Subset (10)

eli5 · 25k rows

Split (1)

train · 25k rows

query stringlengths 20 300	positive listlengths 1 1	negative listlengths 1 1
What are the fundamental force field lines made of?	[ "Field lines are a tool to help you visualize, field lines don't exactly exist. The fields themselves are just fundamental. They aren't made out of anything, they are the \"stuff\" that makes things. Our pinnacle theory, the standard model of particle physics, just assumes that there exists fields for the photon, ...	[ "The PE works whenever the frequency of the light is high enough to knock bound electrons into continuum states. So somewhere around the visible-UV region is the minimum, and then anything with a higher frequency works as well." ]
Do eskimos still build igloos or is that an ancient thing?	[ "I'd equate this to the question of, \"Do Native Americans still build Tipis, or that an ancient thing?\" The answer to that question is yes, absolutely, but almost entirely in the name of traditions. Modern Native Americans have houses, cell phones, cars, computers and internet... That is, modern Native Americans ...	[ "Do you have a particular geographical region or time period in mind? You're more likely to get a good answer if you are more specific than \"people in the past\"." ]
Could you just sit in cooler temperatures to burn calories?	[ "Yes. There are two components to this: shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis. The latter is driven by brown adipose tissue (BAT) which has only recently been investigated in detail in humans. If you do a search on Google Scholar using some of the above terms (also \"cold-induced thermogenesis\"), you'll find l...	[ "Wow - you seem confused. First of all: Check out _URL_1_ Second: Work out your Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE) here: _URL_0_ If you want to lose weight, then eat 500kcal below this value CONSISTENTLY. Note that the TDEE calculation takes exercise into account. You can absolutely lose weight without exercisin...
How does soap make things clean?	[ "It helps water wash stuff off your body. Stuff like grease, or oils, or fats don't mix well with water, making them hard to wash off with water alone. Soap and other detergents are amphiphillic; that means they mix well with both water and fats/oils. So when you scrub something with soap, you make the soap attach ...	[ "Pictures on TV screens and computer screens are made from a whole bunch of teeny-tiny dots of lots of different colours. More dots, all jammed really, really close together, means the picture looks better. 'Cause the dots are less noticeable. And there's way more details. That's hi-def. More dots." ]
why we think we look worse when a picture of us is flipped ie from a forward facing camera?	[ "I think \"worse\" in this context is just how jarring the differences are. We see ourselves reflected all the time. In mirrors and pictures. Flipping the image is just so different that it looks almost unsettling, hence \"worse.\"" ]	[ "commercialism. if you were happy with your old stuff, you wouldn't need to buy new stuff. all the designers and manufacturers come out with new looking stuff and market the old stuff as ugly and new stuff as pretty in order to make money. our tastes are hugely influenced by others." ]
Why is pH measured from 1-14 with the "neutral" being 7?	[ "Well the pH scale isn't itself arbitrary, it is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration/activity. Of course one could define a different scale derived from the former quantity, but I suppose the implicit consensus is that the current scale works well enough as is." ]	[ "Say you have a banana and an apple. How many ways can you arrange those on a table? You can put the banana on the table. You can put the apple on the table. You can put both on the table, or you can put none of them on the table. There are four ways total that you can arrange these fruits. This represents 2 to the...
If I set my car's AC to 72 degrees, will my car use less energy if the outside temperature is 78 instead of 90?	[ "It would use less energy, yes. The reason is that the compressor and fans will still be using the same amount of power, but the AC will be on for shorter periods of time because the time taken to cool from 78 to 72 is shorter than from 90 to 72. The car also will absorb much more energy if the outside temperature ...	[ "A few reasons, first you may remember from high school chemistry the ideal gas law. PV=nRT, where P=pressure, V=volume, n= number of moles, R is a constant and T is temperature. If you spray a pressurized gas (the propellant in the can), which is typically butane or propane, as the gas comes out of the spray nozz...
How can we estimate a quantifiable amount of mass to exist in the universe, and speculate the universe to be infinite simultaneously?	[ "Estimates of the 'mass of the universe' are for the mass contained in the observable universe, which is a sphere just under 100 billion light years across. If the universe has infinite spatial extent beyond that, which I personally find likely, then you're right, you couldn't define a 'total mass contained in the ...	[ "We essentially don't - we just guess But it's a VERY educated guess. Physicists over the years have conducted thousands and thousands of experiments that have shown that the laws of physics remain constant. In the absence of any evidence or any (provable) theory to say otherwise physics is able to proceed under th...
Why when I hear a puppy / dog whine I instinctively want to check on it, but when I hear a baby cry I get annoyed and want it to shut up?	[ "* Dogs crying are usually quieter than babies. * Dogs problems are easier to solve than babies. * Dogs are cuter than babies. * Babies cry over the stupidest shit." ]	[ "The kind of extreme poverty you're talking about is actually pretty rare. Dying of hunger and thirst are usually caused by a period of bad weather, and are in a sense more like localised events than sustained realities of x country. Generally speaking people don't live in places that can't sustain life. /u/the_or...
When life expectancy was 30, did people die of 'natural causes' or did they all die horribly from disease?	[ "A life expectancy of 30 doesn't mean that most people died around age 30. The reason for shockingly low life expectancy statistics for most of our history is that there was a high infant and early childhood mortality rate. You were in fact more likely to die as a infant or young child; otherwise, if you survived u...	[ "Your question is like: > Why do people keep telling me to take a pill my doctor prescribes when in ye olden days people didn't have access to the same pills? Clean water is way easier to get now than it was then. Since you have access to clean water you should use it. In the same way, getting a doctor to prescri...
How and when did we discover the lack of oxygen outside of our atmosphere?	[ "According to [this section](_URL_0_) of the Wikipedia article for atmospheric pressure, we knew about and were making accurate measurements of the drop off in pressure with increasing altitude by 1774. > Wikipedia: An important application of the knowledge that atmospheric pressure varies directly with altitude w...	[ "Because when you sit back and think about how technologically advance it was, especially for that time, it is truly mind blowing. Even by today's standards just say it to your self \"We can send humans into space in a ship, land on another surface that is not earth, and send that video footage back down to earth t...
How what my mother ate while she was pregnant with me affects me? As in if she ate chicken a lot during her pregnancy. And I love chicken but she generally doesn't like chicken.	[ "A person can crave different things in pregnancy because of shifting hormones or a lack of certain vitamins or minerals. For example, craving ice during pregnancy can be very common and it can sometimes be due to a lack of iron. Pregnancy can also alter your sense of smell which will also alter your sense of taste...	[ "You ever wonder what Willy-Coyote would do the day after he catches Road Runner? He has spent decades, his whole existence, building elaborate traps and now the reason for doing it is gone. You think he might build traps (or design them) for old times sake? That is you. We won the evolution game. For our whole exi...
Would fish be affected be weightlessness in space?	[ "Yes. They would be weightless as would the water around them. They would notice or 'feel' this because a) fisk normally will sink if they don't compensate for gravity through either movement or buoyancy. In microgravity they don't have to worry about this which might be a bit strange for them. b) Currents would no...	[ "[According to this article](_URL_0_) most of the degradation of DNA is due to water and the rest is due to enzymes. Since metabolic activity is basically none during suspended animation its safe to rule out enzyme degridation. Now depending on where the tardigrade is during its suspension becomes the biggest facto...
Why do non-clinical people (receptionists, etc.) in doctor’s offices wear scrubs?	[ "People in reception, particularly in small offices, may wear a variety of hats during the day. Just because they are in reception at that moment doesn't mean they can't do other things where scrubs may be helpful. But primarily it becomes a uniform. Most of the other people working there wear scrubs so wearing the...	[ "In a rotary phone the 0 is 10 'dits' or pulses, so it made sense to put 0 next to 9 instead of next to 1. On keypads the 0 and 1 are the most used for calculations and math stuff so they out those together on other keyboards and calculators." ]
Has the mass of earth changed over the last thousand years? How much and why?	[ "1000 years? Probably not significantly in any way. Geologically that is like 1/2 a second." ]	[ "Back then people still needed jobs, now they dont and can practice harder for longer. And science helps by showing then methods on improving motions. You cam find cool videos on youtube" ]
How are HIV positive individuals "reinfected" by other positive individuals?	[ "One of the hallmarks of HIV is an extremely high mutation rate; even if you have one strain, it's very easy to get a second strain which may be more drug-resistant, more fast-acting, or otherwise worse than the strain you currently have." ]	[ "THIS is an excellent question and I look forward to reading more informed answers. But I believe that the money is simply wired from one central bank to another central bank. (Of course, aid takes on many forms -- sometimes aid is provided in the form of physical goods, and what gets reported is the value of those...
What's so special about syrup from maple trees? why aren't other trees used?	[ "You mean you've never had Eucalyptas syrup? It's awesome, but only if you want your pancakes to taste like shit." ]	[ "Shorter growing season in Canada - earlier harvest. Try harvesting in November, you'd have to dig your crops out from under the snow." ]
If the average digestion process takes about 24 - 72 hours, why certain things (like Taco Bell) seem to feel like they "go right through you".	[ "Also, why the hell can't Redditors digest Taco Bell?" ]	[ "In the USA, a patent has a proprietary time frame. (maybe the correct term) I believe it is 17 years. Once that time frame is up, they can't use your logo or brand name, but they can use the general aspects of your patent." ]
Why does the American presidential race cost millions of dollars?	[ "Travel, opening campaign offices in each state, television and radio ads, and paying everyone who works for the campaign, from those who research your opposition, to those who manage your website -- it's a year+ long process with a lot more than a few speeches and shaken babies." ]	[ "This is a very common question. You can use search to find [all the other really good answers](_URL_0_ ). This is instant, and faster than ust typing in your question every time. It's a way of cheating elections. Read the others, and then ask a more specific question." ]
Counterfeiting in the Ancient World?	[ "Quite a bit, actually. Regrettably, my prof who is an expert on ancient coins(Dr. Robert Weir) is on sabbatical so I can't pry his ears for more info... One technique used in Athens was to have someone with a pair of clippers at the Acropolis who would verify the validity of coins by cutting them to see the core. ...	[ "Follow up questions: was there any sort of tutelage against plagiarism, something like an ante litteram copyright law? How did people proved plagiarism, if possible?" ]
What will happen to flight after we run out of oil?	[ "One option that might be viable would be [electric or bio-fuel combined with hydrogen/helium for lighter-than-air or \"neutral-bouyancy\" flight.](_URL_3_) As solar-cells, batteries and strong composite structural materials become lighter, it becomes more feasible [to incorporate electric in flight.](_URL_2_) Comb...	[ "War. EDIT: Oh. Super sorry about that. I mean that because of WWI the aviation industry made some massive leaps in a very small amount of time to try and get an edge in the war. Same with WWII. The technology they had at the beginning of the wars was obsolete once or twice over by the end. I have a source somewher...
[meta]ELI5: When did ELI5 become Diet AskScience?	[ "Those comments are very simplified explanations for things that could have had far more complex explanations. ELI5 is just for layman explanations, it doesn't mean it has to be literally ELI5. Yes, there has been a trend to somewhat more involved explanations, but whereas some questions can be answered beautifully...	[ "You can change to \"simple English\" on the left side of the page, in the list of languages. And it will show you a more basic explanation of the topic written in language everyone should be able to understand." ]
What is the difference between experimental art, avant-garde art, outsider art and amateur art?	[ "experimental art: same thing as avant garde. avant-garde: avant garde art is art that pushes boundaries and uses techniques/methods that have not been seen before. outsider art: this is art done by someone who didn't go to art school, and is not somehow linked into the art-world. amateur art: this is just any ...	[ "Pharmaceutically? Nothing. There are VERY strict guidelines in place, all drugs have to be exactly the same in make up. Psychologically? A lot. Say you pay £0.45 for a pack of generic paracetamol, psychologically this WILL NOT work as well* as £4 pack of panadol. (Exactly the same active ingredients, excuse the br...
Is there actually something behind, "Picture the audience with their clothes off"?	[ "It's a mechanism used to make you feel more comfortable. The idea is that if you think everyone is in an uncomfortable space it levels out with how uncomfortable you are and you aren't feeling as \"judged\"." ]	[ "Simply put for the same reason drinking water when you're not thirsty isn't as refreshing as when you're REALLY thirsty. Anticipating the bodies' needs doesn't trigger the same reward responses in the brain as fulfilling a need that is already present. Your muscles don't NEED to stretch right now, so you can't ant...
Why do the Oscars award movies from the previous year?	[ "They're held around the end of February. If they held Oscar's 2017, awarding only movies from 2017, they would only have two months of movies to award. Then, when February 2018 came around, they would miss the other 10 months of films of 2017 because they could only focus on films released in 2018 (a 2 month span)...	[ "This is a very common question. You can use search to find [all the other really good answers](_URL_0_ ). This is instant, and faster than ust typing in your question every time. It's a way of cheating elections. Read the others, and then ask a more specific question." ]
Are there 'micro-sounds' ?	[ "Yes, of course. If you convince an ant to walk on the membrane of a microphone, you could record the sound of its little legs quite easily. Perhaps use a loudspeaker instead of a microphone (they are interchangeable to some extent), because it has a larger membrane. Seems like a nice science project for a week-end...	[ "You are probably talking about some kind of electron microscopy (most likely [Scanning Electron Microscopy](_URL_0_)). These images are grayscale because they are simple intensity maps. Now, you are completely right in thinking that it would not work to acquire images of ~30 nm components using standard optical mi...
Five months after losing the Battle of Julu in 207 BCE, 200,000 Qin soldiers surrendered to the Chu armies and were buried alive. How common were mass executions of this nature in the ancient world, and how exactly were they carried out?	[ "As far as I know, the only other instance when surrendering soldiers were buried en masse was the Battle of Changping in 260 BCE. As for how it's done, I'm afraid there doesn't seem to have any detailed records." ]	[ "Pretty much. In fact, California in general had a rather high population density in pre-Columbian times. Game was indeed plentiful, and so was plant-based food (which is a given considering the abundance of animals). The Yokuts, the Miwok's neighbors to the south, had an average of 70,000 people throughout their t...
How does gravity affect electromagnetic waves?	[ "Electromagnetic waves travel on the background we call spacetime. Simplistically, you can imagine it like cars and trucks (EM waves) on the highway (spacetime). Here's the most succinct statement of Einstein's gravitation, > Spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve. - John Wheeler ...	[ "> I think it's just a delay in the OS's process to update the display And you are almost correct. It's not the display (which can be updated immediately), it's the OS that takes a little time trying to reconnect to the network before deciding it is really down. Your roommate doesn't know what he/she is talking abo...
How was homosexuality treated in Ancient Egypt?	[ "[This previous discussion](_URL_0_) might help. In a nutshell: homosexuality was known to happen, but was frowned upon. Sex without the possibility of procreation was considered morally offensive to the divine guardians of fertility." ]	[ "As a follow up: Was his book 'The seven pillars of wisdom' well received in middle eastern countries around the time of its release in 1926?" ]
Why is argon the most abundant noble gas in Earth's atmosphere?	[ "Ar-40 is a product of radioactive decay of potassium-40 (and K is one of the most abundant elements in the crust). Most of the Ar in our atmosphere is derived from radioactive decay." ]	[ "You're missing something about _enthalpy_. They lose energy when they bond, meaning that energy is given off as heat, which creates more entropy than is lost by forming a bond. The entropy of the atoms and their surroundings as a whole increases. An _isolated_ system moves towards greater entropy. If you bring a ...
How does leasing a car work?	[ "Leasing is basically just long term renting. You agree to pay a monthly fee/payment to use the car which is often restricted by how many miles per year you can put on the vehicle. However, they will often have warranties and/or allow you to trade in the car for a new/newer one at the end of the lease for relativel...	[ "This CGP Grey video does a really good job of explaining it all. _URL_3_" ]
If photons have no mass, and through F=ma have no force, then how does a solar sail work?	[ "F=ma is a simplification that we use for everyday physics. The actual equation is F=dp/dt, i.e. force is the derivative of momentum with respect to time. Photons do have momentum, even though they don't have mass. A photon's momentum is p = h/λ (λ is wavelength, h is a fundamental constant), so shorter wavelengths...	[ "Color is really a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum we call visible light (you may recall ROY G BIV for the colors of the rainbow, that range of colors is visible light). Each section of the EM spectrum has a certain energy, and depending on what energy is present you have a different color. Things that are ...
What exactly is Déjà vu and what neurological events are happening to make it occur?	[ "Nobody knows for sure, is the short answer. The slightly longer but still short answer is that the best guess anyone has is that it's a temporary \"short circuit,\" of a sort, involving your long-term and short-term memory. Your knowledge of things that happened to you two seconds ago comes out of your short-ter...	[ "_URL_0_ The wikipedia article is excellent and better than any of the answers in here so far. If you have specific parts you don't understand, ask away and I can help explain them to you." ]
Are there any classic signs/symptoms that indicate someone is about to have a heart attack?	[ "In the boy scouts we learned that a heart attack is characterized by: Nausea, Excess Sweating, Chest pain, Weakness/faintness, and Shortness of breath. Heart attack or not if you or someone around you had these symptoms I'd be pretty concerned" ]	[ "A lot of political commentators are disingenuous. In 2008, it was pretty clear on election eve McCain was done for. More so for Bob Dole in 1996. But if you are say, Rush Limbaugh, and you have a bunch of followers, you will never say \"this one isn't going to be close, might as well stay at home\". You are going ...
How do we grow seedless grapes (or other seedless fruits)? Don’t we need seeds to regrow fruits?	[ "Grape farmers (vintners) never plant grape seeds. Same with apples, pears, peaches, basically any commercial fruit is grown from cuttings, rather than seeds. They're clones, and people have been cloning them since at least 1500 BC. All you need to do to clone a plant is to cut a piece off with a knife, attach it...	[ "Every time you make a copy of a cell, there is a chance for errors. For example when you photocopy a first print, it is pretty crisp and close to the original, but there are a few minor discrepencies. Now if you photocopy the copy, it gets more distorted, and so on until some letters get hard to read, it gets diff...
Why doesn't the graph of y=x^x show any negative x values?	[ "/u/TheBB gives a thorough explanation, but I'll point out that x^x when x is negative is generally complex when x is not an integer, so you have to look at the real and imaginary parts individually. For example, (-1/2)^-1/2 is the reciprocal square root of a negative number, which is purely imaginary. That looks l...	[ "If you ask for 1 pen, it costs you two dollars. If you ask for 100 000 pens, they will only cost you one dollar each. I prefer selling you 100 000 pens at half price, than selling you 1 at full price and have 99 999 sitting around doing nothing. In a similar way, if you ask for a small amount of money, you pay a b...
The Presidential candidates in these up coming elections	[ "Similar [questions has been asked many times](_URL_2_). Please refer to those questions for further information. [This might be the simplest summary for Republican candidates](_URL_0_). Note that as of now, only Romney, Santorum, Gingrich, and Paul are still in the race. Obama is the incumbent president, therefo...	[ "Are you interested in a particular country or region? I suspect the answer to your question may vary quite a bit based on location." ]
How the hell does a tree farm make any money?	[ "Grow trees for pennies, sell for dollars. Repeat. Profit." ]	[ "Generally speaking, they don't. Startups like this cruise for years on investment capital in the hopes that they can (i) sell themselves to a bigger company; or (ii) find out a way to monetize the service themselves. It's also interesting you ask, since Instagram (which was bought by facebook) is now exploring mon...
. After the Civil Rights movement, how long did it take to change from racism being acceptable towards being socially unacceptable?	[ "It has taken from then until now, and it is still happening." ]	[ "Sorry, we don't allow [\"trivia seeking\" questions](_URL_0_). These tend to produce threads which are collections of disjointed, partial responses, and not the in-depth discussions about a particular topic we're looking for. If you have a specific question about an historical event, period, or person, please feel...
Heart Bypass Surgery	[ "Heart bypass surgery is when they reroute blood around a blocked blood vessel in your heart. They basically take a vein from some where else in your body (usually the leg) and attach it above the blockage and then attach the other end below the blockage as a detour around the block. The number (triple, quadruple),...	[ "I'm interested to know whether there would be any problems from the lack of a certain volume of food going through the gut? (Edited to make more sense)" ]
Why are the Chinese taking over Africa?	[ "Africa has lot of natural resources and needs lots of money. China has lots of money and a growing need for natural resources. Its nothing new, the US and Europe have been doing the same things for a very long time. China is just the newest player in the \"let's fuck Africa\" game." ]	[ "So, I don't know if you know this, but Blackstone did just what you are suggesting. After the housing crash of 2009, they went out and bought up homes in different cities. They put them all under the umbrella of a REIT (real estate investment trust) called \"Invitation Homes\" and then spun it out in an IPO a few...
Why some women enjoy being lightly choked during sex	[ "It is a display of dominance, which is itself a display of power. Women tend to enjoy powerful lovers as this would confer a survival advantage to their offspring through superior genetic stock." ]	[ "Evolution. People who didn't get that weird feeling when dangling their limbs from the trees they were sleeping on were killed by cheetahs." ]
With trees being as abundant and relatively defenseless as they are, why are there so few animals that eat them?	[ "Good answers above, but I wanted to point out a flaw in the OP's thought process. Flora is not defenseless. Tough to ingest and digest cellulose fibers limit what wants to eat plants. Many are toxic. Thorns, brambles, thistles, etc... has evolved to thwart attackers. Some plants just evolved to grow faster than th...	[ "I can give a very cursory answer, but you might get a much better answer by cross posting in /r/askanthropology. Hunting deer doesn't require a lot of equipment - it is not so difficult even for just an individual with a bow and arrows. Larger game, like mammoth, were probably group efforts. We also have evidence...
How come when people get the treatment for cancer, their nails don't fall off as well as their hair.	[ "They do. As the brilliant Sterling Archer puts it, toenails \"pop off like pogs\" during chemotherapy." ]	[ "Anyone feel free to add but according to a PHD in physics: \"They do, and you've just never noticed. But if you have a big enough mirror and can point it toward a radio tower, you can test it out yourself. Point this big mirror at the FM radio tower, and get out a portable FM radio. Now start at the mirror and sta...
What would happen if you left a steak on the Moon?	[ "It will freeze-dry at night and boil in vacuum during the day. With a bit of practice, salt and spices you could probably do a decent beef jerky. Be warned that the surface of the moon is rich in calcium oxide and other basic compounds, which are bad for you and will make the steak taste bitter. Use only clean su...	[ "If you can't find an answer here you can always try e-mailing whatif@xkcd.com and hope it gets featured there, because it sounds like a question that would fit. Sorry I can't help any further =/" ]
Why cant I see the number in colorblind tests but I can see all the individual colors and shades of colors?	[ "I'd hazard a guess here and say that you're color blind and have some misconceptions about what that means. Color blind doesn't mean \"can't see colors at all\" but that you have trouble distinguishing between certain colors. So you might, for example, see a bunch of green dots of slightly varying hue and saturati...	[ "You know how authors write long stories using letters and words and the rules of grammar and writing? Its just like that. With enough knowledge of how to read (math), these kinds of explanations make sense. Dont feel bad that you cant read it. Its just like if you tried to read a story in a language you dont know....
Why is drinking distilled water bad?	[ "It is only a concern if it is the only thing you're drinking AND you are fasting for long periods of time. Yes it does leech out some minerals from your body, but normal intake of food and other beverages will easily replace it." ]	[ "Because it’s your bodies way of clearing your air pipe, you kinda need that thing clear so you can breathe" ]
What is a caffeine crash?	[ "So, contrary to how it feels, what caffeine does isn't \"wake you up,\" it \"stops you from feeling tired.\" Leaning a bit more towards ELI15, you feel tired/drowsy thanks to a brain chemical called \"adenosine.\" Adenosine is the chemical in your brain that creates that feeling, and caffeine has the unique struc...	[ "Dude, I typically experience the opposite, usually you're wiped out before making the trip back, and energized and active on the way there." ]
Are there any other species besides humans that are able to play games with rules?	[ "I guess you'll have to define 'rules'. Anytime an animal is 'playing', one rule might be 'don't kill what you're playing with'. If you mean something like, say, 'chase me but you can have to keep your eyes closed', or the like, I'd say resoundingly yes, many animals understand the concept of play in a wide variet...	[ "You mean like giant tortoises, which live to be over 150? Or deep sea perch that can live to be over 140? Or Glass Sponges that live to be over 10,000 years old?" ]
Why does chewing more prevent weight gain?	[ "Food takes time to reach the stomach, and you'll notice if you eat and then wait you'll be less hungry. Chewing more simply takes more time to do, and so you get full with less food" ]	[ "It takes your mind off the object you're focusing on. Similarly, if you're in the same place you learned the information, random things can help jog your memory" ]
Why the Saudi government would have backed an attack on the US?	[ "I think it's important to note that the government per se did not back 9/11, but that some people IN the government may have. That's a pretty significant distinction. Edit to add that the Pakistani government is far more guilty of this sort of thing than Saudi Arabia." ]	[ "Greetings everyone. In the few minutes this sub has been up, it's attracting sub-standard responses. Just a reminder of a few of the rules: * no responses covering events/conditions post-1994, per this sub's \"20-year rule\" prohibiting discussion of current events * no anecdotes * no speculation OP: your question...
How is the regurgitation risk managed in emergency surgery?	[ "A Rapid sequence induction is performed. This helps minimises the risk (but does not remove it) But if you’ve been hit by a car or are bleeding out... the risk benefit ratio is a bit different to that dodgy toenail isn’t it... Basically, we just accept that you might vomit and be really unwell. It’s an acceptable ...	[ "Not sure where you live, but I have not seen a hospital that had more than one helicopter. That helicopter would communicate with ATC when going through controlled airspace, but no need to communicate with the hospital for landing permission." ]
How can objects be radiometrically dated by seeing carbon14 concentrations in them, even though the carbon atoms are much older then the objects themselves?	[ "Radiocarbon dating only works for organic compounds. TL;DR is the ratio of C14 to C12 are stable over time on the earth. While alive, organic things (plants, animals,..) have the same ratio of C14 as the atmosphere. When they die, they stop replenishing C14 supplies and in turn, they decay. So by comparing the lef...	[ "Cigarettes, or rather cigarette smoke, contains a lot of chemical called carcinogens. Carcinogens are defined as chemicals that cause cancer. The mechanism of action varies widely for different carcinogens, but the general principle is that they somehow interfere with normal DNA synthesis and/or cell replication. ...
When there are multiple people talking around me or there is a lot of noise around me, how am i able to choose what I'm hearing and comprehending? Does it work like a camera focusing on the image in the foreground then refocusing on an image in the background?	[ "> The cocktail party effect is the phenomenon of being able to focus one's auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli, much the same way that a partygoer can focus on a single conversation in a noisy room. _URL_0_" ]	[ "On normal cameras? No. The film or sensors in standard film or digital cameras simply records what light is on them. The recording medium needs to be at precisely the correct distance from the focal point of the camera lens, or else the picture will be out of focus. To focus the picture, we move the lenses towards...
why do pigeons and some other birds bob their head as they walk about?	[ "Accord [to this website](_URL_0_) it's also to stabilise vision. Pigeons and some birds don't track movement like we do so moving their head quickly from place to another helps them build snapshots of the world around them. Maybe a bit like a ballerina twirling - if they spun their head around at the same speed as...	[ "The dance language is universal but there are regional dialects. While the specific parts of the dance language are the same, such as the waggling of the abdomen to represent distance and the the angle of rotation to represent direction, the exact translation between waggles and angles to specific distances and di...
How can evidence found by the NSA be admissible in court?	[ "The problem is that a lot of what the NSA does is arguably legal. When the NSA collects online data, they're targeting interactions with foreign countries, which is subject to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. If they approve, then it's legal. Another problem is that the Supreme Court has never declared...	[ "Because most people who do not live in a cave realized decades ago that this has been going on. Very few people and/ or countries are that naive, not to know that this is going on in every country in the world" ]
Did the U.S. Supreme Court also just decide that I can't patent my own genes?	[ "You already couldn't patent your own genes, because you didn't invent or discover them." ]	[ "Companies bid to buy the recipes for things like twinkies." ]
How did the rocky mountains form?	[ "The Rocky Mountains were formed through plate tectonics, just like most mountains. There is not a plate boundary near them now, but they are believed to have been closer to one around the time of there formation during the [Laramide orogeny](_URL_0_), they were slowly forced up over the course of millions of years...	[ "Some proof of this. I'm an engineer/machinist. A company I do work for makes kettles (furnaces for extracting precious metals). These things normally go to Siberia, Africa and North America. We was doing one for Ireland which was unusual. The reason he told me was, whilst mining a very rich seam in Canada a very c...
why do cats like to sit on defined spaces like pieces of paper or tape circles?	[ "[Here's](_URL_0_) a \"Why do cats sit in boxes?\" thread on r/AskScience from a few years ago. I believe the general gist is the box/paper/area is a defined space, which something something behavior something something." ]	[ "Do you have a fly screen over the window? If so what you are observing is a [Moiré pattern](_URL_0_) being projected onto the window. Essentially the light is passing through the screen and the light waves get split up and then interact with each other causing spots of superposition where some regions are darker a...
Can you make a human or animal grow bigger/stronger by giving them a rich supply of oxygen from the time of birth?	[ "Not really. It would take a lot of mutations to change the physical structure of a human, or any other animal. All the extra oxygen did before, was alter the range of possible mutations where an animal could survive. It didn't make animals bigger. it just made it possible for bigger animals to survive." ]	[ "The power you get in your voice should actually be pushed out from your stomach. Your lips shouldn't be more then 2-3 fingers apart at any given time. Over time ( because the larynx is a muscle) you will train it to be able to actually project a very loud sound with hardly any effort. For examples of this you need...
How does acupuncture work?	[ "In general, it doesn't. There has been no scientific proof that it works in the manner that is classically described (Qi, energy meridians, and so forth). However, many people have found relief for various medical issues because of acupuncture treatments. There are many reasons for this, usually attributed to con...	[ "Could somebody explain how, if true, small amounts of alcohol is good for you?" ]
Why and how do we physically feel our hearts when we have strong emotions? Like in the phrase "my heart skipped a beat" or "my heart dropped" for example.	[ "your body doesn't take chances. So when ever any kind of stress comes along (Physical or emotional) it does the same thing: gets ready to act. you feel it change suddenly because that's exactly what happens. It immediately changes how fast and strong its beating to supply your body with more energy to deal with wh...	[ "Science isn't concerned with \"knowing\" anything. Science is about finding explanations for observations, and through experimentation either confirm or deny those explanations. They say \"we know\" instead of \"we think\" because there is a large body of evidence for that explanation, and many other explanations...
How accurate is the depiction of the japanese culture in the TV-miniseries Shōgun (1980)?	[ "The general answer is: yes, it is historically accurate. It was based on James Clavell's novel Shogun and Clavell tried to be as historically accurate as possible. But according to my previous research, the Japanese didn't usually boil their prisoners alive, that was rather rare." ]	[ "Not to discourage further discussion - I hope others can add to this - but u/400-Rabbits wrote a fantastic post some time ago on the Aztecs and on [What would happen if human sacrifice did not appease the Gods and relieve the drought?](_URL_0_) As very brief summary: The post deals with a severe drought that hit...
AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. John Nagy and I'm here to talk about Peto's Paradox and why larger mammals don't have higher cancer rates. Ask Me Anything!	[ "Hello Dr. Nagy! Is it possible that the cells of larger mammals have some sort of awareness, maybe through cell signaling, of the size of the tissue they're a part of and are more willing to enter apoptosis since they're more replaceable? Has there been any study in vitro on cultured tissues? For instance, would 1...	[ "The body is not perfect at identifying cancerous cells. The cancers that are a problem are necessarily those specific cancers that the body doesn't recognize as cancer even before they were big tumors." ]
When obese people lose weight, one of the things they always say is how much more energy they have. How much of this energy is due to the loss of fat and how much is due to better exercise/diet?	[ "It depends. Given they lost weight through dieting and exercising - it's a combination of both. Primarily through weight-loss - To experience what they go through, put on a weighted vest, and play basketball in it for a few minutes. Then take it off and try to play basketball, it'll feel a lot easier to run aroun...	[ "The saturated fats in coconut oil are in the form of “Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)” - this basically means your body burns the saturated fats found in coconut oil in the same way it burns carbs. Carbs (and the sat. fats in coconut oil) are used directly for energy rather than being stored as fat in your body. H...
If Jupiter is gas giant does it have a surface that you could theoretically stand on ?	[ "I've read that we're damn lucky it is so big. Its size and gravitational pull actually make it a sort of solar-sytem guard, battling anything that tries to get past it (like Shoemaker-Levy 9) and protecting the smaller planets on the interior (like Earth). This makes its name even more prescient and appropriate - ...	[ "The pressure doesn't keep increasing. It's pressurized to a certain level and stays there. Just as a balloon can hold pressure for days without the pressure increasing and bursting it. Edit: Or how a heavy book on a shelf doesn't press harder and harder until it breaks the shelf. The pressure has stabilized." ...
Why can't we treat deseases like depression with happiness hormones like dopamin?	[ "Because too much dopamine causes psychosis (as seen in people who overdose on levodopa, a dopamine drug used to treat parkinsons). And giving people regular doses of dopamine have no beneficial effect on mood--as you must send the dopamine directly into the pleasure centers of the brain for it to work--and pills c...	[ "It would actually cause the economy to contract. We spend all the money we have, plus money we don't have by going in debt. With no debt, we are only spending what we have and not spending what we don't have. I have $10 and can borrow $10 to spend. I can now insert $20 into the economy through spending. Without t...
Why has there been a vinyl resurgence in the music industry?	[ "You can get them cheap. They have a slightly different sound quality, and many people enjoy that difference. Album art is pretty great in and of itself. You can roll a joint on an album cover, but you can't on digital music. People like actually having physical items. They have a cool factor that dates back more t...	[ "My guess? When you're dealing with a lot of makeup, prosthesis, special effects its easier to hide flaws. You can see acne under makeup in high def, you couldn't really see that back in the day. Just a guess." ]
Just watched Pope Joan; allegedly after her death a ritual was made to insure that all future popes are male.	[ "I'm just curious if there is a ritual in which some monks are checking if the Pope has male genitalia. I mean he is the future pope one would have go about that process with extrem tact. Would be interesting if there really is a process like this. [Wikipedia](_URL_2_) says that these sources claim there is one. _...	[ "This behavior is actually a natural one. Frogs prefer cool, wet spawning conditions, often laying their eggs around the S bend of a toilet. This part is designed to trap gas (or else your bathroom would smell like sewage), and the insulation provides a good habitat for tadpoles. Naturally occurring air pockets lik...
Why is Microsoft pushing Windows 10 so hard?	[ "Microsoft doesn't want Windows to be as fragmented as Android is. Development is so much easier when almost everyone is onel the newest OS." ]	[ "They don't. They just care about your money. Come Easter they will remind you that the best way to commemorate the sacrifice of the lord and saviour Jesus Christ is to lease a 2016 Ford Escalade < /sarcasm >" ]
How was the Warsaw Uprising, if at all, portrayed in contemporary media?	[ "Polish radio (in London) did a news report coverage, due to fact that there was radio connection between Warsaw and London. There were Allied POWs in Warsaw who were given time in Warsaw contemporary \"radio studios\". There were German radios, and Soviet radio stations such as \"Radio Moscow in Polish Language\" ...	[ "Hi there -- while we've approved this question, we would like to remind potential respondents of our [current events](_URL_0_) (AKA \"20-year\") rule -- it's fine to discuss events through 1997 (inclusive) and their effects, but not events after 1997. Thanks!" ]
How is it that electromagnetic waves can travel through space without needing a medium? If they are able to do so because they are also particles, then why describe them as waves at all?	[ "Space or vacuum is not exactly empty. According to quantum field theory, quantum fields permeate every point in space-time. When the expectation value of the field is zero, we call that place a vacuum. Excitation of the field changes the expectation value of that field and causes a disturbance or wave. All fundame...	[ "Some do, these are called longitudinal waves. Sound waves are generally longitudinal." ]
Why can non-polar molecules not be made to dissolve in polar substances?	[ "It's not that the polar molecules can't form intermolecular forces with the non-polar ones, it's that they prefer to do it with other polar molecules. For water and oil, water forms hydrogen bonds with itself that are stronger than the induced dipole-permanent dipole forces between water and oil, so oil is unable ...	[ "It is not only possible- we have observed such a planet! [Triton](_URL_0_) is the largest moon of Neptune and orbits in the opposite direction of Neptune's rotation - and the opposite direction of the other moons of Neptune. As for what would happen to Earth - as long as the moons' orbital radii are well separated...
Why is Xenon so much more reactive than the other noble gasses?	[ "Because Xenon is the heaviest of the noble gasses (excluding radioactive radon), its valence electrons will be the least tightly bound. Basically, because they sit further away from the nucleus, you have a lower energy penalty for losing the full electron shell configuration. This makes it susceptible to highly el...	[ "Simple. Those warm, moist environments (aka humans) are packed closer together for longer periods of time because people tend to stay indoors and be around other people more frequently in the winter." ]
Could Ebola become airborne?	[ "yes, it's possible. but probably not very likely." ]	[ "They use a wavelength of light that is cancer causing. Do you want to sit under a cancer causing light? Plus, they aren't all that effective to stop, say a sneeze from transmitting to another person. It takes some time to kill the germs." ]
Polar coordinates have a reference angle out to the right, and a counter-clockwise reference direction? Is this completely arbitrary, or are there good practical reasons for this choice?	[ "It is arbitrary, but it corresponds with how we label rectangular coordinates. Angle 0 points to positive x and increasing from there turns toward positive y first. > And I think most people think of the year as starting at new year at the top of a circle, time going clockwise. [You're probably wrong.](_URL_0_) I...	[ "It has to do with the viscosity of the fluid. By rotating a cup you're trying to force the water to rotate by viscous shear (friction) forces on the wall. For water at this scale, the inertial (non-viscous) forces are much stronger than the viscous forces -- this is the essence of the Reynolds number. The water wi...
How do babies automatically associate frowning with sadness/smiling with happiness?	[ "There are inherent connections in the brain between facial expressions and emotional states. When we are happy, we automatically will feel like smiling. Similarly, when we look at someone who is smiling, we tend to feel more happy, as a result of connections in our brains. This is probably strengthened as we grow ...	[ "I would say yes. [Here's](_URL_0_) an article about Dr. Clara M. Davis, a pediatrician who did a ton of experiments where she presented a bunch of foods to infants and allowed them to pick whatever they wanted. She did find that infants did know what foods to choose, but the choices that were given were inherently...
Bearer Bonds. What are they? How do they work?	[ "It's an IOU — a note for a debt — that says \"I owe you $___ and when due I will pay it to whoever brings me this piece of paper.\" As opposed to a traditional bond, where the name of the person owed is written on it. A bearer bond can be handed off between people, since whoever holds it can collect the money." ]	[ "This is a hold-over from the physical book era. When physical books had to be printed, publishers had local partners in many different places in the world that did local marketing, printing, and distributing to local bookshops. So if you were in New York, you didn't have to talk to a book shop in Switzerland. The...
How do centrifuges work?	[ "If you leave a fluid sitting for a long time then the force of gravity will eventually allow the compounds to settle in layers, heavier on bottom to lighter on top. A centrifuge speeds up the process by replacing the weak force gravity with a stronger centrifugal force (pointing away from the center) by spinning ...	[ "_URL_0_ The wikipedia article is excellent and better than any of the answers in here so far. If you have specific parts you don't understand, ask away and I can help explain them to you." ]
Why do female mosquitos need to drink blood?	[ "Not nearly as effectively. Blood is a very concentrated nutrient in fluid form, and so it's easily to collect very rapidly in great amounts. You don't have to chew it, all you do is have to insert a hose and suck it up. So mosquitoes evolved blood collection as a strategy to get the necessary proteins and other ch...	[ "You mean the Animal Planet one? Hype and marketing. Then it became a euphemism for menstruation (I'll fill you in if you want, but it's gross sex stuff...) and took on a life of its own." ]
How real are hidden mechanics in temples we see in movies or video games like uncharted or Indiana Jones?	[ "hi! you'll find some discussion in this recent post, plus links to a pile o' threads in the FAQ * [Ancient ruins with booby traps in them. is that trope based on anything that actually ever existed, or is it totally the invention of 19th/20th century adventure fiction writers?](_URL_0_)" ]	[ "Okay. So let's say that you want to bake a cookie just like the ones that grandma makes. You could try to eat her cookie, and then using your knowledge of baking sort of reverse engineer it, but it would be an incredible hassle and very hard to do. But if you had the recipe she used, it would be very easy to figur...
Will the curvature of my spoon's edge always be able to match the side of my yogurt cup so I get a clean scrape?	[ "Yes, as long as the radius of curvature of the spoon (at some point on its edge) is larger than the cup's. When you tilt the spoon towards the vertical relative to the cup, it presents a smaller and smaller radius. At some point, it will match the local radius of the cup and you get maximum coverage. If you have a...	[ "For the same reason that many depictions of Jesus Christ are of a white Italian esque guy rather than middle eastern, it's become mainstream. However, entertaining the question, some have argued that a UFO would need to spin or else it would risk tumbling around in the sky. Kind of like when you throw a frisbee a...
why if skin cells constantly shed do tattoos not disappear.	[ "The ink is injected in the second layer of skin, the dermis, and visible through the first, the epidermis. The dermis is covered by the first layer, which does shed, but not fast enough to expose the second. The second layer doesn't ever shed and stays visible." ]	[ "Imagine your hard drive as a giant wall, like the Great Wall of China. Now imagine that your files are painted on this wall (Images, text, music notes). When you delete a file, your computer finds the spot on the wall where that file was painted, and marks that section of the wall as \"free\". It doesn't scrub o...
How do anti-malware programs determine what is malware and what isn't?	[ "Depends on the type of Anti-Malware program it is. The first kind of protection is signature based. This means that there is some database that exists that lists the signatures of known malware and if it's detected, the program is notified. So this only works when the malware is known to exist. The second is ano...	[ "The most common business model is just to get as many eyes looking at your site as possible, for whatever reason, and then sell ad-space. Advertisers will pay for people just looking at their adverts, but they'll pay more if people click on those adverts, and they'll pay even more if you can use your knowledge abo...
What makes the Samsung Galaxy S3 better than the iPhone 5?	[ "The Galaxy SIII has NFC -- it can respond to rfid cards around it to do different things (you could have one in your car, when you set your phone down in your car it automatically opens up pandora and plays your favorite station, and auto replies to texts that you are driving, for example). You can also pay at som...	[ "Everything. Apart from them both being the result of field forces - forces that act at a distance - there is nothing similar about them. You are asking 'what is the difference between an antelope and a brick?'. Good as a setup for a joke - useless as a question." ]
Why do adults need less sleep than children?	[ "^ All of this about brains, plus their bones and muscles are growing all the time which means they need more sleep to cope with the physical building work" ]	[ "Two social psychological concepts come to mind here. State dependent memory encoding and Erickson Arousal theory of learning. State dependent learning states that what ever state of mind you are in during encoding is the state of mind where recall would be optimal. Erickson arousal theory states that learning is m...
Could we send a rover to Venus and have it roam and do sciencey stuff ala Curiosity on Mars?	[ "We have sent landers to Venus in the past, the problem is that Venus is a hellhole. The Soviets landed a few probes in the 60s and 70s in order to study the atmosphere and get temperature and pressure readings. On of these probes, Venera 7, was actually the first spacecraft to land on another planet and return da...	[ "> I’ve seen a lot of scientists say we can’t get through the Van Allen belts Who in particular? Were they working on the Van Allen belts, ionizing radiation in general, or biological impact of ionizing radiation? We can go through them easily, and if you don't spend days there the total dose is not a significant c...
The Ultimate Cleaning BBQ Tool from Costco	[ "It's not for removing stain and adhered debris, it's for quickly getting large chunks of food or fuel scraped off of the grill. This might be the most layman thing I've ever had to answer under the Physics tag. Bravo." ]	[ "It's called a [Jeweler's Loupe](_URL_0_), and it does NOT telescope, so it is a magnifying glass." ]
How can people say something is ethical or unethical or moral or immoral if these things are arbitrary?	[ "It depends on the source of your ethics. Do your ethics come from societal norms? Those change. What if there were an isolated society where 90% of the members agreed that raping babies was ethical? Would that then, truly be ethical to them? Or do you base your ethics on something that is absolute? Is there an abs...	[ "I was curious about this as well, so I did some google-fu and found some results. This is all secondhand so take it with a grain of salt. It seems that the stations contract survey companies to get a rough estimate based on a sample population in the area. Arbitron is one of those companies. How do they do it? The...
The Subprime Mortgage Crisis	[ "Banks lent money out (in the form of mortgages)to people who couldn't afford to pay them back. Then the housing price on the houses dropped, these people owed more than their house was worth. People couldn't pay back the loan. Result: people got deep in debt and lost their houses, banks got a house not worth the ...	[ "I get that they are \"bottom feeders\" but to be fair if someone doesn't repay their debts (of at least the principle amount) they ultimately stole that money. Thanks in advance for the downvotes ;)" ]
Where does the natural number "e" come from and why does it appear in so many fields of science?	[ "Exponential growth or decay with the base e is the solution to the equation \"the rate of change of something is proportional to how much of that something there is,\" or in mathematical terminology, dx/dt=kx and x(t)=Ae^kx where A and k are constants. So this arises in things like population growth (when there ar...	[ "It is pretty simple. The average of whatever experiment you are doing (flipping coin/rolling dice) should approach the expected value the more times you repeat the experiment. For example, if you are rolling a die, the expected value is 3.5. If you only roll the die a couple times, you might have averages pretty d...
Why are the Nobel prizes not awarded posthumously?	[ "The Nobel prize, as can be evinced from the awarders' actions, is meant to be a progressive award. It would not make sense to dig deep into history to find long-dead albeit well-deserving awardees. But, it seemingly would make sense to award some recently deceased folks the prize in their respective categories, ha...	[ "Costs money to build and maintain the facilities, some countries don't feel like taking on the burden of that cost." ]
Where's the beef (bacon)?	[ "Bacon is basically a cured pork, like ham. The meat to fat ratio of cured pork belly lends itself to frying into the bacon we know and love. Because pig and cow are very different animals (despite having the same muscle groups), the meat tastes, cooks and [cures](_URL_1_) differently. A Beef \"ham\" is [corned bee...	[ "Thank you for your submission! Unfortunately, your submission has been removed for the following reason(s): You can find the basic answer with a google / wiki search. Please start there and come back with a more specific question. If you disagree with this decision, please send a [message to the moderators.](_URL...
Construction workers of Reddit, what is that tripod thing I see you guys using every other day for hours on end on roads and construction sites?	[ "There are many tools that have been used historically. The people using them are called surveyors. There's one called a level that can be used to find the elevation of terrain. There's a theodolite that is used to measure vertical and horizontal angles between sighted points. But mainly today they use advanced mac...	[ "The German Army build several types of those. The first picture is a OT-Stahlunterstand mit Pantherturm. The Germans build several types through the war, the pillbox could be made out of steel/concrete or wood stands. These scans [1](_URL_2_),[2](_URL_1_) show the concrete base of the turrets, in this case the Pan...
What would be the wider financial implications of a single person accidentally receiving a bank deposit of a non-existent $1 million?	[ "The bank would figure it out and remove the money. If the person already spent it then they would owe the bank 1 million plus fees" ]	[ "There are a lot of people in the world who don't care about laws, or the laws of other countries, or the property rights of other people. For example if you stole a piece of art from someone in England that a wealthy member of the royal family in Saudi Arabia wanted they probably don't care at all that it was stol...
How do cuts become new skin?	[ "Most of your skin is dead/dying cells. They are just there to act as a physical barrier. The living cells which divide and produce these dead cells are way below deep under the skin. So when you get a shallow cut, the layer of dead skin cells is destroyed but the living cells underneath survive and continue what t...	[ "I'm not sure about this but remember reading it somewhere : There isn't a single big blood vessel that goes thought the whole body, instead there are lot of vessels and different paths, so when somewhere is amputated another path takes over." ]
Why do we find rolling green hills or majestic natural landmarks beautiful?	[ "I suspect there's an aesthetic for organic lines and natural geometry coded somewhere deep in our dna. From a survival perspective it makes sense to be drawn to rolling geography - where one might remain more easily obscured from predators - rather than to geography with straight lines, which is basically an open ...	[ "what does it mean that older cities are more circular? what do you mean by old? what do you consider modern?" ]
why are some toots cool and breezy and some hot and steamy?	[ "All your farts are the same temperature (your internal temperature), so the difference between them is how much digestive acid and enzyme is still present. For example, if you're in a diarrhea situation, your digested food is moving very quickly through your intestines and these painful digestive juices don't have...	[ "> Because your nostrils split their workload. Throughout the day, they each take breaks in a process of alternating congestion and decongestion called the nasal cycle. At a given moment, if you're breathing through your nose, the lion’s share of the air is going in and out of one nostril, with a much smaller amoun...
How does grass survive the winter with months of snow cover, but it can't survive a cooler placed on it for a week in the summer?	[ "Grass goes into a dormant state as the weather changes, similar to how trees shed their leaves and go dormant. With the lowered state of metabolism, among other augmented processes, these plants can survive a winter. Imagine a car operating with 2 of its 4 cylinders disabled. It will still run, although at a low p...	[ "The powerade zero family of beverages has a special pigment known as [anthocyanin](_URL_1_). Those pigments are notable because they can change colour depending on the pH of the solution. One of the factors that [affects the pH of a solution is the temperature](_URL_0_), when you freeze the beverage, all the ingre...
Why is Orange Juice kept in the refrigerated case near the milk at the supermarket, yet the Apple/Grape/Cranberry/Tomato/Etc. Juice is on a shelf in the middle of the store?	[ "The juices on the shelf are long-life and don't need to be refrigerated." ]	[ "Pure hardware specs are not what sells phones. You might say that \"performance\" (speed) is a selling point, but no one really cares how much RAM is being used to get to that point. iPhones are produced in a vertically integrated fashion, meaning the software and hardware are developed to be used specifically wit...

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