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Cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) is increasingly used to map transcriptome-wide binding sites of RNA-binding proteins. We developed a method for CLIP data analysis, and applied it to compare CLIP with photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced CLIP (PAR-CLIP) and to uncover how differences in cross-linking an... | What is the principle of the PAR-CLIP methodology? | ross-linking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) is increasingly used to map transcriptome-wide binding sites of RNA-binding proteins. |
Antibody therapy has been used to treat a variety of diseases and the success of ZMapp and other monoclonal antibody-based therapies during the 2014-2016 West African Ebola outbreak has shown this countermeasure can be a successful therapy for Ebola hemorrhagic fever. This study utilized transchromosomal bovines (TcB) ... | Which disease is treated with ZMapp? | Antibody therapy has been used to treat a variety of diseases and the success of ZMapp and other monoclonal antibody-based therapies during the 2014-2016 West African Ebola outbreak has shown this countermeasure can be a successful therapy for Ebola hemorrhagic fever. |
Over a half of patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus will develop lupus nephritis (LN). The diagnosis of LN, suspected based on clinical data (proteinuria, active urinary sediment, renal dysfunction), is confirmed with renal biopsy. The immunosuppressive treatment of proliferative classes of LN is based on an indu... | Is Belimumab used for lupus nephritis? | In particular, depletion (Obinutuzumab, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) or neutralization (Belimumab, anti-"B-cell activating factor" monoclonal antibody) of B lymphocytes, and the use of a calcineurin inhibitor with a low profile of renal and systemic toxicity (Voclosporin) demonstrated an improvement in renal response... |
We tested the effect of two different concentrations (150μg/l and 0.15μg/l) of mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) on the reproductive parameters and expression of testicular genes in male mice. In adult males, no reduction of body or reproductive organ weight was observed, and the seminiferous tubules were morphologically nor... | Is Annexin V an apoptotic marker? | However, we found decreased sperm concentration, increase of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa and increased binding of apoptotic marker annexin V. |
The 70-gene signature (MammaPrint) is a prognostic tool used to guide adjuvant treatment decisions. The aim of this study was to assess its value to predict chemosensitivity in the neoadjuvant setting. We obtained the 70-gene profile of stage II-III patients prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and classified the prognosi... | How many genes are in the gene signature screened by MammaPrint? | the 70-gene profile |
Apixaban is a direct inhibitor of factor Xa, and is a potential alternative for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. This study sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of apixaban versus enoxaparin. A systematic search of the literature for randomized controlled trials of apixaban thromboprophylaxis versus... | Is apixaban effective for treatment of acute venous thromboembolism? | Apixaban is a direct inhibitor of factor Xa, and is a potential alternative for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. |
Pluripotency denotes the flexible capacity of single cells to give rise to all somatic lineages and typically also the germline. Mouse ES cells and post-implantation epiblast-derived stem cells (EpiSC) are widely used pluripotent cell culture systems. These two in vitro stem cell types have divergent characteristics. T... | What is formative pluripotency? | Here, we discuss an intermediate stage of pluripotency that we term "formative". Formative pluripotency features a gene regulatory network switch from the naïve state and comprises capacitation of enhancers, signaling pathways and epigenetic machinery in order to install competence for lineage specification |
Peroxiredoxin-2 (Prdx2), a potent peroxide reductant, is the third most abundant protein in the erythrocyte and might be expected to play a major role in the cell's oxidative defenses. However, in this study, experiments with erythrocytes from mice with a disrupted Prdx2 gene found that the cells were not more sensitiv... | What type of enzyme is peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2)? | Peroxiredoxin-2 (Prdx2), a potent peroxide reductant, is the third most abundant protein in the erythrocyte and might be expected to play a major role in the cell's oxidative defenses. |
Pre- and postnatal growth retardation of unknown pathogenesis is a common clinical feature in patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS). However, growth hormone deficiency (GHD) has not been considered a major cause of growth retardation. There is only one patient in the literature with confirmed GHD who responded w... | Which hormone abnormalities are common in Williams syndrome | the elevated levels of prolactin and the response of hGH to growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) administration are indicative of a hypothalamic rather than pituitary defect. In conclusion, GH deficiency might contribute to the growth failure in a number of patients with WBS |
Hirschsprung disease is a congenital form of aganglionic megacolon that results from cristopathy. Hirschsprung disease usually occurs as a sporadic disease, although it may be associated with several inherited conditions, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. The rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncoge... | Is RET the major gene involved in Hirschsprung disease? | The rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene is the major susceptibility gene for Hirschsprung disease, and germline mutations in RET have been reported in up to 50% of the inherited forms of Hirschsprung disease and in 15-20% of sporadic cases of Hirschsprung disease |
The neuronal RNA-binding protein (RBP) HuD plays an important role in brain development, synaptic plasticity and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's (AD). Bioinformatics analysis of the human SOD1 mRNA 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) demonstrated the presence of HuD binding adenine-uridin... | Do RNA binding Proteins that bind to adenine uridine (AU)-rich elements (AREs) in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs (AU-RBPs) regulate the DNA Damage Response? | Bioinformatics analysis of the human SOD1 mRNA 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) demonstrated the presence of HuD binding adenine-uridine (AU)-rich instability-conferring elements (AREs). |
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is implicated in many autoinflammatory disorders, but is also important in defense against pathogens. Thus, there is a need to safely and effectively modulate IL-1β activity to reduce pathology while maintaining function. Gevokizumab is a potent anti-IL-1β antib... | Which molecule is targeted by the drug Gevokizumab? | In the present study, we measured the impact of gevokizumab on the IL-1β system using Schild analysis and surface plasmon resonance studies, both of which demonstrated that gevokizumab decreases the binding affinity of IL-1β for the IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) signaling receptor, but not the IL-1 counter-regulatory d... |
Treatment of childhood uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a challenge for both, ophthalmologists and pediatricians. In this study, we use the tools of evidence based medicine (EBM) to analyse studies concerning disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD)/ immunosuppressive drugs and tumor ... | What is the effect of methotrexate in treating uveitis due to juvenile idiopathic arthritis ? | Most experience among DMARD's/ immunosuppressive drugs has been obtained with methotrexate (MTX) in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. However, controlled studies in uveitis are still missing, so that treatment with MTX and all other immunosuppressive drugs (ciclosporine A, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil) only reaches... |
Purpose Trop-2, expressed in most triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), may be a potential target for antibody-drug conjugates. Sacituzumab govitecan, an antibody-drug conjugate, targets Trop-2 for the selective delivery of SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan. Patients and Methods We evaluated sacituzumab govi... | Is sacituzumab govitecan effective for breast cancer? | Conclusion Sacituzumab govitecan was well tolerated and induced early and durable responses in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic TNBC. |
Coactivators represent a large class of proteins that partner with nuclear receptors and other transcription factors to regulate gene expression. Given their pleiotropic roles in the control of transcription, coactivators have been implicated in a broad range of human disease states, including cancer. This is best typi... | What are coactivators? | Coactivators represent a large class of proteins that partner with nuclear receptors and other transcription factors to regulate gene expression. |
EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) is crucial for cancer cells to acquire invasive phenotypes. In A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells, TGF-β elicited EMT in Smad-dependent manner and TNF-α accelerated this process, as confirmed by cell morphology, expression of EMT markers, capacity of gelatin lysis and cell invasion. ... | Which growth factors are known to be involved in the induction of EMT? | Comprehensive expression analysis unraveled genes differentially regulated by TGF-β and TNF-α, such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and ECM (extracellular matrices), suggesting the drastic change in autocrine/paracrine signals as well as cell-to-ECM interactions. |
Phospholamban (PLN) is a type II membrane protein that inhibits the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA), thereby regulating calcium homeostasis in cardiac muscle. In membranes, PLN forms pentamers that have been proposed to function either as a storage for active monomers or as ion channels. Here, we report th... | Is phospholamban a regulatory/inhibitory protein of the Ca ATPase SERCA? | Phospholamban (PLN) is a type II membrane protein that inhibits the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA), thereby regulating calcium homeostasis in cardiac muscle. In membranes, PLN forms pentamers that have been proposed to function either as a storage for active monomers or as ion channels. |
The products of the human Arg gene and human, mouse, Drosophila, and nematode Abl genes characterize the Abelson family of nonreceptor tyrosine protein kinase. The Arg gene, expressed as a 12-kb transcript, codes a protein highly related to c-abl in the tyrosine kinase, SH2, and SH3 domains, and both proteins have a my... | Does the Abelson-related gene (ARG) gene encode for a serine kinase? | The products of the human Arg gene and human, mouse, Drosophila, and nematode Abl genes characterize the Abelson family of nonreceptor tyrosine protein kinase. |
Nephrotic syndrome is an unusual manifestation of IgA Nephropathy (IgAN). Some cases respond to steroid treatment. Here we describe a case-series of IgAN patients with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome. Twelve patients with IgAN with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome were evaluated and followed up. All patients... | Is edema a symptom of nephrotic syndrome? | Nephrotic syndrome is an unusual manifestation of IgA Nephropathy (IgAN). |
Prolactinoma is the most common secreting pituitary adenoma. It is typically diagnosed in women of reproductive age and is common cause of infertility. Currently the treatment of choice is pharmacotherapy with dopamine agonists, whereas surgical treatment is reserved for a selected group of patients. Pituitary-tumor ap... | Which pituitary adenoma is common cause of infertility is women? | Prolactinoma is the most common secreting pituitary adenoma. It is typically diagnosed in women of reproductive age and is common cause of infertility. |
Optogenetic techniques provide powerful tools for bidirectional control of neuronal activity and investigating alterations occurring in excitability disorders, such as epilepsy. In particular, the possibility to specifically activate by light-determined interneuron populations expressing channelrhodopsin-2 provides an ... | Are optogenetics tools used in the study and treatment of epilepsy? | Optogenetic techniques provide powerful tools for bidirectional control of neuronal activity and investigating alterations occurring in excitability disorders, such as epilepsy. |
TET2 haplo-insufficiency occurs through different molecular mechanisms and is promptly revealed by array comparative genomic hybridization, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can effectively demonstrate TET2 deletions and is often ... | Which human syndromes have been detected with Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)? | These findings demonstrate that 1) FISH is an effective and economical method to reveal cryptic abnormalities of band 4q22-q24 resulting in TET2 deletions; |
Tom Beauchamp and James Childress have always maintained that their four principles approach (otherwise known as principlism) is a globally applicable framework for biomedical ethics. This claim is grounded in their belief that the principles of respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice form part o... | List four principles of medical ethics. | Tom Beauchamp and James Childress have always maintained that their four principles approach (otherwise known as principlism) is a globally applicable framework for biomedical ethics. This claim is grounded in their belief that the principles of respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice form part o... |
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the presence of a BCR-ABL fusion gene, which is the result of a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, and is cytogenetically visible as a shortened chromosome 22 (Philadelphia). Research during the past two decades has established that BCR-ABL is proba... | What tyrosine kinase, involved in a Philadelphia- chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia, is the target of Imatinib (Gleevec)? | imatinib mesylate was introduced into the treatment regimen for CML |
Heterochromatin assembly in budding yeast requires the SIR complex, which contains the NAD-dependent deacetylase Sir2 and the Sir3 and Sir4 proteins. Sir3 binds to nucleosomes containing deacetylated histone H4 lysine 16 (H4K16) and, with Sir4, promotes spreading of Sir2 and deacetylation along the chromatin fiber. Com... | How histone deacetylation causes transcriptional gene silencing? | Silencing requires all three Sir proteins, even with fully deacetylated chromatin, and involves the specific association of Sir3 with deacetylated H4K16. These results define a minimal set of components that mediate heterochromatic gene silencing and demonstrate distinct contributions for histone deacetylation and nucl... |
Finding and characterizing mRNAs, their transcription start sites (TSS), and their associated promoters is a major focus in post-genome biology. Mammalian cells have at least 5-10 magnitudes more TSS than previously believed, and deeper sequencing is necessary to detect all active promoters in a given tissue. Here, we ... | What is DeepCAGE? | Mammalian cells have at least 5-10 magnitudes more TSS than previously believed, and deeper sequencing is necessary to detect all active promoters in a given tissue. Here, we present a new method for high-throughput sequencing of 5' cDNA tags-DeepCAGE: merging the Cap Analysis of Gene Expression method with ultra-high-... |
Chemotherapeutic regimens in present use for recurrent glioma have substantial toxicity. Activity against recurrent gliomas has been reported for both tamoxifen and interferon alpha, agents that have more acceptable toxicity profiles and that can be administered in an outpatient setting. We tested the efficacy and toxi... | Was tamoxifen tested for treatment of glioma patients? | The combination of oral tamoxifen (120 to 240 mg/m2/day) and subcutaneous interferon-alpha [6 x 10(6) U three times per week] was associated with significant neurotoxicity in this group of recurrent glioma patients, resulting in early study closure. |
Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF) biologic therapy is a widely used treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is unknown why some RA patients fail to respond adequately to anti-TNF therapy, which limits the development of clinical biomarkers to predict response or new drugs to target refractory cases. To un... | Is CD84 genetically associated with arthritis? | The SNP is predicted to disrupt transcription factor binding site motifs in the 3' UTR of an immune-related gene, CD84, and the allele associated with better response to etanercept was associated with higher CD84 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (P = 1 × 10(-11) in 228 non-RA patients and P = 0.004... |
Benralizumab is a humanized anti-IL5 receptor α (IL5Rα) monoclonal antibody (mAb) with enhanced (afucosylation) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) function. An ADCC reporter cell-based neutralizing antibody (NAb) assay was developed and characterized to detect NAb against benralizumab in human serum t... | What is mechanism of action of Benralizumab? | Benralizumab is a humanized anti-IL5 receptor α (IL5Rα) monoclonal antibody (mAb) with enhanced (afucosylation) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) function. |
The classic concept of the viability thresholds of ischemia differentiates between two critical flow rates, the threshold of electrical failure and the threshold of membrane failure. These thresholds mark the upper and lower flow limits of the ischemic penumbra which is thought to suffer only functional but not structu... | Does cortical spreading depression appear in ischemic penumbra following ischemic stroke? | It is suggested that the limited survival of the penumbra is due to periinfarct depolarizations, which result in repeated episodes of tissue hypoxia, because the increased metabolic workload is not coupled to an adequate increase of collateral blood supply. |
Thyroid involvement in Williams syndrome (WS) was recently reported in two small groups of patients, both showing an increased prevalence of elevation of TSH serum concentration; in one of the two reports, 70% of the patients demonstrated a hypoplasia of thyroid gland as well. In our institution, we currently follow a ... | Which hormone abnormalities are common in Williams syndrome ? | Our study confirms the increased incidence of both elevated TSH serum values (37.9% in our sample) and thyroid gland hypoplasia (74.7%). |
Research focusing on the canonical adult myogenic progenitor, the skeletal muscle satellite cell, is still an ever-growing field 46 years from their initial description. Recent publications revealed numerous new aspects of satellite cell biology, starting from their developmental life to their role as the principal sel... | What are the skeletal muscle satellite cells? | Research focusing on the canonical adult myogenic progenitor, the skeletal muscle satellite cell, is still an ever-growing field 46 years from their initial description. |
The Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome consists of a triad of recurrent lip and/or face swelling, fissured tongue, and intermittent facial palsy. Onset of the symptoms may occur during childhood, and treatment of the condition is difficult. We describe two children with Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome in whom combination trea... | List the classical triad of symptoms of the Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome. | The Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome consists of a triad of recurrent lip and/or face swelling, fissured tongue, and intermittent facial palsy. |
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and are activated by environmental stress. JNK is also activated by proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-1, and Toll-like receptor ligands. This pathway, therefore, can act as a critical convergence point in i... | Which MAP kinase phosphorylates the transcription factor c-jun? | The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and are activated by environmental stress. |
Active enhancers in mammals produce enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) that are bidirectionally transcribed, unspliced, and unstable. Enhancer regions are also enriched with long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcripts, which are typically spliced and substantially more stable. In order to explore the relationship between these two clas... | What are the eRNA-producing centers (EPCs)? | In order to explore the relationship between these two classes of RNAs, we analyzed DNase hypersensitive sites with evidence of bidirectional transcription, which we termed eRNA-producing centers (EPCs). |
The diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) are progressing continuously. This article aims at summarizing the current status in the diagnosis and treatment of MM, emphasizing a clinical point of view. Prognostic factors can be determined by clinical parameters, molecular analyses and patient characteristics (... | Which molecule is targeted by Daratumumab? | Antibodies targeting CS-1 (elotuzumab) and CD38 (daratumumab) in particular are currently undergoing advanced clinical phase II/III trials. |
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) includes a group of disorders that are characterized by the presence of cysts in the kidney and other organs, including the pancreas. Here we show that in orpk mice, a model system for PKD that harbors a mutation in the gene that encodes the polaris protein, pancreatic defects start to o... | Which is the most common disease attributed to malfunction or absence of primary cilia? | Polaris has been shown to co-localize with primary cilia, and these structures have been implicated in the formation of renal cysts |
Allgrove syndrome (triple A syndrome) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by adrenocortical insufficiency, achalasia and alacrima. Patients also suffer from diverse neurological disorders. Allgrove syndrome is caused by mutations in the AAAS gene located at chromosome 12q13, which encodes for a tryptophan-... | List symptoms of Allgrove syndrome. | Allgrove syndrome (triple A syndrome) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by adrenocortical insufficiency, achalasia and alacrima. |
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) manifests as intermittent, painful attacks of submucosal oedema affecting the larynx, gastrointestinal tract or limbs. Currently, acute treatment is available in Europe but not USA, and requires intravenous administration of a pooled blood product. HAE is most likely caused by dysinhibition ... | DX-88 is investigational name of which drug? | DX-88 (ecallantide, Dyax Corp.) is a highly specific recombinant plasma kallikrein inhibitor that halts the production of bradykinin and can be dosed subcutaneously. |
In animals, RNA binding proteins (RBPs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of virtually all genes by binding to RNA. Recent advances in experimental and computational methods facilitate transcriptome-wide mapping of these interactions. It is thought that the combinatorial action of RB... | What is the doRiNA database? | At the time of writing, doRiNA encompasses RBP data for the human, mouse and worm genomes |
Musclin is a novel skeletal muscle-derived secretory factor, whose mRNA level is markedly regulated by nutritional status. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of musclin mRNA regulation by insulin. In C2C12 myocytes, insulin-induced upregulation of musclin mRNA was significantly decreased by treatment o... | Is Musclin a secretory peptide? | Musclin is a novel skeletal muscle-derived secretory factor, |
Musclin is a type of muscle-secreted cytokine and its increased gene expression induces insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanism underlying increased musclin gene expression is currently unclear. Excessive saturated fatty acids (SFA) can activate the secretion of several muscle-secreted cytokines a... | Is Musclin a secretory peptide? | Musclin is a type of muscle-secreted cytokine and its increased gene expression induces insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. |
The lack of specific randomized trials enrolling either old or very old subjects, aimed at evaluate the efficacy of hormonal replacement on overall survival and cardiovascular risk reduction along with the negative effects of possible over-treatment, makes the decision to treat older people a still unresolved clinical ... | is pharmacological treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism effective in reducing cardiovascular events? | The lack of specific randomized trials enrolling either old or very old subjects, aimed at evaluate the efficacy of hormonal replacement on overall survival and cardiovascular risk reduction along with the negative effects of possible over-treatment, makes the decision to treat older people a still unresolved clinical ... |
Migraine is a highly prevalent, severe, and disabling neurological condition with a significant unmet need for effective acute therapies. Patients (~50%) are dissatisfied with their currently available therapies. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has emerged as a key neuropeptide involved in the pathophysiology of... | Is Ubrogepant effective for migraine? | Despite the clear safety concerns, clinical trial data suggests that their intermittent use remains a viable and safe alternative, with 2 molecules remaining in clinical development (ubrogepant and rimegepant). |
Here, we report a large-scale analysis of spatial, i.e. 3D, gene-expression data from an entire organ (the mouse brain) for the purpose of evaluating and ranking positional candidate genes, showing that the spatial gene-expression patterns can be successfully exploited for the prediction of gene-phenotype associations ... | Which are the most common methods for gene prioritization analysis? | Here, we report a large-scale analysis of spatial, i.e. 3D, gene-expression data from an entire organ (the mouse brain) for the purpose of evaluating and ranking positional candidate genes, showing that the spatial gene-expression patterns can be successfully exploited for the prediction of gene-phenotype associations ... |
Bronchopneumonia is a common multiple infection disease under 2 years old. Luteolin is a natural flavonoid widely distributed in plants with anti-inflammatory effect. This study aimed to explore the effects of luteolin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bronchopneumonia injury in vitro and in vivo. Firstly, the viabil... | What is Luteolin? | common multiple infection disease under 2 years old. Luteolin is a natural flavonoid widely distributed in plants with anti-inflammatory effect. This |
HercepTestTM (DAKO A/S, Glostrup, Denmark) is an immunohistochemical assay that detects HER2/neu gene products, and evaluates the overexpression status of the HER2/neu protein in determining eligibility for the Trastuzumab (HerceptinR, Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA) therapy. However, practically, interobserver vari... | Does HER2 under-expression lead to favorable response to trastuzumab? | HercepTestTM (DAKO A/S, Glostrup, Denmark) is an immunohistochemical assay that detects HER2/neu gene products, and evaluates the overexpression status of the HER2/neu protein in determining eligibility for the Trastuzumab (HerceptinR, Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA) therapy. |
Over the past decade a small evidence base has highlighted the potential importance of seemingly innocuous variables related to one's hands, such as hand dominance and the relative length of the second and fourth digits (2D:4D ratio), to success in sport. This study compared 2D:4D digit ratio and handedness among handb... | What is 2d 4d ratio in athletes. | There was also a lower digit ratio in both females and males. |
The organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3; synonymous: extraneuronal monoamine transporter, EMT, Slc22a3) encodes an isoform of the organic cation transporters and is expressed widely across the whole brain. OCTs are a family of high-capacity, bidirectional, multispecific transporters of organic cations. These also includ... | Is SLC22A3 expressed in the brain? | The organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3; synonymous: extraneuronal monoamine transporter, EMT, Slc22a3) encodes an isoform of the organic cation transporters and is expressed widely across the whole brain. |
Exercise-induced oxidative stress is implicated in muscle damage and fatigue which has led athletes to embark on antioxidant supplementation regimes to negate these effects. This study investigated the intake of vitamin C (VC) (1 g), blackcurrant (BC) juice (15 mg VC, 300 mg anthocyanins) and placebo in isocaloric drin... | Which are the supplemental antioxidant in athletes? | Effects of the two treatments relative to placebo on mean performance in the incremental test and time trial were unclear, but runners faster by 1 SD of peak speed demonstrated a possible improvement on peak running speed with BC juice (1.9%; ±2.5%). |
CTCF sites are abundant in the genomes of diverse species but their function is enigmatic. We used chromosome conformation capture to determine long-range interactions among CTCF/cohesin sites over 2 Mb on human chromosome 11 encompassing the beta-globin locus and flanking olfactory receptor genes. Although CTCF occupi... | Does the CTCF protein co-localize with cohesin? | We used chromosome conformation capture to determine long-range interactions among CTCF/cohesin sites over 2 Mb on human chromosome 11 encompassing the beta-globin locus and flanking olfactory receptor genes |
Honey bee research is believed to be influenced dramatically by colony collapse disorder (CCD) and the sequenced genome release in 2006, but this assertion has never been tested. By employing text-mining approaches, research trends were tested by analyzing over 14,000 publications during the period of 1957 to 2017. Qua... | Is the Apis mellifera genome available? | Honey bee research is believed to be influenced dramatically by colony collapse disorder (CCD) and the sequenced genome release in 2006, but this assertion has never been tested. |
Adult grade II low-grade gliomas (LGG) are classified according to the WHO as astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas or mixed gliomas. TP53 mutations and 1p19q codeletion are the main molecular abnormalities recorded, respectively, in astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas and in mixed gliomas. Although IDH mutations (IDH1 or I... | How are triple negative gliomas characterized? | Low-grade gliomas were accurately classified into four groups: group 1, IDH+/p53-/1p19q-; group 2, IDH+/p53-/1p19q+; group 3, IDH+/p53+/1p19q-; and group 4, triple negative gliomas. |
In Aspergillus nidulans, loss-of-function mutations in the uapA and azgA genes, encoding the major uric acid-xanthine and hypoxanthine-adenine-guanine permeases, respectively, result in impaired utilization of these purines as sole nitrogen sources. The residual growth of the mutant strains is due to the activity of a ... | List representatives of the major fungal hypoxanthine-adenine-guanine transporter families. | In Aspergillus nidulans, loss-of-function mutations in the uapA and azgA genes, encoding the major uric acid-xanthine and hypoxanthine-adenine-guanine permeases, respectively, result in impaired utilization of these purines as sole nitrogen sources. |
A neonate born to an Ebola virus-positive woman was diagnosed with Ebola virus infection on her first day of life. The patient was treated with monoclonal antibodies (ZMapp), a buffy coat transfusion from an Ebola survivor, and the broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734. On day 20, a venous blood specimen tested negative for... | Which disease is treated with ZMapp? | The patient was treated with monoclonal antibodies (ZMapp), a buffy coat transfusion from an Ebola survivor, and the broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734. |
Omecamtiv mecarbil (OM), an activator of cardiac myosin, strongly affects contractile characteristics of the ventricles and, to a much lesser extent, the characteristics of atrial contraction. We compared the molecular mechanism of action of OM on the interaction of atrial and ventricular myosin with actin using an opt... | Describe the mechanism of action of Omecamtiv Mecarbil. | Omecamtiv mecarbil (OM), an activator of cardiac myosin, strongly affects contractile characteristics of the ventricles and, to a much lesser extent, the characteristics of atrial contraction. |
The imprinted H19 gene product is an oncofetal RNA molecule in humans. It is expressed in fetal bladder, down-regulated postnatally and is re-expressed in human bladder carcinoma. This study was designed to investigate the dynamics of the expression of H19 in the mouse bladder carcinoma induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxyb... | Which are the most abundant human lincRNA? | Abundant expression of H19 was evident in fetal bladder but was absent in normal adult bladder |
Surgical or pharmacologic methods to control gonadal androgen biosynthesis are effective approaches in the treatment of a variety of non-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases. For example, androgen ablation and its consequent reduction in circulating levels of testosterone is an effective therapy for advanced prostate can... | Which enzyme is inhibited by Orteronel? | In summary, orteronel potently inhibited the 17,20-lyase activity of monkey and human CYP17A1 and reduced serum androgen levels in vivo in monkeys. |
The accelerated development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in BXSB male mice is associated with the presence of an as yet unidentified mutant gene, Yaa (Y-linked autoimmune acceleration). In view of a possible role of marginal zone (MZ) B cells in murine SLE, we have explored whether the expression of the Yaa mu... | Which diseases are associated with the Yaa gene? | The accelerated development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in BXSB male mice is associated with the presence of an as yet unidentified mutant gene, Yaa (Y-linked autoimmune acceleration). In vi |
Release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a common feature among eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria. However, the biogenesis and downstream biological effects of EVs released from gram-positive bacteria remain poorly characterized. Here, we report that EVs purified from a community-associated methicillin-resistant str... | Are Gram positive bacteria able to release extracellular vesicles? | Release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a common feature among eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria. However, the biogenesis and downstream biological effects of EVs released from gram-positive bacteria remain poorly characterized. |
The human thymine-DNA glycosylase has a sequence homolog in Escherichia coli that is described to excise uracils from U.G mismatches (Gallinari, P., and Jiricny, J. (1996) Nature 383, 735-738) and is named mismatched uracil glycosylase (Mug). It has also been described to remove 3,N(4)-ethenocytosine (epsilonC) from ep... | What is the role of mismatched uracil glycosylase (Mug) in DNA repair? | excise epsilonC. The latter activity is missing in extracts from mug cells, suggesting that Mug may be the only enzyme in E. coli that can remove this mutagenic adduct. |
Shift work is a term that applies to a wide array of nontraditional work schedules. Shift work disorder (SWD) is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder experienced by a subset of shift workers that is characterized by excessive sleepiness during work and/or insomnia during scheduled sleep times. It is estimated to affect up... | Is armodafinil used for treatment of insomnia? | Other treatment options may include pharmacologic interventions such as modafinil and armodafinil, which have shown efficacy in this population. |
Since large animal transgenesis has been successfully attempted for the first time about 25 years ago, the technology has been applied in various lines of transgenic pigs. Nevertheless one of the concerns with the technology--animal welfare--has not been approached through systematic assessment and statements regarding... | Has the protein GFP been used in transgenesis for live protein imaging? | transgenic animals expressing GFP with wildtype animals along various stages of post natal development |
Background Calcitonin gene-related peptide plays an important role in migraine pathophysiology. Erenumab, a human monoclonal antibody that inhibits the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor, is being evaluated for migraine prevention. Methods In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study, 577 a... | What is the use of erenumab? | Erenumab, a human monoclonal antibody that inhibits the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor, is being evaluated for migraine prevention. |
Annexins are a family of proteins that bind phospholipids in a calcium-dependent manner. Analysis of the sequences of the different members of the annexin family revealed the presence of a pentapeptide biochemically related to KFERQ in some annexins but not in others. Such sequences have been proposed to be a targeting... | Which autophagy pathway is trigered by the KFERQ motif of cytosolic proteins? | Using isolated lysosomes, only the annexins containing KFERQ-like sequences are degraded by chaperone mediated-autophagy. |
Chronic and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemias (CMML and JMML) are myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasia (MDS/MPN) overlap syndromes that respond poorly to conventional treatments. Aberrant Ras activation because of NRAS, KRAS, PTPN11, CBL and NF1 mutations is common in CMML and JMML. However, no mechanism-based ... | What is the mechanism of action of Pictilisib? | Treating Mx1-Cre, Kras(D12) mice with GDC-0941 (also referred to as pictilisib), an orally bioavailable inhibitor of class I PI3K isoforms, reduced leukocytosis, anemia and splenomegaly while extending survival. |
Cancer is the third cause of death worldwide, with complex etiology, and is defined as an uncontrolled growth of cells. A high proportion of cancer incidence and deaths are due to different environmental and genetic factors such as high body mass index, low fruit and vegetable intake, lack of physical activity, tobacco... | Has Hesperidin any role as a Neuroprotective Agent? | Hesperidin is a flavonone glycoside, belonging to the flavonoid family, which is widely found in Citrus species and acts as a potent antioxidant and anticancer agent. |
Frequency of INherited Disorders database (FINDbase) (http://www.findbase.org) is a relational database, derived from the ETHNOS software, recording frequencies of causative mutations leading to inherited disorders worldwide. Database records include the population and ethnic group, the disorder name and the related ge... | What is FINDbase? | Frequency of INherited Disorders database (FINDbase) (http://www.findbase.org) is a relational database, derived from the ETHNOS software, recording frequencies of causative mutations leading to inherited disorders worldwide. Database records include the population and ethnic group, the disorder name and the related ge... |
Positron emission tomography (PET) allows the quantitative measurement of regional cerebral flow (rCBF) in humans in quantitative terms. Gross changes in rCBF are due to variation in vessel diameter. Changes of rCBF also reflect synaptic activity (inhibition and excitation). Therefore, PET was used to monitor changes i... | What does a PET (Positron Excitation Tomography) measure? | Positron emission tomography (PET) allows the quantitative measurement of regional cerebral flow (rCBF) in humans in quantitative terms. |
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a common inherited disease with a worldwide incidence of 1 in 3,500 male births. Recent molecular study on the DMD gene identified a 14-kb mRNA encoded by 79 exons distributed over 2.5 million bp of the X-chromosome. The protein named dystrophin contains 3,685 amino acids. Most of t... | What is the incidence of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? | Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a common inherited disease with a worldwide incidence of 1 in 3,500 male births. |
The evidence in favour of bismuth compounds for treating infected children is still not clear. Well-designed, randomised, multi-centre studies of H. pylori eradication trials in children comparing bismuth-based triple therapy with the best available recommended first-line therapies are needed. The evidence obtained fro... | Which are the best treatment options to treat Helicobacter pylori? | The evidence in favour of bismuth compounds for treating infected children is still not clear. |
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase expressed abundantly in the heart. CaMKII targets numerous proteins involved in excitation-contraction coupling and excitability, and its activation may simultaneously contribute to heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. In thi... | Is Calcium/Calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) involved in cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure? | CaMKII targets numerous proteins involved in excitation-contraction coupling and excitability, and its activation may simultaneously contribute to heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias |
LHCII, the largest plant photosynthetic pigment-protein complex of photosystem II, is a most abundant membrane protein in living organisms and comprises approximately half of the pool of chlorophyll molecules in the biosphere. The principal role of this pigment-protein complex is to collect sunlight quanta and transfer... | Which is the most abundant membrane protein on Earth? | LHCII, the largest plant photosynthetic pigment-protein complex of photosystem II, is a most abundant membrane protein in living organisms and comprises approximately half of the pool of chlorophyll molecules in the biosphere. |
An essential part of the cellular response to environmental stress is a reversible translational suppression, taking place in dynamic cytoplasmic structures called stress granules (SGs). We discovered that HDAC6, a cytoplasmic deacetylase that acts on tubulin and HSP90 and also binds ubiquitinated proteins with high af... | Which are the main functions of G3BP1 and G3BP2 proteins? | We found that HDAC6 interacts with another SG protein, G3BP (Ras-GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1), and localizes to SGs under all stress conditions tested. |
A growing number of patients are recognised to have chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, only a minority will progress to end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or transplantation. Currently available diagnostic and staging tools frequently fail to identify those at higher risk of progression or death. Furthermor... | Are there any urine biomarkers for chronic kidney disease? | Kidney and urine proteomic biomarkers are considered as promising diagnostic tools to predict CKD progression early in diabetic nephropathy, facilitating timely and selective intervention that may reduce the related health-care expenditures. |
Enhancers are cis-acting DNA regulatory regions that play a key role in distal control of transcriptional activities. Identification of enhancers, coupled with a comprehensive functional analysis of their properties, could improve our understanding of complex gene transcription mechanisms and gene regulation processes ... | What is DENdb? | DENdb provides information about the overlap of enhancers with DNase I hypersensitive regions, ChIP-seq regions of a number of transcription factors and transcription factor binding motifs, means to explore enhancer interactions with DNA using several chromatin interaction assays and enhancer neighbouring genes. |
Objective We aimed to investigate the clinical features of acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods SLE patients with AAC hospitalized in the Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) from January 2001 to September 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Their me... | Which organs are mostly affected in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)? | Other affected organs in SLE-AAC included kidney (11, 84.6%) and hematologic system (11, 84.6%), followed by mucocutaneous (seven, 53.8%), musculoskeletal (seven, 53.8%) and neuropsychiatric (two, 15.4%) systems. |
In a subset of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, antiphospholipid syndrome, characterized by occurrence of anti-cardiolipin (CL) antibodies, thrombocytopenia, thrombosis and recurrent intrauterine fetal death occurs. Male (NZW x BXSB)F1 mice, carrying the BXSB Yaa gene, serve as a model for SLE-associated an... | Which diseases are associated with the Yaa gene? | Male (NZW x BXSB)F1 mice, carrying the BXSB Yaa gene, serve as a model for SLE-associated antiphospholipid syndrome. |
Diphtheria in childhood may have consequences for hearing that do not become apparent until later in life. A possible biological mechanism for a diphtheria effect on hearing ability exists: The toxin produced by the Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria can cause damage to cranial nerves and therefore may affect the aud... | Which bacteria cause diphtheria? | A possible biological mechanism for a diphtheria effect on hearing ability exists: The toxin produced by the Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria can cause damage to cranial nerves and therefore may affect the auditory neural pathway. |
Interphase FISH is more sensitive than CC for the detection of -5/5q- in MDS. | Which human syndromes have been detected with Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)? | Interphase FISH is more sensitive than CC for the detection of -5/5q- in MDS. |
Mutations in a conserved non-coding region in intron 5 of the Lmbr1 locus, which is 1 Mb away from the sonic hedgehog (Shh) coding sequence, are responsible for mouse and human preaxial polydactyly with mirror-image digit duplications. In the mouse mutants, ectopic Shh expression is observed in the anterior mesenchyme ... | How are CRM (cis-regulatory modules) defined? | This conserved sequence has therefore been proposed to act as a long-range, cis-acting regulator of limb-specific Shh expression. |
Over the years, a wide clinicopathological spectrum has been identified within Ewing family of tumors (EFTs). As these tumors are chemosensitive, their correct and timely identification is necessary. The aims of this study were (1) to present the diverse clinicopathological and molecular profile of EFTs in our settings... | Which technique is used for detection of EWS/FLI1 fusion transcripts? | The aims of this study were (1) to present the diverse clinicopathological and molecular profile of EFTs in our settings, (2) to identify a pragmatic approach for diagnosing EFTs, especially for application of ancillary techniques, namely RT-PCR for specific transcripts (EWS-FLI1, EWS-ERG) and FISH for EWSR1 gene rearr... |
Women develop stronger immune responses than men, with positive effects on the resistance to viral or bacterial infections but magnifying also the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In SLE, the dosage of the endosomal Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is crucial. Murine models have... | Which chromosome contains the TLR7 locus in the human genome? | TLR7 is encoded by a gene on the X chromosome gene, denoted TLR7 in humans and Tlr7 in the mouse, and expressed in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) |
Werner syndrome, also called adult progeria, is a heritable autosomal recessive human disorder characterized by the premature onset of numerous age-related diseases including juvenile cataracts, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM), osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Werner syndrome is a segmental progeroid syn... | Is progeria caused by an autosomal recessive gene? | Werner syndrome, also called adult progeria, is a heritable autosomal recessive human disorder characterized by the premature onset of numerous age-related diseases including juvenile cataracts, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM), osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Werner sy |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is the most common adult-onset motor neuron disease and evidence from mice expressing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-causing SOD1 mutations suggest that neurodegeneration is a non-cell autonomous process where microglial cells influence disease progression. However, microglial-derived neuro... | What is the main characteristic of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is the most common adult-onset motor neuron disease and evidence from mice expressing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-causing SOD1 mutations suggest that neurodegeneration is a non-cell autonomous process where microglial cells influence disease progression |
Increasing number of papers demonstrate that Kupffer cells (KCs) play a role in the development of drug induced liver injury (DILI). Furthermore, elevated intracellular Ca level of hepatocytes is considered as a common marker of DILI. Here we applied an in vitro model based on hepatocyte mono- and hepatocyte/KC co-cult... | What are Kupffer cells and what is their role? | Kupffer cells (KCs) play a role in the development of drug induced liver injury (DILI). |
Aberrant expression and activation of EGFR and ERBB2 (HER2) have been successfully targeted for cancer therapeutics. Recent evidence from both basic and clinical studies suggests that ERBB3 (HER3) serves as a key activator of downstream signaling through dimerization with other ERBB proteins and plays a critical role i... | Is HER2 active only when it dimerizes? | ays. In this study, we report that an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (HER2Mab), which blocks HER2 dimerization with HER3, induces HER3 dimerization with EGFR in both low and high HER2 expressing cancer cells. |
Lesch-Nyhan disease and its attenuated variants are caused by mutations in the HPRT1 gene, which encodes the purine recycling enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. The mutations are heterogeneous, with more than 400 different mutations already documented. Prior efforts to correlate variations in the cl... | Which gene has been found to be mutant in Lesch-Nyhan Disease patients? | Lesch-Nyhan disease and its attenuated variants are caused by mutations in the HPRT1 gene, which encodes the purine recycling enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase |
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked genetic disease, caused by the absence of the dystrophin protein. Although many novel therapies are under development for DMD, there is currently no cure and affected individuals are often confined to a wheelchair by their teens and die in their twenties/thirties. DMD is... | Elaborate on the TREAT-NMD initiative for DMD patients | TREAT-NMD is a worldwide network for neuromuscular diseases that provides an infrastructure to support the delivery of promising new therapies for patients |
Tafazzin, a mitochondrial acyltransferase, plays an important role in cardiolipin side chain remodeling. Previous studies have shown that dysfunction of tafazzin reduces cardiolipin content, impairs mitochondrial function, and causes dilated cardiomyopathy in Barth syndrome. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been impl... | Which gene is involved in the development of Barth syndrome? | Tafazzin, a mitochondrial acyltransferase, plays an important role in cardiolipin side chain remodeling. Previous studies have shown that dysfunction of tafazzin reduces cardiolipin content, impairs mitochondrial function, and causes dilated cardiomyopathy in Barth syndrome |
The classic phenotype of the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) includes an initially restricted pattern of asymmetric weakness of facial and shoulder girdle muscles. Disease progression is usually slow and typically accompanied by foot extensor muscle weakness and pelvic girdle weakness. Atypical patterns o... | Which diagnostic tests are used for the diagnosis of FSHD? | Molecular diagnostic testing is appropriate to confirm the diagnosis of FSHD without need for muscle biopsy. |
The quest to determine how precise neural activity patterns mediate computation, behavior, and pathology would be greatly aided by a set of tools for reliably activating and inactivating genetically targeted neurons, in a temporally precise and rapidly reversible fashion. Having earlier adapted a light-activated cation... | What color light does the the inhibitory receptor halorhodopsin (eNpHR) respond to? | Here we report that targeting the codon-optimized form of the light-driven chloride pump halorhodopsin from the archaebacterium Natronomas pharaonis (hereafter abbreviated Halo) to genetically-specified neurons enables them to be silenced reliably, and reversibly, by millisecond-timescale pulses of yellow light. |
Genetic studies have shown that Aubergine (Aub), one of the Piwi subfamily of Argonautes in Drosophila, is essential for germ cell formation and maintaining fertility. aub mutations lead to the accumulation of retrotransposons in ovaries and testes, and Stellate transcripts in testes. Aub in ovaries associates with a v... | Are piRNAs involved in gene silencing? | The most abundant piRNAs were those corresponding to antisense transcripts of Suppressor of Stellate [Su(Ste)] genes known to be involved in Stellate gene silencing |
A central mechanism in cellular defence against oxidative or electrophilic stress is mediated by transcriptional induction of genes via the ARE (antioxidant-response element), a cis-acting sequence present in the regulatory regions of genes involved in the detoxification and elimination of reactive oxidants and electro... | Is the transcriptional regulator BACH1 an activator or a repressor? | Transcription factor BACH1 [BTB (broad-complex, tramtrack and bric-a-brac) and CNC (cap'n'collar protein) homology 1] binds to ARE-like sequences, functioning as a transcriptional repressor |
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum exports several hundred proteins into the infected erythrocyte that are involved in cellular remodeling and severe virulence. The export mechanism involves the Plasmodium export element (PEXEL), which is a cleavage site for the parasite protease, Plasmepsin V (PMV). The PMV ge... | Could plasmepsins be used as targets for developing anti-malaria drugs? | This provides the first direct evidence that PMV activity is essential for protein export in Plasmodium spp. and for parasite survival in human erythrocytes and validates PMV as an antimalarial drug target. |
Once formerly thought to be a rare disorder, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is becoming increasingly recognized. It is characterized by a pentad of clinical findings, including microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, neurologic and renal abnormalities, and fever. Following a case report,... | List features of the Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura pentad. | It is characterized by a pentad of clinical findings, including microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, neurologic and renal abnormalities, and fever. |
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a subtype of renal cell cancer with the highest mortality, infiltration, and metastasis rate, threatening human health. Despite oncogenic role of TROAP in various cancers, its function in ccRCC remains to be unraveled. The differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and miRNAs (D... | Please summarize the function of Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) | Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a subtype of renal cell cancer with the highest mortality, infiltration, and metastasis rate, threatening human health. Despite oncogenic role of TROAP in various cancers, its function in ccRCC remains to be unraveled. |
Acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood represents a novel entity of acute encephalophathy, predominantly affecting infants and young children living in Taiwan and Japan. It manifests with symptoms of coma, convulsions, and hyperpyrexia after 2 to 4 days of respiratory tract infections in previously healthy child... | Is Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy (ANE) which typically affects young, healthy children usually triggered by exposure to air pollution? | We report a 3-year-old previously healthy girl presenting with acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood associated with influenza type B virus infection, which resulted in severe neurologic sequelae. |
In bacteria, most genes are on the leading strand of replication, a phenomenon attributed to collisions between the DNA and RNA polymerases. In Escherichia coli, these collisions slow the movement of the replication fork through actively transcribed genes only if they are coded on the lagging strand. For genes on both ... | Are genes symmetrically distributed between leading and lagging DNA strand in bacteria? | genes whose expression is important for fitness are selected to the leading strand because this reduces the duration of these interruptions |
Glucocorticoids, widely used as immune suppressors, cause osteoporosis by inhibiting bone formation. In MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cultures, dexamethasone (DEX) activates glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta) and inhibits a differentiation-related cell cycle that occurs at a commitment stage immediately after conflue... | Is there any cross-talk between the Wnt and the Akt pathways? | Here we show that DEX inhibition of the differentiation-related cell cycle is associated with a decrease in beta-catenin levels and inhibition of LEF/TCF-mediated transcription. |
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