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Python | I am setting up a very simple Django project and with a very simple test like : The tests passes of course , but the database ( TEST database ) does n't get populated with my Thing model information , even though I can actually see its id as you can see my script.When I connect into the database , the Thing table is al... | def test_name ( self ) : t = Thing.objects.create ( name= ' a ' ) print ( t.id ) import time time.sleep ( 30 ) self.assertEqual ( ' a ' , t.name ) Django==2.0.1mysqlclient==1.3.12pytest==3.3.2pytest-django==3.1.2 | force Django tests to write models into database |
Python | I am trying to plot the below dataset as barplot cum pointplot using seaborn.But the time-stamp in the x-axis labels shows additional zeroes at the end as shown belowThe code I use is Not sure what is going wrong . Please help me with this . Thanks | import matplotlib.pyplot as pltimport seaborn as snsfig , ax1 = plt.subplots ( ) # Plot the barplotsns.barplot ( x='Date ' , y=y_value , hue='Sentiment ' , data=mergedData1 , ax=ax1 ) # Assign y axis label for bar plotax1.set_ylabel ( 'No of Feeds ' ) # Position the legen on the right side outside the boxplt.legend ( l... | Seaborn plot adds extra zeroes to x axis time-stamp labels |
Python | I have a dict of lists of tuples of the form : I 'm trying to parse this into a dataframe but the lists are of different lengths and the tuples have duplicate values . The shape I want is three columns identifier , date and value where there are no nan values . I have tried various combinations such as using from_dict ... | { identifier1 : [ ( date1 , value1 ) , ( date2 , value2 ) ] , identifier2 : [ ( date1 , value1 ) , ( date3 , value3 ) , ( date4 , value4 ) ] } | convert dict of lists of tuples to dataframe |
Python | So I have the following numpy array : X.nbytes returns 12000000000000 , which is 12 TB . I certainly do n't have that much memory ( 8GB to be exact ) . How did this happen ? Where is the array allocated ? | X = np.zeros ( ( 1000000000 , 3000 ) , dtype=np.float32 ) | Very large numpy array does n't throw memory error . Where does it live ? |
Python | The Problem Description : I have this custom `` checksum '' function : Which I want to test on both Python3.6 and PyPy performance-wise . I 'd like to see if the function would perform better on PyPy , but I 'm not completely sure , what is the most reliable and clean way to do it.What I 've tried and the Question : Cu... | NORMALIZER = 0x10000def get_checksum ( part1 , part2 , salt= '' trailing '' ) : `` '' '' Returns a checksum of two strings . '' '' '' combined_string = part1 + part2 + `` `` + salt if part2 ! = `` *** '' else part1 ords = [ ord ( x ) for x in combined_string ] checksum = ords [ 0 ] # initial value # TODO : document the... | Accurately testing Pypy vs CPython performance |
Python | I 've seen a bunch of solutions on the site to remove duplicates while preserving the oldest element . I 'm interested in the opposite : removing duplicates while preserving the newest element , for example : How would something like this work ? Thanks . | list = [ '1234 ' , '2345 ' , '3456 ' , '1234 ' ] list.append ( '1234 ' ) > > > [ '1234 ' , '2345 ' , '3456 ' , '1234 ' , '1234 ' ] list = unique ( list ) > > > [ '2345 ' , '3456 ' , '1234 ' ] | Most efficient way to remove duplicates from Python list while preserving order and removing the oldest element |
Python | Recently I became curious about but what happens in line 2 of the following bogus python code : The reason I became interested is that I 'm trying Light Table and tried to put a watch on `` foo . '' It appeared to cause the python interpreter to hang.Am I correct in thinking that this line has absolutely no effect and ... | def my_fun ( foo , bar ) : foo return foo + bar | What happens if you write a variable name alone in python ? |
Python | I 'm using mongoengine 0.9.0I want to save dict objects into old_data and new_data.Why are fields becoming BaseList after assignment ? | class EntityChange ( Document ) : ... old_data = DictField ( ) new_data = DictField ( ) data = { u'int_id ' : 100500 , u'_cls ' : 'BuildingKind ' , ... } instance = EntityChange ( ) instance.new_data = data # after that # isinstance ( instance , BaseList ) is True # isinstance ( instance , BaseDict ) is False # instanc... | Dictionary becomes BaseList in MongoEngine after assignement |
Python | From Learning Python : The basic format of the with statement looks like this , with an optional part in square brackets here : The expression here is assumed to return an object that supports the context management protocol ( more on this protocol in a moment ) . This object may also return a value that will be assign... | with expression [ as variable ] : with-block | What is assigned to ` variable ` , in ` with expression as variable ` ? |
Python | How would you be able to move to the next iteration of a for loop if a given iteration takes more than a certain amount of time ? The code should look something like this . The timer function will serve the purpose of forcing the for loop to continue onto the next iteration if the api has not finished . It should work ... | for i in range ( 0 , max_iterations ) : timer function call to api | Continue with for loop after certain ammount of time |
Python | I am missing the table name in IntegrityError of Django : Is there a way to see which table the INSERT/UPDATE is accessing ? We use PostgreSQL 9.6.This is a generic question : How to get a better error message ? This is not a question about this particular column . I found the relevant table and column very soon . But ... | Traceback ( most recent call last ) : ... return self.cursor.execute ( sql , params ) File `` ... /django/db/utils.py '' , line 94 , in __exit__ six.reraise ( dj_exc_type , dj_exc_value , traceback ) File `` ... /django/db/backends/utils.py '' , line 64 , in execute return self.cursor.execute ( sql , params ) Integrity... | Missing table name in IntegrityError ( Django ORM ) |
Python | Note : I am not trying to solve any problem in a real project here . This question is intended for merely understanding the reason behind the results I see in the 2nd experiment ( Experiment 2 ) below.These experiments were performed using Docker version 17.12.0-ce on macOS Terminal version 2.8 on macOS High Sierra 10.... | FROM python:2.7-slimCMD [ `` python '' , `` -m '' , `` SimpleHTTPServer '' ] docker build -t pyhttp .docker run -it -p 8000:8000 pyhttp curl http : //localhost:8000/ $ docker run -it -p 8000:8000 pyhttpServing HTTP on 0.0.0.0 port 8000 ... 172.17.0.1 - - [ 04/Feb/2018 10:07:33 ] `` GET / HTTP/1.1 '' 200 - docker run -p... | Only one line of SimpleHTTPServer output does not appear while running container without '-it ' |
Python | I 'm trying to locate the Python interpreter that Sublime Text uses to run plugins . Thinking that sys.executable would give me an absolute path to a Python interpreter , I tried creating this plugin : Output in Sublime console : Since I do n't have Python 3.3.3 installed elsewhere on my system , I assume that this int... | from sys import version_info , executable from sublime_plugin import TextCommandclass GetPythonInfo ( TextCommand ) : def run ( self , edit ) : print ( executable ) print ( version_info ) > > > view.run_command ( 'get_python_info ' ) python3sys.version_info ( major=3 , minor=3 , micro=3 , releaselevel='final ' , serial... | Where is the Python interpreter that Sublime Text uses to run plugins ? |
Python | I 'm very confused as to how exactly I can ensure thread-safety when calling Python code from a C ( or C++ ) thread.The Python documentation seems to be saying that the usual idiom to do so is : And indeed , this stackoverflow answer seems to confirm as much . But a commenter ( with a very high reputation ) says otherw... | PyGILState_STATE gstate ; gstate = PyGILState_Ensure ( ) ; /* Perform Python actions here . */result = CallSomeFunction ( ) ; /* evaluate result or handle exception *//* Release the thread . No Python API allowed beyond this point . */PyGILState_Release ( gstate ) ; PyThreadState* PyEval_SaveThread ( ) Release the glob... | Calling Python code from a C thread |
Python | I came across an interesting discovery related to how SWIG handles reference counting of C structures that contain other structures as members . I observed that my python SWIG objects were getting garbage collected before I was done using them in situations where I was storing data from structure sub-members into other... | typedef struct { unsigned long source ; unsigned long destination ; } message_header ; typedef struct { unsigned long data [ 120 ] ; } message_large_body ; typedef struct { message_header header ; message_large_body body ; } large_message ; class pyLargeMessage ( object ) : def __init__ ( self ) : self.header = bar.mes... | Reference counting for SWIG-ed C structs containing complex types does n't seem to work as expected |
Python | If RAM is n't a concern ( I have close to 200GB on the server ) , is reading line by line faster or reading everything into RAM and access it ? Each line will be a string of around 200-500 unicode characters . There are close to 2 million lines for each file.Line-by-lineReading into RAM | import codecsfor i in codecs.open ( 'unicodefile ' , ' r ' , 'utf8 ' ) : print i import codecsfor i in codecs.open ( 'unicodefile ' , ' r ' , 'utf8 ' ) .readlines ( ) : print i | If RAM is n't a concern , is reading line by line faster or reading everything into RAM and access it ? - Python |
Python | I 'm writing a script in Python and have a bit of a problem : As you can see , this code is horribly redundant . I tried condensing it like this : PyQt4 , however , expects the class methods to be present for the class itself , not an instance . Moving the setattr code out of the __init__ block did n't work either beca... | class LightDMUser ( QObject ) : def __init__ ( self , user ) : super ( LightDMUser , self ) .__init__ ( ) self.user = user @ pyqtProperty ( QVariant ) def background ( self ) : return self.user.get_background ( ) @ pyqtProperty ( QVariant ) def display_name ( self ) : return self.user.get_display_name ( ) @ pyqtPropert... | condense pyqtproperties |
Python | New to python coming from MATLAB . I am using a hyperbolic tangent truncation of a magnitude-scale function.I encounter my problem when applying the 0.5 * math.tanh ( r/rE-r0 ) + 0.5 function onto an array of range values r = np.arange ( 0.1,100.01,0.01 ) . I get several 0.0 values for the function on the side approach... | P1 = [ ( 0.5*m.tanh ( x / rE + r0 ) + 0.5 ) for x in r ] # truncation function P1 = [ -m.log10 ( x ) if x ! =0.0 else np.inf for x in P1 ] mu = -2.5log ( flux ) + mzp # apparent magnitude xc1 , yc1 = 103.5150,102.5461 ; Ee1 = 23.6781 ; re1 = 10.0728*0.187 ; n1 = 4.0234 ; # radial brightness profile ( magnitudes -- real... | Floating point problems in asymptotic functions approaching zero - Python |
Python | I am trying to create the following metric for my neural network using keras : Custom Keras metricwhere d=y_ { pred } -y_ { true } and both y_ { pred } and y_ { true } are vectorsWith the following code : import keras.backend as KFor the use of compiling my model : I received the following error code and I have not bee... | def score ( y_true , y_pred ) : d= ( y_pred - y_true ) if d < 0 : return K.exp ( -d/10 ) -1 else : return K.exp ( d/13 ) -1 model.compile ( loss='mse ' , optimizer='adam ' , metrics= [ score ] ) | Creating custom conditional metric with Keras |
Python | I am writing a small python application which executes scala commands . A user can insert the command through the STDIN and then the python app forwards them to the scala interpreter . Once the command is executed , the app shows the result of the operation . The idea is to use Popen to create a pipe by which I can sen... | import sysfrom subprocess import Popen , PIPEwith Popen ( [ `` scala '' ] , stdout=PIPE , stdin=PIPE , bufsize=0 , universal_newlines=True ) as scala : while True : print ( `` Enter scala command > > > `` , end= '' '' ) sys.stdout.flush ( ) command = input ( ) scala.stdin.write ( command ) scala.stdin.flush ( ) print (... | input command does n't seem to work when used with popen python |
Python | This seems like such a simple task , but I 've spend way too much time on this now , without a solution . Here 's the setup : That 's the idea , but of course this results inAll other attempts have failed in a similar manner , and I could find no resource on the internet with the correct solution . The only solutions i... | class A ( object ) : def __init__ ( self , x=0 ) : print ( `` A.__init__ ( x= % d ) '' % x ) class B ( object ) : def __init__ ( self , y=1 ) : print ( `` B.__init__ ( y= % d ) '' % y ) class C ( A , B ) : def __init__ ( self , x=2 , y=3 , z=4 ) : super ( ) .__init__ ( x=x , y=y ) print ( `` C.__init__ ( z= % d ) '' % ... | The real solution for multiple inheritance with different init parameters |
Python | At the current moment I 'm playing with Cython and trying to figure out how I can host a Cython Flask app ( for example ) on heroku.Let 's say my project looks like this ( after cython compile ) : Now , app.pyx has a standard Flask app in it with some cython adjustments , like so : Then , with the command cythonize -i ... | _/cythonheroku | -- requirements.txt | -- run.py | -- Procfile |__/app | -- __init__.py | -- app.c | -- app.cpython-36m-darwin.so | -- app.pyx # cython : infer_types=Truefrom flask import Flaskapp = Flask ( __name__ ) @ app.route ( '/ ' , methods= [ 'GET ' ] ) def index ( ) : cdef long x = 10000000 cdef long long y = 0... | How to host cython web app on heroku ? |
Python | I want to use the apply function that : - Takes 2 columns as inputs - Outputs two new columns based on a function.An example is with this add_multiply function . ideal result : | # function with 2 column inputs and 2 outputsdef add_multiply ( a , b ) : return ( a+b , a*b ) # example dataframedf = pd.DataFrame ( { 'col1 ' : [ 1 , 2 ] , 'col2 ' : [ 3 , 4 ] } ) # this does n't workdf [ [ 'add ' , 'multiply ' ] ] = df.apply ( lambda x : add_multiply ( x [ 'col1 ' ] , x [ 'col2 ' ] ) , axis=1 ) col1... | Add 2 new columns to existing dataframe using apply |
Python | We 're working on writing a wrapper for bq.py and are having some problems with result sets larger than 100k rows . It seems like in the past this has worked fine ( we had related problems with Google BigQuery Incomplete Query Replies on Odd Attempts ) . Perhaps I 'm not understanding the limits explained on the doc pa... | # ! /bin/bashfor i in ` seq 99999 100002 ` ; do bq query -q -- nouse_cache -- max_rows 99999999 `` SELECT id , FROM [ publicdata : samples.wikipedia ] LIMIT $ i '' > $ i.txt j= $ ( cat $ i.txt | wc -l ) echo `` Limit $ i Returned $ j Rows '' done Limit 99999 Returned 100003 RowsLimit 100000 Returned 100004 RowsLimit 10... | bq.py Not Paging Results |
Python | A simple way to represent a graph is with a data structure of the form : Where the keys in this dictionary are nodes , and the edges are represented by a list of other nodes they are connected to . This data structure could also easily represent a directed graph if the links are not symmetrical : I do n't know much abo... | { 1 : [ 2,3 ] , 2 : [ 1,3 ] , 3 : [ 1,2 ] } { 1 : [ 2 ] , 2 : [ 3 ] , 3 : [ 1 ] } | How to represent a strange graph in some data structure |
Python | I would like to compare pairs of samples with both Kolmogorov-Smirnov ( KS ) and Anderson-Darling ( AD ) tests . I implemented this with scipy.stats.ks_2samp and scipy.stats.anderson_ksamp respectively . I would expect a low statistic for similar samples ( 0 for identical samples ) and a higher statistic for more diffe... | import scipy.stats as statsimport numpy as npnormal1 = np.random.normal ( loc=0.0 , scale=1.0 , size=200 ) normal2 = np.random.normal ( loc=100 , scale=1.0 , size=200 ) sstats.ks_2samp ( normal1 , normal1 ) sstats.anderson_ksamp ( [ normal1 , normal1 ] ) # ExpectedKs_2sampResult ( statistic=0.0 , pvalue=1.0 ) # Not exp... | Math overflow error in scipy Anderson-Darling test for k-samples |
Python | I have a big chunk of text that I 'm checking for a specific pattern , which looks essentially like this : My text variable is named 'html_page ' and my start and end points look like this : I thought I could find what I want with this one-liner : However , it 's not returning anything at all . What is wrong here ? I s... | unique_options_search = new Set ( [ `` updates_EO_LTB '' , `` us_history '' , `` uslegacy '' , etc. , etc. , etc . ] ) ; $ input.typeahead ( { source : [ ... unique_options_search ] , autoSelect : false , afterSelect : function ( value ) start = `` new Set ( [ `` end = `` ] ) ; '' r = re.findall ( `` start ( .+ ? ) end... | Trying to find a large string between a start point and end point using regex |
Python | I use jQuery month picker ( without date ) with format like:201110.I want to set a min date ( see in code ) , so first define it in django forms.py the date-min , then parse this date to html . There is a min/max range first . ( though this not work now ) .Then in order to realize the `` to '' date is always later than... | < script type= '' text/javascript '' > $ ( function ( ) { $ ( `` # from , # to '' ) .datepicker ( { changeMonth : true , changeYear : true , showButtonPanel : true , dateFormat : 'yy MM ' , minDate : $ ( this ) .date-min , ///it is here does n't work , the minDate is coming from Django onClose : function ( dateText , i... | jquery month picker : setting an initial min/max range conflicts with `` from '' < `` to '' function |
Python | In python documentation list is defined as : mutable sequences , typically used to store collections of homogeneous items ( where the precise degree of similarity will vary by application ) .Why it 's used to store collections of homogeneous items ? Are a string and an int item also homogeneous then ? | a = [ 12 , '' hello '' ] | What is `` homogenous '' in Python list documentation ? |
Python | I need to convert a list of lists to a list of integers.from : to : How can I make python recognize an integer starting with 0 ? Like the case L2 [ 2 ] The other question is , how can I check if items in a list are ordered ? Other than this : You guys are FAST . Thanks ! | L1 = [ [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ] , [ 3 , 7 , 1 , 7 ] , [ 0 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] , [ 9 , 4 , 5 , 6 ] ] L2 = [ 1234 , 3717 , 0567 , 9456 ] A = [ 1 , 2 , 6 , 9 ] -- -- > True A == sorted ( A ) | Convert list of lists to list of integers |
Python | I 've been successfully using cppyy for automatic python bindings for a C++ project I 'm working on . I recently included the Eigen library , but I 'm having trouble using this together with cppyy . Does anyone have any experience doing this , or know how I should do this ? I have the following structure for the repo (... | .├── CMakeLists.txt├── build├── external ── eigen├── include ── all .hpp files├── src ── all .cpp files├── python ── qmc.py import cppyyimport tempfileimport osimport globtry : current_dir = os.path.dirname ( __file__ ) except NameError : current_dir = os.getcwd ( ) source_dir = os.path.dirname ( current_dir ) install_... | Use the Eigen library with cppyy |
Python | Currently , I do this : I would like to do something like this : but when I try this I getIs there a shorter way than the first code block to import those classes ? Other triesNr 2 | import tensorflow as tfkeras = tf.contrib.kerasSequential = keras.models.SequentialDense = keras.layers.DenseDropout = keras.layers.DropoutFlatten = keras.layers.FlattenConv2D = keras.layers.Conv2DMaxPooling2D = keras.layers.MaxPooling2D import tensorflow as tfkeras = tf.contrib.kerasfrom tf.contrib.keras import ( Sequ... | Is there a shorter way to import classes of a submodule ? |
Python | I want to declare a function dynamically and I want to wrap any access to global variables OR alternatively define which variables are free and wrap any access to free variables.I 'm playing around with code like this : This produces the output : What I want is somehow catch the access to x with my dict-like wrapper D.... | class D : def __init__ ( self ) : self.d = { } def __getitem__ ( self , k ) : print `` D get '' , k return self.d [ k ] def __setitem__ ( self , k , v ) : print `` D set '' , k , v self.d [ k ] = v def __getattr__ ( self , k ) : print `` D attr '' , k raise AttributeErrorglobalsDict = D ( ) src = `` def foo ( ) : print... | Python : how to dynamically set function closure environment |
Python | Consider two numpy arraysHow would I be able to produce a third arrayThe same length as a representing the index of each entry of a in the array b ? I can see a way by looping over the elements of b as b [ i ] and checking np.where ( a == b [ i ] ) but was wondering if numpy could accomplish this in a quicker/better/le... | a = np.array ( [ 'john ' , 'bill ' , 'greg ' , 'bill ' , 'bill ' , 'greg ' , 'bill ' ] ) b = np.array ( [ 'john ' , 'bill ' , 'greg ' ] ) c = np.array ( [ 0,1,2,1,1,2,1 ] ) | Numpy Indexing of 2 Arrays |
Python | I would like to extend the MonkeyDevice class of the monkeyrunner API.My derived class looks like this.When I call test_dev = TestDevice ( serial ) from another module I get the following error : What am I doing wrong ? Thanks in advance ! | from com.android.monkeyrunner import MonkeyDevice , MonkeyRunnerclass TestDevice ( MonkeyDevice ) : def __init__ ( self , serial=None ) : MonkeyDevice.__init__ ( self ) self = MonkeyRunner.waitForConnection ( deviceId=serial ) self.serial = serial test_dev = TestDevice ( serial ) TypeError : _new_impl ( ) : 1st arg ca ... | How to inherit from MonkeyDevice ? |
Python | Is there a way to process dependency links automatically when installing a package with extras , without having to call -- process-dependency-links as it is the case with install_requires ? I need this because the dependency is only located on a private git repo.Is it possible to install extras using python setup.py in... | pip install -e . [ extra ] -- process-dependency-links | Dependency links for extras_require in setup.py |
Python | I 've created a model and two values in database . The first in Cyrillic and the second in Latin.It seems work fineBut when I try to click on link and edit the Cyrillic value I get an error . | from __future__ import unicode_literalsfrom django.db import modelsclass Lecturer ( models.Model ) : fname = models.CharField ( 'First name ' , max_length=200 ) mname = models.CharField ( 'Middle name ' , max_length=200 ) lname = models.CharField ( 'Last name ' , max_length=200 ) pub_date = models.DateTimeField ( 'Date... | An error with coding in Django 1.9.2 |
Python | Given two numbers r and s , I would like to get a list of all permutations of n +-r and m +-s. For example ( with r=3.14 and s=2.71 ) , With itertools.product ( [ +r , -r ] , repeat=n ) I can get the list of the rs and ss separately , and I 'd only need to intertwine them , but I 'm not sure if this is the right thing ... | n = 1m = 1out = [ ( +r , +s ) , ( +r , -s ) , ( -r , +s ) , ( -r , -s ) , ( +s , +r ) , ( +s , -r ) , ( -s , +r ) , ( -s , -r ) ] n = 1m = 2out = [ ( +r , +s , +s ) , ( +r , -s , +s ) , ( -r , +s , +s ) , ( -r , -s , +s ) , ... ( +s , +r , +s ) , ( -s , +r , +s ) , ( +s , -r , +s ) , ( -s , -r , +s ) , ... ... ] | all permutations of +-r , +-s |
Python | Say i have one matrix and one vector as follows : is there a way to slice it x [ y ] so the result is : so basically i take the first element of y and take the element in x that corresponds to the first row and the elements ' column.Cheers | x = torch.tensor ( [ [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] , [ 4 , 5 , 6 ] , [ 7 , 8 , 9 ] ] ) y = torch.tensor ( [ 0 , 2 , 1 ] ) res = [ 1 , 6 , 8 ] | PyTorch tensor advanced indexing |
Python | I am trying to plot a facet_grid with stacked bar charts inside.I would like to use Seaborn . Its barplot function does not include a stacked argument.I tried to use FacetGrid.map with a custum callable function.However I get an empty canvas and stacked bar charts separately.Empty canvas : Graph1 apart : Graph2 : .How ... | import pandas as pdimport seaborn as snsimport numpy as npimport matplotlib.pyplot as pltdef custom_stacked_barplot ( col_day , col_time , col_total_bill , **kwargs ) : dict_df= { } dict_df [ 'day ' ] =col_day dict_df [ 'time ' ] =col_time dict_df [ 'total_bill ' ] =col_total_bill df_data_graph=pd.DataFrame ( dict_df )... | How to create a FacetGrid stacked barplot using Seaborn ? |
Python | I have two pandas data frames , a and b : andThe two data frames contain exactly the same data , but in a different order and with different column names . Based on the numbers in the two data frames , I would like to be able to match each column name in a to each column name in b.It is not as easy as simply comparing ... | a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a71 3 4 5 3 4 50 2 0 3 0 2 12 5 6 5 2 1 2 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b73 5 4 5 1 4 30 1 2 3 0 0 22 2 1 5 2 6 5 | Find equal columns between two dataframes |
Python | AKA `` Add sub-nodes constructed from the results of a Parser.parseAction to the parent parse tree '' I 'm trying to parse PHP files using PyParsing ( Which rules IMHO ) whereby the function definitions have been annotated with JavaDoc style annotations . The reason is that I want to store type information in a way tha... | /** @ vo { $ user=UserAccount } */public function blah ( $ user ) { ... ... # @ PydevCodeAnalysisIgnorefrom pyparsing import delimitedList , Literal , Keyword , Regex , ZeroOrMore , Suppress , Optional , QuotedString , Word , hexnums , alphas , \ dblQuotedString , FollowedBy , sglQuotedString , oneOf , Groupimport pypa... | Pyparsing , parsing the contents of php function comment blocks using nested parsers |
Python | I am attempting to setup a project on another laptop than my typical development machine . This project has several pytest-based tests that I have written over the lifetime of the project . When I runI get a list of errors from sqlalchemy tests like the following : Why is pytest collecting tests from a dependency ? Is ... | $ pytest -k tests/my_test.py _ ERROR collecting env/lib64/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_update_delete.py _env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/py/_path/local.py:662 : in pyimport __import__ ( modname ) env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/__init__.py:2 : in < module > from sqlalch... | Is pytest supposed to collect tests from dependency modules in a virtual environtment ? |
Python | Is the following numpy behavior intentional or is it a bug ? Python version : 2.7.2 , Numpy version : 1.6.1 | from numpy import *a = arange ( 5 ) a = a+2.3print ' a = ' , a # Output : a = 2.3 , 3.3 , 4.3 , 5.3 , 6.3 a = arange ( 5 ) a += 2.3print ' a = ' , a # Output : a = 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 | Why Numpy treats a+=b and a=a+b differently |
Python | So , I 'm learning pandas and I have this problem.Suppose I have a Dataframe like this : I 'm trying to create this : Based on B similarities.I did this : And I got this . Like the C column is based on A column.Can anybody explain to me why this is happening and a solution to do this the way I want ? Thanks : ) | A B C1 x NaN2 y NaN3 x NaN4 x NaN5 y NaN A B C1 x [ 1,3,4 ] 2 y [ 2,5 ] 3 x [ 1,3,4 ] 4 x [ 1,3,4 ] 5 y [ 2,5 ] teste = df.groupby ( [ ' B ' ] ) for name , group in teste : df.loc [ df [ ' B ' ] == name [ 0 ] , ' C ' ] = group [ ' A ' ] .tolist ( ) A B C1 x 12 y 23 x 34 x 45 y 5 | Pandas update column with array |
Python | I 'm attempting to put all of my user facing strings into a single file to make changing those strings easier . I 'm looking for a best practice in terms of readability . I have two version of the same file right now and I see trade off to both versions . So I was wondering if there 's a best practice about this situat... | class strings : esc_statuses = { `` RETURNED '' : `` Returned '' , `` SUBMITTED '' : `` Submitted '' , `` DRAFT '' : `` Draft '' , `` CANCELED '' : `` Canceled '' , `` ESCALATED '' : `` Escalated '' } NewEscFieldText = { `` customer_name '' : `` The name of the customer who encountered this bug . `` , `` summary '' : `... | constant string file in python |
Python | The following is my data set from a text file.There is a list named : which holds the following values in the list So , the problem is , i want to create a list of dictionary to hold all my data ( from the text file ) using the list_of_keys as keys for the dictionary as follows : what i have up to now : | 2.1,3.5,1.4,0.2 , Iris4.9,3.0,1.4,0.2 , Ilia3.7,3.2,1.3,0.2 , Iridium list_of_keys [ 'S_Length ' , 'S_Width ' , 'P_Length ' , 'P_Width ' , 'Predicate ' ] dict = { 'S_Length ' : 2.1 , 'S_Width':3.5 , 'P_Length ' : 1.4 , 'P_Width ' : 0.2 , 'Predicate ' : Iris } , { 'S_Length ' : 4.9 , 'S_Width':3.0 , 'P_Length ' : 1.4 , ... | Make a list of dynamic dictionary python |
Python | I 'm in the process of writing a lightweight interface in Objective-C that is capable of executing python scripts and passing data back and forth between Objective-C and Python . I 've looked into PyObjC and ObjP and neither are what I 'm looking for ( and since I 'm developing for iOS < = 6.0.1 PyObjC wo n't compile d... | static PyObject * ObjC_Class_getattro ( ObjC_Class *self , PyObject *name ) { NSString *attrName = [ NSString stringWithCString : PyString_AsString ( name ) encoding : NSUTF8StringEncoding ] ; NSLog ( @ '' Calling Object : % @ '' , self- > object ) ; if ( [ self- > object respondsToSelector : NSSelectorFromString ( att... | Python-C Api wrapper in Objective-C crashes with call to __getattr__ when passed a Python Object |
Python | I 'm writing a script in Python , but when I attempt to run it a cross cursor appears and lets me take screenshots . But that 's not part of my program , and the rest of the script never executes at all ! The minimal code that produces this behavior is : | import fionaimport scipy | Why does running my Python script start taking a screenshot ? |
Python | I have many PDF documents in my system , and I notice sometimes that documents are image-based without editing capability . In this case , I do OCR for better search in Foxit PhantomPDF where you can do OCR in multiple files . I would like to find all PDF documents of mine which are image-based . I do not understand ho... | masi @ masi : ~ $ find ./ -name `` *.pdf '' -print0 | xargs -0 -I { } bash -c 'export file= '' { } '' ; if [ $ ( pdffonts `` $ file '' 2 > /dev/null | wc -l ) -lt 3 ] ; then echo `` $ file '' ; fi'./Downloads/596P.pdf./Downloads/20160406115732.pdf^C | How do I find all image-based PDFs ? |
Python | I use PyYAML to output a python dictionary to YAML format : The output is : But I would like : Is there a simple solution to that problem , even a suboptimal one ? | import yamld = { 'bar ' : { 'foo ' : 'hello ' , 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious ' : 'world ' } } print yaml.dump ( d , default_flow_style=False ) bar : foo : hello supercalifragilisticexpialidocious : world bar : foo : hello supercalifragilisticexpialidocious : world | PyYAML , how to align map entries ? |
Python | I wrote this solution to Project Euler # 5 . Takes my system about 8.5 seconds.Then I decided to compare with other peoples solutions . I found this Project Euler 5 in Python - How can I optimize my solution ? .I had n't thought of unique prime factorization . But anyways , one supposedly optimized non-prime factorizat... | import timestart_time = time.time ( ) def ProjectEulerFive ( m = 20 ) : a = m start = 2 while ( m % start ) == 0 : start += 1 b = start while b < m : if ( a % b ) ! = 0 : a += m b = start continue else : b += 1 return aimport sysif ( len ( sys.argv ) ) > 2 : print `` error : this function takes a max of 1 argument '' e... | Python Efficiency / Optimization Project Euler # 5 example |
Python | I have the following test program : Currently the output is something like : In my production data , sometimes the strings are really long ( several thousand chars , coming from base64 encoded attachments for example ) , and I do not want that filling up my logs . I would like something like : That is , the string valu... | from random import choice d = { } def data ( length ) : alphabet = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ' res = `` for _ in xrange ( length ) : res += choice ( alphabet ) return res # Create the test data for cnt in xrange ( 10 ) : key = 'key- % d ' % ( cnt ) d [ key ] = data ( 30 ) def pprint_shorted ( d , max_length ) : impor... | Automatically shorten long strings when dumping with pretty print |
Python | Hi I have data frame like this : Firstly , I want to convert values in columns that contain numbers ( which are string currently ) to a float values . So here I would have the 4 middle columns that need the conversion to float . Would simple loop work with this case ? Second thing , there is a problem with the last col... | Ticker P/E P/S P/B P/FCF DividendNo . 1 NTCT 457.32 3.03 1.44 26.04 -2 GWRE 416.06 9.80 5.33 45.62 -3 PEGA 129.02 4.41 9.85 285.10 0.28 % 4 BLKB 87.68 4.96 14.36 41.81 0.62 % | iterate over certain columns in data frame |
Python | It is a little hard to understand this behaviour : If type of a is function , what is type of function ? And why does type of type from a is type ? Last one : if a is an object , why I ca n't do that : Thanks ! | def a ( ) : passtype ( a ) > > function type ( function ) > > NameError : name 'function ' is not defined type ( type ( a ) ) > > type isinstance ( a , object ) > > Trueclass x ( a ) : passTypeError : Error when calling the metaclass bases function ( ) argument 1 must be code , not str | In python , is function an object ? |
Python | In Python 3 , object is an instance of type and type is also an instance of object ! How is it possible that each class is derived from the other ? Any implementation details ? I checked this using isinstance ( sub , base ) , which , according to Python documentation , checks if sub class is derived from base class : | isinstance ( object , type ) Out [ 1 ] : Trueisinstance ( type , object ) Out [ 2 ] : True | Python 3 : How can object be instance of type ? |
Python | I 'm having some trouble understanding the behavior of select.select . Please consider the following Python program : I have saved this to a file `` test.py '' . If invoke it as follows : then I get the expected behavior : select never blocks and all of the data is printed ; the program then terminates.But if I run the... | def str_to_hex ( s ) : def dig ( n ) : if n > 9 : return chr ( 65-10+n ) else : return chr ( 48+n ) r = `` while len ( s ) > 0 : c = s [ 0 ] s = s [ 1 : ] a = ord ( c ) / 16 b = ord ( c ) % 16 r = r + dig ( a ) + dig ( b ) return rwhile True : ans , _ , _ = select.select ( [ sys.stdin ] , [ ] , [ ] ) print ans s = ans ... | Python select ( ) behavior is strange |
Python | Suppose I have a pandas DataFrame that looks similar to the following in structure . However inpractice it might be much larger and the number of level 1 indexes , as well as the number of level 2 index ( per level 1 index ) will vary , so the solution should n't make assumptions about this : Which looks like this : No... | index = pandas.MultiIndex.from_tuples ( [ ( `` a '' , `` s '' ) , ( `` a '' , `` u '' ) , ( `` a '' , `` v '' ) , ( `` b '' , `` s '' ) , ( `` b '' , `` u '' ) ] ) result = pandas.DataFrame ( [ [ 1 , 2 ] , [ 3 , 4 ] , [ 5 , 6 ] , [ 7 , 8 ] , [ 9 , 10 ] ] , index=index , columns= [ `` x '' , `` y '' ] ) x ya s 1 2 u 3 4... | How can I insert into a specific location of a MultiIndex DataFrame ? |
Python | I am trying to show a plot to the notebook from a python script , but all I get is a text output showing me the type ( ) output of the figure.I have something like this : This is my script ( a very simplified version of my actual script , but same concept ) .I have also tried setting the backend to notebook , but I get... | import matplotlib.pyplot as pltx= [ 1,2,3,4,5,6,5,3,2,4,2,3,4,2 ] plt.plot ( x ) plt.show ( ) | How to plot with pyplot from a script file in Google Colab ? |
Python | Consider the following hierarchy of three regular packages and theircontents : Now suppose there is a function jump in module dog and it is needed in module fox . How should I proceed ? Having recently seen Raymond Hettinger 's talk at Pycon2015 I would the likethe function to be directly importable from the root of pa... | quick├── brown│ ├── fox.py│ └── __init__.py├── lazy│ ├── dog.py│ └── __init__.py└── __init__.py from lazy import jump from .dog import jump from ..lazy import jump | Python import statements in complex package structures ? |
Python | guys , I am programming a GUI for an application , a cd container to insert cd , and currently I am not very clear and I think I need some help to clarify my understanding about object oriented design . so , first , I use observer pattern to build abstract Model and View classes and also the concrete models ( cd contai... | class CDContainerView : def __init__ : self.gui=CDContainerWidgetclass MainFrame : def __init__ : CDContainerView class CDContainerView ( CDContainerWidget ) : class MainFrame : def __init__ : CDContainerView class CDContainerWidget ( CDContainerView ) : class MainFrame : def __init__ : CDContainerWidget class CDContai... | object oriented design question for gui application |
Python | I 'm trying to produce shorter , more pythonic , readable python . And I have this working solution for Project Euler 's problem 8 ( find the greatest product of 5 sequential digits in a 1000 digit number ) . Suggestions for writing a more pythonic version of this script ? For example : there 's got ta be a one-liner f... | numstring = `` for line in open ( ' 8.txt ' ) : numstring += line.rstrip ( ) nums = [ int ( x ) for x in numstring ] best=0for i in range ( len ( nums ) -4 ) : subset = nums [ i : i+5 ] product=1 for x in subset : product *= x if product > best : best=product bestsubset=subsetprint bestprint bestsubset numstring = `` f... | Writing shorter , readable , pythonic code |
Python | I 'm trying to transfer the contents of one list to another , but it 's not working and I do n't know why not . My code looks like this : But if I run it my output looks like this : My question is threefold , I guess : Why is this happening , how do I make it work , and am I overlooking an incredibly simple solution li... | list1 = [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ] list2 = [ ] for item in list1 : list2.append ( item ) list1.remove ( item ) > > > list1 [ 2 , 4 , 6 ] > > > list2 [ 1 , 3 , 5 ] | iterating through a list removing items , some items are not removed |
Python | I have the following piece of code : I wanted to generate a docstring for the class according to the NumPy docstring style , but it does n't autocomplete . I have chosen the NumPy format in the settings under File | Settings | Tools | Python Integrated ToolsThe auto complete works for def __init__ ( ) . When I start a ... | class Note : def __init__ ( self , note=None , duration=None , start_time=None ) : self.note = note self.duration = duration self.start_time = start_time `` 'Parameters -- -- -- -- -- note : duration : start_time : ' '' | PyCharm not inserting docstring stub for class ? |
Python | I am summing each element in a 1D array using either Cython or NumPy . When summing integers Cython is ~20 % faster . When summing floats , Cython is ~2.5x slower . Below are the two simple functions used.TimingsCreate two arrays of 1 million elements each : Additional pointsNumPy is outperforming ( by quite a large ma... | # cython : boundscheck=False # cython : wraparound=Falsedef sum_int ( ndarray [ np.int64_t ] a ) : cdef : Py_ssize_t i , n = len ( a ) np.int64_t total = 0 for i in range ( n ) : total += a [ i ] return total def sum_float ( ndarray [ np.float64_t ] a ) : cdef : Py_ssize_t i , n = len ( a ) np.float64_t total = 0 for i... | Large Performance difference when summing ints vs floats in Cython vs NumPy |
Python | Your program just paused on a pdb.set_trace ( ) .Is there a way to monkey patch the function that is currently running , and `` resume '' execution ? Is this possible through call frame manipulation ? Some context : Oftentimes , I will have a complex function that processes large quantities of data , without having a p... | def process_a_lot ( data_stream ) : # process a lot of stuff # ... data_unit= data_stream.next ( ) if not can_process ( data_unit ) import pdb ; pdb.set_trace ( ) # continue processing | `` Online '' monkey patching of a function |
Python | Is there a Pythonic way to automatically __exit__ all members of a class ? Can I do this without manually calling __exit__ on a and b ? Am I even calling __exit__ correctly ? Suppose that the resources I have are n't files like in the example and there is n't a method like close or destroy . Is it perhaps good practice... | class C : def __init__ ( self ) : self.a = open ( 'foo ' ) self.b = open ( 'bar ' ) def __enter__ ( self ) : return self def __exit__ ( self , exc_type , exc_value , traceback ) : # Is it correct to just forward the parameters here ? self.a.__exit__ ( self , exc_type , exc_value , traceback ) self.b.__exit__ ( self , e... | Call __exit__ on all members of a class |
Python | Some background : I am writing a parser to retrieve information from sites with a markup language . Standard libraries as wikitools , ... do not work for me as I need to be more specific and adapting them to my needs puts a layer of complexity between me and the problem . Python + `` simple '' regex got me into difficu... | import ply.lex as lextext = r ' -- - 123456 -- -'token1 = r ' -- . * -- 'tokens = ( 'TEST ' , ) t_TEST = token1lexer = lex.lex ( reflags=re.UNICODE , debug=1 ) lexer.input ( text ) for tok in lexer : print tok.type , tok.value , tok.lineno , tok.lexpos lex : tokens = ( 'TEST ' , ) lex : literals = `` lex : states = { '... | Why does PLY treat regular expressions differently from Python/re ? |
Python | When using OAuth 2.0 and Python I want to have the user id or email to store/retrieve the OAuth access token as I want to modify a calendar even after the user has gone away.There is so much documentation and half of it is deprecated ( OAuth 1.0 ) that I 've not been able to figure this out . I have the following code ... | import webapp2import osfrom apiclient.discovery import buildfrom oauth2client.appengine import OAuth2DecoratorFromClientSecretsfrom google.appengine.api import oauthuser_scope = 'https : //www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.profile'decorator = OAuth2DecoratorFromClientSecrets ( os.path.join ( os.path.dirname ( __file__ )... | User info using OAuth with Google App Engine |
Python | I have traced a memory leak in my program to a Python module I wrote in C to efficiently parse an array expressed in ASCII-hex . ( e.g . `` FF 39 00 FC ... '' ) I realized that numpy does not know to free the memory allocated for CArray , thus causing a memory leak . After some research into this issue , at the suggest... | char* buf ; unsigned short bytesPerTable ; if ( ! PyArg_ParseTuple ( args , `` sH '' , & buf , & bytesPerTable ) ) { return NULL ; } unsigned short rowSize = bytesPerTable ; char* CArray = malloc ( rowSize * sizeof ( char ) ) ; // Populate CArray with data parsed from bufascii_buf_to_table ( buf , bytesPerTable , rowSi... | Creating a numpy array in C from an allocated array is causing memory leaks |
Python | Is there a straight forward way to plot an area plot using pandas , but orient the plot vertically ? for example to plot an area plot horizontally I can do this : I can plot a bar plot vertically with 'barh ' But I ca n't figure out a straightforward way to get a area plot vertical | import pandas as pdimport numpy as npdf = pd.DataFrame ( np.random.rand ( 10 , 4 ) , columns= [ ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' , 'd ' ] ) df.plot ( kind='area ' ) ; df.plot ( kind='barh ' ) ; | How to plot a vertical area plot with pandas |
Python | In order to make an extension really clean looking I 'm trying to implement the `` > > '' operator in python as a class method . I 'm not sure how to go about it though . I do n't want to have to create an instance since I am really operating on the class itself.Background information : I am trying to implement views i... | > > > class C : ... @ classmethod ... def __rshift__ ( cls , other ) : ... print ( `` % s got % s '' % ( cls , other ) ) ... > > > C.__rshift__ ( `` input '' ) __main__.C got input > > > C ( ) > > `` input '' __main__.C got input > > > C > > `` input '' Traceback ( most recent call last ) : File `` < stdin > '' , line ... | Can an operator be overloaded as a class method in python ? |
Python | I wrote something like this today ( not unlike the mpl_connect documentation : This looks reasonable , but it does n't work -- it 's as though matplotlib loses track of the function I 've given it . If instead of passing it Foo ( ) .callback I pass it lambda e : Foo ( ) .callback ( e ) , it works . Similarly if I say x... | class Foo ( object ) : def __init__ ( self ) : print 'init Foo ' , self def __del__ ( self ) : print 'del Foo ' , self def callback ( self , event=None ) : print 'Foo.callback ' , self , eventfrom pylab import *fig = figure ( ) plot ( randn ( 10 ) ) cid = fig.canvas.mpl_connect ( 'button_press_event ' , Foo ( ) .callba... | If I have a reference to a bound method in Python , will that alone keep the object alive ? |
Python | I am trying to multiply two columns ( ActualSalary * FTE ) within the dataframe ( OPR ) to create a new column ( FTESalary ) , but somehow it has stopped at row 21357 , I do n't understand what went wrong or how to fix it . The two columns came from importing a csv file using the line : OPR = pd.read_csv ( 'OPR.csv ' ,... | [ In ] OPR [ out ] ActualSalary FTE44600 158,000.00 170,000.00 117550 134693 115674 0.4 [ In ] OPR [ `` FTESalary '' ] = OPR [ `` ActualSalary '' ] .str.replace ( `` , '' , `` '' ) .astype ( `` float '' ) *OPR [ `` FTE '' ] [ In ] OPR [ out ] ActualSalary FTE FTESalary44600 1 4460058,000.00 1 5800070,000.00 1 700001755... | Pandas Dataframe : Multiplying Two Columns |
Python | Considering a trivial implementation of the problem , I am looking for a significantly faster way to find the most common word in a Python list . As part of Python interview I received feedback that this implementation is so inefficient , that it is basically failure . Later , I tried many algorithms I found , and only... | def stupid ( words ) : freqs = { } for w in words : freqs [ w ] = freqs.get ( w , 0 ) + 1 return max ( freqs , key=freqs.get ) | Is there a significantly better way to find the most common word in a list ( Python only ) |
Python | I have an EventManager class written in C++ and exposed to Python . This is how I intended for it to be used from the Python side : ( The add- and remove- are exposed as static functions of EventManager . ) The problem with the above code is that the callbacks are captured inside boost : :python : :object instances ; w... | class Something : def __init__ ( self ) : EventManager.addEventHandler ( FooEvent , self.onFooEvent ) def __del__ ( self ) : EventManager.removeEventHandler ( FooEvent , self.onFooEvent ) def onFooEvent ( self , event ) : pass | Boost.Python : Callbacks to class functions |
Python | I have to solve a problem where I had to find the shortest path to link all points starting from a distance matrix . It 's almost like a Traveling Salesman Problem except I do not need to close my path by returning to the starting point . I found the Held-Karp algorithm ( Python ) that solves the TSP very well but alwa... | function held_karp ( $ matrix ) { $ nb_nodes = count ( $ matrix ) ; # Maps each subset of the nodes to the cost to reach that subset , as well # as what node it passed before reaching this subset . # Node subsets are represented as set bits . $ c = [ ] ; # Set transition cost from initial state for ( $ k = 1 ; $ k < $ ... | Modify Held-Karp TSP algorithm so we do not need to go back to the origin |
Python | This RegExp should find one of three emoji . Everything works correct , but PyCharm says : '' Duplicate character \U0001f573 inside character class '' '' Duplicate character \U0001f57a inside character class '' If I change order , it says the same about 2nd and 3rd symbols , but never says about 1st one.Is it a bug in ... | # Python3r = re.compile ( r '' [ \U0001f570\U0001f573\U0001f57a ] '' ) | PyCharm thinks this RegExp has Duplicate character is characte class . Is it bug or not ? |
Python | I have a pandas dataframe : and a dictionaryUsing values from the dictionary , I want to evaluate the dataframe rows like this:3*10.0 + 3*2.0 + 1*1.5 giving me a final output that looks like this : So , far I could only replace ' , ' by '+ ' | df = pd.DataFrame ( { 'col1 ' : [ ' 3 a , 3 ab , 1 b ' , ' 4 a , 4 ab , 1 b , 1 d ' , np.nan ] } ) di = { ' a ' : 10.0 , 'ab ' : 2.0 , ' b ' : 1.5 , 'd ' : 1.0 , np.nan : 0.0 } pd.DataFrame ( { 'col1 ' : [ ' 3 a , 3 ab , 1 b ' , ' 4 a , 4 ab , 1 b , 1 d ' , 'np.nan ' ] , 'result ' : [ 37.5 , 50.5 , 0 ] } ) df [ 'col1 '... | dictionary keys to replace strings in pandas dataframe column with dictionary values and perform evaluate |
Python | I have the following code using a for loop : Now the same result using a while loop : Why is it that I do not have to define num in the first case , but I do have to define it in the second ? Are they both not variables ? | total = 0 for num in range ( 101 ) : total = total + num print ( total ) num = 0 total = 0 while num < = 99 : num = num + 1 total = total + num print ( total ) | Why do I not have to define the variable in a for loop using range ( ) , but I do have to in a while loop in Python ? |
Python | In situations where you want to import a nested module into your namespace , I 've always written it like this : However , I recently realized that this can be expressed using the `` as '' syntax as well . See the following : Which has the subjective advantage of looking more similar to other imports : ... with the dis... | from concurrent import futures import concurrent.futures as futures import sysimport osimport concurrent.futures as futures | Difference between `` from x.y import z '' and `` import x.y.z as z '' |
Python | Setupconsider the following dataframe ( note the strings ) : QuestionI 'm going to sum . I expect the strings to be concatenated.It looks as though the strings were concatenated then converted to float . Is there a good reason for this ? Is this a bug ? Anything enlightening will be up voted . | df = pd.DataFrame ( [ [ ' 3 ' , '11 ' ] , [ ' 0 ' , ' 2 ' ] ] , columns=list ( 'AB ' ) ) df df.info ( ) < class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame ' > RangeIndex : 2 entries , 0 to 1Data columns ( total 2 columns ) : A 2 non-null objectB 2 non-null objectdtypes : object ( 2 ) memory usage : 104.0+ bytes df.sum ( ) A 30.0B 11... | why is a sum of strings converted to floats |
Python | I want to create a png or tiff image file from a very large h5py dataset that can not be loaded into memory all at once . So , I was wondering if there is a way in python to write to a png or tiff file in patches ? ( I can load the h5py dataset in slices to a numpy.ndarray ) .I 've tried using the pillow library and do... | for y in range ( 0 , height , patch_size ) : for x in range ( 0 , width , patch_size ) : y2 = min ( y + patch_size , height ) x2 = min ( x + patch_size , width ) # image_arr is an h5py dataset that can not be loaded completely # in memory , so load it in slices image_file.write ( image_arr [ y : y2 , x : x2 ] , box= ( ... | How can I write to a png/tiff file patch-by-patch ? |
Python | Here is my question . the terrain was represent by the altitude across these area . I uploaded here Now , I can plot the terrain as background using contourf in matplotlib . http : //i13.tietuku.com/1d32bfe631e20eee.png As the background , it may affect the overlay plot ( different color mingle together ) . The figure ... | fig =plt.figure ( figsize= ( 10,8 ) ) ax = plt.subplot ( ) xi , yi = np.linspace ( 195.2260,391.2260,50 ) , np.linspace ( 4108.9341,4304.9341,50 ) height = np.array ( list ( csv.reader ( open ( `` terr_grd.csv '' , '' rb '' ) , delimiter= ' , ' ) ) ) .astype ( 'float ' ) terrf = plt.contourf ( xi , yi , height,15 , cma... | Plotting terrain as background using matplotlib |
Python | I have a function that gets a list of DB tables as parameter , and returns a command string to be executed on these tables , e.g . : Should return something like : This is done using tables_string='-t '+ ' -t '.join ( tables ) .The fun begins when the function is called with : tables= ( 'stackoverflow ' ) ( a string ) ... | pg_dump ( file='/tmp/dump.sql ' , tables= ( 'stack ' , 'overflow ' ) , port=5434 name=europe ) pg_dump -t stack -t overflow -f /tmp/dump.sql -p 5434 europe pg_dump -t s -t t -t a -t c -t k -t o -t v -t e -t r -t f -t l -t o -t w -f /tmp/dump.sql -p 5434 europe | Pythonic way to verify parameter is a sequence but not string |
Python | I 'm looking to be able to yield from a number of async coroutines . Asyncio 's as_completed is kind of close to what I 'm looking for ( i.e . I want any of the coroutines to be able to yield at any time back to the caller and then continue ) , but that only seems to allow regular coroutines with a single return.Here '... | import asyncioasync def test ( id_ ) : print ( f ' { id_ } sleeping ' ) await asyncio.sleep ( id_ ) return id_async def test_gen ( id_ ) : count = 0 while True : print ( f ' { id_ } sleeping ' ) await asyncio.sleep ( id_ ) yield id_ count += 1 if count > 5 : returnasync def main ( ) : runs = [ test ( i ) for i in range... | asyncio as_yielded from async generators |
Python | I want to create unique < client-key > and < client-secret > for the users who registers themselves for the service.So , I was searching for the same and came up with these options : uuidbinascii.hexlify ( os.urandom ( x ) ) random.SystemRandom ( ) It 's a silly question but I want to know that which implementation is ... | import randomtemp = random.SystemRandom ( ) random_seq = `` .join ( temp.choice ( CHARACTER_SET ) for x in range ( x ) ) > > > 'wkdnP3EWxtEQWnB5XhqgNOr5RKL533vO7A40hsin ' import uuidstr ( uuid.uuid4 ( ) ) > > > 'f26155d6-fa3d-4206-8e48-afe15f26048b ' | Which one is more secure to use ? uuid , binascii.hexlify ( os.urandom ( ) ) or random.SystemRandom ( ) ? |
Python | I can not use itertoolsSo the coding seems pretty simple , but I 'm having trouble thinking of the algorithm to keep a generator running until all iterations have been processed fully . The idea of the function is to take 2 iterables as parameters like this ... ( [ ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' , 'd ' , ' e ' ] , [ 1,2,5 ] ) A... | def iteration ( letters , numbers ) : times = 0 for x , y in zip ( letters , numbers ) : try : for z in range ( y ) : yield x except : continue [ print ( x ) for x in iteration ( [ ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' , 'd ' ] , [ 1,2,3 ] ) ] | Continue until all iterators are done Python |
Python | I 'm trying to get engagement data for my company 's tweets for a marketing dashboard . I am able to authenticate with Tweepy to get basic Twitter feed data , but the engagement endpoint is giving me trouble . Is it possible that I messing things up by autheticating with Tweepy and then with the bearer token ? When I c... | import tweepyimport requestsimport jsonimport base64import urllib.parseconsumer_key = < > consumer_secret = < > access_token = < > access_token_secret = < > auth = tweepy.OAuthHandler ( consumer_key , consumer_secret ) auth.set_access_token ( access_token , access_token_secret ) api = tweepy.API ( auth ) print ( api.me... | with the Twitter API - how can I get authentication for the engagement endpoint using a bearer token |
Python | I have gone through this : What is a metaclass in Python ? But can any one explain more specifically when should I use the meta class concept and when it 's very handy ? Suppose I have a class like below : For this class.In which situation should I use a meta class and why is it useful ? Thanks in advance . | class Book ( object ) : CATEGORIES = [ 'programming ' , 'literature ' , 'physics ' ] def _get_book_name ( self , book ) : return book [ 'title ' ] def _get_category ( self , book ) : for cat in self.CATEGORIES : if book [ 'title ' ] .find ( cat ) > -1 : return cat return `` Other '' if __name__ == '__main__ ' : b = Boo... | In Python , when should I use a meta class ? |
Python | Here is my code : When I type `` python main.py '' on the terminal and start the program it starts to listen but does n't get what I say . I 've tried to use adjust_for_ambient_noise ( ) instead of listen ( ) but it also did n't change anything . I 'm using macOS Catalina and Python 3.8.1.This is the error I get : This... | import speech_recognition as srr = sr.Recognizer ( ) with sr.Microphone ( ) as source : print ( 'Say Something ' ) audio = r.listen ( source ) voice_data = r.record ( audio ) print ( voice_data ) Traceback ( most recent call last ) : File `` main.py '' , line 8 , in < module > voice_data = r.record ( audio ) File `` /U... | SpeechRecognition , AssertionError `` Source must be an audio source '' |
Python | I 'm looking for an efficient way to segment numpy arrays into overlapping chunks . I know that numpy.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided is probably the way to go , but I ca n't seem to wrap my head around its usage in a generalized function that works on arrays with arbitrary shape . Here are some examples for specific appl... | import numpy as npfrom numpy.lib.stride_tricks import as_strideddef segment ( arr , axis , new_len , step=1 , new_axis=None ) : `` '' '' Segment an array along some axis . Parameters -- -- -- -- -- arr : array-like The input array . axis : int The axis along which to segment . new_len : int The length of each segment .... | Segmenting numpy arrays with as_strided |
Python | I 'm trying to perform a groupby on a table where given this groupby index , all values are either correct or Nan . EG : I just want to get the values for each of the 4 people , which should never clash , eg : I 've tried : and evenAll to no avail . What am I missing ? EDIT : to help you making the example dataframe fo... | id country name0 1 France None1 1 France Pierre2 2 None Marge3 1 None Pierre4 3 USA Jim5 3 None Jim6 2 UK None7 4 Spain Alvaro8 2 None Marge9 3 None Jim10 4 Spain None11 3 None Jim country nameid 1 France Pierre2 UK Marge3 USA Jim4 Spain Alvaro groupby ( ) .first ( ) groupby.nth ( 0 , dropna='any'/'all ' ) groupby ( ) ... | Pandas groupby give any non nan values |
Python | Consider the following MWE : When I compile and run this as normal i get the expected output : But when I redirect the output I get nothing from the python code : What is happening ? And more importantly how do I get my python output written to stdout like expected ? | # include < Python.h > # include < stdio.h > int main ( void ) { printf ( `` Test 1\n '' ) ; Py_Initialize ( ) ; printf ( `` Test 2\n '' ) ; PyRun_SimpleString ( `` print ( 'Test 3 ' ) '' ) ; printf ( `` Test 4\n '' ) ; return 0 ; } $ ./testTest 1Test 2Test 3Test 4 $ ./test | catTest 1Test 2Test 4 | Where does my embedded python stdout go ? |
Python | I 'm stuck on a small but tricky problem since yesterday.What I have is a ( possibly infinitely ) nested list like this : On each level the lists consist of two sublists , ( I did n't use tuples because the lists will probably get arbitrary length in the next step ) Now I want to insert an element in every possible pos... | [ 1 , [ 2 , [ 3,4 ] ] ] or [ [ 1,2 ] , [ 3,4 ] ] and so on . [ [ 5 , [ 1 , [ 2 , [ 3,4 ] ] ] ] , [ 1 , [ 5 , [ 2 , [ 3,4 ] ] ] ] , [ 1 , [ 2 , [ 5 , [ 3,4 ] ] ] ] , [ 1 , [ 2 , [ [ 3,5 ] ,4 ] ] ] , [ 1 , [ 2 , [ 3 , [ 4,5 ] ] ] ] ] def get_trees ( nwklist , newid ) : if not isinstance ( nwklist , list ) : return [ newi... | Python - Iteration over nested lists |
Python | I have already install anaconda on my Windows 10 laptop . I 'm trying to activate the Python environment named pyenv.First , I check the conda env list in my laptop , this is the output on the power shell : Then I activate pyenv : But I check again , it still activates base environment : When I use the Anaconda prompt ... | PS C : \Users\User > conda env list # conda environments : # base * C : \Users\User\Anaconda3pyenv C : \Users\User\Anaconda3\envs\pyenv PS C : \Users\User > conda activate pyenv PS C : \Users\User > conda env list # conda environments : # base * C : \Users\User\Anaconda3pyenv C : \Users\User\Anaconda3\envs\pyenv ( base... | Conda not activate in Power Shell |
Python | I 'm creating a DOT graph visualization from a tree-like data structure but am having difficulties setting fixed level depths based upon data type . For example , if I had 4 nodes in a tree and A denotes a specific data type and B represents another it would like Graph_1 : as opposed to Graph_2 : Graph_2 is what I woul... | ROOT / \ A [ 0 ] B [ 1 ] / B [ 0 ] ROOT / \ A [ 0 ] \ / \ B [ 0 ] B [ 1 ] | How to set fixed depth levels in DOT graphs |
Python | One of my favorite features about python is that you can write configuration files in python that are very simple to read and understand . If you put a few boundaries on yourself , you can be pretty confident that non-pythonistas will know exactly what you mean and will be perfectly capable of reconfiguring your progra... | try : from settings_overrides import * LOCALIZED = Trueexcept ImportError : LOCALIZED = False | Is it ever polite to put code in a python configuration file ? |
Python | I have a Python source file that looks like this : I want to invoke this source file by passing it to Python 's stdin : python < source.pyAfter source.py is read , I want the Python program to start reading from stdin ( as shown above ) . Is this even possible ? It appears that the interpreter wo n't process source.py ... | import sysx = sys.stdin.read ( ) print ( x ) | How can I run Python source from stdin that itself reads from stdin ? |
Python | This might seem like a subjective question , but I 'm sure there are good techniques that some of you employ to ensure the imports in Django projects stay maintainable . I 'm used to having a list of about 30 different imports in every file , and that clearly violates the DRY principle . So it 's not just about aesthet... | from django.shortcuts import render_to_response , get_object_or_404from shortcuts import render_to_context , render_templatefrom django.http import HttpResponseRedirectfrom django.contrib.comments.models import Commentfrom django.template import RequestContextfrom django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_requiredfro... | How to keep imports neat in Django ? |
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