context stringlengths 5 6.31k ⌀ | question stringlengths 13 640 | answer stringlengths 4 2.42k ⌀ |
|---|---|---|
Preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) is responsible for one-third of all preterm births and affects 120,000 pregnancies in the United States each year. Effective treatment relies on accurate diagnosis and is gestational age dependent. The diagnosis of PPROM is made by a combination of clinical suspicion, ... | What is PPROM? | Preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) is responsible for one-third of all preterm births and affects 120,000 pregnancies in the United States each year. |
The 605 amino acid E1 protein of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) is a multifunctional nuclear protein required for viral DNA replication. A nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence was previously defined by point mutations in three short adjacent clusters of basic amino acids located in the amino-terminal region... | Where in a protein can a signal sequence be found? | A nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence was previously defined by point mutations in three short adjacent clusters of basic amino acids located in the amino-terminal region of the E1 protein. |
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has shown remarkable clinical success in the treatment of multiple myeloma. However, the efficacy and mechanism of action of bortezomib in solid tumor malignancies is less well understood. In addition, the use of this first-in-class proteasome inhibitor is limited by several factors,... | Are proteasome inhibitors good candidates for treatment of leukemia and solid tumors? | We recently reported the impact and mechanisms of carfilzomib and oprozomib, second-in-class proteasome inhibitors with higher specificities and reduced toxicities, against head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Carfilzomib and oprozomib potently inhibit HNSCC cell survival and the growth of HNSCC tumors |
An attenuated Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoite (SPZ) vaccine, PfSPZ Vaccine, is highly protective against controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) 3 weeks after immunization, but the durability of protection is unknown. We assessed how vaccine dosage, regimen, and route of administration affected durable protecti... | Which disease can be prevented with PfSPZ Vaccine? | An attenuated Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoite (SPZ) vaccine, PfSPZ Vaccine, is highly protective against controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) 3 weeks after immunization, but the durability of protection is unknown. |
The 15 members of the kallikrein-related serine peptidase (KLK) family have diverse tissue-specific expression profiles and putative proteolytic functions. The kallikrein family is also emerging as a rich source of disease biomarkers with KLK3, commonly known as prostate-specific antigen, being the current serum biomar... | How many tissue kallikrein genes are present in the human genome? | In this review, we describe the organization of the kallikrein locus and the structure of kallikrein genes and proteins. |
Between 1989 and 2004, the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the United States increased by 122%. Glycated haemoglobin, as measured by haemoglobin A1C (A1C), can potentially identify pregnant women at high risk for adverse outcomes associated with GDM including macrosomia and post-partum glucose into... | What does A1C measure? | Glycated haemoglobin, as measured by haemoglobin A1C (A1C), c |
National guidance (executive letter) EL(97)12 stated that population screening should not be provided by the NHS, or be offered to the public until there is effective screening technology for prostate cancer. The study set out to determine the views of general practitioners and, indirectly, their practice staff on pros... | What is known about prostate cancer screening in the UK ? | National guidance (executive letter) EL(97)12 stated that population screening should not be provided by the NHS, or be offered to the public until there is effective screening technology for prostate cancer. |
Unlike normal mammalian cells, which use oxygen to generate energy, cancer cells rely on glycolysis for energy and are therefore less dependent on oxygen. We previously observed that the c-Myc oncogenic transcription factor regulates lactate dehydrogenase A and induces lactate overproduction. We, therefore, sought to d... | Which are the major transcription factors regulating glycolysis in mammals? | overexpression of the c-Myc oncoprotein deregulates glycolysis through the activation of several components of the glucose metabolic pathway |
Silencing of the paternal allele of three imprinted genes (Igf2r, Slc22a2 and Slc22a3) requires cis expression of the Air RNA that overlaps the promoter of one of them (Igf2r). Air is a non-coding RNA whose mode of action is unknown. We tested the role of the Igf2r promoter and the role of transcriptional overlap betwe... | How is Slc22a3 imprinted? | These results exclude a role for the Igf2r promoter and for transcriptional overlap between Igf2r and Air in silencing Air, Slc22a2 and Slc22a3 |
Lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) belongs to the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, which comprises Cu(2+)- and lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent amine oxidases. LOXL2 is proposed to function similarly to LOX in the extracellular matrix (ECM) by promoting crosslinking of collagen and elastin. LOXL2 has also been proposed to re... | What is the function of LOX proteins in the ECM? | LOXL2 is proposed to function similarly to LOX in the extracellular matrix (ECM) by promoting crosslinking of collagen and elastin. |
The Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome is a rare disorder of unknown etiology characterized by a triad of recurrent orofacial swelling, relapsing facial paralysis, and fissured tongue. Exacerbations and recurrences are common. The orofacial swelling is characterized by fissured, reddish-brown, swollen, nonpruritic lips or f... | What is the triad of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome? | The Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome is a rare disorder of unknown etiology characterized by a triad of recurrent orofacial swelling, relapsing facial paralysis, and fissured tongue. |
Individuals with cancer are disproportionately affected by sleep disturbance and insomnia relative to the general population. These problems can be a consequence of the psychological, behavioral, and physical effects of a cancer diagnosis and treatment. Insomnia often persists for years and, when combined with already ... | Can cognitive behavioral therapy improve fatigue in cancer patients? | CBT-I may also improve mood, fatigue, and overall quality of life, and can be successfully delivered through a variety of treatment modalities, making it possible to reach a broader range of patients who may not have access to more traditional programs. |
The larval nervous system of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis exhibits an abstract form of the vertebrate nervous system. The Ci-Galphai1 gene, which encodes a G-protein alpha subunit, is specifically expressed in distinct sets of neurons in C. intestinalis larvae, including papillar neurons of the adhesive organ, ocell... | How are CRM (cis-regulatory modules) defined? | The conserved upstream sequence can activate gene expression from basal promoters in the brain vesicle, although it requires additional cis-regulatory sequences to fully activate the CNS-specific gene expression. |
The mammalian nonapeptide hormones, vasopressin and oxytocin, are known to be potent regulators of social behaviour. Teleost fishes possess vasopressin and oxytocin homologues known as arginine vasotocin (AVT) and isotocin (IT), respectively. The role of these homologous nonapeptides in mediating social behaviour in fi... | Isotocin is an homolog of what hormone? | eost fishes possess vasopressin and oxytocin homologues known as arginine vasotocin (AVT) and isotocin (IT), respectively. The r |
Intestinal microvillous disorders are an uncommon cause of severe diarrhea, with very poor prognosis. The authors report the case of a female infant with Down syndrome, aganglionic megacolon, severe diarrhea, and jejunal biopsy with ultrastructural changes consistent with microvillous atrophy. The patient condition imp... | Is aganglionic megacolon a feature of Down syndrome? | The authors report the case of a female infant with Down syndrome, aganglionic megacolon, severe diarrhea, and jejunal biopsy with ultrastructural changes consistent with microvillous atrophy |
Interactive data visualization is imperative in the biological sciences. The development of independent layers of interactivity has been in pursuit in the visualization community. We developed bigPint, a data visualization package available on Bioconductor under the GPL-3 license (https://bioconductor.org/packages/rele... | Describe bigPint | Interactive data visualization is imperative in the biological sciences. The development of independent layers of interactivity has been in pursuit in the visualization community. We developed bigPint, a data visualization package available on Bioconductor under the GPL-3 license (https://bioconductor.org/packages/rele... |
Engineered T cell therapies targeting cancer antigens have demonstrated significant efficacy in specific patient populations. Most impressively, CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CART19) have led to impressive responses in patients with B-cell leukemia and lymphoma. CTL019, or KYMRIAH™ (tisagenlecleucel)... | What is the mechanism of action of Tisagenlecleucel? | Most impressively, CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CART19) have led to impressive responses in patients with B-cell leukemia and lymphoma. CTL019, or KYMRIAH™ (tisagenlecleucel), a CD19 CAR T cell product developed by Novartis and the University of Pennsylvania, was recently approved for clinical use b... |
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a large class of transcripts in the mammalian genome. Although the translation of circRNAs was reported, additional coding circRNAs and the functions of their translated products remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that an endogenous circRNA generated from a long noncoding RNA encodes regu... | List types of cancer where Long intergenic nonprotein coding RNA p53-induced transcript (LINC-PINT) is involved | We identify an 87-amino-acid peptide encoded by the circular form of the long intergenic non-protein-coding RNA p53-induced transcript (LINC-PINT) that suppresses glioblastoma cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. This peptide directly interacts with polymerase associated factor complex (PAF1c) and inhibits the tran... |
Members of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing complex polypeptide 1-like (APOBEC) family of enzymes exhibit inhibitory activity against a variety of exogenous and endogenous retroviruses including retrotransposons, such as long interspersed element 1 (LINE-1). Indeed, human APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, and APOBEC3F inhibit retro... | Which proteins induce inhibition of LINE-1 and Alu retrotransposition? | We concluded that APOBEC3 proteins interfere indirectly with the LINE-1 retrotransposition pathway, probably through interference with RNA targeting. |
Mannose 6-phosphate receptors carry newly synthesized lysosomal hydrolases from the trans-Golgi network to endosomes, then return to the trans-Golgi network for another round of enzyme delivery. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, interferes with the delivery of newly synthesized lysosomal enzyme... | Which receptor(s) recognize lysosomal hydrolases in trans-Golgi network (TGN)? | Mannose 6-phosphate receptors carry newly synthesized lysosomal hydrolases from the trans-Golgi network to endosomes, then return to the trans-Golgi network for another round of enzyme delivery. |
Previous studies have shown that acquired prosopagnosia is characterized by impairment at holistic/configural processing. However, this view is essentially supported by studies performed with patients whose face recognition difficulties are part of a more general visual (integrative) agnosia. Here, we tested the patien... | is prosopagnosia inherited or acquired? | Previous studies have shown that acquired prosopagnosia is characterized by impairment at holistic/configural processing. |
Alterations in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) genes have been identified as potential driver oncogenes. Pharmacological targeting of FGFRs may therefore provide therapeutic benefit to selected cancer patients, and proof-of-concept has been established in early clinical trials of FGFR inhibitors. Here, we pres... | What are the targets of pemigatinib? | we present the molecular structure and preclinical characterization of INCB054828 (pemigatinib), a novel, selective inhibitor of FGFR 1, 2, and 3, currently in phase 2 clinical trials. INCB054828 |
Type 1 diabetes is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by T cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells. In Japanese population, the incidence of type 1 diabetes in children is very low compared to European countries. However, there are more patients with type 1 diabetes in adults, including laten... | List autoimmune disorders associated with GAD65 autoantibodies. | The circulating autoantibodies to multiple islet autoantigens including GAD, insulin, and IA-2 are the important immunological features of type 1 diabetes. |
Viltolarsen is a phosphorodiamidate morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (PMO) designed to skip exon 53 of the DMD gene for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), one of the most common lethal genetic disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles and cardiomyopathy. It was develop... | Is viltolarsen effective for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy? | Viltolarsen is a phosphorodiamidate morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (PMO) designed to skip exon 53 of the DMD gene for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) |
The SET domain, first identified within and named after proteins encoded by three Drosophila genes [Su(var)3-9, E(z), and Trithorax], is recognized as a signature motif for histone methyltransferases that are involved in epigenetic processes. The SUV39H family of SET domain proteins methylate specifically the residue l... | What is the characteristic domain of histone methyltransferases? | SET domain, first identified within and named after proteins encoded by three Drosophila genes [Su(var)3-9, E(z), and Trithorax], is recognized as a signature motif for histone methyltransferases |
We have performed an entire-population-based survey of the epidemiology and penetrance of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) in Finland - a country that is among the best-studied genetic isolates in the world. During our long-term clinical follow-up period since 1970, we have so far identified 36 LHON families in... | What is LHON, also known as Lebers syndrome? | Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) |
With an ageing population and improving cancer therapies, the two most common benign and malignant bone diseases, osteoporosis and bone metastases, will continue to affect an increasing number of patients. Our expanding knowledge of the molecular processes underlying these conditions has resulted in novel bone targets ... | To the ligand of which receptors does Denosumab (Prolia) bind? | Clearly, the approval of denosumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against RANKL, has just marked the beginning of a new era for bone therapy with several additional new therapies lining up for clinical approval in the coming years. |
Hot water epilepsy is a reflex or sensory epilepsy in which seizures are triggered by the stimulus of bathing in hot water. Although there is evidence of a genetic basis to its etiology, no gene associated with this disorder has so far been found. In order to identify the genetic locus involved in the pathophysiology o... | Describe Hot water reflex epilepsy. | Hot water epilepsy is a reflex or sensory epilepsy in which seizures are triggered by the stimulus of bathing in hot water |
The results indicate that a daily intake of atemoya would not change the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A2 substrates such as phenacetin as well as CYP2C9- and CYP3A-substrate drugs. | Does daily atemoya juice intake change the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A2 substrates? | The results indicate that a daily intake of atemoya would not change the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A2 substrates such as phenacetin as well as CYP2C9- and CYP3A-substrate drugs. |
The proper expression and function of several unconventional myosins are necessary for inner-ear function. Mutations in MYO7A and MYO15 cause deafness in humans, and mice. Whereas mutations in Myo6 cause inner-ear abnormalities in mice, as yet no human deafness has been found to the result of mutations in MYO6. In the ... | Which myosin isozymes are located within the pericuticular necklace of the hair cell? | Myosin 1 beta, VI, VIIa and probably XV are all expressed within a single cell in the inner ear, the hair cell. |
Nucleosome dynamics facilitated by histone turnover is required for transcription as well as DNA replication and repair. Histone turnover is often associated with various histone modifications such as H3K56 acetylation (H3K56Ac), H3K36 methylation (H3K36me), and H4K20 methylation (H4K20me). In order to correlate histon... | Is H4K20 methylation associated with DNA replication? | These results together indicate that H4K20me1 as well as H3K56Ac are bona fide marks for transcription-dependent histone turnover in fission yeast. |
The Apert syndrome hand demonstrates many typical clinical features including syndactyly, symbrachyphalangism, and growth disturbances. This is due to the grossly abnormal anatomy of both the skeletal and soft-tissue structures associated with a progressive disease process. This paper presents a clinical, radiologic, a... | What hand deformities do patients with Apert syndrome present with? | The Apert syndrome hand demonstrates many typical clinical features including syndactyly, symbrachyphalangism, and growth disturbances. |
Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) represents a new treatment strategy aimed to improve outcome of patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Based on theoretical and experimental basis, HIPEC should stand as an effective treatment for ovarian cancer. Literature review reveals a number of different experienc... | Could Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) be effective for the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer? | Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) represents a new treatment strategy aimed to improve outcome of patients with advanced ovarian cancer. |
Several multiple, large-scale, genetic studies on autoimmune-disease-associated SNPs have been reported recently: peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA); solute carrier family 22 members 4 and 5 (SLC22A4 and 5) in RA and Crohn's disease (CD); programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1) in systemic l... | Is the PTPN22 gene a biomarker for Rheumatoid Arthritis? | Several multiple, large-scale, genetic studies on autoimmune-disease-associated SNPs have been reported recently: peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA); solute carrier family 22 members 4 and 5 (SLC22A4 and 5) in RA and Crohn's disease (CD); programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1) in systemic l... |
Hox genes are essential regulators of embryonic development. Their step-wise transcriptional activation follows their genomic topology and the various states of activation are subsequently memorized into domains of progressively overlapping gene products. We have analyzed the 3D chromatin organization of Hox clusters d... | How many topological associated domains are contained in the human Hox cluster? | Initially, Hox clusters are organized as single chromatin compartments containing all genes and bivalent chromatin marks. |
The detailed characterization at the molecular biology level of this novel XK splice site mutation associated with the clinical description of the patient contributes to a better understanding of the phenotype-genotype correlation in the McLeod syndrome. | Mutation of which gene is associated with McLeod syndrome? | The detailed characterization at the molecular biology level of this novel XK splice site mutation associated with the clinical description of the patient contributes to a better understanding of the phenotype-genotype correlation in the McLeod syndrome. |
The Foxa subfamily of winged helix/forkhead box (Fox) transcription factors has been the subject of genetic and biochemical study for over 15 years. During this time its three members, Foxa1, Foxa2 and Foxa3, have been found to play important roles in multiple stages of mammalian life, beginning with early development,... | How does Foxa transcription factor exhibits its pioneering function? | Insight into the unique molecular basis of Foxa function has been obtained from recent genetic and genomic data, which identify the Foxa proteins as 'pioneer factors' whose binding to promoters and enhancers enable chromatin access for other tissue-specific transcription factors |
The SILVER locus has been mapped in the domestic cat, identifying a unique genomic location distinct from that of any known reported gene associated with silver or hypopigmentation in mammals. A demonstrated lack of linkage to SILV, the strong candidate gene for silver, led to the initiation of a genome scan utilizing ... | On what chromosome is the gene for "SILVER" coat color found for the domestic cat? | Linkage mapping defined a genomic region for SILVER as a 3.3-Mb region, (95.87-99.21 Mb) on chromosome D2 |
In microbial communities, bacterial populations are commonly controlled using indiscriminate, broad range antibiotics. There are few ways to target specific strains effectively without disrupting the entire microbiome and local environment. Here, we use conjugation, a natural DNA horizontal transfer process among bacte... | What is CRISPRi? | We show that delivery of the CRISPRi system is successful and can specifically repress a reporter gene in recipient cells, thereby establishing a new tool for gene regulation across bacterial cells and potentially for bacterial population control. |
Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) and kernicterus has been used to describe moderate to severe neurologic dysfunction observed in children exposed to excessive levels of total serum bilirubin (TSB) during the neonatal period. Here we use a new mouse model that targets deletion of the Ugt1 locus and the Ug... | Which are the main brain dysfunctions caused by hyperbilirubinemia? | Thus, kernicterus in this model displays not only axonal damage but also myelination deficits and glial activation in different brain regions that are usually related to the neurologic sequelae observed after severe hyperbilirubinemia. |
The order of genes in eukaryotic genomes has generally been assumed to be neutral, since gene order is largely scrambled over evolutionary time. Only a handful of exceptional examples are known, typically involving deeply conserved clusters of tandemly duplicated genes (e.g., Hox genes and histones). Here we report the... | How are GRBs (Genomic Regulatory Blocks) defined? | Integrating sequence conservation, gene expression data, gene function, epigenetic marks, and other genomic features, we provide extensive evidence that many conserved ancient linkages involve (1) the coordinated transcription of neighboring genes, or (2) genomic regulatory blocks (GRBs) in which transcriptional enhanc... |
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been highly informative in discovering disease-associated loci but are not designed to capture all structural variations in the human genome. Using long-read sequencing data, we discovered widespread structural variation within SINE-VNTR- (SVA) elements, a class of great ape-... | What are genome-wide association studies (GWAS)? | Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been highly informative in discovering disease-associated loci but are not designed to capture all structural variations in the human genome. |
Culture-independent techniques such as LC-MS/MS-based metaproteomic analyses are being increasingly utilized for the study of microbial composition and function in complex environmental samples. Although several studies have documented the many challenges and sources of bias that must be considered in these types of an... | Define marine metaproteomics | Culture-independent techniques such as LC-MS/MS-based metaproteomic analyses are being increasingly utilized for the study of microbial composition and function in complex environmental samples. |
Although the ABO blood group of the human host has been reported to influence malarial infection, there have been few clinical observations on this effect. A hospital-based, comparative study was therefore performed to investigate the relationship between blood-group type and severe disease i nPlasmodium falciparum mal... | Are people with blood group O protected against severe Malaria? | It appears that individuals who are of blood-group O are relatively resistant to the severe disease caused by P. falciparum infection. |
Extrapolating the figures from a previous study on FSHD in a province of The Netherlands to the entire Dutch population suggests that at present a nearly complete overview is obtained of all symptomatic kindred. In 139 families, dominant inheritance was observed in 97, a pattern compatible with germline mosaicism in 6,... | What is the mode of inheritance of Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD)? | In 139 families, dominant inheritance was observed in 97, a pattern compatible with germline mosaicism in 6, while sporadic cases were found in 36 families. |
Human cystatin C (HCC) is a low molecular weight member of the cystatin family (type2). HCC consists of 120 amino acids. Normally it is an inhibitor of cysteine proteases, but in pathological conditions it forms amyloid fibrils in brain arteries of young adults. An 'aggregation-prone' pentapeptide ((47)LQVVR(51)) was l... | Which peptide plays a pivotal role in human cystatin C fibrillization? | Thus, the (47)LQVVR(51) peptide seems to have an important role in HCC fibrillization. |
Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a syndrome characterized by stenosies of the internal jugular and/or azygous veins (IJVs-AZ) with opening of collaterals and insufficient drainage proved by reduced cerebral blood flow and increased mean transit time in cerebral MRI perfusional study. The present re... | What is the role of venous angioplasty in multiple sclerosis? | However, PTA seems to positively influence clinical and QoL parameters of the associated MS and warrants further randomized control trials. |
The authors report a female presenting with congenital heart defects, liver hemangiomas, and facial dysmorphisms admitted to hospital at 3 months of age because of feeding difficulties and poor growth. She had hypotonia and large tongue, "coarse" face, and umbilical hernia in presence of complex congenital cardiovascul... | Which hormone abnormalities are common in Williams syndrome ? | Recently a case of thyroid hemiagenesis in a child with WS has been reported; our patient underscores the association of hypothyroidism and WS. |
Anemia is common and associated with adverse outcomes in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Many factors contribute to declining hemoglobin as CKD progresses, but impaired production of erythropoietin by failing kidneys is a central cause. Hepcidin-mediated iron restriction also contributes to anemia by downre... | Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease? | nemia is common and associated with adverse outcomes in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD |
We were able to detect AMLAs in four children with recurrent pericarditis. This finding may be attributed to an auto-immunological disease following a first, acute event. We propose the detection of AMLAs in all children with unexplained recurrent pericarditis. Pediatric patients with a persistence of IgM-type AMLAs ma... | What is the treatment of acute pericarditis? | medical treatment may be changed in these patients with a slower tapering of the dosage of steroidal and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. |
Heterogeneity of major depressive disorder (MDD) illness course complicates clinical decision-making. Although efforts to use symptom profiles or biomarkers to develop clinically useful prognostic subtypes have had limited success, a recent report showed that machine-learning (ML) models developed from self-reports abo... | Have machine learning methods been used to predict the severity of major depressive disorder(MDD)? | These results confirm that clinically useful MDD risk-stratification models can be generated from baseline patient self-reports and that ML methods improve on conventional methods in developing such models |
We sought to determine whether mirtazapine is safe and well-tolerated as a treatment for essential tremor (ET). We studied mirtazapine in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of 17 ET patients. Patients were started with 15 mg per day of either mirtazapine or placebo for 1 week and the dose w... | Which disease is rated using the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin scale? | sessments included global improvement, Fahn Tolosa Marin Tremor Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory and the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39. Patient globa |
Arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS) is an autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in SLC2A10, which encodes facilitative glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10). The role of GLUT10 in ATS pathogenesis remains an enigma, and the transported metabolite(s), i.e. glucose and/or dehydroasc... | Mutation of which gene causes arterial tortuosity syndrome? | Arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS) is an autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in SLC2A10, which encodes facilitative glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10). |
Acetaldehyde (ACH) associated with alcoholic beverages is Group 1 carcinogen to humans (IARC/WHO). Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), a major ACH eliminating enzyme, is genetically deficient in 30-50% of Eastern Asians. In alcohol drinkers, ALDH2-deficiency is a well-known risk factor for upper aerodigestive tract cancers... | Which are the effects of ALDH2 deficiency? | In alcohol drinkers, ALDH2-deficiency is a well-known risk factor for upper aerodigestive tract cancers, i.e., head and neck cancer and esophageal cancer. |
NKX2-1 (NK2 homeobox 1) is a critical regulator of transcription for the surfactant protein (SP)-B and -C genes (SFTPB and SFTPC, respectively). We identified and functionally characterized two new de novo NKX2-1 mutations c.493C>T (p.R165W) and c.786_787del2 (p.L263fs) in infants with closely similar severe interstiti... | Mutation of which gene is implicated in the Brain-lung-thyroid syndrome? | In conclusion, ILD in patients with NKX2-1 mutations was associated with altered surfactant protein metabolism, and both gain and loss of function of the mutated NKX2-1 genes on surfactant protein promoters were associated with ILD in "Brain-Lung-Thyroid syndrome". |
Inherited distubances in skin structure and its function are the main cause of diseases classified as genodermatoses. The following clinical entities are classified as genodermatoses: epidermolysis bullosa, keratotic disorders, disorders of skin color, ectodermal genodermatoses, genodermatoses associated with connectiv... | Which inherited disorder is known to be caused by mutations in the NEMO gene? | In patients with incontinenia pigmenti, mutations in the NEMO gene are found |
The purpose of this study was the assessment of the feasibility of dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) studies with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) to quantify effects of the cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide cilengitide, which targets the ανβ 3 and ανβ 5 integrin receptors in rats with breast cancer bone me... | List receptors of the drug Cilengitide | The purpose of this study was the assessment of the feasibility of dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) studies with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) to quantify effects of the cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide cilengitide, which targets the ανβ 3 and ανβ 5 integrin receptors in rats with breast cancer bone me... |
McKusick-Kaufman syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease diagnosed by polydactyly, hydrometrocolpos, and congenital heart disease. We present an unusual laparotomy confirmed urogenital MRI finding (atretic vaginal pouch) in a 3-month-old girl with McKusick-Kaufman syndrome. Up to our knowledge, this MR finding h... | What 3 disorders are commonly associated with Kaufman-McKusick syndrome? | McKusick-Kaufman syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease diagnosed by polydactyly, hydrometrocolpos, and congenital heart disease. |
Bartter syndrome (BS) is a rare renal tubular disorder presenting with hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, which is classified into five types. KCNJ1 mutations usually cause the neonatal form of BS, type II BS (OMIM 241200). However, this report concerns a female patient with a novel, compound heterozygous KCNJ1 mutation ... | What is Bartter syndrome? | Bartter syndrome (BS) is a rare renal tubular disorder presenting with hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, which is classified into five types |
Deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) activity is an inborn error of purine metabolism associated with uric acid overproduction and a continuum spectrum of neurological manifestations depending on the degree of enzyme deficiency. The complete deficiency causes Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS). P... | Which gene has been found to be mutant in Lesch-Nyhan Disease patients? | Normally spliced HPRT mRNA was quantified by real-time PCR in this patient, in control subjects, and in two Lesch Nyhan patient with splice mutations excluding exon 4 (patient B) and exon 8 (patient C) who had clinically a Lesch Nyhan disease phenotype. |
Gliomas are the most common type of brain cancer in the pediatric patients, constituting about 50% of all childhood intracranial tumors. This is a highly heterogeneous group, varying from the benign WHO histopathological grades I and II to malignant WHO grades III and IV. The histology and location are significant prog... | What is the most common pediatric glioma? | Gliomas are the most common type of brain cancer in the pediatric patients, constituting about 50% of all childhood intracranial tumors. |
A retrospective study in which we reviewed the hospital files of a subset of 7 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy participating in the open-label phase I/II PRO051-02 study in Leuven. The objective of this study was to describe in detail the injection site reactions in these children treated with drisapersen (PR... | What datasets are available related to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? | in the escalating dose pilot study (PRO051-02) |
Genital herpes is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the USA. While sometimes mild in severity, it can be a distressing and painful chronic condition. Likewise, herpes labialis and herpes zoster can be both physically and psychologically painful. While there is no cure for these conditions, treatment ... | Please list 3 diseases treated with Valtrex(valacyclovir) | alacyclovir is the only antiviral drug approved for a once-daily dose of suppressive therapy for genital herpes, as well as the only antiviral drug US FDA approved for a 3-day regimen of episodic treatment of recurrent genital herpes. |
Live oral rotavirus vaccine strain RIT 4237, derived from group A bovine rotavirus NCDV, was given to human volunteers in Tampere, Finland in 1982. Efficacy studies of this vaccine in 6-12 month-old children gave results characteristic of the performance of oral rotavirus vaccines in general: 58% protective efficacy ag... | Is there a vaccine for rotavirus? | Live oral rotavirus vaccine strain RIT 4237, derived from group A bovine rotavirus NCDV, was given to human volunteers in Tampere, Finland in 1982. |
Diabetes induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and suppresses cardiac autophagy, indicating that the interplay between autophagy and apoptotic cell death pathways is important in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The potential mechanism, however, remains unknown. We recently reported that diabetes depresses AMP-ac... | What is the role of AMPK in diabetic cardiomyopathy? | We recently reported that diabetes depresses AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, inhibits MAPK8/JNK1-BCL2 signaling |
Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors are involved in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, stress resistance, metabolism, and longevity. Regulation of FOXO transcriptional activity occurs mainly through a variety of post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, and... | Can FOXOs modulate longevity? | Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors are involved in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, stress resistance, metabolism, and longevity |
Mechanistic studies in erythroid cells indicate that LDB1, as part of a GATA1/TAL1/LMO2 complex, brings erythroid-expressed genes into proximity with enhancers for transcription activation. The role of co-activators in establishing this long-range interaction is poorly understood. Here we tested the contributions of th... | Is LDB1-mediated enhancer looping dependent on cohesin? | Moreover, ENCODE data and our chromatin immunoprecipitation results indicate that cohesin is almost completely absent from validated and predicted LDB1-regulated erythroid enhancer-gene pairs. |
Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have elevated D-dimer levels. Early reports describe high venous thromboembolism (VTE) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) rates, but data are limited. This multicenter retrospective study describes the rate and severity of hemostatic and thrombotic complic... | What are the major thrombotic complications in patients with COVID-19? | The radiographically confirmed VTE rate was 4.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9-7.3), and the overall thrombotic complication rate was 9.5% (95% CI, 6.8-12.8). The overall and major bleeding rates were 4.8% (95% CI, 2.9-7.3) and 2.3% (95% CI, 1.0-4.2), respectively. In the critically ill, radiographically confirmed... |
Cardiorenal syndromes (CRS) have been subclassified as five defined entities which represent clinical circumstances in which both the heart and the kidney are involved in a bidirectional injury and dysfunction via a final common pathway of cell-to-cell death and accelerated apoptosis mediated by oxidative stress. Types... | Are there any urine biomarkers for chronic kidney disease? | Both blood and urine biomarkers are reviewed in this paper and offer a considerable opportunity to enhance the understanding of the pathophysiology and known epidemiology of these recently defined syndromes. |
Tecovirimat (TPOXX) is an orthopoxvirus-specific antiviral drug developed by SIGA Technologies in conjunction with the US Department of Health and Human Services' Biomedical Advances Research and Development Authority. It acts by inhibiting the activity of the orthopoxvirus VP37 envelope wrapping protein, thereby preve... | Is Tecovirimat effective for smallpox? | An intravenous formulation of tecovirimat is undergoing phase I development for the treatment of smallpox infection. |
We report here the initial examination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from human earwax (cerumen). Recent studies link a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette, sub-family C, member 11 gene (ABCC11) to the production of different types of axillary odora... | Which gene controls the consistency of cerumen (ear wax)? | Recent studies link a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette, sub-family C, member 11 gene (ABCC11) to the production of different types of axillary odorants and cerumen |
The Schizosaccharomyces pombe centromere-linked genes, LYS1 and CYH1 on chromosome I and TPS13 and RAN1 on chromosome II, have been isolated. The genetic order of these markers with respect to their centromeres was determined to establish relative directionality on the genetic and physical maps. Chromosome walking towa... | Which protein complexes recognize centromeric (CEN) DNA in yeast? | The Schizosaccharomyces pombe centromere-linked genes, LYS1 and CYH1 on chromosome I and TPS13 and RAN1 on chromosome II, have been isolated |
Interaction between CXCR4 and CXCL12 plays a role in tumor progression. The present study examined CXCR4, CXCL12 and CD133 expression in liver metastases of colorectal cancer (CLM) and determined whether the expression profiles affect the tumor microenvironment and thus progression, and whether they could serve as a pr... | Is protein CXCR4 used as a prognostic marker of cancer? | Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that the high levels of nuclear CXCR4 and CXCL12 expression in hepatocytes were significantly better prognostic factors for overall and hepatic disease-free survival in patients with CLM. |
SATB1 (special AT-rich sequence-binding protein-1) provides a key link between DNA loop organization, chromatin modification/remodeling, and association of transcription factors at matrix attachment regions (MARs). To investigate the role of SATB1 in cellular events, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen that identifi... | Is SATB1 positioned close to AT-rich sequences? | SATB1 (special AT-rich sequence-binding protein-1) provides a key link between DNA loop organization, chromatin modification/remodeling, and association of transcription factors at matrix attachment regions (MARs). |
Primary brain tumors constitute a substantial public health problem with 66,290 cases diagnosed in the US in 2012, and 13,700 deaths recorded. With discovery of genetic factors associated with specific brain tumor subtypes, the goal of therapy is changing from treating a class of tumors to developing individualized the... | How are triple negative gliomas characterized? | Three of these markers - 1p/19q deletions, MGMT methylation status, and mutations in the IDH1 gene - are so potent that a new brain tumor subtype, the "triple negative" glioma (1p/19q intact, MGMT unmethylated, IDH1 non-mutated) has entered common parlance. |
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) control all functions and physiological states of the cell. Identification and understanding of novel PPIs would facilitate the discovery of new biological models and therapeutic targets for clinical intervention. Numerous resources and PPI databases have been developed to define a g... | Which portal has been developed to explore protein-protein interactions in cancer cell lines? | This chapter presents a guide to explore the OncoPPi network using the OncoPPi Portal to facilitate cancer biology. |
The transcription factor Zelda plays a pivotal role in promoting the maternal to zygotic transition during embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. However, little is known about its role later in development. Here we are showing that Zelda is essential for proper wing development through gain and loss of function exp... | What is the function of the zelda transcription factor in D. melanogaster? | The transcription factor Zelda plays a pivotal role in promoting the maternal to zygotic transition during embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. |
The isolated working heart preparation was used to investigate the effect of continuous triiodothyronine (T3) administration on cardiac function and metabolism of rats rendered diabetic for a period of 4 wk with streptozocin (STZ). T3 controlled-release pellets were implanted 1 wk after STZ (70 mg/kg) injection. Rats i... | How are thyroid hormones involved in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy? | T3 treatment did not improve in vitro cardiac performance (assessed as cardiac output times peak systolic pressure per gram dry heart weight) in hearts from diabetic rats perfused with glucose alone. |
In humans, the geographical apportionment of the coding diversity of the pigmentary locus melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is, unusually, higher in Eurasians than in Africans. This atypical observation has been interpreted as the result of purifying selection due to functional constraint on MC1R in high UV-B radiation en... | What phenotype is associated with the V60L mutation in the human MC1R gene? | Thus, at least in Spain, regions at opposite ends of the incident UV-B radiation distribution show significantly different frequencies for the melanoma-risk allele V60L (a mutation also associated to red hair and fair skin and even blonde hair), with higher frequency of V60L at those regions of lower incident UV-B radi... |
The conventional approach to vaccine development requires cultivation of the pathogenic microorganism and its dissection using biochemical, immunological, and microbiological methods in order to identify the components important for immunity. This method, while successful in many cases, failed to provide a solution for... | Against which organisms has reverse vaccinology been used? | The potential of this new approach is illustrated by the use of reverse vaccinology for the development of a vaccine against serogroup B meningococcus |
The epigenetic mechanisms in regulation of genes' expression seem to be another field of research that gains land in genetic association studies of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility factors. Recently, a new class of molecules has been discovered, the microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are related to post-transcriptional... | Which micro-RNAs have been associated in the pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis? | Different expression patterns of mir-146a, miRNA-155, miRNA-124a, mir-203, mir-223, mir-346, mir-132, mir-363, mir-498, mir-15a, and mir-16 were documented in several tissue sample types of RA patients |
The major heat shock protein, chaperonin 60, has been established to have intercellular signaling activity in addition to its established protein-folding function. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of a small proportion of bacteria to encode two chaperonin 60 proteins. We have demonstrated that chaperonin 60.1 from thi... | What is the function of a chaperonin? | The major heat shock protein, chaperonin 60, has been established to have intercellular signaling activity in addition to its established protein-folding function. |
On August 30, 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Novartis' tisagenlecleucel (CTL-019, Kymriah), which is a synthetic bioimmune product of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, for the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). This was a milestone ... | Is Tisagenlecleucel effective for B-Cell Lymphoma? | This was a milestone in tumor immunology on account of the significant antitumor effect of tisagenlecleucel for the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-ALL patients. |
Non-small-cell lung cancer patients with activating mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) respond to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment. Nevertheless, patients often develop central nervous system (CNS) metastases during treatment, even when their extracranial tumors are still under control. ... | Does AZD3759 cross the blood brain barrier? | We report the discovery and early clinical development of AZD3759, a selective EGFR inhibitor that can fully penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), |
Genomic enhancers are important regulators of gene expression, but their identification is a challenge, and methods depend on indirect measures of activity. We developed a method termed STARR-seq to directly and quantitatively assess enhancer activity for millions of candidates from arbitrary sources of DNA, which enab... | What is STARR-seq? | We developed a method termed STARR-seq to directly and quantitatively assess enhancer activity for millions of candidates from arbitrary sources of DNA, which enables screens across entire genomes. |
Fanconi anemia is an inherited disease characterized by bone marrow failure, congenital malformations, and predisposition to cancer. The breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2 was recently found to be associated with Fanconi anemia complementation group D1 (FA-D1). We examined four kindreds afflicted with Fanconi anem... | Which is the genetic cause for the development of Fanconi anemia complementation group D1? | Two other kindreds each contained a Fanconi anemia-afflicted child who developed medulloblastoma; one child was of Latin American ancestry and a compound heterozygote for BRCA2*I2490T/ 5301insA and the other was African American and a compound heterozygote for BRCA2*Q3066X/E1308X |
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune component of Graves' disease for which no currently available medical therapy provides reliable and safe benefit. Based on insights generated experimentally over the past several decades, the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) has been implicated in t... | Which molecule is targeted by Teprotumumab? | Furthermore, an IGF-IR inhibitor, teprotumumab, has emerged from 2 clinical trials as a promising treatment for active, moderate to severe TAO. |
Internal tandem duplications (ITD) mutation within FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), the most frequent mutation happens in almost 20% acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, always predicts a poor prognosis. As a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, sorafenib is clinically used for the treatment of advanced renal ... | Which signaling pathway does LY294002 inhibit? | PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, can block PI3K/AKT signaling, further inhibit glycolysis to disturb ATP production, and finally induce cell apoptosis. |
Nucleosome dynamics facilitated by histone turnover is required for transcription as well as DNA replication and repair. Histone turnover is often associated with various histone modifications such as H3K56 acetylation (H3K56Ac), H3K36 methylation (H3K36me), and H4K20 methylation (H4K20me). In order to correlate histon... | Is H4K20 methylation associated with DNA replication? | Histone turnover is often associated with various histone modifications such as H3K56 acetylation (H3K56Ac), H3K36 methylation (H3K36me), and H4K20 methylation (H4K20me). |
A major component of bacterial biofilms is curli amyloid fibrils secreted by the curli biogenesis system. Understanding the curli biogenesis mechanism is critical for developing therapeutic agents for biofilm-related infections. Here we report a systematic study of the curli biogenesis system, highlighted by structural... | What is known about the protein Curli? | A major component of bacterial biofilms is curli amyloid fibrils secreted by the curli biogenesis system. |
The identification of genetic variants affecting gene expression, namely expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), has contributed to the understanding of mechanisms underlying human traits and diseases. The majority of these variants map in non-coding regulatory regions of the genome and their identification remains... | What are the puQTLs (promoter-usage Quantitative Trait Loci)? | Here, we use natural genetic variation and CAGE transcriptomes from 154 EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines, derived from unrelated individuals, to map 5376 and 110 regulatory variants associated with promoter usage (puQTLs) and enhancer activity (eaQTLs), respectively. |
Pre-clinical and clinical data suggest that the development of a safe and effective anti-amyloid-beta (Abeta) immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) will require therapeutic levels of anti-Abeta antibodies, while avoiding proinflammatory adjuvants and autoreactive T cells which may increase the incidence of adverse... | Is bapineuzumab effective for treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease? | The first passive immunotherapy trial with bapineuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the end terminus of Abeta, also encountered some dose dependent adverse events during the Phase II portion of the study, vasogenic edema in 12 cases, which were significantly over represented in ApoE4 carriers. |
Although the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) locus was mapped to 4q35 chromosomal region in 1990, no gene transcript has been as yet identified. Molecular diagnosis is based mainly on the detection of deletions of a 3.3 kb-tandem repeat array in the locus. This procedure offers almost 95% accuracy but is ... | Which diagnostic tests are used for the diagnosis of FSHD? | Molecular diagnosis is based mainly on the detection of deletions of a 3.3 kb-tandem repeat array in the locus. |
The eukaryotic replisome is a crucial determinant of genome stability, but its structure is still poorly understood. We found previously that many regulatory proteins assemble around the MCM2-7 helicase at yeast replication forks to form the replisome progression complex (RPC), which might link MCM2-7 to other replisom... | List the components of a Replisome Progression Complex (RPC). | We found previously that many regulatory proteins assemble around the MCM2-7 helicase at yeast replication forks to form the replisome progression complex (RPC), which might link MCM2-7 to other replisome components. |
The production of cytokines in response to DNA-damage events may be an important host defense response to help prevent the escape of pre-cancerous cells. The innate immune pathways involved in these events are known to be regulated by cellular molecules such as stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which controls typ... | What is the function of the protein encoded by the gene STING? | The production of cytokines in response to DNA-damage events may be an important host defense response to help prevent the escape of pre-cancerous cells. The innate immune pathways involved in these events are known to be regulated by cellular molecules such as stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which controls typ... |
Recent reports have described a secondary Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) after a prior COVID-19 infection that often has features of Kawasaki disease (KD). Here, we report the case of a 36-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department hypotensive and tachycardic after 1 week of fevers,... | Is MIS-C or Multisystem Inflammatory syndrome in children a complication of Covid-19? | Recent reports have described a secondary Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) after a prior COVID-19 infection that often has features of Kawasaki disease (KD). |
Autosomal dominant osteogenesis imperfecta is caused by mutations in the COL1A2 and COL1A1 genes of type I collagen. In a family with OI type IV genetically linked to the COL1A2 gene, we attempted prenatal diagnosis in a pregnancy at risk by genotyping the DNA of the fetus for a COL1A2 gene associated RFLP. Our results... | Is autosomal dominant inheritanced form of Osteogenesis imperfecta caused by mutations in the genes associated with collagen production? | Autosomal dominant osteogenesis imperfecta is caused by mutations in the COL1A2 and COL1A1 genes of type I collagen. |
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is involved in the control of melanogenesis. Polymorphisms in this gene have been associated with variation in skin and hair color and with elevated risk for the development of melanoma. Here we used 11 computational tools based on different approaches to predict the damage-associated... | What phenotype is associated with the V60L mutation in the human MC1R gene? | The combination of the prediction tools results in 14 nsSNPs indicated as the most damaging mutations in MC1R (L48P, R67W, H70Y, P72L, S83P, R151H, S172I, L206P, T242I, G255R, P256S, C273Y, C289R and R306H); C273Y showed to be highly damaging in SIFT, Polyphen-2, MutPred, PANTHER and PROVEAN scores. |
Molecular regulation of p73, a p53 family member, remains unclear. Here we report that p73 expression is significantly regulated by cell densities. In particular, we found that p73alpha and p73beta are differentially regulated. While p73beta protein levels were inversely correlated with cell densities, p73alpha protein... | How many TAp73 isoforms have been identified in humans? | Moreover, we also found that subcellular location of p73 isoforms changes with the culture density increases. |
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor that nearly always results in a bad prognosis. Temozolomide plus radiotherapy (TEM+RAD) is the most common treatment for newly diagnosed GBM. With the development of molecularly targeted drugs, several clinical trials were reported; however, the effica... | Is cilengitide effective for treatment of glioblastoma? | he addition of molecularly targeted drugs to TEM + RAD did not improve the OS of patients with GBM; however, it did improve PFS in patients treated by cilengitide who could not get improvement in OS. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.