it cannot imagine anything (for definition of Imagination.--God is the cause. Q. But we have not assigned to the human mind any duration. as we have said. nor does it imagine the modifications of the body as actual. Yet. for our body can bear no trace of such existence.).). but also of its essence (I. iv. a certain mode of thinking. is necessarily something appertaining to the essence of the human mind (II. The human mind cannot be absolutely destroyed with the body. therefore.--This idea. therefore. which expresses the essence of this or that human body under the form of eternity. and also to the definitions of the mind and its emotions. and iii. Coroll. Proof. PROP. except while the body endures (see definition of Memory. whereby it sees and observes things. we feel and know that we are eternal. This essence. Ax. neither can eternity be defined in terms of time. xvi. therefore. But. and is necessarily eternal. see II. we do not assign to it duration.--The mind does not express the actual existence of its body. Nevertheless in God there is necessarily an idea. xvii. Note. which appertain to the duration of the mind. The mind can only imagine anything. which is conceived by a certain eternal necessity through the very essence of God (last Prop. or have any relation to time. xviii. which expresses the essence of the body under the form of eternity. except while the body endures. as there is something. and be thus conceived by a certain eternal necessity (I.D. XXIII.E. xxv. is. XXI. and. time to pass on to those matters. For the mind feels those things that it conceives by understanding. or remember what is past. notwithstanding.). which is explained through duration. to Propositions i. not only of the existence of this or that human body. Proof.). note). Q. xiii. but there remains of it something which is eternal.
xxv. and this virtue is greater in proportion as the mind knows things more by the said kind of knowledge (V. in so far as it involves the essence of the body. or through that which is conceived through itself.E. is eternal. thus (Def. Proof. the mind desires so to do. Q. xxiv. XXIV. or nature. is to understand things by the third kind of knowledge.) the highest virtue of the mind. Q. in proportion as it is more capable thereof. of the Emotions.) the power. and the highest virtue is to understand things by the third kind of knowledge. it desires more to understand things by that kind. xxv. viii. ii. note.) . XXVII.E.--This is evident from I. Thus our mind can only be said to endure. The more we understand particular things. Proof. PROP. Def. Thus far only has it the power of determining the existence of things by time.) affected by the highest pleasure.--The third kind of knowledge proceeds from an adequate idea of certain attributes of God to an adequate knowledge of the essence of things (see its definition II. in so far as it involves the actual existence of the body. and its existence can only be defined by a fixed time. Q. or which are referred to the third kind of knowledge (II.D. we understand either through itself. For whatsoever we understand clearly and distinctly. ideas which are clear and distinct in us.the body. vii. PROP. PROP.).) highest endeavour of the mind. Proof--This is evident. and. ii.--This proposition is self--evident. In proportion as the mind is more capable of understanding things by the third kind of knowledge. The endeavour or desire to know things by the third kind of knowledge cannot arise from the first. xxviii. under the form of eternity. in so far as we conceive the mind to be capable of conceiving things by this kind of knowledge. XXV.). XXVI.E. of the Emotions. therefore (IV. we better understand God (by the last Prop. but from the second kind of knowledge. conceive it as determined thus to conceive things. yet we feel that our mind. to that extent.D. and is therefore (Def. or explained through duration.). that is. or to understand things by the third kind of knowledge (V. ii. from this kind of knowledge arises the highest possible acquiescence. of the Emotions. xxv. xl. XXVIII.). Proof.). From this third kind of knowledge arises the highest possible mental acquiescence.): consequently.--The highest virtue of the mind is to know God (IV. The highest endeavour of the mind.D. PROP. that is (IV. and consequently (Def. or (III. xl. he who knows things by this kind of knowledge passes to the summit of human perfection. note. Coroll. and conceiving them under the category of duration. PROP. and that thus its existence cannot be defined in terms of time. Proof. such pleasure being accompanied by the idea of himself and his own virtue. For. in proportion as we understand things more in this way. the more do we understand God.). xxviii. i. we.
therefore (Def. The third kind of knowledge depends on the mind. wherefore our mind. or ideas of the second and third kind of knowledge. or in so far as they involve existence through the essence of God. which knowledge is necessarily adequate (II. in so far as it knows itself and the body under the form of eternity.--Things are conceived by us as actual in two ways. and note. PROP. xxi.).).E. as we showed in II. and their ideas involve the eternal and infinite essence of God. of the Emotions. XXXI. but from the second kind. II. either as existing in relation to a given time and place. has to that extent necessarily a knowledge of God. Def.--The mind does not conceive anything under the form of eternity. ii.D. xxiii. xxiii.). Proof. but must follow from adequate ideas.). the desire of knowing things by the third kind of knowledge cannot arise from the first. and explanation). as its formal cause. and also because it is of the nature of the mind to conceive the essence of the body under the form of eternity (V. Proof. Note. it possesses the knowledge of God. because it is of the nature of reason to conceive things under the form of eternity (II.). Our mind.).). in so far as it conceives itself and the body under the form of eternity. PROP. i. in so far as the mind itself is eternal. Whatsoever we conceive in this second way as true or real. viii.--In so far as the mind conceives the present existence of its body. or as contained in God and following from the necessity of the divine nature. that is. is to conceive things in so far as they are conceived through the essence of God as real entities. but it possesses such power. and is conceived through God. but by virtue of conceiving the essence of the body under the form of eternity. it to that extent conceives duration which can be determined by time. . Proof. xiii. Therefore to conceive things under the form of eternity. for besides these two there is nothing which belongs to the essence of mind (II. in so far as it is eternal.E. Q. xliv. xxix. Therefore this power of conceiving things under the form of eternity only belongs to the mind in virtue of the mind's conceiving the essence of the body under the form of eternity. and are referred to knowledge of the first kind.). has to that extent necessarily a knowledge of God. viii. xxi. XXX. XXIX.cannot follow from ideas that are fragmentary and confused. &c.). xlvi. But eternity cannot be explained in terms of duration (I. and to that extent only has it the power of conceiving things in relation to time (V. which see. Therefore to this extent the mind has not the power of conceiving things under the form of eternity.).--Eternity is the very essence of God. Coroll. hence the mind.D. Q. it does not understand by virtue of conceiving the present actual existence of the body.E. xxvi. we conceive under the form of eternity. except in so far as it conceives its own body under the form of eternity (V. Def. except in so far as it is eternal (V. and knows. xlv.D. in so far as this involves necessary existence (I. Whatsoever the mind understands under the form of eternity. PROP. therefore (by the last Prop. and knows that it is in God. Q.
Q. PROP.). is capable of knowing everything which can follow from this given knowledge of God (II. ii. Q. but in so far as we understand him to be eternal.--Imagination is the idea wherewith the mind . which arises from the third kind of knowledge.). although we are already certain that the mind is eternal. PROP. in II. yet. this we may do without any danger of error. iii. in order that what we wish to show may be more readily explained and better understood. I. as a man is more potent in this kind of knowledge. But we must here observe that. The mind is. in other words. xl. only while the body endures. and they are accompanied by the idea of God as eternal cause.). and our delight is accompanied by the idea of God as cause. just as though it had arisen as we feigned in the Coroll. of the last Prop. and this acquiescence is accompanied by the idea of the mind itself (V. therefore (by the same Axiom) the love which arises therefrom is also necessarily eternal. in so far as it conceives things under the form of eternity. therefore. If pleasure consists in the transition to a greater perfection.) no beginning. as indeed we have done hitherto. XXXII. XXXIII. subject to those emotions which are attributable to passions.). is eternal. xxvii. Note. xl.--From the third kind of knowledge necessarily arises the intellectual love of God. Q. Proof. not in so far as we imagine him as present (V. i. of knowing things by the third kind of knowledge (see Def.--Although this love towards God has (by the foregoing Prop.D.E. Nor is there here any difference.in so far as it is eternal. we take delight in. xxix. is the adequate or formal cause of such knowledge. Proof. that is (Def. the love of God. whereof accordingly the mind (III. so long as we are careful not to draw any conclusion. Ax.).--From this kind of knowledge arises the highest possible mental acquiescence. of the Emotions. From this kind of knowledge arises pleasure accompanied by the idea of God as cause.--The third kind of knowledge is eternal (V. pleasure.E.). he will be more completely conscious of himself and of God. Corollary. we will consider the mind itself. in so far as it is eternal. XXXIV.--In proportion. unless our premisses are plain. except that the mind possesses as eternal those same perfections which we feigned to accrue to it. this is what I call the intellectual love of God. and consequently (V.). it yet possesses all the perfections of love. Whatsoever we understand by the third kind of knowledge. xxv. that is (Def of the Emotions. assuredly blessedness must consist in the mind being endowed with perfection itself. vi. note.D. Def. as though it had just begun to exist and to understand things under the form of eternity.D. in other words.). as will appear more clearly in the sequel. xxx.E. he will be more perfect and blessed. Note. PROP. The intellectual love of God. Proof.) the idea also of God as cause. xxxi.
that is (I. iii. it is itself. that the love of God towards men. and the intellectual love of the mind towards God are identical. xxv. in so far as it indicates the present disposition of the body. called Glory. of the Emotions. For whether this love be referred to God or to the mind. xxi. therefore (by the last Prop. that is (II.). an activity whereby the mind regards itself accompanied by the idea of God as cause (V. xxvii. in other words. xxxii. XXXV. xxx. xxxv. in so far as he loves himself.) accompanied by the idea of himself. we shall see that they are indeed conscious of the eternity of their mind. ii.) described as intellectual love.).). Coroll. it is (V. iii. but in so far as he can be explained through the essence of the human mind regarded under the form of eternity. i. and Coroll. but that they confuse eternity with duration. consists: namely. Therefore emotion (see general Def. in the constant and eternal love towards God. PROP. wherein our salvation. and III. only while the body endures. vi. Coroll.). xxv. In so far as it is referred to God. or freedom. xvii. and. . and not undeservedly. subject to emotions which are attributable to passions. PROP.) is not really distinguished from glory. xxxii. Coroll.D. and such rejoicing is (II. indeed. The intellectual love of the mind towards God is that very love of God whereby God loves himself.D. Q. loves man. in so far as he can be explained through the human mind. Def.--Hence it follows that no love save intellectual love is eternal.--If we look to men's general opinion. Q. if we may still use that term. vi. xxxii. in the Bible.). it is the same (V. accompanied by the idea of itself. it may rightly be called acquiescence of spirit. that is (I. God loves himself with an infinite intellectual love. regards himself accompanied by the idea of himself. Coroll. Proof.--From what has been said we clearly understand. and Def. therefore (V.).--This love of the mind must be referred to the activities of the mind (V. and ascribe it to the imagination or the memory which they believe to remain after death. Corollary. which (Def. consequently. or in God's love towards men.--Hence it follows that God. This love or blessedness is. or blessedness. the nature of God rejoices in infinite perfection. Def. the idea of his own cause: now this is what we have (in V.). not in so far as he is infinite. in so far as it is referred to the mind. and II.--God is absolutely infinite (I. XXXVI. this love of the mind is part of the infinite love wherewith God loves himself. Note.) pleasure. note). yet this idea indicates rather the present disposition of the human body than the nature of the external thing (II. xvi. of Emotions) is imagination.E. Proof.contemplates a thing as present (II. xi.) the mind is. an activity whereby God.). xi. Corollary.E. Coroll.). the intellectual love of the mind towards God is part of the infinite love wherewith God loves himself. Note. and.
and. consequently. Thus. namely. and II. PROP. that thing would be contrary to that which is true. would cause that which is true to be false.D. is potent. xxx. I showed in general terms. and xxiii. the greater will be the part of it that endures (V. whereof the beginning and the foundation is God (I. it is less subject to those emotions which are evil..--Hence we understand that point which I touched on in IV.D. that death becomes less hurtful. in what manner and way our mind. xi. Note. which I have called intuitive or of the third kind (II. or which can take it away. In proportion as the mind understands more things by the second and third kind of knowledge. it becomes clear to us. ii.E. though legitimate and placed beyond the chances of doubt.E. consequently. consequently (by the last Prop. in so far as the latter is regarded through the nature of God as an eternal truth (V. less subject to emotions. follows from the divine nature and constantly depends on God.). yet that demonstration. in proportion as the mind understands more things by the second and third kinds of knowledge. xxxix.--The Axiom of Part IV. or in other words. Proof. it follows that the human mind can attain to being of such a nature. since from the third kind of knowledge arises the highest possible acquiescence (V. xxvii. in proportion as the mind's clear and distinct knowledge is greater. If. also. &c. xv. since the essence of our mind consists solely in knowledge.). which is contrary to this intellectual love. note. that remains unimpaired. PROP. there should be anything which would be contrary to this love. Therefore there is nothing in nature which. note). and which I promised to explain in this Part. in order to show by this example how the knowledge of particular things. therefore. has reference to particular things.).).). xxxiii.--This intellectual love follows necessarily from the nature of the mind. Q. as to its essence and existence. &c. xxix. that all things (and consequently. XXXVII. I have thought it worth while here to call attention to this. Q. xlvii. the greater will be the part that is not touched by the emotions.) should be of .--The mind's essence consists in knowledge (II. There is nothing in nature. evil (IV. does not affect our mind so much. the human mind) depend as to their essence and existence on God. I think. and stands in less fear of death.). which we say depends on God. and more powerful than the universal knowledge. and. and. which should be able to take away this love. and xxix. which I have styled knowledge of the second kind. Again. no one can doubt. note. that the part thereof which we have shown to perish with the body (V. although in Part I. in proportion as the mind understands more things by the second and third kinds of knowledge. For. an obvious absurdity. XXXVIII. consequently.). therefore. that. as when the same conclusion is derived from the actual essence of some particular thing.Again. which are contrary to our nature. xl. Proof. in so far as they are regarded in relation to a given time and place: of this. in proportion as the mind loves God more. Note. the greater will be the part of it. xxi.
so is it more perfect.--In proportion as each thing is more perfect. who has a body capable of very many activities. But. therefore. of God. that they should scarcely fear death. In proportion as each thing possesses more of perfection. we must here call to mind. Proof.) he will be affected with love towards God. who.D. and. xxx. and.). in reality. possesses a mind whereof the greatest part is eternal. whereas. he. that they may be referred to minds possessing a great knowledge of themselves and of God. if we have been able to live through the whole period of life with a sound mind in a sound body. has a mind which. And. that all the modifications of the body should be referred to the idea of God. Def.).--He. consequently (III. we are called happy or unhappy. according as we are changed for the better or the worse. considered in itself alone. Q. and. so is it more perfect. Q. and depending. he. that we live in a state of perpetual variation. In this life.) must occupy or constitute the chief part of the mind. But I will soon treat of the subject at greater length. xvi. by those emotions which are contrary to our nature. is highly conscious of itself. we primarily endeavour to bring it about. XL. who possesses a body capable of the greatest number of activities. in proportion as it is more active. in proportion as a thing is more active. for the most part. in comparison with its intellect. of bringing it about. and referable to a mind which is highly conscious of itself. therefore (V. therefore (V. Note. is called unhappy. . and. has a body capable of very few activities. and. that the body of a child. vice versâ. whereas it is set down to happiness. that what is referred to its imagination and memory may become insignificant.E. he possesses the power of arranging and associating the modifications of the body according to the intellectual order. and we desire so to change it. has a mind which. is scarcely conscious of itself. it possesses more of reality (II. therefore. in so far as its nature allows and conduces thereto. and note). there is no doubt but that they may be of such a nature. xxxiii. PROP. of God. xv. and thus prove that. and of things. vi. who. or of things. it is to that extent more active and less passive.). x.E.)--that is (IV. from being an infant or a child. and of things.). consequently. as I have already said in the note to the last Proposition. is least agitated by those emotions which are evil (IV.D.little importance when compared with the part which endures. iii. or of God. XXXIX. and whereof the greatest or chief part is eternal. He. in order that this may be understood more clearly.--Since human bodies are capable of the greatest number of activities. such a man will possess a mind whereof the chief part is eternal. who possesses a body capable of the greatest number of activities. This demonstration may be reversed. as in the case of an infant or a child. Proof. PROP. whence it will come to pass that (V. may be changed into something else capable of very many activities. considered in itself alone. xxxviii. and less passive. For he. which (V. so is it more active. becomes a corpse. on external causes.
and general Def. Q. so that all taken together at once constitute the eternal and infinite intellect of God. and chiefly. that is. they would return to their own inclinations. is more perfect than the rest. should wish to cram himself with poisons and deadly fare. Coroll. and this other by a third.). the part which we have shown to perish is the imagination (V.E. the former. in so far as it understands. be it great or small. iii. in so far as it is regarded without relation to the body. and desiring to obey fortune rather than themselves. and other places. For the eternal part of the mind (V. which is determined by another eternal mode of thinking. and. or if. Although we were ignorant at that time that the mind is eternal. and that they cede their rights. we should still consider as of primary importance piety and religion. we nevertheless stated that the qualities attributable to courage and high--mindedness are of primary importance. that they are induced to live according to the divine commandments. is an eternal mode of thinking. but also.--Such are the doctrines which I had purposed to set forth concerning the mind. Now. or the rule of right living is (IV.) is the understanding. by the fear of being horribly punished after death. because he does not believe that he can by wholesome food sustain his body for ever. Q. controlling everything in accordance with their lusts. but believed that the mind perishes with the body. while we determined what reason prescribes as useful. Proof. be it great or small. it is plain that our mind. xxi. and so on to infinity. it is not only by this hope.--The general belief of the multitude seems to be different. therefore. and to receive the reward for their bondage.).--Hence it follows that the part of the mind which endures. generally. are burdens. Most people seem to believe that they are free. xxiii. religion. he should prefer to be out of his mind altogether. Note. in Part IV. whence. we should yet put the aforesaid precepts of reason in the first place. and xxiv. we took no account of the mind's eternity. and to live without the use of . we showed to be attributable to courage and high--mindedness.Corollary. Note.D. xxix. which has only become known to us in this Fifth Part. Therefore. so far as their feeble and infirm spirit will carry them. in so far as they are bound to live according to the commandments of the divine law. after death. through which only we are said to be passive (III. They therefore believe that piety. If men had not this hope and this fear. Even if we did not know that our mind is eternal. all things attributable to firmness of mind. they hope to lay aside. of the Emotions). for their piety and religion.D. through which alone we are said to act (III. and that no hope of prolonged life remains for the wretches who are broken down with the burden of piety. xxii. PROP.) seeking one's own true interest. iii. is more perfect than the latter. in so far as they may obey their lusts. because he sees that the mind is not eternal or immortal. even if we were still ignorant of this doctrine. XLI. which.E. Such a course appears to me not less absurd than if a man. and generally all things which. xxi. as also from I..--The first and only foundation of virtue.
therefore (IV. Again. contrariwise. neither do we rejoice therein. Q. and of God. in proportion as the mind rejoices more in this divine love or blessedness. and of God. because we rejoice therein. and of things. Blessedness is not the reward of virtue. and (V. and could without great labour be found.). who is driven only by his lusts.E. and as soon as he ceases to suffer. in proportion as the mind rejoices in this divine love or blessedness. xxxii. since human power in controlling the emotions consists solely in the understanding. ceases also to be.reason. but moreover lives. but. XLII. xxxii. which love springs from the third kind of knowledge (V. lix.) it is virtue itself. we are able to control our lusts. Coroll.--Blessedness consists in love towards God (V. it follows that no one rejoices in blessedness.D. these ideas are so absurd as to be scarcely worth refuting. if salvation were ready to our hand. his power of controlling his lusts arises from this blessedness itself. Whereas the wise man. in so far as the latter is active. but always possesses true acquiescence of his spirit. so does it the more understand (V. because he has controlled his lusts. viii. is scarcely at all disturbed in spirit.) so much the less is it subject to those emotions which are evil. but. Def. it may nevertheless be discovered. that is (V. iii. by a certain eternal necessity. since it is so seldom found.--I have thus completed all I wished to set forth touching the mind's power over the emotions and the mind's freedom. xxxvi and note). and how much he surpasses the ignorant man. so much the more power has it over the emotions. but virtue itself. PROP. never ceases to be. in so far as he is regarded as such. For the ignorant man is not only distracted in various ways by external causes without ever gaining the true acquiescence of his spirit.). And. as it were unwitting of himself. how potent is the wise man. because we control our lusts. Coroll. How would it be possible. If the way which I have pointed out as leading to this result seems exceedingly hard. therefore this love (III.) must be referred to the mind. This was our first point. contrariwise. being conscious of himself. xxxviii. Note. that it should be by almost all men neglected? But all things excellent are as difficult as they are rare.). End of the Ethics by Benedict de Spinoza [1] "Affectiones" [2] "Forma" [3] "Animata" . and of things. iii. so has it the power of controlling lusts. but. Whence it appears. Proof. therefore. Needs must it be hard.
Aph. [9] Ovid. [6] By "men" in this and the following propositions. however. The Dutch version and Camerer read. [11] Gloria. as I have shown in II.) [16] Continuo.20. "Amores.] [5] Conscientiæ morsus--thus rendered by Mr. n. Met. that a tolerable sense may be obtained without doing violence to Spinoza's scholarship. Pollock. Bruder reads: "Malum praesens minus. End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ethics. Ferreus est. pariter metuamus amantes. 'quo' (= whereby) and 'quodque' (= and that). "Speremus pariter. [15] "Maltim praesens minus prae majori futuro. and is corrected by the Dutch translator into "majoris boni. vii. [17] Affectiones. [Pollock. amat.org/3/8/0/3800/ . 4. quod causa est faturi alicujus mali. xix. I mean men whom we regard without any particular emotion. xiii. Camerer reads affectus----emotions. Org. [12] Ov." [10] This is possible. Deteriora sequor. p. though the human mind is part of the divine intellect." [13] Honestas [14] Land reads: "Quod ipsius agendi potentia juvatur"--which I have translated above.txt or 3800-8. Nov. by Benedict de Spinoza *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ETHICS *** ***** This file should be named 3800-8.gutenberg. [8] See previous endnote. 126. note." "Honor" = Gloria. Pollock on the ground that the classical meaning of the word does not suit the context. 100. [7] So Van Vloten and Bruder. Spinoza transposes the verses. note. Rendered "constantly" by Mr. "Video meliora proboque. "an internal cause. quod sinit alter. 268. I venture to think. si quis." The last word of the latter is an obvious misprint." II.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:." (Van Vloten).5. p." (Pollock. He suggests as alternative readings to 'quod'.[4] A Baconian phrase.
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Agenda
See also: IRC log
Regrets for next week: Jeni
next scribe: Larry
<jar> Corrections for Wednesday
<jar> Topic need "y" ("discovery")
<jar> Change "of" to "therefore"" after "proposition"
<jar> "expect ion" should be "expectation"
<jar> misspelling "prirotize"
approval of f2f minutes, last week we got some correction requests
<Larry> i'm willing to let them go ;)
<jar> one other: "will be out-competed" said by Harry Halpin, not me
RESOLUTION: minutes of the Edinburgh 13-15 Sept F2F approved, subject to editorial changes (see above)
last week minutes: any comments?
Ashok: some typos but ok
RESOLUTION: minutes of last week telcon approved
TPAC is coming up, any preference for morning or afternoon for TAG meeting?
(monday and friday)
no preference, so up to the chair
<Ashok> I will be at TPAC ... I was not on your list from last week
Note also that the HTML/XML TF is moving forward
Preparation for the upcoming TAG election. It will be discussed during TPAC
<Larry> As long as Ian and Jeff are discussing waht they want th e TAG to do, I'm happy
Larry proposed that the dinner slot could lead to something more substantive, but it might be a busy time, so we might suggest a BoF
<noah> YL: I did check with SPDY folks, no answer yet
=> due date bumped by one week
<noah> ACTION-615 Due 2011-10-13
<trackbot> ACTION-615 Check on possible meeting with SPDY folks on 31 Oct at TPAC due date now 2011-10-13
<noah> DKA: Deep linking breakout is confirmed.
DKA: I expect that rigo will join us for the session on friday, will confirm as soon that I know
noah: is the breakout confirmed or not yet?
DKA: yes
jar: it might be possible that one cc attorney could be interested by this breakout session
<Larry> we can invite experts? or schedule a break-out session ?
<Larry> maybe we could propose breakouts on specific TAG topics, like copyright, early normalization
<DKA>
Larry: I wonder about poposing breakouts on other topics, like on html, privacy etc... it this a way of engaging communities?
<Larry> specifically about topics that the TAG has discussed, since we have something substantitve to start with
DKA: from the wiki page, it's an open space process, there are 28 slots then an lection process
<JeniT> There are already a couple of breakout proposals on privacy already
DKA: proposal can be merged if they are similar. I don't think there will be more than the 28 available slots
<Larry> well, "permanance", "versioning", things TAG has discussed and that TAG members there one or more of us could lead a discussion about
DKA: for deep linking, it might be better to invite people we want to talk with for a specific session, and keep the breakout to reach other people
Noah: if TAG members want to propose sessions... but don't overcommit by having conflicts between sessions
<Larry> I'd especially want to look for things where community input might give us some direction on what we should do
<Larry> hmm, like on MIME and the Web, MIME types, sniffing, etc.
client-side resources
<noah>
<noah> "Does the TAG have any additional advice or suggestions on the WebIDL/Javascript versus HTTP/REST architectural approach,"
there were discussions on js api being too biased for that or not
<noah> "noted some potential issues, including lack of adequate support for publish-subscribe paradigm, issues related to caching, issues related to appropriate URI definition for local resources, and the potential cost of indirection [5]."
<Larry> The main thing I'd look for is an architecture where the distinction between local and network resources is orthogonal to the interface for the data
<Larry> Ashok and I were talking about this for client storage vs. cching
Ashok: js will be lots faster than doing REST stuff in accessing the camera.
<Larry> This is an interesting point for calendars, for example, where you might have a local calandar or a network calander
jar: they might use the slower approach if things are not provided natively by the js access (like security or privacy)
<Larry> it's really orthogonal
noah: it depends on the kind of optimizations you want to do
larry: there are things like data storage, local or remote, cache etc... it was a good idea to have the interface independent of the fact that storage is local or remote
you want the data interface to be the same, regardless of how the data is accessed (locally or not)
<Larry> there's a data interface and an administrative interface
jar: the webarch doc already says that things should be identified by URIs
<Larry> i think webarch isn't enough, it's not only "identify" it's "access in the same manner"
noah: it is one side of the trade off, on one hand we have identification, but there is also performance. file:// uris are different than http:// uris, as file:// is localhost, so there is a need to identify the local camera, but do I want to use a local URI or a global one?
noah: do you want to propose to discuss with the DAP working group during TPAC?
<noah> ACTION: Noah to contact Fred Hirsch to suggest joint TAG/DAP meeting at TPAC on REST vs. Javascript APIs [recorded in]
<trackbot> Created ACTION-616 - Contact Fred Hirsch to suggest joint TAG/DAP meeting at TPAC on REST vs. Javascript APIs [on Noah Mendelsohn - due 2011-10-13].
<Larry> i think we could invite Frederick to talk to us even not at TPAC?
Noah: the proposed response is to say that there might be indeed some arch questions, and we should discuss at TPAC
<noah> ACTION-613?
<trackbot> ACTION-613 -- Daniel Appelquist to organize deep linking breakout at TPAC -- due 2011-10-06 -- OPEN
<trackbot>
<noah> close ACTION-613
<trackbot> ACTION-613 Organize deep linking breakout at TPAC closed
<noah> ACTION-593?
<trackbot> ACTION-593 -- Noah Mendelsohn to schedule discussion of JavaScript vs. REST Client APIs [self-assigned] -- due 2011-10-01 -- PENDINGREVIEW
<trackbot>
<noah> close ACTION-593
<trackbot> ACTION-593 Schedule discussion of JavaScript vs. REST Client APIs [self-assigned] closed
<noah> ACTION-514?
<trackbot> ACTION-514 -- Daniel Appelquist to draft finding on API minimization -- due 2011-10-11 -- OPEN
<trackbot>
<noah> ACTION-509?
<trackbot> ACTION-509 -- Jonathan Rees to communicate with RDFa WG regarding documenting the fragid / media type issue -- due 2011-09-15 -- PENDINGREVIEW
<trackbot>
<noah> Jonathan's email:
jar: Henry is the only one to have spoken on this, so we should work on it together
<jar> I said "or Jeni", scribe didn't get it...
jar: not sure how urgent it is (wrt RDFa's LC comments)
but it would be a "nice to have"
<jar> rdfa wants to advance the draft ASAP... but they have been saying that for several months... I think they are stalled on something else. so there is no specific deadline, just "please soon or else you won't be able to give input"
<JeniT> this relates to the fragids and mime types draft which Henry and Peter are (I think) working on
Noah: do you prefer to go over email, or schedule telcon time when Henry is there?
jar: telcon
noah: let's plan that for next week
<noah> ACTION-608?
<trackbot> ACTION-608 -- Noah Mendelsohn to schedule telcon discussion of TAG goals on privacy -- due 2011-10-04 -- PENDINGREVIEW
<trackbot>
<noah> That one came from F2F overflow
<noah> ACTION-583?
<trackbot> ACTION-583 -- Ashok Malhotra to (with help from Dan) organize TAG review of proposed W3C charter on tracking protection (privacy) Due 2011-07-26 -- due 2011-08-30 -- OPEN
<trackbot>
<noah> ACTION-566?
<trackbot> ACTION-566 -- Daniel Appelquist to contact Alissa Cooper, organize a future joint discussion on privacy with IAB. -- due 2011-07-19 -- PENDINGREVIEW
<trackbot>
<noah> close ACTION-608?
Ashok: the WG started, so let's close my action
<noah> AM: Working group started, no need for charter review
<noah> close ACTION-583
<trackbot> ACTION-583 (with help from Dan) organize TAG review of proposed W3C charter on tracking protection (privacy) Due 2011-07-26 closed
<JeniT>
<noah> ACTION-566 Due 2011-10-11
<trackbot> ACTION-566 Contact Alissa Cooper, organize a future joint discussion on privacy with IAB. due date now 2011-10-11
ashok: is there anything else we should be doing in the privacy arena?
<noah>
509, just discussed
<noah> ACTION-521?
<trackbot> ACTION-521 -- Noah Mendelsohn to figure out where we stand with on the rec track -- due 2011-08-23 -- PENDINGREVIEW
<trackbot>
long ago, the TAG worked on the following document:
short document, ending with good practice
<jar> no brainer
to summarize, if a ns is defined about some animals, is it ok to add new ones several years later?
should you provision for that in the first spec?
<noah> Finding:
Note that this is already a finding
if we say it's a only finding, we should close the rec track doc (by publishing a Note?)
the question is "so should it be a full REC or not?"
jar: did that finding had any effect on namespaces that has been defined since then?
<Larry> this isn't in scope for this discussion, but i wonder about this recommendation having any meaning. You can say wahtever policy you want for the future, but how does that prevent a new rec from overriding an old one anyway?
noah: not that I recall
Yves: not in the spec I tracked
jar: so is publishing this document as a REC will change this?
<JeniT> webarch already has the good practice "An XML format specification SHOULD include information about change policies for XML namespaces."
<jar> "Specifications that define namespaces SHOULD explicitly state their policy with respect to changes in the names defined in that namespace."
<Larry> I think this is in the space of extensibility policies
<plinss> rec
<Larry> no rec
<JeniT> no rec
<DKA> no rec
<noah> no rec
<Ashok> no rec
no rec
<Larry> i'd want to see something mroe generally on extensibility, rather than narrowly on XML namespaces
peter: REC has more weight than findings, so I'd like to see TAG publishing more RECs
<Larry> I'm reacting to the "things W3C should stop doing" google+ thread which included XML
<noah> PROPOSED RESOLUTION: will be taken off the REC track. This does not settle the question of whether the TAG should put more emphasis on RECs in general.
<noah> RESOLUTION: will be taken off the REC track. This does not settle the question of whether the TAG should put more emphasis on RECs in general.
<noah> close ACTION-521
<trackbot> ACTION-521 Figure out where we stand with on the rec track closed
<noah> ACTION Noah to work with Yves to take off the Rec track Due 2011-11-15
<trackbot> Created ACTION-617 - Work with Yves to take off the Rec track Due 2011-11-15 [on Noah Mendelsohn - due 2011-10-13].
<noah> ACTION-537?
<trackbot> ACTION-537 -- Daniel Appelquist to reach out to Web apps chair to solicit help on framing architecture (incluing terminology, good practice) relating to interaction -- due 2011-07-15 -- PENDINGREVIEW
<trackbot>
(proposal to close it)
<JeniT> I agree with Dan
the TAG is putting down work on interactions by closing this action
<noah> close ACTION-537
<trackbot> ACTION-537 Reach out to Web apps chair to solicit help on framing architecture (incluing terminology, good practice) relating to interaction closed
<jar> bye
Noah: note that we will have a call next week
ADJOURNED | http://www.w3.org/2001/tag/2011/10/06-minutes | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | refinedweb | 1,930 | 57.03 |
Saying that C++ has simple rules for variables initialization is probably quite risky :) For example, you can read Initialization in C++ is Bonkers : r/cpp to see a vibrant discussion about this topic.
But let’s try with just a small part of variables: static variables.
How are they initialized? What happens before
main()(*) ?
Warning:: implementation dependent, see explanations in the post.
Intro
Have a look at the following code where I use a global variable
t (nice and descriptive name... right? :)) :
class Test { public: Test() { } public: int _a; }; Test t; // << int main() { return t._a; }
What is the value of
t._a in
main()?
Is the constructor of
Test even called?
Let’s run the debugger!
Debugging
I’ll be using Visual Studio 2017 to run my apps. Although the initialization phase is implementation depended, runtime systems share a lot of ideas to match with the standard.
I created a breakpoint at the start of
Test::Test() and this is the call stack I got:
test_static.exe!Test::Test() Line 12 test_static.exe!`dynamic initializer for '_t''() Line 20 ucrtbased.dll!_initterm(void(*)() * first, void(*)() * last) Line 22 test_static.exe!__scrt_common_main_seh() Line 251 test_static.exe!__scrt_common_main() Line 326 test_static.exe!mainCRTStartup() Line 17
Wow… the runtime invokes a few functions before the
main() kicks in!
The debugger stopped in a place called
dynamic initializer for '_t''(). What’s more, the member variable
_a was already set to
0.
Let’s look at the steps:
Our global variable
t is not constant initialized. Because according to the standard constant initialization @cppreference it should have the form:
static T & ref = constexpr; static T object = constexpr;
So the following things happen:
For all other non-local static and thread-local variables, Zero initialization takes place.
And then:
After all static initialization is completed, dynamic initialization of non-local variables occurs…
In other words: the runtime initializes our variables to zero and then it invokes the dynamic part.
Zero initialization
I’ve found this short and concise summary of Zero Initialization @MSDN:
- Numeric variables are initialized to 0 (or 0.0, or 0.0000000000, etc.).
- Char variables are initialized to ‘\0’.
- Pointers are initialized to nullptr.
- Arrays, POD classes, structs, and unions have their members initialized to a zero value.
Out object
t is a class instance so that the compiler will initialize its members to zero.
What’s more, global variables might be put into BSS segment of the program. Which means that they don’t take any space on disk. The whole BSS segment is represented by only the length (sum of sizes of all global variables). The section is then cleared (something like
memset(bssStart, bssLen, 0)).
For example, looking at the asm output from my code it looks like MSVC put
t variable in
_BSS:
_BSS SEGMENT ?t@@3VTest@@A DD 01H DUP (?) ; t _BSS ENDS
You can read more @cppreference - zero initialization
Dynamic initialization
From the standard 6.6.2 Static initialization “basic.start.static”, N4659, Draft
Together, zero-initialization and constant initialization are called static initialization; all other initialization is dynamic initialization.
In MSVC each dynamic initializer is loaded into arrays of functions:
// internal_shared.h typedef void (__cdecl* _PVFV)(void); // First C++ Initializer extern _CRTALLOC(".CRT$XCA") _PVFV __xc_a[]; // Last C++ Initializer extern _CRTALLOC(".CRT$XCZ") _PVFV __xc_z[];
And later, a method called
_initterm invokes those functions:
_initterm(__xc_a, __xc_z);
_initterm just calls every function, assuming it’s not null:
extern "C" void __cdecl _initterm(_PVFV* const first, _PVFV* const last) { for (_PVFV* it = first; it != last; ++it) { if (*it == nullptr) continue; (**it)(); } }
If any of the initializers throws an exception,
std::terminate() is called.
Dynamic initializer for
t will call its constructor. This is exactly what I’ve seen in the debugger.
On Linux
According to Linux x86 Program Start Up and Global Constructors and Destructors in C++:
There’s a function
__do_global_ctors_aux that calls all “constructors” (it’s for C, but should be similar for C++ apps). This function calls constructors that are specified in the
.ctors of ELF image.
As I mentioned, the details are different vs MSVC, but the idea of function pointers to constructors are the same. At some point before
main() the runtime must call those constructors.
Implementation Dependent
Although non-local variables will be usually initialized before main() starts, it's not guaranteed by the standard. So if your code works on one platform, it doesn't mean it will work on some other compiler, or even version of the same compiler...
From: C++ draft: basic.start.dynamic#4:
It is implementation-defined whether the dynamic initialization of a non-local non-inline variable with static storage duration is sequenced before the first statement of main or is deferred. If it is deferred, it strongly happens before any non-initialization odr-use of any non-inline function or non-inline variable defined in the same translation unit as the variable to be initialized.
Storage and Linkage
So far I’ve used one global variable, but it wasn’t even marked as
static. So what is a ‘static’ variable?
Colloquially, a static variable is a variable that its lifetime is the entire run of the program. Such a variable is initialized before
main() and destroyed after.
In the C++ Standard 6.7.1 Static storage duration “basic.stc.static”, N4659, Draft:
All variables which do not have dynamic storage duration, do not have thread storage duration, and are not local have static storage duration. The storage for these entities shall last for the duration of the program
As you see, for non-local variables, you don’t have to apply the
static keyword to end with a static variable.
We have a few options when declaring a static variable. We can distinguish them by using: storage and linkage:
- Storage:
- automatic - Default for variables in a scope.
- static - The lifetime is bound with the program.
- thread - The object is allocated when the thread begins and deallocated when the thread ends.
- dynamic - Per request, using dynamic memory allocation functions.
- Linkage
- no linkage - The name can be referred to only from the scope it is in.
- external - The name can be referred to from the scopes in the other translation units (or even from other languages).
- internal - The name can be referred to from all scopes in the current translation unit
By default, if I write
int i; outside of
main() (or any other function) this will be a variable with a static storage duration and external linkage.
Here’s a short summary:
int i; // static storage, external linkage static int t; // static storage, internal linkage namespace { int j; // static storage, internal linkage } const int ci = 100; // static storage, internal linkage int main() { }
Although usually, we think of static variables as globals it’s not always the case. By using namespaces or putting statics in a class, you can effectively hide it and make available according to requirements.
Static variables in a class
You can apply
static to a data member of a class:
class MyClass { public: ... private: static int s_Important; }; // later in cpp file: int s_Important = 0;
s_Important has a static storage duration and it’s a unique value for all class objects. They have external linkage - assuming class also has external linkage.
Before C++17 each static class data member have to be defined in some
cpp file (apart from static const integers…). Now you can use
inline variables:
class MyClass { public: ... private: // declare and define in one place! // since C++17 inline static int s_Important = 0; };
As I mentioned earlier, with classes (or namespaces) you can hide static variables, so they are not “globals”.
Static variables in functions
There’s also another special case that we should cover: statics in a function/scope:
void Foo() { static bool bEnable = true; if (bEnable) { // ... } }
From cppreference: storage duration
Static variables declared at block scope are initialized the first time control passes through their declaration (unless their initialization is zero- or constant-initialization, which can be performed before the block is first entered). On all further calls, the declaration is skipped.
For example, sometimes I like to use static
bEnable variables in my debugging sessions (not in production!). Since the variable is unique across all function invocations, I can switch it back and forth from
true to
false. The variable can that way enable or disable some block of code: let’s say new implementation vs old one. That way I can easily observe the effects - without recompiling the code.
Wrap up
Although globals/statics sounds easy, I found it very hard to prepare this post. Storage, linkage, various conditions and rules.
I was happy to see the code behind the initialization, so it’s more clear how it’s all done.
Few points to remember:
- static variable’s lifetime is bound with the program lifetime. It’s usually created before
main()and destroyed after it.
- static variable might be visible internally (internal linkage) or externally (external linkage)
- at the start static variables are zero-initialized, and then dynamic initialization happens
- Still... be careful, as Static initializers will murder your family :)
Ah… wait… but what about initialization and destruction order of such variables?
Let’s leave this topic for another time :)
For now, you can read about static in static libraries: Static Variables Initialization in a Static Library, Example. | https://www.bfilipek.com/2018/02/staticvars.html | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | refinedweb | 1,554 | 56.15 |
Apache::Action - A method dispatch mechanism for Apache
# An Apache handler to manage the cycle. package My::Apache::Handler; my $ah = new HTML::Mason::ApacheHandler...); sub handler { my ($r) = @_; ... tie %SESSION, 'Apache::Session::....'; my $state = new Apache::Action::State( # Or custom state class Request => $r, Session => \%SESSION, ); my $action = new Apache::Action( Request => $r, Session => \%SESSION, State => $state, ); my $status = eval { $action->run; }; if ($@) { $state->error($@); $status = SERVER_ERROR; } unless ($status == OK) { my $subreq = $r->lookup_uri('/error.html'); $r->filename($subreq->filename); } return $ah->handle_request($r); } # A set of action handlers package My::Apache::Actions; use base 'Apache::Action'; __PACKAGE__->register('AppName', 'ObjectName', action0 => \&handler0, action1 => \&handler1, ... ); sub handler0 { my ($self) = @_; # my $user = $self->state->user; # If user defined. }
This module reads values out of the HTTP submission and dispatches to code as appropriate. The architecture requires four elements:
This is normally a singleton instance of Apache::Request.
This is usually an Apache::Session, but anything which provides a hashref will do. The session stores the persistent data, and may be serialised by any method desired.
This is usually a subclass of Apache::Action::State and stores nonserialisable and per-request data.
This is an Apache::Action instance.
It is normal to write a class which inherits Apache::Action::State, which generates and caches nonserialisable or non-normalised data on demand. Things like user id may be stored in the session, and the state may then provide a 'user' method which reads the user-id from the session and retrieves the user from the database, caching the object for the duration of the request. See eg/State.pm in this distribution for an example.
Loaded modules may register actions with Apache::Action using the 'register' call, as described above. When an Apache::Action is 'run', it looks for the field 'action' in the HTTP request parameters. This field is of the form "application/module/action". It will then call the appropriate subref, passing itself as the one and only parameter.
When using this module with HTML::Mason, it is normal to exoprt the state and the session into the HTML::Mason::Commands namespace so that they can be accessed by pages.
Register a new action with Apache::Action. This is a class method and is designed to be called from the top level of any loaded Perl module. See eg/Feedback.pm for an example.
Construct a new Action object. This reqires three parameters: Request, Session and State. The Request is an Apache::Request instance. The Session is usually an Apache::Session instance but may be any session hash. The State is an instance of Apache::Action::State;
Search the HTTP arguments in the Request, and run an action, if appropriate.
Return the HTTP parameter named.
Return a hashref of all HTTP parameters, copying the data.
Return an Apache::Upload object as named.
Return data from the session hash, as named.
Store data in the session hash, as named.
Record that an error happened during this execution. The action object will add the errors to the state object at the end of the run. It is the responsibility of the Apache handler writer to check whether any errors were recorded in the action object before continuing. This method merely provides a log.
Return a list of errors recorded in this execution.
Mostly documentation. This code has been pulled out of a running system and patched up for CPAN, so patches welcome if it doesn't run as smoothly as expected outside of that system.
This module is quite hard to test outside Apache.
Mail the author at <cpan@anarres.org>
Shevek CPAN ID: SHEVEK cpan@anarres.org
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
Apache::Action::State Apache::Session HTML::Mason | http://search.cpan.org/dist/Apache-Action/lib/Apache/Action.pm | crawl-003 | refinedweb | 635 | 58.58 |
I can join lines in Python using semi-colon, e.g.
a=5; b=10
x=['a','b']; for i,j in enumerate(x): print(i,":", j)
The short (yet valid) answer is simply "because the language grammar isn't defined to allow it". As for why that's the case, it's hard if not impossible to be sure unless you ask whoever came up with that portion of the grammar, but I imagine it's due to readability, which is one of the goals of Python1.
Why would you ever want to write something obscure like that? Just split it up into multiple lines:
x = ['a','b'] for i,j in enumerate(x): print(i, ":", j)
I would argue that this variant is much clearer.
1 From
import this: Readability counts. | https://codedump.io/share/XjW42Y73aP4S/1/why-can39t-use-semi-colon-before-for-loop-in-python | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | refinedweb | 133 | 68.81 |
Dart State Machine
Easily create a finite state machine and define legal state transitions. Listen to state entrances, departures, and transitions.
Getting Started
Import the
state_machine package:
import 'package:state_machine/state_machine.dart';
Create a Machine
Once created, the
StateMachine will be used to create states and state transitions.
StateMachine light = new StateMachine('light');
Define a Set of States
Use the machine to create all required states. A string name is required for ease of debugging.
State isOn = light.newState('on'); State isOff = light.newState('off');
It's recommended that states be named in the format "is
State".
This may seem strange at first, but it has two main benefits:
- It helps differentiate states from transitions, which can be confusing since many words in English are the same as a verb and an adjective ("open" or "secure", for example).
- It reads better when calling the state to determine if it's active, as will be demonstrated later.
Define the Legal State Transitions
By defining legal state transitions, you can prevent certain actions based on the current state of the machine. Defining a state transition requires a name (again for ease of debugging), a list of valid "from" states, and the state to transition the machine to.
StateTransition turnOn = light.newStateTransition('turnOn', [isOff], isOn); StateTransition turnOff = light.newStateTransition('turnOff', [isOn], isOff);
Start the Machine
Before executing any state transitions, the machine should be started at a specific starting state.
light.start(isOff);
Executing a State Transition
The
StateTransition class implements
Function so that you can simply call a transition to execute it.
light.start(isOff); turnOn(); // transitions machine from "isOff" to "isOn"
Determining the Active State
The
StateMachine instance exposes a
current state property which allows you to retrieve the machine's current state
at any time.
light.start(isOff); light.current == isOff; // true
Additionally, the
State class implements
Function so that you can simply call a state to determine if it's active.
light.start(isOff); isOff(); // true isOn(); // false
Listening to State Transitions
The
StateTransition class exposes a
listen() method that allows you to listen to the transition and receive an
event every time the transition executes.
turnOn.listen((StateChange change) { print('Light transitioned from ${change.from.name} to ${change.to.name}'); }); light.start(isOff); turnOn(); // "Light transitioned from off to on"
Passing Data with a State Transition
State transitions accept an optional payload in case you need to pass data along to listeners.
turnOn.listen((StateChange change) { print('Light turned on. Wattage: ${change.payload}'); }); light.start(isOff); turnOn('15w'); // "Light turned on. Wattage: 15w"
Listening for State Entrances and Departures
The
State class exposes two streams so that you can listen for the state being entered and the state being left.
isOff.onLeave.listen((StateChange change) { print('Left: off'); }); isOn.onEnter.listen((StateChange change) { print('Entered: on'); }); light.start(isOff); turnOn(); // "Left: off" // "Entered: on"
Wildcard State and State Transitions
The
State class exposes a static instance
State.any that can be used as a wildcard when defining a state transition.
StateMachine machine = new StateMachine('machine'); State isFailed = machine.newState('failed'); // This transition will be valid regardless of which state the machine is in. StateTransition fail = machine.newStateTransition('fail', [State.any], isFailed);
Illegal State Transitions
When you create state transitions, you must define the list of valid "from" states. The machine must be in one of these
states in order to execute the transition. If that's not the case, an
IllegalStateTransition exception will be thrown.
// Consider a door with the following states and transitions. StateMachine door = new StateMachine('door'); State isOpen = door.newState('open'); State isClosed = door.newState('closed'); State isLocked = door.newState('locked'); StateTransition open = door.newStateTransition('open', [isClosed], isOpen); StateTransition close = door.newStateTransition('close', [isOpen], isClosed); StateTransition lock = door.newStateTransition('lock', [isClosed], isLocked); StateTransition unlock = door.newStateTransition('unlock', [isLocked], isClosed); // Let's transition the door from open, to closed, to locked. door.start(isOpen); close(); lock(); // In order to open the door, we must first unlock it. // If we try to open it first, an exception will be thrown. open(); // throws IllegalStateTransition
Canceling State Transitions
State machines have a set of legal state transitions that are set in stone and provide the required structure. But, there may be scenarios where a state transition may or may not be desirable based on additional logic. To handle this, state transitions support cancellation conditions.
// Consider two state machines - a person and a door. // The door can be locked or unlocked and the person // can be with or without a key. StateMachine door = new StateMachine('door'); State isLocked = door.newState('locked'); State isUnlocked = door.newState('unlocked'); StateTransition unlock = door.newStateTransition('unlock', [isLocked], isUnlocked); StateMachine person = new StateMachine('person'); State isWithKey = person.newState('withKey'); State isWithoutKey = person.newState('withoutKey'); StateTransition obtainKey = person.newStateTransition('obtainKey', [isWithoutKey], isWithKey); door.start(isLocked); person.start(isWithoutKey); // Add a cancellation condition for unlocking the door: // If the person is without a key, cancel the unlock transition. unlock.cancelIf((StateChange change) => isWithoutKey()); unlock(); // false (canceled) isUnlocked(); // false obtainKey(); unlock(); // true (not canceled) isUnlocked(); // true
Development
This project leverages the dart_dev package for most of its tooling needs, including static analysis, code formatting, running tests, collecting coverage, and serving examples. Check out the dart_dev readme for more information.
Libraries
- state_machine
- A simple, typed finite state machine library. [...] | https://pub.dev/documentation/state_machine/latest/ | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | refinedweb | 879 | 50.43 |
LGTM. Should also probably add [NFC] to the start of the subject
": contains a compressed section, " + "but " -> ": contains a compressed section, but "
" compression but the profile reader was built " + "without " -> " compression but the profile reader was built without "
I think we will need to support dynamically selecting (de)compression algorithm for both profile and serialization. For example, we should be able to use read profiles generated by an older version of LLVM that only supported zlib, even if the new one also supports zstd. Given that, I'd omit these and instead use compression::zlib everywhere.
[NFC] refactor compression namespaces making way for a possible introduction of alternatives to zlib compression in the llvm toolchain.
I'd use [NFC] Refactor llvm::zlib namespace and place supplementary wording to the body.
in the llvm toolchain is redundant in the sentence.
Keep the diagnostic unchanged in this patch.
Correct, however I think that doing this in the meantime helps make it clear semantically for what purpose each compression call is for. It will make finding all instances of each time of use much easier in the future, and promotes semantically thought out usage.
Therefore I see no reason to not make these explicit aliases as it will only ease transition in the future.
And the other similar changes?
I will note these are NFC because if zlib is being used (as it currently always is), it has the exact same output.
LGTM. Happy when @phosek is happy
discard debug string changes
remove compression namespace alias work
LGTM
Is it still used?
Prefer StringRef if the string is backed from some storage.
Delete blank line between two using
No it is not, I will remove it and reintroduce it in the first patch that adds zstd
will do
I think this can be pushed now. You need to remove the variable
In file included from /var/lib/buildkite-agent/builds/llvm-project/llvm/lib/MC/ELFObjectWriter.cpp:41:
/var/lib/buildkite-agent/builds/llvm-project/llvm/include/llvm/Support/Compression.h:27:30: error: constexpr variable cannot have non-literal type 'const std::string' (aka 'const basic_string<char>')
static constexpr std::string AlgorithmName = "zlib";
You likely need to run ninja check-llvm check-clang check-clang-tools check-lld check-lldb to ensure all relevant targets still build.
(You can use check-all if your lists of LLVM_ENABLED_PROJECTS/LLVM_ENABLE_RUNTIMES are appropriate.)
No need to add blank line between two namespace }.
delete the excess blank line
mark some handled comments done | https://reviews.llvm.org/D128953?id= | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | refinedweb | 417 | 52.49 |
in reply to Re: AJAX popup windows - an example
in thread AJAX popup windows - an example
Maybe I'm just biased, but since CGI::Ajax can't do all the Javascript you need, I just don't see the point in using it at all.
No module ever claimed to Do It All For You, except perhaps some module from the Acme namespace.
CGI::Ajax does a specific task, and it does it pretty damn well and in a KISS way. Of course it is not good-for-all and constrains you in e.g. always passing a parameter fname for the perl function callback in the XHTTP query, but then fully-fledged Ajax Toolkits aren't any different: they put you on rails.
CGI::Ajax is a very good example of a 'module at its best': it solves a particular problem without getting too over-featured and provides a nice wheel that hasn't evolved into a monster truck. <update> Although it has some issues. See my follow-up below. </update>
--shmem
_($_=" "x(1<<5)."?\n".q·/)Oo. G°\ /
/\_¯/(q /
---------------------------- \__(m.====·.(_("always off the crowd"))."·
");sub _{s./.($e="'Itrs `mnsgdq Gdbj O`qkdq")=~y/"-y/#-z/;$e.e && print} | https://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl/?displaytype=print;node_id=639230;replies=1 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | refinedweb | 206 | 73.78 |
hu_KDFDerive()
Derives a value of the requested length based on shared secret information, suitable for use as a key value.
Synopsis:
#include "hukdf.h"
int hu_KDFDerive(int algid, size_t secretLen, const unsigned char *sharedSecret, size_t addInfoLen, const unsigned char *addInfo, size_t keyLen, unsigned char *keyValue, sb_GlobalCtx sbCtx)
Since:
BlackBerry 10.0.0
Arguments:
- algid
A KDF algorithm. The acceptable values are one of the HU_KDF_* macros.
- secretLen
The length (in bytes) of the shared secret data.
- sharedSecret
The shared secret data.
- addInfoLen
The length (in bytes) of the additional information. (Optional)
- addInfo
Additional information. (Optional - set to NULL if not used.)
- keyLen
The length (in bytes) of the key buffer.
- keyValue
The key buffer.
- sbCtx
A global context.
Library:libhuapi (For the qcc command, use the -l huapi option to link against this library)
Description:
Additional shared information may also be given.
For the IEEE KDF1 algorithm, the requested length must be the underlying digest algorithm's output length.
When the NIST Alternative 1 KDF is used, the underlying hash algorithm must be registered. If not, a not supported error for the hash algorithm will be returned.
Returns:
- SB_ERR_KDF_BAD_ALGORITHM
The KDF algorithm identifier is invalid.
- SB_ERR_NULL_INPUT_BUF
The shared secret value is NULL.
- SB_ERR_BAD_INPUT_BUF_LEN
The length of the shared secret length is invalid.
- SB_ERR_NULL_ADDINFO
The additional information value is NULL.
- SB_ERR_NULL_OUTPUT_BUF
The key buffer is NULL.
- SB_ERR_BAD_OUTPUT_BUF_LEN
The length of the key buffer length is invalid.
- SB_SUCCESS
Success.
Last modified: 2014-05-14
Got questions about leaving a comment? Get answers from our Disqus FAQ.comments powered by Disqus | https://developer.blackberry.com/native/reference/core/com.qnx.doc.crypto.lib_ref/topic/hu_KDFDerive.html | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | refinedweb | 258 | 53.27 |
Say that you have implemented a low-pass FIR filter with the correct cut-off frequency and transition band, but that you are not quite happy with the suppression of frequencies in the stop band. Figure 1 shows the impulse and frequency responses of the example filter from How to Create a Simple Low-Pass Filter.
This is a relatively short filter with 51 coefficients. The length of the filter determines the width of the transition band, and the window that is applied to the filter coefficients determines the suppression in the stop band. This means that you cannot improve the suppression by simply increasing the length of a filter designed in this way, since that would only make the transition band narrower.
Apply the Filter Twice
A straightforward trick to put in your toolbox is that you can double the suppression by applying the filter twice. This is intuitively obvious, since the filter decreases the power level in its stop-band frequencies by a certain level, and feeding it a signal with a low signal power in that region doesn’t change that. Figure 2 shows the frequency response that you get when you apply the filter of Figure 1 twice.
The already generous 74 dB of suppression that results from using a Blackman window in the original filter is doubled.
Convolve the Filter with Itself
Instead of applying the filter twice and be done with it, there is an additional trick that you can apply. You can convolve the filter with itself to compute a new filter that has exactly the same effect, due to the associativity of convolution. If you call the input signal \(s\) and the filter \(h\), then applying the filter twice can be written as \((s*h)*h\), which has the same effect as \(s*(h*h)\), where \(h*h\) is the filter convolved with itself. Figure 3 shows the impulse response of the filter of Figure 1 convolved with itself.
Of course, the price to pay is that the filter is now longer. Convolving two filters of length 51 results in a filter of length 101. This is because convolving two signals of length \(N\) and \(M\) results in a new signal of length \(N+M-1\). Using this new filter is not necessarily faster, but it might be more convenient. If you apply the filter in the frequency domain through a Fast Fourier transform, then using the new filter will be faster, since applying a long filter takes the same amount of time as a short one (at least if the input signal is longer than the filter, which is normally always the case). But that is for a future article.
Python Code
The Python code that convolves the filter with itself is brief.
import numpy as np # Code to create a filter and put the coefficients in h. # ... # Convolve the filter with itself. h2 = np.convolve(h, h)
As always, applying this new filter \(h_2\) to a signal \(s\) by convolving both sequences can then be as simple as writing the following single line.
s = np.convolve(s, h2)
Add new comment | https://tomroelandts.com/index.php/articles/apply-a-filter-twice-for-greatly-improved-performance | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | refinedweb | 521 | 58.62 |
Hi,
I am learning Java and I have decided that I should create my first project. I have the application code for a Tax calculator and I would like to add a GUI to it but I am struggling to work out how to enable the text field box to accept user input in the form of an integer variable. I think I may need an ActionEventListener class but don't really know how to write the code for that yet. In other words, the GUI will display a text field box where a user can enter their annual income then press enter. Then the program will calculate the tax payable and return a result.
Here is the code I have so far for the GUI, the application code is seperate:
import java.awt.*; import java.applet.Applet.*; public class TestLayout1 extends Frame{ public static void main(String[] args) { // create the variables to hold input int Income; TestLayout1 t = new TestLayout1(); } public TestLayout1() { // create a frame(a box to put things in) setTitle("Taxation Calculator"); setBounds(200,200,500,500); setLayout(new GridBagLayout()); setVisible(true); setSize(400,400); //set layout for panel p1 setLayout (new FlowLayout ()); Label l1 = new Label ("Enter employee's income: "); TextField t1 = new TextField (12); // couldn't vertically align text fields, used spaces instead Label l2 = new Label ("Enter employee's age: "); TextField t2 = new TextField (12); add(l1); add(t1); add(l2); add(t2); show(); t1.setText(""); String str1 = t1.getText(); System.out.print(str1); }} | https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/18978/creating-a-gui-that-accepts-user-input-help | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | refinedweb | 250 | 51.62 |
At Nodes, we develop apps that rely a lot on complex REST APIs. The iOS team needed a fast and fully featured JSON mapping framework. We had been using our own internal parsing framework for Objective-C for a long time, but when Swift came out we decided to create a new one, in Swift, taking advantage of protocol-oriented programming.
After many iterations and a renaming (our JSON mapping framework was previously known as Serializable), we are proud to announce that Serpent has reached version 1.0.
Another JSON mapping framework?
More than that. Serpent is one of the fastest JSON mappers out there and has the most features, according to our analysis.
And maybe you only have to parse and map small JSONs, and you don’t care that much about the time it takes. But what about the time it takes to write the mapping code?
We made a tool that goes hand in hand with Serpent: with
Model Boiler you only have to declare the properties on your model, and the parsing code will be generated for you, potentially saving you hours of work.
But why build a new one?
Yes, there are lots of other JSON mapping frameworks out there. But when we started developing Serpent, there was only SwiftyJSON, which wasn’t exactly what we wanted. So we needed to build our own.
In February 2016, we moved the project to a public GitHub repo and began developing in the open. At the same time, we started using this framework in all our apps, and at the moment, we can say that Serpent is used in apps with more than 1.3 million monthly users.
Working with Serpent
We built Serpent to make developers’ life as easy as possible when creating models. So we also built a few goodies around Serpent, which allow the developer to save a lot of time when creating the models for the app.
Serpent Xcode File Template
We made the Serpent Xcode File Template, which adds a new file template for Xcode. No more typing
import Serpent manually. It sounds small, but when you have to create 10-20 models, it saves you from a lot of annoyance.
Model Boiler
The most annoying part when working with JSONs in Swift is typing all the parsing code. We made a tool that works with Serpent that does that for you. The Model Boiler is a small macOS app that lives in your mac’s menu bar. In Xcode (or your favourite editor), select the code for the model and its properties, and press a keyboard shortcut, and the Model Boiler will generate the necessary code for parsing to your Clipboard. You can just paste the parsing code in your model. And that’s it.
Together with the Xcode file template and with the Model Boiler, Serpent is (in our opinion) the easiest and most pleasant to use JSON mapping framework for Swift.
Why Serpent?
Here’s a short list of some of the advantages that Serpent has:
- Its own Xcode file template
- Its own code generator:
Model Boiler
- The best balance between speed and features. We did the tests and we compared it to 0some of the most popular JSON mapping frameworks out there.
- 100% test coverage
- Carthage, CocoaPods and Swift Package Manager support
- Different versions of it are used in apps used by more than 1.3 million users every month (based on analytics data for some of our apps).
We’re really proud to be able to release the 1.0 version of Serpent. The biggest thanks go to all the contributors that made it possible. We hope more developers find Serpent useful and give it a try in their apps.
Serpent is open source. If you find bugs or have ideas for new features, you’re more than welcome to contribute to Serpent. And if you really like what we’re doing, check out the Nodes careers page and join us to make awesome things together.
Article Photo by Annie Spratt | https://engineering.monstar-lab.com/2017/03/01/Serpent-more-than-just-another-JSON-mapping-framework | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | refinedweb | 674 | 72.05 |
Creating a sitemap.xml file was something that always nagged at me when working with headless content management systems. "What do you mean Contentful doesn't do sitemaps?!" my SEO colleagues would say--not understanding what headless means fundamentally. This was one thing that the old monolithic systems like wordpress seemed to have in the bag.
My Early Approaches
A year ago, I worked out an initial solution that involved using a chron job to create the file regularly. Sadly most cloud hosting providers (Heroku & now.sh) don't allow for adding files after the build is deployed so you now have to save this to a CDN like S3.
I later tried an approach that moved building the sitemap being triggered off of a webhook on every publish event inside of Contentful. The problem with this is that you have to make sure you are saving to the same URL inside S3 and that you still have the same added S3 dependency.
You could do a full rebuild on every webhook event to save the file which, is something many static site evangelists are comfortable with. However, as your site gets larger (and maybe handles lots of money), having builds happen at the drop of a hat just makes me uneasy. It's just more moving parts to worry about. There had to be a better way, I wanted to keep my site dynamic with a good cache, and ensure builds only happen for code changes not content changes. I also wanted to ditch the extra S3 dependency.
The New Method
Thankfully, Next.js can do this inside it's
getInitialProps hook and serve up the XML file easily. You can setup the sitemap page, have it build on the server, set it and forget it.
First create the
touch ./pages/sitemap.js
Install the
xmlbuilder package:
npm install xmlbuilder or
yarn add xmlbuilder whichever you prefer.
Then configure the following to your liking based upon your contentful models. I use a
pages and
articles model here as examples but you may have many more.
import { createClient } from '../services/contentful'; import * as builder from 'xmlbuilder'; const rootUrl = ''; const buildUrlObject = (path, updatedAt) => { return { 'loc': { '#text': `${rootUrl}${path}` }, 'lastmod': { '#text': updatedAt.split('T')[0] }, 'changefreq': { '#text': 'daily' }, 'priority': { '#text': '1.0' } } } const Sitemap = () => ( null ); Sitemap.getInitialProps = async ({ res }) => { try { const client = createClient(); const pages = await client.getEntries({ content_type: 'page', limit: 1000, include: 1 }); const articles = await client.getEntries({ content_type: 'article', limit: 1000, include: 1 }); let feedObject = { 'urlset': { '@xmlns': '', '@xmlns:image': '', 'url': [] } } for (const item of pages.items) { if (typeof item.fields.slug !== 'undefined') { feedObject.urlset.url.push( buildUrlObject(`/${item.fields.slug === 'index' ? '' : item.fields.slug}`, item.sys.updatedAt) ); } } for (const item of articles.items) { if (typeof item.fields.slug !== 'undefined') { feedObject.urlset.url.push( buildUrlObject(`/blog/${item.fields.slug}`, item.sys.updatedAt) ); } } for (const item of posts.items) { if (typeof item.fields !== 'undefined') { feedObject.urlset.url.push( buildUrlObject(`/the-salon/${item.fields.slug === 'index' ? '' : item.fields.slug}`, item.sys.updatedAt) ); } } const sitemap = builder.create(feedObject, { encoding: 'utf-8' }); if (res) { res.setHeader('Cache-Control', 's-maxage=5, stale-while-revalidate'); res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/xml'); res.statusCode = 200; res.end(sitemap.end({ pretty: true })); } return; } catch(error) { return { error: 404 }; } }; export default Sitemap;
Notes: I like to extract my contentful service into a
services directory but you can put the contentful package or whatever headless CMS you want to use in here instead. I also use the slug
index for the homepage in contentful so I have that ternary check in here to not include the slug. Again configure as needed. I've also limited this to 1000 articles and pages but if you have more you may want to do some pagination magic there as well.
Deployment
To configure this for deployment on now.sh you just need to head on over to your
now.json file and setup accordingly. Also make sure you add the route for your
robots.txt file here. This can be stored in static but you will want it accessible off of the route.
{ "version": 2, "alias": "my-sitemap-sample", "name": "my-sitemap-sample", "builds": [{ "src": "next.config.js", "use": "@now/next" }], "routes": [ { "src": "^/robots.txt", "dest": "/static/robots.txt" }, { "src": "/sitemap.xml", "dest": "/sitemap" } ] }
Scaling
As your site grows it may take some time to build and serve up this file. I like to use a service like cloudflare and it's caching to mitigate this. So far I haven't hit any speed traps but know that on a super large sitemap it might be a good idea to break this into multiple sitemaps on different routes at a certain point.
Hope this helps others out as it's helped me.
Posted on by:
Mike Rispoli
Just a humble self-taught web engineer trying to make an impact.
Discussion
Hi!Great article, well done. Just a quick note, I think you're missing a piece as posts.items is flagged as not defined.
Maybe you want to add something like:
Hi Asher,
So for this section of code the
posts.itemswill come back as undefined if you don't have a
content_typeof posts inside your Contentful account. You would probably want to wrap that in an
ifstatement in production in case your
content_typereturns no items. But you will likely have multiple types you want to add here for example posts, pages, categories, etc. Anything that represents a page that you want to expose to google.
Great post Mike! Curious how you feel about the circular dependency issues in xmlbuilder? I need to implement a similar solution in a mono repo using rollup and running into circular issues.
Hi Aimee,
So I haven't run into circular issues with xmlbuilder with this implementation. However, I have run into this many times with Contentful. The most common foot gun when working in Contentful is having a Content type that also contains a reference to itself. This is typically something that happens if you want to say have a blog post with a list of recommended blog posts that also contain their own blog post recommendations. What I think you have to do for the site map is set the
includelevel to one so it doesn't fetch deeply nested references. In general I try to avoid doing that type of referencing with Contentful now and rather use an additional query for a use case like recommended articles and recommended products etc.
I hope that helps a bit but I know circular references can be very frustrating.
Thanks for the reply Mike!
I found that the xmlbuilder library has some circular dependency issues, but they have been fixed in xmlbuilder2! We've handled our Contentful related issues with some safe stringifiying, and definitely learned that includes query param lesson the hard way :)
Cheers! | https://practicaldev-herokuapp-com.global.ssl.fastly.net/mrispoli24/dynamic-sitemaps-with-contentful-and-next-js-a-k-a-look-ma-no-webhooks-3bj5 | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | refinedweb | 1,138 | 66.64 |
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Guess what.
Its 49.4
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*sends a gif of a caterpillar running at 3 fps with sparkles everywhere*5
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After that he accomplished 1 day's work in a week because he was googling how to set up linux environments
CHOOSE THE TOOL FOR THE FUCKING JOB YOU DIMWIT9
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me, making a project: "free bootstrap templates"5
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>bright smile on his face
>fear.png
>
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>
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also me: yo, look at those nfc chips, i got an idea1
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My weekend mostly consisted of me getting schwifty®.
Instead of getting work done.4
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"Fuck yeah, finally a break, beach, grill, nice. Im not bringing my laptop, theres no way im touching any code."
Me, 10 minutes after i got on the bus
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>
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Client asks for a bunch of data what can be easily calculated with excel. I think to myself, yeah, ill not fuck around adding numbers 1by1, ill just use excel.
Client wants a program, says he likes having a program do stuff. Mind you, this isnt an universal program at all, it just has to work for this specific input file.
Me: packages the original excel file into a jar and makes it unpackage when run.
Client: is happy
Me: ???
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Oh ok
>i create new branch
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Well golly gee seems like you did a shit job at automating7
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Sincerely, a java developer20
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I also wish i wasnt colorblind.3
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Friend:'php, mysql, javascript'
Me:'...DUDE'6
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Yeah fuck you12
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- Wanted to do a 1 hour coding challenge. Thought "hey why not use js this time". 3 hours later, my blood pressure is skyrocketing and i am really bothered by js threading.2
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Linux for server, windows for desktop.
Tune in for the next episode where we fight off angery linux fanboys6
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- :)1
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"Hello, im from a headhunter company, looking for..."
THEY ARENT EVEN TRYING ANYMORE2
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I swear im not going to modify that string, i fucking swear on my life pinky promise, just plEASE LET ME USE IT WITHOUT HAVING TO CLONE.
Sincerely, a functional programmer6
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Not at all, but i bought an electric scooter so i dont have to take public transport.
Also instead of "bless you" we now say "corona".1
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You know how theres a dedicated person in porn whos job is blowing the actors so they are hard? That, but with writing all the boilerplate code and nothing else.1
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- 2 weeks and i leave my job.
Pro: no more dealing-with-math-msc-students
Con: i want to keep that juicy cluster to run my own calculations ;_;2
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Can someone explain what the fuck is a namespace while we r at it?5
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*angry js fanboys in the distance*
Oh yeah thats why1
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- Moving to a new office this week. The only chinese restaurant nearby is one of those where you get 5 times the amount of rice compared to the meat. Fuck.5
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It doesnt matter that you are in love with x language and you want to devote your life to it if the industry adapted something else, you will have to compromise.
(Node vs php)1
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java: JFormattedTextField tf = ((JSpinner.DefaultEditor) columns.getEditor).getTextField();
me: ...
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- Be me.
Learn angular for a project @ work.
Do the filter-page-by-textbox thing.
Type "nex" in search bar.
Not working.
Spend 3 hours reading tutorials and docs.
Realize all divs have "nex" in them.
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- >open project
>add some prints to debug a small thing
>algorithm gets completely fucked up, replacing data everywhere
>close project
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- So @SirusAmory inspired me to put a commented out youtube link in a source code featuring my sickest kickflips.3
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Here, ill probably make more later.9
- Tldr: what are some tips you wish you got when you started programming?
Hey so. I got added to a facebook group with absolute beginners to programming. Been tryna answer their questions but its getting overwhelming and i thought id make a definitive guide to beginners or something like that. I have a buncha topics and tips but the more the better, so please if you got some advice you wish you got x years ago, post it down here.5
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(the back button is pretty buggy, just use home button to exit)14
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++ if you know who's this2
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*********
Fuck you, i dont give a shit that you need to present data tomorrow, its weekend, you cant just fucking call me to get things done asap. Im working from the code of a dead guy do you know how fucking hard it is to ask a dead person whats their code do?
*********
I really wish devrant had some kinda longboard/skateboard in the profile pic
*********
Im still not a fucking designer i can make like does-not-make-you-barf tier designs, JUST TELL ME WHAT TO FUCKING CODE JESUS
*********
whys the new rick n morty episode not out yet wtf
*********
Yo i love linux but set the fucking privileges right you dipshit, i cant exrcute my damn code on your crappy ass 2008 xeon server fuck you3
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- me: what a nice day
someone: hey, wanna join our project? its a university thing
me: yeah sure
someone: oh, you r the PM
me: AAAAA
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- The thing I really wish for is devrant posts not to be visible when i look up things on ddg, because i wanna rant about stuff but they are so exact that it would take 2 nanoseconds to find my user here.4
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- 1) clicking on the wk141 tag wouldnt show the wk140 rants
2) big titty mafia mommy gf
3) when i buy something i always have the exact price on my bank account
- I found a cooler master atx with built in power for like half the price of a cm atx and a cm power supply yay2
- 2 week "conference" "meeting" in greece. Thought would also be a nice chance for a vacation. Except the cell network is absolute horseshit here, who the fuck uses 3g anymore??1
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- Currently rewriting a python library because the author clearly doesnt understand what crossplatform means, and this language is fucking terrible.2
- How come that im absolute shit when it comes to designing a webpage but i can make really fucking cool looking android apps, when they are essentially the same thing1
- I just got a legacy java system and im starting to see why kotlin should be implemented, so fucking imbeciles cant use null as a database path
-
- Me: okay lets test this website i made for my iot projects
Apache2: nah nope i aint loading shell stuff
Me: hm seems like a php bug, lets debug locally
Me:
Me: fucking1
- Anybody entering ludum dare on the 29th? I wanna try my luck at making a game, never succeeded before :')3
-
- !dev
>Be my friend
>Buy a tdi
>Upshift at 1300rpm
>Get up to speed in like a minute
Ffs the turbo never even turned on what the fuck.1
-
- Everyones like "python is pseudocode" but honestly i dont see it, after sql, python is the least intuitive syntax i ever worked with, and i frequently use haskell so4
-
-
- This aint a rant but can you guys recommend me a game to pass time?
Id like to have a
Strategy game
Realistic, but not europa universalis realistic
Fun to play
Around 30min/match or ability to save
Windows is ok
Not neccessarily multiplayer, i travel quite often3
-
-
- I cant really contribute much to this wk because im mostly doing dev stuff in my free time.
But league and, well, strategy games in general taught me a lot about micromanaging stuff and thinking ahead. My advice is, if you wanna get better at most mental tasks, go download lol or grab a copy of cities or eu4 and play for half an hour every day.9
-
- Ah yes i also love when you have so much shit to do for college where you are supposed to be studying developer stuff, that you havent written a single line of code in the past week because you dont have time.1
- i feel like all the automated things, supposed to make development easier, just severely slow everything down3
-
- I know it's a bit late from the official launch of iOS 11, but finally I get to have my hands on this. So, let's jump in and explore what's new.11
- !rant
Software development has acquired some interesting jargon over the years, but I keep wondering if other languages and cultures have commonplace expressions for what can be translated as "improvisation-oriented programming" or "hammering code" (i. e. hacking something in a brutish way)
- 2020 goal
Shid and fard
Also some form of a biohack that makes sens in a day to day life, looking at the new spider man movie glasses rn1
Top Tags | https://devrant.com/search?term=pog | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | refinedweb | 4,371 | 71.38 |
There.
Let's say we have a class with two methods that have the same signature (same return type and same parameter configuration).
We can point to either of the methods in our class by using a delegate declared as follows:
public delegate int MyMethodDelegate(int param1, int param2);
Now, if we have another class and want to execute either of the methods in MyObject, we can do it through the delegate as in the "Do()" method in the class below. As a matter of fact, we can pass any method with the same signature (not JUST the methods in MyObject). Check out the MySecondObject.Subtract() method.
public class MySecondObject
{
MyObject obj;
int a, b;
public MySecondObject()
{
a=4;
b=5;
obj = new MyObject();
}
public int Do(string pMethod)
MyMethodDelegate del = null;
switch(pMethod)
{
case"Add":
del = new MyMethodDelegate(obj.Add);
break;
case"Multiply":
del = new MyMethodDelegate(obj.Multiply);
case "Subtract":
del = new MyMethodDelegate(this.Subtract);
}
if(null == del) throw new Exception("Not a valid call");
return del(a,b);
public int Subtract(int param1, int param2)
return param1 - param2;
}
Hopefully this gives you a better idea of what delegates are and how they are implemented. Happy coding,
View All | http://www.c-sharpcorner.com/article/learning-delegates-in-C-Sharp-an-introduction/ | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | refinedweb | 200 | 51.18 |
FWIDE(3) Linux Programmer's Manual FWIDE(3)
fwide - set and determine the orientation of a FILE stream
#include <wchar.h> int fwide(FILE *stream, int mode); Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)): fwide(): _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500 || _ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L.
POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, C99.
Wide-character output to a byte oriented stream can be performed through the fprintf(3) function with the %lc and %ls directives. Char oriented output to a wide-character oriented stream can be performed through the fwprintf(3) function with the %c and %s directives.
fprintf(3), fwprintf(3)
This page is part of release 5.08 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be found at. GNU 2016-03-15 FWIDE(3)
Pages that refer to this page: fwprintf(3), swprintf(3), vfwprintf(3), vswprintf(3), vwprintf(3), wprintf(3) | https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/fwide.3.html | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | refinedweb | 156 | 55.13 |
A method is presented to provide a definition for an abbreviation or initialism whenever the user hovers over the abbreviation or initialism.
In much of my writing, I find that I am using quite a few acronyms and initialisms. I normally write out the phrase followed by the abbreviation or initialism in parentheses. For example, I would write:
Many years ago, the US Naval Undersea Center (NUC)....
Then, somewhere further down in the document, I would use "NUC" or "HCZDB". But a large number of paragraphs could appear between a definition and its next use. So, unless the reader was familiar with the subject matter, he would have to search for the meaning of, say, HCZDB.
We are probably all familiar with the use of "green links" that appear on the web. The link is usually green with a double underline. When hovered over, a pop-up would appear, usually some form of advertising. For example,
So this was my solution. Replace the abbreviation or initialism with a "Green Link" that would provide a definition when the abbreviation was hovered over. For example,
Implementing Green Links requires, in addition to the HTML file, CSS and JavaScript files.
In the page HTML, wherever a Green Link is desired, a <span> of the form...
<span>
<span class="green_link">;Abbreviation;Definition</span>
...is inserted. In this case, the leading semicolon specifies the separator that will be used between the abbreviation and its definition. Any printing character that does not appear in either the abbreviation or the definition may be used. The reader is cautioned that a semicolon is not useful as a separator if an HTML special character is in either the abbreviation or definition (e.g., &, ", <, >, etc.). Use a different separator, say, "!".
For Green Links to appear in the document, preprocessing is required. The preprocessing is initiated after the page has been loaded, triggered by a <body> onload event handler:
<body>
<body onload="initialize_green_links();">
JavaScript functions replace the original "green_link" <span> by:
green_link
<span>
<span class="revised_green_link">
<span class='abbreviation_alone'>
Abbreviation
</span>
<span class='abbreviation_definition'>
<a id='greenlink_1'></a>
<a href='#greenlink_1'
style='text-decoration:none;
font-weight:bold;'>
<span class='abbreviation'>
Abbreviation
</span>
<span class='definition'>
Definition
</span>
</a>
</span>
</span>
In addition, the script creates a Remove/Restore Green Links link that allows a reader to disable (or enable) the Green Links on a page.
In the GreenLinks.js file, three JavaScript global variables are required to maintain state.
var abbreviation_alone_rule = null;
var abbreviation_definition_rule = null;
var green_links_displayed = false;
The first two point to the CSS rules that determine how the Green Link will be displayed. The Boolean records the display state of the Green Links.
The Javascript function initialize_green_links() controls the process:
initialize_green_links()
function initialize_green_links ( )
{
var found = false;
if ( !green_links_found ( ) )
{
}
else
{
abbreviation_alone_rule = green_links_rule_retrieved (
'.abbreviation_alone' );
if ( abbreviation_alone_rule == undefined )
{
}
else
{
abbreviation_definition_rule = green_links_rule_retrieved (
'.abbreviation_definition' );
if ( abbreviation_definition_rule == undefined )
{
}
else if ( !initialize_green_link_action ( ) )
{
}
else if ( !revise_green_links ( ) )
{
}
else
{
abbreviation_alone_rule.style.display = 'none';
abbreviation_definition_rule.style.display = 'inline';
}
}
}
return ( found );
}
The function determines if there are any Green Links on the page. If there are none, it exits, returning that fact.
I wanted to create the Green Links style sheet dynamically using JavaScript thus simplifying the use of Green Links (no need to include a GreenLinks.css file and a GreenLinks.js file, only the GreenLinks.js file). Unfortunately, Google Chrome prohibited this solution. So the style sheet must be included as a separate CSS file.
The two rules that govern how the Green Links are displayed are retrieved from the style sheet. These rules are stored in global variables to allow them to be rapidly accessed and their styles modified (see Dynamic Font Size Using HTML and JavaScript). Once retrieved, the styles for the two rules are set to the default values.
The Remove/Restore link (green_link_action) is created and positioned on the web page. The link is positioned absolutely. As the page scrolls, the position is recalculated so that the link's position is maintained at the top left of the web page.
green_link_action
Finally, all "green_link" <span>s are replaced by the "revised_green_link" <span>s.
revised_green_link
The first step to using Green Links is to include the CSS and JavaScript files in the HTML page. Following standard practice, place the CSS file in the document's <head>.
<head>
<link type="text/css"
rel="Stylesheet"
media="screen,print"
href="./CSS/GreenLinks.css" />
Then alter the <body> tag to include the onload handler:
onload
The onload handler can be placed on each page of a web site, whether or not the page contains Green Links. The test to determine if Green Links are present is very fast, hardly affecting the page rendering time.
Following the online discussions by Google employees, I place the JavaScript include just before the </body> tag:
</body>
<script type="text/javascript"
src="./Scripts/GreenLinks.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
Now the more difficult task. Determine if a web page contains any acronyms or initialisms that could benefit from the use of Green Links. For each identified item, create the "green_link" <span> in place of the item. Say, for example, the following text appeared on your web page:
.
</p>
If the initialism "ICF" and the chemical symbols "D", "T" were to be replaced with Green Links, the text would become:
ICF
D
T
</p>
<span class="green_link" >;ICF;Inertial Confinement Fusion</span>
devices use "drivers" to rapidly heat the outer layers
of a "target" in order to compress it. The target is a
small spherical pellet containing a few milligrams of
fusion fuel, typically a mix of
<span class="green_link" >;D;deuterium</span>
and
<span class="green_link" >;T;tritium;</span>.
The energy of the laser heats the surface of the pellet
into a plasma.
</p>
and would be displayed.
When a reader hovers over one of the Green Links, the definition would be displayed (e.g., "Inertial Confinement Fusion" for "ICF", "deuterium" for "D", and "tritium" for "T") .
In order to see the results of this technique, visit Summary of Real-Time Projects. On that page, I have used Green Links (maybe overused to make the point).
This paper has presented a simple way in which to expand acronyms and initialisms to their definitions.
All of the browsers produced the expected results.
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)
<span class="green_link">;ICF</span>
<style>
.green_link { border-bottom: 4px double green; }
</style>
<p>
<acronym class="green_link" title="Inertial Confinement Fusion" >ICF</acronym>
devices use "drivers" to rapidly heat the outer layers
of a "target" in order to compress it. The target is a
small spherical pellet containing a few milligrams of
fusion fuel, typically a mix of
<acronym class="green_link" title="deuterium" >D</acronym>
and
<acronym class="green_link" title="tritium" >T</acronym>.
The energy of the laser heats the surface of the pellet
into a plasma.
</p>
General News Suggestion Question Bug Answer Joke Rant Admin
Use Ctrl+Left/Right to switch messages, Ctrl+Up/Down to switch threads, Ctrl+Shift+Left/Right to switch pages. | http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/215090/Green-Links-Acronyms-and-Initialisms-exposed | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | refinedweb | 1,172 | 55.84 |
Inner node structure of the B-tree inner pages. More...
#include <stx-cbtreedb.h>
Inner node structure of the B-tree inner pages.
Each inner node has n+1 children nodes, where n is the number of keys in the node. The n+1 children nodes are stored consecutively starting at childrenoffset.
Definition at line 264 of file stx-cbtreedb.h.
Initializes structure with zero.
Definition at line 285 of file stx-cbtreedb.h.
Returns true if no more keys can be added.
Definition at line 292 of file stx-cbtreedb.h.
Returns the currently last key in the node.
Definition at line 298 of file stx-cbtreedb.h.
base offset of child B-tree nodes enumerated by keys.
Definition at line 273 of file stx-cbtreedb.h.
union with filler char array to assure page size.
Definition at line 281 of file stx-cbtreedb.h.
key array of ascending keys in this inner node.
Definition at line 278 of file stx-cbtreedb.h.
level of this inner node, always > 0.
Definition at line 267 of file stx-cbtreedb.h.
number of used slots in the arrays.
Definition at line 270 of file stx-cbtreedb.h. | https://panthema.net/2010/stx-cbtreedb/stx-cbtreedb-0.7.0/doxygen-html/structstx_1_1CBTreeDB_1_1InnerNode.html | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | refinedweb | 196 | 71.71 |
4 Essential ES2015 Features for Vue.js Development
4 Essential ES2015 Features for Vue.js Development
A Vue.js expert explains how to work with the latest features of JavaScript while coding with the Vue framework. Read on!
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ES.
In this article, I'll show you four ES2015 features that you'll use on a daily basis with Vue. I'll provide an explanation and brief example of each.
- Arrow functions
- Template literals
- Modules
- Destructuring and spread syntax
Note: this article was originally posted here on the Vue.js Developers blog on 2018/01/22
1. Arrow Functions
Arrow functions are a new way to declare JavaScript functions. They provide a shorter syntax, but differ from regular JavaScript functions in other ways, too.
// Regular JavaScript function function(parameters) { statements } // Arrow function (parameters) => { statements }
No Bound
this
An important feature of arrow functions is that they do not bind a value for
this. Instead, they use the
this of the enclosing context.
Consider JavaScript array methods requiring a callback function.
Array.filter, for example, allows you to return a new array only including those items that match the filter defined by the callback.
One of the great features of Vue.js is that you can easily access data properties, computed properties, and methods as
this.vueProperty from within the context of the Vue configuration object.
If you use a regular function for a callback, however, it will bind its own value for
this. You can't then refer to properties of the Vue object as
this.vueProperty from within the callback, you have to manually create them somewhere in the scope of the callback.
In the below example,
size is a data property. In the
fitlerBySize computed property, we need to declare a variable
size so this value can be used in the
filter callback:
new Vue({ data: { size: 'large', items: [ { size: 'small' }, { size: 'large' } ] }, computed: { filterBySize() { let size = this.size; return this.items.filter(function(item) { return item.size === size; // Note: this.size is undefined }); } } });
An arrow function uses the
this object from the enclosing context. In this case, it's from the
filterBySize computed property, which has the Vue object bound to
this, which objects); }
Read: '<div><h1>{{ title }}</h1><p>{{ message }}</p></div>' });
This is really hard to read when the line gets long.
Second option: make it multi-line. Due to how JavaScript strings are parsed, you'll need to break the string at the end of each line and join it up again with a
+. This makes the template much harder to edit:
Vue.component({ template: '<div>' + '<h1>{{ title }}</h1>' + '<p>{{ message }}</p>' + '</div>' });
Template literals solve the problem as they allowing multi-line strings without requiring the string to be broken up:
Vue.component({ template: `<div> <h1>{{ title }}</h1> <p>{{ message }}</p> </div>` });
Embedded Expressions
Sometimes we want a string to
+. Again, this makes the string hard to read and edit:
new Vue({ data: { name: 'George' }, computed: { greeting() { return 'Hello, ' + this.name + ', how are you?' } } });
By using a placeholder
${} in a template literal, we can insert variables and other expressions without breaking the string:
new Vue({ data: { name: 'George' }, computed: { greeting() { return `Hello, ${this.name}, how are you?` } } });
Read more about template literals on MDN.
3. Modules
How do you load a JavaScript object from one file into another? There was no native way to do it pre-ES2015. Using JavaScript modules, we can do it with export and import syntax:
file1.js
export default { myVal: 'Hello' }
file2.js
import obj from './file1.js'; console.log(obj.myVal); // Hello
Modules offer two key benefits:
- We can split our JavaScript app up into multiple files.
- We can make certain code reusable across projects.
Component Modules
One great use case for module files is component. Pre-ES2015, we'd need to put all our component definitions in the main now import the component definition object.
And to read more about JavaScript modules, start here with the import feature.
4. Destructuring and Spread Syntax
Objects are an essential part of Vue.js development. ES2015 makes it easier to work with object properties through some new syntax features.
Destructuring Assignment
Destructuring allows us to unpack object properties and assign them to distinct variables. Take the following object,
myObj. To assign its properties to new variables, we use the
. notation:
let myObj = { prop1: 'Hello', prop2: 'World' }; const prop1 = myObj.prop1; const prop2 = myObj.prop2;
Using destructuring assignment, we can do this more succinctly:
let myObj = { prop1: 'Hello', prop2: 'World' }; const { prop1, prop2 } = myObj; console.log(prop1); // Output: Hello
Destructuring is useful in Vuex actions. Actions receive a
context object which includes properties for the
state object and the
commit API method:
actions: { increment (context) { // context.state // context.commit(...) } }
It's common, though, that you don't need the
state property in an action, and only want to use the
commit API. By using a destructuring assignment in the function profile, you can create a
commit parameter for use in the body, reducing the verbosity of this function:
actions: { increment ({ commit }) { commit(...); } }
Spread Syntax
The Spread syntax allows us to expand an object into a place where multiple key/value pairs are expected. To copy information from one object to another pre-2015, we'd have to do it like this:
let myObj = { prop1: 'Hello', prop2: 'World' }; let newObj = { name: 'George', prop1: myObj.prop1, prop2: myObj.prop2 }; console.log(newObj.prop1); // Hello
Using the spread operator
..., we can do this more succinctly:
let newObj = { name: 'George', ...myObj }; console.log(newObj.prop1); // Hello
Taking an example from Vuex again, we often want to use our Vuex state properties as computed properties. Pre-ES2015, we'd have to replicate each one manually. For example:
store.js
new Vuex.Store({ state: { prop1: ..., prop2: ..., prop3: ... } });
app.js
new Vue({ computed: { prop1() { return store.state.prop1; }, prop2() { return store.state.prop2; } ... } });
Vuex provides the
mapState function which returns an object with all the Vuex state properties that you specify by providing their keys:
import { mapState } from 'vuex'; var state = mapState(['prop1', 'prop2', 'prop3']); console.log(state.prop1) // { ... }
Using
mapState in conjunction with the spread operator, we can combine local computed properties with those from Vuex in a very succinct way:
app.js
import { mapState } from 'vuex'; new Vue({ computed: { someLocalComputedProp() { ... }, ...mapState(['prop1', 'prop2', 'prop3']) } });
That's Cool! What Else?
The above are ES2015 features you'll use straight away in a Vue project. There are, of course, many other ES2015 features that are useful in Vue.js programming. If you want to keep learning from here, I'd suggest these two as your next topics:
- Promises. These help with asynchronous programming and can be used in conjunction }} | https://dzone.com/articles/4-essential-es2015-features-for-vuejs-development | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | refinedweb | 1,124 | 58.38 |
In programming, function refers to a segment that groups code to perform a specific task.
Depending on whether a function is predefined or created by programmer; there are two types of function:
Library functions are the built-in function in C++ programming.
Programmer can use library function by invoking function directly; they don't need to write it themselves.
#include <iostream> #include <cmath> using namespace std; int main() { double number, squareRoot; cout << "Enter a number: "; cin >> number; // sqrt() is a library function to calculate square root squareRoot = sqrt(number); cout << "Square root of " << number << " = " << squareRoot; return 0; }
Output
Enter a number: 26 Square root of 26 = 5.09902
In the example above,
sqrt() library function is invoked to calculate the square root of a number.
Notice code
#include <cmath> in the above program. Here,
cmath is a header file. The function definition of
sqrt()(body of that function) is present in the cmath header file.
You can use all functions defined in
cmath when you include the content of file
cmath in this program using
#include <cmath> .
Every valid C++ program has at least one function, that is,
main() function.
C++ allows programmer to define their own function.
A user-defined function groups code to perform a specific task and that group of code is given a name(identifier).
When the function is invoked from any part of program, it all executes the codes defined in the body of function.
Consider the figure above.
When a program begins running, the system calls the
main() function, that is, the system starts executing codes from
main() function.
When control of the program reaches to
function_name() inside
main(), it moves to
void function_name() and all codes inside
void function_name() is executed.
Then, control of the program moves back to the main function where the code after the call to the
function_name() is executed as shown in figure above.
C++ program to add two integers. Make a function
add() to add integers and display sum in main() function.
#include <iostream> using namespace std; // Function prototype (declaration) int add(int, int); int main() { int num1, num2, sum; cout<<"Enters two numbers to add: "; cin >> num1 >> num2; // Function call sum = add(num1, num2); cout << "Sum = " << sum; return 0; } // Function definition int add(int a, int b) { int add; add = a + b; // Return statement return add; }
Output
Enters two integers: 8 -4 Sum = 4
If a user-defined function is defined after
main() function, compiler will show error. It is because compiler is unaware of user-defined function, types of argument passed to function and return type. function prototype as below but it's not necessary to write arguments.
int add(int a, int b);
Note: It is not necessary to define prototype if user-defined function exists before
main() function.
To execute the codes of function body, the user-defined function needs to be invoked(called).
In the above program,
add(num1,num2); inside
main() function calls the user-defined function.
The function returns an integer which is stored in variable add.
The function itself is referred as function definition. Function definition in the above program is:
// Function definition int add(int a,int b) { int add; add = a + b; return add; }
When the function is called, control is transferred to the first statement of the function body.
Then, other statements in function body are executed sequentially.
When all codes inside function definition is executed, control of program moves to the calling program.
In programming, argument (parameter) refers to the data which is passed to a function (function definition) while calling it.
In the above example, two variables, num1 and num2 are passed to function during function call. These arguments are known as actual arguments.
The value of num1 and num2 are initialized to variables a and b respectively. These arguments a and b are called formal arguments.
This is demonstrated in figure below:
Notes on passing arguments
inttype. But it's not necessary to have both arguments of same type.
A function can return a single value to the calling program using return statement.
In the above program, the value of add is returned from user-defined function to the calling program using statement below:
return add;
The figure below demonstrates the working of return statement.
In the above program, the value of add inside user-defined function is returned to the calling function. The value is then stored to a variable sum.
Notice that the variable returned, i.e., add is of type
int and sum is also of int type.
Also, notice that the return type of a function is defined in function declarator
int add(int a, int b). The
int before
add(int a, int b) means the function should return a value of type
int.
If no value is returned to the calling function then,
void should be used. | https://cdn.programiz.com/cpp-programming/function | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | refinedweb | 809 | 62.68 |
> -----Original Message-----
> From: SteveKing [mailto:steveking@gmx.ch]
>
> Peter Mounce wrote:
> > A start on a CSharp regex (I'm quite the novice when it comes to
> > regex), built with a tool that uses the .NET regex library:
> >
> > (NOCASE) .cs =
>
> Is C# really case insensitive about variable names and
> keywords like 'public', 'protected', ...?
No. Correct. Oops.
> > (?:public|protected|private)\s+((\w+[\.]+)*(\w+)\s+)+(\w+)
>
> A test with this on some test C# files I have lying around
> shows that it also matches e.g. 'class', 'void', 'this', ...
> This is definitely not something we want in the autocompletion.
Mark II:
.cs =
(?:public\s+|protected\s+|private\s+)(?:(?:\w+[\.]+)*\w+\s+)+(\w+)
It matches property indexers, for example:
public HandsetRow this[int index] {
get {
return ((HandsetRow)(this.Rows[index]));
}
}
will match "this".
On an auto-generated dataset C# file of about 80Kb, the benchmark returned
39seconds. On a C# windows form, 40Kb, it took 6seconds.
> Every string you see in the output window (except the empty
> lines) are added to the autocompletion.
> And no, we won't change those matches. I mean we're using
> regexes here so we don't have to do that.
Ah; I'd misunderstood the brief, then.
> > Can you change the test tool so it's resizable, please?
>
> It's just a test tool!
>
> But I've just uploaded a new version of it which doesn't
> print the empty lines anymore.
Cheers ;-)
Peter Mounce
IML Ltd
t: (01428) 727476 f: (01428) 727011
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Received on Mon Feb 21 18:41:27 2005
This is an archived mail posted to the TortoiseSVN Dev
mailing list. | http://svn.haxx.se/tsvn/archive-2005-02/0786.shtml | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | refinedweb | 285 | 68.36 |
- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- SUBCLASSING AND EXTENDING
- INTEGRATION WITH Apache::Status
- CAVEATS
- SEE ALSO
- AUTHOR
NAME
Apache::RPC::Status - A status monitor similar to Apache::Status for RPC
SYNOPSIS
# In httpd.conf: </Location /rpc-status> SetHandler perl-script PerlHandler Apache::RPC::Status </Location> # In the start-up Perl file: use Apache::RPC::Status;
DESCRIPTION
The Apache::RPC::Status package is provided as a simple status monitor for XML-RPC servers running in a mod_perl environment, using the Apache::RPC::Server class (or derivative of). Patterned after the status system provided with mod_perl itself, information is broken down into a series of screens providing information ranging from the RPC servers currently configured down to the individual methods provided by the servers.
Information Screens
There are three basic screens provided by the stock Apache::RPC::Status package:
- Main: Listing of Servers
This screen is the first screen that comes up when the location for which this class was assigned as a handler is invoked. It lists the server objects that this running Apache process knows of. Note that if the servers are defined in such a way as to mean on-demand creation, then a given child process may not have all the configured servers in memory. This is by design, it is not a bug. See "Usage Within <Perl> Sections" in Apache::RPC::Server for details on configuring the RPC servers such that they are pre-loaded into all child processes.
- Server: Details of a Server
Each of the known servers in the main screen links to this screen, which provides details on the specific server. Information such as when the server was started (which usually matches the time that Apache was started), when the specific child was started (which may not be the same), number of requests servered, and so forth is provided. Additionally, each of the methods that the server provides is listed in alphanumeric order, with a link to the next screen.
- Method: Details of a Specific Method
For each of the known methods published by a server, this screen summarizes all that is known about the method itself. The signatures, help text and hidden status (whether the method is visible to the introspection API that is shipped with RPC::XML::Server) are all shown. Some optional information is shown if available: if the method has a version number associated with it, that is displayed. If the method was loaded from an external XPL file, the file path and modification-time are also displayed.
The primary purpose of this status system is to allow for checking the availability and sanity of the RPC servers themselves. For example, if a server is configured to auto-load methods, and automatically check for updates, the status system could confirm that a method is available or is at the correct version.
(Note that auto-loading and auto-updating are done on demand, when a call is made to the method in question. Thus, the status might not reflect changes until at least one call has been made. Further, if there are very many child processes handling the RPC servers, several calls may be necessary to ensure that the child process answering the status request also has the most up-to-date impression of the server.)
SUBCLASSING AND EXTENDING
This package is implemented as a method handler for Apache/mod_perl. This means that is should be relatively easy to subclass this package to implement an extended version of status reporting, or to provide handlers for phases of the request lifecycle not otherwise addressed.
Class Methods
There are three class methods defined in this package. One is the constructor, the other two are handlers for specific phases in the Apache request lifecycle.
- new(CLASS, ARGS)
This creates a new object of this class and returns a reference to it. The first argument is the class being created into, the remaining arguments are treated as key/value pairs (note: not a hash reference). At present, the only additional argument recognized is:
- serverclass
This is used when the status monitor is being used with a server class other than Apache::RPC::Server directly. Because several methods from that class are invoked, it is presumed that the class named here is a subclass of Apache::RPC::Server. If not, the status monitor may not work correctly, or at all. In the absence of this value,
Apache::RPC::Serveris assumed. This value may also be set with the mod_perl PerlSetVar directive. See the documentation for
init_handler, below.
- handler(CLASS, REQUEST)
This is the primary entry-point for the package. This is the handler defined for assignment to
PerlHandlerin a location configuration block. It is invoked by mod_perl as a method handler, thus the first argument is either the name of the class (in the case of class-method, or static, invocation) or the object configured as the handler. The second argument is the Apache request object itself.
This method derives the query parameters for the request from the Apache object, and treats them according to the type of information screen requested:
- screen
This specifies which screen of the status monitor is to be displayed. In absence, the value defaults to "main", which is the internal identifier for the primary screen of the status monitor system. If the value of this parameter does not match a known interface hook, then the handler will signify to mod_perl that it cannot handler the request, by replying with the
DECLINEDresponse code.
- server
When the screen parameter is set to
server, the monitor displays the server detail screen. In that case, this parameter specifies which server should be displayed. Servers are given unique identifiers when they are created, usually derived from the URL path that they are attached to. If the value here does not match any known servers, a warning is sent to the browser.
- method
When the screen parameter is set to
method, this calls for the method detail screen. The provided interface hook to deal with these requests looks for both the server parameter above and this one, which specifies by name the method to be laid out in detail. As with the server parameter, if the value in this parameter does not match any known data, an error is reported to the browser.
Any additional parameters will be preserved by make_url call detailed below. These are merely the specific ones recognized by the status monitor as written.
- init_handler(CLASS, REQUEST)
This is a very simple handler designed for the PerlChildInitHandler phase. At present, it only does one simple task (and thus makes no direct use of either parameter passed to it by mod_perl). However, it is included mainly as a placeholder for possible future expansion. The current behavior is to check for the existence of directory-configuration item called
ServerClass, and record the value if it is set. This is used to specifiy the class from which the RPC server objects are created, if something other than Apache::RPC::Server. If this information is passed via the
serverclassparameter to the new method above, that value overrides any value here. However, that requires actually creating an object to use as the handler, whereas this handler may be used directly, as a static handler. It would be configured outside of any <Location> blocks, a requirement for the PerlChildInitHandler phase. It is designed to stack cleanly with any other handlers for that phase, provided your mod_perl installation supports stacked handlers.
Additional Methods
In addition to the class methods above, the following are provided. In most cases, these do not rely on any data contained within the actual object itself. Many may also be called as static methods (these are so noted). They are provided as a utility, implemented as methods so as to avoid namespace issues:
- make_url(QUERY|REQUEST, FLAG)
(May be called as a static method.) This creates a URL string for use as a hyperlink. It makes certain to preserve all parameters in a CGI-like fashion. Additionally, it can make the URL in such a fashion as to allow better integration with the Apache::Status package. If the
FLAGparameter is passed and is any true value, then the resulting URL will be tailored for use with Apache::Status. The first argument must be either the original request object as passed by mod_perl, or a reference to a CGI object created from the request (see CGI for more on the CGI class).
Use and Extension Within Perl Sections
Some extension may be done without necessarily subclassing this package. The class object are implemented simply as hash references. When a request is received, the screen parameter (see above) is extracted, and used to look up in the hash table. If there is a value for that key, the value is assumed to be a hash reference with at least two keys (described below). If it does not exist, the handler routine declines to handle the request. Thus, some degree of extension may be done without the need for developing a new class, if the configuration and manipulation are done within <Perl> configuration blocks.
Adding a new screen means writing a routine to handle the requests, and then adding a hook into that routine to the object that is the handler for the Apache location that serves RPC status requests. The routines that are written to handle a request should expect four arguments (in order):
- The object reference for the location handler
-
- The Apache request object reference
-
- A query object reference (see below)
-
- A flag that is only passed when called from Apache::Status
-
The routines are given both the original request object and a query object reference for sake of ease. The query object is already available prior to the dispatch, so there is no reason to have each hook routine write the same few lines to derive a query object from an Apache request. At the same time, the hooks themselves may need the Apache object to call methods on. The query object is an instance of CGI. The flag parameter is passed by the linkage from this status package to Apache::Status. The primary use for it is to pass to routines such as make_url that are sensitive to the Apache::Status context.
The return value from these routines must be a reference to a list of lines of text. It is passed to the print method of the Apache class. This is necessary for compatibility with the Apache::Status environment.
To add a new hook, merely assign it to the object directly. The key is the value of the
screen parameter defined above, and the value is a hash reference with two keys:
- title
A string that is incorporated into the HTML title for the page.
- call
A reference to a subroutine or closure that implements the hook, and conforms to the conventions described above.
A sample addition:
$stat_obj->{dbi} = { title => 'RPC-side DBI Pool', call => \&show_dbi_pool };
INTEGRATION WITH Apache::Status
This package is designed to integrate with the Apache::Status package that is a part of mod_perl. However, this is not currently functional. When this has been debugged, the details will be presented here.
CAVEATS
This is the newest part of the RPC-XML package. While the package as a whole is now considered beta, this piece may yet undergo some alpha-like enhancements to the interface and such. However, the design and planning of this were carefully considered, so any such changes should be minimal.
SEE ALSO
Apache::Status, Apache::RPC::Server, RPC::XML::Method
AUTHOR
Randy J. Ray <rjray@blackperl.com> | https://metacpan.org/pod/release/RJRAY/RPC-XML-0.40/lib/Apache/RPC/Status.pm | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | refinedweb | 1,925 | 59.43 |
I've been thinking about this issue again, after yesterday's flurry of
email regarding this issue, and have come to a different conclusion
than I did yesterday. Note that I still have not yet heard from
Microsoft has to whether or not they will fix IE 4.0 (though I assume
they will - the mail I have received from them seems somewhat
encouraging), but this deals with IE 3.0.
Basically,.
This is what must have happened with Microsoft and Netscape: they coded to
draft-ietf-http-range-retrieval-00.txt, a standards-track IETF
internet draft, and assumed that the same would be part of
HTTP/1.1. They were not actively taking part in the complete HTTP/1.1
discssion, and may not have noticed the little change at the time it
was written. Since the complete HTTP/1.1 spec is so long, they
probably put off reading it until they were planning on implementing
it in their clients and servers (Microsoft told me that they are
planning on making IE 4.0 HTTP/1.1 compliant)..
Also, as I said before, I'd like to ditch the quotes from the boundary
string in the Content-Type header. Yes, MSIE's implementation is not
MIME-compliant (the MIME specs reccomend quotes in all cases), but
again, look at the HTTP spec. If I look at it from the point of view
of someone not intimately familiar with all the interent standards
(like MIME), and is concentrating on implementing HTTP, I might
miss the fact that the multipart/byteranges defenition is in fact a
reference to another standard. Both the ID and the HTTP/1.1 spec
define multipart/byteranges with regard to the MIME specs, but they do
not explicitly say "see the MIME specifications" - RFC 2046, which
defines multiparts, isn't even mentioned in the References section
(2047 is, though, which defines other parts of MIME).
In other words, while the defenition of multipart/[x-]byteranges is
very clear when you know it refers to the complete MIME spec, if you
didn't know that beforehand, it seems instead like a very vauge
defenition of multipart/byteranges: it does not define exact
semantics, does not provide a BNF, only an example. And so you might
code based on that example. And that example does not use quotes in
the boundary string. So you might not expect them.
So I say let's just remove the quotes.
Here's a patch that adds both of these:
P.S. I have yet to hear from anyone who has access to a Windows
machine who has tested byterange support as I asked someone to... I'm
taking Adobe's word that IE 3.0 for Windows is misfunctioning. I'd
perfer someone here did it. (and that way we'd also know if this patch
worked! Even if Adobe is right, the problem may involve other things
Apache does as well.)
Index: http_protocol.c
===================================================================
RCS file: /export/home/cvs/apache/src/http_protocol.c,v
retrieving revision 1.100
diff -c -r1.100 http_protocol.c
*** http_protocol.c 1997/02/11 17:02:04 1.100
--- http_protocol.c 1997/02/14 03:03:48
***************
*** 1052,1057 ****
--- 1052,1064 ----
return OK;
}
+ static int use_range_x(request_rec *r) {
+ char *ua;
+ return (table_get(r->headers_in, "Request-Range") ||
+ ((ua = table_get(r->headers_in, "User-Agent"))
+ && strstr(ua, "MSIE")));
+ }
+
void send_http_header(request_rec *r)
{
conn_rec *c = r->connection;
***************
*** 1082,1090 ****);
--- 1089,1096 ----
if (r->byterange > 1)
bvputs(fd, "Content-Type: multipart/",
! use_range_x(r) ? : | http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/httpd-dev/199702.mbox/%3CPine.HPP.3.95.970213183924.9265B-100000@ace.nueva.pvt.k12.ca.us%3E | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | refinedweb | 585 | 71.85 |
Working with Dates in the Model Layer
By Csoto-Oracle on Oct 25, 2010
In ADF applications, model data is surfaced to the view and controller layers through data control objects implemented for each type of data provider. The Oracle ADF data controls provide a consistent mechanism for clients and web application controllers to access data and actions defined by these diverse data-provider technologies, including Oracle ADF Business Components, JavaBeans, EJB session beans, Web Services, etc.
No matter if you are using the BC4J components or creating your own objects, the date object that the model layer must provide to the controllers is oracle.jbo.domain.Date
If you are using JavaBeans or EJBs you should convert the dates from the Java date format to oracle.jbo.domain.Date if necessary, for example:
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
...
DateFormat formatter;
formatter = new SimpleDateFormat("dd/MM/yyyy");
java.util.Date date;
date = formatter.parse("25/10/2010");
java.sql.Date sqlDate = new java.sql.Date(date.getTime());
oracle.jbo.domain.Date jboDate = new oracle.jbo.domain.Date(sqlDate);
If you try to send a different date object from the model layer you can get an error like the following:
To change the date format in BC4J components like View Objects or Entity Objects, you can execute the following steps:
1. Open the component
2. Go to the Overview tab
3. Go to the Attributes section at the left
4. Double click on the date field, the Edit Attribute window will open
5. Go to the Control Hints section at the left
6. Select format date "Simple Date"
7. Enter the desired format on the Format property
8. Click Apply
9. Click Ok (the Edit Attribute window will close)
Note that dates in both BC4J and other objects that you can develop for the model layer (like EJBs or other Java classes) must be formatted with the Java date format, whose usage can be seen here, but finally the date sent to the ViewController must be an object of type oracle.jbo.domain.Date | https://blogs.oracle.com/csoto/entry/working_with_dates_in_the_model_layer | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | refinedweb | 346 | 55.74 |
Y Collect And Grow Game - prealpha
Generic Game engine for creating snake like collect and grow games.
Yaşar Arabacı
(yasar11732)
This is going to be generic tool for creating snake like games in which your character on screen constantly moves on the board. Developers using this tool can be easily create maps, where character should collect baits, avoid baits, and if you wish grow like a snake. Maps and views are tied with each other with event system. Maps are collected in maps file (regular python files, using objects provided with this tool.) and loaded one after another by game engine (Which is in Run.py) There is only one ugly map for now, in order to demonstrate what could it be done with this tool, and this tool is still in early stages in developed. Anyone is welcome to try generating some maps using this, or help out developing the engine. Documentation available in latest download on the homepage. Latest version of the codes are in here: I am open to suggestions and bug reports.
Changes
Links
Releases
Y Collect And Grow Game prealpha — 24 Jul, 2011
Pygame.org account Comments
Steelovic 2011-07-25 16:58:11
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:\Python25\Projects\ALIEN\OSIGHN\Run.py", line 26, in <module>
from Objects import EventObject, Directions, Player
File "D:\Python25\Projects\ALIEN\OSIGHN\Objects.py", line 5, in <module>
if version.major == 2:
AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'major'
Yaşar Arabacı 2011-07-26 00:52:43
Fixed bug, and made minor changes to maps. You can download from homepage mentioned above. Latest source will be always at...
Yaşar Arabacı 2011-07-26 04:00:19
Class documentation available in latest download on homepage. | https://www.pygame.org/project/1945/3466 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | refinedweb | 290 | 65.12 |
Goodger wrote:
> Felix Wiemann <Felix.Wiemann@...> wrote:
>
>> We're considering to re-use parts (maybe large parts) of the Docutils
>> infrastructure for the MoinMoin project.
>
> What are you trying to accomplish and why?
Well, the MoinMoin wiki uses a parser/formatter system which works
basically like this:
The input text is parsed by the parser, which immediately calls the
formatter (e.g. formatter.emphasis(1) when the emphasis starts, and
formatter.emphasis(0) when the emphasis ends).
You have e.g. a moin_wiki parser and an html formatter, but there are
many more. If you want to look at the HTML formatter, see this:;file=MoinMoin/formatter/text_html.py
(To get the whole MoinMoin repository, go here:)
Now, this approach suffers from inflexibility because no intermediate
doctree is generated (on which e.g. transforms could be applied). Now,
instead of re-inventing the wheel, MoinMoin could use Docutils' document
tree. This would also allow us to re-use many of Docutils' modules with
little modifications for MoinMoin (e.g. the excellent HTML writer). And
Docutils might grow a few parsers (at least as plugins), most notably a
moin_wiki parser.
MoinMoin would need to extend Docutils' document tree a little, however.
E.g. it needs underline and strike-through. But overall it seems that
most current MoinMoin elements are rather cleanly mappable to Docutils'
document tree.
The whole point of this is sharing code, so that the two projects can
benefit from each other.
> "Subclass" the module itself, by duplicating its namespace:
>
> """
> from docutils.nodes import *
>
> class strikeout(Inline, TextElement):
> ...
> """
Cool. Thanks.
Felix
--
Felix Wiemann --
On 7/7/06, Felix Wiemann <Felix.Wiemann@...> wrote:
> We're considering to re-use parts (maybe large parts) of the Docutils
> infrastructure for the MoinMoin project.
What are you trying to accomplish and why?
I can't comment on your ideas (except for a knee-jerk "no way!" ;-)
without more background.
> Any suggestions how to extend the doctree *right now*, without changing
> Docutils? Just copy all module contents of nodes.py to a MoinMoin nodes
> module and extend it? That's not quite clean, but it should work for now.
"Subclass" the module itself, by duplicating its namespace:
"""
from docutils.nodes import *
class strikeout(Inline, TextElement):
...
"""
--
David Goodger <>
Hi,
We're considering to re-use parts (maybe large parts) of the Docutils
infrastructure for the MoinMoin project.
For this, we'd need to extend the doctree a bit, e.g. with strike,
underline, small, big. (MoinMoin needs to support those.)
I'd like to gather ideas on how to do that.
Copy all node classes into a class (e.g. class Nodes, with
Nodes.paragraph, Nodes.emphasis etc.) from which we can subclass? That
would, in the long run, require a major refactoring of many parts of the
Docutils code base (which might be worth it, though).
We could even move it to a class "nodes" which would be accessible from
the "docutils" namespace, so that "from docutils import nodes" still
works, which would save a lot of effort.
Hmm.
Anyway, that requires changes to Docutils.
Any suggestions how to extend the doctree *right now*, without changing
Docutils? Just copy all module contents of nodes.py to a MoinMoin nodes
module and extend it? That's not quite clean, but it should work for now.
Felix
-- | https://sourceforge.net/p/docutils/mailman/docutils-develop/?viewmonth=200607&viewday=7 | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | refinedweb | 551 | 68.97 |
Attentiveness Evaluation
The attentiveness evaluation test in my driving school was easier than one I developed by using JavaFX. I made it harder by adding the next value randomly.
The test data are stored in the
PersistentProperties class that combines the
Storage and the
Properties classes. When you create its instance, all the key-value pairs are loaded from the specified storage. This class provides utility methods to convert a string value into the expected type. For example,
public function getInteger(key, default: Integer) {
var value = get(key);
if (value != null) try {
return Integer.parseInt(value)
}
catch (exception) {
}
default
}
This method takes a string value for a given key and tries to parse it as an
Integer value. If the value is not found or it could not be parsed, the method returns the default value. I think, it might be helpful to have such utility methods in the
Properties class. The
PersistentProperties class is used in this test as well as in the previous one. The application model based on this class is used to store the data when they are changed. Study the
PersistentModel class in detail.
public class PersistentModel {
def properties = PersistentProperties {
source: "properties.txt"
}
First, the data storage is initialized.
public var misses = properties.getInteger("misses", 0) on replace {
if (isInitialized(blocker)) {
properties.put("misses", misses);
properties.store()
}
}
Then the
misses variable of the
Integer type is declared. Note that when you change this variable, its new value is stored in the repository. The following simple method is designed to avoid overwriting the repository during class initialization. The
blocker variable is declared as the last variable. It is not initialized during the initialization of other variables. So, during the initialization of the
misses variable, the
isInitialized(blocker) method returns
false. Instead of the
blocker variable, it is possible to use any class variable that is declared after this one.
public-read var passes = properties.getInteger("passes", 0);
The
passes variable is declared with the
public-read modifier and changes only within the
PersistentModel class. Its all changes are made by the model, so that it is possible to omit the 'on replace' block.
public-read var millis: Long;
var millisAll = properties.getLong("millis", 0) on replace {
if (passes > 0) {
millis = millisAll / passes
}
}
The
millis variable is used for the average time. However, it is necessary to know all the spent time and the number of the passed attempts to calculate it. Therefore, the auxiliary
millisAll variable is declared and the average time is recalculated when it is changed.
public-read var errors: Long;
var errorsAll = properties.getLong("errors", 0) on replace {
if (passes > 0) {
errors = errorsAll / passes
}
}
The
errors variable is used similar to the
millis variable.
public function pass(millis: Long, errors: Long) {
properties.put("passes", ++passes);
properties.put("millis", millisAll += millis);
properties.put("errors", errorsAll += errors);
properties.store()
}
The
pass function is used to change several variables simultaneously and to store their new values in the storage.
var blocker = true;
}
Note that using JavaFX storages solves the problem with the unsigned JNLP applets, that I discovered earlier.
original post
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- malenkov's blog
- 1746 reads | https://weblogs.java.net/blog/malenkov/archive/2010/07/16/attentiveness-evaluation | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | refinedweb | 529 | 50.73 |
Patching functions and libraries
Introduction
After this forum post culminating in a very nicely pitched wish-list item from Robbie King, I decided to take on the challenge of working out how to deliver "Robbies Dream".
The dream is to be able to make low cost LPC11U24 hardware that doesn't even have a crystal. It's possible in theory, but the mbed libraries are hard wired to use the on-board crystal. While it is possible to switch to the internal oscillator in software from user code, the LPC11U24 wont get as far as the user code without the crystal.
As this was clearly going to be a software exercise, I was hoping that Emilio or Samuel would step in and make it all work beautifully. Unfortunately they are both really busy on some super-cool stuff, and so I quote (literally) :
wrote:wrote:
"i think it should be chris' challenge to make it work :)"
The nub of the problem
As you're all aware, the mbed libraries are currently (as of 20/9/2012) closed source. If they were open, it would be possible to go into the clock set-up code that executes before main() in reached and simply set up the clocks as you please. Its fiddly work, lots of documentation to read, and lots of mistakes that are all to easy to make. I have made a few of them while doing this, and have made use of my own How to unbrick and mbed page! :-)
So, without the ability to modify the source, we need some other way to override the settings. Fortunately Emilio came to the the rescue, and introduced me to $Sub$$ and $Super$$.
At this point, it would be beneficial to have a look at Dr Rob Touslons course notes, especially the "Modular Programming" section. Understanding the process of how a program gets compiled and linked into the final binary will make everything that follows a little clearer.
$Sub$$ and $Super$$ to the rescue
These two features of the ARM compiler allow the user to patch symbols defined in one compilation unit from another. This is most often used if you are trying to patch the functionality of a functions in compiled code that you don't have the source to. They were a clear choice of how to deliver Robbies Dream, as all we really need to do is patch over the clock set up code.
The offical ARM documentation for these features are can be found here.
I often find it difficult to take abstract examples and translate them to my own use, so here is a worked example.
I have a simple function that takes an integer. It creates a DigitalOut object on LED1, and sets it on/off according to the integer passed in.
function.cpp
#include "function.h" #include "mbed.h" void function (int i) { DigitalOut led(LED1); led=i; }
It is used in a simple program that simply turns the LED on and off again - Blinky!
main.cpp
#include "mbed.h" #include "function.h" int main() { while(1) { function(1); wait(0.5); function(0); wait(0.5); } }
Using $Sub$$
Now imagine that function() is buried away in a library that I only have object for, but I want to change its functionality, this is exactly what $sub$$ is designed for.
I can now write a new function called void $Sub$$function(int) and give it alternate behaviour. When the final binary is linked, any call to function(int), becomes a call to my new function "$Sub$$function(int)"
main.cpp
#include "mbed.h" #include "function.h" void $Sub$$function (int i) { DigitalOut led(LED3); led=i; } int main() { while(1) { function(1); wait(0.5); function(0); wait(0.5); } }
This is great, as I have now been able to replace one function with another. However, the story gets even better when we consider what $Super$$ can do for us
Using $Super$$
In the previous example, I have simply replaced one function with another. However, I can still get access to the original definition of the function(int) and use it. An example might be is a function requried some additional setup before it was called, or cleanup after it was called.
So in my $Sub$$ only version I simply replaced blinky on LED1 with blinky on LED3. What if I wanted to do both, with something in between?
Import program
00001 #include "mbed.h" 00002 #include "function.h" 00003 00004 extern void $Super$$function(int i); 00005 00006 void $Sub$$function (int i) { 00007 DigitalOut led(LED3); 00008 led=i; 00009 wait(0.1); 00010 $Super$$function(i); 00011 } 00012 00013 int main() { 00014 00015 while(1) { 00016 function(1); 00017 wait(0.5); 00018 function(0); 00019 wait(0.5); 00020 } 00021 }
In this example "extern void $Super$$function(int i);" is a declaration that assures the compiler that a symbol called "$Super$$function" will have been compiled elsewhere and that it will all be resolved by the linker. In fact this will come to exist when $Sub$$ is used, and this renames the original "function(int)" to "$Super$$function(int)"
This example program also now makes a call to the original version of function(int) after it has executed its own commands.
The result of all this is that the contents of main() have remained unchanged, but we have gone from blinking LED1 to blinking LED3, to blinking both with a time delay, all by substituting function symbols.
Back to the Crystal issue...
So now we have a way to patch code that we don't have access to, let's have a look at how to deliver Robbies Dream.
Nosing through the (closed) source, I found a file call "system_LPC11Uxx.c", which contains a function called "void SystemInit(void)"
This does look exactly like the function that I need to patch - it is full of references to clock source settings, PLL configurations and other related things.
At this point, I have a look at the user manual for the LPC11U24
Chapter 3 is entited the System control block, and contains all the information I'll be needing. Figure 7. is the most useful diagram, as it show a nice schematic of how the clocks are generated and routed.
After some head scratching, note making and experimentation, I arrive at the conclusion of what needs to be done :
- Patch SystemInit() - Remove all conditional compilation and force the settings I want
- Don't power up the System Oscillator (a good experiment to ensure we're not still using it!)
- Select the SYSTEMPLL input as "0x0" - The Internal RC oscillator
- Ensure the MAINCLK is selecte as SYSTEMPLL output
- Select the USBPLLCLK input as "0x0" - The internal RC oscillator - This is only good for low speed USB
And here it is, my implementation the LPC11U24 running blinking with no external crystal
Import program
00001 #include "mbed.h" 00002 00003 DigitalOut myled(LED1); 00004 00005 extern int stdio_retargeting_module; 00006 00007 /** 00008 * Initialize the system 00009 * 00010 * @param none 00011 * @return none 00012 * 00013 * @brief Setup the microcontroller system. 00014 * Initialize the System. 00015 */ 00016 extern "C" void $Sub$$SystemInit (void) 00017 { 00018 00019 // select the PLL input 00020 LPC_SYSCON->SYSPLLCLKSEL = 0x0; // Select PLL Input source 0=IRC, 1=OSC 00021 LPC_SYSCON->SYSPLLCLKUEN = 0x01; /* Update Clock Source */ 00022 LPC_SYSCON->SYSPLLCLKUEN = 0x00; /* Toggle Update Register */ 00023 LPC_SYSCON->SYSPLLCLKUEN = 0x01; 00024 while (!(LPC_SYSCON->SYSPLLCLKUEN & 0x01)); /* Wait Until Updated */ 00025 00026 // Power up the system PLL 00027 LPC_SYSCON->SYSPLLCTRL = 0x00000023; 00028 LPC_SYSCON->PDRUNCFG &= ~(1 << 7); /* Power-up SYSPLL */ 00029 while (!(LPC_SYSCON->SYSPLLSTAT & 0x01)); /* Wait Until PLL Locked */ 00030 00031 // Select the main clock source 00032 LPC_SYSCON->MAINCLKSEL = 0x3; // Select main Clock source, 0=IRC, 1=PLLin, 2=WDO, 3=PLLout 00033 LPC_SYSCON->MAINCLKUEN = 0x01; /* Update MCLK Clock Source */ 00034 LPC_SYSCON->MAINCLKUEN = 0x00; /* Toggle Update Register */ 00035 LPC_SYSCON->MAINCLKUEN = 0x01; 00036 while (!(LPC_SYSCON->MAINCLKUEN & 0x01)); /* Wait Until Updated */ 00037 00038 LPC_SYSCON->SYSAHBCLKDIV = 0x00000001; 00039 00040 LPC_SYSCON->PDRUNCFG &= ~(1 << 10); /* Power-up USB PHY */ 00041 LPC_SYSCON->PDRUNCFG &= ~(1 << 8); /* Power-up USB PLL */ 00042 LPC_SYSCON->USBPLLCLKSEL = 0x0; // 0=IRC, 1=System clock, only good for low speed 00043 LPC_SYSCON->USBPLLCLKUEN = 0x01; /* Update Clock Source */ 00044 LPC_SYSCON->USBPLLCLKUEN = 0x00; /* Toggle Update Register */ 00045 LPC_SYSCON->USBPLLCLKUEN = 0x01; 00046 00047 while (!(LPC_SYSCON->USBPLLCLKUEN & 0x01)); /* Wait Until Updated */ 00048 LPC_SYSCON->USBPLLCTRL = 0x00000023; 00049 00050 while (!(LPC_SYSCON->USBPLLSTAT & 0x01)); /* Wait Until PLL Locked */ 00051 LPC_SYSCON->USBCLKSEL = 0x00; /* Select USB PLL */ 00052 00053 LPC_SYSCON->USBCLKSEL = 0x00000000; /* Select USB Clock */ 00054 LPC_SYSCON->USBCLKDIV = 0x00000001; /* Set USB clock divider */ 00055 00056 /* System clock to the IOCON needs to be enabled or 00057 most of the I/O related peripherals won't work. */ 00058 LPC_SYSCON->SYSAHBCLKCTRL |= (1<<16); 00059 stdio_retargeting_module = 1; 00060 00061 } 00062 00063 00064 int main() 00065 { 00066 while(1) { 00067 myled = 1; 00068 wait(0.25); 00069 myled = 0; 00070 wait(0.25); 00071 } 00072 }
Note the missing Crystal, half way up onthe right by p26/p27, savagely removed with a screwdriver!
Conclusion
As s result of this, we now have two new weapons up our sleeve, $Sub$$ and $Super$$, and we've seen how with a little insight we can still patch our way around things that are hidden along with the source code.
I hope that it also delivers Robbies Dream :-)
5 comments on Patching functions and libraries:
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WOW, HUGE THANKS to Chris and @mbed team for showing us how it's done (and for making my dream a reality)! The $Sub$$ and $Super$$ features will undoubtedly be very useful to other people who want to hack away at the mbed libraries... until they become open-source of course (wink, wink)!
Many Cheers from Robbie's corner! | https://developer.mbed.org/users/chris/notebook/Patching-functions-and-libraries/ | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | refinedweb | 1,617 | 59.33 |
WebScraping With Python, Beautiful Soup, and Urllib3
Easily scrape websites with Python and Beautiful Soup.
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In this day and age, information is key. Through the internet, we have an unlimited amount of information and data at our disposal. The problem, however, is because of the abundance of information we as the users become overwhelmed. Fortunately, for those users, there are programmers with the ability to develop scripts that will do the sorting, organizing, and extracting of this data for them. Work that would take hours to complete can be accomplished with just over 50 lines of code and run in under a minute. Today, using Python, Beautiful Soup, and Urllib3, we will do a little WebScraping and even scratch the surface of data extraction to an excel document.
Research
The website that we will be working with is called books.toscrape.com. It's one of those websites that is literally made for practicing WebScraping. Before we begin, please understand that we won't be rotating our IP Addresses or User Agents. However, on other websites, this may be a good idea, since they will most likely block you if you're not "polite." (I'll talk more on the concept of being polite in later posts. For now, just know that it means to space out the amount of time between your individual scrapes.)
Okay, let's take a look at our target.
Basically, we want a list of every book title and price from this website. We notice that the prices are in British Pounds, so we'll want to convert them into US Dollars. If we scroll to the bottom of the page, we notice that there are 50 pages worth of books. Therefore, our script will have to iterate 50 times, while altering the base URL each time. The URL for this page changes one number each time, so a simple for loop should do the trick.
Setup, Urllib3, and Beautiful Soup
Here's a breakdown of our tasks:
- Import the required modules and create two master lists (titles and prices).
- Using Urllib3 and Beautiful Soup, set up the environment to parse the first page.
- Collect every book title from the page, and append it to one of the master lists.
- Collect every book price from the page, convert to USD, and append to the prices master list.
- Convert both master lists into a single dictionary.
- Export to a CSV.
Now that we have our outline, we can get to work. Since we'll be putting everything into a function, be mindful of your indentations. Let's begin!
First, let's import our modules and define our function.
import urllib3, re from bs4 import BeautifulSoup from csv import DictReader, DictWriter #The file name will be whatever you decide when running the function def get_book_data(filename): #These will be our Master Lists and must remain outside of any loops titles = [] prices = []
Urllib3 is an HTTP Client for Python. It's pretty versatile and perfect for what we need. For more information, check out the docs. Throughout most of your Web Scraping, there will be a time that Regex typically comes in handy. A prime example of this is that all of the prices on the page have a pound symbol in front of the numbers. One of the easiest ways to remove and replace the symbol is through Regular Expressions. Finally, since we want to write our information to a CSV via a dictionary, it only makes sense to use the CSV module.
Next, we define our function as get_book_data and pass in the argument filename that we will choose for our CSV.
#Convert British Pounds to USD (as of 20190801) def gbp_to_usd(amount): return f'$ {round((amount * 1.21255), 2}'
As of August 1st, the conversion rate from British Pounds to US dollars is 1.21255. By defining this function, we are able to call it later when the time comes. Then, by wrapping our calculations in the round method, we can round the number to the hundredths place.
So far so good now let's get into it.
#Prepare to scrape all 50 pages for i in range(1,51): #All of the page URLs follow the same format with the exception of one number followed by 'page-' url = f'-{i}.html' req = urllib3.PoolManager() res = req.request('GET', url) soup = BeautifulSoup(res.data, 'html.parser') contents = soup.find_all(class_= 'product_pod')
Because there are 50 pages, our range will need to be from 1 to 51 in order to capture all of them. Our URL takes us to the first page. Throughout each iteration, one will be added to i, giving us a new URL each time.
The PoolManager method allows for arbitrary requests while transparently keeping track of connection pools for us. The type of request that we are initiating to our URL is a GET request, which means that all we want is data.
Using Beautiful Soup, we pull all of the data from our request, specifically the HTML data. If we take a look at the source code on our webpage, we'll notice that all of the products fall under the class product_pod. By calling the find_all method, we request all of the HTML with the class of product_pod.
#Based off of the title parameter within the site html for i in soup.find_all(): titles.append(i['title'])
If we look once again at the source data, we notice that the title appears twice — once as the inner text and the other as the value for the parameter title. Normally, we would extract from the inner HTML, but since the inner text cuts off most of the title we have to extract from within a tag.
#Temporary lists for British currency conversions pounds = [] c = [] for i in contents: c.append(i.find().get_text()) for number in c: #Extract the British Pound symbol and join the numbers and decimal points back together amount = re.compile('[0-9]+.') num = amount.findall(number) pounds.append(float(''.join(num)))
Just like we did for the title, we are going to extract all of the HTML that falls within the price_color class. Now, remember that all of the prices are in British Pounds; so we need to remove the Pound symbol and replace it with the dollar sign. Before that, we extract all of the numbers and decimals from the gathered prices using regex. Once we have a list of numbers and decimals, we join and then append the floats to our temporary pounds list.
#Create a temporary list for the current loop and append to the master list after we run the conversion function temp = list(map(gbp_to_usd_rounded,pounds)) for t in temp: prices.append(t) #Combine both lists into a dictionary res = dict(zip(titles,prices))
Again, we create another temporary list and call our conversion function on the Pounds list we just created. Finally, we run a quick for loop and append those items to our master prices list.
Now that we have both master lists, we're able to create a dictionary using the zip method. Make sure that this is outside of any loops; otherwise, it won't work as intended.
Conclusion
We open the specified filename with the intent to write. With Python 3 when we are web scraping, we have to include the argument otherwise the spreadsheet will have blank lines between each entry. We run a simple iteration through the dictionary ensuring that our keys match the headers that we specified. Finally we execute get_book_data with our file title and extension, wait about 20-30 seconds and boom we have an excel document with all of the titles and prices from our target website!
#Create an Excel Document with the dictionary with open(filename,'w',) as file: headers = ("Book Title", 'Price (in usd)') csv_writer = DictWriter(file,) csv_writer.writeheader() for k,v in res.items(): csv_writer.writerow({ 'Book Title' : k, 'Price (in usd)' : v }) get_book_data('BookResearch_Beta.csv')
If you found value in this article, please share and leave a comment below. Let me know what projects you are working or would like to see in the future. You can find all of the source code on my GitHub. Until next time!
Published at DZone with permission of Leaundrae Mckinney. See the original article here.
Opinions expressed by DZone contributors are their own. | https://dzone.com/articles/webscraping-with-python-beautiful-soup-and-urllib3%3Futm_medium%3Dfeed%26utm_source%3Dfeedpress.me%26utm_campaign%3DFeed%253A%2Bdzone%252Fwebdev | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | refinedweb | 1,406 | 72.05 |
Can Not Type into the WebREPL Terminal
Posted: Fri Jul 19, 2019 3:35 am
I can not type anything into the Micropython WebREPL terminal. I can get the webrepl running on a esp32 using the following code:
What am I missing? Has anything seen this behavior?
Passing the IP address from
Code: Select all
import network wlan = network.WLAN(network.STA_IF) wlan.active(True) wlan.connect('ssid', 'password') import webrepl_setup import webrepl webrepl.start()
to the terminal on a web browser gives the appropriate
Code: Select all
wlan.ifconfig()
however I can not type anything into the terminal. I have tried this on Chromium, Chrome, and Firefox with the same behavior.
Code: Select all
What am I missing? Has anything seen this behavior? | https://forum.micropython.org/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=6714&view=print | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | refinedweb | 124 | 51.44 |
Many'll look at how to implement this using the Command Pattern, using the example of a tic-tac-toe game.
Note: Although this tutorial is written using Java, you should be able to use the same techniques and concepts in almost any game development environment. (It's not restricted to tic-tac-toe games, either!)
Final Result Preview
The final result of this tutorial is a tic-tac-toe game that offers unlimited undo and redo operations.
Can't load the applet? Watch the gameplay video on YouTube:
You can also run the demo on the command line using
TicTacToeMain as the main class to execute from. After extracting the source run the following commands:
javac *.java java TicTacToeMain
Step 1: Create a Basic Implementation of Tic-Tac-Toe
For this tutorial, you are going to consider an implementation of tic-tac-toe. Although the game is extremely trivial, the concepts provided in this tutorial can apply to much more complex games.
The following download (which is different from the final source download) contains the basic code for a tic-tac-toe game model that does not contain an undo or redo feature. It will be your job to follow this tutorial and add these features. Download the base TicTacToeModel.java.
You should take note, in particular, of the following methods:
public void placeX(int row, int col) { assert(playerXTurn); assert(spaces[row][col] == 0); spaces[row][col] = 1; playerXTurn = false; }
public void placeO(int row, int col) { assert(!playerXTurn); assert(spaces[row][col] == 0); spaces[row][col] = 2; playerXTurn = true; }
These methods are the only methods for this game that change the state of the game grid. They will be what you will change.
If you're not a Java developer, you'll probably still be able to understand the code. It's copied here if you just want to refer to it:
/** The game logic for a Tic-Tac-Toe game. This model does not have * an associated User Interface: it is just the game logic. * * The game is represented by a simple 3x3 integer array. A value of * 0 means the space is empty, 1 means it is an X, 2 means it is an O. * * @author aarnott * */ public class TicTacToeModel { //True if it is the X player’s turn, false if it is the O player’s turn private boolean playerXTurn; //The set of spaces on the game grid private int[][] spaces; /** Initialize a new game model. In the traditional Tic-Tac-Toe * game, X goes first. * */ public TicTacToeModel() { spaces = new int[3][3]; playerXTurn = true; } /** Returns true if it is the X player's turn. * * @return */ public boolean isPlayerXTurn() { return playerXTurn; } /** Returns true if it is the O player's turn. * * @return */ public boolean isPlayerOTurn() { return !playerXTurn; } /** Places an X on a space specified by the row and column * parameters. * * Preconditions: * -> It must be the X player's turn * -> The space must be empty * * @param row The row to place the X on * @param col The column to place the X on */ public void placeX(int row, int col) { assert(playerXTurn); assert(spaces[row][col] == 0); spaces[row][col] = 1; playerXTurn = false; } /** Places an O on a space specified by the row and column * parameters. * * Preconditions: * -> It must be the O player's turn * -> The space must be empty * * @param row The row to place the O on * @param col The column to place the O on */ public void placeO(int row, int col) { assert(!playerXTurn); assert(spaces[row][col] == 0); spaces[row][col] = 2; playerXTurn = true; } /** Returns true if a space on the grid is empty (no Xs or Os) * * @param row * @param col * @return */ public boolean isSpaceEmpty(int row, int col) { return (spaces[row][col] == 0); } /** Returns true if a space on the grid is an X. * * @param row * @param col * @return */ public boolean isSpaceX(int row, int col) { return (spaces[row][col] == 1); } /** Returns true if a space on the grid is an O. * * @param row * @param col * @return */ public boolean isSpaceO(int row, int col) { return (spaces[row][col] == 2); } /** Returns true if the X player won the game. That is, if the * X player has completed a line of three Xs. * * @return */ public boolean hasPlayerXWon() { //Check rows if(spaces[0][0] == 1 && spaces[0][1] == 1 && spaces[0][2] == 1) return true; if(spaces[1][0] == 1 && spaces[1][1] == 1 && spaces[1][2] == 1) return true; if(spaces[2][0] == 1 && spaces[2][1] == 1 && spaces[2][2] == 1) return true; //Check columns if(spaces[0][0] == 1 && spaces[1][0] == 1 && spaces[2][0] == 1) return true; if(spaces[0][1] == 1 && spaces[1][1] == 1 && spaces[2][1] == 1) return true; if(spaces[0][2] == 1 && spaces[1][2] == 1 && spaces[2][2] == 1) return true; //Check diagonals if(spaces[0][0] == 1 && spaces[1][1] == 1 && spaces[2][2] == 1) return true; if(spaces[0][2] == 1 && spaces[1][1] == 1 && spaces[2][0] == 1) return true; //Otherwise, there is no line return false; } /** Returns true if the O player won the game. That is, if the * O player has completed a line of three Os. * * @return */ public boolean hasPlayerOWon() { //Check rows if(spaces[0][0] == 2 && spaces[0][1] == 2 && spaces[0][2] == 2) return true; if(spaces[1][0] == 2 && spaces[1][1] == 2 && spaces[1][2] == 2) return true; if(spaces[2][0] == 2 && spaces[2][1] == 2 && spaces[2][2] == 2) return true; //Check columns if(spaces[0][0] == 2 && spaces[1][0] == 2 && spaces[2][0] == 2) return true; if(spaces[0][1] == 2 && spaces[1][1] == 2 && spaces[2][1] == 2) return true; if(spaces[0][2] == 2 && spaces[1][2] == 2 && spaces[2][2] == 2) return true; //Check diagonals if(spaces[0][0] == 2 && spaces[1][1] == 2 && spaces[2][2] == 2) return true; if(spaces[0][2] == 2 && spaces[1][1] == 2 && spaces[2][0] == 2) return true; //Otherwise, there is no line return false; } /** Returns true if all the spaces are filled or one of the players has * won the game. * * @return */ public boolean isGameOver() { if(hasPlayerXWon() || hasPlayerOWon()) return true; //Check if all the spaces are filled. If one isn’t the game isn’t over for(int row = 0; row < 3; row++) { for(int col = 0; col < 3; col++) { if(spaces[row][col] == 0) return false; } } //Otherwise, it is a “cat’s game” return true; } }
Step 2: Understand the Command Pattern
The
Command pattern is a design pattern that is commonly used with user interfaces to separate the actions performed by buttons, menus, or other widgets from the user interface code definitions for these objects. This concept of separating action code can be used to track every change that happens to the state of a game, and you can use this information to reverse the changes.
The most basic version of the
Command pattern is the following interface:
public interface Command { public void execute(); }
Any action that is taken by the program that changes the state of the game - such as placing an X in a specific space - will implement the
Command interface. When the action is taken, the
execute() method is called.
Now, you likely noticed that this interface does not offer the ability to undo actions; all it does is take the game from one state to another. The following improvement will allow implementing actions to offer undo capability.
public interface Command { public void execute(); public void undo(); }
The goal when implementing a
Command will be to have the
undo() method reverse every action taken by the
execute method. As a consequence, the
execute() method will also be able to provide the capability to redo an action.
That's the basic idea. It'll become clearer as we implement specific Commands for this game.
Step 3: Create a Command Manager
To add an undo feature, you will create an
CommandManager class. The
CommandManager is responsible for tracking, executing, and undoing
Command implementations.
(Recall that the
Command interface provides the methods to make changes from one state of a program to another and also reverse it.)
public class CommandManager { private Command lastCommand; public CommandManager() {} public void executeCommand(Command c) { c.execute(); lastCommand = c; } ... }
To execute a
Command, the
CommandManager is passed a
Command instance, and it will execute the
Command and then store the most recently executed
Command for later reference.
Adding the undo feature to the
CommandManager simply requires telling it to undo the most recent
Command that executed.
public boolean isUndoAvailable() { return lastCommand != null; } public void undo() { assert(lastCommand != null); lastCommand.undo(); lastCommand = null; }
This code is all that is required to have a functional
CommandManager. In order for it to function properly, you will need to create some implementations of the
Command interface.
Step 4: Create Implementations of the
Command Interface
The goal of the
Command pattern for this tutorial is to move any code that changes the state of the tic-tac-toe game into a
Command instance. Namely, the code in the methods
placeX() and
placeO() are what you will be changing.
Inside the
TicTacToeModel class, add two new inner classes called
PlaceXCommand and
PlaceOCommand, respectively, which each implement the
Command interface.
public class TicTacToeModel { ... private class PlaceXCommand implements Command { public void execute() { ... } public void undo() { ... } } private class PlaceOCommand implements Command { public void execute() { ... } public void undo() { ... } } }
The job of a
Command implementation is to store a state and have logic to either transition to a new state resulting from the execution of the
Command or to transition back to the initial state before the
Command was executed. There are two straightforward ways of achieving this task.
- Store the entire previous state and next state. Set the game's current state to the next state when
execute()is called and set the game's current state to the stored previous state when
undo()is called.
- Store only the information that changes between states. Change only this stored information when
execute()or
undo()is called.
//Option 1: Storing the previous and next states private class PlaceXCommand implements Command { private TicTacToeModel model; // private int[][] previousGridState; private boolean previousTurnState; private int[][] nextGridState; private boolean nextTurnState; // private PlaceXCommand (TicTacToeModel model, int row, int col) { this.model = model; // previousTurnState = model.playerXTurn; //Copy the entire grid for both states previousGridState = new int[3][3]; nextGridState = new int[3][3]; for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { for(int j = 0; j < 3; j++) { //This is allowed because this class is an inner //class. Otherwise, the model would need to //provide array access somehow. previousGridState[i][j] = m.spaces[i][j]; nextGridState[i][j] = m.spaces[i][j]; } } //Figure out the next state by applying the placeX logic nextGridState[row][col] = 1; nextTurnState = false; } // public void execute() { model.spaces = nextGridState; model.playerXTurn = nextTurnState; } // public void undo() { model.spaces = previousGridState; model.playerXTurn = previousTurnState; } }
The first option is a bit wasteful, but that does not mean it is bad design. The code is straightforward and unless the state information is extremely large the amount of waste won't be something to worry about.
You will see that, in the case of this tutorial, the second option is better, but this approach won’t always be the best for every program. More often than not, however, the second option will be the way to go.
//Option 2: Storing only the changes between states private class PlaceXCommand implements Command { private TicTacToeModel model; private int previousValue; private boolean previousTurn; private int row; private int col; // private PlaceXCommand(TicTacToeModel model, int row, int col) { this.model = model; this.row = row; this.col = col; //Copy the previous value from the grid this.previousValue = model.spaces[row][col]; this.previousTurn = model.playerXTurn; } // public void execute() { model.spaces[row][col] = 1; model.playerXTurn = false; } // public void undo() { model.spaces[row][col] = previousValue; model.playerXTurn = previousTurn; } }
The second option only stores the changes that happen, rather than the entire state. In the case of tic-tac-toe, it is more efficient and not notably more complex to use this option.
The
PlaceOCommand inner class is written in a similar way - have a go at writing it yourself!
Step 5: Put Everything Together
In order to make use of your
Command implementations,
PlaceXCommand and
PlaceOCommand, you will need to modify the
TicTacToeModel class. The class must make use of a
CommandManager and it must use
Command instances instead of applying actions directly.
public class TicTacToeModel { private CommandManager commandManager; // ... // public TicTacToeModel() { ... // commandManager = new CommandManager(); } // ... // public void placeX(int row, int col) { assert(playerXTurn); assert(spaces[row][col] == 0); commandManager.executeCommand(new PlaceXCommand(this, row, col)); } // public void placeO(int row, int col) { assert(!playerXTurn); assert(spaces[row][col] == 0); commandManager.executeCommand(new PlaceOCommand(this, row, col)); } // ... }
The
TicTacToeModel class will work exactly as it did before your changes now, but you can also expose the undo feature. Add an
undo() method to the model and also add a check method
canUndo for the user interface to use at some point.
public class TicTacToeModel { // ... // public boolean canUndo() { return commandManager.isUndoAvailable(); } // public void undo() { commandManager.undo(); } }
You now have a completely functional tic-tac-toe game model that supports undo!
Step 6: Take it Further
With a few small modifications to the
CommandManager, you can add support for redo operations as well as an unlimited number of undos and redos.
The concept behind a redo feature is pretty much the same as an undo feature. In addition to storing the last
Command executed, you also store the last
Command that was undone. You store that
Command when an undo is called and clear it when a
Command is executed.
public class CommandManager { private Command lastCommandUndone; ... public void executeCommand(Command c) { c.execute(); lastCommand = c; lastCommandUndone = null; } public void undo() { assert(lastCommand != null); lastCommand.undo(); lastCommandUndone = lastCommand; lastCommand = null; } public boolean isRedoAvailable() { return lastCommandUndone != null; } public void redo() { assert(lastCommandUndone != null); lastCommandUndone.execute(); lastCommand = lastCommandUndone; lastCommandUndone = null; } }
Adding in multiple undos and redos is a matter of storing a stack of undoable and redoable actions. When a new action is executed it is added to the undo stack and the redo stack is cleared. When an action is undone, it is added to the redo stack and removed from the undo stack. When an action is redone, it is removed from the redo stack and added to the undo stack.
The above image shows an example of the stacks in action. The redo stack has two items from commands that have already been undone. When new commands,
PlaceX(0,0) and
PlaceO(0,1), are executed, the redo stack is cleared and they are added to the undo stack. When a
PlaceO(0,1) is undone, it is removed from the top of the undo stack and placed on the redo stack.
Here's how that looks in code:
public class CommandManager { private Stack<Command> undos = new Stack<Command>(); private Stack<Command> redos = new Stack<Command>(); public void executeCommand(Command c) { c.execute(); undos.push(c); redos.clear(); } public boolean isUndoAvailable() { return !undos.empty(); } public void undo() { assert(!undos.empty()); Command command = undos.pop(); command.undo(); redos.push(command); } public boolean isRedoAvailable() { return !redos.empty(); } public void redo() { assert(!redos.empty()); Command command = redos.pop(); command.execute(); undos.push(command); } }
Now you have a tic-tac-toe game model that can undo actions all the way back to the beginning of the game and redo them again.
If you'd like to see how this all fits together, grab the final source download, which contains the completed code from this tutorial.
Conclusion
You may have noticed that the final
CommandManager you wrote will work for any
Command implementations. This means that you can code up a
CommandManager in your favorite language, create some instances of the
Command interface, and have a full system prepared for undo/redo. The undo feature can be a great way to allow users to explore your game and make mistakes without feeling committed to bad decisions.
Thanks for taking interest in this tutorial!
As some further food for thought, consider the following: the
Command pattern along with the
CommandManager allow you to track every state change during the execution of your game. If you save this information, you can create replays of the execution of the program.
Envato Tuts+ tutorials are translated into other languages by our community members—you can be involved too!Translate this post
| https://gamedevelopment.tutsplus.com/tutorials/let-your-players-undo-their-in-game-mistakes-with-the-command-pattern--gamedev-1391 | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | refinedweb | 2,731 | 54.32 |
I am learning
rails
class NamespaceConstraint
def self.matches?(request)
name = request.fullpath.split('/').second.downcase
if name[0] == '~' then name = name[1..-1] end
ns = Namespace.where(name_lower: request.fullpath.split('/').second.downcase).first
not ns.nil?
end
end
Rails.application.routes.draw do
constraints(NamespaceConstraint) do
get ':namespace' => 'namespaces#show'
end
end
self.matches?
?
request
rails
not ns.nil?
In self.matches?.
?means what?
In Ruby you can use far more characters then in most other languages when naming methods.
Among those are
? and
!. They have no special meaning to the interpreter.
However the convention in the community is that methods ending in
? are interrogative. They tell you if something is true or false.
class Person attr_accessor :age def initialize(age = 0) @age = age end def drinking_age? @age >= 18 end end
This request var wasn't defined，is rails creates it?
request in this context is a method argument.
Inside the
.matches? method the local variable
request is whatever you have passed into the method.
Rails calls something like
NamespaceConstraint.matches?(request)* when it checks if the incoming request matches your custom constraint.
The
request object is created by the Rack middleware.
not ns.nil?
not is keyword that negates the following expression. Just like in english.
! is more commonly used due to precedence.
nil in ruby is nothing - a value that is not defined or has no value.
So
.nil? tells you if a variable is nil. Every object in ruby responds to this method.
irb(main):007:0> 0.nil? => false irb(main):008:0> false.nil? => false irb(main):009:0> nil.nil? => true
So
not ns.nil? translates to plain english as:
is ns not nothing? or
is ns anything?.
You're really out of you're depth. The only reason you would do something like this is if you where building a multi-tenant app - which is a hardly a task suited for a beginner.
First learn the basics of the Ruby language.
Then revisit Rails. Learning both a programming language and a framework at the same time is not a really good idea as you will mush both together mentally. | https://codedump.io/share/spcvCjI1o8rG/1/puzzled-with-constraints-routes-in-rails | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | refinedweb | 358 | 71.21 |
Week 12
-
OUPUT DEVICES
Group Assignment
Measure the power consumption of an output device.
Individual Assignment
Add an output device to a microcontroller board you've designed, and program it to do something.
Programming a board to control a DC motor(INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT)
I made a sample board (a Neil's board) to get familiar with the process of made a board (with output) and program it. Naturally, just for practice. This board controls a DC motor.
Programming a board to control a unipolar stepper motor(INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT)
-Electronic design
For this week, I decided to make a PCB to control a couple of unipolar stepper motor. I think this will be useful for my final project, so I started with a sample of Neil (again), but I modified it, to control two steppers.
By the way, this is the stepper that I have: 28BYJ-48 .
I traced the schematics and add the needed components to the new stepper. Then, I placed the components on the board.
Later than a couple hours, I got my board design finished.
The components looked like this.
Milling the board
This design was milled on the Modela CNC machine, an the result was this.
After that, I noticed there are no Mosfet N channel of 30V but 50V. These has different footprints. The mosfets on stock, are bigger than I considered. So my nice new PCB was unuseful. I has to back to the design again.
The stock mosfets are really bigger than the others, so I decided to divide the PCB. On piece will contain the micro controller and programming pins. The other piece will contain the mosfets and the control pins to the stepper.
Redesign of the board
The schematic was redesigned to includes the FTDI jumpers and the new mosfets.
Then, the second part of the board, needs to be arranged too.
At this point, I decided make just one board with mosfets, due to the another one is the same.
Finally, the new design lokks like this:
This is the MCU board image to mill.
And this is the stepper board image to be milled.
Milling the new boards design
After that inconvenient, the new PCB was milled and the result is this:
After that, I solder the components to the boards. The next 2 videos, shows the process.
Finally, the new boards looks like this:
Programming
To do this program I modified the Neil's code to control two steppers instead one. The process of load the program is the same I used on assigment on week 9 (to read about, follow this link).
#include < avr/io.h> #include < util/delay MOSFET_port PORTA // MOSFET port #define MOSFET_direction DDRA // MOSFET direction #define brown (1 << PA0) // MOSFET output pins #define black (1 << PA1) // " #define yellow (1 << PA2) // " #define orange (1 << PA3) // " #define on_delay() _delay_us(50) // PWM on time #define off_delay() _delay_us(10) // PWM off time #define PWM_count 200 // number of PWM cycles static uint8_t count; // // yellow, brown PWM pulse // void pulse_yellow_brown() { for (count = 0; count < PWM_count; ++count) { set(MOSFET_port, yellow); set(MOSFET_port, brown); on_delay(); clear(MOSFET_port, yellow); clear(MOSFET_port, brown); off_delay(); } } // // yellow, black PWM pulse // void pulse_yellow_black() { for (count = 0; count < PWM_count; ++count) { set(MOSFET_port, yellow); set(MOSFET_port, black); on_delay(); clear(MOSFET_port, yellow); clear(MOSFET_port, black); off_delay(); } } // // orange, brown PWM pulse // void pulse_orange_brown() { for (count = 0; count < PWM_count; ++count) { set(MOSFET_port, orange); set(MOSFET_port, brown); on_delay(); clear(MOSFET_port, orange); clear(MOSFET_port, brown); off_delay(); } } // // orange, black PWM pulse // void pulse_orange_black() { for (count = 0; count < PWM_count; ++count) { set(MOSFET_port, orange); set(MOSFET_port, black); on_delay(); clear(MOSFET_port, orange); clear(MOSFET_port, black); off_delay(); } } // // clockwise step // void step_cw() { pulse_yellow_brown(); pulse_yellow_black(); pulse_orange_black(); pulse_orange_brown(); } // // counter-clockwise step // void step_ccw() { pulse_orange_brown(); pulse_orange_black(); pulse_yellow_black(); pulse_yellow_brown(); } int main(void) { // // main // static uint8_t i,j; // // set clock divider to /1 // CLKPR = (1 << CLKPCE); CLKPR = (0 << CLKPS3) | (0 << CLKPS2) | (0 << CLKPS1) | (0 << CLKPS0); // // initialize MOSFET pins // clear(MOSFET_port, brown); output(MOSFET_direction, brown); clear(MOSFET_port, black); output(MOSFET_direction, black); clear(MOSFET_port, yellow); output(MOSFET_direction, yellow); clear(MOSFET_port, orange); output(MOSFET_direction, orange); // // main loop // while (1) { for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) { for (j = 0; j < i; ++j) step_cw(); for (j = 0; j < i; ++j) step_ccw(); } for (i = 10; i > 0; --i) { for (j = 0; j < i; ++j) step_cw(); for (j = 0; j < i; ++j) step_ccw(); } } }
The final result, looks like this:
Files of this assignment:
- stepper-x2-v2.brd (Design board)
- stepper-x2-v2.sch (Design schematic)
- stepper x2-V2-MICRO-EDGES.png (Milling file)
- stepper x2-V2-MICRO-TRACES.png (Milling file)
- stepper x2-V2-STEPPERBOARD-EDGE.png (Milling file)
- stepper x2-V2-STEPPERBOARD-TRACES.png (Milling file)
- stepper-x2-v2.c (Program)
<<< Go to Week 11 assignment | >>> Go to Week 13 assignments | http://fabacademy.org/2019/labs/tecsup/students/carlos-ochoa/week-12.html | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | refinedweb | 780 | 60.75 |
need more Party-vision in your life. Get some today! Read how:
REQUIRED DEPENDENCIES:
XNA 3.1:
NET 3.5: (You don't need this if running Windows 7)
For Windows 8 build: XNA 4.0:
I suggest only downloading the Windows 8 build on Windows 8 machines, though it does work with Windows 7.
Extra note: Controls in brackets denote XBox360 controls. So, "C/(A)" means C on keyboard, A on XBox360. We really should have made that clear earlier...Tunnel vision, I guess.
Created in 24 hours! Updated now to the final gamejam version! 3-person jam, Shuutshimi (I'm not typing the umlaut, sorry) is a side-scrolling Cute-Em-Up with lots of hats and little patience for window shoppers.
It's a Wave and Upgrade cycle lasting 10 seconds each. But beware: not all upgrades are useful. Some are bad! But you've gotta pick one.
Oh, and there are hats. Quite a few, so collect them all*!
*You can only wear one hat at a time
PS: There's an extra little something if you earn a score of 5000 or more...
UPDATES (Source code does not receive these updates):
Build 15 - Fixed a bug where wave spawning did not account for enhanced time dilation
Build 16 - Fixed a bug where enemies could be shot while offscreen. This caused severe imbalance later in the game when using the laser. Also fixed a bug where Shop fish wasn't drawing accessories
Downloads and Links
Ratings
Man that was hilarious. Simple game mechanics but the randomness keeps it fresh.
AW YEAH that was rad! I kinda got the hang of some of the powerups but I kind of suck - I couldn't break 1000 :|
one of the funniest game on here man, PARTY TIME! Audio was amazing also GG!
@sP0CKEr: The good news is, I can reproduce the issue you're having using a VM at work - I'm assuming it's the same problem (System.InvalidOperationException). A general information-free crash being reported by XNA (if you hit More Details from the Windows crash screen).
The bad news is, Win8 x64 has a myriad of compatibility problems with XNA and it might take a while to find out what the issue is. I do hope to resolve the problem though. ETA would be a day or two to figure out what the problem is, time depending.
@sP0CKEr2 After some digging, I've found AN error in the AudioEngine constructor within XNA. This error is caused by having no default playback device on your system. Can you confirm whether or not you have anything that plays audio?
I got a working build in my Win8x64 VM by pulling the entire audio engine out, but I'm reluctant to make such a build available because of how important the audio is to the game
Tried to play your game (Win 8 64 too) and also got an error. Tried to compile it using VS2010, and it gave me a XACT error.
"Error 1 The .xap file was created with a version of XACT that is incompatible with the XNA Framework Content Pipeline version used by this project. Refer to the documentation for options to resolve this mismatch."
This XACT version may not be compatible with Win 8 (or maybe with anyone with XNA 4).
This may help you:
Unfortunatly, I couldn't compile it, because I have only XNA 4.0 and Monogame instaled here, and you used some older deprecated namespaces.
I hope this helps you!
Cool retro game, nice graphics. Great 8-bits soundtrack. Love it !
@Diogo Thanks for the link. I looked into it and found a solution:
In order to update the Audio Engine I needed XNA 4, which meant I needed Visual Studio 2010. I got that sorted out, only to discover XNA 4 deprecated / changed(broke) a bunch of functionality. It took me about 3 hours to fight with it (thus far I really hate XNA 4 and won't be using it any more) but I managed to get a port of the code RELATIVELY close to the existing game. Party Time is slightly nerfed due to a bug in how XNA 4 draws alphatransparent textures - or perhaps it's one of my spritebatch or render settings, or the fact that I now have to render to a target prior to rendering to the backbuffer thanks to undesirable changes to the way spritebatch works
But I did it. Had a friend with Windows 8 test it, and he says it works so...Let's never do this again!
Fun, smooth, stylish, and just as silly as some of my favorite classic Japanese shmups. Reminds me a bit of Fantasy Zone... just with sea critters. Oh, and the super catchy short music loops kept things fresh.
My favorite build; DBZ Scouter + Cannon + Fishbowl + Rapid Fire. Took me all the way to level 16, at 5000 points. Couldn't figure out what Doughnuts For Dinner got me... but perhaps it shall remain a mystery. Thanks for putting this together though!
P.S. Do you do game music professionally? Because I would totally pay you for that stuff.
@awppy Downloading it now, thanks!
About the alphatransparent textures, iirc, there's a parameter on the spritebatch begin calls that may fix this for you.
I also came from older versions of XNA (the very first ones, actually), ended up relearning everything :)
Did a fast run here, didn't work on my work computer. Will try again at my home computer.
Original Windows version worked fine for me on Windows 8 64. Great game, lots of fun. Loved the 10/10 second idea and the variety of upgrades!
Original version worked on Win8 64? ...huh!
Diogo: if you boot the game up and it closes immediately, a log should be written to C:\shuutlog.txt (I think that's the filename) - what does the output on that say?
That was really fun. I loved trying to read super quick in the shop screen. It would be cool if the effects would stack but that could have gotten pretty out of control pretty fast. Great pixel art, the background particles looked really nice as well.
Cool graphics and level desing. Good job
Hah! Not only is this a pretty good shmup, it also has one of the coolest gimmicks I've seen so far. Gotta love party vision, my cannon gun and goku hair.
Hilarious! I love the zaniness of it all. At first I was confused when my controls got jacked up, but then I realized what the heck was going on. The music was REALLY rad, too! Lots to like about this game. - SB
The music and graphics all go together very cohesively. The upgrade descriptions were also fantastic.
Really enjoyed this game. Almost feels like a game that should be played on a NES. Great work
Nice work! Solid shooter game and I love the graphics and creatures :D
@zkenshin Funny you should mention a mobile version - on the Sunday of the jam, AnyYes and I were discussing porting it to mobile devices, and what changes we'd need to make to the game's mechanics for that to happen.
It sounded like an interesting idea, especially the mobile version of the shop screen (which would play much differently). I don't have any mobile dev experience myself, but I know someone who does, and I'll talk to him about porting it if there's enough interest!
Feels very polished, and it has a perfect fast-paced rythm, just making you want to play again and again (and this time I won't get that stupid control scheme).
Love the graphics, great style and I liked the idea of having an upgrade system, I think I want to add something like that to one of my future game projects :)
Looks cool but both Windows versions fail to run on my machine (Win7, 64-bit). :(
@SnoringFrog - the only known reasons for crashes are no default sound device and missing system requirements. Do you have the XNA 3.1 redistributable installed?
If you ran the Windows 8 version and it silently crashed, it should create a log file at C:\shuutlog.txt - what does that log looking game, its really smooth too both in animation and gameplay. | http://ludumdare.com/compo/ludum-dare-27/comment-page-1/?action=preview&uid=18868 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | refinedweb | 1,393 | 74.9 |
Tk_GetScrollInfoObj man page
Tk_GetScrollInfoObj, Tk_GetScrollInfo — parse arguments for scrolling commands
Synopsis
#include <tk.h> int Tk_GetScrollInfoObj(interp, objc, objv, dblPtr, intPtr) int Tk_GetScrollInfo(interp, argc, argv, dblPtr, intPtr)
Arguments
- Tcl_Interp *interp (in)
Interpreter to use for error reporting.
- int objc (in)
Number of Tcl_Obj's in objv array.
- Tcl_Obj *const objv[] (in)
Argument objects. These represent the entire widget command, of which the first word is typically the widget name and the second word is typically xview or yview.
- int argc (in)
Number of strings in argv array.
- const char *argv[] (in)
Argument strings. These represent the entire widget command, of which the first word is typically the widget name and the second word is typically xview or yview.
- double *fractionPtr (out)
Filled in with fraction from moveto option, if any.
- int *stepsPtr (out)
Filled in with line or page count from scroll option, if any. The value may be negative.
Description
Tk_GetScrollInfoObj parses the arguments expected by widget scrolling commands such as xview and yview. It receives the entire list of words that make up a widget command and parses the words starting with objv[2]. The words starting with objv[2] must have one of the following forms:
moveto fraction scroll number units scroll number pages
Any of the moveto, scroll, units, and pages_UNITS or TK_SCROLL_PAGES.
Keywords
parse, scrollbar, scrolling command, xview, yview
Referenced By
Tk_GetScrollInfo(3) is an alias of Tk_GetScrollInfoObj(3). | https://www.mankier.com/3/Tk_GetScrollInfoObj | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | refinedweb | 235 | 64.61 |
Hide Forgot
Excerpting from bug #253156 comment #6; two systemtap testsuite failures
appear to be correctable with a kernel patch. The severity of this bug
is low, but so appears to be the risk.
> FAIL: backtrace of yyy_func4.return (3)
> FAIL: print_stack of yyy_func4.return (1)
To fix this issue, we need to introduce following kernel enhancement.;a=commitdiff;h=3661999a17b0397c7a93c200b280c55958ba3593;hp=965d747264c91ed206846d74ae09f757a36a373b
Frank, I've tried to reproduce the issue on:
- systemtap version 0.6.2/0.131 built 2008-03-12
- kernel-2.6.18-92.1.6.el5
- kernel-2.6.18-97.el5 with the fix from upstream applied
and no luck... or otherwise - _luck_. testsuite tests done almost sucessfully
and absolutely identically on both kernels.
# make installcheck
[...]
FAIL: buildok/rpc-all-probes.stp
FAIL: buildok/signal-all-probes.stp
[...]
=== systemtap Summary ===
# of expected passes 459
# of unexpected failures 2
# of unexpected successes 1
# of expected failures 170
# of unknown successes 1
# of known failures 5
# of untested testcases 19
# of unsupported tests 1
N.B. make check gave me exactly the same FAILs.
Does it mean that failures magically disappear or somebody has something
misconfigured?
Did I miss something?
// putting bz in NEEDINFO
Sorry, I made a mistake: bug #232489 comment #27
appears to include this patch already.
*** This bug has been marked as a duplicate of 232489 *** | https://partner-bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=454023 | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | refinedweb | 223 | 60.31 |
Release Plugin (quokka.plugin.release:0.3, namespace=release)
The Release plugin automates the steps required to release a module, including verifying it is suitable for release and tagging the release in version control.
Main Targets
Minor Targets
Abstract Targets
The release plugin works somewhat differently to most plugins. The release target
has a property of
targets that is a list of targets that will be
executed in order to perform a release. This is instead of having targets that
depend on each other as it is likely that different projects will add or remove
targets for a release.
It also allows the property to be edited to resume processing part way through in the case of a failure.
To prepare for a release you should do the following:
- Commit all local changes and ensure that your working copy is consistent (same revision etc). It will form the basis of the tagged version in version control.
- Optionally, lock your repository to have exclusive access. You need to be able to the following steps without anyone else committing changes in the interim.
- Modify the version of your project to the release version (usually by removing the -ss suffix)
- Build the project and verify it for release, including installation. The artifacts built will be the proper release artifacts.
- Verify you have set
q.release.rolloverVersionor are about to supply it on the command line. You should also set any other properties for the release at this time.
- Verify that
q.release.targetscontains the correct targets in the correct order.
- Run the release. e.g.
quokka -Dq.release.rolloverVersion=1.1-ss release
- Assuming it has been sucessful, you can unlock exclusive access to the repository.
- If there was a failure, you can fix the underlying problem then edit
q.release.targetsto only execute the remaining targets.
release
Releases a project, including tagging in version control and updating versions
- alias: release
- prefix: q.release.release
Properties:
Default Properties
verify-properties
Verifies properties required for releasing are set
- prefix: q.release.verifyproperties
Default Properties
Plugin Paths
runtime : Runtime class path
quokka.core.metadata metadata 0.3
quokka.core.plugin-spi plugin-spi 0.3
quokka.core.util util 0.3
quokka.core.repo-spi repo-spi 0.3
quokka.core.bootstrap-util bootstrap-util 0.3
apache.ant ant 1.7.1 | http://quokka.ws/quokka.plugin.release_release_plugin_latest.html | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | refinedweb | 388 | 51.44 |
Example 1 - 3 numeric values:
new Ext.form.TextField({plugins: [new Ext.ux.InputTextMask('999', true)]});
Example 2 - 4 alphanumeric values:
new Ext.form.TextField({plugins: [new Ext.ux.InputTextMask('AAAA', true)]});
Example 3 - 2 character (all kinds):
new Ext.form.TextField({plugins: [new Ext.ux.InputTextMask('X.XX.X', true)]});
Ok, but what if I want to limit to say 20/40/100 characters ... maybe there could be a config option for this. It would probably be easy to add so I may be posting again with an update.
other things -
In your (new) code, I think this is not used:
Ext.namespace('Ext.ux.netbox');
In my code, I'm using Ext's way to prototype (just thought I'd share I know there's no real difference):
// Add escape prototype feature to RegExp object
Ext.applyIf(RegExp, {
/**
* extend RegExp class with a escape method
* @return {String} An escaped string.
*/
escape : function(str) {
return new String(str).replace(/([.*+?^=!:${}()|[\]\/\\])/g, '\\$1');
}
});
Ok, but what if I want to limit to say 20/40/100 characters ... maybe there could be a config option for this. It would probably be easy to add so I may be posting again with an update.
I'm not sure I'm following you....
Is this a problem of expressing a mask with less characters?
For example for a number of exactly 10 digits you now write:
HTML Code:
new Ext.form.TextField({plugins: [new Ext.ux.InputTextMask('9999999999', true)]});
I decided this wasn't the best plug-in for that purpose
The problem is that maxlength is not being set in the html by Ext, even thought there is a maxLength in Ext. Ext allows any number of characters regardless of this setting, the only thing Ext does is mark the field as invalid if the characters exceed the threshold.
The preferred behavior would be for no input beyond the maxLength.
Maybe a separate plug-in would be better, or some Ext override. Haven't had much time to explore this.
PS ... my preferred syntax would be :
PHP Code:
new Ext.ux.InputTextMask({
mask:'9999999999',
clearInvalid:true
})
JIC: This config fixes my issue:
PHP Code:
autoCreate : {tag: "input", type: "text", size: "20", maxlength:20, autocomplete: "off"}
bug?
bug?
I encountered a bug with this mask : X[0|1]X9:99 X[a|p]Xm
I fixed this by resetting regexp to '', not null :
Code:
for(var i=0; i<mask.length; i++){ if(regexp){ if(regexp == 'X'){ regexp = ''; } if(mask.charAt(i) == 'X'){ this.maskArray[mai] = regexp; mai++; regexp = ''; // <= RIGHT HERE ! } else { regexp += mask.charAt(i); } } ...snip... }
in opera 9.25 for windows xp if you use the "backspace" or "delete" for clear your input.. the mask fail..
Opera is not supported at the moment...
Opera is not supported at the moment...
Yes, I know...
The problem is that we don't support Opera at the moment (we don't need it, we are a bit short with our roadmaps and with Opera some events (such the Backspace and the Delete) are not easyly stoppable...).
We will support Opera when we will find the time to look at the problem...
All the patches are welcome... | http://www.sencha.com/forum/showthread.php?21040-InputTextMask-plugin-for-Textfield&p=104991&viewfull=1 | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | refinedweb | 531 | 77.23 |
hello everybody
i have a trouble about the add the filter on the TreeGrid
i need your help.
thanks !
the treegrid like this image(in this image ,i click the node 1,the node 2 show, ...
in gxt3.1 the example of the desktop
the method
public void addShortcut(Shortcut shortcut) {
getShortcuts().add(shortcut);
getDesktop().add(shortcut, new BoxLayoutData(new...
change the FlowLayoutContainer to VerticalLayoutContainer
like this:
FlowLayoutContainer con = new FlowLayoutContainer();
con.add(getToolBar(), new...
i set the grid view like this:
grid.getView().setForceFit(true);
grid.getView().setAutoFill(true);
but when i click the Maximizable the window resize and the grid fit to the window size ...
hi gays
i want to get the value of the Combobox selected but i get the Label
the client code is:
public class AddRoleWindow extends MyWindow {
private TreeLoader<RoleListWindow.JsonData>...
thanks for you answer today i resolve the TreeGrid and the desktop add the shortcut problems.
public class AsyncTreeGridExample implements IsWidget, EntryPoint {
private final String URL_OF_PERMISSION_CLIENT = Const.SERVER + "permission!listClient.do";
interface TreeBundle extends...
i have the same problem,are you solved ?
yes,my means is that i want to get the child ,but the loader only connect the url one time.
i guess it should like the Tree when the parent node expanded then connected the url and send the...
how to get the child from the server.
and the data is json data.
but i can't get the child
i guess the it like the Tree
private TreeLoader<JsonData> createTreeLoader(){
...
HttpProxy<PagingLoadConfig> jsonProxy = new HttpProxy<PagingLoadConfig>(requestBuilder) {
@Override
protected String generateUrl(PagingLoadConfig loadConfig) {
...
in gxt3 i want to set the Combox multiple select and i do like this:
combox.getListView().getSelectionModel().setSelectionMode(Style.SelectionMode.MULTI);
but it only select one .
who know it?...
thanks for your answer.
but i want to deployment the server in the tomcat and the client use the gxt3
start in other web container(like this ,i can save the time)
there are not method to resolve...
i have two module
one as the server the url is and it start in tomcat
and the other module is the client ( gxt3 ) named "permission"
(RequestBuilder requestBuilder = new...
thanks for your answer.
i do like this :
HttpProxy<PagingLoadConfig> jsonProxy = new HttpProxy<PagingLoadConfig>(requestBuilder){
@Override
protected String generateUrl(PagingLoadConfig...
HttpProxy<PagingLoadConfig> jsonProxy = new HttpProxy<PagingLoadConfig>(requestBuilder){
@Override
protected String generateUrl(PagingLoadConfig loadConfig) {
...
the json data format have solved;
but the new problem comming.
when click the next page button of the PagingToolBar
the offset how to Transferred to the sever;
if use the method getOffset() ...
i want to use the PagingLoader for the grid and the data is json
data.
so my problem is:
1:the format of the json data
how to create the Jsondata?
i want to set the tree check single and i set the tree like this : tree.getSelectionModel().setSelectionMode(Style.SelectionMode.SINGLE);
the result is not as my thinking.
it still the multiple...
how to use the treestore
hello everyone!
now
i want to use the gxt3 tree but the childeren nodes i didn't know how to create
my programs like this:
thks for all authers to give me the answer.
i think i need introduce the thoughts of about control the widget.
1:on the client by the user permission control the widget show or hide
and the same...
first thank you for your answer.
but i think you don't anderstand my means.
because i want to control the widget show or hide by user's permission. and it on the client(gxt) .
your code should run...
i want to control the widget show or hide by login user.
such as a TextField and a TextButton on my page.if the user 'admin' login into the web system,she can see the TextButton. and the others... | https://www.sencha.com/forum/search.php?s=964c4c5b6373b098e4a3e7a88e2cb0a4&searchid=19741251 | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | refinedweb | 635 | 58.99 |
I'm making a 2d top down shooter like Galaga. I want the projectile to shoot from the ship and move up the screen with a sine wave pattern. This is all I got and I'm only able to move the projectile straight
public class Projectile : MonoBehaviour {
// Used to control how fast the game object moves
public float MoveSpeed = 5.0f;
// Use this for initialization
void Start () {
DestroyObject(gameObject, 1.0f);
}
// Update is called once per frame
void Update () {
transform.position +=
transform.up * Time.deltaTime * MoveSpeed;
}
}
Answer by robertbu
·
Oct 05, 2014 at 04:26 PM
using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;
public class Projectile : MonoBehaviour {
public float MoveSpeed = 5.0f;
public float frequency = 20.0f; // Speed of sine movement
public float magnitude = 0.5f; // Size of sine movement
private Vector3 axis;
private Vector3 pos;
void Start () {
pos = transform.position;
DestroyObject(gameObject, 1.0f);
axis = transform.right; // May or may not be the axis you want
}
void Update () {
pos += transform.up * Time.deltaTime * MoveSpeed;
transform.position = pos + axis * Mathf.Sin (Time.time * frequency) * magnitude;
}
}
Thanks a lot :)
thanks for the temp code, i do believe this should be very similar in cos wave, thanks again for the post =)
Nice script. Thanks a lot :)
Thank do I bring an instantiated projectile back towards the player if the player tells it to? Similar to a boomerang.
0
Answers
2d cannon projectile not following expected path
1
Answer
2D Projectile Script Not Working
1
Answer
Spin Projectile?
0
Answers
Projectiles aren't shooting the direction they're supposed to with transform.up
0
Answers | https://answers.unity.com/questions/803434/how-to-make-projectile-to-shoot-in-a-sine-wave-pat.html | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | refinedweb | 261 | 68.57 |
Now that you understand how to handle templates in general, we can start to build a real application. Our first improvement will be to add a simple screen to prompt for the user’s account and password, as shown in Figure 6-12.
Figure 6-12. Login screen
For now, as we don’t really have any user accounts, we will just pretend that all passwords are the word secret.
So far with this application, we have mostly been making HTTP
GET requests as we navigate from one
page to another. Now we will be handling
POST requests as well. In a sense, this screen is somewhat like the
number-guessing game—but instead, it’s a password-guessing game.
We will make it so that our login page is at the URL /login—we will be able to do a
GET to the /login URL to get the account/password form,
and we can do a
POST to this URL to
submit the account and password for checking.
Because this login activity is a whole new chunk of work, we will
make a new handler called
LoginHandler and route the /login URL to the
LoginHandler.
The app.yaml file is pretty much unchanged, except for the application name:
application:
ae-08-loginversion: 1 runtime: python api_version: 1 handlers: - url: /static static_dir: static - url: /.* script: index.py
We make several improvements to our index.py file:
import os import logging import wsgiref.handlers from google.appengine.ext import webapp from google.appengine.ext.webapp ...
No credit card required | https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/using-google-app/9780596802462/ch06s10.html | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | refinedweb | 258 | 62.78 |
Question 2:
Write a program which can compute the factorial of a given number. The results should be printed in a comma-separated sequence on a single line.
Suppose the following input is supplied to the program: 8 Then, the output should be: 40320
For example(5 factorial),
5 ! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120 .
For example(4 factorial),
4 ! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24 .
Hints:
1. In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to be a console input.
2. Write a function and pass the factorial value as input
3. Subtract value by 1 and multiply it original value
4. Repeat the step 3 until the value reaches zero
To know more about factorial
Solution:
def fact(x): if x == 0: return 1 return x * fact(x - 1) x=int(input()) print(fact(x))
Discussion:
1. Write a function to call it recursively until it reaches zero value
2. Get input from user using the input() function and convert it to interger using int() function
3. Call fact() function and pass the value and print the return result using print() function | https://ampersandacademy.com/tutorials/python-3-programming-exercise/question-2-factorial-functions | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | refinedweb | 189 | 65.93 |
Asked by:
Avicode agent causing slow initial app response
A new application was recently developed that we've noticed on its first call of the day takes about fifteen to twenty seconds to pull up a page. If we turn off Avicode monitoring, kill the app and try it again, it comes up in less than five seconds. This is repeatable across multiple environments. It sparked further investigation, and we can see that in many applications, when Avicode is running the applications start up slower. Is this expected behaviour, and if so, what's the cause?
Question
All replies
Hi,
I have several ideas what it could be related to. It may deal with gathering application friendly name while starting monitoring. Agent tries to use WMI to get friendly names, if fails it retries with ADSI. Though you might have issues (or just request to WMI/ADSI takes much time) with those providers on current server.
You can check whether that's the root of the problem by disabling WHController:
1. Open “ServerAgent.config” (by default it’s located here: “C:\Program Files\AVIcode\Intercept\Agent\v5.7.491\Configuration”).
2. Find and comment the following line:
<!--<ss:controller-->
3. Save file, close it and restart Intercept Service to apply changes.
4. IISRESET to load application with new monitored settings.
5. Check the application response.
I should make you aware that current scenario (disabling WHController) has a side-affect: in this case Agent won't resolve friendly application name and you will receive events with the Source similar to the following:
Though there is a solution how to rename such sources to something friendly on SEViewer side.
Another idea is that it may take much on instrumentation of the stack.
In this case you should increase sensitivity threshold and disable unnecessary namespaces (check: if you have "All Namespaces" enabled, disable this firstly).
Igor Savchenko, VIAcode Consulting LLC ()
- Edited by Igor Savchenko Tuesday, February 07, 2012 4:15 PM
Hello,
In Addition to Igor: if it's only a "first start" problem you might not need to disable All Namespaces in "Namespaces" section - only disable namespaces in Exception Tracking section. AVIcode should not instrument any methods in the Namespaces to measure the execution time, so even "All Namespaces" here will not affect startup/JIT time. Exception Tracking namespaces are another story because they require the instrumentation of the code.
There is also another question: Does app load a lot of assemblies during start-up? If so, AVIcode may check those pieces of the compiling code to see if something should be instrumented and it will slow down the first request wihch typically intiates the modules loading. Anyway, this perf issue should not go out of the first-time request / first-time assembly load - the subsequent requests will use the compiled code.
Dmitry Matveev
- Proposed as answer by Daniele MuscettaMicrosoft employee Thursday, May 31, 2012 5:05 AM
The fact that it impacts start up is normal, the fact that it triples start-up is not normal, in most cases. Avicode intercepts start up to attach to the frameworks APIs and then based on configs attaches to method calls to time and wait for errors. large assemblies and namespaces being configured can impact this start up but also keep in mind not all deve.opment styles and practices are equal.
In many cases this is a descision between it's okay to impact since the app rarely starts vs the value of the monitoring. The same thought around the depth of detail being collected may impact ongoing performance so you may dial it up or down based on the value it brings versus it's impact.
Dmitry is spot on about assembly load, does it do any dynamic loading? And even so, is the cost worth it or do we need to dial it's depth back, and will it be enough to help.
Shawn Gibbs
- Proposed as answer by Daniele MuscettaMicrosoft employee Thursday, May 31, 2012 5:06 AM
Can someone take a look at the code here and see if there's anything in it that would cause Avicode to make the app take so long to come up on it's initial call?<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>- <wsdl:definitions xmlns:- <s:schema<s:element<s:element<s:element<s:element<s:element<s:element<s:element<s:element</s:sequence></s:extension></s:complexContent></s:complexType></s:schema></wsdl:types><wsdl:part</wsdl:message><wsdl:part</wsdl:message><wsdl:documentation xmlns:Returns Caller's Information based on billing account number</wsdl:documentation><wsdl:input<wsdl:output</wsdl:operation></wsdl:portType><soap:binding</wsdl:binding><soap12:binding</wsdl:binding><soap:address</wsdl:port><soap12:address</wsdl:port></wsdl:service></wsdl:definitions> | https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/systemcenter/en-US/3c2765e1-5584-446e-b4b1-e703b86a101f/avicode-agent-causing-slow-initial-app-response?forum=operationsmanageravicode | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | refinedweb | 794 | 51.07 |
0
Hi all!
I was experimenting a little with scanf. I am posting the code and the outputs I am having prolems understanding:
#include <stdio.h> int main() { char a,b,c; int d,e; scanf("%c%c",&a,&b);//-------------------(1) printf("%c %c\n\n",a,b); scanf("%d%d",&d,&e);//-------------------(2) printf("%d %d\n\n",d,e); scanf("%c abc",&a);//--------------------(3) printf("%c\n\n",a); scanf("%c abcdefgh",&a);//---------------(4) printf("%c\n\n",a); getch(); return 0; }
In (1):
Doesnt work. Scanf only takes one input. For (2), the same thing works. Why is it that it works for integers but not characters?
In (3):
Lets say I input 'm'. The subsequent printf prints nothing. After that, for scanf in (4) if I input 'k', then the subsequent printf prints 'm'. Why is that?
Thanks ! | https://www.daniweb.com/programming/software-development/threads/422439/scanf-experiments-please-give-explanations | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | refinedweb | 142 | 78.75 |
Flash Remoting for Rails Tutorial 2 - Data Swings Both Ways
In the first tutorial I showed how easy it is to pass data from Ruby on Rails to Flash via Flash Remoting, this tutorial will show that sending data objects back to Rails is just as simple. Backpack was one of the first apps to get people excited by Rails, I’ll be ripping off their To-do list feature and making it Flash rather than Ajax. I’m using Flash professional DataGrids for this, so unfortunately if you only have the regular flavor of Flash you’re out of luck (I’m guessing if you do webdev with Flash you use the pro version anyways). The entire source code for the tutorial can be downloaded here. The Flash source files are in the ‘fla’ directory.
As before start a new Rails app and call it ‘todoapp’
Change in the directory
Install WebORB for Ruy on Rails
There was briefly a bug with WebORB and ActionScript v2.0 components and sending parameters with your remoting call, however it’s been fixed (very quickly, thanks!). If you’ve previously installed WebORB in another Rails app you can update WebORB by adding –force at the end of the install command (warning: it will overwrite any config files you edited).
Create a MySQL database called ‘todoapp_development’ with a table called ‘todos’ (I’ve populated it with my wish list for Adobe) there’s a ‘todo.sql file’ in the ‘db’ direcotry of the source code.
`id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, `title` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '', `done` tinyint(4) NOT NULL default '0', PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; insert into `todos` values('1','Release Flex Builder for OS X','0'), ('2','Release Creative Suite Universal','0'), ('3','Release Apollo','0'); (
Create a ‘Todo’ model
Create a remoting service inside of the app/services directory called ‘TodoService.rb’
# getTodos for remoting getTodoLists end # toggleTodo for for remoting # toggleTodo for for remoting todoToAdd = Todo.new todoToAdd.title = title # if save send new data back to Flash if todoToAdd.save getTodoLists end end # get the todo lists (used throughout) # putting lists in a hash as we have two sets of data todos = Hash.new todos["not_done"] = Todo.find(:all, :conditions => ["done LIKE ?", false]) todos["done"] = Todo.find(:all, :conditions => ["done LIKE ?", true]) return todos end end
There’s a bit more going on here than the last tutorial which only had one method, this time there are three (four counting ‘getTodoLists’ which is used throughout the service). ‘getTodos’ calls ‘getTodoLists’ which fetches all the items in the ‘todos’ table. Since we want to split the todos into those that are done and not we make a Hash object to hold the filtered items. todos["not_done"] gets all that have their done column marked false and todos["done"] gets those that are true. You could return all the data and filter it in Flash but this way is easier.
‘toggleTodo(id)’ if a method that will be called from Flash via Remoting is has an argument ‘id’ that is used to find the todo item that you want to change from not done to done or vice versa. If the todo item has been succesfully toggled and saved we call ‘getTodoLists’ which returns the updated data back to Flash.
‘‘getTodoLists‘.‘ adds a new todo item with it’s ‘title’ coming in from Flash via Remoting, and returns the updated data again back to Flash using
With that setup and using the source for this tutorial you can now start the local lighttpd/WebBrick server and test the todo.fla in the Flash IDE. Click on the todo item’s title to send it to the other column.
Click on a todo…
…and it moves to the done list
The database is updated
Now for an overview of what’s happening on the Flash side. As in the first tutorial I’m using base Remoting.as and View.as classes that I extended with other classes. Below is the extened Remoting class ‘RemotingTodo.as’. New from the first tutorial are params/args (args? I never know the difference I started out as a designer) being sent to Rails ‘eventObj.data.id’ in the line
‘var pc:PendingCall = this.svc.toggleTodo(eventObj.data.id);’ of ‘toggleTodo‘ where eventObj.data is a Todo item object staright from Rails, so appending ‘.id’ works just as it would in Rails (I cover event dispatching in the first tutorial if this is as confusing as it reads, Flex has event dispatching built in which makes things easier)
/** * @class RemotingTodo * @extends Remoting * @author Alastair Dawson * @copyright 2006 Vixiom Communications, LLC */ import mx.remoting.*; import mx.rpc.*; class com.vixiom.remoting.RemotingTodo extends com.vixiom.remoting.Remoting { // todos holder array private var todos:Object; ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // Constructor (gatewayURL, servicePath, userid, password) // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// public function RemotingTodo (gURL, sp, u, p) { super(gURL, sp); // this.svc.connection.setCredentials(u, p); } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // Get todos (handler:onGetTodos) // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// public function getTodos() { trace("// remoting - getting todos") // create a pending call out to rails var pc:PendingCall = this.svc.getTodos(); // create a responder to handle the return from rails pc.responder = new RelayResponder(this, "onGetTodos", "handleRemotingError"); } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // Toggle todo (handler:onGetTodos) // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// public function toggleTodo(eventObj:Object) { trace("// remoting - toggle todo: " + eventObj.data.title) // create a pending call out to rails var pc:PendingCall = this.svc.toggleTodo(eventObj.data.id); // create a responder to handle the return from rails pc.responder = new RelayResponder(this, "onGetTodos", "handleRemotingError"); } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // Add todo (handler:onGetTodos) // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// public function addTodo(eventObj:Object) { trace("// remoting - add todo: " + eventObj.data) // create a pending call out to rails var pc:PendingCall = this.svc.addTodo(eventObj.data); // create a responder to handle the return from rails pc.responder = new RelayResponder(this, "onGetTodos", "handleRemotingError"); } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // onGetTodos handler // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// public function onGetTodos (re:ResultEvent) { if (re != undefined) { trace("// onGetTodos broadcaster - Word!") // put result in recordset todos = re.result; // dispatch event to the view dispatch(todos, "onGetTodos"); } } }
In the todo.fla file we create instances of the RemotingTodo and ViewTodo classes and connect broadcasters to their listeners. The previous tutorial only had one event being broadcast between the classes (Remoting telling the View when it had fetched the data) this time there are two broadcasters for the View to tell Remoting to "toggleTodo" and "addTodo". The todo lists are Flash DataGrid components and they get event listeners that broadcast when they ‘change’ i.e. someone clicks on a row.
/** * @author Alastair Dawson * @copyright 2006 Vixiom Communications, LLC */ // import remoting, view, and debug import mx.remoting.debug.NetDebug; import mx.utils.Delegate; import com.vixiom.remoting.RemotingTodo; import com.vixiom.view.ViewTodo; // ini debug NetDebug.initialize (); // style for grids (apple green is fugly) _global.style.setStyle ("themeColor", "haloOrange"); iniApp(); // setup and start function iniApp() { // create remoting & view objects var RTodo:RemotingTodo = new RemotingTodo ("", "TodoService"); // weborb gateway, ruby class name var VTodo:ViewTodo = new ViewTodo (_root); // set up listeners RTodo.addEventListener ("onGetTodos", Delegate.create (VTodo, VTodo.onGetTodos)); VTodo.addEventListener ("toggleTodo", Delegate.create (RTodo, RTodo.toggleTodo)); VTodo.addEventListener ("addTodo", Delegate.create (RTodo, RTodo.addTodo)); todo_dg.addEventListener("change", Delegate.create (VTodo, VTodo.onTodoChange)); done_dg.addEventListener("change", Delegate.create (VTodo, VTodo.onDoneChange)); add_btn.onRelease = Delegate.create(VTodo, VTodo.addTodo); // start the app, get the todos RTodo.getTodos(); }
Below is the extended View class, it’s all ActionScript related so I won’t go into it but there’s a ‘todos’ object to hold our data from Rails (after it’s passed from the Remoting class) there’s validation in there to make sure the add to do input field isn’t blank (again Flex has validation built in).
/** * @class ViewTodo * @extends View * @author Alastair Dawson * @copyright 2006 Vixiom Communications, LLC */ import mx.controls.DataGrid import mx.controls.TextInput import mx.controls.Button class com.vixiom.view.ViewTodo extends com.vixiom.view.View { // todos holder object private var todos:Object; // objects on stage private var todo_dg :DataGrid; private var done_dg :DataGrid; private var title_txt :TextInput; ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // Constructor (target) // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// public function ViewTodo (t:MovieClip) { super(t); // references for objects on the stage todo_dg = target.todo_dg; done_dg = target.done_dg; title_txt = target.title_txt; } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // onGetTodos listener // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// public function onGetTodos(eventObj:Object) { trace ("// onGetTodos listener - Word heard!"); // todos object todos = eventObj.data; // update lists updateLists(); } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // todo & done dataGrid listeners // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// public function onTodoChange(eventObj:Object) { // set the selected todo var selectedTodo = todos.not_done[eventObj.target.selectedIndex]; trace("// view - on change: " + selectedTodo.title); // tell remoting to change select item to done dispatch(selectedTodo, "toggleTodo"); } public function onDoneChange(eventObj:Object) { // set the selected todo var selectedTodo = todos.done[eventObj.target.selectedIndex]; trace("// view - on change: " + selectedTodo.title); // tell remoting to move the select item to todo dispatch(selectedTodo, "toggleTodo"); } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // update the todo and done lists // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// private function updateLists() { // populate data grids with remoting objects todo_dg.dataProvider = todos.not_done; done_dg.dataProvider = todos.done; /* when using dataProviders with dataGrids they show all your columns in the database, remove the columns we don't want to see */ todo_dg.removeColumnAt(todo_dg.getColumnIndex("id")); todo_dg.removeColumnAt(todo_dg.getColumnIndex("done")); done_dg.removeColumnAt(done_dg.getColumnIndex("id")); done_dg.removeColumnAt(done_dg.getColumnIndex("done")); } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // add button // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// public function addTodo() { if (notEmpty(title_txt.text)) { // not empty dispatch to remoting (RTodo) dispatch(title_txt.text, "addTodo"); // reset style (might have been an error previously) title_txt.setStyle ("backgroundColor", 0xFFFFFF); title_txt.setStyle ("themeColor", "haloOrange"); title_txt.setStyle ("color", 0x000000); } else { title_txt.text = "Todo can't be blank"; // style the text box to alert the user to the error title_txt.setStyle ("backgroundColor", 0xFFDFDC); title_txt.setStyle ("themeColor", 0xCC0000); title_txt.setStyle ("color", 0x990000); } } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // // validate field // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// private function notEmpty (s:String):Boolean { if (s == "" || s == "Todo can't be blank") { return false } else { return true } } }
That’s it! you now know how to pass data back and forth between Rails and Flash with Flash Remoting, now go build some cool shise!
PS For ActionScripters looking to learn Rails Agile Web Development is a great book to get started with, there’s also the ‘pickaxe‘ book online for learning Ruby. For Railers wnating to know more about ActionScript Essential ActionScript 2.0 is the best programming, never mind ActionScript, book I’ve ever read.
Flash Remoting for Rails Tutorial 2 - Data Swings Both Ways…
In the first tutorial I showed how easy it is to pass data from Ruby on Rails to Flash via Flash Remoting, this tutorial will show that sending data objects back to Rails is just as simple….
Trackback by Anonymous — August 27, 2006 @ 9:31 am
Hey thanks for this tutorial. I have a question regarding the object sent back from weborb when you request the todolist. It works without hassle when I set the done/notDone arrays as DataGrid dataProvider. But if I trace the objects all I get is a bounch of “undefined”. I can’t seem to access the objects until I use them as a dataProvider for a List component. What’s up with this?
I tried building some of my own services but the only data I can receive and trace are simple and native objects. Arrays and hashes makes everything go “undefined” allthough apparently all data is there because the List components can read them somehow. Guidance on this would be much appreciated.
Comment by David — September 4, 2006 @ 1:32 am
Hey David,
This messed me up for a while as well, if you trace a Hash or an Array of objects you an undefined for the length of the Array (if Array.length is 3 then undefined, undefined, undefined). I don’t know if it’s a bug in WebORB or what, I suspect that if you’re used to Remoting using ColdFusion or AMFPHP (I was a big AMFPHP user before Rails) you were getting recordSets returned from your remoting calls so you could trace the recordset and see what was in there.
WebORB returns objects directly, as a string or a number, as one object, or as in this tutorial a set of objects in a Hash. Again it might be a bug in WebORB but ideally if you trace the Hash (again with a length of three) you should see [object], [object], [object] not undefined, undefined, undefined.
If you want to work with the data directly in this tutorial (not using a DataGrid) you can access things like this…
In the RemotingTodo.as file add a trace after ‘todos = re.result;’ (line 87) using dot notation to run down to the todo’s title
trace(todos.not_done[0].title);
‘0′ being the first object in the ‘todos’ Hash from Rails. To get the second
trace(todos.not_done[1].title);
obviously if you were working with a lot of data you would loop over the Hash object
for (var i = 0; i < todos.length; i++)
{
trace(todos.not_done[i].title);
}
Hope that answers your question, WebORB for Rails is still in beta hopefully things will work as expected when the final version is released.
Comment by KreeK — September 4, 2006 @ 10:03 am
Thanks for the reply.
I’m going to post this question on the Rails WebORB discussion forum. They should know if it’s a bug or not
Comment by David — September 12, 2006 @ 8:15 am
VERY GOOD points
Comment by EQ2 GOLD — January 3, 2007 @ 12:59 pm
Hi,
i just tried to use the example and doesn’t works to me.
I got a NoMethodError in WeborbController#index
and exactly, request.raw_post.each_byte {|byte| input.push byte } is the problem
because request.raw_post is nil. So, i don’t know what did i wrong. But, if someone knows, please
let me know.
Thanks for all and of course to people who write this tutorial.
Comment by Minä — January 9, 2007 @ 4:09 am
Hi ,
yeah same here your tutorial is pretty sweet but i can’t get it running here
i think everything is running pretty fine here when i install the weborb and refer to the weborb testfiles
the weborbtests are running and i can see the result Objects but since i am noob to this rails stuff i have maybee problems with the scaffolding part
i followed a tutorial from and used Radrails and it worked pretty fine anyhow i cannot get this one running
any help would be greatly appreciated
Comment by m@ — February 25, 2007 @ 4:09 pm
Hi ,
i am havin a Error too . In the Flash Ide i get the trace
“// remoting - getting todos” but nothing appears and the webrick is running ?.
Since i am using amfPhp Remoting alot i still stick to the mx Remoting Classes . But i already installed the new Remoting Components .
Does anybody knows why ??
please give me a hint
thanks for the Tutorial and the help upfront
( btw : why did you deleted my post before ? )
Comment by Matthias — February 25, 2007 @ 5:51 pm
Ok ,
thnx alot for the very nice remoting tutorial i found out the solution myself :
in the case that you dont want to use the sourcefiles supplied @ the beginning of the tutorial and you copy and paste the Code out of the sourceview you need to replace the apostrophies in the .rb files maybee they are bitwise wrong from the css view
thnx alot m@
Comment by Matthias — February 26, 2007 @ 10:54 am
Matthias,
Yes I should change the font the code tags use, I’ve even had that problem when copying stuff from my own tutorials!
thanks,
Alastair
Comment by KreeK — February 26, 2007 @ 10:59 am
if theres a way to call rails services with actionscript 3 using NetConnect classes, please tell! I’m not sure what adobe’s plans are for maintaining the remoting classes, but apparently they’ve included some similar functionality.
Comment by rich — March 6, 2007 @ 4:31 pm
Hi there,
Thanks for this tutorial - I learned a great deal, and have things working great locally. I’m having the same problem as Mina, however - “I got a NoMethodError in WeborbController#index
and exactly, request.raw_post.each_byte {|byte| input.push byte } is the problem”, but only when I upload the interface through my hosting service (Dreamhost). could this be a server-side issue? I don’t know if there are server-side components in the Flash Remoting Components…
anyone else encounter this or try it on a 3rd party hosting service?
Thanks!
Comment by Molly — August 3, 2007 @ 10:49 am
Hi Molly,
The error you’re getting is on the server side, all the Flash stuff ends up packaged in the SWF file. If it works locally then something on the remote server is different than your local version, this could be one of many things; a different version of Rails, a different ruby gem on the server (or a missing gem).
When I get problems like this I try to get weborb working on the server in a fresh Rails app just to make sure it’s not my code messing stuff up
Follow this example up until they say to check , that’s the weborb test suite, if it runs in a clean rails app you know weborb can work on your server and the problem is in your code.
Hope that helps, good luck!
Comment by Alastair — August 3, 2007 @ 1:19 pm
Hmm… thanks for the response, Alastair. I checked out WebOrb in a fresh app, and still had problems (send failed in all examples). Is there any reason why the server would interfere with the way information is sent between flash and rails? Particularly, why request.raw_post would come back as nil into rails?
Has anyone had any experience with fixing something like this? There are people all over the midnightcoders forum with similar issues, and not many viable solutions. If anyone has insight, you might have an army of people indebted to you…
Molly
Comment by Molly — August 6, 2007 @ 3:28 pm
Hi again ,
i extendet the example so that you have full crud functionallity .
Its pretty funny if you see how easy it is to delete a Todo aswell
require ‘weborb/context’
require ‘rbconfig’
class TodoService
# getTodos for remoting
def getTodos
getTodoLists
end
def getDeleteTodos
return todos
getTodoLists
end
# toggleTodo for for remoting
def toggleTodo(id)
def deleteTodo(id)
Todo.delete(id)
todoToDelete = Todo.find(id)
if todoToDelete.delete
getTodos
end
end
# toggleTodo for for remoting
def addTodo(title)
todoToAdd = Todo.new
todoToAdd.title = title
# if save send new data back to Flash
if todoToAdd.save
getTodoLists
end
end
# get the todo lists (used throughout)
def getTodoLists
# putting lists in a hash as we have two sets of data
todos = Hash.new
todos["not_done"] = Todo.find(:all, :conditions => ["done LIKE ?", false])
todos["done"] = Todo.find(:all, :conditions => ["done LIKE ?", true])
return todos
end
end
Comment by Matthias — October 10, 2007 @ 1:28 am
you can download my update here :
Comment by Matthias — October 10, 2007 @ 4:28 am
[...] [...]
Pingback by MaxUp Blog’s | » Links sobre Flex + Ruby On Rails — December 28, 2007 @ 8:35 am | http://blog.vixiom.com/2006/08/26/flash-remoting-for-rails-tutorial-data-swings-both-ways/ | crawl-002 | refinedweb | 3,139 | 55.24 |
Read more about this book
(For more resources on XNA 4.0, see here.). The redistributable font package is provided by Microsoft to address this problem and give XNA developers a range of usable fonts that can be included in XNA games. Following are samples of each of the fonts included in the font package:
Time for action – add SpriteFonts to Game1
- Right click on the Fonts folder in the Content project in Solution Explorer and select Add | New Item.
- From the Add New Item dialog, select Sprite Font.
- Name the font Pericles36.spritefont. After adding the font, the spritefont file will open in the editor window.
- In the spritefont file, change <Fontname>Kootenay</Fontname> to <Fontname>Pericles</Fontname>.
- Change <Size>14</Size> to <Size>36</Size>.
- Add the following declaration to the Game1 class:
SpriteFont pericles36Font;
- Update the LoadContent() method of the Game1 class to load spritefont by adding:
pericles36Font = Content.Load Kootenay. In steps 4 and 5, we will edit <CharacterRegions> section in the SpriteFont's XML description. If you attempt to output a character not covered by this range, your game will crash. You can avoid this by removing the HTML comment characters (<!--and -->) from around the <DefaultCharacter> definition in the XML file. Whenever an unknown character is output, the character defined in <DefaultCharacter> will be used in its place.:
Vector2 scorePosition = new Vector2(605, 215);
- In the Draw() method, remove "this.Window.Title = playerScore.ToString();" and replace the line with:
ToString();" and replace the line with:-coded vector value in the spriteBatch.DrawString() call. Since our window size is set to 800 by 600 pixels, the location we have defined above.
Time for action – creating the ScoreZoom class
- Add a new class file called ScoreZoom.cs to the Game1 class.
- Add the following using directive to the top of the file:
using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
- Add the following declarati ons to the ScoreZoom class:
public string Text;
public Color DrawColor;
private int displayCounter;
private int maxDisplayCount = 30;
private float scale = 0.4f;
private float lastScaleAmount = 0.0f;
private float scaleAmount = 0.4f;
- Add the Scale read-only property to the ScoreZoom class:
public float Scale
{
get { return scaleAmount * displayCounter; }
}
- Add a Boolean property to indicate when the ScoreZoom has finished displaying:
public bool IsCompleted
{
get { return (displayCounter > maxDisplayCount); }
}
- Create a constructor for the ScoreZoom class:
public ScoreZoom(string displayText, Color fontColor)
{
Text = displayText;
DrawColor = fontColor;
displayCounter = 0;
}
- Add an Update() method to the ScoreZoom class:
public void Update()
{
scale += lastScaleAmount + scaleAmount;
lastScaleAmount += scaleAmount;
displayCounter++;
} amount.:
Queue<ScoreZoom> ScoreZooms = new Queue<ScoreZoom>();
- Add a new helper method to the Game1 class to update the ScoreZooms queue:
private void UpdateScoreZooms()
{
int dequeueCounter = 0;
foreach (ScoreZoom zoom in ScoreZooms)
{
zoom.Update();
if (zoom.IsCompleted)
dequeueCounter++;
}
for (int d = 0; d < dequeueCounter; d++)
ScoreZooms.Dequeue();
}
- In the Update() method, inside the case section for GameState.Playing, add the call to update any active ScoreZooms. This can be placed right before the case's break;(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.4f)));
- Modify the Draw() method of the Game1 class by adding the following right before the SpriteBatch.DrawString() call which draws the player's score:
foreach (ScoreZoom zoom in ScoreZooms)
{
spriteBatch.DrawString(pericles36Font, zoom.Text,
new Vector2(this.Window.ClientBounds.Width / 2,
this.Window.ClientBounds.Height / 2),
zoom.DrawColor, 0.0f,
new Vector2(pericles36Font.MeasureString(zoom.Text).X / 2,
pericles36Font.MeasureString(zoom.Text).Y / 2),
zoom.Scale, SpriteEffects.None, 0.0f);
} foreach loop runs, any ScoreZoom that has an IsCompleted property of true increments the counter. When the foreach has completed, ScoreZooms.Dequeue() is run a number of times equal to dequeueCounter.
Adding new ScoreZoom objects is accomplished in step 4, with the Enqueue() method. The method is passed a new ScoreZoom object, which is constructed with a plus sign (+) and the score being added, followed by a red color with the alpha value set to 0.4f, this.Window.ClientBounds to retrieve the width and height of the game window. By dividing each by two, we get the coordinates of the center of the screen.
The remaining parameters are the same as those of the extended Draw() call we used to draw rotated pieces. After the color value is rotation, which we have set to 0.0f, followed by the origin point for that rotation. We have used the MeasureString() method of the SpriteFont class to determine both the height and width of the text that will be displayed and divided:
Just as with the extended Draw() method earlier, we will use SpriteEffects.None for the spriteEffects parameter and 0.0f.
Read more about this book
(For more resources on XNA 4.0, see here.)
Time for action – game over
- Modify the declaration of the GameStates enum in the Game1 class to include the GameOver state:
enum GameStates { TitleScreen, Playing, GameOver };
- Add the following declarations to the Game1 class:
Vector2 gameOverLocation = new Vector2(200, 260);
float gameOverTimer;
- Modify the Update() method of Game1 by adding a new case section for the GameState.GameOver state:
case GameStates.GameOver:
gameOverTimer -= (float)gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalSeconds;
if (gameOverTimer <= 0)
{
gameState = GameStates.TitleScreen;
}
break;
- Modify the if statement in the Draw() method of Game1 for the GameState.Playing state from if (gameState == GameStates.Playing) to:
if ((gameState == GameStates.Playing) ||
(gameState == GameStates.GameOver))
- Add a new if statement for the GameState.GameOver state to the Draw() method, right before the call to Base.Draw(gameTime).
if (gameState == GameStates.GameOver)
{
spriteBatch.Begin();
spriteBatch.DrawString(pericles36Font,
"G A M E O V E R!",
gameOverLocation,
Color.Yellow);
spriteBatch.End();
}:
const float MaxFloodCounter = 100.0f;
float floodCount = 0.0f;
float timeSinceLastFloodIncrease = 0.0f;
float timeBetweenFloodIncreases = 1.0f;
float floodIncreaseAmount = 0.5f;
- In the Update() method of Game1.cs, add the following code to keep track of the increasing flood waters right after the timeSinceLastInput variable is updated in the GameState.Playing case section:
timeSinceLastFloodIncrease +=
(float)gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalSeconds;
if (timeSinceLastFloodIncrease >= timeBetweenFloodIncreases)
{
floodCount += floodIncreaseAmount;
timeSinceLastFloodIncrease = 0.0f;
if (floodCount >= MaxFloodCounter)
{
gameOverTimer = 8.0f;
gameState = GameStates.GameOver;
}
}
- Update the CheckScoringChain() method of the Game1 class by adding the following to decrease the flood counter when the player scores. Place this code right after playerScore += DetermineScore(WaterChain.Count);
floodCount = MathHelper.Clamp(floodCount -
(DetermineScore(WaterChain.Count)/10), 0.0f, 100.0f); three, the floodCount variable needs to be decreased each time the player completes a scoring chain. MathHelper.Clamp() is used to subtract the score value (divided by 10) from the floodCount, while keeping the value between 0.0f and 100.0f.:
Time for action – displaying the flood
- Add the following declarations to the Game1 class:
const int MaxWaterHeight = 244;
const int WaterWidth = 297;
Vector2 waterOverlayStart = new Vector2(85, 245);
Vector2 waterPosition = new Vector2(478, 338);
- Modify the Draw() method of the Game1 class by adding the following right after the SpriteBatch.DrawString() call that displays the player's score:
spriteBatch.Draw(backgroundScreen,
new Rectangle(
(int)waterPosition.X,
(int)waterPosition.Y + (MaxWaterHeight - waterHeight),
WaterWidth,
waterHeight),
new Rectangle(
(int)waterOverlayStart.X,
(int)waterOverlayStart.Y + (MaxWaterHeight - waterHeight),
WaterWidth,
waterHeight),
new Color(255, 255, 255, 180));
- Try it out! You should now be able to watch the flood slowly increase in the flood tank. When it reaches the top the game should switch to the GameOver state and, after an 8 second delay, back to the title screen.
What just happened?
The two int waterHeight variable, the MaxWaterHeight is multiplied by the percentage of water currently in the tank..
Difficulty levels
Now that the game can end, we need some way to make the game more difficult the longer the player plays.
After the player has completed 10 scoring chains, the water tank will be emptied, a new set of game pieces will be generated, and the flood will increase faster.
Time for action – adding difficulty levels
- Add the following declarations to the Game1 class:
int currentLevel = 0;
int linesCompletedThisLevel = 0;
const float floodAccelerationPerLevel = 0.5f;
Vector2 levelTextPosition = new Vector2(512, 215);
- Add the StartNewLevel() method to the Game1 class:
private void StartNewLevel()
{
currentLevel++;
floodCount = 0.0f;
linesCompletedThisLevel = 0;
floodIncreaseAmount += floodAccelerationPerLevel;
gameBoard.ClearBoard();
gameBoard.GenerateNewPieces(false);
}
- Modify the Update() method of the Game1 class by updating the case section for GameState.TitleScreen to include the following right before the game state is set to GameState.Playing:
currentLevel = 0;
floodIncreaseAmount = 0.0f;
StartNewLevel();
- Modify the CheckScoringChain() method to increment the linesCompletedThisLevel variable right after playerScore +=DetermineScore(WaterChain.Count);
linesCompletedThisLevel++;
- Still in the CheckScoringChain() method, add the following to call the StartNewLevel() method if necessary. Place this code directly after the foreach loop that fades out tiles on the board:
if (linesCompletedThisLevel >= 10)
{
StartNewLevel();
}
- Update the Draw() method to display the current level in the appropriate location on the screen. Place this code right after the spriteBatch.DrawString() call that displays the player's score:
spriteBatch.DrawString(pericles36Font,
currentLevel.ToString(),
levelTextPosition,
Color.Black);
- Play! Flood Control is now completed, so try it out!
What just happened?
The current game level and the number of lines the player has completed in the current level are tracked as integers (currentLevel and linesCompletedThisLevel). The two constants, baseFloodAmount and floodAccelerationPerLevel, determine how much water is added to the facility every time the flood is updated. Finally, the levelTextPosition vector points to the location on the screen where the level number will be displayed.
The StartNewLevel() method increases the currentLevel, and clears the floodCount and lineCompletedThisLevel variables. It increases the floodIncreaseAmount by the value of floodAccelerationPerLevel and then clears the game board. Finally, new pieces are generated for each square on the board.
When beginning a new game (the updates in Step 3) we can simply set currentLevel and floodIncreaseAmount to zero, and then call the StartNewLevel() method. Since both of these variables are increased by StartNewLevel() the first level of a new game will begin with the appropriate values.
Step 4 increases the counter that tracks the number of lines the player has completed on the current level every time a scoring chain results in points. Step 5 checks to see if the player has completed 10 or more lines. If they have, a new level is started.
Finally, drawing the level number is a call to the simple form of SpriteBatch. DrawString() just as we did for displaying the player's score.
Have a go hero
There are a number of different things you could do to spruce up Flood Control. Here are a few suggestions to try using the knowledge:
- Basic—add a "Paused" game state that displays an indication that the game is paused and how to resume play. To prevent cheating, the game board should either not be visible or be obscured in some way while the game is paused.
- Intermediate—the Game Over screen is not very exciting. Create a new bitmap image indicating the aftermath of the flooded facility and display that image instead of the simple Game Over! text. You will need to load the image via the LoadContent() method and display it when appropriate.
- Advanced—create an additional "suffix" for pieces that are locked down and cannot be turned. You'll need to expand the Tile_Sheet.png file by adding an additional (fourth) column and then copying the first two columns to columns three and four. Draw bolts in the four corners of each of the twelve new piece images and modify the draw code to add an additional 40 pixels to the X value of the source Rectangle if the piece contains the locked suffix. Grant extra points for using locked pieces in a scoring chain.
Summary
In the above article we have covered:
- Adding a SpriteFont to the game and displaying the current level and score in their appropriate positions on the screen
- Implementing the flooding of the dome and adding increasing difficulty levels
Further resources on this subject:
- 3D Animation Techniques with XNA Game Studio 4.0
- Building a Complete Board-based Puzzle Game with XNA 4.0
- Using Animated Pieces in a Board-based Game with XNA 4.0 | https://www.packtpub.com/books/content/using-spritefonts-board-based-game-xna-40 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | refinedweb | 1,992 | 57.57 |
In this article, we are going to learn about what is readonly, const keywords, and their difference.
What is Readonly keyword?
A readonly keyword is used to define a variable that can be assigned once after declaration either during declaration or in the constructor.
Example
using System; class Test { // readonly variables public readonly int var1; public readonly int var2; // Using constructor public Test(int a, int b) { var1 = a; var2 = b; Console.WriteLine("Display value of var1 {0}, "+"and var2 {1}", var1, var2); } // Main method static public void Main() { Test obj1 = new Test(90, 80); } }
Output
Display value of var1 90, and var2 80
What is Const keyword?
Once the variable is defined as const, then the value assigned to that variable cannot be changed throughout the program.
Example
using System; class Test { // const variables public const int var1 = 96; public const string var2 = "Riya"; // Main method static public void Main() { Console.WriteLine(var2 + " got " + var1 + " marks in english"); } }
Output
Riya got 96 marks in english
Difference between ReadOnly and Const keywords.
That’s it.
Also check, Introduction Of OOP Concept In C# | https://www.thecodehubs.com/readonly-vs-const-keywords-in-c/ | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | refinedweb | 183 | 60.04 |
string xmlString = @" <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <collectpay-payment-request <payment-batch-request>"
Are you are experiencing a similar issue? Get a personalized answer when you ask a related question.
Have a better answer? Share it in a comment.
From novice to tech pro — start learning today.
Try the following code.
You'll see - it's pretty easy to build xml using xml document.
- you create a document,
- the you create a "root" element (you may have ONE only)
- then you create other elements and attach them to the root or to each other (depends on hierarchy).
- save (or print or send etc.)
Open in new window
Output:
Open in new window
The ':' character, hexadecimal value 0x3A, cannot be included in a name.
Open in new windowProduces the following output -
With monday.com’s project management tool, you can see what everyone on your team is working in a single glance. Its intuitive dashboards are customizable, so you can create systems that work for you.
Thanks, but I am already deep into a blend of anarki_jimbel's recommendation, and another way I found called XML to LINQ. However, I'm still stuck on the XmlException above.
I'm trying various ways, but still no luck, hoping someone can help:
Here's what I got:
Open in new window
I am no longer getting the error above, but now getting a new error message:
The prefix '' cannot be redefined from '' to '' within the same start element tag.
Need to check. Because this should not happen for XmlDocument. This is common approach.
Need some time :).
Open in new window
Open in new window
:) Hopefully there's a better solution to eliminate the blank...
Adding a namespace to nested XElements is not MY solution :).
Hopefully your QA will be satisfied :D
Wow, what a price to pay for adding attributes to a single line of XML code. I have nearly 60 child nodes.
Either way, thanks for your help.
With XmlDocument (my initial example - I'm a bit more comfortable with XmlDocument :)) -
you would have much more work :). | https://www.experts-exchange.com/questions/28591576/C-Building-XML-file.html | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | refinedweb | 347 | 67.04 |
We. We’ve updated Templeton to support dropping the job logs directly into ASV as part of the status directory.
The way to do this is to pass “enablelogs” as a query string parameter set to true. Here’s the what the request looks like:
Upon job completion, the logs will be moved into the status directory, under a logs folder with the following structure:
.
It’s been a fun couple of weeks launching HDInsight, and I’m going to be getting back into doing some more technical blogging. There are a few easy topics off the bat that we’ve heard requested from customers. The first one involves Piggybank, which is a user contributed collection of useful Pig user defined functions (UDF’s).
This assumes your machine is set up with:
Next, let’s build Piggybank by grabbing the Pig source code and checking out the 0.9 branch
At this point, you should now have a pig directory, move to that and type ant in order to build.
Next, navigate to .\contrib\piggybank\java, and again, type ant in order to build. This will produce piggybank.jar.
Next, open your HDInsight console window and type pig. This brings up Grunt, the interactive pig shell.
At this point, you can now use the following in your script:
REGISTER C:\Your\Path\To\piggybank.jar ; foo = FOREACH entry GENERATE org.apache.pig.piggybank.evaluation.string.UPPER(item_name);
REGISTER C:\Your\Path\To\piggybank.jar ;
foo = FOREACH entry GENERATE org.apache.pig.piggybank.evaluation.string.UPPER(item_name);
At this point, you can now take advantage of all of the functions in piggybank, and if you’re interested in contributing your own, details are here. few folks have asked, so I decided to put the data in one place. We'll be talking more about Hadoop at TechEd North America and Hadoop Summit next week, and then later in the month at TechEd Europe.
Here are the sessions we're presenting:
I think that there is a pretty nice mix of Hadoop, Microsoft plans, and applications across these sessions. Hope you get a chance to see them (or watch them after the events!)
I !
Last night I saw that Maurice had a few tweets that caught my attention about flowchart, but this is the one that I want to talk about:
Come to think of it I also really mis a parallel execution in a flowchart. But other than that flowcharts rock! #wf4 #dmabout 13 hours ago via web
Come to think of it I also really mis a parallel execution in a flowchart. But other than that flowcharts rock! #wf4 #dmabout 13 hours ago via web
I thought about replying on twitter, but it’s a bit of a longer topic. When we were building the flowchart for VS2010, we considered a number of possible capabilities, but ultimately the capabilities customers were looking for fell into two categories:
We can describe the model of execution in the current flowchart to be one that supports arbitrary rework. You could also refer to this as GOTO. One benefit (and downside) of breaking out of the tightly scoped, hierarchical execution model that we see with the Sequential style of workflows (and in most procedural languages) is the fact there exists more freedom in terms of defining the “next” step to be taken. The simplest way to think about this is the following flowchart:
Now, this isn’t particularly interesting, and most folks who look at this will simply ask “why not a loop?” which in this case is a valid question. As a process gets more sophisticated (or if humans tend to be involved), the number of possible loops required gets rather tricky to manage in a sequential flow (consider the following rework scenario which includes “next steps” across conditional boundaries, and from some branches but not others.
Now, mathematically, we can describe the machinery in both of these machines as a set of valid transitions, and it is likely possible that there exists a complete mapping from any flowchart into procedural.
The second pattern we consistently saw was the use of a free form style of execution in order to build complex coordination patterns. The example I consistently return to (pointing back to a blog post I made back in the WF3 days)
Here I want to be able to coordinate a few different things, namely that 3 executes when 1 completes, 5 when 2, 4 when 1 AND 2, 6 when 3 AND 4 AND 5 complete. Here we’ve created a dependency graph that can’t be handled with the procedural constructs that we have. How could this happen? Imagine we’re trying to model the ranking process for a series of horse races. Task 3 can happen when Race 1 completes, as Task 5 can happen when Race 2 completes. Task 4 represents some work that requires the data from both Races. When those 3 tasks (3, 4, and 5) complete, I can move forward and take some action (like bet on the next race).
This type of pattern can be very powerful, and is often described by petri-nets. There exists a multitude of join semantics from simple AND joins to conditional joins (ranging from a simple “count” to a condition based on data).
Today, the flowchart in the .NET framework only supports the former pattern, that of arbitrary rework. How’d we get there. While we found a lot of value in both patterns what we found when we tried to compose them, we often got into places that became very hard to have predictable execution semantics. The basic crux of the design issue gets to the “re-arming” of a join. If I decide to jump back to task 3 at some point, what does it mean for 3 to complete? Do I execute 6 again right away, do I wait for 4 and 5 to complete a second time? What happens if I jump to 3 a second time? Now, there certainly exist formal models for this, and things like Petri-net define a set of semantics for these things. What we found though was that any expression of the model that took these things into account required a pretty deep understanding of the process model, and we lost one of the key benefits we see from a flowchart, which is that it is a simple, approachable model. This is not to say that we don’t think that the Coordination pattern is useful, or that petri-nets don’t ultimately hold the unified approach, we just did not have the time to implement a coordination pattern in VS 2010, and creating an approachable petri-net backed flowchart modeling style was something we’d need more time to get correct.
If you’re looking at this and saying, “but I want coordination (or a full blown petri-net)”, there are a couple of options:.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
namespace CustomActivities.ActivityTypes
public sealed class Timer : NativeActivity<TimeSpan>
public Timer()
20: FavoriteAnimals.Remove(mi);.
I! | http://blogs.msdn.com/b/mwinkle/default.aspx?PostSortBy=MostRecent&PageIndex=1 | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | refinedweb | 1,182 | 60.95 |
Using the new Linq provider is pretty simple. It all hangs of a Query() extension method on ISession, so you can do things like the following:
from c in session.Query<Customer>() select c
In my tests, I've tended to wrap the session.Query() call behind a simple facade, along the lines of:
public class Northwind
{
private readonly ISession _session;
public Northwind(ISession session)
{
_session = session;
}
public IQueryable<Customer> Customers { get { return _session.Query<Customer>(); }
}
Of course, that's entirely optional, but I find the resulting code easier to read:
from c in db.Customers select c
Once you know how to hook into the session (which as you can see is pretty simple), the rest is just straightforward Linq code, and entirely up to you! Right now I'm not exposing any extension points, but they'll be coming soon (plus another post to describe how to use them).
The version 1 provider used an ISession extension method call Linq() to provide its hook. I purposefully used a different name, since there's no reason at all why you can't use both providers within the same project or, indeed, within the same session. So that gives a couple of migration options for folk that want to move to the new provider:
public static IQueryable<T> Linq<T>(this ISession session)
{
return session.Query<T>();
}
Other than that, I don't think there's much to tell - usage really should be pretty simple. Oh, one thing that springs to mind - although you can use the V1 provider and the new provider within the same project (or session), don't try to compose queries from them together; that's really going to do weird stuff! | https://nhibernate.info/blog/2009/12/16/using-the-new-linq-to-nh-provider-and-migrating-from-the-old-one.html | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | refinedweb | 286 | 66.17 |
How to get URL from HTML using lxml in Python
In this tutorial, we will see two simple methods that are available in Python to get a URL from HTML using Python.
Method 1
At first, we have to know about the lxml library.
lxml:
To handle XML and HTML files, we can make use of lxml which is a library that is available in Python. Using this, parsing HTML will be an easy task.
Installation:
pip install lxml
Let’s look at the program.
from lxml import html def LinkExtract(str_document): link = list(str_document.iterlinks()) (element, attr, link,position) = link[0] print ("attribute: ", attr) print ("link: ", link) print("Position:", position) print ("Length of the link: ", len(link)) str_document = html.fromstring('Welcome <a href ="codespeedy.com">CodeSpeedy</a>') LinkExtract(str_document)
Functions used:
1.formstring():
- It is used to parse the HTML string. It parses HTML and returns a single element/document
- Syntax: formstring(html_string)
2.iterlinks():
- iterlinks() method has four parameters of tuple form.
- element– Link is extracted from this parse node of the anchor tag.
- attr- It represents the attribute of the link.
- link– It is the actual URL that is extracted from the anchor tag.
- position– It returns the anchor tag’s numeric index in the document.
Output:
attribute: href link: codespeedy.com Position: 0 Length of the link: 18
Method 2
In this method, we have imported the codecs module in addition to the lxml library.
codecs:
To transcode the data present in our program, we can use the codecs module that provides file interfaces and streams.
Let’s take a look at the program.
from lxml import html import codecs def LinkExtract(str_document): link = list(str_document.iterlinks()) (element, attr, link,position) = link[0] print ("attribute: ", attr) print ("link: ", link) print ("Length of the link: ", len(link)) print("Position:", position) f=codecs.open("link.html", 'r') doc=f.read() str_document = html.fromstring(doc) LinkExtract(str_document)
Methods used:
1.codecs.open():
- We can use codecs.open() to open HTML file within Pyhton.
- Syntax: codecs.open(filename, mode, encoding)
2.read():
- It reads the content of the file.
- Syntax: filename.read()
Our HTML file will look like below.
Output:
attribute: href link: Length of the link: 14 Position: 0
I hope that this tutorial is useful for everyone. | https://www.codespeedy.com/get-url-from-html-using-lxml-in-python/ | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | refinedweb | 379 | 60.51 |
.. Video Streaming Web Server Code
After that, copy the code below_ //Replace with your network credentials const char* ssid = "REPLACE_WITH_YOUR_SSID"; const char* password = "REPLACE_WITH_YOUR_PASSWORD"; "; stream_ = NULL; static esp_err_t stream_handler( *req){ camera_fb_t * fb = NULL; esp_err_t res = ESP_OK; size_t _jpg_buf_len = 0; uint8_t * _jpg_buf = NULL; char * part_buf[64]; res = = (const char *)part_buf, hlen); } if(res == ESP_OK){ res = (const char *)_jpg_buf, _jpg_buf_len); } if(res == ESP_OK){ res = (){ config = HTTPD_DEFAULT_CONFIG(); config.server_port = 80; index_uri = { .uri = "/", .method = HTTP_GET, .handler = stream_handler, .user_ctx = NULL }; //Serial.printf("Starting web server on port: '%d'\n", config.server_port); if ( &config) == ESP_OK) { ; } // Wi-Fi connection WiFi.begin(ssid, password); while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) { delay(500); Serial.print("."); } Serial.println(""); Serial.println("WiFi connected"); Serial.print("Camera Stream Ready! Go to: Serial.print(WiFi.localIP()); // Start streaming web server startCameraServer(); } void loop() { delay(1); }.
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Thanks for reading!
333
THX 🙂
Hi Sara,
I have three ESP 32 cams that I am having trouble with. When I reset them they will work for 8 to 10 hours. After that they will be still online (ping OK) but their web servers stop responding. The message is:
This site can’t be reached
192.168.1.196 took too long to respond.
Try:
Checking the connection
Checking the proxy and the firewall
Running Windows Network Diagnostics
ERR_CONNECTION_TIMED_OUT
The only way to get them working again is to reset them or cycle the power. It will then work for 1 to 3 days and hang up again.
I tried one of your sketches at first, then switched to the sketch in the Arduino examples (the one with all the camera controls). No improvement.
I have three of these cams and sometimes they all stop working together, or sometimes one at a time.
I tried inserting code in the LOOP() to reconnect to WiFi and then to start the web server every 10 seconds (10 second delay already in there) but this made it worse.
Do you have any idea how I can troubleshoot this? Maybe put in code to make them reboot once a day or something like that? Maybe there is a memory leak somewhere? My “ESP8266 with BME 280” (which also has a web server) is much more reliable.
I would appreciate your thoughts on this.
Thank you
Mike.
Check the jumper 0K resistor by the antenna connector is in the proper position for the antenna desired. There are 3 little white squares laid out like a “<" with the middle position being common. With board turned so the the pcb antenna up, to use the pcb antenna, the resistor must be on the top position, like this: /
For the antenna connector, the resistor must be on the bottom position, like this: \
I had this problem with 0Ohm resistor directed to the external antenna …
Hi Carlos,
I have three ESP32-CAM boards and I have a problem occasionally where I cannot get a still or stream. The response is:
This page isn’t working
192.168.1.196 didn’t send any data.
ERR_EMPTY_RESPONSE
If I PING the board’s IP address, I almost always get a normal ping response, but still cannot see the camera. I have to reset or cycle power to restore operation.
The other day, all three became unavailable together.
I tried your sketch, then another sketch with all the camera controls. Same problem.
I put in some code to reconnect to WiFi in case it disconnects, but that did not help.
I also have an ESP8266 Weather station with BME280 and that always works (maybe I had to reset it once in the past six months).
What do you think I can do to fix this problem?
Sara do you now if I have to reset camera every time I unplug it ?
Try switching the rx and tx connections around
I am looking forward to the motion detection function. Now I am connect to motioneye by your code, but I can’t open my flashlight on esp32-cam. I have two choice, one is open it by motion detector on board. The other one is open it by HA. Unfortunately, I think HA can’t contorl esp32 IO out of esphome. Could you give me some suggestion?
The built in LED is meant for a flash, it will get very hot if used continuously. If you can find the pinout, then you just control the LED like you would any other.
Dear Sir,
That’s a lovely project.
However, I’m not getting the some of the header files used in the arduino sketch. They are esp_camera.h, “esp_
Yes, that would be possible in a number of ways. You could use a VPN to connect your phone to the network, you could stream from the ESP32-CAM to a proxy server in the cloud, or you could set up port forwarding on your firewall. These, however, are general networking questions.
I’ve used the free version of Netcam Studio X for a long time with this project and six ESP32 cams. Two cameras are in the clear on the free version. You can still have as many as you like, but the others have a watermark across their images. I can view them all on the local network or from anywhere in the world using the Studio X app on my phone
Hi.
thanks for sharing that.
I didn’t know about that software.
Regards,
Sara
Hi Sara
Quite a lot of features and simple to set up. Works reliably, and doesn’t gobble a lot of local resources. I went through trying a lot of camera remote viewing / streaming apps with very limited and variable results before finding this one. The local server can run as a background service, so will auto-start with the computer. As well as having the app to view the cameras from anywhere on your phone, there is also a local ‘client’ app that allows you to view all the cameras on the host computer
Hi Gerrit,
I was quite interesting what you have done. Can I know how you regulated the input voltage from 3AA batteries? I assume they were either 3.6 (1.2v3) or 4.5 (1.5v3). Did you supply current directly to 3v3 pin or some regulated manner? Thanks in advance!
P.S.
Thank you RNT for the amazing article.
Cheers
can vouch that it worked for me 😉
BIG thanks for this solution Carl !
PL:
“Check the jumper 0K resistor by the antenna connector is in the proper position for the antenna desired. There are 3 little white squares laid out like a “
Can’t solve this problem with the troubleshooting. Result:
esptool.py v2.6
Serial port COM3
Connecting…..
Chip is ESP32D0WDQ6 (revision 1)
Features: WiFi, BT, Dual Core, 240MHz, VRef calibration in efuse, Coding Scheme None
MAC: 00:aa:a0:a0:0a:a0 4369.0 kbit/s)…
A fatal error occurred: Timed out waiting for packet header
A fatal error occurred: Timed out waiting for packet header
Hi.
That means the ESP32-CAM is not in flashing mode (see if GPIO 0 is connected to GND).
Or that is not able to communicate via serial (check the TX and RX connections).
Take a look at the troubleshooting guide bullet 1:
Regards,
Sara
Hey Sara, thanks for the fast reply. Look, this is how my connections stand:
The FTDI:
The ESP32-CAM (UnR, UOT, GPIO0 and GND):
Powering ESP32-CAM:
I tried a couple params in “Tools” on ArduinoIDE, like ESP32 Dev, ESP32 Wrover, DOIT ESP32 and AI-Thinker ESP32-CAM.
I always press the RST button before compile on ArduinoIDE. Dunno what is happening 😭
Hi.
From the images I can’t tell if the wiring is correct.
Please check that TX is connected to RX, and RX connected to TX.
You need to press the RST button when you start seeing a lot of dots in the debugging window.
Regards,
Sara
Hi Sara, it is possible my ESP32-CAM is not getting power enough and because of it, this error show up? When I connect the FTDI VCC on ESP32-CAM VCC, the flash lamp has a strong light, but don’t connect on ArduindoIDE (even if I press the RST button). When I connect the FTDI VCC on ESP32-CAM 5V, the flash lamp almost don’t has force and I get this erro above (Could not auto-detect Flash size blablabla).
Hi Anne.
That problem is not a power issue.
Regards,
Sara
Just for the record, my problem was on ESP32-CAM, I don’t know what exactly but I tried with another one and it worked 😵💫 recently ran into an esp32-cam server that supports up to 10 clients. It uses a trick to point the multiple clients to a single buffer in the spram.
hackster.io/anatoli-arkhipenko/multi-client-mjpeg-streaming-from-esp32-47768f “ instead of “
Hey guys!
I’ve been trying to get this code running on my ESP32-CAM module for a few days and I just can’t get it to work.
My module is an AI-Thinker (the same you have on the photos). It works fine with an ESPHOME generated code or the basic webserver demo code.
After uploading the code provided on this page, it enters an endless reboot cycle and I can’t get anything on the serial monitor.
Since I know this is a power-hungry module, I’ve also tried powering it with my lab power supply. Same behavior of endless reboot cycles.
I noticed you mentioned selecting the Huge app partition profile in a previous post. On a fresh install of the Arduino IDE, these options aren’t available in the tools menu when selecting the AI Thinker board. They are when other ESP32 boards are selected.
Just in case, I also tried to compile using the ESP32dev and wrover boards profiles (which do have the partitioning options available). Obviously, these didn’t work either.
Just to be sure, I’ve also tried programming it with both 3v and 5v logic.
I’m running out of things to try to make this code work on my board. Any ideas of what else I could try?
Thanks!
Hi Richard.
You can select the EPS32 Wrover module and then select the partition scheme Huge APP, No OTA.
We’ve tried with those settings and everything worked fine.
You may also want to take a look at the troubleshooting guide:
Regards,
Sara
Hello Sara!
I tried programming 2 ESP32-CAM boards with the ESP32 Wrover profile.
Both end up with the same endless reboot problem.
Hi Richard,
The endless reboot problem may be related to the Wifi portion of the project. I suggest building a sketch with the WiFi ONLY to test. See below. If you can get this working with no issues then move on to include the camera.
//Wireless for ESP 32
#include <WiFi.h>
char ssid[] = “yourSSID”; // your network SSID (name)
char pass[] = “yourpassword”; // your network password
void setup()
{
{
}
}
Serial.begin(115200);Serial.println(); Serial.println(“Power Up”);
Serial.print(“Connecting to “); Serial.println(ssid);
WiFi.begin(ssid, pass);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)
delay(500);
Serial.print(“.”);
Serial.println(“”); Serial.println(“WiFi connected”);
Serial.println(“IP address: “);Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
Serial.println(“End of Setup.”);
void loop() {
}
Hello again!
I finally got it to work. I ended up reinstalling Arduino and the required board definitions.
Thanks for taking the time to help me out with this troubleshooting.
Richard, Thanks for sharing your solution.
For other users with similar issues, I suggest to re-install the “board definitions” before re-install Arduino. I experienced similar situations in the past. The “board definitions” were not “stable”. When I switched between ESP 32 and ESP 8266. In most cases, the “board definitions” need to be re-installed – very odd with Arduino 1.8.11!
Hi
These are great tutorials; thanks.
I’m guessing the web server can only serve 1 client at a time? I get the stream on my phone or PC but not both at the same time.
What I can’t do is get anything on my Home Assistant card when configured as you advise. This is having made sure no other clients were connected.
Hi.
Yes, it can only handle one client at a time.
That’s the most common issue – having more than one client opened.
Without further information, it is very difficult to find out what might be wrong.
Regards,
Sara
Hi all!
I’m trying to take this another step further. I’ve got it up and running fine. Now I’m trying to access it with other programs to add a little more functionality. The one connection at a time thing is killing me here. I just tried setting up an Apache server that has the IP address of the ESP32-Cam as a source. I had hoped that would allow the Apache server to be hit for multiple requests at the same time. Nope. If I have more than one window open, it only shows the cam footage on one, till I close the other.
I suppose I could save the stream to my hard drive, then play it back with a delay through the Apache server. Less than ideal, but that would probably work.
Ideally, I would like to have a webserver set up to show all my cameras throughout the house on one page, with options to minimize all but one to focus in on it, plus, be recording all streams to my hard drive. My other cameras seem to be okay with this, but the ESP32-cam doesn’t like the multiple connection idea.
Thoughts?
Hi and thanks for the guide!
Is there any way to add a password login page?
Thanks!
xtensa-esp32-elf-g++: error: unrecognized command line option ‘-mfix-esp32-psram-cache-issue’
exit status 1
when it comes to this question,what should I do?
HOLA no hay forma de hacer funcionar esp32 cam siempre mismo error y comprobado de varias formas
el modelo es DM ESP32ets
Hi.
Try to follow our troubleshooting guide:
Regards,
Sara
Boa noite Sara Santos, tenho 45 anos e sou novo nestas andanças de Arduino, comprei vario material para começar mas ainda nao chegou tudo,entre os quais uma ESP-32+wifi+BT , 5 Arduinos Nano e 1 Uno, bem montes de coisas…
A minha ideia era fazer uma camera para transmitir por wifi com ip fixo e receber no telemovel ou atraves de um ecran touch ligado a um arduino nano ou uno tendo a possiblidade de no touch selecionar gravar quando necessario. Será possivel?
Olá.
Sim, é possível fazer video streaming com a ESP32-CAM e fazer display num ecra. No entanto, não temos nenhum tutorial sobre isso.
Para ter todas essas possibilidades de gravar, o melhor seria usar Raspberry Pi com MotionEyeOS:
Cumprimentos,
Sara
If someone wants to use the sketch with TTGO Camera Plus:
26
#define Y3_GPIO_NUM 13
#define Y2_GPIO_NUM 34
#define VSYNC_GPIO_NUM 5
#define HREF_GPIO_NUM 27
#define PCLK_GPIO_NUM 25
Sorry, I inserted a message in the wrong topic …
Hello everyone who reads and knows!)) I got stuck with this module ((((I don’t want to show the video for the life of me, I tried everything I could … I see the stream in the port monitor, even the data change is noticeable when I close the camera lens with my finger, the data goes There is no picture in the browsers. The current consumption also shows that the camera turns on, the current increases from 120mA to 200-220. The Start button in the browser does not turn on, I could turn it on only in the phone’s browser, but there is no video there either, a circle with a cross. Downloaded Tims_IP_Camera_Viewer , set the IP to the settings, the check status passes, but again there is no picture. I can’t imagine how else you can launch this miracle of narrow-eyed technology
Hi.
Does your ESP32-CAM have an external antenna?
It may be a problem with the Wi-Fi signal. Try getting the ESP32-CAM closer to your router to check if it is related to the signal.
Regards,
Sara
Hi Sarah! There is no external antenna, but the module is located 50 cm from the router and on the phone within the apartment I see the full WiFi scale. I could send you screenshots of the programs, but I don’t know where to do it
So, it doesn’t seem to be the Wi-Fi signal.
Which browser are you using?
Regards,
Sara
Internet Explorer 11 and Firefox. In both browsers, the result is the same, even in IE the situation is worse.
Best regards,
Sergei
Hi again.
I’ve seen your screenshots and I don’t know why it is not working as expected.
Have you tried using Google Chrome?
Regards,
Sara
I think you might be right Sara. I’ve done quite a bit with these ESP32 cameras, and the only browser I’ve found that correctly resolves a video stream by a direct IP address connection, is Chrome. Definitely not Internet Explorer
Hi Jeff, Hi Sara! I have not tried to output video through Chrome, today I will definitely try. Thanks for the tip !! I will definitely write about the results.
Best regards, Sergei
Hello again! Jeff, do you need to make any additional settings in Chrome? Installed, left all the settings by default, there is no image from the camera in it … The camera finds … in general, everything is the same as in other browsers
Hi.
Usually, there’s no need to change any settings.
It should work out of the box.
I have no idea why you can’t get it working.
Regards,
Sara
Agreed. I have six of these cameras. I don’t usually look at them directly in a browser. I normally use Netcam Studio X but I have just looked at two of them via Chrome with default settings, and by entering a direct IP address into Chrome. Both came up immediately showing the camera settings screen. As soon as I clicked “Start stream” I had a live picture. Not that it should matter at all, but I have the addresses that the router originally allocated when the cameras first logged onto my network, entered into my router’s fixed IP list so they can never change
How do i setup an esp32cam to use with netcam studio, cannot get the program to see the camera, tried all settings and cannot connect.
Thanks
Dave
In the Netcam Studio Client (Pink bird icon) running on the host computer, select the ‘Add Source’ tab. Then the ‘Custom URL’ tab from there. Ensure that ‘Stream Type’ is set to ‘JPEG’. Then enter the camera address allocated by your router in the form
Add a Source name in the window below if you like. I leave ‘Orientation Adjustment’ as “Default” and ‘Output Resolution’ as “Native”
Save with the ‘tick’ at the bottom, and the camera should appear in the Client Home page that you first came from. You can then set up Netcam Studio on your phone to view cameras both locally via wifi or via your external IP address from anywhere in the world. The server software (ble bird icon) on the host machine can be set to be an automatic start up utility via Windows settings / services. Set to ‘start automatically after delay’
Hope that helps. There are tutorials online and Hendrick who wrote it is very helpful on the forum
Perhaps I came across a non-working camera
Ah, was missing the /capture bit. Will give it a try later. Many thanks
Yes. It caught me at the start. Apparently, it’s one of the default stream names …
Good luck
Hey! After installing Chrome in the security settings, the camera and microphone are blocked. The button is in the shadow and does not toggle. I can still reset the screen. But what’s the point, I’ve already researched everything there))))
I’m having some interesting problems when I wire my ESP32-CAM to a USB cable for power. I used an FTDI Programmer to connect the ESP32-CAM to my desktop computer and successfully programmed it. Then, I stripped an old mouse USB cable and connected dupont connectors to the red and black (tested 5V on my multimeter), I also have a flashing red LED connected to D12 and GND (via a 330ohm resistor) on the ESP32-CAM.
When connected the cable to 5V and GND on the ESP32-CAM and through a USB adaptor to power, the LED flashes as expected, but when I attempt to connect to the URL, I get an error indicating that the web server hasn’t started.
I’ve tried connecting directly to the desktop, via a powered USB hub and the 5V adaptor, all with the same result.
If I connect the ESP32-CAM to the 5V adaptor via the FTDI Programmer, it works … what would the FTDI Programmer be providing?
Hi.
It should work without an FTDI programmer as long as you are providing power properly.
Make sure you press the on-board RESET button after powering the board so that it starts running the code.
Regards,
Sara
Thanks Sara, with the ESP32-CAM inside a fake camera, pressing the reset button is … challenging :).
How were you able to manage this in your installation inside the fake security camera dome?
Kind Regards
Hi.
You have to press the button before closing the enclosure and make sure the program is running :’)
Regards,
Sara
Thanks Sara. Well, that’s an engineering challenge 🙂
great little project
Has anyone added a battery and a solar charging unit? I would like this to be completely outdoors independent
Im looking to have this camera just stream and share the link out.
We have a club where we can share the link so anyone can check the site.
Hi.
We have this tutorial about solar panels that you can adapt:
Regards,
Sara
How do I change the streaming resolution to CIF size. I am trying to add quite a few of these on the same network. Decreasing the streaming size could help me decrease the bandwidth used by each.
I changed,
config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_UXGA;
config.jpeg_quality = 10;
config.fb_count = 2;
to
config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_CIF;
config.jpeg_quality = 10;
config.fb_count = 2;
but the stream goes blank after that. What should I do?
Can you also suggest a way to password protect the stream?
I bought another module and tried different frame sizes, namely, VGA, QVGA, SVGA and they worked just fine. With size set to CIF it was still not working though. I settled for VGA in the end. The framerate is much better on lower resolution aswell. Maybe this info could help someone in the future. I still haven’t figured how I could password protect the stream though.
Hi Sarah! I still solved the issue with the not working ESP32 CAM. It turned out that the ESP board itself was not working. I bought a new one, there were no problems with it.
Hi, I am able to view the stream when my system/mobile is on the same router as the camera, however, I am unable to access the stream when my system/mobile is connected to a different router on the same network(both routers are connected via a switch). Can you help me out? I am not very good with networking.
Devarshi – What hat you are trying to do probably won’t work because the router the camera is attached to is blocking the inbound request to get to the ESP32. Routers generally block unsolicited inbound requests. The network has (likely) been divided up for security reasons. You will need to talk to whoever manages the network to find out.
If that is the case. In principle this can be fixed by opening a port in the router and pointing it to the ESP32, but whoever owns the network might be very reluctant to do that.
Hi David, thanks for the reply. I had my doubts that it had to do something with the router. I am setting up multiple such cameras throughout my home and shop over many different routers which are connected through a switch.
Let me explain what I am trying to do. I managed to reduce the resolution of the stream to VGA size so that the cameras don’t take too much bandwidth on the routers and don’t slow down the internet or NAS.I even got a case 3D printed for a prototype and and wrote basic Django server to serve each stream on a single page and save motion parts locally on the NAS. I plan to deploy this on a Raspberry Pi.
Sounds like I’ll have to rummage around TP-Link documentations for port forwording/opening. I might have to password protect the stream though – Do you know how that can be done?
My experience with ESP32 is strictly experimental! I run a network of cameras but they are a mix of old Wi-Fi ip cameras and Pi Zeros. From what work I have done with the ESP32 it seemed, to me, to be much harder to make work and less reliable than the Pi zeros. I use Motioneye as the hub on a Pi4b. So far I’ve failed to make and ESP32 connect to it reliably whereas my Pi Zeros do so immediately. However, all a matter of personal preference and available skills!
As far as the routers go……..
I only have the one between me and the internet so the situation is very different. All my cameras are on the same network. My arrangements for access from outside my networks are quite different.
But, by default all routers block unsolicited inbound traffic. If you have multiple cameras behind a router you either have to open one port per camera (because a port can only be routed to one IP address). So, you will have to do that for each router that has a camera or cameras behind it! You would open, say, ports 3380, 3381,3382 pointing each at port 80 on the IP address of each ESP32. Or, it might be port 81, because the ESP32 I have streams just the video on that port. You need to find out!
Can I ask why you have multiple routers if it is all one network?
Password protecting the stream would need to be done on the ESP32, in effect password protecting access to the web server that sends it. No idea how that is done! Another reason I used the Pi – the software I use comes with that feature built in.
Sorry for the late reply.
My house is big one router’s reach wasn’t enough. So I have multiple routers. I figured I might have to do some tweaks on the ESP32 for password protecting the stream. I wasn’t able to figure out the port forwarding thing. From what it appears, I will need to open ports at the router aswell as the switch. Will probably ask help from someone who is good with networking.
My main motivation for using ESP32 cam was it’s price. Since I am going to add 10 such cameras on the whole network. Otherwise I would probably have gone with RPi Zero W aswell. ESP32 cam is smaller aswell, so it will probaly be cheaper to 3D print a case for it.
I will use a RPI 4 a server for assimilating all streams on a page. All in all, it was a wholesome project overall.
I have found that not only will this not serve more than one stream, but the server will not respond to another simple http request such as something that gives a 404 result. It’s as if the whole http server is locked up serving the video. Does anyone have an idea on what is causing this and/or a way to fix it? I need to serve some simple pages while the video is streaming.
I understand this now and have fixed it. Any one server can only serve one http request at a time. Since the stream request never ends that server can’t process anything else. My solution was to simply create a new server. The stream is on port 8080 and the normal page server is on 80. If anyone wants to see the code let me know.
Hi Mark.
Thanks for that.
Can you share a link to your code? Don’t paste it here because the formatting will be messed up.
You can use a link to Github or pastebin for example.
Regards,
Sara
Did you ever get this? It’s happening to me too..
Hi,
First of all, thanks for this project and all the other projects on your site! Really awesome!
I just purchased a ESP32-CAM with integrated CH340 and mini-USB port from Aliexpress (advertised as HK-ESP32-CAM; mind the omission of the trailing ‘MB’). It makes this board look very much like a regular ESP32 DevKit; you can flash and power the board using the USB port. At first I couldn’t flash the software, though, but the comments here helped a lot! Hence me sharing my experiences; maybe it helps someone.
This board – it works fine if you use it as ‘AI-Thinker’ module in Arduino IDE – has two buttons next to the mini-USB port. On the left it says RST (Reset) and on the right it says ‘FLASH’.
Now, when you’re ready to upload the Sketch, you click the ‘Upload’ button in the IDE and then press AND hold the FLASH button (right button). Then, when the IDE shows the connection dots (‘….____….____ etc.) you press RST once while you keep holding the FLASH button until everything is uploaded. When the IDE says it’s done, release the FLASH button, press RST once again to make sure and check you code runs.
Hi sara,
How can I Stop Webserver by command ? for example by one switch
Thank you so much for this tutorial!
I have a hard time figuring out if the output is rtps enabled and what the resolution of the ESP32-CAM is by default. I need this info in order to use it with Frigate DVR.
Thank you for any advice you might have!
Hi!
I love this project although I haven’t tried it yet…
So just a question on expanding this a bit further…
Is it possible to do the same Home Assistant compatible streaming server with an attached LCD to see what is streamed?
Meaning ESP32-CAM + some LCD module…
Is somewhere a whole project with steps and code available?
Thanks!
What the way to bring it over internet? I mean I have a Domain, Hosting and a Website but, I don’t know how to bring it over the internet so that I can control it remotely.
Hi,
Thanks for the information shared, I got my esp32-cam working fine. One question, is it possible to start up stream in uxga(1600×1200) at powerup. If I had an power failure and it’s restored I don’t want to worry about the camera’s to start up again.
Hi.
Follow this tutorial to learn how to set the camera settings like resolution:
Regards,
Sara
Hi, great article thanks!
I want to use a few of these to stream to both browser windows and also via NodeRed. Once deployed how do you locate the IP addresses – or should I be assigning a static IP address to each of them?
Thanks again
Tim
Hi,
I’m using this example in a project.
I would like to add some controls in the GUI.
I got the source files (html+css, etc), can modify them and write them back.
Is the GUI generated by some software? I wish to import the source files and modify them in some HTML editor, WYSIWYG if possible.
Hi.
This video will help you: youtu.be/bIJoVyjTf7g
Regards,
Sara
I had Problems with my ESP32 Cam and wanted to suggest a possible solution if the ESP Hangs:
Add a Hardware Watchdog Timer
#include <esp_task-wdt.h>
#define WDT_TIMEOUT 30
void setup()
….
esp_task_wdt_init(WDT_TIMEOUT, true);
esp_task_wdt_add(NULL);
void loop()
….
esp_task_wdt_reset();// at the start reset the watchdog and then later e.g. in if(!fb)
This restarts the ESP32 whenever it hangs automatically after 30 secs (WDT_TIMEOUT)
It helped me, hope it helps you.
Thanks for sharing this tip.
Regards,
Sara
Where did you get the header files? I’m trying to replicate this but each file adds additional includes. Do you need the includes mentioned in the esp_task_wdt.h?
Hey Sara and Rui,
that’s a great tutorial – again! Thank you guys!
One – hopefully simple – question: How can I toggle the onboard-LED / flash (GPIO4) – or any other unused GPIO – online (e. g. with home assistant) while using the camera as IP camera according to this tutorial?
Thanks in advance and best regards
Stefan
Hi guys.
Another best tutorial.
I was wondering if is possible to have in a webserver the image of the cam and 2 momentary buttons , one for pedestrian gate and one for car gate .
Hi,
using Your guides I was able to connect my ESP32 camera to RPi3 and I can watch what is happening in my garden 😉 But I have a question, how to save this live video from the camera to disk (pendrive plugin to RPi3) in Home Assistant?
I needed to crop the image so I expanded the index_html.gz and modified it:
figure img {
display: block;
max-width: 100%;
max-height: calc(100vh - 40px);
/* width: auto;
height: auto */
/* Crop image code /
}
width: 300px;
height: 300px;
/ object-fit: contain */
object-fit: none
Thanks for your share. I success to display my esp32-cam in my ha client. But I can’t see it now, after I change my HA to by duckdns. Is that effcet it? Could you give me some tips.
Hi Sara,
When using IE browser on my mobile , error code appears : ‘header fields too long for server to interpret”. I try to solve it by searching some information on internet, e.g. amending the following on sketch , but doesn’t work. Is it the problem on Browser type or ESP32CAM ?
(when using Chrome, no such a problem !) Does IE browser send a long header to ESP32CAM and ESP32CAM is unable to interpret it , so making such a response ?
#include “sdkconfig.h”
#include “esp_
#undef CONFIG_HTTPD_MAX_REQ_HDR_LEN
#define CONFIG_HTTPD_MAX_REQ_HDR_LEN 1024
#undef HTTPD_MAX_REQ_HDR_LEN
#define HTTPD_MAX_REQ_HDR_LEN 1024
Looking forward to your idea. Thanks
Gary
Hi,
the esp32 Cam can’t connect to WiFi and sends me back the following message on the serial port each time I try to connect:
“E (26144) wifi:AP has neither DSSS parameter nor HT Information, drop it” (the number in brackets changes with each connection attempt.) The network scan sketch works perfectly, but sends me back the error on one of the networks and recognizes all active networks.
What do you think is the best way to correct this?
Thanks in advance for your help.
Thanks for this – very useful project.
I’m having trouble getting up and running, however.
Quick details: using Arduino IDE on OS X, and an ESP32-CAM-MB board so that I can upload sketches via USB.
I’ve uploaded the sketch, with my wifi network details added, but I’m only seeing garbage on the serial monitor, eg:
……e⸮⸮5 2⸮⸮⸮Ғ&⸮SHBC!ͳi0 PPy]⸮Q⸮⸮_⸮Z⸮”b⸮⸮4’&B⸮e⸮⸮e1⸮P*⸮%=-⸮(⸮e⸮⸮V:⸮bL
⸮⸮……………..
22:16:57.904 -> ⸮⸮⸮P⸮⸮h⸮⸮⸮Eɖ⸮x
0X\Eɲi0⸮⸮0I}⸮⸮i00,⸮!ɲi0⸮⸮,⸮E⸮Jٶ’⸮0
,qE⸮⸮⸮Pj1b⸮⸮⸮HB⸮+⸮J⸮⸮⸮⸮If⸮⸮L,⸮TYK,$SH⸮⸮W⸮,&⸮⸮⸮⸮U ⸮HB⸮]aixh0
22:16:57.904 -> A⸮]d&'T⸮,⸮,k":⸮2l+⸮⸮'⸮3⸮⸮i0
7⸮0,a9K⸮Q⸮&B8
!⸮]a⸮040
4⸮⸮K⸮V&⸮j8`6C⸮
22:16:57.904 -> A⸮K⸮.⸮⸮⸮0
Any pointers for what might be happening here?
(Note: I’m actually not sure what ESP32 I have, though it looks identical, to every detail I can see, to the board shown. And sketches compile and upload without errors when I select AI Thinker ESP32-CAM)
Clarification: my board appears identical to that shown in the pics except that the text etched on the metal cover/shield for the main processor does not include “AI Thinker” under “ESP32-S”, and there is a different circular logo in the same position as the AI logo on that cover.
Hi.
Make sure you select 115200 baud rate in the Serial Monitor window.
Regards,
Sara
I believe I followed the instructions as accurate as possible, but I get this error trying to compile. This IDE works fine for Arduino and Adafruit boards. Any suggestions as to what I got wrong?
Arduino: 1.8.19 (Windows Store 1.8.57.0) (Windows 10), Board: “AI Thinker ESP32-CAM, 240MHz (WiFi/BT), QIO, 80MHz”
app_ fatal error: fd_forward.h: No such file or directory
compilation terminated.
fd_forward.h: No such file or directory
This report would have more information with
“Show verbose output during compilation”
option enabled in File -> Preferences.
Hi.
What is the version of the ESP32 boards you have installed in your Arduino IDE?
Regards,
Sara
Sorry forgot to add this 2.0.2.
Thanks
I started from the beginning again and now everything is working! I just had some configuration issues with the IDE on my new iMac!
Thank you for the excellent tutorials on the amazing little gadgets!
I filed a bug report against the main code as the camwebserver is one of the examples. I was told that face detection has been removed from the library. So is there a workaround? The esp32 board does work with other code such as WiFi antenna check and cpu I’d. Thanks.
HLO,
Recently I’m working on project of esp32 cam. I want to change a feature,what I want is that my esp32 cam should get ON only when I get client request.
can you pls help me toknow how can I do this??
thanks
Hello Sara,
Thanks a lot, this is an awesome article.
I followed the steps and managed to stream OK to my ip. However, I can’t capture the stream on OpenCV. This is my python code:
capture = cv2.VideoCapture(‘
I get an error: OpenCV: Couldn’t read video stream from file “
I am really running out of ideas, some help would be much appreciated. I have tried the article about OpenCV and others but I can’t make this thing work
hello Sara,
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I must be missing this file as I get compile error
pp_ fatal error: fd_forward.h: No such file or directory
#include “fd_forward.h”
compilation terminated.
Should it be part of a standard package for esp32? If not where should I find it?
I got the cam sketch by downloading and extracting the zip file.
I am using the esp32-cam board.
tks don
Hi.
There should be no need to install that.
Make sure you have the ESP32 boards installed in your Arduino IDE and that you have selected an ESP32 board in Tools > Board.
Regards,
Sara
Is it possible to make some user logon after typing IP address (example: 192.168.1.35) in browser?
Am I right that if I want another resolution I change line 231 (and 235)?
I want to mount a camera in the front of a modeltrain locomotive to be able to see what the driver of that loc would have seen.
I don’t want a very high resolution as I want a nice framerate. | https://randomnerdtutorials.com/esp32-cam-video-streaming-web-server-camera-home-assistant/?fbclid=IwAR1HTwjR9CxLcH_JNfZEBYivVyFQsRCp6mJEBywJxwYap5Zkv35PISMBLsE | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | refinedweb | 6,626 | 73.78 |
Well, I started on my learning journey, and the first victim of my learning was Oracle.
I opted for the Express Edition, mainly because it's free (well I'm not paying to learn it!).
This post is in the guise of me learning, so much of my assumptions may not be true and I emplore those of you that know better to correct me. Also it's coming from a chap who's only ever used SQL Server, so look at is as Oracle Eye for the SQL Guy (as it were - not sure that show would really take off!).
Aims
Installation and Configuration
After downloading the OracleXE (Express Edition - oh how the Marketing Department must have cheered when they came up with that name), I dragged it across onto a specific Virual Machine (Windows XP Professional) I'd created just for Oracle. Logged in as an Administrator on the machine and then ran the setup file. I'm pretty sure, that other than asking me to provide a Password for the sys and system accounts which appear to be the equivelant of the SQL Server sa account, the setup ran without any interaction from myself.
Once installed a new entry had appeared in my Program Files and a Desktop shortcut to Get Started with Oracle 10g Express Edition had appeared on the desktop.
Being a SQL Server user primarily, I knew that the place I wanted to be was Oracle's equivelant of the Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Manager or SQL Server 2005 Workbench (Actually why did Microsoft change the name of the tool? Most frustrating.), so I went for a rifle through the Program Files entry to see what was in there and there was a link to Go to Database Homepage which was the only vaguely related link I could find.
On opening the Database Homepage I was presented with a Login dialogue (in a browser window) that had no username or password prefilled. Which would not have been a problem, unless I'd forgotten that on Oracle the administration account is sys and not sa - that took a few seconds of blankly looking at the screen wondering who I should be logging in as!
One thing that was cool, (and the Americans of you reading this really won't care, but for everyone else in the world you will) Oracle picked up my machine was configuired to run as British English (en-GB) and actually set that as it's default, not the usual en-US you get with most other products created by American companies - a very nice touch indeed.
On logging in I was presented with a screen with a few large buttons at the top and a couple of graphs down the site, which takes us nicely into our next topic, of understanding Oracle's terminology.
Understaning Oracle's Terminology
After exploring the interface a little I've discovered the following SQL Server <--> Oracle translations.
Administration is the area in which you can manage the Physical Stoage limits and usage, current Memory consumption, create and manage Users, monitor the Performance of the Server and check out the overall settings of the Server installation. This section is kind of a mix of items you'd finder under the Management & Security settings of SQL Server. In all I've not had to touch any of the settings in here - which is a relief, I'm a developer not a DBA!
The Object Browser is akin to the Tree View you'd find in SQL Server 2000 Enterprise manager, giving you access to all the objects within the Database server. I can't quickly see a way to choose which Database to create or manage items in, so that's a little frustrating.
Next to the Object Browser is a section called SQL quite a broad a sweeping heading one might think, but from what I can tell SQL is the equivelant of the SQL Server Query Analyzer, an area for you to create and modify the SQL Statments you wish to run against your Oracle installation. There is a general SQL Execution section, a Query Builder (which is messy because it's all Browser based) and an area called SQL Scripts, which I believe is for running the Oracle Equivelant of Stored Procedures (but don't hold me to that) - it might just be like saving SQL to a file and running it in Query Analizer yourself!
Back on the Homepage again there is one final section called Utilities which actually looks very interesting, it appears to have the Oracle verion of DTS (or SQL Server Integration Services) in here as well as an internal Reporting Facilility for Analyzing the Database server and how it's objects all interact (find tables without Primary Keys etc - nice idea). There is also a mysterious Generate DLL section in here, which appears to be for creating DLL's which can be used to backup and restore the database schema (I think!).
Although throughout the program there is very little in the way of description there is a full help system integrated into the web site, now the quality of the help is okay - very concise and clean, but it feels much more like a dictionary - in that it explains what a word means as opposed to telling you how you'd create it - I'd never though I'd find myself saying this but I much prefer the MSDN style of documentation and help where you get inline examples which show how to use a feature or utility.
All in all, the terminology seems pretty self explanitory - nice easy navigation and the dictionary definition help system have helped me get through the initial browse around. It's become very clear to me though that I'd much prefer a Windows application to Administer the Database Server as opposed to the Web Application, rich coming from an ASP.NET developer I know, but I just don't feel I trust the Web Interface, I much prefer a real button that is connected by cogs and wheels to the backend system when it comes to something as critical as the Database server.
Basic Administration - Create a Database Schema, Table, Stored Procedure & User
If anything of all the aims I'm trying to get through, this section should be the easiest, I mean SQL is the same on every system right? ;-)
Creating a Database is imperative to starting off with a clean slate, an isolated area for your application development, so that's where I wanted to begin.
Can I work out how to do it through the Web Interface?
Can I hell. There is nothing that I can see anywhere in the Web Interface for Creating a new database, now that doesn't mean it's not there, it just means either I'm being dense and it's looking right at me or that it's called something completly different to "Create Database".
So, I decided to give the old fashioned SQL Route a go and I ran this statment: create database PhilsSandbox
On running the statment I was presented with this cryptic error message: -
ORA-01501: CREATE DATABASE failedORA-01100: database already mounted
Now, am I running into a limitation of the Oracle Express package? Can it only have one Database? I'd already listened to a Podcast on Oracle XE by Tom Kyte but don't recall anything about a single Database limitiation, just a single processor and 4GB database size limit. I went back to the Oracle site to see if I could find anything. From the Oracle XE homepage here's what I could find: -
."
Again, nothing about the Database creation limitation, if there is one, it's possible at this point I've goofed up big style, so my next task was to go hunting for the error codes printed out with the exeption above.
Whilst on my Travels I found this Gem of a page on the Oracle site, lord knows what's going on there.
Then I stumbled across the answer in a great Article about Oracle XE after running a Google Search for "Create Database" Oracle XE there is a Limitation!
."
So, on to creating a Schema, a little more digging in the help system led me to the following paragraph which explains how Schemas and Users are linked together on Oracle: -
"When you create a database user, you also create a schema for that user. A schema is a logical container for the database objects (such as tables, views, triggers, and so on) that the user creates. The schema name is the same as the username and can be used to unambiguously refer to objects owned by the database user."
At last, it's all much clearer to me, finally I can get on with the actual job of creating a table and manipulating it using SQL as well as the IDE. So I created the user PHILSSANDBOXUSER logged out as system and then logged in as PHILSSANDBOXUSER.
Once in under the new username creating a table was relativly simple using the on screen wizard, something that did stand out was that there were only about ten DataTypes presented to me, with no Boolean DataType, something to look into later I think. Anway, the table creation was very simple as was adding some sample data to the table - very easy and obvious. The next step is to create a stored procedure to return a row of Data based on an ID.
So where better to begin than the Oracle Documentation? I did a quick search in the internal help and it pointed me to the Oracle Web Site and this article on Creating Stored Procedures in Oracle (Which you need to log in to see for some inane reason).
CREATE PROCEDURE GetDatabase (Database_Id NUMBER) ASBEGIN DELETE FROM Databases WHERE Databases.DatabaseId = GetDatabase.Database_Id; END;/
This worked great, I got the procedure created but then realised I didn't have a clue how to go about executing it from Oracle! I found a piece in the Oracle Documentation which covers Calling Procedures that states it's done like this: -
BEGINGetDatabase(1);END;
So I ran that and got the following back: -
Statement processed.0.01 seconds
I think that means it worked! Although I don't see the Data which the Stored Procedure selected, so we'll just assume it's all working and move on! (Then I realised I'd typed DELETE and not SELECT - duh!) The Records were gone so it must have worked! Yay!
So there we have it I created a User, Schema, Table and Stored Procedure and executed the Stored Procedure. All relativly simple, even with my never having used Oracle before it was all pretty self explanitory and easy to put together.
Access the Database from a .NET Managed Provider
I was pretty sure that I could do this pretty easily, my experience writing the Professional ADO.NET 2 book has given me a very deep understanding of ADO.NET and how all the outlying sections hang together. So I knew all I had to do was create a new project in Visual Studio and then reference the System.Data.OracleClient DLL in my application so that I could access the OracleClient namespace.
Once I'd done that I knocked together the following code in a few seconds (Thanks to ConnectionStrings.com for help with getting the String right): -
using
{
Comm.Connection = Conn;
Comm.CommandType = System.Data.
Comm.CommandText = (
Conn.Open();
{
{
}
}
Conn.Close();
}
Everything compiled first time so I hit F5 and ran the application. BOOM. Oops, an exception?
System.Data.OracleClient requires Oracle client software version 8.1.7 or greater.
Now, I know what this means because I'd read about it previously on the Oracle Download page I was running the code on my main machine, trying to talk to the VMWare machine where I had Oracle installed. I needed to install the client software to let my machine talk to Oracle, even through I'm using the built in .NET Provider(!). The same page also said that you don't need to install the Client on the machine which already has Oracle installed - so I took the safe option and just installed the .NET Framework 2.0 on the Oracle box. Wimp? Me? Yes. Oh and 10/10 to the ADO.NET team for placing a meaningful error message in there - I could well imagine something like "Connection could not be opened" as the error message in previous incarnations of .NET or ADO ;-)
Anyway, after copying the console application over to the VMWare image and running the code it printed out the entries of the Database table to the screen. Job Done. Now I know I can interact with Oracle Programatically I can stop using the Admin Interface ;-)
There's the offical Oracle Community called the Oracle Technology Network (what other kind of Network they'd have I don't know but theere you go). The network has forums and blogs and a whole host of items, it looks very active and I'd say is probably a very good place to start with any issues you have, even if it's just to search through the archives.
A much more active community I found was the OraFAQ site, which has some very active forums.
Downloads
You'll need to get down the Express Edition Engine (Oracle Database 10g Express Edition) from the following page if you wish to install it. You can also0 get the client tools there too.
Pros
Cons
Summary
Cool learning experience, and I can certainly see myself going for work where Oracle is involved now - in one day I've covered lots of areas and trained myself how to use a new Database server as well as talk to it from .NET. A real testemant to Oracle and their usability people.
I still think I prefer SQL Server - that might just be because it's my Microsoft security blanket though!.
Hopefully this piece has helped you - let me know what you think, let me know about your experiences with Oracle.
I want to say a special thanks to Wally McClure of for helping me understand some of the more intricate features of Oracle.
Kind Regards,
Phil.
Looks like Oracle has gotten the .NET religion. There seem to be a number of good articles written...
Looks like Oracle has gotten the .NET religion. On Tuesday (7/18/2006), Oracle released the latest version
Oh!!! Thank you very much Plip. I tried to create database in OXE when I found your blogs.
Hi Phil,
Nice article. If you want an application like SQL Server enterprise manager, you can try Oracle's SQL Developer().. This is a quite new product, so it may have few issues like memory consumption, But overall it's a very good product.
Looks like Oracle has gotten the .NET religion. On Tuesday (7/18/2006), Oracle released the latest...
Have you tried Oracle SQL Developer ? It looks like a nice enough equivalent of Enterprise Manager/Management Studio. You can get it here :. Only point that some might make against it is that it Java based.
Great article - thanks. I am having a difficult time with Oracle XE. I ( unknowingly ) installed it over the regular 10g client. That might be the problem. I get an error : Error 78 The type 'Oracle.DataAccess.Client.OracleDataReader' has no constructors defined
and when I look at the object browser, that class's supposed constuctor has a ~ in front of it and it is not public, as are the other class constructors.
Can anyone help? Thanks.
interesting
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I still get the error System.Data.OracleClient requires Oracle client software version 8.1.7 or greater. I do not understand how you solved it. In my case everything is running on the same machine. Any help ?
Look at this site it will be of interest to you to.
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thanks for the article. i had no idea that when i created a database user it created a schema with the same name.
<a href= >dating</a> | http://weblogs.asp.net/plip/archive/2006/04/17/443097.aspx | crawl-002 | refinedweb | 3,267 | 62.61 |
This system uses a gps and gsm system to recieve co-ordinates and send them as a text on your phone. The gps recieves the co-ordinates and gsm sends them as a message on your phone.
Place a sim in the gsm module on which you will send the message like "Track" and the module will send back the location.
Step 1: Parts Required
You can use any aduino. Also modules for gsm and gps are avalable. The components I have used :
1. Arduino UNO
2. Gps module GY-NEO6MV2
3. Gsm module SIM900A
Step 2: Connections
Connect the gps Rx and Tx pin of GPS module to pin 3 and 4 of arduino respectively.
I have used 0 and 1 pin for GSM.
Supply Vcc and Gnd to both the modules.
Step 3: Code
Replace your phone number in the code and hit upload.
Step 4: Test
You can receive the co-ordinates by texting "Track" to
the sim you have used in the gsm module. You can change the keyword in the code as required.
The received location is a link to Google maps. copy that link and paste it in your chrome or any browser and you can view the systems location. Due to some reason the is not directly opening in google maps app, so you will need to copy and paste the link.
6 Discussions
3 months ago
I'm just getting AT lines on my serial monitor. Tried messaging track, doesn't work.
1 year ago
when I want to upload this error is shown: can you provied me with the link of library
Arduino: 1.8.1 (Windows 8), Board: "Arduino/Genuino Uno"
C:\Users\NORAAL~1\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_modified_sketch_185079\sketch_mar07a.ino:2:23: fatal error: TinyGPS++.h: No such file or directory
#include "TinyGPS++.h"
^
compilation terminated.
exit status 1
Error compiling for board Arduino/Genuino Uno.
This report would have more information with
"Show verbose output during compilation"
option enabled in File -> Preferences.
Reply 1 year ago
Hey,
Use this link :
1 year ago
Hey,
Can you please tell me what kind of GSM Modul you use? Maybe an link at ebay or Amazon?
Best regards
Christian
Reply 1 year ago
hey,
here's the link :
Reply 1 year ago
Hey,
thanks a lot, but I can't find this kind of GSM Modul not on this side of the earth ;)
I'll try another one. I hope it'll be compatible. Nevertheless thanks for the link.
Best regards | https://www.instructables.com/id/Tracking-System/ | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | refinedweb | 420 | 75.5 |
James Youngman <address@hidden> writes: > I was testing on a Glibc system, and so wasn't picking up the gnulib > version of fnmatch(). Silly me. Won't other people have the same problem? Can you modify m4/fnmatch.m4 to detect the problem, and if so then use the gnulib version instead of the glibc version? But in any event, the .c fix should go in, so I installed this into gnulib: 2005-06-10 Paul Eggert <address@hidden> * fnmatch.c (fnmatch): If there is an encoding error in a multibyte string or pattern, fall back on unibyte matching. Problem reported by James Youngman. Index: lib/fnmatch.c =================================================================== RCS file: /cvsroot/gnulib/gnulib/lib/fnmatch.c,v retrieving revision 1.30 diff -p -u -b -w -r1.30 fnmatch.c --- lib/fnmatch.c 14 May 2005 06:03:58 -0000 1.30 +++ lib/fnmatch.c 10 Jun 2005 19:51:24 -0000 @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -/* Copyright (C) 1991,1992,1993,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004 +/* Copyright (C) 1991,1992,1993,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify @@ -319,18 +319,12 @@ fnmatch (const char *pattern, const char wide characters. */ memset (&ps, '\0', sizeof (ps)); patsize = mbsrtowcs (NULL, &pattern, 0, &ps) + 1; - if (__builtin_expect (patsize == 0, 0)) - /* Something wrong. - XXX Do we have to set `errno' to something which mbsrtows hasn't - already done? */ - return -1; + if (__builtin_expect (patsize != 0, 1)) + { assert (mbsinit (&ps)); strsize = mbsrtowcs (NULL, &string, 0, &ps) + 1; - if (__builtin_expect (strsize == 0, 0)) - /* Something wrong. - XXX Do we have to set `errno' to something which mbsrtows hasn't - already done? */ - return -1; + if (__builtin_expect (strsize != 0, 1)) + { assert (mbsinit (&ps)); totsize = patsize + strsize; if (__builtin_expect (! (patsize <= totsize @@ -367,6 +361,9 @@ fnmatch (const char *pattern, const char free (wpattern); return res; } + } + } + # endif /* HANDLE_MULTIBYTE */ return internal_fnmatch (pattern, string, string + strlen (string), | http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-gnulib/2005-06/msg00066.html | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | refinedweb | 326 | 67.76 |
Predicting house prices can help to determine the selling price of a house of a particular region and can help people to find the right time to buy a home. In this article, I will introduce you to a machine learning project on house price prediction with Python.
House Price Prediction
In this task on House Price Prediction using machine learning, our task is to use data from the California census to create a machine learning model to predict house prices in the State. The data includes features such as population, median income, and median house prices for each block group in California.
Block groups are the smallest geographic unit which typically has a population of 600 to 3,000 people. We can call them districts for short. Ultimately, our machine learning model should learn from this data and be able to predict the median house price in any neighbourhood, given all other metrics.
House Price Prediction with Python
I hope you have understood the above problem statement about predicting the house prices. Now, I will take you through a machine learning project on House Price prediction with Python. Let’s start by importing the necessary Python libraries and the dataset:
import pandas as pd housing = pd.read_csv("housing.csv") housing.head()
Each row represents a district and there are 10 attributes in the dataset. Now let’s use the info() method which is useful for getting a quick description of the data, especially the total number of rows, the type of each attribute, and the number of non-zero values:
housing.info()
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype --- ------ -------------- ----- 0 longitude 20640 non-null float64 1 latitude 20640 non-null float64 2 housing_median_age 20640 non-null float64 3 total_rooms 20640 non-null float64 4 total_bedrooms 20433 non-null float64 5 population 20640 non-null float64 6 households 20640 non-null float64 7 median_income 20640 non-null float64 8 median_house_value 20640 non-null float64 9 ocean_proximity 20640 non-null object dtypes: float64(9), object(1) memory usage: 1.6+ MB
There are 20,640 instances in the dataset. Note that the total_bedrooms attribute has only 20,433 non-zero values, which means 207 districts do not contain values. We will have to deal with that later.
All attributes are numeric except for the ocean_proximity field. Its type is an object, so it can contain any type of Python object. You can find out which categories exist in that column and how many districts belong to each category by using the value_counts() method:
housing.ocean_proximity.value_counts()
Another quick way to get a feel for what kind of data you’re dealing with is to plot a histogram for each numerical attribute:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt housing.hist(bins=50, figsize=(10, 8)) plt.show()
The next step in this task of House Price Prediction is to split the data into training and test sets. Creating a test set is theoretically straightforward: select some instances at random, typically 20% of the dataset (or less if your dataset is very large), and set them aside:
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split train_set, test_set = train_test_split(housing, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)
Let’s take a closer look at the histogram of median income, as most median income values cluster around 1.5 to 6, but some median income goes well beyond 6.:
import numpy as np housing['income_cat'] = pd.cut(housing['median_income'], bins=[0., 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6., np.inf], labels=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) housing['income_cat'].hist() plt.show()
Stratified Sampling on Dataset
Now the next step is to perform some stratified sampling on the dataset. But why we need to do that you can learn everything about it from here. You are now ready to perform stratified sampling based on income category. For this you can use the StratifiedShuffleSplit class of Scikit-Learn:] print(strat_test_set['income_cat'].value_counts() / len(strat_test_set))
3 0.350533 2 0.318798 4 0.176357 5 0.114583 1 0.039729 Name: income_cat, dtype: float64
Now you need to remove the Income_cat attribute added by us to get the data back to its form:
for set_ in (strat_train_set, strat_test_set): set_.drop('income_cat', axis=1, inplace=True) housing = strat_train_set.copy()
Now before creating a machine learning model for house price prediction with Python let’s visualize the data in terms of longitude and latitude:
housing.plot(kind='scatter', x='longitude', y='latitude', alpha=0.4, s=housing['population']/100, label='population', figsize=(12, 8), c='median_house_value', cmap=plt.get_cmap('jet'), colorbar=True) plt.legend() plt.show()
The graph shows house prices in California where red is expensive, blue is cheap, larger circles indicate areas with a larger population.
Finding Correlations
Since the dataset is not too large, you can easily calculate the standard correlation coefficient between each pair of attributes using the corr() method:
corr_matrix = housing.corr() print(corr_matrix.median_house_value.sort_values(ascending=False))
median_house_value 1.000000 median_income 0.687160 total_rooms 0.135097 housing_median_age 0.114110 households 0.064506 total_bedrooms 0.047689 population -0.026920 longitude -0.047432 latitude -0.142724 Name: median_house_value, dtype: float64
Correlation ranges are between -1 and 1. When it is close to 1 it means that there is a positive correlation and when it is close to -1 it means that there is a negative correlation. When it is close to 0, it means that there is no linear correlation.
Another way to check the correlation between attributes is to use the pandas scatter_matrix() function, which plots each numeric attribute against every other numeric attribute:
And now let’s look at the correlation matrix again by adding three new columns to the dataset; rooms per household, bedrooms per room and population per household:
housing["rooms_per_household"] = housing["total_rooms"]/housing["households"] housing["bedrooms_per_room"] = housing["total_bedrooms"]/housing["total_rooms"] housing["population_per_household"] = housing["population"]/housing["households"] corr_matrix = housing.corr() print(corr_matrix["median_house_value"].sort_values(ascending=False))
median_house_value 1.000000 median_income 0.687160 rooms_per_household 0.146285 total_rooms 0.135097 housing_median_age 0.114110 households 0.064506 total_bedrooms 0.047689 population_per_household -0.021985 population -0.026920 longitude -0.047432 latitude -0.142724 bedrooms_per_room -0.259984 Name: median_house_value, dtype: float64
Data Preparation
Now, this is the most important step before a train a machine learning model for the task of house price prediction. Now let’s perform all the necessary data transformations:
As you can see, there are many data transformation steps that need to be performed in the correct order. Fortunately, Scikit-Learn provides the Pipeline class to help you with such sequences of transformations. Here is a small pipeline for numeric attributes:
Linear Regression for House Price Prediction with Python
Now I will use the linear regression algorithm for the task of house price prediction with Python:
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression lin_reg = LinearRegression() lin_reg.fit(housing_prepared, housing_labels) data = housing.iloc[:5] labels = housing_labels.iloc[:5] data_preparation = full_pipeline.transform(data) print("Predictions: ", lin_reg.predict(data_preparation))
Predictions: [210644.60459286 317768.80697211 210956.43331178 59218.98886849 189747.55849879]
I hope you liked this article on Machine Learning project on House Price Prediction with Python. Feel free to ask your valuable questions in the comments section below.
2 Comments
Hi Sir
I am unable to understand that you used during sorting the median income
”
Please Help
You can understand about stratified sampling and about the case study that we are working in this project from here. | https://thecleverprogrammer.com/2020/12/29/house-price-prediction-with-python/ | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | refinedweb | 1,221 | 50.12 |
As those of you who read my last post know, I’m at the NIMBioS-CAMBAM workshop on linking mathematical models to biological data here at UT Knoxville. Day 1 (today) was on parameter estimation and model identifiability. Specifically, we (quickly) covered maximum likelihood estimation and how to program our own estimation procedures in MATLAB.
If you’ve read this blog in the past, you know I’m an open-source kind of person. Naturally, I re-programmed all of the MATLAB examples in R. When I did, I noticed something funny. The optimization procedures in MATLAB gave different estimates than those in R. I asked a post-doc there, who seemed equally stumped but did mention that R’s optimization procedures are little funky. So, I took the next logical step and programmed the ML optimization routine into Python, using Scipy and Numpy, just to double check.
The model is an SIR epidemiological model that predicts the number of Susceptible, Infected, and Recovering people with, in this case, cholera. It relies on four parameters, Bi, Bw, e, and k. I won’t give the model here, you’ll see the formula in the code below. When optimizing, I made sure that MATLAB, R, and Python all used Nelder-Mead algorithms and, when possible, equivalent ODE solvers (ode45 in MATLAB and R).
I won’t post the MATLAB code here, because I didn’t write it and it’s multiple files etc etc, but I’ve gone over it line by line to make sure it’s identical to my R and Python code. It is.
MATLAB outputs estimates for Bi (0.2896), Bw (1.0629), e (0.0066) and k (0.0001). If you want the MATLAB files, or the data, I’ll send them to you.
In R, first import the data (see the Python code below for the actual data). Then, run the ode solver and optimization code:
## Main code for the SIR model example library(deSolve) # Load the library to solve the ode ## Set initial parameter values Bi <- 0.75 Bw <- 0.75 e <- 0.01 k <- 1/89193.18 ## Combine parameters into a vector params <- c(Bi, Bw, e, k) names(params) <- c('Bi', 'Bw', 'e', 'k') # Make a function for running the ODE SIRode <- function(t, x, params){ S <- x[1] I <- x[2] W <- x[3] R <- x[4] Bi <- params[1] Bw <- params[2] e <- params[3] k <- params[4] dS <- -Bi*S*I - Bw*S*W dI <- Bi*S*I + Bw*S*W - 0.25*I dW <- e*(I - W) dR <- 0.25*I output <- c(dS, dI, dW, dR) list(output) } # Set initial conditions I0 <- data[1]*k R0 <- 0 S0 <- (1-I0) W0 <- 0 initCond <- c(S0, I0, W0, R0) # Simulate the model using our initial parameter guesses initSim <- ode(initCond, tspan, SIRode, params, method='ode45') plot(tspan, initSim[,3]/k, type='l') points(tspan, data) # Make a function for optimzation of the parameters LLode <- function(params){ k <- params[4] I0 <- data[1]*k R0 <- 0 S0 <- 1 - I0 W0 <- 0 initCond <- c(S0, I0, W0, R0) # Run the ODE odeOut <- ode(initCond, tspan, SIRode, params, method='ode45') # Measurement variable y <- odeOut[,3]/k diff <- (y - data) LL <- t(diff) %*% diff return(LL) } # Run the optimization procedure MLresults <- optim(params, LLode, method='Nelder-Mead') ## Resimulate the ODE estParms <- MLresults$par estParms MLresults$value I0est <- data[1]*estParms[4] S0est <- 1 - I0est R0 <- 0 W0 <- 0 initCond <- c(S0est, I0est, W0, R0) odeEstOut <- ode(initCond, tspan, SIRode, estParms, method='ode45') estY <- odeEstOut[,3]/estParms[4] plot(tspan, data, pch=16, xlab='Time', ylab='Number Infected') lines(tspan, estY)
Running this code gives me estimates of Bi (0.30), Bw (1.05), e (0.0057), and k (0.0001).
I rounded the values, but the unrounded values are even closer to MATLAB. So far, I’m fairly satisfied.
We can run the same procedure in Python:
from scipy.optimize import minimize from scipy import integrate import pylab as py ## load data tspan = np.array([0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, 126, 133, 140, 147, 154, 161]) data = np.array([ 113, 60, 70, 140, 385, 2900, 4600, 5400, 5300, 6350, 5350, 4400, 3570, 2300, 1900, 2200, 1700, 1170, 830, 750, 770, 520, 550, 380 ]) ## define ODE equations def SIRode(N, t, Bi, Bw, e, k): return( -Bi*N[0]*N[1] - Bw*N[0]*N[2] , +Bi*N[0]*N[1] + Bw*N[0]*N[2] - 0.25*N[1] , +e*(N[1] - N[2]) , +0.25*N[1] ) # Set parameter values Bi = 0.75 Bw = 0.75 e = 0.01 k = 1/89193.18 # Set initial conditions I0 = data[0]*k S0 = 1 - I0 N = [S0, I0, 0] # Run the ode Nt = integrate.odeint(SIRode, N, tspan, args=(Bi, Bw, e, k)) # Get the second column of data corresponding to I INt = [row[1] for row in Nt] INt = np.divide(INt, k) py.clf() py.plot(tspan, data, 'o') py.plot(tspan, INt) py.show() def LLode(x): Bi = x[0] Bw = x[1] e = x[2] k = x[3] I0 = data[0]*k S0 = 1-I0 N0 = [S0, I0, k] Nt = integrate.odeint(SIRode, N0, tspan, args=(Bi, Bw, e, k)) INt = [row[1] for row in Nt] INt = np.divide(INt, k) difference = data - INt LL = np.dot(difference, difference) return LL x0 = [Bi, Bw, e, k] results = minimize(LLode, x0, method='nelder-mead') print results.x estParams = results.x Bi = estParams[0] Bw = estParams[1] e = estParams[2] k = estParams[3] I0 = data[0]*k S0 = 1 - I0 N = [S0, I0, 0] Nt = integrate.odeint(SIRode, N, tspan, args=(Bi, Bw, e, k)) INt = [row[1] for row in Nt] INt = np.divide(INt, k) py.clf() py.plot(tspan, data, 'o') py.plot(tspan, INt) py.show()
Python gave me estimates of Bi (0.297), Bw (1.106), e (0.0057), and k (0.00001).
Overall, I have to say I’m pretty satisfied with the performance of both R and Python. I also didn’t find programming these sorts of optimization procedures in R or Python to be any more difficult than in MATLAB (discounting for the fact that I’m not terribly familiar with MATLAB, but I’m also only somewhat familiar with Python, so they’re roughly equivalent here). I initially wrote this post because I could not get R to sync up with MATLAB, so I tried it in Python and got the same results as in R. I then found out that something was wrong with the MATLAB code, so that all three matched up pretty well.
I’ll say it again, R + Python = awesome.
UPDATE:
I’ve had a couple of requests for time comparisons between MATLAB, R, and Python. I don’t have those for MATLAB, I don’t know MATLAB well.
For Python, if I wrap the mimize function in:
t0 = time.time() miminize....# run the optimizer t1 = time.time() print t1 - t0
I get 3.17 seconds.
In R, if I use system.time( ) to time the optim( ) function, I get about 39 seconds. That pretty much matches my feeling that R is just laboriously slow compared with how quickly Python evaluates... | https://www.r-bloggers.com/evaluating-optimization-algorithms-in-matlab-python-and-r/ | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | refinedweb | 1,217 | 74.29 |
MALLOC(3V) MALLOC(3V)
NAME
malloc, free, realloc, calloc, cfree, memalign, valloc, mallocmap, mal-
lopt, mallinfo, malloc_debug, malloc_verify, alloca - memory allocator
SYNOPSIS
#include <<malloc.h>>
char *malloc(size)
unsigned size;
int free(ptr)
char *ptr;
char *realloc(ptr, size)
char *ptr;
unsigned size;
char *calloc(nelem, elsize)
unsigned nelem, elsize;
int cfree(ptr)
char *ptr;
char *memalign(alignment, size)
unsigned alignment;
unsigned size;
char *valloc(size)
unsigned size;
void mallocmap()
int mallopt(cmd, value)
int cmd, value;
struct mallinfo mallinfo()
#include <<alloca.h>>
char *alloca(size)
int size;
SYSTEM V SYNOPSIS
#include <<malloc.h>>
void *malloc(size)
size_t size;
void free(ptr)
void *ptr;
void *realloc(ptr, size)
void *ptr;
size_t size;
void *calloc(nelem, elsize)
size_t nelem;
size_t elsize;
void *memalign(alignment, size)
size_t alignment;
size_t size;
void *valloc(size)
size_t size;
The XPG2 versions of the functions listed in this section are declared
as they are in SYNOPSIS above, except free(), which is declared as:
void free(ptr)
char *ptr;
DESCRIPTION
These routines provide a general-purpose memory allocation package.
They maintain a table of free blocks for efficient allocation and coa-
lescing of free storage. When there is no suitable space already free,
the allocation routines call sbrk() (see brk(2)) to get more memory
from the system.
Each of the allocation routines returns a pointer to space suitably
aligned for storage of any type of object. Each returns a NULL pointer
if the request cannot be completed (see DIAGNOSTICS).
malloc() returns a pointer to a block of at least size bytes, which is
appropriately aligned.
free() releases a previously allocated block. Its argument is a
pointer to a block previously allocated by malloc(), calloc(), real-
loc(), malloc(), or memalign().
realloc()-
tered. For backwards compatibility, realloc() accepts a pointer to a
block freed since the most recent call to malloc(), calloc(), real-
loc(), valloc(), or memalign(). Note: using realloc() with a block
freed before the most recent call to malloc(), calloc(), realloc(),
valloc(), or memalign() is an error.
calloc() uses malloc() to allocate space for an array of nelem elements
of size elsize, initializes the space to zeros, and returns a pointer
to the initialized block. The block can be freed with free() or
cfree().
memalign() allocates size bytes on a specified alignment boundary, and
returns a pointer to the allocated block. The value of the returned
address is guaranteed to be an even multiple of alignment. Note: the
value of alignment must be a power of two, and must be greater than or
equal to the size of a word.
valloc(size) is equivalent to memalign(getpagesize(), size).
mallocmap() prints a map of the heap to the standard output. mal-
locmap() prints each block's address, size (in bytes) and status (free
or busy). A block must have a size that is no larger than the current
extent of the heap.
mallopt() allows quick allocation of small blocks of memory. mallopt()
tells subsequent calls to malloc() to allocate holding blocks contain-
ing small blocks. Under this small block algorithm, a request to mal-
loc() for a small block of memory returns a pointer to one of the pre-
allocated small blocks. Different holding blocks are created as needed
for different sizes of small blocks.
cmd may be one of the following values, defined in <<malloc.h>>:
M_MXFAST Set the maximum size of blocks to be allocated using the
small block algorithm (maxfast) to value. The algorithm
allocates all blocks smaller than maxfast in large
groups and then doles them out very quickly. Initially,
maxfast is 0 and the small block algorithm is disabled.
M_NLBLKS Set the number of small blocks in a holding block (numl-
blks) to value. The holding blocks each contain numl-
blks blocks. numlblks must be greater than 1. The
default value for numlblks is 100.
M_GRAIN Set the granularity for small block requests (grain) to
value. The sizes of all blocks smaller than maxfast are
rounded up to the nearest multiple of grain. grain must
be greater than 0. The default value of grain is the
smallest number of bytes which will allow alignment of
any data type. When grain is set, value is rounded up
to a multiple of this default.
M_KEEP Preserve data in a freed block until the next malloc(),
realloc(), or calloc(). This option is provided only
for compatibility with the old version of malloc() and
is not recommended.
mallopt() may be called repeatedly, but may not be called after the
first small block is allocated.
mallinfo() can be used during program development to determine the best
settings for the parameters set by mallopt(). Do not call mallinfo()
until after a call to malloc(). mallinfo() provides information
describing space usage. It returns a mallinfo structure, defined in
<<malloc.h>> as:
struct mallinfo {
int arena; /* total space in arena */
int ordblks; /* number of ordinary blocks */
int smblks; /* number of small blocks */
int hblks; /* number of holding blocks */
int hblkhd; /* space in holding block headers */
int usmblks; /* space in small blocks in use */
int fsmblks; /* space in free small blocks */
int uordblks; /* space in ordinary blocks in use */
int fordblks; /* space in free ordinary blocks */
int keepcost; /* cost of enabling keep option */
int mxfast; /* max size of small blocks */
int nlblks; /* number of small blocks in a holding block */
int grain; /* small block rounding factor */
int uordbytes; /* space (including overhead) allocated in ord. blks */
int allocated; /* number of ordinary blocks allocated */
int treeoverhead; /* bytes used in maintaining the free tree */
};
alloca() allocates size bytes of space in the stack frame of the call-
er, and returns a pointer to the allocated block. This temporary space
is automatically freed when the caller returns. Note that if the allo-
cated block is beyond the current stack limit, the resulting behavior
is undefined.
malloc(), realloc(), memalign() and valloc() return a non-NULL pointer
if size is 0, and calloc() returns a non-NULL pointer if nelem or
elsize is 0, but these pointers should not be dereferenced.
Note: Always cast the value returned by malloc(), realloc(), calloc(),
memalign(), valloc() or alloca().
SYSTEM V DESCRIPTION
The XPG2 versions of malloc(), realloc(), memalign() and valloc()
return NULL if size is 0. The XPG2 version of calloc() returns NULL if
nelem or elsize is 0.
RETURN VALUES
On success, malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), memalign(), valloc() and
alloca() return a pointer to space suitably aligned for storage of any
type of object. On failure, they return NULL.
free() and cfree() return:
1 on success.
0 on failure and set errno to indicate the error.
mallopt() returns 0 on success. If mallopt() is called after the allo-
cation of a small block, or if cmd or value is invalid, it returns a
non-zero value.
mallinfo() returns a struct mallinfo.
SYSTEM V RETURN VALUES
If size is 0, the XPG2 versions of malloc(), realloc(), memalign() and
valloc() return NULL.
If nelem or elsize is 0, the XPG2 version of calloc() returns NULL.
free() does not return a value.
ERRORS
malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), valloc(), memalign(), cfree(), and
free() will each fail if one or more of the following are true:
EINVAL An invalid argument was specified.
The value of ptr passed to free(), cfree(), or realloc()
was not a pointer to a block previously allocated by
malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), valloc(), or memalign().
The allocation heap is found to have been corrupted.
More detailed information may be obtained by enabling
range checks using malloc_debug().
ENOMEM size bytes of memory could not be allocated.
FILES
/usr/lib/debug/malloc.o diagnostic versions of malloc() routines.
/usr/lib/debug/mallocmap.o
routines to print a map of the heap.
SEE ALSO
csh(1), ld(1), brk(2), getrlimit(2), sigvec(2), sigstack(2)
Stephenson, C.J., Fast Fits, in Proceedings of the ACM 9th Symposium on
Operating Systems, SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, vol. 17, no. 5,
October 1983.
Core Wars, in Scientific American, May 1984.
DIAGNOSTICS
More detailed diagnostics can be made available to programs using mal-
loc(), calloc(), realloc(), valloc(), memalign(), cfree(), and free(),
by including a special relocatable object file at link time (see
FILES). This file also provides routines for control of error handling
and diagnosis, as defined below. Note: these routines are not defined
in the standard library.
int malloc_debug(level)
int level;
int malloc_verify()
malloc_debug() sets the level of error diagnosis and reporting during
subsequent calls to malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), valloc(), mema-
lign(), cfree(), and free(). The value of level is interpreted as fol-
lows:
Level 0 malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), valloc(), mema-
lign(), cfree(), and free() behave the same as in
the standard library.
Level 1 The routines abort with a message to the standard
error if errors are detected in arguments or in the
heap. If a bad block is encountered, its address
and size are included in the message.
Level 2 Same as level 1, except that the entire heap is
examined on every call to the above routines.
malloc_debug() returns the previous error diagnostic level. The
default level is 1.
malloc_verify() attempts to determine if the heap has been corrupted.
It scans all blocks in the heap (both free and allocated) looking for
strange addresses or absurd sizes, and also checks for inconsistencies
in the free space table. malloc_verify() returns 1 if all checks pass
without error, and otherwise returns 0. The checks can take a signifi-
cant amount of time, so it should not be used indiscriminately.
WARNINGS
alloca() is machine-, compiler-, and most of all, system-dependent.
Its use is strongly discouraged. See getrlimit(2), sigvec(2),
sigstack(2), csh(1), and ld(1).
NOTES
Because malloc(), realloc(), memalign() and valloc() return a non-NULL
pointer if size is 0, and calloc() returns a non-NULL pointer if nelem
or elsize is 0, a zero size need not be treated as a special case if it
should be passed to these functions unpredictably. Also, the pointer
returned by these functions may be passed to subsequent invocations of
realloc().
SYSTEM V NOTES
The XPG2 versions of the allocation routines return NULL when passed a
zero size (see SYSTEM V DESCRIPTION above).
BUGS
Since realloc() accepts a pointer to a block freed since the last call
to malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), valloc(), or memalign(), a degrada-
tion of performance results. The semantics of free() should be changed
so that the contents of a previously freed block are undefined.
24 January 1990 MALLOC(3V) | http://modman.unixdev.net/?sektion=3&page=malloc_verify&manpath=SunOS-4.1.3 | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | refinedweb | 1,727 | 62.58 |
class Druid:
def __init__(self, Attack, Defence, Speed, Money, Crit):
self.attack = DAP
self.defence = DDP
self.speed = DSpeed
self.money = DMoney
self.crit = DCC
def Druid_stat(self):
return '{} {}'.format(self.DAP, self.DDP)
Human_Druid = Druid(8, 7, 3, 50, 5)
print(Human_Druid.Druid_Stat())
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/ianbrown/Desktop/Shannara_Cronicles_ALPHA.py", line 13, in <module>
Human_Druid = Druid(8, 7, 3, 50, 5)
File "/Users/ianbrown/Desktop/Shannara_Cronicles_ALPHA.py", line 5, in __init__
self.attack = DAP
NameError: global name 'DAP' is not defined
just with minor adjustments eg. class names and attributes etc.
You need to be super careful with naming. Python doesn't know what your variables mean or how to infer one name from the other.
It may be obvious to you that Attack has the same meaning as DAP - but that's just obvious to you, not to anyone else and certainly not to Python. All it sees are names that you give to things.
So I assume what you want to achieve is this (red arrows pointing from the constructor argument to the respective instance variable):
Right? To do this you have to keep consistent with naming:
class Druid: def __init__(self, attack, defence, speed, money, crit): self.attack = attack self.defence = defence self.speed = speed self.money = money self.crit = crit def Druid_stat(self): return '{} {}'.format(self.attack, self.defence) Human_Druid = Druid(8, 7, 3, 50, 5) print(Human_Druid.Druid_Stat())
Note I also changed the names in the constructor, the
__init__ method, to lowercase. While not technically required, it is a convention in Python to write variables in lowercase (as in
attack, defence etc.), class names in
CapWords form (e.g.
Druid) and constants in all
UPPERCASE. | https://codedump.io/share/rko1pwnjrp3E/1/how-to-accept-parameters-in-a-python-class-constructor | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | refinedweb | 285 | 62.54 |
5.1. Knowing Python to write faster first way to make Python code run faster is to know all features of the language. Python brings many syntax features and modules in the standard library that run much faster than anything you could write by hand. Moreover, although Python may be slow if you write in Python like you would write in C or Java, it is often fast enough when you write Pythonic code.
In this section, we show how badly-written Python code can be significantly improved when using all features of the language.
Leveraging NumPy for efficient array operations is of course another possibility that we explored in the Introducing the multidimensional array in NumPy for fast array computations recipe of Chapter 1. This recipe focuses on cases where, for a reason or another, depending and using NumPy is not a possible or desirable option. For example, operations on dictionaries, graphs, or text may be easier to write in Python than in NumPy. In these cases, Python brings many features that can still let you make your code faster.
How to do it...
1. Let's define a list of normally-distributed random variables, using the random built-in module instead of NumPy.
import random l = [random.normalvariate(0,1) for i in range(100000)]
2. Let's write a function that computes the sum of all numbers in that list. Someone inexperienced with Python may write in Python as if it was C, which would give the following function:
def sum1(): # BAD: not Pythonic and slow res = 0 for i in range(len(l)): res = res + l[i] return res
sum1()
319.346
%timeit sum1()
6.64 ms ± 69.1 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
Six milliseconds to compute the sum of "only" 100,000 numbers is slow, which may lead some persons to say rather unfairly that "Python is slow".
3. Now, let's write a slightly improved version of this code, taking into account the fact that we can enumerate the elements of a list using
for x in l instead of iterating with an index:
def sum2(): # STILL BAD res = 0 for x in l: res = res + x return res
sum2()
319.346
%timeit sum2()
3.3 ms ± 54.7 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
This slight modification gave us a two-fold speed improvement.
3. Finally, we realize that Python brings a built-in function to compute the sum of all elements in a list:
def sum3(): # GOOD return sum(l)
sum3()
319.346
%timeit sum3()
391 µs ± 840 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)
This version is 17 times faster than the first version, and we only wrote pure Python code!
4. Let's move to another example involving strings. We create a list of strings representing all numbers in our previous list:
strings = ['%.3f' % x for x in l]
strings[:3]
['-0.056', '-0.417', '-0.357']
5. We define a function concatenating all strings in that list. Again, an inexperienced Python programmer could write code such as the following:
def concat1(): # BAD: not Pythonic cat = strings[0] for s in strings[1:]: cat = cat + ', ' + s return cat
concat1()[:24]
'-0.056, -0.417, -0.357, '
%timeit concat1()
1.31 s ± 12.1 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)
This function is very slow because a large number of tiny strings are allocated.
6. Next, we realize that Python offers the option to easily concatenate several strings:
def concat2(): # GOOD return ', '.join(strings)
concat2()[:24]
'-0.056, -0.417, -0.357, '
%timeit concat2()
797 µs ± 13.7 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)
This function is 1640 times faster!
7. Finally, we want to count the number of occurrences of all numbers between 0 and 99 in a list containing 100,000 integers between 0 and 99:
l = [random.randint(0, 100) for _ in range(100000)]
8. The naive way would be to iterate over all elements in the list and making the histogram with a dictionary:
def hist1(): # BAD count = {} for x in l: # We need to initialize every number # the first time it appears in the list. if x not in count: count[x] = 0 count[x] += 1 return count
hist1()
{0: 979, 1: 971, 2: 990, ... 99: 995, 100: 1009}
%timeit hist1()
8.7 ms ± 27.6 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
9. Next, we realize that Python offers a
defaultdict structure that handles the automatic creation of dictionary keys:
from collections import defaultdict
def hist2(): # BETTER count = defaultdict(int) for x in l: # The key is created and the value # initialized at 0 when needed. count[x] += 1 return count
hist2()
defaultdict(int, {0: 979, 1: 971, ... 99: 995, 100: 1009})
%timeit hist2()
6.82 ms ± 217 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
This version is slightly faster.
10. Finally, we realize that the built-in collections module offers a
Counter class that does exactly what we need:
from collections import Counter
def hist3(): # GOOD return Counter(l)
hist3()
Counter({0: 979, 1: 971, ... 99: 995, 100: 1009})
%timeit hist3()
3.69 ms ± 105 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
This version is twice as fast as the first one.
There's more...
When your code is too slow, the first step is to make sure you're not reinventing the wheel and that you're making good use of all features of the language.
You can have an overview of all syntax features and built-in modules of Python by reading the documentation and other references:
- Documentation of Python 3 at
- The Python Cookbook, by Brian Jones and David Beazley, O'Reilly Media at
See also
- Using the latest features of Python 3, in Chapter 2 | https://ipython-books.github.io/51-knowing-python-to-write-faster-code/ | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | refinedweb | 1,002 | 80.72 |
>
Hi I have written some code that lets me change the animation and navmeshagent speed while pressing any key on the keyboard. I am trying to make it so that it only adds to the speed when the keyboard is taped consecutively but right now it only works when a key is held down. Can someone please advise?
Here is the code I have: using System.Collections; using System.Collections.Generic; using UnityEngine; using UnityEngine.AI;
public class AnimationSpeed : MonoBehaviour {
//private Animation anim;
public float Speed = 1;
public float NavSpeed = 0;
//private NavMeshAgent ourenemy;
Animator m_Animator;
//Value from the slider, and it converts to speed level
//float m_MySliderValue;
bool m_runFaster;
bool m_run;
void Start()
{
//Get the animator, attached to the GameObject you are intending to animate.
m_Animator = gameObject.GetComponent<Animator>();
NavSpeed = GetComponent<NavMeshAgent> ().speed;
}
void Update()
{
if (m_runFaster == false)
m_Animator.SetBool("runFaster", false); // animation condition bool
//The GameObject is jumping, so send the Boolean as enabled to the Animator. The jump animation plays.
if (m_runFaster == true)
m_Animator.SetBool("runFaster", true);
if (m_run == false)
m_Animator.SetBool("run", false);
//The GameObject is jumping, so send the Boolean as enabled to the Animator. The jump animation plays.
if (m_run == true)
m_Animator.SetBool("run", true);
if (Input.anyKey) // if tap adds .01 to speed total
{
Speed = Speed + .01f;
m_Animator.speed = Speed;
m_runFaster = true;
m_run = false;
GetComponent<NavMeshAgent> ().speed = 5 + Speed;
Debug.Log("A key or mouse click has been detected");
}
if (Speed > 2) // speed limit
{
Speed = 1;
GetComponent<NavMeshAgent> ().speed = 5 + Speed;
}
if( !Input.anyKey ){
m_run = true;
m_runFaster = false;
m_Animator.speed = 1;
Speed = 1;
GetComponent<NavMeshAgent> ().speed = 4 + Speed; // speed if no tap nav speed is 4 Speed is animation.
Change speed of animation by tapping keyboard ,how to add to speed by tapping "anykey" consecutively
0
Answers
NavMesh Agent won't move
1
Answer
Unity Navmesh agent patrol and chase player script issues.
0
Answers
unity editor freezes on play, because of script
1
Answer
How to make a navmeshagent not rotate, when traveling to its destination?
1
Answer | https://answers.unity.com/questions/1571733/change-speed-of-animation-by-tapping-keyboard.html | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | refinedweb | 336 | 51.75 |
Now that OpenStreetMap is under the ODbL, is it (legally) possible to import data licensed under CC-BY-SA?
Precisely, I'd like to copy some information (e.g. street names) found on this map licensed under CC-BY-SA 2.5:
asked
07 Nov '12, 11:00
Éric Piel
116●4●5●8
accept rate:
0%
The answer is simple: no.
CC by-SA (any current version) is not compatible with ODbL 1.0.
answered
07 Nov '12, 11:16
SimonPoole ♦
42.2k●13●307●666
accept rate:
19%
Thanks. For my case, I'll try to contact the author of the map to get it also licensed under the ODbL...
The not so simple aspect is that while allowing us to distribute the data under ODbL is short term ok, a useful data source is one that allows us to change our distribution licence as described in the contributor terms ("other free and open licence").
In reailty this boils down to PD/CC0 and attribution-only licences.
Once you sign in you will be able to subscribe for any updates here
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This is the support site for OpenStreetMap.
Question tags:
import ×184
license ×149
odbl ×30
question asked: 07 Nov '12, 11:00
question was seen: 2,750 times
last updated: 07 Nov '12, 11:58
Contributor terms and import of ODBL-licensed data
Allowed tiles licences
License question: odbl use case
When will OpenStreetMap license officially change to ODBL?
Collective / Produced / Derivative Work
Creating a UK Speed Limit Map but can I sell it?! | https://help.openstreetmap.org/questions/17550/can-i-import-cc-by-sa-data-into-openstreetmap?sort=votes | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | refinedweb | 267 | 69.52 |
When working with GPS devices and popular software, you will typically find yourself with information around latitude and longitude coordinate information, which is great, but not exactly human readable. A more readable format would be address information with streets, cities, countries, etc., something that we can make sense of. HERE offers a reverse geocoder API that allows you to take latitude and longitude information collected from elsewhere and convert it into address information.
We’re going to see how to use the HERE Reverse Geocoder API with REST and the Go programming language (Golang) to convert coordinate information to address information, quickly and easily.
To get a better idea what we’re trying to accomplish, take a look at the following image:
In the above image you’ll notice that a CLI was created. When running the application, a latitude and longitude was passed and we got address information as a response. The command is more complex than it needs to be because we’re pretty printing the JSON data with a Python script, which isn’t completely necessary.
Mapping the HERE Geocoder API with Native Go Data Structures
Before we start using the HERE Geocoder API, we need to add our boilerplate Golang code and create the data structures that will hold the results to our requests. Within your $GOPATH, create a main.go file and include the following:
package main import ( "encoding/json" "flag" "fmt" "io/ioutil" "net/http" "net/url" ) type GeoData main() {}
In the above code you’ll notice we have our
import packages, a
main function, and three data structures. The
GeoData data structure is probably the most important for this project. Essentially what I’ve done with
GeoData is model the REST response defined in the HERE documentation. If you look closely, you’ll notice that I haven’t mapped the response property for property. In fact, I left half of the response out. I did this because I only really care about the address information. However, the format of the response and model must match. You’ll also notice the JSON annotations in the Go data structure. These JSON annotations match the property names in the response.
The
Position data structure will allow us to keep track of latitude and longitude coordinates, and the
Geocoder data structure will allow us to keep track of our API token information. The
AppId and
AppCode can both be obtained after creating a free account with HERE.
Now that we have a means to store our data in our application, we can start making requests against the REST API that HERE provides.
Using REST to Convert Between Positions and Addresses
To use the HERE Geocoder API, all we really need to do is create an HTTP request that includes our token information, along with coordinate information to be converted into addresses. The response will be stored as a
GeoData object to be used however we wish.
Within the project’s main.go file, include the following function:
func (geocoder *Geocoder) reverse(position Position) (GeoData,oData{}, err } else { data, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(response.Body) var geoData GeoData json.Unmarshal(data, &geoData) return geoData, nil } }
The function is quite large, but most of it is around formatting a request. The function will use the
Geocoder information as well as passed
Position information. When creating a request, we provide the correct URL, and construct a query string with the appropriate information. After we execute the request, we check to see if there was an error or success. If there was success, we can read the response, which is byte data, and convert it into
GeoData to be returned. The conversions happen based on our JSON annotation mapping.
Building a CLI for Accepting Data Defined by the User
With the REST function in place, we can bring our application together so it can be used like a command line interface (CLI). The goal here is to just take user defined information and pass it into our function.
Open the project’s main.go file and include the following:
func main() { latitude := flag.String("lat", "37.7397", "Latitude") longitude := flag.String("lng", "-121.4252", "Longitude") flag.Parse() geocoder := Geocoder{AppId: "APP-ID-HERE", AppCode: "APP-CODE-HERE"} result, err := geocoder.reverse(Position{Latitude: *latitude, Longitude: *longitude}) if err != nil { fmt.Printf("The HTTP request failed with error %s\n", err) return } if len(result.Response.View) > 0 && len(result.Response.View[0].Result) > 0 { data, _ := json.Marshal(result.Response.View[0].Result[0]) fmt.Println(string(data)) } }
In the
main function we are anticipating two flags to be passed when launching the application. If these flags are not passed, the default value will be used. Once we parse the flags, we can set our app id and app code information and then call our REST function. Upon a successful request, if there is data found, we will display only the first result which is the nearest result to our coordinates. There can potentially be other results returned in the request.
Conclusion
You just saw how to use Golang to make requests against the HERE Reverse Geocoder API to convert latitude and longitude coordinate information into address information that is much easier to read.
A next step to this might include taking a CSV file of data and converting it into addresses. | https://developer.here.com/blog/reverse-geocoding-coordinates-to-addresses-with-the-go-programming-language | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | refinedweb | 890 | 55.03 |
Hello and welcome to this episode of the tutorial series. In the previous episode you learnt how to create factories and seed our database with sample data. This episode will begin with building the UI part of our blog using Laravel Livewire components.
At the end of the tutorial, you should be able to:
- Describe what a Livewire component is.
- Create and modify Livewire components to suit your needs.
- Use Tailwind CSS utility classes to practically layout elements in your Blade view files.
As usual, fasten up your seat belt and let's dive in. :)
Note: There is a starter project up to this episode which can be accessed on Github here
Introduction
Part Two Recap
Remember in part two of this tutorial series we configured the public facing routes to return the default Laravel Jetstream welcome page. If you also remember, there were exactly two routes for the public facing pages of our blog - the home and the category pages. The homepage will be a listing of our blog posts while the category page will list all blog posts of a particular category. You can always read part two of this tutorial series here if you missed that part.
You're going to work on those two pages and replace the welcome page with a more interesting listing of your blog posts for this episode, albeit with introduction to some Tailwind CSS utilities. OK. Read on.
Introduction to Livewire Components
Livewire components are reusable pieces of code that you can define once and use in different parts of your application. They are just like Laravel components but comes with the power of both Laravel and Livewire. By default, a Livewire component is created with a corresponding view file. Livewire component classes are also placed in the app/Http/Livewire directory while their corresponding views are placed in the resources/views/livewire directory.
Creating Livewire Components
Livewire components are created by running the
make:livewire or
livewire:make Artisan commands in your terminal:
php artisan make:livewire PostItem // or ... php artisan livewire:make PostItem
This creates the most basic Livewire component, which extends the base Livewire
Component class and contains a
render method - used for rendering views and inline text:
<?php // tall-blog/app/Http/Livewire/PostItem.php namespace App\\Http\\Livewire; use Livewire\\Component; class PostItem extends Component { public function render() { return view('livewire.post-item'); } }
and the corresponding view:
{{\-- tall-blog/resources/views/livewire/post-item.blade.php --}} <div> {{\-- If you look to others for fulfillment, you will never truly be fulfilled. --}} </div>
Adding the
--inline option tells Livewire that your component is an inline component and won't be returning any view in its
render method. So this:
php artisan make:livewire PostItem --inline
yields something like this:
... public function render() { return <<<'blade' <div></div> blade; } ...
It is important to understand that
public properties in a Livewire component are readily available in the component's view file, so you don't need to pass it through the
view method like you're used to do if you've worked with pure Laravel controllers:
// This: class PostItem extends Component { public $post; public function render() { return view('livewire.post-item'); } } // is the same as this: class PostItem extends Component { public $post; public function render() { return view('livewire.post-item', ['post' => $post]); } }
Rendering Livewire Components
Livewire components are meant to be reusable. As a result, you can use them anywhere you would a Laravel component. Rendering a component can be done by either using the
<livewire:component-name /> tag syntax or by using the
@livewire('component-name') blade directive syntax:
<div> <livewire:post-item /> </div> {{-- Or --}} <div> @livewire('post-item') </div>
Passing Parameters to Components
You can pass parameters to a component by specifying those parameters like so:
<livewire:post-item : {{-- or --}} @livewire('post-item', ['post' => $post])
Now the
$post variable will be available in the PostItem component and view.
Accessing Route Parameters
In a situation whereby you need to access route parameters like you would in a traditional Laravel controller, Livewire allows you to do that in the
mount method:
class MyComponent extends Component { public $userId; public function mount($userId) { $this->userId = $userId; } public function render() { return view('livewire.my-component'); } }
This feature makes it so powerful for Livewire components to mimic the behavior of Laravel controllers and also makes it easy to make full page components.
Creating Our Blog's Components
Now that you have a solid understanding of Livewire components, let's move on to work on our blog. If you haven't yet done so from above, create your first Livewire component for the project by running this command in your terminal:
php artisan make:livewire PostItem
This component represents one post item from a list in the home and category pages. Open the component class in app/Http/Livewire/PostItem.php and add a public
$post property to the beginning. The component class should look similar to this:
<?php // tall-blog/app/Http/Livewire/PostItem.php namespace App\Http\Livewire; use Livewire\Component; class PostItem extends Component { public $post; public function render() { return view('livewire.post-item'); } }
As pointed out above, the
$post property will now be readily available in the view file for use since it is declared
public. Open the corresponding blade view file in resources/views/livewire/post-item.blade.php. Make sure it contains the following:
{{-- tall-blog/resources/views/livewire/post-item.blade.php --}} <article class="flex flex-col mb-2 rounded-md shadow-md md:mb-0"> <a href="{{ route('post-detail', ['slug' => $post->slug]) }}"> <img src='{{ asset("storage/posts/$post->featured_image") }}' alt="{{ $post->title }}" class="w-full h-56 rounded-t-md"> </a> <div class="p-3"> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold text-gray-900"> <a href="{{ route('post-detail', ['slug' => $post->slug]) }}"> {{ $post->title }} </a> </h3> <p class="text-gray-800"> <a href="{{ route('post-detail', ['slug' => $post->slug]) }}"> {{ $post->excerpt }} </a> </p> <div class="flex flex-row justify-between mt-2"> <a href="{{ route('category', ['category' => $post->category]) }}" class="px-2 text-sm text-indigo-900 bg-indigo-100 rounded"> {{ $post->category }} </a> <small> {{ $post->published_date }} </small> </div> </div> </article>
First of all, you can see that we're making use of the
$post variable in this file, which contains a blog post entry. We're utilizing Tailwind CSS class utilities to style the root
<article> element. In this case, we have laid its contents in a Flexbox with a
flex-direction of
col - meaning we want to lay the contents from the top to bottom.
mb-2 is a utility class for 8-pixels margin-bottom value with
rounded-md and
shadow-md representing medium rounded and medium shadowed shapes respectively.
Next is the anchor element (
a tag). We're referencing a named Route to route to the post detail page(using the
route helper function) which uses the post's slug to construct the link. Remember we didn't create the post detail route so you would need to add it just below the homepage route:
Route::get('/', function () { return view('welcome'); })->name('home'); // Add below route Route::get('{slug}', function ($slug) { return view('welcome'); })->name('post-detail');
Next in the tree is the image, whose width we have made full (100%) with
w-full and whose height we have decided will be
h-56 (equivalent to 224px) with its top rounded. The post image's
src attribute points to an image in the posts folder which is in the
storage symlink we created earlier.
asset is also one of the helper functions that allows you to display assets(css, images, js) files in your blade views. The file itself is uploaded in the posts folder while its name is saved into the database.
The next block contains the title, excerpt, category and published date all wrapped in a nicely padded(with
p-3)
div element. Both the title and excerpt use a different shade of gray text color from Tailwind CSS's color utilities. The last thing worth noting is the fact that the category and published date of our post are also wrapped in a Flexbox
div container which runs from left to right (
row) with a
justify-between utility which ensures that these two elements are placed at the extreme ends of both left and right of the containing
div element.
The post item component is now done. Let's create another component that will list all the posts on the homepage. This component will fetch all the posts from the database and display each in the post item component we created above. Enter the command to create the show-posts component:
php artisan make:livewire ShowPosts
Open the created component at app/Http/Livewire/ShowPosts.php and make sure its contents is equal to this:
<?php // tall-blog/app/Http/Livewire/ShowPosts.php namespace App\Http\Livewire; use App\Models\Post; use Livewire\Component; class ShowPosts extends Component { public $posts; public function mount() { $this->posts = Post::where('is_published', true)->get(); } public function render() { return view('livewire.show-posts')->layout("layouts/guest"); } }
The
$posts property holds all our posts from the database, which we fetch when this component is mounted (this is why the query is put in the
mount method). We're only interested in posts that are published. We have also specified the layout to use (i.e guest layout file). By default, Livewire uses the resources/views/layouts/app.blade.php layout file. However, because Jetstream adds authentication and other checks to that layout, using the app layout file without those checks in place will lead to errors, that's the reason we're using the resources/views/layouts/guest.blade.php layout file.
Now open the corresponding resources/views/livewire/show-posts.bladed.php blade view and enter the following in it:
<div class="gap-4 m-2 md:grid md:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-4"> @foreach ($posts as $post) @livewire('post-item', ['post' => $post], key($post->id)) @endforeach </div>
This one is simpler than you might have guessed. We're looping through the
$posts collection and rendering each using the
PostItem component we created earlier, passing the
$post to its
post parameter and giving its key the post id. The key is used to uniquely differentiate the current post item from the others and is very necessary when you, for example, want to toggle a post's visibility.
On the Tailwind part, we're displaying the posts in
- a block container on small screens,
- a grid container with two columns in medium screen devices and
- a grid container with four columns in large+ screen devices
All these with a 16-px gap between each item. Of course, and an 8-pixel margin.
Now change the homepage route to the following:
... Route::get('/', App\Http\Livewire\ShowPosts::class)->name('home'); ...
Hook up your terminal, run
php artisan serve and open your browser to and you should see posts in the homepage:
Now create the last Livewire component, which will display all posts from a particular category, by running this Artisan command:
php artisan make:livewire CategoryPosts --inline
We have made the
CategoryPosts component inline because it is going to reuse the show-posts component view file. Since there is nothing different between the two except filtering from the database, it is simpler using this approach.
Modify the
CategoryPosts component to match the following:
<?php // tall-blog/app/Http/Livewire/CategoryPosts.php namespace App\Http\Livewire; use App\Models\Post; use Livewire\Component; class CategoryPosts extends Component { public $posts; public function mount($category) { $this->posts = Post::where('category', $category) ->where('is_published', true) ->get(); } public function render() { return view('livewire.show-posts') ->layout("layouts/guest"); } }
This is almost the same as the
ShowPosts component except that we've changed the query to fetch based on the given category query string passed to the
mount method. Change the category route to the following:
... Route::get('categories/{category}', CategoryPosts::class)->name('category'); ...
Start the built-in PHP server if it's not running:
php artisan serve
Now go back to your homepage and click on any category. It should send you to the category page displaying posts in the same category:
This brings us to the end of this episode. I hope you really enjoyed the tutorial and I'd love to see you reading the next episode. We post updates on both our Twitter and Facebook pages. If you don't mind, you can follow any of our social media pages to get notified when a new post is published.
Twitter:
Thank you and see you for the next post.
Discussion (1)
Dear Alhassan:
The tutorial is wonderful. However, I got this error when follow the part5 instructions.
Missing required parameter for [Route: post-detail] [URI: {slug}] [Missing parameter: slug]
I appreciate you can give me hits. Thanks. | https://practicaldev-herokuapp-com.global.ssl.fastly.net/nayi10/creating-your-first-blog-with-tall-part-five-38mi | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | refinedweb | 2,141 | 50.26 |
import objc fails with Symbol not found: _PyMac_Error
I hope this is the correct place to post this - I would normally send to a users mailing list/forum, but I can't seem to find one.
I have installed PyObjC using pip, but when I try and import objc I get the following error:
import objc Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "/Library/Frameworks/EPD64.framework/Versions/7.3/lib/python2.7/site-packages/PyObjC/objc/init.py", line 24, in <module> _update() File "/Library/Frameworks/EPD64.framework/Versions/7.3/lib/python2.7/site-packages/PyObjC/objc/init.py", line 21, in _update import objc._objc as _objc ImportError: dlopen(/Library/Frameworks/EPD64.framework/Versions/7.3/lib/python2.7/site-packages/PyObjC/objc/_objc.so, 2): Symbol not found: _PyMac_Error Referenced from: /Library/Frameworks/EPD64.framework/Versions/7.3/lib/python2.7/site-packages/PyObjC/objc/_objc.so Expected in: dynamic lookup
The output from the pip install command doesn't seem to have any obvious errors in it (the output is available at).
I've got no idea what's going wrong here - does anyone have any idea where I can look?
Cheers,
Robin
Could you test if the attached patch fixes the issue?
PyObjC's code assumed that an optional bit of API would always be present, and it isn't with EPD.
That seems to fix that error, but I get another error when trying to import Foundation:
Might there may be a similar issue in pyobjc_Framework_Cocoa too?
That's correct, modules/_Foundation_typecode.m should also be changed,
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 2 +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 2 && defined(USE_TOOLBOX_OBJECT_GLUE)
I haven't checked yet if other framework wrappers also suffer from this problem, I'll have to build a framework without USE_TOOLBOX_OBJECT_GLUE to ensure that that configuration also works.
Thanks for helping with this :-)
It looks like there are issues with other framework wrappers - AppKit is the next one I've found that has a problem, but there are probably others too. What's the best way forward do you think?
I should have some time in the weekend to test with a python build that's comparable to EPD.
If you have time to look into this yourself and know C: the link errors should all have resulted in a compile-time warning about undefined functions (there are no link errors due to the way python extensions are created). In all cases there should be a preprocessor block that enables some functionality for python 2 but not python 3, and the python 2 test should also test for the USE_TOOLBOX_OBJECT_GLUE macro.
Again: I should have time to look into this over the weekend.
It's probably best for me to leave it until the weekend - otherwise I think I'll just generally mess up the code!
If you need any help with testing anything then just let me know.
Should be fixed in the 2.5 release (tagged in the repository, but not yet on PyPI)
Thanks for the release.
Unfortunately I get a number of errors when trying to compile and install this release. See for the errors (I put the entire console output there - the errors are at the end).
Just to check I did it right: I downloaded the zip of v2.5 from (I don't have mercurial installed on this system) and then ran 'sudo python install.py'. This managed to install pyobjc-core, but seemed to die on pyobjc-Cocoa, as detailed in the gist above.
The install problem seems to be the same as
#41, and the workaround seems to be to run install.py again.
I'm currently investigating that issue and don't understand yet what's going on here.
That fixes it - so I think this issue can now be marked as solved.
Thank you for all your help.
Thanks for testing the patch! | https://bitbucket.org/ronaldoussoren/pyobjc/issues/37/import-objc-fails-with-symbol-not-found | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | refinedweb | 653 | 62.68 |
Please see Section 5, “
Paths
” if you don't know what a
path is.
Figure 14.12. The “Paths” dialog
The “Paths” dialog is used to manage paths, allowing you to
create or delete them, save them, convert them to and from selections, etc.
The “Paths” dialog is a dockable dialog; see the section
Section 2.3, “Dialogs and Docking”
for help on manipulating it.
You can access it:
from the image menu:
Windows → Dockable Dialogs → Paths.
from the Tab menu in any dockable dialog by clicking on
and selecting
Add Tab → Paths,
In the Windows menu, there is a list of
detached windows which exists
only if at least one dialog remains open. In this case, you can raise
the “Paths” dialog from the image-menu:
Windows → Paths.
Each path belongs to one image: paths are components of images just
like layers. The Paths dialog shows you a list of all paths belonging
to the currently active image: switching images causes the dialog to
show a different list of paths. If the Paths dialog is embedded in a
“Layers, Channels, and Paths” dock, you can see the name
of the active image in the Image Menu at the top of the dock.
(Otherwise, you can add an Image Menu to the dock by choosing
“Show Image Menu” from the Tab menu.)
If you are familiar with the Layers dialog, you have a head start,
because the Paths dialog is in several ways similar. It shows a list of
all paths that exist in the image, with four items for each path:
An “open eye” icon if the path is visible, or a
blank space if it is not. "Visible" means that a trace of the
path is drawn on the image display. The path is not actually
shown in the image pixel data unless it has been stroked or
otherwise rendered. Clicking in the eye-symbol-space toggles the
visibility of the path.
A “chain” symbol is shown to the right of the
eye-symbol-space if the path is transform-locked, or a blank
space if it is not. “Transform-locked” means that
it forms
part of a set of elements (layers, channels, etc) that are
all affected in the same way by transformations (scaling,
rotation, etc) applied to any one of them. Clicking in the
chain-symbol-space toggles the transform-lock status of the
path.
A small preview-icon showing a sketch of the path. If you click
on the icon and drag it into an image, this will create a copy of
the path in that image.
The name of the path, which must be unique within the image.
Double-clicking on the name will allow you to edit it. If the
name you create already exists, a number will be appended (e.g.,
"#1") to make it unique.
If the list is non-empty, at any given moment one of the members is the
image's active path,
which will be the subject of any operations you perform using the
dialog menu or the buttons at the bottom: the active path is shown
highlighted in the list. Clicking on any of the entries will make it
the active path.
Right-clicking on any entry in the list brings up the
Paths Menu.
You can also access the Paths Menu from the dialog Tab menu.
The buttons at the bottom of the Paths dialog all correspond to entries
in the Paths menu (accessed by right-clicking on a path list entry),
but some of them have extra options obtainable by holding down modifier
keys while you press the button.
See New Path. Holding down
the Shift key brings up a dialog that allows you
to assign a name to the new (empty) path.
See Raise Path.
See Lower Path.
See Duplicate Path.
Converts the path into a selection; see
Path to Selection
for a full explanation. You can use modifier keys to set the way
the new selection interacts with the existing selection:
Holding down the Shift key brings up the
Advanced Options dialog, which
probably is only useful to GIMP developers.
See Stroke Path.
Delete Path deletes the current selected
path.
Figure 14.13. The “Paths” context menu
The Paths menu can be brought up by right-clicking on a path entry in
the list in the Paths dialog, or by choosing the top entry ("Paths
Menu") from the Paths dialog Tab menu. This menu gives you access to
most of the operations that affect paths.
Path Tool is an alternative way to
activate the Path tool,
used for creating and manipulating paths. It can also be
activated from the Toolbox, or by using the keyboard shortcut
B (for Bézier).
Edit Path Attributes brings up a small
dialog that allows you to change the name of the path. You
can also do this by double-clicking on the name in the list in
the Paths dialog.
New Pathcreates a new path, adds it to
the list in the Paths dialog, and makes it the active path
for the image. It brings up a dialog that allows you to
give a name to the path. The new path is created with no
anchor points, so you will need to use the Path tool to give
it some before you can use it for anything.
Raise Path moves the path one slot higher
in the list in the Paths dialog. The position of a path in
the list has no functional significance, so this is simply a
convenience to help you keep things organized.
Lower Pathmoves the path one slot lower
in the list in the Paths dialog. The position of a path in
the list has no functional significance, so this is simply a
convenience to help you keep things organized.
"Duplicate Path" creates a copy of the active path, assigns
it a unique name, adds it to the list in the Paths dialog,
and makes it the active path for the image. The copy will
be visible only if the original path was visible.
Merge Visible Paths takes all the paths
in the image that are visible (that is, all that show
“open eye” symbols in the Paths dialog), and turns
them into components of a single path. This may be convenient if
you want to stroke them all in the same way, etc.
These commands all convert the active path into a selection, and
then combine it with the existing selection in the specified
ways.
("Path to Selection" discards the existing selection and replaces
it with one formed from the path.) If necessary, any unclosed
components of the path are closed by connecting the last anchor
point to the first anchor point with a straight line. The
"marching ants" for the resulting selection should closely follow
the path, but don't expect the correspondence to be perfect.
This operation can be accessed in several ways:
From an image menubar, as
Select → To Path
From the Paths dialog menu, as
Selection to Path.
From the Selection to Path
button at the bottom of the Paths dialog.
From the Selection to Path button in
the Tool Options for the Path tool.
Selection to Path creates a new path
from the image's selection. In most cases the resulting path
will closely follow the "marching ants" of the selection,
but the correspondence will not usually be perfect.
Converting a two-dimensional selection mask into a
one-dimensional path involves some rather tricky algorithms:
you can alter the way it is done using the
Advanced Options, which are accessed by
holding down the Shift key while pressing
the Selection to Path button at the
bottom of the Paths dialog. This brings up the Advanced
Options dialog, which allows you to set 20 different options
and variables, all with cryptic names. The Advanced Options
are really intended for developers only, and help with them
goes beyond the scope of this documentation. Generally
speaking, Selection to Path will do
what you expect it to, and you don't need to worry about how
it is done (unless you want to).
From an image menubar, as
Edit → Stroke Path
From the Paths dialog menu, as Stroke
Path.
From the Stroke Path button at the
bottom of the Paths dialog.
From the Stroke Path button in the
Tool Options for the Path tool.
“Stroke Path” renders the active path on the active
layer of
the image, permitting a wide variety of line styles and
stroking options. See the section on
Stroking for more
information.
Copy Path copies the active path to the
Paths Clipboard, enabling you to paste it into a different image.
You can also copy and paste a path by dragging its icon
from the Paths dialog into the target image's display.
When you copy a path to an image, it is not visible. You have
to make it visible in the Path dialog.
Paste Path creates a new path from the
contents of the Path Clipboard, adds it to the list in the
Paths dialog, and makes it the active path for the image. If
no path has previously been copied into the clipboard, the
menu entry will be insensitive.
"Import Path" creates a new path from an SVG file: it pops
up a file chooser dialog that allows you to navigate to the
file. See the Paths
section for information on SVG files and how they relate to
GIMP paths.
Export Path allows you to save a path to
a file: it pops up a file save dialog that allows you to
specify the file name and location. You can later add this
path to any GIMP image using the Import
Path command. The format used for saving paths is
SVG: this means that vector-graphics programs such as
Sodipodi or
Inkscape will also be able to
import the paths you save. See the
Paths section for more
information on SVG files and how they relate to GIMP paths. | https://www.linuxtopia.org/online_books/graphics_tools/gimp_2.6_user_manual/gimp-path-dialog.html | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | refinedweb | 1,663 | 69.11 |
This article is for all those who keep hearing about the magical concept of containers from the world of DevOps, and wonder what it might have to do with the equally magical (but perhaps more familiar) concept of machine learning from the world of Data Science.
Well, wonder no more — in this article we're going to take a look at using containers for machine learning from scratch, why they actually make such a good match, and how to run them at scale in both the lightweight Docker Swarm and it's popular alternative Kubernetes!
(No container people... not
FROM scratch, although you can read all about that in my follow-on post)
A primer on machine learning in Python
If you've been working with Python for data science for a while, you will already be well-aquinted with tools like Jupyter, Scikit-Learn, Pandas and XGBoost. If not, you'll just have to take my word for it that these are some of the best open source projects out there for machine learning right now.
For this article, we're going to pull some sample data from everyone's favourite online data science community, Kaggle.
Assuming you already have Python 3 installed, let's go ahead and install our favourite tools (though you'll probably have most of these already):
pip install jupyterlab pandas scikit-learn xgboost kaggle
(If you’ve had any troubles installing Python 3 or the above package requirements you might like to skip straight to the next section.)
Once we've configured our local Kaggle credentials, change to a suitable directory and download and unzip the bank loan prediction dataset (or any other dataset you prefer)!
kaggle datasets download -d omkar5/dataset-for-bank-loan-prediction
unzip dataset-for-bank-loan-prediction.zip
With our data ready to go, let's run Jupyter Lab and start working on our demonstration model. Use the command
jupyter lab to start the service, which will open in your browser.
Create a new notebook from the launcher, and call it
notebook.ipynb. You can copy the following code into each cell of your notebook.
First, we read the Kaggle data into a DataFrame object.
import pandas as pd path_in = './credit_train.csv' print('reading csv from %s' % path_in) df = pd.read_csv(path_in)
Now we quickly divide our DataFrame into features and a target (but don't try this at home...)
def prep_data(df): X = df.drop(['Number of Credit Problems'], axis=1).select_dtypes(include=['number','bool']) y = df['Number of Credit Problems'] > 1 return X, y print("preparing data") X_train, y_train = prep_data(df)
With our data ready, let's fit an XGBoost classifier with all of the default hyper-parameters.
from xgboost import XGBClassifier model = XGBClassifier() print("training model") model.fit(X_train, y_train)
When that finishes running, we now have ... a model? Though admittedly not a very good one, but this article is about containers not tuning XGBoost! Let's save our model so we can use it later on if necessary.
import joblib path_out = './model.joblib' print("dumping trained model to %s" % path_out) joblib.dump(model, path_out)
Using Docker for managing your data science environment and executing notebooks
So we just did all of that work to set up our Jupyter environment with the right packages. Depending on our operating system and previous installations we may have even had some unexpected errors. (Did anyone else fail to install XGBoost the first time?) Hopefully you found a workaround for installing everything and I hope you took notes of the process — since we’ll want to be able to repeat that when we take our machine learning project to production later...
Ok, here comes the juicy part.
Docker solves this problem for us by allowing us to specify our entire environment (including the operating system and all the installation steps) as a reproducible script, so that we can easily move our machine learning project around without having to resolve the installation challenges ever again!
You'll need to install Docker. Luckily Docker Desktop for Mac and Windows includes everything we need for this tutorial. Linux users can find Docker in their favourite package manager — but you might need to configure the official Docker repository to get the latest version.
Once installed, make sure the Docker daemon is running, then run your first container!
This command will pull the CentOS 7 official Docker image and run an interactive terminal session. (Why CentOS 7? Given the similarities to Amazon Linux and Red Hat, which you'll often encounter in enterprise envirnonments. With some tweaking of the
yum installation commands, you could use any base operating system.)
docker run -it --rm centos:7
-ittells Docker to make your container interactive (as opposed to detached) and attaches a tty (terminal) session to actually interact with it
--rmtells Docker to remove your container as soon as we stop it with ctrl-c
Now we want to find the right commands to install Python, Jupyter and our other packages, and as we do we'll write them into a Dockerfile to develop our new container on top of
centos:7.
Create a new file and name it
Dockerfile, the contents should look a little something like this:
FROM centos:7 # install python and pip RUN yum install -y epel-release RUN yum install -y python36-devel python36-pip # install our pacakges RUN pip3 install jupyterlab kaggle pandas scikit-learn xgboost # turns out xgboost needs this RUN yum install -y libgomp # create a user to run jupyterlab RUN adduser jupyter # switch to our user and their home dir USER jupyter WORKDIR /home/jupyter # tell docker to listen on port 8888 and run jupyterlab EXPOSE 8888 CMD ["jupyter", "lab", "--ip=0.0.0.0", "--port=8888"]
To build your new container, run this command from the directory where your
Dockerfile exists,:
docker build -t jupyter .
This will run each of the commands in the
Dockerfile except for the last "CMD" comment, which is the default command to be executed when you launch the container, and then tag with built image with the name jupyter.
Once the build is complete, we can run a container based on our new jupyter image using the default CMD we provided (which will hopefully start our Jupyter server!):
docker run -it --rm jupyter
Done? Not quite.
So it turns out we also need to map the container port to our host computer so we can reach it in the browser. While we're at it, let's also map the current directory to the container user's home directory so we can access our files when Jupyter is launched:
docker run -it --rm -p "8888:8888" -v "$(pwd):/home/jupyter" jupyter
-p "HOST_PORT:CONTAINER_PORT"tells Docker to map a port on our host computer to a port on the container (in this case 8888 to 8888 but they need not be the same)
-v "/host/path/or/file:/container/path/or/filetells Docker to map a path or file on our host so that the container can access it (and
$(pwd)simply outputs the current host path)
Using the same notebook cell code as above, write and execute a new
notebook.ipynb using the "containerised" Jupyter service.
Now we need to automate our notebook execution. In the Jupyter terminal prompt enter:
nbconvert --to notebook --inplace --execute notebook.ipynb
This calls a Jupyter utility to convert our run and update our notebook in-place, so any outputs/table/charts will be updated in addition to any actual outputs from the script.
When you're done, Ctrl-C a few times to quit Jupyter (and in doing so, this will exit and remove our container since we set the
--rm option in the previous
docker run command).
To make things automatable, it turns out we can override the default CMD without creating a new Dockerfile. With this, we can skip running Jupyterlab and instead run our
nbconvert command:
docker run -it --rm -p "8888:8888" -v "$(pwd):/home/jupyter" jupyter jupyter nbconvert --to notebook --inplace --execute notebook.ipynb
Notice that we simply specify our custom command (CMD) by specifying the command and any arguments at the end of our
docker run command. (Note the first jupyter is the image tag, while the second is the command to trigger our process.)
For the curious, this is the same as modifying our Dockerfile CMD to the following:
#... CMD ["jupyter", "nbconvert", "--to", "notebook", "--inplace", "--execute", "notebook.ipynb"]
Once the container has exited, check model.joblib, which should have been modified seconds ago.
Success!
Scaling your environments with Docker Swarm
Running a container on your computer is one thing — but what if you want to speed up your machine learning workflows beyond what your computer alone can achieve? What if you want to run many of these services at the same time? What if all your data is stored in a remote environment and you don't want to transmit gigabytes of data over the Internet?
There's loads of great reasons why running containers in a cluster environment is beneficial, but whatever the reason, I'm going to show you just how easy this is by introducing Docker Swarm.
Conveniently Docker Swarm is a built-in capabaility of Docker, so to keep following this article you don't need to install anything else. Of course, in reality you would more likely choose to provision multiple compute resources in the cloud and initialise and join your cluster there. In fact, assuming network connectivity between them, you could even set up a cluster that spans multiple cloud providers! (How's that for high availability!? 👊)
To start a single node cluster, run
docker swarm init. This designates that host as a manager node in your 'swarm', which means it is responsible for scheduling services to run across all of the nodes in your cluster. If your manager node goes offline, then you lose access to your cluster so if resiliency is important it's good practice to have 3 or 5 to maintain consensus if 1 or 2 nodes fail.
This command will output a another command starting with
docker swarm join which when run on another host, joins that host as a worker node in your swarm. You can run this on as many worker nodes as you want, or even in an auto-scaling arrangement to ensure your cluster always has enough capacity — but we won't need it for now.
To run Jupyter as a service, Docker Swarm has a special command which is similar to
docker run above. The key difference is that this publishes (exposes) port 8888 across every node in your cluster, regardless of where the container itself is actually running. This means if you send traffic to port 8888 on any node in your cluster, Docker will automatically forward it to the correct host like magic! In certain use cases (such as stateless REST APIs or static application front-ends, you can use this to automatically load balance your services — cool!)
On a manager node in your cluster (which is your computer for now), run
docker service create --name jupyter --mount type=bind,source=$(pwd),destination=/home/jupyter --publish 8888:8888 jupyter
--namegives the service a nickname to easily reference it later (for example, to stop it)
--mountallows you to bind data into the container
--publishexposes the specified port across the cluster
(Note that in this case bind-mounting a host directory will work since we only have a single node swarm. In multi-node clusters this won't work so well unless you can guarantee the data at the mount point on each host to be in sync. How to achieve this is not discussed here.)
After running the command, the service will output various status messages until it converges to a stable state (which basically means that no errors have occurred for 5 seconds once the container command is executed).
You can run
docker service logs -f jupyter to check the logs (I told you that naming our service would come in handy), and if you want to access Jupyter in your browser, you'll need to do this to retrieve the access token.
Now you can remove the service by running
docker service rm jupyter
What about our notebook execution? Try running this:
docker service create --name jupyter --mount type=bind,source=$(pwd),destination=/home/jupyter --restart-condition none jupyter jupyter nbconvert --to notebook --inplace --execute notebook.ipynb
--restart-condition noneis important here to prevent your restarting container when it's finished executing
jupyter jupyter [params]represents the name of the container, the name of a custom command to run, and it's subsequent parameters (
nbconvert ...)
These commands are getting pretty complex now, so it might be a good idea to start documenting them so we can easily reproduce our services later on. Luckily we have Docker Compose, which is a configuration-based service for doing just that. Here is what the first service command looks like as a compose.yaml file:
version: "3.3" services: jupyter: image: jupyter volumes: - ${PWD}:/home/jupyter ports: - "8888:8888"
If you save this, you can run it as a "stack" of services (even though it only describes one right now), using the command:
docker stack deploy --compose-file compose.yaml jupyter
Much neater. It turns out you can include many related services in a single Docker Compose Stack, and so when you deploy one the services are named as stackname_servicename, so to retrieve the logs enter:
docker service logs -f jupyter_jupyter
This is the Docker Compose configuration for running our Jupyter notebook. Note the introduction of the
restart_policy. This is super important for running our job since we expect it to finish and by default Docker Swarm will automatically restart stopped containers which will execute your notebook repeatedly.
version: "3.3" services: jupyter: image: jupyter deploy: restart_policy: condition: none volumes: - ${PWD}:/home/jupyter command: jupyter nbconvert --to notebook --inplace --execute notebook.ipynb
Getting started with Kubernetes
Docker Desktop for Mac and Windows also includes a single-node Kubernetes cluster, so in the settings for Docker Desktop you'll want to switch that on. Starting up Kuberenetes can take a while, since it is a pretty heavyweight cluster deigned for running massive workloads. Think thousands and thousands of containers at once!
In practice, you'll want to configure your Kubernetes cluster over multiple hosts, and with the introduction of tools like
kubeadm that process is similar to configured Docker Swarm as we did earlier. We won't be discussing setting up Kubernetes any further in this article, but if you're interested you can read more about
kubeadm here. If you are planning to use Kubernetes, you might also consider using one of the cloud vendor managed services such as AWS Elastic Kubernetes Service or Google Kubernetes Engine on Google Cloud.
In recent versions of Docker and Kubernetes, you can actually deploy a Docker stack straight to Kubernetes — using the same Docker Compose files we created earlier! (Though not without some gotcha's, such the convenient bind-mounted host directory we deployed without fear earlier.)
To target the locally configured Kubernetes cluster, simply update your command to add
--orchestrator kubernetes:
docker stack deploy --compose-file compose.yaml --orchestrator kubernetes jupyter
This will deploy a Kubernetes stack just as it deployed a Docker Swarm stack, containing your services (no pun intended). In Kubernetes, a Docker Swarm "service" is known as a "pod".
To see what pods are running, and to confirm that our Jupyter stack is one of them, just run this and take note of the exact name of your Jupyter pod (such as
jupyter-54f889fdf6-gcshl).
kubectl get pods
As usual you'll need to grab the Jupyter token to access your notebooks, and the equivalent command to access the logs is below. Note that you'll need to use the exact name of the pod from the above command.
kubectl logs -f jupyter-54f889fdf6-gcshl
And when you're all done with Jupyter on Kubernetes, you can tear down the stack with:
kubectl delete stack jupyter
Discussion | https://dev.to/blairhudson/containers-for-machine-learning-from-scratch-to-kubernetes-2khj | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | refinedweb | 2,684 | 56.89 |
I [
You need to release control of the file from Program A. Try closing or
disposing the streamwriter when you finish.
Or you might attempt using as is described in the answer to this question:
Releasing access to files..
.
You should use this code instead:
Process p= Runtime.getRuntime().exec("iperf -s");
InputStream in = p.getInputStream();
FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream("testresult.txt");
byte[] bytes;
in.read(bytes);
out.write(bytes);
This code will not work exactly, but you just need to fiddle with the
streams a little.
Short answer: Try Thread.Sleep(100) before you read and then read as fast
as you can.
I thought that by setting the FileAccess.Read I should be able to always
read the file?
By setting FileAccess.Read you are just saying that you need to read from
the file. By setting FileShare.ReadWrite you are saying you are comfortable
with the 3rd party reading and writing to the file while you read it. The
exception means that the 3rd party is not comfortable with you reading
while they are writing. Your first bet is to check if you can configure the
3rd party process to allow other processes to read while they write, but be
aware that reading from a file that is being written to can be troublesome.
How can I make sure that this doesn't cause an exception, or do I need to
just loop around un
The kernel doesn't really care that process-1 is "waiting for process-2 to
finish" (in particular it's not interested in "why" it's in the state it
is, merely that it is in some state: in this case, idling in the kernel
waiting for some event). For typical1 caught signals, the signal-sender
essentially just sets some bit(s) in the signal-receiver's process/thread
state, and then if appropriate, schedules that process/thread to run so
that it can see those bits. If the receiver is idling in the kernel
waiting for some event, that's one of the "schedule to run" cases. (Other
common situations include: the receiver is in STOP state, where it stays
stopped except for SIGCONT signals; or, the receiver is running in user
mode, where it is set up to transition to kernel mode so as to notice th);
}
From the Bash manual:
!
Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed background
(asynchronous) command.
i.e., use $!.
It was solved by seting reportviewer = null and adding a finally to the
catch
public bool Export(string accountNumber, DateTime settlementDateTime,
string PDFfileName, out string errorMsg)
{
bool success;
ReportViewer reportViewer;
Warning[] warnings;
ReportParameter[] rptParameters;
string[] streamids;
string mimeType;
string encoding;
string filenameExtension;
byte[] bytes;
FileStream fs ;
success = false;
errorMsg = string.Empty;
fs = null ;
reportViewer = null ;
try
{
Console.Out.WriteLine(String.Format("Generando extracto para la
cuenta "{0}" de la fecha {1}", accountNumber, settlementDateTime));
reportViewer = new ReportVie
Let's say you have a work queue where the UI thread schedules work to be
done and the IO thread looks there for work to do. The work queue itself
is data that is read and modified from both threads, therefor you must
synchronize access somehow or race conditions result.
The naive approach is to synchronize access to the queue using a lock (aka
critical section). If the IO thread acquires the lock and then blocks, the
UI thread will only remain responsive until it decides it needs to schedule
work and tries to acquire the lock. A better approach is to use a
lock-free queue about which much has been written and you can easily search
for more info.
But to answer your question, yes, it is still much easier than you might
think to cause UI to stutter / hang even when using multiple th
If what you need is to monitor the child processes and spawn them when they
go down, then this approach may be helpful.
Make the parent process to wait for changes in child using waitpid in a
loop. Maintain a counter at parent to track number of processes alive.
Based on your requirement, you can create one or more new child process
using fork call and update the counter.
Man of fork is here.
Similar question to track the death of child is here.
If you watch with resharper/ilspy and/or you watch the sources of .NET
you'll see that in Process.StartWithCreateProcess(ProcessStartInfo
startInfo) all the magic happens.
num2 is the variable that contains the dwCreationFlags. Your flag isn't
visible anywhere. Sometimes StartWithCreateProcess sets the 0x8000000
(CREATE_NO_WINDOW) (if the CreateNoWindow parameter is set) and the 0x400
(CREATE_UNICODE_ENVIRONMENT) (if the system is NT based) flags, but that's
all.
May be the following link can help you to achieve what you want to do:
Code Snippet: Terminate all child processes
Something is holding a reference to the file you try to move. Place a
try/except block around the shutil.rename and print out which file causes
the problem. When you find out which file causes the problem find out who
is holding a reference to it.
One way to find who is holding a reference to a file is either using
Process Explorer or Unlocker
Update:
I took a look at the code of the ID3 library and it seems that, if you pass
in a filename, it doesn't close the file, EVER :D
You should do something like:
with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
tags = ID3(f)
# do your stuff
shutil.rename(filename, ...)
In your MakeThumbnail methods, make sure you're calling Dispose() on the
Image types. That or use the using syntax:
using (Image img = Image.FromFile(ImgIn))
{
// Your code
}
You could use IPC::Open3 to do this:
my($wtr, $rdr, $err);
use Symbol 'gensym'; $err = gensym;
my $pid = open3($wtr, $rdr, $err,'some cmd and args', 'optarg', ...);
### Do something in the main prg
waitpid( $pid, 0 );#when you no longer needs the child
my $child_exit_status = $? >> 8;
You can still use XDocument and an XmlReader:
XDocument doc;
using (var reader = XmlReader.Create("C:/Trio Scripts/example.xml"))
{
doc = XDocument.Load(reader);
}
When the using block completes for the reader, then the file handle should
be closed.
Update:
Maybe the behavior of XmlReader.Create(string) doesn't open the file in the
most minimal fashion. In case that's what's causing the exception, try this
more explicit code specifying file permissions:
XDocument doc;
using (var stream = File.Open("C:/Trio Scripts/example.xml", FileMode.Open,
FileAccess.Read, FileShare.ReadWrite))
using (var reader = XmlReader.Create(stream))
{
doc = XDocument.Load&
I would suggest making the filename something more generic so appending a
timestamp or something, but additionally, in the using call fstream.Flush()
before fstream.Close()
Actually you seem to be able to construct such a scenario:
see the note in:
When standard output has been redirected to asynchronous event handlers,
it is possible that output processing will not have completed when this
property returns true. To ensure that asynchronous event handling has been
completed, call the WaitForExit() overload that takes no parameter before
checking HasExited.
You just have to add
using System.Threading;
at the top of cs page..
And add
Thread.SpinWait(6000);
at the top of text where it is showing you an error.
Try this and if u need any help tell me. | http://www.w3hello.com/questions/-ASP-NET-development-process- | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | refinedweb | 1,223 | 62.98 |
#include <gdk-pixbuf/gdk-pixbuf.h> GdkPixbuf* gdk_pixbuf_ref (GdkPixbuf *pixbuf); void gdk_pixbuf_unref (GdkPixbuf *pixbuf); void (*GdkPixbufDestroyNotify) (guchar *pixels, gpointer data);
GdkPixbuf structures are reference counted. This means that an
application can share a single pixbuf among many parts of the
code. When a piece of the program needs to keep a pointer to a
pixbuf, it should add a reference to it by calling
g_object_ref().
When it no longer needs the pixbuf, it should subtract a reference
by calling
g_object_unref(). The pixbuf will be destroyed when
its reference count drops to zero. Newly-created GdkPixbuf
structures start with a reference count of one.
As GdkPixbuf is derived from GObject now,
gdk_pixbuf_ref() and
gdk_pixbuf_unref() are deprecated in favour of
g_object_ref()
and
g_object_unref() resp.
Finalizing a pixbuf means to free its pixel
data and to free the GdkPixbuf structure itself. Most of the
library functions that create GdkPixbuf structures create the
pixel data by themselves and define the way it should be freed;
you do not need to worry about those. The only function that lets
you specify how to free the pixel data is
gdk_pixbuf_new_from_data(). Since you pass it a pre-allocated
pixel buffer, you must also specify a way to free that data. This
is done with a function of type GdkPixbufDestroyNotify. When a
pixbuf created with
gdk_pixbuf_new_from_data() is finalized, your
destroy notification function will be called, and it is its
responsibility to free the pixel array.
GdkPixbuf* gdk_pixbuf_ref (GdkPixbuf *pixbuf);
gdk_pixbuf_ref is deprecated and should not be used in newly-written code. Use
g_object_ref().
Adds a reference to a pixbuf.
void gdk_pixbuf_unref (GdkPixbuf *pixbuf);
gdk_pixbuf_unref is deprecated and should not be used in newly-written code. Use
g_object_unref().
Removes a reference from a pixbuf.
void (*GdkPixbufDestroyNotify) (guchar *pixels, gpointer data);
A function of this type is responsible for freeing the pixel array
of a pixbuf. The
gdk_pixbuf_new_from_data() function lets you
pass in a pre-allocated pixel array so that a pixbuf can be
created from it; in this case you will need to pass in a function
of GdkPixbufDestroyNotify so that the pixel data can be freed
when the pixbuf is finalized.
GdkPixbuf,
gdk_pixbuf_new_from_data(). | http://maemo.org/api_refs/4.1/gtk+2.0-2.10.12/gdk-pixbuf/gdk-pixbuf-refcounting.html | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | refinedweb | 355 | 53 |
How to: Host and Run a Basic Windows Communication Foundation Service
This is the third of six tasks required to create a basic Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) service and a client that can call the service. For an overview of all six of the tasks, see the Getting Started Tutorial topic.
This topic describes how to run a basic Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) service. This procedure consists of the following steps:
- Create a base address for the service.
- Create a service host for the service.
- Enable metadata exchange.
- Open the service host.
A complete listing of the code written in this task is provided in the example following the procedure. Add the following code into the
Main() method defined in the
Program class. This class was generated when you created the
Service solution.
To configure a base address for the service
To host the service
Import the
System.ServiceModel.Descriptionnamespace. This line of code should be placed at the top of the Program.cs/Program.vb file with the rest of the using or imports statements.
Create a new ServiceHost instance to host the service. You must specify the type that implements the service contract and the base address. For this sample the base address is
CalculatorServiceis the type that implements the service contract.
Add a try-catch statement that catches a CommunicationException and add the code in the next three steps to the try block. The catch clause should display an error message and then call
selfHost.Abort().
Add an endpoint that exposes the service. To do this, you must specify the contract that the endpoint is exposing, a binding, and the address for the endpoint. For this sample, specify
ICalculatoras the contract,
WSHttpBindingas the binding, and
CalculatorServiceas the address. Notice here the endpoint address is a relative address. The full address for the endpoint is the combination of the base address and the endpoint address. In this case the full address is.
Enable Metadata Exchange. To do this, add a service metadata behavior. First create a ServiceMetadataBehavior instance, set the HttpGetEnabled property to true, and then add the new behavior to the service. For more information about security issues when publishing metadata, see Security Considerations with Metadata.
Open the ServiceHost and wait for incoming messages. When the user presses the ENTER key, close the ServiceHost.
To verify the service is working
Run the service.exe from inside Visual Studio. When running on Windows Vista, the service must be run with administrator privileges. Because Visual Studio was run with Administrator privileges, service.exe is also run with Administrator privileges. You can also start a new command prompt running it with Administrator privileges and run service.exe within it.
Open Internet Explorer and browse to the service's debug page at.
Example
The following example includes the service contract and implementation from previous steps in the tutorial and hosts the service in a console application. Compile the following into an executable named Service.exe.
Be sure to reference System.ServiceModel.dll when compiling the code.
using System; using System.ServiceModel; using System.ServiceModel.Description; namespace Microsoft.ServiceModel.Samples { // class that("Received Divide({0},{1})", n1, n2); Console.WriteLine("Return: {0}", result); return result; } } class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { // Step 1 of the address configuration procedure: Create a URI to serve as the base address. Uri baseAddress = new Uri(""); // Step 2 of the hosting procedure: Create ServiceHost ServiceHost selfHost = new ServiceHost(typeof(CalculatorService), baseAddress); try { // Step 3 of the hosting procedure: Add a service endpoint. selfHost.AddServiceEndpoint( typeof(ICalculator), new WSHttpBinding(), "CalculatorService"); // Step 4 of the hosting procedure: Enable metadata exchange. ServiceMetadataBehavior smb = new ServiceMetadataBehavior(); smb.HttpGetEnabled = true; selfHost.Description.Behaviors.Add(smb); // Step 5 of the hosting procedure: Start (and then stop)(); } } } }
Now the service is running. Proceed to How to: Create a Windows Communication Foundation Client. For troubleshooting information, see Troubleshooting the Getting Started Tutorial.
See Also
Other ResourcesGetting Started Sample
Self-Host
Last Published: 2010-03-21 | http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms730935(v=vs.90).aspx | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | refinedweb | 661 | 51.55 |
Gets a certain RDN type/value pair from within the RDNs stored in a Slapi_RDN structure.
#include "slapi-plugin.h" int slapi_rdn_get_next(Slapi_RDN *rdn, int index, char **type, char **value);
This function takes the following parameters:
The Slapi_RDN structure containing the RDN value(s).
Indicates the position of the RDN that precedes the currently desired RDN.
Repository that will hold the type (cn, o, ou, etc.) of the next (index+1) RDN. If this parameter is NULL at the return of the function, the RDN does not exist.
Repository that will hold the value of the next (index+1) RDN. If this parameter is NULL, the RDN does not exist.
This function returns -1 if there is no RDN in the index position, or the real position of the retrieved RDN if the operation was successful.
This function gets the type/value pair corresponding to the RDN stored in the next (index+1) position inside rdn. Notice that the index of an element within an array of values is always one unit below its real position in the array. | http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19693-01/819-0996/aailm/index.html | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | refinedweb | 179 | 64.2 |
I just wanted to give a heads up on several things that are in flight right now, and what Tom and I are planning soon. - Removal of dependency on gsl for gnuradio-core. The wavelet blocks that were in gnuradio-core, which depend on the GNU Scientific Library for some of their functions, have been moved into their own top-level component, gr-wavelet. This means that for the majority of users, the need for installing libgsl and libgsl-dev will go away. Python users wishing to use these blocks will find them in the 'wavelet' namespace under gnuradio, and C++ users will find them renamed to wavelet_*. - Clean up and preparation for releasing 3.5.3. There are still a few more development items remaining to merge in, but we expect to tag and release this next weekend. Numerous bug fixes, the addition of support for the FUNcube dongle SDR, enhancements to support the Ettus Research UHD 3.4.0 release, and a few smaller items will make this release. - Preparation to to merge the 'next' branch back in to 'master', after the 3.5.3 release. The 'next' branch is the long-running development branch where we implement things that are either somewhat unstable, or more often, make changes to the API such that user code might break. After the 3.5.3 stable release, we'll switch the master branch to the 3.6 API by merging 'next' back into master. The largest change involved here is the official switch from GNU autotools to CMake as the build system for GNU Radio. Our plan is to focus on testing and prepping for a 3.6.0 release, then start a new long-term 'next' branch for the 3.7 API. If you normally use GNU Radio by compiling from a tarball, these changes won't affect to you until you start using the 3.5.3 or 3.6.0 release tarballs. If you are tracking our master branch and compiling from that, then once 3.5.3 releases, you need to be prepared for the change to the 3.6 API. More details on the changes will be provided in release notes and on the list here. Johnathan | https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/discuss-gnuradio/2012-04/msg00009.html | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | refinedweb | 372 | 73.17 |
- NAME
- USING MOOSE
- SUBCLASSING
- NO MOOSE
- MAKING IT FASTER
- AUTHOR
NAME
Moose::Manual::Classes - Making your classes use Moose (and subclassing)
USING MOOSE. These include things like).
SUBCLASSING.
NO MOOSE
Moose also allows you to remove its sugar functions from your class's namespace. We recommend that you take advantage of this feature, since it just makes your classes "cleaner". You can do this by simply adding
no Moose at the end of your module file.
package Person; use Moose; has 'ssn' => ( is => 'rw' ); no Moose;
This deletes Moose's sugar functions from your class's namespace, so that
Person->can('has') will no longer return true.
A more generic way to unimport not only Moose's exports but also those from type libraries and other modules is to use namespace::clean or namespace::autoclean.
MAKING IT FASTER
Moose has a feature called "immutabilization" that you can use to greatly speed up your classes at runtime. However, using it does incur;
Immutabilization and.
AUTHOR
Dave Rolsky <autarch@urth.org>
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. | https://metacpan.org/pod/release/DROLSKY/Moose-0.92/lib/Moose/Manual/Classes.pod | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | refinedweb | 189 | 63.7 |
In .NET CF we are bounded by a lot of limitations mostly of them are memory and speed related.
When I was new to CF, I faced problem while developing an MDI application.
The basic problem while developing multiple document application is that as soon as one closes the form called first in the application, the whole application will be closed. Some how I got a solution which I feel very easy to implement .Just a simple trick!!!
When you want to develop an application I feel that it is better to create a mother class where you can define variables common to all the forms which give the dimension of maintainability to the code. This mother class will have the instances of all the forms and all the forms will have instance of this mother class. This way it will be easy to interlink all the forms with Mother Class as well as child forms themselves.
The following code shows how to create the controlling mother class:
// Example of Mother Class
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace MultipleDocments_Demo
{
public class MotherClass
{
public Form1 f1;
public Form2 f2;
public Form3 f3;
public mainscreen mScreen;
public MotherClass()
{
mScreen = new mainscreen(this);
}
[MTAThread]
static void Main()
{
MotherClass mc = new MotherClass();
Application.Run(mc.mScreen);
}
}
}
So now first of all the main screen will appear which you can compare with the MDI parent form in the Frame work. Here one can provide the options of opening of remaining child forms. In the main form I have provided one of the most optimal solutions for form opening in the following lines of code.
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (mc.f1 == null)
{
mc.f1 = new Form1();
}
mc.f1.Show();
}
In this code when one clicks on button1 for opening form1, it checks whether the form is being opened first time by checking against null. If yes then it creates the instance that time only. So no instance creation for the forms which are never clicked in the application. Instead of creating instance of the form in start (i.e. in mother class) where it can increase the loading time of application, one should create the instance of form only when needed.
After opening a form, providing it all the input, when one closes the form, it disappears in background instead of getting closed .It is due to the following lines of code where I cancels the closing of the form and brings the main screen in front.
private void Form1_Closing(object sender, CancelEventArgs e)
{
e.Cancel = true;
mc.mScreen.Show();
}
Now if the user again clicks the button1 to open the form1, this time the object is already exists , so it brings the form in from without going in the if loop by executing show function of the form.
mc.f1.Show();
But remember one thing that as soon as one closes the main screen, the application will exit by itself as this time we have not cancelled the closing event of main screen.
1) In this method the loading time of the application reduces because we are not creating forms intially, it is created only when one need to open that particular form.
2) Once the form is opened , it remains opened .We can play the game of hide and seek till the application ends, just by cancelling the closing of the form and bringing the mainscreen in from at right moment.
3) The mother class provides the opportunity to declare the variables which are used in all the forms or in most of the forms similar to the global variables in C++ which are absent in .Net CF. And just with the instance of Mother class those variables can be used in that particular form.
4) Due to creating the instance of the Mother class to each form , it is easier to call the other forms also in a particular one.For e.g. in form one we can call
mc.f2.show();
which will bring the form2 in front instead of mainscreen if it already exists.
Implementation of the multiple document interface can be done in a lot of ways but this trick made my application behave in one of the optimized way .The maintainability is also. | http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/13801/How-to-create-MDI-Application-in-Compact-framework?fid=292973&df=90&mpp=10&sort=Position&spc=None&select=2634849&tid=2513507 | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | refinedweb | 713 | 70.02 |
vcs, vcsa — virtual console memory
Description
/dev/vcs0 is a character device with major number 7 and minor number 0, usually with mode 0644 and ownership root:tty. It refers to the memory of the currently displayed virtual console terminal.
/dev/vcs[1-63] are character devices for virtual console terminals, they have major number 7 and minor number 1 to 63, usually mode 0644 and ownership root:tty. /dev/vcsa[0-63] are the same, ioctl_console(2), so the system administrator can control access using filesystem(2) requests are supported.
Files
/dev/vcs[0-63]
/dev/vcsa[0-63]
Versions
Introduced with version 1.1.92 of the Linux kernel.
Example the background color there:
#include <unistd.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <sys/ioctl.h> #include <linux/vt.h> int main(void) { int fd; char *device = "/dev/vcsa2"; char *console = "/dev/tty2"; struct {unsigned char lines, cols, x, y;} scrn; unsigned short s; unsigned short mask; unsigned char attrib; int ch;), SEEK_SET); (void) read(fd, &s, 2); ch = s & 0xff; if (s & mask) ch |= 0x100; attrib = ((s & ~mask) >> 8); printf("ch=0x%03x attrib=0x%02x\n", ch, attrib); s ^= 0x1000; (void) lseek(fd, -2, SEEK_CUR); (void) write(fd, &s, 2); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); }
See Also
ioctl_console(2), tty(4), ttyS(4), gpm(8)
Colophon
This page is part of release 5.04 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be found at.
Referenced By
ioctl_console(2), lcdvc(1), tty(4).
The man page vcsa(4) is an alias of vcs(4). | https://dashdash.io/4/vcsa | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | refinedweb | 274 | 58.18 |
.
Sets or returns the HTTP 'Location'.
Sets or returns the HTTP status.
$c->response->status(404);
$res->code is an alias for this, to match HTTP::Response->code.
Writes $data to the output stream.
Returns a PSGI $writer object that has two methods, write and close. You can close over this object.
Example:
package MyApp::Web::Controller::Test; use base 'Catalyst::Controller'; use Plack::App::Directory; my $app = Plack::App::Directory->new({ root => "/path/to/htdocs" }) ->to_app; sub myaction :Local Args { my ($self, $c) = @_; $c->res->from_psgi_response($app->($self->env)); }
Please note this does not attempt to map or nest your PSGI application under the Controller and Action namespace or path.
Ensures that the response is flushed and closed at the end of the request.
Provided by Moose
Catalyst Contributors, see Catalyst.pm
This library is free software. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. | http://search.cpan.org/~jjnapiork/Catalyst-Runtime-5.90051/lib/Catalyst/Response.pm | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | refinedweb | 154 | 59.5 |
Linux timer intervalmichalt38 Mar 11, 2018 8:13 AM
Hello I want to run a timer with interval of 5 ms. I created a Linux timer and when a sigalrm_handler is called I'm checking elapsed time from a previous call. I'm getting times like: 4163, 4422, 4266, 4443, 4470 4503, 4288 microseconds when I want intervals to be about 5000 microseconds with a least possible error. Here is my code:
#include <stdio.h> #include <signal.h> #include <sys/time.h> #include <unistd.h> static int time_count; static int counter; struct itimerval timer={0}; void sigalrm_handler(int signum) { Serial.print("SIGALRM received, time: "); Serial.println(micros()-time_count); time_count=micros(); counter++; if(counter > 20) { timer.it_interval.tv_usec = 0; timer.it_value.tv_sec = 0; setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &timer, NULL); } } void setup() { // put your setup code here, to run once: Serial.begin(9600); /* Initial timeout value */ timer.it_value.tv_sec = 1; /* We want a repetitive timer */ timer.it_interval.tv_usec = 5000; /* Register Signal handler * And register for periodic timer with Kernel*/ signal(SIGALRM, &sigalrm_handler); setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &timer, NULL); time_count = micros(); }
1. Re: Linux timer intervalMatha Mar 11, 2018 8:24 AM (in response to michalt38)
While I am not an expert on these matters, I believe that timing at the microsecond level is impractical for the stated operating system. I had similar timing challenges in using the DHTXX (temperature, humidity) sensors in any practical manner.
Regards.
2. Re: Linux timer intervalMar 13, 2018 2:31 AM (in response to michalt38)This message was posted on behalf of Intel Corporation
Hello Michal,
Thank you for your interest in the Intel Edison board.
Unfortunately, we cannot comment or debug your code.
However, Edison is not running a real time OS and so the desired time precision (ms) may not be possible.
Regards,
Octavian
3. Re: Linux timer intervalMar 16, 2018 2:14 AM (in response to michalt38)This message was posted on behalf of Intel Corporation
Hello Michal,
Do you require any more assistance with this issue?
Regards,
Octavian
4. Re: Linux timer intervalmichalt38 Mar 16, 2018 5:34 AM (in response to Intel Corporation)
I have made it by creating a function that tuns in a separate thread and in a loop it has a delay providing by a micros() function.
5. Re: Linux timer intervalFerryT Mar 16, 2018 5:38 PM (in response to michalt38)
Matha is right. Under load you might get 100ms error. Try f.i. running iperf simultaneously with your code.
With a preempt_rt version of the kernel you might achieve 100us or so.
Nevertheless it is strange that you measure less then 5ms, the latencies should be causing longer periods not shorter.
I have a piece of code that transmits data on fixed intervals. I use timerfd_create(CLOCK_REALTIME, 0) to create file descriptor containing timer events, then select() on the fd. This works for me (and even better on preempt_rt). If you're interested: hs_uart/main.c at master · htot/hs_uart · GitHub from line #147 | https://communities.intel.com/thread/123454 | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | refinedweb | 493 | 58.08 |
This tutorial shows you how to use Dictionary data type in c# code.
As you know, Dictionary type is a collection of Keys and Values, where key is like word and value is like definition. The Dictionary<TKey, TValue> class is a generic collection class in the System.Collection.Generics namespace.
You can declare a dictionary data type in c# as shown below.
var data = new Dictionary<string, string>();
You can add key value pairs to your Dictionary by using the Add method.
data.Add("key1","value1"); data.Add("key2","value2");
You can read data from the Dictionary object as shown below.
var value = data.Item("key1"); | https://c-sharpcode.com/thread/dictionary-data-type-in-csharp/ | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | refinedweb | 107 | 57.67 |
First Experiences with Scald.
Options for Cluster Processing #.
Scalding is used by Big Companies #
Another reason why I’m particularly interested in Scalding is that it is being used in several large companies. E.g. Etsy, Twitter. Twitter runs most of their backend batch tasks using scalding.
Getting Scalding #
You can get scalding by cloning and building
On the twitter/scalding github page(s) the tutorial uses scald.rb to trigger jobs. Don’t use it please. The code is hideous and it will take you forever to make a simple change. On the other hand, I use the project here:..
Simple Use Case #
We had an issue where one of HDFS folders of an external HIVE JSON table was having issues with bad / Incomplete JSON. Any hive query on the table would error because of the bad JSON..
Note: This code uses the FieldsAPI which is not typed. It is recommended to use the Typed API
import com.twitter.scalding._ class FindBadJson(args: Args) extends Job(args) { TextLine(args("input")) .read .filter ('line) { line: String => line.matches(".*[^}]$")} .write(Tsv(args("output"))) }
Then from the scalding tutorial directory)
On further digging in to resource manager UI I found this
Diagnostics: MAP capability required is more than the supported max container capability in the cluster. Killing the Job. mapResourceReqt: 2048 maxContainerCapability:1222 Job received Kill while in RUNNING state..
ERROR hadoop.HadoopStepStats: unable to get remote counters, no cached values, throwing exception No enum constant org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.JobCounter.MB_MILLIS_MAPS
The MR job keeps chugging and succeeds. Aah..finally some data!!!
But Wait! Since, we didn’t specify a reducer, we have just as many files as the mapper read. Bad MR…. Bad.. The output files are named like part-00001, part-00002, etc. Too much to go through. Time to declare a reducer:
import com.twitter.scalding._ class FindBadJson(args: Args) extends Job(args) { TextLine(args("input")) .read .filter ('line) { line: String => line.matches(".*[^}]$")} .groupAll { _.size } .write(Tsv(args("output"))) }
And Voila! All offenders in one file!
Conclusion #.
Note: this example uses the fields api which is not typed. It is recommended to use the Typed API. | https://etl.svbtle.com/experiences-with-scalding | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | refinedweb | 361 | 60.92 |
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