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Select the one that is BEST in each case.
An ideal cycloplegic agent should do all the following EXCEPT | be rapidly effective | cause no adverse reactions | cause wide dilatation of the pupil associated with cycloplegia | permit prompt recovery to normal accommodation | maintain cycloplegia for sufficient time | c | cause wide dilatation of the pupil associated with cycloplegia |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
A 50-year-old male has just been given a new reading add. His most likely complaint about his new glasses will be | increased magnification | reduced range of near vision | increased weight | increased bifocal jump | increased prism deviation | b | reduced range of near vision |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
An aphake wearing aphakic glasses will most often notice: | barrel distortion | pincushion distortion | image jump | spherical aberration | chromatic aberration | b | pincushion distortion |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
A myope who can read clearly without glasses at 20 cm and has no accommodative reserve wishes to read at 80 cm. What glasses would you give him? | -1.25 | +1.25 | -3.75 | -3. 50 | -5.00 | c | -3.75 |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
The spherocylindrical formulation of a lens is +3.00 = -4.00 x 180°. It can also be represented as | -1.00= +3.00 x 50° | +1.00= -3.00 x 90° | -1.00 x 180°, +3.00 x 90° | -3.00 x 180°, +1. 00 x 90° | -3.00 x 90°, +1. 00 x 180° | c | -1.00 x 180°, +3.00 x 90° |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
The following cylindrical lenses +3.00 x 180°, +6.00 x 90° can be expressed also as | +6.00= -3.00 x 90° | -3.00= +6.00 x 90° | +3.00 = +6.00 x 180° | +6.00 = +3. 00 x 90° | +3.00 = +3. 00 x 90° | e | +3.00 = +3. 00 x 90° |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
An eye has an amplitude of accommodation of 4 diopters. The far point of the eye is 100 cm in front of eye. What is the near point? | 25 cm | 40 cm | 10 cm | 20 cm | 30 cm | d | 20 cm |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
A person has an accommodative ability of 3D. He is given a +2.0 add. Through which distances will he see clearly? | 10 cm - 20 cm | 20 cm - 30 cm | 30 cm - 40 cm | 20 cm - 50 cm | 30 cm - 50 cm | d | 20 cm - 50 cm |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
A person has a near point of accommodation (NPA) of 10 cm. He is a one-diopter myope. What is his amplitude of accommodation? | 5 D | 6 D | 7 D | 8 D | 9 D | e | 9 D |
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The longest acting cycloplegic agent is | atropine | homatropine | eucatropine | cyclopentolate | tropicamide | a | atropine |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
A person wearing a +14.00 contact lens wants to wear spectacles at 1. 5 cm. What spectacles would you give him? | +10.3 | +10.7 | +11.3 | +11.6 | +11.9 | d | +11.6 |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
The objective when using the cross cylinder for cylinder power refinement is to | place the circle of least confusion on the retina | reduce the cylinder power | move the circle of least confusion to the vitreous | collapse the conoid of Sturm | move the conoid of Sturm to the retina | d | collapse the conoid of Sturm |
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The "Jack-in-the-box" phenomenon is commonly seen in | high myopes | myopes with bifocals | high hyperopes | aphakes with contact lenses | aphakes with glasses | e | aphakes with glasses |
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The "Jack-in-the-box" phenomenon is explained by | a roving scotoma | the prismatic effect of aphakic spectacles C. spherical aberration | chromatic aberration | rotational magnification | a | a roving scotoma | |
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The duochrome test depends on the optical principle that | light of different colors move at different speeds | different light wavelengths are refracted to a different extent | red and green are most easily seen by the human eye | the speed of light of different colors is different | green light has a longer wavelength than red light | b | different light wavelengths are refracted to a different extent |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
Which of the following has the greatest refractive power? | Anterior surface of the cornea | vitreous | Anterior surface of the lens | Posterior surface of the lens | Posterior surface of the cornea | a | Anterior surface of the cornea |
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Most corneas are shaped like a/an | cut- off sphere | cut- off cone | toric surface | conoid | aspheric surface | c | toric surface |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
The principle of the stenopeic slit is based on | the circle of least confusion | the conoid of Sturm | horizontal vs. vertical astigmatism | the pinhole phenomenon | Knapp's rule | d | the pinhole phenomenon |
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During accommodation all the following changes occur EXCEPT the | pupil contracts | anterior chamber shallows | lens becomes thinner | anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens become convex | lens sinks down | c | lens becomes thinner |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
A 3-mm lesion on the retina should be how large on a tangent screen at a distance of 1 meter? | 17.6cm | 16.9 cm | 15.6 cm | 19.3 cm | 15.4 cm | a | 17.6cm |
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A person is wearing -2.00 sphere O. D. and +2.00 sphere O. S. His glasses were dispensed with the P.D. of the glasses 1 cm too narrow. What is the induced prism in each eye? | 2 diopters base out O. D., 2 diopters base out O. S. | 2 diopters base in O. D., 2 diopters base in O. S. | 1 diopter base in O. D., 1 diopter base in O. S. | 1 diopter base out O. D., 1 diopter base in O. S. | 1 diopter base out O. D., 1 diopter base out O. S. | d | 1 diopter base out O. D., 1 diopter base in O. S. |
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In accommodation, a change in which of the following structures is most directly responsible for functional accommodation? | Anterior lens capsule | posterior lens capsule | Lens position | Iris | Ciliary body | a | Anterior lens capsule |
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"Image jump" occurs with | contact lenses when the eyes arc moving | bifocal glasses | aphakic distance glasses | aphakic near glasses | none of these | b | bifocal glasses |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
"Image jump" occurs because of | the change in induced prism when the visual axis sweeps across the upper edge of the bifocal segment | the change in spherical aberration in the bifocal segment | a pantoscopic tilt in the glasses | the location of the optical center of the bifocal segment | all of these | d | the location of the optical center of the bifocal segment |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
"Image jump can be reduced by | moving the optical center of the bifocal segment away from the optical center of the | changing the axis of the astigmatic correction | decentering the optical center of the bifocal segment | choosing a bifocal segment that has its optical center at the top of the segment | prescribing trifocals | d | choosing a bifocal segment that has its optical center at the top of the segment |
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Children with anisometropia should be | partially corrected | treated as if they were amblyopic | fully corrected | given bifocals | none of these | c | fully corrected |
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Tilting glasses will cause | more prism | more cylinder to be induced | more sphere to be induced | both cylinder and sphere to be induced | less distortion | d | both cylinder and sphere to be induced |
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All the following are true of accommodation EXCEPT that it is | related to convergence | innervated via the III cranial nerve | central in origin | not susceptible to fatigue | a synkinesis | d | not susceptible to fatigue |
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The operation of which instrument is based on one of the Purkinje-sanson images? | Indirect ophthalmoscope | Retinoscope | slit lamp | Keratometer | Cross cylinder | d | Keratometer |
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In progressive (malignant) myopia, one may have all the following EXCEPT | very thin sclera | that the choroid becomes thickened | degeneration of the photoreceptors and pigment epithelium | peripapillary atrophy | that breaks may occur in Bruch's membrane | b | that the choroid becomes thickened |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
Which of the following anatomic features has the strongest correlation with refraction? | Axial length of the eye | Anterior chamber depth | Corneal power | Lens power | Corneal curvature | a | Axial length of the eye |
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An aphake will see an increase in image size of | 5% | 10% | 15% | 20% | 30% | e | 30% |
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Pincushion distortion is due to the | periphery of the lens magnifying more than the center of the lens | center of the lens magnifying more than the periphery of the lens | thickness of the lens | base curves of the lens | size of the pupil | a | periphery of the lens magnifying more than the center of the lens |
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All the following will tend to seek early help for presbyopic symptoms EXCEPT the | short person | watchmaker | hyperope | contact-lens corrected myope | myope | e | myope |
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All the following are contraindications to the use of contact lenses EXCEPT | inflammatory conditions of the cornea | muscle imbalance | dusty environmental condition | poor motivation | keratoconjunctivitis sicca | b | muscle imbalance |
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Aniseikonia may be corrected using | prisms | an astronomical telescope | Galilean telescope | decentration of the lenses | aspheric lenses | c | Galilean telescope |
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An indirect ophthalmoscope will project a/an | virtual image | real image | upright image | flat image | condensed image | b | real image |
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A lensometer measures the | vertex power of a lens | true power of a lens | equivalent power of a lens | front power of a lens | all of these | a | vertex power of a lens |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
All the following are true of spherical lenses EXCEPT that they | have the same radius of curvature in all meridians | have the same power in all meridians | can be considered to be composed of variable prisms | can collapse the conoid of Sturm | can transfer the conoid of Sturm | d | can collapse the conoid of Sturm |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
All the following are true of cylindrical lenses EXCEPT that | their maximum power is at 90o to the axis | they have no power in its axis | they will have variable power | they have spherical surfaces | d | they have spherical surfaces | |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
All the following are true of prisms EXCEPT that | the angle of incident light will help determine the amount of deviation | the apical angle will help determine the amount of deviation | they may provide some refractive power | the index of refraction of a prism will play a role in the amount of deviation | they are responsible for "chromatic aberration" in glasses | c | they may provide some refractive power |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
Which of the following lenses has a spherical equivalent of -3.25? | -3.00 = +6.00 x 180° | -1.00 = -4.50 x 90° | -4.00 = -4.00 x 90° | -2.00 = -5.50 x 180° | -6.00 = +2.00 x 90° | b | -1.00 = -4.50 x 90° |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
All are true of a hyperopic eye EXCE PT that | it is deficient in refractive power | it is a "negative" eye | it has its far point behind the retina | accommodation will help correct some of the hyperopia | presbyopia will be delayed | e | presbyopia will be delayed |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
All are true of axial hyperopia EXCEPT that | refracting elements of the eye may be normal | it will be associated with a short anterior-posterior length | it may be associated with glaucoma | it will have a large conoid of Sturm | the optic disc may look edematous ("pseudopapilledema") | d | it will have a large conoid of Sturm |
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All the following are true of aphakes when testing their visual fields EXCEPT that | spectacle-corrected aphakes can be tested only for their central 30o of field | contact lenses will eliminate all visual field anomalies of aphakia | the aphakic blind spot is closer to fixation. | the aphakic field may be tested on the perimeter with out correction | b | contact lenses will eliminate all visual field anomalies of aphakia | |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
Symptoms of hyperopia include all the following EXCEPT | distance vision impairment with high refractive errors | early blurring of near vision | accommodative insufficiency | frontal headaches | earlier presbyopia | c | accommodative insufficiency |
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All the following are related to a ring scotoma EXCEPT that it | is responsible for the "Jack-in-the-box" phenomenon | is mostly noticeable at distances between 3 and12 feet | can be eliminated by contact lenses | is eliminated by corrected curve lenses | is produced by aphakic lenses | d | is eliminated by corrected curve lenses |
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Corrected curve lenses will | reduce radial astigmatism | reduce spectacle thickness | improve light transmission | reduce reflections | reduce spherical aberration | a | reduce radial astigmatism |
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Base curves of lenses can with a | lensometer | neutralizing lens | retinoscope | Geneva lens measure | lens caliper | d | Geneva lens measure |
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Which of the following is equivalent to the crossed cylinders +3.00 x 90o and -1.00 x 180° | +3.00 = -4.00 x 180° | +3.00 = -3.00 x 90° | +3.00 = -4.00 x 90° | -1.00 = -4.00 x 180° | -1.00= +3.00 x I80° | a | +3.00 = -4.00 x 180° |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
During fogging, the patient reports that the line from 1 o'clock to 7 o'clock is sharpest. At what axis would you add minus cylinder? | 90° | 60° | 30° | 120° | 150° | c | 30° |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
An eye with an amplitude of accommodation of 5 diopters has a near point of 20 cm. Where is the far point of this eye? | 33-1/3 cm in front of the eye | 20 cm in front of the eye | At infinity | 20 cm behind the eye | 50 cm behind the eye | c | At infinity |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
A +12. 00 D lens at 15 mm in front of the eye is to be moved to 10 mm. Its power should be | 12.2 D | 12.4 D | 12.6 D | 12.8 D | 13.00 D | d | 12.8 D |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
A -10.00 D lens at 15 mm is to be converted to a contact lens. Its power should be | -8.48 D | -8.53 D | -8.69 D | -9.45 D | -9.25 D | c | -8.69 D |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
A 5-diopler myope can be corrected with a -8.00 D lens. Where should you place the lens? | 6 cm in front of the eye | 7 cm in front of the eye | 7.5 cm in front of the eye | 8.00 cm in front of the eye | 8.5 cm in front of the eye | c | 7.5 cm in front of the eye |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
the best way to check the optical centers of eyeglasses is to | use a clear plastic ruler to find the geometric center of the lens | use a keratometer | calculate them from the refraction | use a lensometer with India ink marker | use a flashlight | d | use a lensometer with India ink marker |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
All the following are signs of keratoconus EXCEPT | distortion of the retinoscopic reflex | distortion of the direct ophthalmoscopic reflex | distortion of the reflex in the placido disc | poor indirect ophthalmoscopic view | distortion of the keratometer mires | d | poor indirect ophthalmoscopic view |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
Using a schematic eye, what will be the size of a 20/200 letter on the retina when viewed at 6 meters? | 0.1 mm | 1 cm | 0.24 mm | 0.5 mm | 0.7 mm | c | 0.24 mm |
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Retinoscopy at 67 cm gives you a +4.00 x 90° and +7.00 x 180°. What glasses do you try for this patient? | +4.00 = +7.00 x 180° | +2.50 = +3.00 x 180° | +7.00 = +4.00 x 90° | +7.00 = +4.00 x 180° | +3.00 = +4.00 x 90° | b | +2.50 = +3.00 x 180° |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
An image is focused 50 cm to the right of a lens. The object is located 12.5 cm to the left of the lens. What should be the power of the lens? | +3 D | + 5 D | + 7 D | + 8 D | +10 D | e | +10 D |
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A 5-cm object is located 25 cm to the left of a +3.00 spherical lens. What is the linear magnification? | 2 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 4 | e | 4 |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
A patient with an amplitude of accommodation of 1 diopter wears a +2.50 add and a +1.25 intermediate add. Through which distance will he see clearly? | 40 cm to 45 cm | 28.5 cm to 45 cm | 40 cm to 80 cm | 45 cm to 80 cm | 80 cm to 100 cm | d | 45 cm to 80 cm |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
Which of the following K readings are “with the rule”? | 43.0 / 44.0 at 90 o | 44.0 / 44.0 at 180 o | 44.0 / 46.0 at 180 o | 42.0 / 46.0 at 120 o | None of these | a | 43.0 / 44.0 at 90 o |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
Which of the following are “against the rule” keratometry readings? | 44.0 / 44.0 at 90 o | 45.0 / 45.0 at 180 o | 44.0 / 46.0 at 180 o | 43.0 / 48.0 at 120 o | 42.0 / 43.0 at 150 o | c | 44.0 / 46.0 at 180 o |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
All the following are specific indications for cycloplegic refraction EXCE PT | accommodative spasm | hyperopia | strabismus | youth | contact lens fitting | e | contact lens fitting |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
If one were to examine the general population for corneal astigmatism, one would most likely find | against-the-rule astigmatism | with-the-rule astigmatism | irregular astigmatism | no astigmatism | oblique astigmatism | b | with-the-rule astigmatism |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
Irregular corneal astigmatism can be best corrected with the use of | spectacles | corrected curve spectacles | a galilean telescope | contact lens | aspheric glasses | d | contact lens |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
Retinoscopy and keratometry confirm that all the astigmatism is corneal. How can this best be corrected? | Only with the use of soft contact lenses | Only with the use of hard contact lenses | Only with the use of spectacles | With the use of hard contact lenses or spectacles | None of these | d | With the use of hard contact lenses or spectacles |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
A patient is found to have a spherical cornea and on retinoscopy is found to have a significant cylindrical error. All following statements are true EXCEPT that this patient | may have lenticular astigmatism | will see better with spectacles | will see better with contact lenses | will have equal K readings in both meridians | c | will see better with contact lenses | |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
Which is true of refractive myopia? | Increased incidence of retinal detachment | Macular changes | myopic crescent | All of these | d | All of these | |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
With regard to the cornea, all the following pairs are correctly matched EXCEPT | more convex/steeper | less convex/flatter | steeper/ more power | more power/hyperopic | d | more power/hyperopic | |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
Myopia can be associated with all the following EXCEPT 14 | decreased convexity of the lens | increased corneal curvature | increased axial length of the eye | a lens closer to the cornea | excessive plus power | a | decreased convexity of the lens |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
The usual age at which myopia first becomes apparent is | 8 years | 15 years | 20 years | 25 years | a | 8 years | |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
All the following can cause a decrease in the amplitude of accommodation EXCE PT | siderosis | phospholine iodide | cycloplegic drops | ocular trauma | aging | a | siderosis |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
A patient has amplitude of accommodation of 4.00 D. At what distance wii he be able to read comfortably? | 25 cm | 33 -1 /3 cm | 50 cm | 60 cm | 80 cm | c | 50 cm |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
A myope will experience | magnification with glasses | less minification with contact lenses than with glasses | magnification with contact lenses | less minification with glasses than with contact lenses | none of these | b | less minification with contact lenses than with glasses |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
The axially ametropic eye is best corrected with | glasses located at the near point | hard contact lenses | glasses located at the anterior focal point of the eye | soft contact lenses | c | glasses located at the anterior focal point of the eye | |
Select the one that is BEST in each case.
All the following will tend to increase "with-the-rule" astigmatism following cataract surgery EXCEPT | deeply placed corneoscleral sutures | 7-0 chromic sutures | corneoscleral incision in the mid limbus | continuous suturing with nylon | b | 7-0 chromic sutures | |
All the following are true about retina, except: | Composed of 10 separable layers | There is a loose attachment between neurosensory and Retinal pigment epithelium | The Fovea is not supplied by the central retinal artery | Soft exudates are swollen axons of ganglion cells | a | Composed of 10 separable layers | |
Cause of blindness in HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) patient; one is true: | Cotton wool spots | HIV microangiopathy | Cytomegalovirus retinitis | Kaposi sarcoma | c | Cytomegalovirus retinitis | |
Pseudophakia is the loss of: | Accommodation | Conversion | Saccadic eye movements | Contrast sensitivity | a | Accommodation | |
All are used for treatment of myopia, except: | Convex lenses | Concave lenses | Lens refractive surgery | LASIK | a | Convex lenses | |
One of the following is indicative of past optic neuritis in multiple sclerosis patients: | Mild Relative afferent pupillary defect | Internuclear ophthalmoplegia | Nystagmus | Diplopia | a | Mild Relative afferent pupillary defect | |
Emmetropia is: | Parallel rays of light brought on retina | Visual acuity of 6/6 | Parallel rays of light brought before retina | (A) & (B) | a | Parallel rays of light brought on retina | |
One of the following does not cause exophthalmos: | Orbital varix | Optic nerve tumor | Blow out fracture | Orbital cellulitis | c | Blow out fracture | |
One of the following is not a cause of entropion: | Facial nerve palsy | Congenital | Cicatricial pemphigoid | Conjunctival scaring | a | Facial nerve palsy | |
Which one is responsible for strongest refraction in the eye: | Tear film | Cornea | Lens | Vitreous | b | Cornea | |
Chronic blepharitis is associated with all, except: | Ectropion | Eyelid margin ulceration | Red eye | Obstruction of meibomian glands | b | Eyelid margin ulceration | |
Carotid–cavernous sinus fistula causes all the following, except: | Bruit over globe | Pulsatile tinnitus | Proptosis | Scleral veins congestion | b | Pulsatile tinnitus | |
All the following are risk factors for bacterial keratitis, except: | Chalazion | Contact lenses | Trauma | Dry eye | a | Chalazion | |
About trichiasis; all the following are true, except: | Signs of dry eye | Iris atrophy | Corneal opacity | Backward misdirection of eye lashes | b | Iris atrophy | |
All the following are true about herpetic infection, except: | A Dendritic ulcer is characteristic | Primary infection is asymptomatic | Caused by Herpes simplex virus type 2 | Steroids may be used for treatment | d | Steroids may be used for treatment | |
All the following are used in treatment of open angle glaucoma, except: | Steroids | Parasympathomimetics | Betablockers | Alpha agonists | a | Steroids | |
All the following are true about open angle glaucoma, except: | Commonly causes headache | Optic disc cupping | Peripheral visual loss | Medical treatment is the first line of treatment | a | Commonly causes headache | |
All the following are signs of keratoconus, except: | Thickening of central cornea | Corneal thinning, especially in the inferior cornea | Munson sign | Prominent corneal nerves | a | Thickening of central cornea | |
All the following are used for the treatment of keratoconus, except: | LASIK | Intracorneal rings | Contact lenses | Keratoplasty | a | LASIK | |
what type of surgery is performed for a patient with large angle right esotropia: | Right recession | Right resection | Lateral rectus resection & medial rectus recession on right eye | Lateral rectus resection & medial rectus recession on left eye | c | Lateral rectus resection & medial rectus recession on right eye | |
All the following are true about branch vein occlusion, except: | Improves with time and minimal visual loss | Surgery is indicated if the macula is not involved | Steroids and anti-VGEF are rarely used | There are two types; ischemic & non ischemic | b | Surgery is indicated if the macula is not involved | |
In diabetic macular edema, one is true: | Pan retinal photocoagulation is the first line of management | Anti-VGEF is the first line of treatment | All treatment modules have poor visual acuity | Treatment protocol depends on presenting vision | d | Treatment protocol depends on presenting vision | |
All the following are true regarding retinal detachment, except: | Uveitis cause exudative type | DM cause tractional type | Posterior vitreous detachment causes rhegmatogenous type | Surgery indicated for all types | d | Surgery indicated for all types |
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