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It's an affordable, safe, convenient way to get around.
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経済的で安全小回りが利いて便利
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Quite radical.
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いたって基本です
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We've also brought this approach to our buses, and New York City has the largest bus fleet in North America, the slowest bus speeds.
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私たちはこの方法をバスにも適用していてニューヨーク市のバス車両台数は北米最大ですが速度は一番遅いです
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As everybody knows, you can walk across town faster than you can take the bus.
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皆さんご存知のとおり町を移動するならバスに乗るより歩いた方が早いです
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And so we focused on the most congested areas of New York City, built out six bus rapid transit lines, 57 miles of new speedy bus lanes.
|
そこでニューヨーク市の最も密集した地区に焦点を合わせて 6つの快速バス路線を開設し約90キロに及ぶバス専用道路を新設しました
|
You pay at a kiosk before you get on the bus.
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料金はバスに乗る前に自動販売機で払います
|
We've got dedicated lanes that keep cars out because they get ticketed by a camera if they use that lane, and it's been a huge success.
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この専用レーンは一般車両は使えません使用すると監視カメラに写真を撮られ違反切符を切られますこれは大成功を収めています
|
It was just fantastic.
|
最高の気分でした
|
And this is how it looked six years ago.
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これが6年前の様子です
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And so, I think that the lesson that we have from New York is that it's possible to change your streets quickly, it's not expensive, it can provide immediate benefits, and it can be quite popular.
|
ニューヨークの事例から学んだことは街路を即座に変えるのは可能であるということ街路を即座に変えるのは可能であるということ安価で即効的な利益があり人気スポットになり得るということ
|
You just need to reimagine your streets.
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街路を見直すだけです
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They're hidden in plain sight.
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日常の風景に隠れていますから
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Thank you.
|
ありがとうございました
|
(Applause)
|
( 拍手 )
|
We live in difficult and challenging economic times, of course.
|
私たちは経済的に困難で努力を強いられる時代を生きています
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And one of the first victims of difficult economic times, I think, is public spending of any kind, but certainly in the firing line at the moment is public spending for science, and particularly curiosity-led science and exploration.
|
経済的に厳しいときにまず影響を受けるものの一つが公共投資だと思いますが現在しわ寄せを受けているのが科学における公共投資です特に好奇心にかられた科学や探求があてはまります
|
So I want to try and convince you in about 15 minutes that that's a ridiculous and ludicrous thing to do.
|
それがどんなに不合理なことなのか 15分間で皆さんを説得したいと思います
|
But I think to set the scene, I want to show — the next slide is not my attempt to show the worst TED slide in the history of TED, but it is a bit of a mess.
|
状況を把握していただくためにお見せしたいスライドがあるのですが TEDでこれほど見劣りするスライドは初めてかもしれませんぐちゃぐちゃなもので …
|
(Laughter) But actually, it's not my fault; it's from the Guardian newspaper.
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( 笑 ) 実はガーディアン紙から拝借した図で
|
And it's actually a beautiful demonstration of how much science costs.
|
科学にかかる費用がうまく描かれています
|
Because, if I'm going to make the case for continuing to spend on curiosity-driven science and exploration, I should tell you how much it costs.
|
好奇心にかられた科学や探索に投資すべき理由を説明するには必要な費用をお伝えするべきだと思いました
|
So this is a game called "" spot the science budgets. "" This is the U.K. government spend.
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科学に充てられる費用はどれでしょうこれは英国政府の支出額で
|
You see there, it's about 620 billion a year.
|
年間約6200億ポンドです
|
The science budget is actually — if you look to your left, there's a purple set of blobs and then yellow set of blobs.
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科学に充てられる費用は左に紫や黄色の丸がありますがそのなかの
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And it's one of the yellow set of blobs around the big yellow blob.
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小さな黄色い丸のひとつが科学に充てられる費用です
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It's about 3.3 billion pounds per year out of 620 billion.
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6200億ポンドのうち年間約33億ポンドです
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That funds everything in the U.K.
|
英国のすべてのものを資金供給します
|
So that's what we're arguing about.
|
これが我々が論じるものです
|
That percentage, by the way, is about the same in the U.S. and Germany and France.
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ちなみに割合はアメリカやドイツフランスとほぼ同等ですが
|
R & D in total in the economy, publicly funded, is about 0.6 percent of GDP.
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公共費用で賄われている ― 開発研究は GDPの約0.6 % です
|
So that's what we're arguing about.
|
これが我々が論じるものです
|
The first thing I want to say, and this is straight from "" Wonders of the Solar System, "" is that our exploration of the solar system and the universe has shown us that it is indescribably beautiful.
|
まず私が言いたいのは私が出演したドキュメンタリー番組を見れば分かりますが太陽系や宇宙を探索することでそのとてつもない美しさがわかりました
|
This is a picture that actually was sent back by the Cassini space probe around Saturn, after we'd finished filming "" Wonders of the Solar System. "" So it isn't in the series.
|
この画像はカッシーニが土星の近くから送ってきたものです私たちが番組を収録した後だったので番組の中には含まれていません
|
It's of the moon Enceladus.
|
これはエンケラドスです
|
So that big sweeping, white sphere in the corner is Saturn, which is actually in the background of the picture.
|
左に見える白くて大きな球体は土星です実は写真の背景が土星で
|
And that crescent there is the moon Enceladus, which is about as big as the British Isles.
|
三日月に見えるのがイギリス諸島ほどの大きさのエンケラドスです
|
It's about 500 kilometers in diameter.
|
直径は約500km
|
So, tiny moon.
|
小さな衛星です
|
What's fascinating and beautiful...
|
この写真に
|
this an unprocessed picture, by the way, I should say, it's black and white, straight from Saturnian orbit.
|
加工はしていません土星の軌道から直に来た白黒写真です
|
What's beautiful is, you can probably see on the limb there some faint, sort of, wisps of almost smoke rising up from the limb.
|
この写真の美しさはへりの部分からかすかに見える ― 筋状の煙です
|
This is how we visualize that in "" Wonders of the Solar System. "" It's a beautiful graphic.
|
ドキュメンタリー番組ではこのように描かれています美しいイメージです
|
What we found out were that those faint wisps are actually fountains of ice rising up from the surface of this tiny moon.
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この筋状の煙の正体は小さな衛星の表面から噴出している氷です
|
That's fascinating and beautiful in itself, but we think that the mechanism for powering those fountains requires there to be lakes of liquid water beneath the surface of this moon.
|
これだけで美しい光景ですがこの氷を噴出させるにはエンケラドスの地下に液体の水があると考えられています
|
And what's important about that is that, on our planet, on Earth, wherever we find liquid water, we find life.
|
その何がすごいのかと言うと地球では液体の水がある場所ならばどこでも生命が宿っています
|
So, to find strong evidence of liquid, pools of liquid, beneath the surface of a moon 750 million miles away from the Earth is really quite astounding.
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ですから地球から12億kmも離れた ― 衛星の地下に液体があると強い証拠が得られるのは目を見張ることなのです
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So what we're saying, essentially, is maybe that's a habitat for life in the solar system.
|
つまり太陽系で生命が宿れる環境かもしれないということです
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Well, let me just say, that was a graphic. I just want to show this picture.
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今のはCGですのでもう一枚
|
That's one more picture of Enceladus.
|
エンケラドスをお見せします
|
This is when Cassini flew beneath Enceladus.
|
カッシーニが下を通ったときの写真です
|
So it made a very low pass, just a few hundred kilometers above the surface.
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ゆっくりとエンケラドスの数百km上空を通りました
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And so this, again, a real picture of the ice fountains rising up into space, absolutely beautiful.
|
これも氷が噴出している本物の写真です息をのむ美しさですが
|
But that's not the prime candidate for life in the solar system.
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太陽系に生命体が存在する最有力候補は
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That's probably this place, which is a moon of Jupiter, Europa.
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おそらく木星の衛星 ― エウロパだと言えます
|
And again, we had to fly to the Jovian system to get any sense that this moon, as most moons, was anything other than a dead ball of rock.
|
木星システムまで飛んでいきこの衛星がただの石ではないことを確かめました
|
It's actually an ice moon.
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エウロパは氷の衛星です
|
So what you're looking at is the surface of the moon Europa, which is a thick sheet of ice, probably a hundred kilometers thick.
|
画面では表面しか見えませんが氷はおそらく何百kmもの厚さがあります
|
So below the ice, there's an ocean of liquid around the whole moon.
|
氷の下に衛星全体を覆う液体の海があって
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It could be hundreds of kilometers deep, we think.
|
何百kmにもなると考えられています
|
We think it's saltwater, and that would mean that there's more water on that moon of Jupiter than there is in all the oceans of the Earth combined.
|
その液体は塩水で地球の全海水量よりも多いと考えられています
|
So that place, a little moon around Jupiter, is probably the prime candidate for finding life on a moon or a body outside the Earth, that we know of.
|
ですから木星の小さな衛星エウロパが我々が知る衛星や地球以外で生命が発見される ― 最有力候補なのです
|
Tremendous and beautiful discovery.
|
実にすばらしい発見です
|
Our exploration of the solar system has taught us that the solar system is beautiful.
|
太陽系探査により太陽系の美しさがわかりました
|
It may also have pointed the way to answering one of the most profound questions that you can possibly ask, which is: "" Are we alone in the universe? "" Is there any other use to exploration and science, other than just a sense of wonder?
|
また宇宙で我々以外に生命体が存在するのかという深遠な疑問の答えを見つける ― 手助けにもなったかもしれません探求や科学には不思議の追求以上の
|
Well, there is.
|
意味があると言えます
|
This is a very famous picture taken, actually, on my first Christmas Eve, December 24th, 1968, when I was about eight months old.
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これは非常に有名な写真で私にとって初めてのクリスマスイブ ― 1968年12月24日に撮られたものです私は生後8か月でした
|
It was taken by Apollo 8 as it went around the back of the moon.
|
アポロ8号が月の裏側に行ったときに撮影された ―
|
Earthrise from Apollo 8.
|
月面から昇る地球です
|
A famous picture; many people have said that it's the picture that saved 1968, which was a turbulent year — the student riots in Paris, the height of the Vietnam War.
|
1968年を救った写真だと多くの人が言う有名な写真です緊迫した年だった1968年はパリの五月革命が起きベトナム戦争の真っ最中でした
|
The reason many people think that about this picture, and Al Gore has said it many times, actually, on the stage at TED, is that this picture, arguably, was the beginning of the environmental movement.
|
多くの方がこの写真を語る理由はアルゴアがTEDで何度も言っていますがおそらくこの写真が環境運動の始まりだったからです
|
Because, for the first time, we saw our world, not as a solid, immovable, kind of indestructible place, but as a very small, fragile-looking world just hanging against the blackness of space.
|
私たちが初めて地球を見たからですそれはがっしりと動かない ― 不滅の場所ではなくとても小さくて脆弱そうに宇宙の暗闇に浮かんでいる姿でした
|
What's also not often said about the space exploration, about the Apollo program, is the economic contribution it made.
|
またあまり触れられていませんがアポロ計画による宇宙探査は経済に大きく貢献しました
|
I mean while you can make arguments that it was wonderful and a tremendous achievement and delivered pictures like this, it cost a lot, didn't it?
|
宇宙探査が偉大な業績となりこのような写真が撮れたのは素晴らしいと主張できますが巨額の費用もかかりました
|
Well, actually, many studies have been done about the economic effectiveness, the economic impact of Apollo.
|
実はアポロがもたらした ― 経済効果を巡って多くの研究が行われました
|
The biggest one was in 1975 by Chase Econometrics.
|
最大の研究は1975年に行われ
|
And it showed that for every $1 spent on Apollo, 14 came back into the U.S. economy.
|
アポロに費やされた1ドル毎に対して14ドルが米国経済に還元されたとの結果が出ました
|
So the Apollo program paid for itself in inspiration, in engineering, achievement and, I think, in inspiring young scientists and engineers 14 times over.
|
ですからアポロ計画はインスピレーションや工学技術の進歩や若手の科学者やエンジニアたちを刺激することで 14倍もの利益を生みました
|
So exploration can pay for itself.
|
探索は元がとれるのです
|
What about scientific discovery?
|
科学的発見や技術革新を駆り立てる ―
|
What about driving innovation?
|
角度から見てみましょう
|
Well, this looks like a picture of virtually nothing.
|
何の意味もないように見える ―
|
What it is, is a picture of the spectrum of hydrogen.
|
この写真は水素のスペクトルです
|
See, back in the 1880s, 1890s, many scientists, many observers, looked at the light given off from atoms.
|
1880年代や1890年代にはたくさんの科学者や観測者が原子から出る光を観察し
|
And they saw strange pictures like this.
|
こんな奇妙な写真が撮れました
|
What you're seeing when you put it through a prism is that you heat hydrogen up and it doesn't just glow like a white light, it just emits light at particular colors, a red one, a light blue one, some dark blue ones.
|
プリズムを通すと分かるように加熱された水素は単に白一色に光るのではなく決まった色をした光を放ちます赤や薄い青や濃紺の光です
|
Now that led to an understanding of atomic structure because the way that's explained is atoms are a single nucleus with electrons going around them.
|
これが原子構造の説明につながります原子には中心に核があり電子が周りを回っています
|
And the electrons can only be in particular places.
|
電子が存在できる場所は限られています
|
And when they jump up to the next place they can be, and fall back down again, they emit light at particular colors.
|
近くの軌道に移動して元の軌道に戻ってくるとき決まった色の光を放ちます
|
And so the fact that atoms, when you heat them up, only emit light at very specific colors, was one of the key drivers that led to the development of the quantum theory, the theory of the structure of atoms.
|
ですから原子は熱せられると個々に決まった色の光を放出しますそれが原子構造を説明する量子論の発展を導いた推進要因のひとつでした
|
I just wanted to show this picture because this is remarkable.
|
これは注目に値する写真です
|
This is actually a picture of the spectrum of the Sun.
|
太陽のスペクトルですが
|
And now, this is a picture of atoms in the Sun's atmosphere absorbing light.
|
これは光を吸収している ― 太陽周辺の大気の中にある原子の写真です
|
And again, they only absorb light at particular colors when electrons jump up and fall down, jump up and fall down.
|
繰り返しますが電子の周回軌道が変わるとき決まった色の光を吸収します
|
But look at the number of black lines in that spectrum.
|
スペクトルの中の黒い線の数を見てください
|
And the element helium was discovered just by staring at the light from the Sun because some of those black lines were found that corresponded to no known element.
|
ヘリウム元素は太陽の光を観察するだけで発見されましたこのような黒い線が未知の元素を表しているからです
|
And that's why helium's called helium.
|
そこからヘリウムの名がつきました
|
It's called "" helios "" — helios from the Sun.
|
太陽の神ヘリオスからついた名前です
|
Now, that sounds esoteric, and indeed it was an esoteric pursuit, but the quantum theory quickly led to an understanding of the behaviors of electrons in materials like silicon, for example.
|
難解な響きですが実際に難解な調査でしたしかし量子論によってすぐに物質中の電子の性質が明らかになりました例えばシリコンなどの物質です
|
The way that silicon behaves, the fact that you can build transistors, is a purely quantum phenomenon.
|
トランジスタをつくれるのですからシリコンの振る舞いは完全に量子論に従っています
|
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