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Python | I have a list like so : I want it to look like sowhat 's the most efficient way to do this ? edit : what about going the other way ? -- > | [ ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' , 'd ' , ' e ' , ' f ' , ' g ' , ' h ' , ' i ' ] [ [ ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' ] , [ 'd ' , ' e ' , ' f ' ] , [ ' g ' , ' h ' , ' i ' ] ] [ [ ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' ] , [ 'd ' , ' e ' , ' f ' ] , [ ' g ' , ' h ' , ' i ' ] ] [ ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' , 'd ' , ' e ' , ' f ' , ' g ' , ' h ' , ' i ' ] | python split string every 3rd value but into a nested format |
Python | I have a nested function that I 'm using as a callback in pyglet : But then I run into problems later when I need to reference the nested function again : This does n't work because of the way python treats functions : Thanks to two similar questions I understand what is going on but I 'm not sure what the workaround i... | def get_stop_function ( stop_key ) : def stop_on_key ( symbol , _ ) : if symbol == getattr ( pyglet.window.key , stop_key ) : pyglet.app.exit ( ) return stop_on_keypyglet.window.set_handler ( 'on_key_press ' , get_stop_function ( 'ENTER ' ) ) pyglet.window.remove_handler ( 'on_key_press ' , get_stop_function ( 'ENTER '... | Workaround for equality of nested functions |
Python | I 'm looking for optimizations on the following problem ( I 've got some working code but I 'm fairly sure it could be quicker and is written in a bad way ) . I 've got a list of SKUs ( between 6 and 9 digit numbers ) that I 'm looking up information on on Amazon . The working code is given below : where x is a diction... | def buildDictionary2 ( stringy ) : x = stringy.xpath ( '//sellersku/text ( ) |//product/descendant : :amount [ 1 ] /text ( ) ' ) Sku_To_Price = { } for items in range ( len ( x ) ) : if x [ items ] in myList : try : if x [ items+1 ] not in myList : Sku_To_Price [ x [ items ] ] = x [ items+1 ] else : Sku_To_Price [ x [ ... | Most efficient way to produce a Python dictionary given a list |
Python | If I take a simply and empty numpy array i can see it has 96 bytes of overhead , What is that 96 bytes storing ? Where in the C source for numpy or Python 3 ( cpython ) is this set up ? | > > > sys.getsizeof ( np.array ( [ ] ) ) 96 | Why does a numpy array have 96 bytes of overhead ? |
Python | Let 's say one file has 10 global constants that I want to import into another file.Instead of doing the following , is there any simpler way to import all the global constants without doing something like : from file_one.py import * . I do n't want it to import the entire file , just the global variables . | DEFINE1 = 1DEFINE2 = 2DEFINE3 = 3 ... DEFINE10 = 10 from file_one.py import DEFINE1 , DEFINE2 , DEFINE3 , ... ... ... ... .. | How to import large number of global variables without listing each one ? ( Python ) |
Python | I 'm trying to create a regex that matches a third person form of a verb created using the following rule : If the verb ends in e not preceded by i , o , s , x , z , ch , sh , add s. So I 'm looking for a regex matching a word consisting of some letters , then not i , o , s , x , z , ch , sh , and then `` es '' . I tri... | \b\w* [ ^iosxz ( sh ) ( ch ) ] es\b | Regex for a third-person verb |
Python | Python ( and ipython ) has very powerful post-mortem debugging capabilities , allowing variable inspection and command execution at each scope in the traceback . The up/down debugger commands allow changing frame for the stack trace of the final exception , but what about the __cause__ of that exception , as defined by... | Python 3.7.6 ( default , Jan 8 2020 , 13:42:34 ) Type 'copyright ' , 'credits ' or 'license ' for more informationIPython 7.11.1 -- An enhanced Interactive Python . Type ' ? ' for help.In [ 1 ] : def foo ( ) : ... : bab = 42 ... : raise TypeError ... : In [ 2 ] : try : ... : foo ( ) ... : except TypeError as err : ... ... | How to debug the stack trace that causes a subsequent exception in python ? |
Python | These are 3 dicts I made each with the 4 same keys but of course different values.I stored the dicts in a list.What I 'd like to do is loop through the list and display each like so : I was thinking a for loop would do the trick for student in students : and I could store each in a empty dict current = { } but after th... | lloyd = { `` name '' : `` Lloyd '' , `` homework '' : [ 90.0 , 97.0 , 75.0 , 92.0 ] , `` quizzes '' : [ 88.0 , 40.0 , 94.0 ] , `` tests '' : [ 75.0 , 90.0 ] } alice = { `` name '' : `` Alice '' , `` homework '' : [ 100.0 , 92.0 , 98.0 , 100.0 ] , `` quizzes '' : [ 82.0 , 83.0 , 91.0 ] , `` tests '' : [ 89.0 , 97.0 ] } ... | Looping through a list that contains dicts and displaying it a certain way |
Python | I have a multi-index dataframe and I want to know the percentage of clients who paid a certain threshold of debt for each of the 3 criteria : City , Card and Collateral.This is a working script : And this is the result : To overcome this issue I tried the following without success : And this is the result I wish to acc... | import pandas as pdd = { 'City ' : [ 'Tokyo ' , 'Tokyo ' , 'Lisbon ' , 'Tokyo ' , 'Tokyo ' , 'Lisbon ' , 'Lisbon ' , 'Lisbon ' , 'Tokyo ' , 'Lisbon ' , 'Tokyo ' , 'Tokyo ' , 'Tokyo ' , 'Lisbon ' , 'Tokyo ' , 'Tokyo ' , 'Lisbon ' , 'Lisbon ' , 'Lisbon ' , 'Tokyo ' , 'Lisbon ' , 'Tokyo ' ] , 'Card ' : [ 'Visa ' , 'Visa '... | Count if in multiple index Dataframe |
Python | I would expect both cases to raise a TypeError , but this is not the case . Why not ? The Python documentation on this subject talks about strings , tuples and dictionaries , but says nothing about lists . I 'm a bit confused about this behavior . I 've been able to duplicate it in Python 2.7 and 3.2 . | > > > 'string with no string formatting markers ' % [ 'string ' ] 'string with no string formatting markers ' > > > 'string with no string formatting markers ' % ( 'string ' , ) Traceback ( most recent call last ) : File `` < stdin > '' , line 1 , in < module > TypeError : not all arguments converted during string form... | Why does using a list as a string formatting parameter , even with no % s identifier , return the original string ? |
Python | I have an environment of conda configurated with python 3.6 and dvc is installed there , but when I try to execute dvc run with python , dvc call the python version of main installation of conda and not find the installed libraries . | $ conda activate py36 $ python -- versionPython 3.6.6 : : Anaconda custom ( 64-bit ) $ dvc run python -- versionRunning command : python -- versionPython 3.7.0Saving information to 'Dvcfile ' . | How to execute python from conda environment by dvc run |
Python | I have a Fargate ECS container that I use to run a Docker container through tasks in ECS . When the task starts , an sh script is called , runner.sh , This in turn starts a long-running Python script , my_python_script.py . I know the Python script is running fine because it does what it needs to do , but I ca n't see ... | # ! /bin/shecho `` this line will get logged to ECS ... '' python3 src/my_python_script.py # however print statements from this Python script are not logged to ECS { `` ipcMode '' : null , `` executionRoleArn '' : `` myecsTaskExecutionRolearn '' , `` containerDefinitions '' : [ { `` dnsSearchDomains '' : null , `` envi... | How to see Python print statements from running Fargate ECS task ? |
Python | Folks , After building and deploying a package called myShtuff to a local pypicloud server , I am able to install it into a separate virtual env.Everything seems to work , except for the path of the executable ... If I try running the script directly , I get : However , I can run it via : Am I making a mistake when bui... | ( venv ) [ ec2-user @ ip-10-0-1-118 ~ ] $ pip freezeFabric==1.10.1boto==2.38.0myShtuff==0.1ecdsa==0.13paramiko==1.15.2pycrypto==2.6.1wsgiref==0.1.2 ( venv ) [ ec2-user @ ip-10-0-1-118 ~ ] $ myShtuff-bash : myShtuff : command not found ( venv ) [ ec2-user @ ip-10-0-1-118 ~ ] $ python /home/ec2-user/venv/lib/python2.7/si... | running a python package after compiling and uploading to pypicloud server |
Python | The following code : outputs : However when enabling PEP 563 – Postponed Evaluation of Annotations : The output is : How can I get the exact same object of type inspect.Signature with PEP 563 like without it ? | import inspectfrom typing import NamedTupleclass Example ( NamedTuple ) : a : strif __name__== `` __main__ '' : signature : inspect.Signature = inspect.signature ( Example ) print ( signature ) ( a : str ) from __future__ import annotationsimport inspectfrom typing import NamedTupleclass Example ( NamedTuple ) : a : st... | inspect.signature with PEP 563 |
Python | Say we want to import a script named user.py , which may fail.How can we make sure to only catch the possible import failure of user.py itself , and not of the imports that may be contained in user.py ? | try : import userexcept ImportError : logging.info ( 'No user script loaded . ' ) | How to catch an ImportError non-recursively ? |
Python | For instance , consider the case : the exception does not print the value that was out of range . My guess is that we do n't know if the __str__ function of whatever was passed in raises an exception , so we do n't touch it ? | > > > a = [ ] > > > a [ 12 ] Traceback ( most recent call last ) : File `` < stdin > '' , line 1 , in < module > IndexError : list index out of range | Why do python exceptions typically not print offending values ? |
Python | I 'm trying to get different college names and their rankings from a webpage . The script I 've tried with can parse the first few names and their rankings accordingly . However , there are 233 names and their rankings in that page but they can only be visible when that page is made to scroll downward . The thing is wh... | import requestsfrom bs4 import BeautifulSoupurl = 'https : //www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-liberal-arts-colleges ' r = requests.get ( url , headers= { 'User-Agent ' : 'Mozilla/5.0 ' } ) soup = BeautifulSoup ( r.text , '' lxml '' ) for item in soup.select ( `` [ id^='school- ' ] '' ) : name = item.selec... | Script grabs fewer content out of many |
Python | My DataFrame has a string in the first column , and a number in the second one : What I want to do is to manipulate this DataFrame in order to have a list object that contains a string , made out of the 5th character for each `` GEOSTRING '' value , for each different `` IDactivity '' value . So in this case , I have 3... | GEOSTRING IDactivity9 wydm2p01uk0fd2z 210 wydm86pg6r3jyrg 211 wydm2p01uk0fd2z 212 wydm80xfxm9j22v 239 wydm9w92j538xze 440 wydm8km72gbyuvf 441 wydm86pg6r3jyrg 442 wydm8mzt874p1v5 443 wydm8mzmpz5gkt8 544 wydm86pg6r3jyrg 545 wydm8w1q8bjfpcj 546 wydm8w1q8bjfpcj 5 [ '2828 ' , '9888 ' , '8888 ' ] | I need to create a python list object , or any object , out of a pandas DataFrame object grouping pieces of values from different rows |
Python | Monday 27 jul 2020 , I 'm running pytube module perfectly but after one day later its code is not working any more . It 's show 's too many values to unpack ( expected 2 ) Anyone know this ? Or other modules like this to extract YouTube captions ? | from pytube import YouTubeurl = input ( `` Entry url : `` ) yt = YouTube ( url ) captions = yt.captions.get_by_language_code ( 'en ' ) all = captions.generate_srt_captions ( ) print ( all ) | Too many values to unpack in pytube module problem |
Python | I want to implement users in my system . I know that Django already has an authentication system , and I 've been reading the documentation . But I do n't know yet the difference between And I do n't want to know why to use one or another , but what happens under the hoods . What 's the difference ? | from django.contrib.auth.models import User class Profile ( User ) : # others fields from django.contrib.auth.models import User class Profile ( models.Model ) : user = models.OneToOneField ( User ) # others fields | Under the hoods what 's the difference between subclassing the user and creating a one to one field ? |
Python | I 'm trying to make a mapping between the grade categories in the picture below . Then I would like to be able to call a function that converts a grade to the same grade in an equivalent format . Ex : I thought of making three parallel lists for the equivalence and then the function would end up using a bunch of if sta... | def convert ( num , letter , gpa ) : `` '' '' Converts a grade into an equivalent grade . The desired output will be specified by -1 and the grade format not to be involved in the conversion will be specified by None . When converting to GPA , the minimum of the gpa range will be returned . '' '' '' > > > convert ( 83 ... | How to make a triple equivalence dictionary ? |
Python | I have made a like button powered by ajax and I have defined a function that it refresh the text . Now I want to change it for updating from font awesome fa-heart-o to fa-heart and viceversa . How can I do it ? see the code belowbase.htmland button like htmlThank you for your help . | < script > $ ( document ) .ready ( function ( ) { function updateText ( btn , newCount , iconClass , verb ) { verb = verb || `` '' ; $ ( btn ) .html ( newCount + ' < i class= '' ' + iconClass + ' '' > < /i > ' + verb ) btn.attr ( `` data-likes '' , newCount ) } $ ( `` .like-btn '' ) .click ( function ( e ) { e.preventD... | Toggle icon on Like with Javascript |
Python | I 'm looking for a way to automatically produce an abstract , basically the first few sentances/paragraphs of a blog entry , to display in a list of articles ( which are written in markdown ) . Currently , I 'm doing something like this : to just grab the first few lines worth of text , but i 'm not totally happy with ... | def abstract ( article , paras=3 ) : return '\n'.join ( article.split ( '\n ' ) [ 0 : paras ] ) | Computing article abstracts |
Python | Is there any difference , subtle or not so subtle , between the effects of the following import statements ? I have found both used in example programs and sure enough , they both seem to work . It would go against the grain of Python 's `` there is only one way to do stuff '' if they were totally equivalent in functio... | from scipy import interpolate as spi import scipy.interpolate as spi | Pythonic way to import modules from packages |
Python | Question motivation : In standard numerical languages of which I am aware ( e.g . Matlab , Python numpy , etc . ) , if , for example , you take the exponential of a modestly large number , the output is infinity as the result of numerical overflow . If this is multiplied by 0 , you get NaN . Separately , these steps ar... | > > > import numpy as np > > > np.exp ( 709 ) *00.0 > > > np.exp ( 710 ) *0nan | Do numerical programming languages distinguish between a `` largest finite number '' and `` infinity '' ? |
Python | I was investigating Python generators and decided to run a little experiment.Memory usage ( using psutil to get process RSS memory ) and time taken ( using time.time ( ) ) are shown below after running each method several times and taking the average : I noticed that producing a generator by using xrange is consistentl... | TOTAL = 100000000def my_sequence ( ) : i = 0 while i < TOTAL : yield i i += 1def my_list ( ) : return range ( TOTAL ) def my_xrange ( ) : return xrange ( TOTAL ) sequence_of_values = my_sequence ( ) # Memory usage : 6782976B Time taken : 9.53674e-07 ssequence_of_values2 = my_xrange ( ) # Memory usage : 6774784B Time ta... | Why is a generator produced by yield faster than a generator produced by xrange ? |
Python | There are already a bunch of answers that solve how to do this general thing , but my main question is Why doesnt this approach work ? I am trying to `` live stream '' the stdout and stderr from a subprocess . I can do this by doing : and this works giving me the result : However this causes a problem as it really only... | import sysimport subprocessdef run_command ( cmd ) : process = subprocess.Popen ( cmd , stderr=subprocess.PIPE , stdout=subprocess.PIPE ) for out in iter ( process.stdout.readline , b '' ) : print ( out ) for err in iter ( process.stderr.readline , b '' ) : print ( err ) run_command ( [ 'echo ' , 'hello ' , 'world ' ] ... | python stream subprocess stdout and stderr zip doesnt work |
Python | I have an array of strings grouped into three fields : I would like to convert to a numerical array ( of type np.int8 for a preference , but not required ) , shaped 4x3 , instead of the fields.My general approach is to transform into a 4x3 array of type 'S2 ' , then use astype to make it numerical . The only problem is... | x = np.array ( [ ( -1 , 0 , 1 ) , ( -1 , 1 , 0 ) , ( 0 , 1 , -1 ) , ( 0 , -1 , 1 ) ] , dtype= [ ( ' a ' , 'S2 ' ) , ( ' b ' , 'S2 ' ) , ( ' c ' , 'S2 ' ) ] ) y = np.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided ( x.view ( dtype='S2 ' ) , shape= ( 4 , 3 ) , strides= ( 6 , 2 ) ) z = y.astype ( np.int8 ) | converting numpy array of string fields to numerical format |
Python | I have an image with a missing part that I know has been coloured in green ( first image ) . What is the most pythonic way of generating another `` boolean '' image that shows white for the missing parts and black for the non-missing parts ( second image ) ? Is it possible to do it without a for-loop , but just with ar... | mask = image [ : , : ] == [ 0 , 255 , 0 ] | What is the most pythonic way of generating a boolean mask of an RGB image based on the colour of the pixels ? |
Python | Part of a models objective is weighted by items in a scalar list.I am solving for this by using a list of 0-1 range variables , and then using LinearExpr.ScalProd to weight the objective.Is there a way to do this with just one integer variable ( other than the objective variable ) , where I can either use a lambda or s... | def argmax ( model : cp_model.CpModel , values : List [ int ] ) - > Tuple [ List [ cp_model.IntVar ] , cp_model.IntVar ] : objective_var = model.NewIntVar ( 0 , 1000000 , `` objective_var '' ) ret_vars = [ model.NewIntVar ( 0 , 1 , `` x ( % i ) '' % i ) for i in range ( len ( values ) ) ] model.Add ( sum ( ret_vars ) =... | Is it possible to compute argmax with or-tools with just one integer variable ? |
Python | What is the most pythonic and correct way of doing composition aliases ? Here 's a hypothetical scenario : AFAIK with # 1 my tested editors understand these just as fine as # 2 - auto completion , doc strings etc . Are there any down-sides to # 1 approach ? Which way is more correct from python 's point of view ? To ex... | class House : def cleanup ( self , arg1 , arg2 , kwarg1=False ) : # do somethingclass Person : def __init__ ( self , house ) : self.house = house # aliases house.cleanup # 1. self.cleanup_house = self.house.cleanup # 2. def cleanup_house ( self , arg1 , arg2 , kwarg1=False ) : return self.house.cleanup ( arg1=arg1 , ar... | Pythonic way of doing composition aliases |
Python | I 'm a Python beginner and I am from C/C++ background . I 'm using Python 2.7.I read this article : A Beginner ’ s Guide to Python ’ s Namespaces , Scope Resolution , and the LEGB Rule , and I think I have some understanding of Python 's these technologies.Today I realized that I can write Python code like this : That ... | if condition_1 : var_x = some_valueelse : var_x = another_valueprint var_x | Python : Variables are still accessible if defined in try or if ? |
Python | I want to initialize a list in python . I do not understand why the code below does not work : There are other ways to initialize the list , like : But , my question is why the first code does not work.Edit : I am a newbie to Python , and programming . Unfortunately I do not understand some parts of your answers . For ... | u = [ 'abc ' , 'de ' , 'fghi ' , 'jklm ' , ' n ' , `` ] for item in u : item = len ( item ) u = [ len ( item ) for item in u ] | initializing members of a list |
Python | I 'm doing some work with logs . Need to calculate a sum of time duration when the process was running without long interruptions . Set the maximum possible interruption to 30 seconds . Logs are emitted every 3 seconds.So , for example if it was running since 10:20:00 ( hours ) to 10:30:00 and was interrupted from 10:2... | for k , v in proc_activity.items ( ) : proc_activity [ k ] [ 'duration ' ] = 0 start , next = v [ 'timestamps ' ] [ 0 ] , `` for time in v [ 'timestamps ' ] : next = time diff = next - start if diff.seconds < 30 : proc_activity [ k ] [ 'duration ' ] += diff.seconds else : print ( `` diff : % s '' % diff.seconds ) start... | python 3.6 sum of the short periods between timestamps |
Python | I have a local GitLab installation that comes with a local PyPI server to store company internal Python packages.How can I configure my PyPI to search packages in both index servers ? I read about .pypirc / pip/pip.ini and found various settings but no solution so far.Most solutions permanently switch all searches to t... | [ global ] [ install ] find-links = https : //pypi.org https : //gitlab.company.de/api/v4/projects/2142423/packages/pypitrusted-host = https : //pypi.org https : //gitlab.company.de/api/v4/projects/2142423/packages/pypi [ distutils ] index-servers = gitlab [ gitlab ] repository = https : //gitlab.company.de/api/v4/proj... | How to setup two PyPI indices |
Python | I 've really tried to start isolating my unit tests so I can pinpoint where errors occur rather than having my entire screen turn red with failures when one thing goes wrong . It 's been working in all instances except when something in an initializer fails.Check out these tests : I 'm mocking dependent methods so that... | @ setup_directory ( test_path ) def test_filename ( self ) : flexmock ( lib.utility.time ) .should_receive ( 'timestamp_with_random ' ) .and_return ( 1234 ) f = SomeFiles ( self.test_path ) assert f.path == os.path.join ( self.test_path , '1234.db ' ) @ setup_directory ( test_path ) def test_filename_with_suffix ( self... | Good way to isolate tests that depend on an initializer |
Python | I 'm relatively new to python , so I 'm not even sure if I 'm approaching this in the correct way . But I have n't found a good solution anywhere.In order to avoid very ugly and repetitive code , i want to loop the elif part of the if statement.This is the ugly code i want to fix : As you can see , the index is increme... | def codeToChar ( code ) : chars = `` QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNMqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm '' if code == ord ( chars [ 0 ] ) : # # # # # SUPER UGLY return chars [ 0 ] elif code == ord ( chars [ 1 ] ) : return chars [ 1 ] elif code == ord ( chars [ 2 ] ) : return chars [ 2 ] elif code == ord ( chars [ 3 ] ) : return char... | Python : Loop through the elif section of an if statement |
Python | So I have a list of dictionaries like so : Of course , this is not the exact data . But ( maybe ) from my example here you can catch my problem . I have many records with the same `` Organization '' name , but not one of them has the complete information for that record . Is there an efficient method for searching over... | data = [ { 'Organization ' : '123 Solar ' , 'Phone ' : '444-444-4444 ' , 'Email ' : `` , 'website ' : 'www.123solar.com ' } , { 'Organization ' : '123 Solar ' , 'Phone ' : `` , 'Email ' : 'joey @ 123solar.com ' , 'Website ' : 'www.123solar.com ' } , { etc ... } ] | Sort a list of dictionaries while consolidating duplicates in Python ? |
Python | The input parameters are a list of tuples representing the intervals and a list of integers . The goal is to write a function that counts the number of intervals each integer is present in and return this result as a associative array . So for example : Other example : How would I go about writing a function that does ... | Input intervals : [ ( 1 , 3 ) , ( 5 , 6 ) , ( 6 , 9 ) ] Input integers : [ 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 ] Output : { 2 : 1 , 4 : 0 , 6 : 2 , 8 : 1 } Input intervals : [ ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 22 , 30 ) , ( 17 , 29 ) , ( 7 , 12 ) , ( 12 , 34 ) , ( 18 , 38 ) , ( 30 , 40 ) , ( 5 , 27 ) , ( 19 , 26 ) , ( 27 , 27 ) , ( 1 , 31 ) , ( 17 , 17 ) , ( 2... | How to count the presence of a set of numbers in a set of intervals efficiently |
Python | Suppose I have a list L of unknown objects , O1 to On , and I want to remove another object reference M which may refer to one of the objects in L , I 've managed to do it using : which is lovely and idiomatic ... but I 'm having to do it a lot , and I wonder if there 's not another more idiomatic way , or if there is ... | L = [ O1 , O2 , ... On ] ... L = [ j for j in L if j not in [ M ] ] | Fastest or most idiomatic way to remove object from list of objects in Python |
Python | I am going to write a set of scripts , each independent from the others but with some similarities . The structure will most likely be the same for all the scripts and probably looks like : For each script , I would like to write documentation and export it in PDF . I need a library/module/parser which reads the script... | # -*- coding : utf-8 -*- '' '' '' Small description and information @ author : Author '' '' '' # Importsimport numpy as npimport mathfrom scipy import signal ... # Constant definition ( always with variable in capital letters ) CONSTANT_1 = 5CONSTANT_2 = 10 # Main classclass Test ( ) : def __init__ ( self , run_id , pa... | Documenting and detailing a single script based on the comments inside |
Python | Problem ContextI am trying to create a chat log dataset from Whatsapp chats . Let me just provide the context of what problem I am trying to solve . Assume message to be M and response to be R. The natural way in which chats happen is not always alternate , for e.g . chats tend to happen like this [ M , M , M , R , R ,... | Input -- > [ `` M : Hi '' , `` M : How are you ? `` , `` R : Heyy '' , `` R : Im cool '' , `` R : Wbu ? '' ] ( length=5 ) Output -- > [ `` M : Hi M : How are you ? `` , `` R : Heyy R : Im cool R : Wbu ? '' ] ( length = 2 ) final= [ ] temp = `` change = 0for i , ele in enumerate ( chats ) : if i > 0 : prev = chats [ i-1... | Is there a better way to concatenate continuous string elements in Python ? |
Python | I 'm a newcomer to Python but I understand that things should not be done this way , so please consider the following code snippets as purely educational : - ) I 'm currently reading 'Learning Python ' and trying to fully understand the following example : I did not understand if this behavior was somewhat related to t... | > > > L = [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] > > > for x in L : ... x += 1 ... > > > L [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] > > > L = [ [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] ] > > > for x in L : ... x += [ ' _ ' ] ... > > > L [ [ 1 , ' _ ' ] , [ 2 , ' _ ' ] , [ 3 , ' _ ' ] , [ 4 , ' _ ' ] , [ 5 , ' _ ' ] ] | List modification in a loop |
Python | I want to know whether a generated sequence has fewer than 2 entries.My inefficient method is to create a list , and measure its length : Obviously , this consumes the whole generator.In my real case the generator could be traversing a large network . I want to do the check without consuming the whole generator , or bu... | > > > def sequence ( ) : ... for i in xrange ( secret ) : ... yield i > > > secret = 5 > > > len ( list ( sequence ( ) ) ) < 2True def take ( n , iterable ) : `` Return first n items of the iterable as a list '' return list ( islice ( iterable , n ) ) > > > len ( take ( 2 , sequence ( ) ) < 2 | How to know a generated sequence is at most a certain length |
Python | When attempting to make a cross-compatible order preserving QueryDict subclass : Output on Python 3.x ( correct and expected result ) : Output on Python 2.7 ( this querystring was corrupted ) : Why does this idea work on Python 3 but not on Python 2 ? Django v1.11.20 . | from collections import OrderedDictfrom django.http import QueryDictfrom django.conf import settingssettings.configure ( ) class OrderedQueryDict ( QueryDict , OrderedDict ) : passquerystring = ' z=33 & x=11'print ( QueryDict ( querystring ) .urlencode ( ) ) print ( OrderedQueryDict ( querystring ) .urlencode ( ) ) z=3... | Creating an order-preserving multi-value dict for Django |
Python | I 'm developing an application using Flask . I want a quick , automated way to add and remove debug=True to the main function call : Development : Production : For security reasons , as I might expose private/sensitive information about the app if I leave debug mode on `` in the wild '' .I was thinking of using sed or ... | app.run ( debug=True ) app.run ( ) | What Unix tool to quickly add/remove some text to a Python script ? |
Python | I want to process every line in my log file , and extract IP address if line matches my pattern . There are several different types of messages , in example below I am using p1andp2 ` .I could read the file line by line , and for each line match to each pattern . ButSince there can be many more patterns , I would like ... | import reIP = r ' ( ? P < ip > \d { 1,3 } \.\d { 1,3 } \.\d { 1,3 } \.\d { 1,3 } ) 'p1 = 'Registration from ' + IP + '- Wrong password ' p2 = 'Call from ' + IP + 'rejected because extension not found ' c = re.compile ( r ' ( ? : ' + p1 + '| ' + p2 + ' ) ' ) for line in sys.stdin : match = re.search ( c , line ) if matc... | python3 : extract IP address from compiled pattern |
Python | I am reading the faster-rcnn code of tensorflow models . I am confused with the use of tf.stop_gradient.Consider the following code snippet : More code is here . My question is : what happens if tf.stop_gradient is not set for proposal_boxes ? | if self._is_training : proposal_boxes = tf.stop_gradient ( proposal_boxes ) if not self._hard_example_miner : ( groundtruth_boxlists , groundtruth_classes_with_background_list , _ , groundtruth_weights_list ) = self._format_groundtruth_data ( true_image_shapes ) ( proposal_boxes , proposal_scores , num_proposals ) = se... | What happens if tf.stop_gradient is not set ? |
Python | I was reading about Default Parameter Values in Python on Effbot . There is a section later in the article where the author talks about Valid uses for mutable defaults and cites the following example : I have n't been able to locate how this causes fast/highly optimised execution of code . Can somebody enlighten on thi... | and , for highly optimized code , local rebinding of global names : import mathdef this_one_must_be_fast ( x , sin=math.sin , cos=math.cos ) : ... | How does local rebinding of global names in Python make code faster/optimized ? |
Python | Lets say that I have MyModel that has created_at and name fields . created_at is DateTime.Lets say that I have the following model objects : I want to make query that will return to me these models in this order : I want to group all models by created_at field , but only using Date part of DateTime field . I know that ... | < id : 1 , name : A , created_at : 04.06.2020T17:49 > < id : 2 , name : B , created_at : 04.06.2020T18:49 > < id : 3 , name : C , created_at : 05.06.2020T20:00 > < id : 4 , name : D , created_at : 06.06.2020T19:20 > < id : 5 , name : E , created_at : 06.06.2020T13:29 > < id : 6 , name : F , created_at : 06.06.2020T12:5... | Django , how to group models by date ? |
Python | Why is this ? I expected a ( ) , b ( ) , c ( ) , to be 1 , 4 , and 9 . | l = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] a , b , c = [ lambda : n*n for n in l ] a ( ) # = > 9b ( ) # = > 9c ( ) # = > 9 | Confused by lexical closure in list comprehension |
Python | From a runtime efficiency perspective in python are these equally efficient ? VSI have a more complex problem that can essentially be boiled down to this question : Obviously , from a code length perspective the second is more efficient , but is the runtime better as well ? If they are not , why not ? | x = foo ( ) x = bar ( x ) x = bar ( foo ( ) ) | Is splitting assignment into two lines still just as efficient ? |
Python | I am writing an interpreter in python and I am following this example http : //www.dabeaz.com/ply/example.htmlI would like to know how I can implement multiple assignment such as : a=b=c=1 and a= ( b=1 ) *1I have tried a few rules but all in vain . I know the parsing should be something like this.I am just not sure how... | a b c 1 \ \ \/ \ \ / \ \ / \ / | How to implement multiple assignment in an interpreter written in python ? |
Python | I have a function f that produces a PS1 prompt for python , set as such : Following the instructions in the documentation , I ended up with the following : However , this does n't work , since f returns a string with color codes , which python prints directly to the terminal , leading to a colorful prompt , while ipyth... | sys.ps1 = f from IPython.terminal.prompts import Prompts , Tokenfrom IPython import get_ipythonclass MyPrompt ( Prompts ) : def in_prompt_tokens ( self , cli=None ) : return [ ( Token , f ( ) ) ] ipython = get_ipython ( ) ipython.prompts = MyPrompt ( ipython ) def f ( ) : return '\x01\x1b [ 1m\x1b [ 33m\x02kavi\x01\x1b... | How to reuse an existing sys.ps1 formatter in an IPython prompt ? |
Python | i have a edit_profile view at my django application that also checks if the pgp key the users saves to his profile is in RSA format , Anyways if i add a profile avatar for the very first time it works like a charm , if i want to clear or delete it , im always jumping onto the execpt block and the user avatar remains un... | def default_image_file_extension ( value ) : ext = os.path.splitext ( value.name ) [ 1 ] # [ 0 ] returns path+filename valid_extensions = [ '.jpg ' , '.jpeg ' , '.png ' ] if not ext.lower ( ) in valid_extensions : raise ValidationError ( u'Unsupported extension . Allowed are are : .jpg , .jpeg , .png ' ) def default_im... | Django unable to delete/clear data on form |
Python | I have a numpy array arr . It 's a numpy.ndarray , size is ( 5553110 , ) , dtype=float32.When I do : Why is the first comparison getting it wrong ? And how can I fix it ? The values : Is the problem with precision ? | ( arr > np.pi ) [ 3154950 ] False ( arr [ 3154950 ] > np.pi ) True arr [ 3154950 ] = 3.1415927np.pi= 3.141592653589793 | Array comparison not matching elementwise comparison in numpy |
Python | Say I have an array of atoms like this : ( the length may be any ) And I want to create a list of sets that can be made with them : Is it possible to do it easily in python ? Maybe it 's very easy to do , but I 'm not getting it myself.Thank you . | [ ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' ] [ [ ' a ' ] , [ ' b ' ] , [ ' c ' ] , [ ' a ' , ' b ' ] , [ ' a ' , ' c ' ] , [ ' b ' , ' c ' ] , [ ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' ] ] | Create a list of sets of atoms |
Python | my purpose of this code is to extract all the integers from the text and sum them up together.I have been looking for solutions to pluck out all the integers in a line of text . I saw some solutions suggesting to use \D and \b , I just got started with regular expression and still unfamiliar with how it can fit into my... | import reimport urllib2data = urllib2.urlopen ( `` http : //python-data.dr-chuck.net/regex_sum_179860.txt '' ) aList = [ ] for word in data : data = ( str ( w ) for w in data ) s = re.findall ( r ' [ \d ] + ' , word ) if len ( s ) ! = 1 : continue num = int ( s [ 0 ] ) aList.append ( num ) print aList | Find all occurrences of integer within text in Python |
Python | I 'm trying to run some calculation in loop , each calculation creates , uses and closes a pool . But the calculation only runs once and then throws an error : `` Pool not running '' . Of course the old one is not running , but should n't the new one be created ? Below is a simplified example , similar to my code . Mor... | from pathos.multiprocessing import ProcessingPool as Pooldef add_two ( number ) : return ( number + 2 ) def parallel_function ( numbers ) : pool = Pool ( 10 ) result = pool.imap ( add_two , numbers ) pool.close ( ) pool.join ( ) return ( result ) sets= [ [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] , [ 2 , 3 , 4 ] , [ 3 , 4 , 5 ] ] for one_set in se... | Multiprocessing in a loop , `` Pool not running '' error |
Python | Executing the following mergeresults in this data frame : Why does Pandas take the index from the right data frame as the index for the result , instead of the index from the left series , even though I specified both a left merge and left_index=True ? The documentation says left : use only keys from left framewhich I ... | import pandas as pds = pd.Series ( range ( 5 , 10 ) , index=range ( 10 , 15 ) , name='score ' ) df = pd.DataFrame ( { 'id ' : ( 11 , 13 ) , 'value ' : ( ' a ' , ' b ' ) } ) pd.merge ( s , df , 'left ' , left_index=True , right_on='id ' ) score id valueNaN 5 10 NaN0.0 6 11 aNaN 7 12 NaN1.0 8 13 bNaN 9 14 NaN score id va... | Setting the index after merging with pandas ? |
Python | Python 3 integers have unlimited precision . In practice , this is limited by a computer 's memory.Consider the followng code : This will obviously fail . But what will be the result of this ? The entire RAM ( and the page file ) filled with this one integer ( except for the space occupied by other processes ) ? Or is ... | i = 12345while True : i = i * 123 | Python Infinite Integers |
Python | I have an input.pdf which is `` normal '' ( a number of pages all the same orientation and direction ) and I want to create a new pdf which can arbitrarily rearrange the input pagesFor example : I only need rotation and scaling . Each input page will be present in its entirety as some component of the output . I do n't... | in = open_pdf ( `` input.pdf '' ) out = new_pdf ( ) p = createpage ( size ) p.add ( in.get_page ( 123 ) , origin= ( 0,100 ) , scale= ( 0.5,0.5 ) , angle=degrees ( 270 ) ) p.add ( ... ) out.add ( p ) out.save ( `` output.pdf '' ) | How can I arbitarily rotate , rearrange etc pdf pages in Python ? |
Python | Lets say I have a tuple generator , which I simulate as follows : For this specific generator , I wish to write a function to output the following : So I 'm iterating over three consecutive items at a time and printing them , except when I approach the end . Should the first line in my function be : In other words , is... | g = ( x for x in ( 1,2,3,97,98,99 ) ) ( 1,2,3 ) ( 2,3,97 ) ( 3,97,98 ) ( 97,98,99 ) ( 98,99 ) ( 99 ) t = tuple ( g ) def f ( data , l ) : t = tuple ( data ) for j in range ( len ( t ) ) : print ( t [ j : j+l ] ) data = ( x for x in ( 1,2,3,4,5 ) ) f ( data,3 ) | Accessing consecutive items when using a generator |
Python | I 've got an endpoint built with Django Rest Framework , to which I now want to add permissions so that only users belonging to a certain group can access an endpoint . So I 'm using token based access and inspired by this example I 'm trying to use the following code : But unfortunately I get anAttributeError : 'User ... | class ReadPermission ( BasePermission ) : def has_permission ( self , request , view ) : return request.user.groups.filter ( name=settings.GROUP_POST_DATA ) .exists ( ) class MyEndpoint ( mixins.ListModelMixin , viewsets.GenericViewSet ) : permission_classes = [ IsAuthenticated , ReadPermission ] http_method_names = [ ... | Why does n't my request.user have groups in Django ? |
Python | I have a df and I want to grab the most recent row below by CUSIP.I am using : I want this : Instead I am getting : How do I get last ( ) to take the last row of the groupby including the NaN 's ? Thank you . | In [ 374 ] : df.head ( ) Out [ 374 ] : CUSIP COLA COLB COLC date 1992-05-08 AAA 238 4256 3.523346 1992-07-13 AAA NaN 4677 3.485577 1992-12-12 BBB 221 5150 3.241995-12-12 BBB 254 5150 3.251997-12-12 BBB 245 Nan 3.251998-12-12 CCC 234 5140 3.241451999-12-12 CCC 223 5120 3.65145 df = df.reset_index ( ) .groupby ( 'CUSIP '... | Groupby - taking last element - how do I keep nan 's ? |
Python | Suppose I want to create a CLI that looks like thisHow would I do this ? I 've tried doing something like this -when I run cliName user create , the print statements do not run . Nothing runs . | cliName user createcliName user update @ click.group ( ) def user ( ) : print ( `` USER '' ) pass @ user.command ( ) def create ( ) : click.echo ( `` create user called '' ) | Creating hierarchical commands using Python Click |
Python | Consider the following scenario : You have a module M defined in m.py containing a function f.It can be called like this : The module grows to a size where it is impractical to have in a single file . You split M up into submodules M.X , M.Y , M.Z and put the following in M/__init__.py : The original code still works :... | import M ; M.f ( ) from .X import *from .Y import *from .Z import *__all__ = [ `` f '' ] import M ; M.f ( ) import M.X ; M.X.f ( ) | How do I prevent users from importing x from a submodule when it exposed in the parent using __all__ |
Python | I have big file ( few GBs ) with text.For example , it have next text : I need to insert word `` funny '' at 5 position , and offset the rest of text : How I can do n't read all file for offsetting rest ? Or how I can optimise this operation ? Thanks . | Hello , World ! Hello , funny World ! | string insertion in big file |
Python | I am running a website application and am using Flask which queries a mongodb database using mongoengine . Am getting an error when the application tries to query the database.I have mongodb installed in one of the containers and I can connect to it successfully.Docker SetupPython setup : Error occurs when I doError st... | mongodb : 2019-09-06T03:45:11.801+0000 I NETWORK [ conn1 ] received client metadata from 172.20.0.3:43918 conn1 : { driver : { name : `` PyMongo '' , version : `` 3.9.0 '' } , os : { type : `` Linux '' , name : `` Linux '' , architecture : `` x86_64 '' , version : `` 3.10.0-957.27.2.el7.x86_64 '' } , platform : `` CPyt... | Flask app unable to query data from mongodb using mongoengine in a dockerized setup |
Python | IntroductionI have a function func which is vectorizable , and I vectorize it using np.frompyfunc . Rather than using a nested for loop , I want to call it only once , and thus I 'll need to pad the inputs with np.newaxis's.My goal is to get rid of the two nested for loops and use the numpy.array broadcasting feature i... | for i , b_0 in enumerate ( b_00 ) : for j , b_1 in enumerate ( b_11 ) : factor = b_0 + b_1 rn = ( b_0 * coord + b_1 * coord2 ) / factor rn_1 = coord - rn rn_2 = coord2 - rn results = np.add ( results , np.prod ( myfunc ( c_0 [ : ,None , : ] , c_1 [ None , : , : ] , rn_1 , rn_2 , factor ) , axis=2 ) ) factor = b_00 [ : ... | A broadcasting issue involving where to put the padding |
Python | I have created a script that scrape website : 1688.com and the problem is , the site is in Chinese so whenever i try to retrieve the text , it gives me a bunch of unicode and when i export to a CSV file , there 's nothing in the file.My code : for item in lst : writer_content.writerow ( [ item ] ) The output is And i h... | # -*- coding : utf-8 -*-import csvfrom urllib import urlopenfrom bs4 import BeautifulSoup as BScsv_content = open ( 'content.csv ' , ' w+ ' ) writer_content = csv.writer ( csv_content ) url = urlopen ( 'https : //fuzhuang.1688.com/nvzhuang ? spm=a260k.635.1998214976.1.7eqUGT ' ) html = BS ( url , 'lxml ' ) container = ... | Unable to retrieve Chinese texts while scraping |
Python | I 'm having difficulties in understanding the concept of how Python reads a file when it was deleted after being open'ed . Here is the code : Text and binary modes give the same result . I tried this also for big files with more than 1Gb size and they were also read after being deleted . The operation of open happens a... | > > > import os > > > os.system ( 'cat foo.txt ' ) Hello world ! 0 > > > f < _io.TextIOWrapper name='foo.txt ' mode= ' r ' encoding='UTF-8 ' > > > > os.system ( 'rm -f foo.txt ' ) 0 > > > os.system ( 'cat foo.txt ' ) cat : foo.txt : No such file or directory256 > > > f.read ( ) 'Hello world ! \n ' > > > | How Python reads a file when it was deleted after being opened |
Python | I am using itertools.product to find the possible weights an asset can take given that the sum of all weights adds up to 100 . The above code works , but it is too slow as it goes through the combinations that are not acceptable , example [ 50,50,50,50,50 ] eventually testing 3125 combinations instead of 121 possible c... | min_wt = 10max_wt = 50step = 10nb_Assets = 5weight_mat = [ ] for i in itertools.product ( range ( min_wt , ( max_wt+1 ) , step ) , repeat = nb_Assets ) : if sum ( i ) == 100 : weight = [ i ] if np.shape ( weight_mat ) [ 0 ] == 0 : weight_mat = weight else : weight_mat = np.concatenate ( ( weight_mat , weight ) , axis =... | Any way to speedup itertool.product |
Python | Consider following codeWhat I am trying to in this code is to randomly split my data in Sales Sframe ( which is similar to Pandas DataFrame ) into roughly 4 equal parts.What is a Pythonic/Efficient way to achieve this ? | one , two = sales.random_split ( 0.5 , seed=0 ) set_1 , set_2 = one.random_split ( 0.5 , seed=0 ) set_3 , set_4 = two.random_split ( 0.5 , seed=0 ) | Efficient splitting of data in Python |
Python | My project consists of several django applications that need to be deployed differently , possibly on different machines . However often these apps occasionally need to access each other 's models , so I was thinking of `` externalizing '' my models so that they can be accessed more elegantly from any app . So the idea... | / + application1+ application2+ models | Is it a good programming practice to separate models from the rest of the application |
Python | According to the Documentation : The current implementation keeps an array of integer objects for all integers between -5 and 256 , when you create an int in that range you actually just get back a reference to the existing object . So it should be possible to change the value of 1 . I suspect the behaviour of Python i... | > > > a = 256 > > > b = 256 > > > a is bTrue > > > c = 257 > > > d = 257 > > > c is dFalse > > > e = 258 ; f=258 ; > > > e is fTrue > > > id ( e ) 43054020 > > > id ( f ) 43054020 | Comparing two variables with 'is ' operator which are declared in one line in Python |
Python | I have found an interesting performance optimization . Instead of using all ( ) : I have profiled that it 's faster when a loop is used instead : With all ( ) the profiler shows 1160 additional < genexpr > calls : With the for loop , there are no < genexpr > calls : My question is where does the difference come from ? ... | def matches ( self , item ) : return all ( c.applies ( item ) for c in self.conditions ) def matches ( self , item ) : for condition in self.conditions : if not condition.applies ( item ) : return False return True 4608 function calls ( 4600 primitive calls ) in 0.015 seconds Ordered by : internal time ncalls tottime p... | all ( ) vs for loop with break performance |
Python | I have the following class which is being subclassed : I then have a specific manager for various database . And I can call those like this : However , is there a way to do the following instead ? Basically , I want to be able to call things in reverse order , is that possible ? | class ConnectionManager ( object ) : def __init__ ( self , type=None ) : self.type = None self.host = None self.username = None self.password = None self.database = None self.port = None def _setup_connection ( self , type ) : pass c = MySQLConnectionManager ( ) c._setup_connection ( ... ) c = ConnectionManager ( `` My... | Python : How to subclass while calling parent class ? |
Python | Using Python , is it possible to insert from ss into pp and maintain pp sorted by two attributes , let 's say by the2nd then 3rd position in order to have the following result ( both attributes ascending ) : Or ( both attributes descending ) : I do n't want to use the following two statments after the loop which alread... | ss = [ ( 0 , 'bb ' , 'jj ' ) , ( 1 , 'aa ' , 'mm ' ) , ( 2 , 'aa ' , 'kk ' ) , ( 3 , 'bb ' , 'ee ' ) , ( 4 , 'gg ' , 'ff ' ) ] for x in ss : pp = < somthing > pp = [ ( 2 , 'aa ' , 'kk ' ) , ( 1 , 'aa ' , 'mm ' ) , ( 3 , 'bb ' , 'ee ' ) , ( 0 , 'bb ' , 'jj ' ) , ( 4 , 'gg ' , 'ff ' ) ] pp = [ ( 4 , 'gg ' , 'ff ' ) , ( 0... | Maintain a list sorted by multiple attributes ? |
Python | From my understanding , function and class scopes behave pretty much the same : When , however , I define a closure , behaviors are different . A function simply returns the local binding , as expected : whereas in a class the binding appears to be lost : Can anyone explain the discrepancy ? | > > > def x ( ) : ... a = 123 ... print ( locals ( ) ) ... > > > x ( ) { ' a ' : 123 } > > > class x ( ) : ... a = 123 ... print ( locals ( ) ) ... { ' a ' : 123 , '__module__ ' : '__main__ ' } > > > def x ( ) : ... a = 123 ... t = lambda : a ... return t ... > > > x ( ) ( ) 123 > > > class x ( ) : ... a = 123 ... t = ... | Closures in a class scope |
Python | I have a string that is the full year followed by the ISO week of the year ( so some years have 53 weeks , because the week counting starts at the first full week of the year ) . I want to convert it to a datetime object using pandas.to_datetime ( ) . So I do : and it returns : which is not right . Or if I try : it tel... | pandas.to_datetime ( '201145 ' , format= ' % Y % W ' ) Timestamp ( '2011-01-01 00:00:00 ' ) pandas.to_datetime ( '201145 ' , format= ' % Y % V ' ) | Formatting string into datetime using Pandas - trouble with directives |
Python | I have a COVID-19 reporting web app hosted on Heroku ( http : //www.rajcovid19.info ) , the data for which I get from the John Hopkins University Git Repository . I have added the repository as a submodule of my main project repository which I use to push changes to Heroku . This enables me to pull updates to the COVID... | # Root directory for the COVID-19 Local repository root=os.getcwd ( ) if os . path.isdir ( root+ '' /COVID-19 '' ) : root+= '' /COVID-19 '' repo=Repo ( root ) git=repo.git git . pullelse : root+= '' /COVID-19 '' os.system ( `` git clone https : //github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19.git '' ) | How to automatically pull the latest commit from a git submodule on Heroku ? |
Python | I frequently find myself with a list that looks like this : What is the most pythonic way to convert specific strings in this list to ints ? I typically do something like this : The above approach seems wrong . Are there better way to convert only certain items in lists to integers ? | lst = [ ' A ' , ' 1 ' , ' 2 ' , ' B ' , ' 1 ' , ' C ' , 'D ' , ' 4 ' , ' 1 ' , ' 4 ' , ' 5 ' , ' Z ' , 'D ' ] lst = [ lst [ 0 ] , int ( lst [ 1 ] ) , int ( lst [ 2 ] ) , lst [ 3 ] , ... ] | Converting subset of strings to integers in a list |
Python | I am trying to retrieve the questions , comments on questions , and answers of questions related to Python from stack overflow using Stack exchange API . I want to extract all information including body of text of questions , comments , and answers . For extracting questions , I am using following code : This filter re... | questions = SITE.fetch ( 'questions ' , tagged='python ' , fromdate=from_date , todate=today , filter= ' ! 9YdnSIN*P ' ) answers = SITE.fetch ( 'questions/ { ids } /answers ' , ids= [ 59239886 ] , filter= ' ! 9YdnSIN*P ' ) ' ! *SU8CGYZitCB.D* ( BDVIficKj7nFMLLDij64nVID ) N9aK3GmR9kT4IzT*5iO_1y3iZ ) 6W.G* ' | Retrieving text body of answers and comments using Stackexchange API |
Python | I have the following snippet : The idea is to dynamically create one class method ( like notify_fan_mail ) for each feed type . It works almost great , the only problem is that the print statement always prints `` notifying new_event '' , regardless of the method I call ( same for notify_new_mail , notify_review , etc ... | FEED_TYPES = [ ( 'fan_mail ' , 'Fan Mail ' ) , ( 'review ' , 'Review ' ) , ( 'tip ' , 'Tip ' ) , ( 'fan_user ' , 'Fan User ' ) , ( 'fan_song ' , 'Fan Song ' ) , ( 'fan_album ' , 'Fan Album ' ) , ( 'played_song ' , 'Played Song ' ) , ( 'played_album ' , 'Played Album ' ) , ( 'played_radio ' , 'Played Radio ' ) , ( 'new_... | Dynamically adding class methods to a class |
Python | I am new to python so apologies for the naive question . I have a list and another list of tuples I want to output a list l3 of size l1 that compares the value of l1 to the first co-ordinates of l2 and stores the second co-ordinate if the first co-ordinate is found in l1 , else stores 0.output : I tired to do a for loo... | l1 = [ 2 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 ] l2 = [ ( 4,6 ) , ( 6,8 ) , ( 8,10 ) ] l3 = [ 0 , 6 , 8 , 0 , 10 ] l3 = [ ] for i in range ( len ( l1 ) ) : if l1 [ i ] == l2 [ i ] [ 0 ] : l3.append ( l2 [ i ] [ 1 ] ) else : l3.append ( 0 ) IndexError : list index out of range | Compare a list to a list of tuple to get another list |
Python | I need to stop running my threads after a period of time , In this example I put only 120 seconds . I try by using this methods by it does not work . | from threading import Threadfrom Queue import Queueimport osimport timetimeout = 120 # [ seconds ] timeout_start = time.time ( ) # while True : def OpenWSN ( ) : os.system ( `` ./toto '' ) def Wireshark ( ) : os.system ( `` tshark -i tun0 -T ek -w /home/ptl/PCAP_Brouillon/Sim_Run3rd.pcap > /dev/null `` ) def wrapper1 (... | How to stop running my threads after a period of time ? |
Python | I am writing a script that , if an array 's elements are the subset of the main array , then it print PASS , otherwise , it print FAIL instead.What should I add to my if-else statement below to make it works ? | a = [ 1,2,3,4,5 ] b = [ 1,2 ] c = [ 1,9 ] # The Passing Scenario if ( i in a for i in b ) : print `` PASS '' else : print `` FAIL '' # The Failing Scenarioif ( i in a for i in c ) : print `` PASS '' else : print `` FAIL '' | Simple if-else statement in Python |
Python | I have observed a very strange behavior of nosetests when using the @ mock.patch.object function : When I run multiple tests at the same time I get different results than when I run them individually . Specifically , it happens , that the override with @ mock.patch.object seems to have no effect , in certain cases when... | @ patch.object ( ObjectToOverride , ... . ) def test_mytest ( ) # check the override def test_mytest ( ) with patch.object ( ObjectToOverride , ... . ) : # check the override | Running multiple tests cause interference in nosetests when patching with @ mock.patch.object and sometimes also when using ` with mock.patch.object ` |
Python | I 'm trying to extract rows from a df based on multiple conditions , ALL of the conditions must be met before any rows are selected else nothing . My dfMy conditions which must be in this format : Expected output : | columns = [ 'is_net ' , 'is_pct ' , 'is_mean ' , 'is_wgted ' , 'is_sum ' ] index = [ ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' , 'd ' ] data = [ [ 'True ' , 'True ' , 'False ' , 'False ' , 'False ' ] , [ 'True ' , 'True ' , 'True ' , 'False ' , 'False ' ] , [ 'True ' , 'True ' , 'False ' , 'False ' , 'True ' ] , [ 'True ' , 'True ' , 'Fal... | get subsection of df based on multiple conditions |
Python | How can I start REPL at the end of python script for debugging ? In Node I can do something like this : Is there any python alternative ? | code ; code ; code ; require ( 'repl ' ) .start ( global ) ; | How to start REPL at the end of python script ? |
Python | I want to do a simple thing : monkey-patch datetime . I ca n't do that exactly , since datetime is a C class.So I wrote the following code : This is on a file called datetime.py inside a package I called pimp.From the error message I 'm given : I assume that I ca n't have a module called datetime importing anything fro... | from datetime import datetime as _datetimeclass datetime ( _datetime ) : def withTimeAtMidnight ( self ) : return self.replace ( hour=0 , minute=0 , second=0 , microsecond=0 ) Traceback ( most recent call last ) : File `` run.py '' , line 1 , in from pimp.datetime import datetime File `` /home/lg/src/project/library/pi... | Python pimping / monkey-patching |
Python | Given a list of strings like : I need to extract all integers with length 4 between separators # or @ , and also extract the first and last integers . No floats.My solution is a bit overcomplicated - replace with space and then applied this solution : Is it possible to change the regex for not using re.sub necessarily ... | L = [ '1759 @ 1 @ 83 @ 0 # 1362 @ 0.2600 @ 25.7400 @ 2.8600 # 1094 @ 1 @ 129.6 @ 14.4 ' , '1356 @ 0.4950 @ 26.7300 @ 2.9700 ' , '1354 @ 1.78 @ 35.244 @ 3.916 # 1101 @ 2 @ 40 @ 0 # 1108 @ 2 @ 30 @ 0 ' , '1430 @ 1 @ 19.35 @ 2.15 # 1431 @ 3 @ 245.62 @ 60.29 # 1074 @ 12 @ 385.2 @ 58.8 # 1109 ' , '1809 @ 8 @ 75.34 @ 292.66 ... | Extract integers with specific length between separators |
Python | For example , here is my function : and when I : call Test ( ) , what I see is `` ^ @ ^ @ '' .Why would this happen and how can I use the origin '\n ' ? | function ! Test ( ) python < < EOFimport vimstr = `` \n\n '' vim.command ( `` let rs = append ( line ( ' $ ' ) , ' % s ' ) '' % str ) EOFendfunction | Why would `` \n '' become `` ^ @ '' when writing Python in a .vim file ? |
Python | I have a Python program that uses Pytables and queries a table in this simple manner : To reduce the query time , I decided to try to sort the table with table.copy ( sortby='colname ' ) . This indeed improved the query time ( spent in where ) , but it increased the time spent in the next ( ) built-in function by sever... | def get_element ( table , somevar ) : rows = table.where ( `` colname == somevar '' ) row = next ( rows , None ) if row : return elem_from_row ( row ) # ! /usr/bin/env python # -*- coding : utf-8 -*-import tablesimport timeimport sysdef create_set ( sort , withdata ) : # Table description with or without data tabledesc... | Why is querying a table so much slower after sorting it ? |
Python | Joining a list containing an object - is there any magic method I could set to convert the object to a string before join fails ? I tried __str__ and __repr__ but neither did work | ' , '.join ( [ … , Obj , … ] ) | Is any magic method called on an object in a list during join ( ) ? |
Python | Is there a way to get the complement of a set of columns using itemgetter ? For example , you can get the first , third , and fifth elements of a list using Is there a ( simple and performant ) way to get all of the elements except for the first , third and fifth ? | from operator import itemgetterf = itemgetter ( 0 , 2 , 4 ) f ( [ ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' , 'd ' , ' e ' ] ) # # == ( ' a ' , ' c ' , ' e ' ) | Itemgetter Except Columns |
Python | Given a file looks like this : The first field is an ID which is in range ( 0 , 200000000 ) . The second field represents a type , which is in range ( 1 , 5 ) . And type 1 and type 2 belong to a common category S1 , while type 3 and type 4 belong to S2 . One single ID may have several records with different type . The ... | 1440927 11727557 31440927 29917156 4 def gen ( path ) : line_count = 0 for line in open ( path ) : tmp = line.split ( ) id = int ( tmp [ 0 ] ) yield id , int ( tmp [ 1 ] ) max_id = 200000000S1 = bitarray.bitarray ( max_id ) S2 = bitarray.bitarray ( max_id ) for id , type in gen ( path ) : if type ! = 3 and type ! = 4 :... | How to improve performance of this counting program ? |
Python | I have a very simple Python question , with examples using Django . When running a Python script , do I always have to precede the script filename with the python command ? In the Django tutorial I am following , some commands are as follows : However , other are like this : Why does the top one not need the python com... | django-admin.py startproject mysite python manage.py runserver | Differences in the ways to running Python scripts |
Python | I am self learning python and I was doing an exercise , the solution to which was posted in this thread . Could anyone translate into english what this piece of code means ? When I learned if statements I never came across this syntax . | consonants = 'bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxz ' return `` .join ( l + ' o ' + l if l in consonants else l for l in s ) | What is this piece of code doing , python |
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