Subset (10)

eli5 · 25k rows

Split (1)

train · 25k rows

query stringlengths 20 300	positive listlengths 1 1	negative listlengths 1 1
what makes marshmallows inflate in the microwave?	[ "The microwave makes the marshmallow hot and marshmallows have a lot of air trapped inside them. When air gets hot, it expands. So it's not really the marshmallow \"inflating\", it's the trapped air expanding." ]	[ "See the [dynamo effect](_URL_0_). Basically, the idea is that the motion of molten iron leads to the motion of charges, and moving charges generate magnetic fields." ]
What causes the core of a nuclear reactor to glow?	[ "Cherenkov radiation from electrons moving faster than the phase velocity of light through a medium (for example, water)." ]	[ "I don't have your exact answer but a relevant fact: nuke plants are considered slow to start and stop, and are therefore treated as part of the baseload (left on for long periods of time), while other types of plants (such as natural gas, hydroelectric) are pretty quick to adjust and are used for most adjustments....
How do I know that reality is nothing but a product of my mind... Or that I'm just a projection of someone else?	[ "You can't know. That is the real kicker." ]	[ "Imagine you grew up flying in a plane. The ground looks like different colors. There's a green area over here, and a brown area over there. When you land for the first time, you're surprised that the green area is actually made up of large trees, and the brown area is made of rocks and shrubs. There are thousands ...
Would it be better for the environment to use a paper product instead of plastic for water bottles? Also is it practical to implement a paper type container	[ "It would be better for the environment if we just eliminated bottled water for the most part. There are some situations where bottled water is practical and necessary, but in most places in the civilized world it's a scam. Tap water is perfectly safe, effectively free, and widely available. People would be better ...	[ "Ah this is one of the main questions in the entire field of psychological perception. There are multiple fields discussing it. What you are speaking of specifically are called \"Affordances\" and the field of \"ecological perception\" does quite a good job at describing what you are asking. I suggest reading about...
If most (almost all) Hydrogen atoms have 0 neutrons, how do most (almost all) Helium atoms have 2? If Helium is formed by fusion, where do the neutrons come from?	[ "Helium is not formed by two Hydrogens. It is actually a multistep process known as the PP Chain. Two protons collide and make a pair of proton+neutron. This pair collides with another proton and makes a helium that is 2 protons but only 1 neutron. Then, two of these heliums collide and create the helium you are us...	[ "They fuse elements together until the core is too heavy. Think of fusion pushing out from the star, and gravity pulling the star together. Once the core gets too heavy the star collapses under its own weight and the remnants of that star are scattered into space. This has and dust can then coalesce and form other ...
How do waterfalls freeze?	[ "Water particles slowly form into small mush bits in moving water. This mush will catch on the edge of a waterfall, and build up until there is enough cold for ice to slowly work it's way down the edges of the waterfall. Then it freezes inwards, until the water stops." ]	[ "Have you measured the temperature of this supercooled water?" ]
What makes glass transparant?	[ "So there are three things that can happen to light when it hits something - it can either be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted. Which one will occur depends both upon the material being hit and the frequency of the light doing the hitting. For absorption or reflection to occur; this goes back to the idea that el...	[ "Basically, it's paint. Take a look at [this](_URL_0_) picture. One half of his face is covered in sunscreen, the other half isn't. The sunscreen isn't transparent to UV, so it will be absorbed, preventing sunburn and lowering your temperature." ]
How do you wash chemistry laboratory equipment, and how clean does it get ?	[ "> What do you use to clean lab equipment? Dishwashers, sinks, brushes, detergents and ethanol/acetone typically. > Is there several levels of cleanliness according to the type of experiment that is performed ? Yes. > Is brand new equipment \"cleaner\" than used equipment? Not really. > Before we could properly ...	[ "They can’t make the claim that all germs are destroyed. It’s not provable that they are or would be all destroyed, so they go with as close to 100% as possible without being 100%. We see it and think all, but in an event where someone showed any bacterial existence, they can’t be shown to be wrong" ]
If bears are so awesome, then why are lions the kin of the jungle?	[ "This is just a guess, but i'd wager there are almost zero bears in the jungle. And they could be the kings of the forest, if it weren't for Robert Redford. _URL_0_" ]	[ "[The Straight Dope covered this](_URL_0_). Basically, they started out as being made by two different production teams, but after a certain point, they became essentially interchangeable, but they kept both names going." ]
Are there different kinds of Protons?	[ "No, all protons are identical. See also [my response to this similar question](_URL_0_). To address your specific question about the color charges, the colors of individual quarks are not constant in time. They are continually trading colors with each other via gluon interactions. (This is different than electric ...	[ "Basically they all start from the oil we pump out of the ground.All of these things are inside that oil. We then heat the oil in a large tube that has many different levels. As the oil heats up all the different parts become a gas at different temperatures and they settle in the level where the temperature is cool...
Did Winston Churchill intentionally starve India, leading to the deaths of ~3million people?	[ "Not to discourage any additonal posts, but you may find this answer submitted by u/RuinEleint a bit helpful towards answering your question: _URL_0_" ]	[ "This submission has been removed because it is [soapboxing](_URL_1_.), [promoting a political agenda, or moralizing](_URL_0_). We don't allow content that does these things because they are detrimental to unbiased and academic discussion of history." ]
Is it possible for something to disappear entirely through it's smell?	[ "Yes, but when it happens we just call it evaporation." ]	[ "Here is a very detailed Question and Answer with a Blood Passport panelist. If you read the entire thing you will understand how one can get away with it. _URL_4_ Highly simplified you take a performance enhancing drug. You then take other drugs to mask that performance enhancing drug. Then you take another drug ...
Friday Free-for-All \| February 22, 2019	[ "I just signed a contract to publish my first book! For anyone who was wondering about the hard research behind my answers\\* on the subreddit, you can now\\\\ read all about it! If you're curious what it's going to be about and stuff, I wrote up a blog post [here](_URL_0_). & #x200B; \\* the answers for which ...	[ "No it appears there was an error on that table. It now correctly states: X-ray Solar Flares 6-hr max: C4 2204 UT May14 24-hr: X3 0111 UT May14" ]
What were the disadvantages of the Three Sisters / beans + maize + squash agricultural system?	[ "There's a guy I always see whenever the \"three sisters\" system is mentioned who claims it is utter bullshit. He says they might have planted the plants mixed together, but the idea that they would actually grow on each other is nonsense..the beans would stifle the corn or be shaded by it, the wind would blow the...	[ "The sentence that precedes your question is incorrect, which means the question itself begs the question. Check any history of China, or any historical atlas of China, to see how its borders expanded and shrank over the centuries. Also, not to be rude, but \"overwhelming\" is an overstatement. And: what does \"cul...
How does depression affect the brain of a developing child?	[ "It can inhibit neurogenesis, specifically development of the cortex and prefrontal cortex. See emerging research about ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) and their effects on brain development: _URL_1_ _URL_0_ And a source about early depression and brain development: _URL_2_" ]	[ "They actually debunked that, same with that nonsense about listening to classical music in the womb making your child smarter. It was all just BS to sell some cds. I'll see if I can find an article about it, and I'll edit this to put it in. And now to see if this answer is long enough, or if it will get auto-modd...
Why aren't products like 5-Hour Energy evaluated by the FDA?	[ "If a product claims to address a medical condition, it is classified as a drug, and must undergo intensive FDA before it can be marketed, and even then might require a prescription. So what these products are doing it making it explicitly clear they are not drugs, so the FDA doesn't come after them. Food and suppl...	[ "Taxes... If the government had a way of guaranteeing that they would get their cut off the money being made then it would be legal." ]
Were Black British Visitors To The US Subject To Jim Crow Laws?	[ "You might be interested in this excellent earlier answer (which does focus on the US) by /u/The_Alaskan, with bonus support from /u/TheShowIsNotTheShow! * [What happened when black diplomats went to Rhodesia, South Africa, or Jim Crow United States?](_URL_0_) Hope this helps!" ]	[ "Nonsense I'm afraid. Cambridge was certainly bombed _URL_2_ _URL_0_ Oxford was, perhaps difficult for the German bombers to identify? It was certainly a legitimate target as the Morris motor works were there at Cowley, building military vehicles, amongst others. Other cities without particular military importance ...
What is a boson and why is it sometimes referred to as the God particle?	[ "[God particle](_URL_0_): Originally Lederman wanted to call it the goddamn particle, but his editor wouldn't let him. Most physicists hate the term god particle. It's meaningless and doesn't reflect the physics. adamsolomon's answer addresses the rest of your question." ]	[ "> how it really amounts to a bunch of bologna I don't have an answer, but I do need to point out that bologna = lunch meat. Baloney = nonsense." ]
How can the brain seperate or lock out sounds, when hearing many different sounds at once?	[ "It's called selective hearing. The auditory cortex in your brain is the part that is responsible not only for decoding the signals sent from your ears, but also \"processing\" those signals. Researchers have found that the auditory cortex can focus on specific auditory cues and patterns, which allows you to carry ...	[ "Warning: anecdotal evidence ahead. I'd consider myself mathematically minded (studied Math and CS in college, currently working as a software engineer), and this is definitely true for me. I'm pretty terrible at remembering (and sometimes even understanding) song lyrics, but I'll often be in a bar or other noisy e...
Would the human body adjust to higher gravity, extreme temperatures through slow but increased training	[ "Temperature is a lot harder! We have biological processes such as enzymes which will not change no matter how hard you train. Above certain temperatures many biochemical processes will slow and eventually cease. Muscles and bones however do respond to stress by building and strengthening tissue and bone. Lung cap...	[ "Nasa, among other groups with space exploration in mind, are asking that question themselves: _URL_0_ It seems the biggest problem to overcome is the low atmospheric pressure, which sucks the already rare water out of plants. Nutrients don't seem to be a problem." ]
How sugar cubes keep their shape.	[ "The sugar grains are sort of fused together. You can make your own by getting sugar slightly damp, and then forming it into cubes and letting it dry." ]	[ "I'm the wrong kind of scientist to know for sure, but I think it has to do with whether the food is exposed to enough air to dry it out before the bacteria can make it moldy/soggy." ]
What's the goal of spam emails?	[ "The goal is to get someone to buy the products. Sending out spam email is dirt cheap - you can send out a million emails at virtually no cost - so long as a few of them get through and a few of those result in purchases, it is a net positive economic decision." ]	[ "If you put enough traffic on a freeway, no mater how wide the freeway is, no one can get anywhere. the same thing applies to networks, where if you flood them with enough traffic, with fake cars that don't actually want to get anywhere, nothing can get where it wants to go." ]
If the speed of light is constant, how does it slow down to separate into a spectrum?	[ "The speed of light is a constant in a vacuum. Its speed varies in other materials, including air and water. The difference in speeds as it passes from one medium to another is what causes spectra." ]	[ "_URL_0_ > When the source of the waves is moving toward the observer, each successive wave crest is emitted from a position closer to the observer than the previous wave. Therefore, each wave takes slightly less time to reach the observer than the previous wave. Hence, the time between the arrival of successive w...
Why are boobs attractive?	[ "This is more of a shower thought that I had a few months ago, but everyone loves boobs. Gay, straight, male, female, so there has to be some basis in biology. My hypothesis is that everyone loves titties because they're babies primary biological food source and therefore breasts are associated with feeding time, c...	[ "Nostalgia, too ~ a lot of older guys that now have lots of money are reliving their youth - they either had one when they were young & want another, or wanted one when they were young and can now afford to pay the big bucks to get one." ]
dogs walking around in a circle before going to sleep.	[ "From what I was told, it's an instinct. Many years ago when they had to sleep in tall grass, they had to walk in a circle to make sure no da me or other dangerous animals were around." ]	[ "Generally, it's done in a minor key where the tune is altered, so anything can be spoopy when done that way (Have you seen the Teletubby episode in black and white that plays a Joy Division Song over it?). Also, one of the early films to do this was Nightmare on Elm Street where kids are jumping rope and singing ...
Why do we get tired when we eat too much?	[ "As far as i know, its because your body is spending more energy to digest and store the food." ]	[ "Dude, I typically experience the opposite, usually you're wiped out before making the trip back, and energized and active on the way there." ]
Will Wikipedia in danger and why should/shouldn't we help them?	[ "They are always growing, but do not use ads to make money. This basically means that their only source of income is donations, which they use to pay for programmers, server hosting, etc. If they don't get enough money they will either have to shut down, reduce their size (less articles or access to less people), o...	[ "Two words: crowd sourcing. It works like any wiki page, people can go and edit the map with new, updated information. However, the new data is not automatically pushed straight to the base map. It has to first be approved by moderators (also crowd sourced) who will approve or deny the changes. Google will sometim...
How analogous to light waves are sound waves?	[ "I'm not sure about your sub questions but to take a stab at your primary question: they really aren't that similar. Light waves are transverse waves and sound is usually longitudinal. Sound absolutely requires a medium and light can travel through a vacuum." ]	[ "They really shouldn't. LED lights transmit at THz range (e.g. visible light) well well well above the GHz range your wifi uses." ]
How high up can a person potentially live?	[ "Highest human settlement is 5950 meters or 19000ft. If a normal ocean elevation person even gets up to 3000m, you'll be plenty light headed. I sure was after only 10 minutes of walking around and needed to sit down for half hour to catch my breath." ]	[ "Because of Newton's First Law of Motion: \"In an inertial reference frame, an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force.\" You were moving along with the surface when you jumped or whatever and being in the air doesn't change that." ]
Lets say we find life on other planets. How would this effect us on planet Earth?	[ "I think the simple answer is that right now we only have one example of life to study. Finding life on any other body will either provide a second opportunity to study life or proof that life on earth may have similar origins to that discovered. Either way it would be a historically and scientifically significant ...	[ "Corn is horrible for the soil, so we would probably have more fertile soil. We should be growing up, instead of in fields. Large greenhouses that go up many stories. Each city could have one big enough to sustain the community. We already know how certain plants are harvested, so we could use robots to pick the yi...
How does the circulatory system adjust to the greater volume of bodymass in obese people?	[ "The heart has to beat harder, and the left ventricle, which pumps blood out to the body through the aorta, becomes thickened. _URL_0_ In some people, there's a decrease in vascular resistance, so they don't get high blood pressure, but most obese people get hypertensive. In some people parts of the body become chr...	[ "People will get on treadmills with masks on their faces. Oxygen consumption and Carbon Dioxide levels are measured as they run. Similar things are done for swimming. A little math and science and the calculations are done." ]
What are the challenges of going beyond low earth orbit?	[ "The problem of carrying sufficient fuel cannot be overstated. Since the amount of propellant you need rises exponentially with the mass of the spacecraft, you very quickly approach a limit where it just isn't possible to realistically get the mass out of Earth orbit. Another (often forgotten) issue is where do you...	[ "The crushing pressures in the ocean among other things. And how would you remotely operate it? with miles of umbilical cabling or with radio that can only penetrate so far?" ]
why is it that we find some repetitive sounds such a raindrops on a tin roof so soothing, yet other repetitive sounds such as snoring or water dripping from a tap, so irritating?	[ "if the noise is constant, our brains learn to tune it out. dripping from a tap is a sound followed by a period of silence. our instincts make it difficult to relax when the noise level keeps changing." ]	[ "This doesn't change between babies and adults. It's actually the exact same. What changes is they way we take our drinks as we get older. As babies we are drinking from a nipple (either an actual nipple of a simulated one on baby bottles). A baby has to suck to get liquid out of it. If you tilt a baby bottle, ver...
Why aren't professional athletes charged with crimes when fights break out during games?	[ "Mostly due to it being part of the game's culture and therefore expected. Additionally, fighting someone who is fighting you is only a crime when charges are explicitly filed, or when it takes place in such a location where it breaks public order and puts others in risk" ]	[ "The New York Attorney General declared it as gambling and doesn't want the two sites taking bets from New York residents. The site has always been a mix of gambling and fantasy. Here's the full article _URL_0_" ]
When two seemingly unrelated people have the same last name, what does that mean in the history of the name?	[ "Unless the name follows the Western naming system, not much can be confirmed. Modern surnames of today could have emerged because someone's ancestors adopted it, had it legally changed/altered/abbreviated/translated, were assigned it by immigration officials, or had it mis-recorded by immigration officials (ex. mi...	[ "Imagine country A has laws that are intended to encourage new businesses, and so the laws there make is hard for old businesses to claim \"Hey we did that first!\" or \"Hey, that almost the same as what we do!\" Suppose country B has laws that are meant to protect that country's companies, and stop cheap-o foreign...
Why are males and females separated in non-physical competitions such as chess?	[ "While there is physically nothing that keeps men and women from competing on the same level in chess, there are several societal factors in play that mean women do not play chess as frequently as men do. The chess organisation made a decision to instate a separate woman's only chess division (the regular chess div...	[ "For colleges there are scholarships and grants that are limited to specific races, ethnicities, and genders. For both jobs and colleges they need to know that information for legal purposes in case they get sued for discrimination in the future." ]
What exactly is a Sociopath?	[ "Clinical psychologist here. Please, please get it into your heads: !Lack of empathy=/=sociopath.! Lack of empathy is associated with a myriad of mental health issues and is only one of numerous criteria present in the clinical portrait of antisocial personality disorder. The diagnosis of antisocial personality...	[ "This CGP Grey video does a really good job of explaining it all. _URL_3_" ]
Why are American police generally despised while the military is very highly regarded?	[ "The military don't take actions against the citizens of the country, they're regarded as protecting the interests of the nation as a whole. The police are active in the community to serve and protect, this leads them to having more contact with the individual citizens and the perception that they're the enemy beca...	[ "\"Just about everyone here\" Where is \"here\" for you? It sounds like your question's premise is based on a small sample set based on personal observation. Before your question is addressed, you should be making sure the premise is valid..." ]
Why does a Nighthawk F-117 appear to be a Luftwaffe aircraft behind Nazi officers?	[ "The photo is a screenshot, publicity still, or possibly the original prop from the cheesy SF movie The Philadelphia Experiment II in which a mad scientist experiments with teleportation technology and inadvertently sends a nuclear-armed F-117 back to Nazi Germany, where it helps Hitler win the war. You can see t...	[ "from _URL_0_ \"An increasing number of lit NSL roads (for example the A556 between the M6 Junction 19 and Lostock near Northwich), are now being given \"60\" or \"70\" repeaters rather than NSL ones. Presumably the thinking is that this makes the speed limit clearer, as there is evidence that the NSL is not proper...
If gamma rays are pure energy, and are absorbed by lead, what actualy happens to the energy (since energy cannot be destroyed)?	[ "There's no such thing as pure energy. Gamma rays when absorbed by lead tend to scatter off electrons, either from free electrons (Compton scattering) or by knocking them out of their orbitals (photoelectric effect), and the energy of the photon is transferred to the kinetic energy of the electrons. At high enough ...	[ "Light beams do not travel in straight lines. Light travels in all directions taking all possible paths, and then those are averaged out, where all the longer paths cancel out and it is seen traveling in a straight line. If you block only one side of these possible paths (ie left or right of straight), by putting a...
How was music notated in before the invention of sheet music? Was it notated like our present day quarter note, eighth note, etc system, or did that come later?	[ "I'm sadly not an expert on these matters but you may be interested in the [Seikilos Epitaph](_URL_1_) which is the earliest complete musical composition found, inscribed on a tombstone by a Greek man around the first century CE (earlier ones exist but they are all in fragments). As you can see the notation is not ...	[ "The \"how\" is pretty simple: Bill is a roofer; Ted is a chicken farmer. One day, Ted's roof was broken. Bill offered to fix it, in exchange for two chickens. This is a barter system, goods and services were exchanged for each other; Ted stays warm, and Bill gets a few meals. A week later, Bill is hungry. But he...
How does the earth’s magnetism work if metals lose their properties with intense heat?	[ "Earth's magnetic field is generated by moving currents in the outer core. In that sense, it's more like a gargantuan electromagnet than a permanent magnet. Moving charge generates a magnetic field, and the liquid outer core moves in circular currents due to the intense temperature difference between the inner core...	[ "It actually doesn't wobble! It stays tilted the same amount. [NASA has a little drawing that'll maybe help.](_URL_0_) The earth stays tilted in the same direction, but as it moves around the sun the \"tilted up\" or \"tilted down\" sides end up facing the sun in turn." ]
How has Jupiter’s red spot been such a large and powerful storm for centuries?	[ "Storms are sustained by the conditions of their environment and the spin of their planet. So long as the planet keeps spinning and the conditions stay (normally, a hot center and cold exterior), the storm continues." ]	[ "You mean the Animal Planet one? Hype and marketing. Then it became a euphemism for menstruation (I'll fill you in if you want, but it's gross sex stuff...) and took on a life of its own." ]
Can emotions be measured?	[ "Yes. Measurements are largely indirect and are usually interpreted to be a specific physiological state. I'm not sure what polygraphs measure so I can't speak to that. [EEGs](_URL_0_) are extremely useful for this kind of thing. Specific combination of brain wave bandwidth amplitudes can pretty effectively determi...	[ "I think it is hardwired into us. [Tommy Edison](_URL_0_) explains it better." ]
How are some of these websites able to give you a credit score without a credit card?	[ "Your FICO score is your real credit score. There are only three places that calculate real FICO scores - Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion. There's a lot of shady websites out there that will calculate a FICO-like score that's not a real FICO. These fake FICO scores (called \"FAKO\" scores) are probably what you'...	[ "There was a great short YouTube documentary about the company that does this for the Premier League posted in r/soccer a while back but I can't find it right now. Basically there are a bunch of guys who sit around and watch certain games on computers with special software that lets them keep track of all this stuf...
Do Lagrange points exist for planets in elliptical orbits?	[ "All planets have elliptical orbits. Newton’s laws mandate it; Earth is no exception. Something having an elliptical orbit has no effect on wether or not it has Lagrange points. However, most objects with very elliptical orbits probably don’t have them because objects that have very elliptical orbits are usually sm...	[ "For shapes called [homoeoids](_URL_0_), there is a [generalization of Newton's shell theorem](_URL_1_). In potential theory (for gravitating systems or electrostatics) this theorem is often used to invert the Laplacian for ellipsoidal distributions." ]
Why don't I ever see baby earwigs?	[ "Earwigs are one of the rare insects where the mother will care for its young. If you do happen to find a baby earwig, it has either been displaced from its mother or it is going to be accompanied by 20-80 brothers and sisters. They remain in the nest during the day and only travel to hunt for food, not really brea...	[ "There are fireflies on the West Coast, such as [Ellychnia californica.](_URL_0_) The problem is that many are either diurnal (out during the day) or have relatively weak bioluminescent capabilities as adults." ]
Why are some pre-18 year old criminals charged as an adult and what is the criteria?	[ "The dividing line is really whether or not this person is a harmful member of society. If a kid is goofing around and destroys something, or if they have an emotional outburst and kill someone, it shows that they made a mistake (a bad one), but they're still growing and learning, and they can go through rehabilit...	[ "The program I know of is the University of Washington's Robinson Center, that attracts young students who participate in the [Center for Talented Youth](_URL_0_)'s Talent Search (students with 99th percentile standardized scores are allowed to take the SAT starting at 12). Students who get a high enough score (it ...
if wood floats in water, why do wooden ships sink when they get breached?	[ "Buoyancy is determined by density. Wood is less dense than water, so it floats. A boat made out of wood is filled with mostly with air, which is also less dense than water, as well as whatever cargo is involved, but the main point is that the density of the interior of the boat has to be less than the density of t...	[ "The sugar in the cookies is hygroscopic, which means that it will draw moisture from the air into the sugar's structure and hold on to it. Bread however is not hygroscopic and the moisture inside of it evaporates into the air. The moisture that evaporates from the slice of bread is then drawn into the cookies." ]
Why does the film industry claim piracy reduces profits when revenue seems to have been unaffected by piracy?	[ "The film industry would make the case that revenues would be significantly higher if there were no piracy. Their position is that every pirated copy is a loss of the profit from that copy. Clearly there are multiple viewpoints on that. One is the realization that not every person pirating a copy can be converted t...	[ "Imagine a bully at school. It's the same one each day, taking the lunch money of the same handful of kids. You take note that kids seem bullied, and it's very easy to identify who the bully is, after all you only have to talk to a handful of kids to get something of note, plus everyone is pointing the same direct...
Why don't microorganisms develop resistance to antiseptics like they do to antibiotics?	[ "There are organisms resistant to hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, but as far as I know there are none that are resistant to bleach. This is because of the chemical potency of the chemical bleach. There is no bleach receptor on cells that lets it in and it then kills the cell...it tears through the cell and destroys ...	[ "Ok, let's first note that 6000 deaths is not actually \"immense\" for a battle of this size. Second, your question applies with even greater force to attacks across no-man's-land in the Great War. Why weren't the soldiers provided with armour plate to stop them being gunned down by the hundreds? The answer is thr...
How did we get the term for a magazine and didn’t just refer to them as a book?	[ "“Magazine” originally meant “storehouse” or something fairly similar (sort of how gun magazines store bullets). The way we use it now comes from one of the very first magazines which was called the “Gentleman’s Magazine” (i.e. the “Gentleman’s Storehouse [of knowledge]”). The word spread and now we pretty much o...	[ "That's easy. Before vehicles, the fastest you could go was pretty much limited to how fast your feet could carry you. However, there have always been heights deadly enough kill a person, so we evolved to be scared of those, and not how fast we could run." ]
Just how sanitary is it to brush our teeth with the same toothbrush every single night, with only a cursory rinse between uses? What could go wrong?	[ "The goal of brushing is to remove food residue. Toothpaste isn't necessary for this, but it provides lube, flavoring, and beneficial chemicals to maintain strong teeth. The human mouth is bursting with bacteria and brushing will never sterilize one's mouth--in fact, that would probably be counterproductive, becaus...	[ "I like to think of it like this: Lets say you are fixing a roof on a house (you are the only one that can do this), right after you tear off the roof, but before you you start rebuilding the roof, you get shot. Damn no one can use that house, as you are the only one that could fix the roof. * \"You\" -- Update Pro...
Why do most cartoon characters have 4 fingers instead of 5?	[ "It's simply easier to draw over and over. Fun fact: the only character on the Simpsons with five fingers is God." ]	[ "It isn't a diabolical plan to make tons of money by shorting you a piece. It was probably ten pieces in the past but then a price of one of the ingredients used to make it went up. This left the company to either raise the retail price of the gum or make the package smaller. The went with the second choice because...
When saving a document on Microsoft Word "A file name can't contain any of the following characters: \ / : * ? " < > \|". Why?	[ "Windows uses these symbols for searches, command-line instructions, and the paths that define file locations. If you save using one of these then Windows does not know whether that is the file name or should be performing some other action." ]	[ "Porn sites have a very limited pool of advertisers to pull from. The majority of advertisement networks will not deal with them because of their site content. I'm president of a non-profit that does conferences and workshops related to non-traditional relationships and sexuality. Our events totally above board, no...
Classes and Objects in programming	[ "A class is essentially a description of how a thing should work. An object of a class is an actual working thing, that fits the description. Example: A car has four wheels, an engine and a chassis. Using the pedals, you can accelerate or stop the car. Using the steering wheel, you can turn the car. This is the ...	[ "Open Source means that you can use the copyrighted code under certain restrictions. It does not automatically grant you patent rights or a license to use the trademarks- those are both separate. In the case of Java, you are only granted a patent license if you pay Oracle a boatload of money to certify your versi...
Question about the speed of light	[ "> Isn't the light technically traveling at the speed of light + 99.99% of itself from the viewpoint of someone outside of the ship? No; they also see the light traveling at the speed of light. Everyone sees the light traveling at the speed of light. This fact is the basis for the special theory of relativity." ]	[ "The formula E = mc^(2) holds only when in the rest frame of the particle (or system of particles). A single light particle has no rest frame, and so it's not the correct formula. The full formula, valid for all particles (massless or not) and in any frame is E^(2) = (mc^(2))^(2)+(pc)^(2), where p is the mo...
The Statute of Westminster	[ "It essentially severed the legal ties between Canada and the UK. Basically, from that point on, a law passed in the UK had no effect on laws in Canada. It's a common misconception that Canada gained independence from the UK in 1867. We did get significant autonomy over a considerable number of things, but we were ...	[ "Follow up question, did the downfall of the Spanish empire influence Britain's decision-making when forming the Commonwealth? Or was it the independence of the US that primarily influenced their choices?" ]
What makes desalinization so expensive that more countries (or states like California) don't use it as a viable drought option?	[ "Energy consumption, pure and simple. RO membranes, hydrolysis, evaporation, etc., all take energy. A lot of it." ]	[ "The software and facilities is a big cost, but not the largest. The largest cost is for the people who make the movie. When you want a live actor to walk across the screen you hire one person to walk across the screen. It takes a few seconds. When you want to show an animated person walk across the screen a pers...
Why is it so hard to find DNA on a mummy? Why can't the dried skin be used, or just under the skin?	[ "There are a couple of reasons: * DNA has a inherent half-life of 521 years, so after a couple of centuries, the amount of DNA that could be there is dramatically decreased. (Source: _URL_1_) * The most superficial layers of skin are composed of corneocytes which have lost their nucleus, so no DNA can be extracte...	[ "Several reasons: * Better technology. Many chambers were detected by sonar or radar. They would send a signal through the stones and listen for irregular echoes. Today's sonar and radar imaging techniques are better than they were in the past. The equipment is more sensitive, uses different frequencies, and with d...
Why when you get a tattoo is it permanent when your skin cells are constantly renewing?	[ "The skin cells that are shed and regenerated are on the upper layer of your skin. Tattoo ink is deposited below this layer, where the cells aren’t renewed this way. The surface layer of the skin is still always renewing, which is why tattoos fade over time, but the ink remains." ]	[ "Computers run on sets of instructions telling it how to run all the parts of the computer and build an interface so you can use those parts. Say you're following a recipe for a cake. Then you finish the cake and someone comes along with a better way to make a cake by adding another ingredient and changing how muc...
Why are train tracks built on rocks?	[ "the rocks, called ballast, is used to keep the railway ties (the wooden beams) in place and to allow for water drainage and to prevent vegetation from growing up through the tracks, possibly disturbing the position of the rails." ]	[ "Simple: Their music doesn't act as a confession. Music is a performance, you wouldn't arrest an actor for being a murderer just because they play one in a movie would you? Similarly you wouldn't arrest Eric Clapton for admitting he shot the sheriff, and you can't arrest a rapper for saying they are \"ridin' dirty\...
Why do I wake up a few minutes before my alarm goes off, even with an irregular sleep schedule?	[ "I do this a lot too. Its called 'Operant Conditioning.' Essentially, you actually end up training yourself into waking up before the alarm goes off because you know the noise that it makes will rudely wake you up. This rude awakening can be considered as negative reinforcement, a punishment. Initially, you wil...	[ "I don't think you are going to get a valid answer. Music in and of itself is a confusing scientific phenomena. Our attachment to it is a strange byproduct of various cortical functions. We don't really understand why it exists (though there are many theories, none with anything close to proof). The most likely exp...
Why is it that your body's response to heights and hanging on for life is to have sweaty palms?	[ "You're describing a situation where the person is having a fight-or-flight response. What is happening is that your sympathetic nervous system becomes activated so you can better cope with threats to your survival. Some of the benefits are * Increased blood flow to the muscles activated by diverting blood flow f...	[ "To scare people into making a confession, basically. If you threaten someone with the fact you can tell if they're lying and then inform them that they can make it easier on themselves to confess now to lighten their sentencing you can get a confession out of them faster. It's like playing good cop/bad cop. \"Make...
Obama signals support for medical marijuana bill backed by Rand Paul	[ "Why is this is a big deal? Right now, the federal government says marijuana is absolutely illegal, even for medical purposes, as a result medical marijuana dispensaries in states where it's legal are forced to operate semi-illegally, and can and have been subject to raids by the federal government, and patients wh...	[ "It probably is, but if the AG doesn't persue it, then the states can continue. However, at any point the feds could swoop in and arrest everyone involved, if they were so inclined." ]
Is there any proof or written recordings of Jesus’ miracles or the things he did besides in the Bible?	[ "Whilst not wanting to stifle discussion, but there was recently this wonderful answer [here](_URL_0_)" ]	[ "Have you read the [Apollo Flight Journal](_URL_1_) and the [Apollo Lunar Surface Journal](_URL_0_)? Those should pretty much answer any question you have on Apollo." ]
why is movie theater popcorn so much better than microwave bags?	[ "It's popped \"the old-fashioned way\". Popcorn popped over external heat with lots of oil is always better than the kind popped with naturally uneven microwave power." ]	[ "This is more of an opinion or discussion question than a concept you're looking to have explained. Not really a topic for ELI5. Maybe /r/askreddit" ]
If lottery money goes to 'education' then why are school so bad?	[ "Not all lottery money goes to education, lotteries by themselves don't cover all the costs of schools, and the major problems with school systems have little to do with funding." ]	[ "Because they would get sued. The legal system isn't like some kind of beep-boop robot that overlooks totally obvious loopholes. Any company that claimed \"No, we were really advertising the endorsement of Bill Gates, plumber, from Bumfuck, Nebraska.\" would get laughed out of court. As /u/Snewzie pointed out with ...
Can I find the wavelength of the color which I take a picture of?	[ "The situation is a little more complicated than that because what we see as colors are rarely a single wavelength. For example, there is no single wavelength that represents white, or brown, or pink (these are all colors that must be made from several wavelengths mixed together). The other problem here is that RGB...	[ "When photons are absorbed by an electron, they give that electron their energy. Every atom/molecule has a minimum energy requirement for a photon to kick an electron out of its atoms shell. if you have a high energy photon, such as Ultraviolet, then it can kick out electrons out of the molecules and atoms it inter...
How do plants harvest Carbon from CO2?	[ "Plants use photosynthesis to create a molecule called ATP, which holds immediately-usable energy. They use this energy to drive the [Calvin Cycle](_URL_0_), a complex chain of chemical reactions, to turn CO2 and water into glucose, a simple sugar. This sugar can be used as fuel for other cells, stored for later, o...	[ "To add a concrete example to what's already been stated: [The Sahara desert fertilizes the Amazon rainforest.](_URL_0_) Equatorial trade winds carry mineral dust (carbonates and oxides, mostly) from the Bodele depression in the Sahara to South America, significantly increasing the productivity of the Amazon basin....
When a rocket/ probe is launched for a long distance mission such as Voyager or the Mars Rover does it orbit the Sun like the planet's or just travel in a straight line?	[ "Neither. The planets orbit the Sun in circles (to a good approximation). That means they stay at the same distance. That is not useful if you want to go to other planets or leave the solar system. Interplanetary probes follow elliptic orbits. To get to Mars, for example, the orbit has its perihelion (the closest p...	[ "It's like in Mario Kart where if you drive off the side into the mud, the drag slows you down. If you drive back to the road in a perpendicular fashion, you minimize your time in the mud, but you've built up no momentum once you get to the road. If you drive parallel and angle yourself gradually toward the road, y...
After exposure to the same environment, what are some reasons one person might contract a virus but not someone else?	[ "Adenovirus infections are fairly common (respiratory illness or pink eye)-it is possible that your roommates have had the particular serotype in the past, and thus have an adaptive immune response already prepared: basically, since they've been exposed to those particular viral antigens, they can ramp up a strong ...	[ "Copper is rather expensive, so a single line usually runs from the home water entry point and is shared by all the bathroom fixtures. This means when water is drawn by two of the fixtures at the same time, there is less cold water for each of them. Showers get the right temperature by mixing a flow of hot and co...
Why didn't the government just let the banks fail in the financial crisis, and give the money they planned for the bailouts of the banks, to the people instead?	[ "Have you ever heard the term \"Too big to fail\" applied to banks? What that term effectively means is that the economy is so dependent on these specific banking institutions that if they were allowed to fail, the entire US economy would collapse with it. The Fed refused to allow these banking institutions to fail...	[ "If you ask for 1 pen, it costs you two dollars. If you ask for 100 000 pens, they will only cost you one dollar each. I prefer selling you 100 000 pens at half price, than selling you 1 at full price and have 99 999 sitting around doing nothing. In a similar way, if you ask for a small amount of money, you pay a b...
How can Google search the entire internet MUCH faster than my computer can search through my files?	[ "Google is faster, because Google has already done all the searching ahead of time, and built an index. Imagine you have a thousand page book, and I ask you to tell me every page with the word \"cat\" on it. The way your computer does the search is by flipping through each page one by one looking for the word \"cat...	[ "While _URL_0_ digitizes a lot of records from the past, that doesn't specifically tell you about your family. They way it knows about your specific family is that there are other people who have taken the time to enter their family trees on the site, and their ancestors match up with your ancestors. When you sta...
How did ancient armies decide which troops would be placed along the front lines ( which practically meant certain death ) ?	[ "I've also got a follow-up question. Since casualties were usually fairly low in a comon setting (by that i mean, with simpler tactics than Cannae), what do you think would have been the most general factor(s) for victory? Exhaustion? (Didn't see you had jind of closed the topic, sorry. But I don't think this quest...	[ "Is this a homework question? It says in our [rules](_URL_0_): Our users aren't here to do your homework for you, but they might be willing to help. Remember: AskHistorians helps those who help themselves. Don't just give us your essay/assignment topic and ask us for ideas. Do some research of your own, then come t...
How does intellectual property work for the video game suggestions?	[ "You cannot copyright concepts, only the specific expression of the concept. Design suggestions are only copyrighted as far as the literal words of the suggestion and the specific way it was proposed, but the contained idea is not." ]	[ "You have a file in a pc You have a IP address You write your IP on a file called .torrent file You upload the file in a website Someone uses that torrent file to download the main file using a protocol known as bittorrent Now two people have the file and the third person can download that file from both users sim...
Where does the concept of Earth as female come from?	[ "I can't tell you who the first people were to have a \"Mother Earth\" figure but I doubt the Greeks were the first. The feminine concept of Earth has everything to do with fertility though, it's just anthropormorphizing the planet rather than creating a separate entity to represent what occurs on it. Ex: Gaia vs....	[ "How is that any more \"ignorant of history\" than thinking Rome was founded by two brothers who were sucked by a wolf, or Thebes being founded by some dragon-slayer who followed a cow?" ]
Why don't your eyeballs freeze when you go outside and the temperature is at freezing point?	[ "Your eye has a substantial blood supply that keeps it toasty. If the surface gets too cold, you can blink or close your eyelid. [Here](_URL_0_) is an ELI5 friendly slideshow." ]	[ "The best way we have now to cool down a molecule is with “laser cooling”. We reached the lowest temperature ever, bringing a 3-atom molecule to withing a thousand of a kelvin of absolute zero. Molecules are a lot harder to cool down than individual atoms. The technique works by causing an electron bound to the ato...
Why I'm so willing to spend $20 on a case of beer and $10 more for pizza, but have a hard time spending $30 bucks on a pair of jeans and a tshirt that will last me months or possibly years?	[ "Because the beer and pizza is instant gratification. You spend the money and you get the item and enjoy it. With the clothes, you spend the money but won't necessarily wear the items right away. So you put them in your closet and wait to wear them. Since there's no instant gratification you are subconsciously not ...	[ "Digesting food takes roughly 4-6 hrs. Digesting food is very energy intensive, from releasing acids in the stomach, and digestive enzymes in the gut. When you take up nutrients, your insulin levels spike up from baseline and gradually decrease by the time you wake up you're feeling hungry because the insulin level...
Is the United States Peacetime Flag real? If so, why do we never see it in place of "Old Glory"?	[ "No its not real. Here is what Title 4 of the United States Code, the \"Flag Code\" says about the design of the official ensign: 1. The flag of the United States shall be thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate red and white; and the union of the flag shall be forty-eight stars, white in a blue field. 2. On...	[ "Many military bases host regular events showing off their war assets. Around here (DC Region) there's the Joint Service Open House, a weekend-long event held at Andrews AFB where just about every military land/sea/air unit you can think of is on display. It's essentially a huge airshow with military aircraft, whil...
Why can't these algae towers be used to oxinigate terrestrial planets like Mars?	[ "Production of an oxygen molecule via photosynthesis requires a water molecule. Algae farms like this probably will play a crucial role in making Mars habitable, but first we need to get the temperature up it gets down to 150 below on Mars. If we could boost the temperature a bit Mars would go into a self sustainin...	[ "To create oxygen? Omnipotence. To convert carbon dixoide to oxygen? Plants." ]
Could an iPod ever successfully shuffle an album in the correct order? What are the odds of this?	[ "Of course it could - provided it has a really random shuffle, i.e. if the album is shuffled the new sequence is taken from the set of all permutations with equal probability. This also gives you the probability: If the album has 12 tracks, then it has 12! = 12 * 11 * 10 * 9 * 8 * 7 * 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 = 479,001,60...	[ "_URL_2_ columnist William Saletan waded into this issue several years ago with similar questions to yours. Here's an article posted AFTER his initial article and several followups, all of which can be reached via links within the article. It's an interesting journey with commentary from psychologists, statistician...
those tablets that stop heart attacks on TV	[ "Heart attacks have different causes, and call for different meds. The ones from the movies with quick-acting tablets are probably showing ischemic heart disease and nitroglycerin tablets, where it works more or less like that." ]	[ "What you hear is misleading advertising. Scientists are pretty sure there is no one cure for cancer, because there are so many different kinds." ]
Matches in the bathroom	[ "it's the combination of the burnt sulfur compounds that allow the match to light as well as the smoke. In essence you are creating a smell that is smellier and has more scent molecules in the air than the poo. Like a counter irritant, except we find the smell of sulfur smoke to be more pleasant." ]	[ "So guys can plug in their electric razors. This is potentially valuable on long flights or overnight flights." ]
Why is prostitution Illegal, yet an an Escort service legal?	[ "It's a loophole. You are officially paying escorts for their time and companionship, the sex part is free with the purchase of companionship. Back when Chicago banned foie gras, there's a restaurant called Hot Doug that has always serves foie gras hot dogs. The owner said he's just selling the hot dog bun, the sa...	[ "Horse meat isn't rare at all. You can get it in many parts of europe. Tastes ok too. Anyway, that's culture. The same reason we think that bacon and eggs is a breakfast food, and don't eat grasshoppers." ]
What is the difference between drones which have recently become so popular and RC helicopters that have been around for years?	[ "The drones basically fly themselves. You don't have to tell it \"increase rotor speed on this rotor then decrease then do this etc.\" You just tell it \"go that way\" and its computer figures out what needs to happen to do that. Normal helicopters don't do that. You have to micromanage everything to make it fly......	[ "Ask Reddit is for personal opinions, stories, and the like. Essentially subjective answers to questions without hard answers. Something like \"whats your favorite food\" is a good post there ELI5 is for getting a simplified answer or explanation to a question that you don't understand. A good thread here would som...
How does the camera follow the bullet or tank shell in those videos of them in flight?	[ "Usually they use a rotating mirror that precisely matches the expected speed of the object. Because it sweeps out a large arc the mirror doesn't need to spin unreasonably fast." ]	[ "Evolution really: You track an object of interest with \"smooth pursuit\" because it has your distinct attention. When you're \"searching\" for an object to give your attention the eye moves differently and \"Saccades\" until it finds something to track. You do this when reading. You can train your eye to move sm...
The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) seem to be highly regarded in terms of their educational efforts. What made their efforts particularly noteworthy compared to those of other religious congregations?	[ "Thanks to both u/cdesmoulins and u/sunagainstgold for the truly fantastic responses. From someone who lives in a country where an impressive amount of private schools adhere to one or another religious doctrine, I always found the Jesuit´s pursuit to be a little different. Their teaching always seemed to be constr...	[ "I'd offer Massasoit of the Wampanoag who managed to use the Massachusetts Bay settlers to his advantage and play various parties off against one another to maintain peace through most of the 17th century. As for a lasting legacy, the Wampanoag still maintain a tribal identity and have a reservation on Martha's Vin...
AskHistorians Podcast 94 - Dr. Andrew Mangham - Dickens, Victorians, and Sensation Fiction, oh my!	[ "Just a reminder for those who missed it last time: Old episodes of the podcast are going up on [Youtube](_URL_0_) again. Daily." ]	[ "With trepidation, I will try my first posting of an image - one suitable for this question. This is [John Piper's Old Corner Bar](_URL_0_) in Virginia City, Nevada in late 1860, illustrated by Grafton Brown, an African American Artist who produced a Bird's Eye View of the town (with businesses illustrated around p...
What causes dandruff and how can it be removed permanently?	[ "> Dandruff is thought to be due to a combination of an over production of skin oil and irritation from a yeast called malassezia. > Stress, fatigue, weather extremes, oily skin, infrequent shampoos or skin cleaning, use of lotions that contain alcohol, skin disorders (such as acne), or obesity may increase the r...	[ "1. The different colors is just pigmentation just like skin pigmentation, or lack there of. 2. Genetics plays a huge roll in that, I can't remember the scientific names for it but there's a difference between Caucasian, African, and Asian descent hair. 3 & 4. No idea." ]
Why can't we move our eyes separately despite them being controlled by different muscles and neurones?	[ "I guess it depends on who \"we\" is. Check out [this video](_URL_0_ ). She might be a little spooky, but it's something some people at least can learn. Other people can move their ears, but that's somethign only dogs and cats should be able to do. It's a matter of practice. Eye coordination, so they point towards ...	[ "No fundamental reason. Software such as [ManyCam](_URL_0_) lets you do this, as well as the opposite (combining several cameras into one big supercamera source). It's just not included free with Windows because it's not a very popular feature." ]
Can someone please explain the basic concepts of Sabermetrics?	[ "This may be understood already but I'll mention it if it isn't. The reason this type of research has become prominent is that not every team has unlimited payroll. Consequently, some teams, most notably the Oakland Athletics as described in Micheal Lewis' excellent book Moneyball, began to look not at regular stat...	[ "To a 5 year old? Only Carl Sagan can do that.... _URL_0_ _URL_1_" ]
why do squirrels and other small animals run across the road in front of cars when they're safe where they were?	[ "We use erratic movements to confuse predators. The problem comes when things like cars aren't actually predators, so that unexpected darting brings death, instead of avoiding it." ]	[ "To get shorted you must be an active part of the circuit. In particular, you should close to ground. On a wire, imagine there is current flowing. A bird on the wire is actually a resistor in parallel to an (almost) zero resistance resistor, which is the wire itself. The resistance of the bird is immensely higher t...
Why do thick books set off the alarm when going through security at the airport?	[ "It's the same thing with Magic: the Gathering cards. From the side, the cards (or in your case the pages of the thicker books) look like a bunch of blades. Taking them out of your bag should help get through without additional checks." ]	[ "The way they are generally sold to the public, they aren't. However all laws are written in words. Words can be interpreted and reinterpreted by anyone. Say for example I'm a power hungry madman making my way up the ladder of politics. If I wish, I can redefine a terrorist as anyone. If you don't agree with me, th...
Are child actors in horror movies allowed to watch the finished film? If yes, is it okay for them?	[ "It's possible to be IN the film without seeing the final cut. Is it okay? They know it's not real, and, having seen all the stuff that goes on behind the scenes, the film is anti-climatic to them. \"Looking behind the curtain\", so to speak, destroys the illusion. I once saw an online comment by a woman who though...	[ "This is more sociological than biological, but there is something called the Relative Age Effect where the arbitrary dates placed on age groups for youth sports leads to children born towards the earlier dates to be more successful and likely to become professional than the kids born later in the date range. For ...
please ELI5 what the sound is when i put a cup near my ear	[ "[Source](_URL_0_) The cup (or shell) amplifies the ambient noise, which is the thing you hear. Many people believe it's an echo of your blood, this can easily be disproved. Try to exercise and put the cup to the ear. The noise is no louder, even if you hearth is beating faster." ]	[ "The waves very literally add up and stack one atop the other! On the left in this image is a sound wave, on the right is the individual frequencies that make it up: _URL_0_ You see the big drop and the big peak? Notice how all the other waves have peaks there as well. This is the kind of thing a video example wou...
Do electrons exist at a specific place at a given time?	[ "> I am having a difficult time getting a straight answer out of physicists for this question. (That's sometimes good indication that the question isn't very well-posed or uses expressions which don't really have a defined meaning within physics.) Rather than talking about \"existing\" you should talk about their s...	[ "> assuming they were equidistant from the source. Who's \"they\", and who's \"the source\"? If \"the source\" is the satellite over Denver, and it is momentarily equidistant from a receiver in California and another in New York, then simultaneous instantaneous transmissions sent at that moment will be received sim...
How come water doesn't freeze over in a water tower during cold winters?	[ "[They do freeze. They just don't normally freeze solid. In the more extreme climates, like North Dakota, engineers incorporate heating systems into the tank design...](_URL_0_)" ]	[ "Has to do with the angles formed by the hydrogen with the oxygen. They clump together based on water being polar. This clumping forms larger patterns associated with these angles. These grow until it forms we think of as snowflakes. Varous enviromental factors impact how these crystals grow into snowflakes. [_URL_...
what 'Stalemate' is in chess.	[ "It's when it's your turn, and you're not in check, but you have no legal moves. (If you're in check, and have no legal moves to stop it, it's a \"checkmate\" and you lose.) The game ends in a draw if that happens." ]	[ "There is a site, _URL_9_, that does an ELI5 for each xkcd strip. This particular strip is explained here: _URL_9_/wiki/index.php/1545:_Strengths_and_Weaknesses Your question isn't answered directly in the Wiki, but it does contain a link to the MCA (Most Common Ancestor) wiki article, here: _URL_11_" ]
How is Computer Science a Science?	[ "Computer science would be better called computing science. It's a branch of mathematics which deals with how to calculate certain mathematical quantities (someone can be more specific if they want). It's not the study of electronic computers. A typical computer science question would be \"What is the least numbe...	[ "This video from Sagan will help. I couldn't explain it in a better way. _URL_0_" ]

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