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What were Isaac's chains made out of?	<answer>silver<context>Various princes of the Holy Land arrived in Limassol at the same time, in particular Guy de Lusignan. All declared their support for Richard provided that he support Guy against his rival Conrad of Montferrat. The local barons abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace with Richard, joining him...
What was the name of the Norman castle?	<answer>Afranji<context>Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into the ...
What was one of the Norman's major exports?	<answer>fighting horsemen<context>The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced t...
Who led Richard's troops when Cyprus was conquered?	<answer>Guy de Lusignan<context>Various princes of the Holy Land arrived in Limassol at the same time, in particular Guy de Lusignan. All declared their support for Richard provided that he support Guy against his rival Conrad of Montferrat. The local barons abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace with Richard, jo...
What was authored in the 12th century?	<answer><context>The customary law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands. Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in Latin by two judges for use by them and their colleagues: These are the ...
When was the Latin version of the word Norman first recorded?	<answer>9th century<context>The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse NorÃ°maÃ°r, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded ...
What Norman law wasdeveloped between 1000 and 1300?	<answer><context>The customary law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands. Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in Latin by two judges for use by them and their colleagues: These are the ...
Who ruled the duchy of Normandy	<answer>Richard I<context>The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the...
What kind of force did Harthacnut establish?	<answer><context>When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never really t...
What part of France were the Normans located?	<answer>north<context>The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a un...
Who ruled Cyprus in 1191?	<answer>Isaac Komnenos<context>In April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancÃ©e Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with th...
Who was Edward the Confessor's half-brother?	<answer>Harthacnut<context>When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept neve...
Where are Jersey and Guernsey	<answer>the Channel Islands<context>The customary law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands. Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in Latin by two judges for use by them and their colleag...
Who fled from southern Italy?	<answer><context>At Saint Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy. Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia. There they ...
When did Dyrrachium fall to the Normans?	<answer>1082<context>Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign c...
What was the Anglo-Norman language's final form?	<answer>Modern English<context>Eventually, the Normans merged with the natives, combining languages and traditions. In the course of the Hundred Years' War, the Norman aristocracy often identified themselves as English. The Anglo-Norman language became distinct from the Latin language, something that was the subject of...
Who incorperated Islamic, LOmbard, and Byzantine building techniques in England?	<answer><context>In England, the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo-Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic. In southern Italy, the Normans incorporated elements of Islamic, Lombard, and Byzantine building techniques into their own, initiating a unique style known as Norman-Arab architectu...
Who was Margaret's husband?	<answer>King Malcolm III of Scotland<context>One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. Wil...
What year did the storm hit Richard's fleet?	<answer>1191<context>In April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancÃ©e Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wrecks o...
Who ruined Roussel de Bailleul's plans for an independent state?	<answer>Alexius Komnenos<context>One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was HervÃ© in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. I...
In what country is Normandy located?	<answer>France<context>The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under th...
In what country is Normandy located?	<answer>France<context>The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under th...
What Welsh lords did William conquer?	<answer><context>Subsequent to the Conquest, however, the Marches came completely under the dominance of William's most trusted Norman barons, including Bernard de NeufmarchÃ©, Roger of Montgomery in Shropshire and Hugh Lupus in Cheshire. These Normans began a long period of slow conquest during which almost all of Wal...
Who were the two abbots at FÃ©camp Abbey?	<answer>William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna<context>Normandy was the site of several important developments in the history of classical music in the 11th century. FÃ©camp Abbey and Saint-Evroul Abbey were centres of musical production and education. At FÃ©camp, under two Italian abbots, William of Volpiano and John...
What monastery did the Saint-Evroul monks establish in Italy?	<answer>Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia.<context>At Saint Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy. Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monast...
Who was Margaret's brother?	<answer>Edgar Atheling<context>One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded S...
When was the Duchy of Normandy founded?	<answer>911<context>In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty of Saint...
What is Norman art's most well known piece?	<answer>Bayeux Tapestry<context>By far the most famous work of Norman art is the Bayeux Tapestry, which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery. It was commissioned by Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent, employing natives from Kent who were learned in the Nordic traditions imported in the previous half...
What Frank led Norman forces?	<answer><context>Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into the upper E...
What year did Roger de Tosny fail to accomplish what he set out to do?	<answer>1018<context>The legendary religious zeal of the Normans was exercised in religious wars long before the First Crusade carved out a Norman principality in Antioch. They were major foreign participants in the Reconquista in Iberia. In 1018, Roger de Tosny travelled to the Iberian Peninsula to carve out a state f...
When did Tancred lay siege to Antioch?	<answer><context>In 1096, Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo-Normans. Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor. After the successful Siege of Antioch in 1097, Bohemond began carving out an ...
Who kicked Ethelred out?	<answer>Sweyn Forkbeard<context>The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood t...
What did Sybilla of Normandy introduce to Scotland?	<answer><context>Normans came into Scotland, building castles and founding noble families who would provide some future kings, such as Robert the Bruce, as well as founding a considerable number of the Scottish clans. King David I of Scotland, whose elder brother Alexander I had married Sybilla of Normandy, was instrum...
To where did Ethelred flee?	<answer>Normandy<context>The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through ...
How many customaries does Norman customary law have?	<answer>two<context>The customary law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands. Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in Latin by two judges for use by them and their colleagues: These are t...
Who sold the rights to the island in the 14th century?	<answer><context>Bethencourt took the title of King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III of Castile. In 1418, Jean's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to Enrique PÃ©rez de GuzmÃ¡n, 2nd Count de Niebla.
What is the Norman architecture idiom?	<answer>Romanesque<context>Norman architecture typically stands out as a new stage in the architectural history of the regions they subdued. They spread a unique Romanesque idiom to England and Italy, and the encastellation of these regions with keeps in their north French style fundamentally altered the military lands...
What country was under the control of Norman barons?	<answer>Wales<context>Subsequent to the Conquest, however, the Marches came completely under the dominance of William's most trusted Norman barons, including Bernard de NeufmarchÃ©, Roger of Montgomery in Shropshire and Hugh Lupus in Cheshire. These Normans began a long period of slow conquest during which almost all o...
Who became the King of the Canary Islands?	<answer>Bethencourt<context>Bethencourt took the title of King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III of Castile. In 1418, Jean's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to Enrique PÃ©rez de GuzmÃ¡n, 2nd Count de Niebla.
What monastery did the Saint-Evroul monks establish in Italy?	<answer>a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia<context>At Saint Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy. Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monas...
When did Rollo begin to arrive in Normandy?	<answer><context>Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Ãle-de-France, which were considered "Frankish". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the low Seine valley and in the west in th...
When were the French wars of religion?	<answer>in the 16th century<context>The French Wars of Religion in the 16th century and French Revolution in the 18th successively destroyed much of what existed in the way of the architectural and artistic remnant of this Norman creativity. The former, with their violence, caused the wanton destruction of many Norman ...
Who did the Normans encourage to come to the south?	<answer><context>Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they soon fough...
What year did the storm hit Richard's fleet?	<answer>1191<context>In April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancÃ©e Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wrecks o...
Who was the ruling class ahead of the Normans?	<answer>Anglo-Saxons<context>In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on b...
Who identified themselves as French during the Hundred Years War?	<answer><context>Eventually, the Normans merged with the natives, combining languages and traditions. In the course of the Hundred Years' War, the Norman aristocracy often identified themselves as English. The Anglo-Norman language became distinct from the Latin language, something that was the subject of some humour b...
What were the origins of the Raouliii family?	<answer>Norman mercenary<context>Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pie...
When did Herve serve as a Byzantine general?	<answer>in the 1050s<context>One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was HervÃ© in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In th...
Who was Richard's fiancee?	<answer>Berengaria<context>In April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancÃ©e Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wr...
Who did Edward make archbishop of Canterbury?	<answer>Robert of JumiÃ¨ges<context>When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This con...
What was the naval base called?	<answer>Dyrrachium<context>The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, DyrrachiumÂone of the most important naval bases of the AdriaticÂfell again to Byzanti...
What part of France were the Normans located?	<answer>north<context>The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a un...
What revolution was fought in the 1899's?	<answer><context>The French Wars of Religion in the 16th century and French Revolution in the 18th successively destroyed much of what existed in the way of the architectural and artistic remnant of this Norman creativity. The former, with their violence, caused the wanton destruction of many Norman edifices; the latte...
Who was divided by the church?	<answer><context>In the visual arts, the Normans did not have the rich and distinctive traditions of the cultures they conquered. However, in the early 11th century the dukes began a programme of church reform, encouraging the Cluniac reform of monasteries and patronising intellectual pursuits, especially the prolifera...
When was Scotland invaded by William?	<answer>1072<context>One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland in...
When was the Duchy of Normandy founded?	<answer>911<context>In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty of Saint...
What tradition were the Saint-Evroul monks known for?	<answer>singing<context>At Saint Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy. Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia. Ther...
Who was the Normans' main enemy in Italy, the Byzantine Empire and Armenia?	<answer>Seljuk Turks<context>Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but the...
In what century did important classical music developments occur in Normandy?	<answer>11th<context>Normandy was the site of several important developments in the history of classical music in the 11th century. FÃ©camp Abbey and Saint-Evroul Abbey were centres of musical production and education. At FÃ©camp, under two Italian abbots, William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna, the system of denoting...
When did the Normans attack Dyrrachium?	<answer>1185<context>The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, DyrrachiumÂone of the most important naval bases of the AdriaticÂfell again to Byzantine han...
What was the Norman religion?	<answer>Catholicism<context>The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesiz...
What Islands are of the coast of Asia?	<answer><context>Between 1402 and 1405, the expedition led by the Norman noble Jean de Bethencourt and the Poitevine Gadifer de la Salle conquered the Canarian islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and El Hierro off the Atlantic coast of Africa. Their troops were gathered in Normandy, Gascony and were later reinforced by...
When was Scotland invaded by William?	<answer>1072<context>One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland in...
How many customaries does Norman customary law have?	<answer>two<context>The customary law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands. Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in Latin by two judges for use by them and their colleagues: These are t...
What naval base fell to the Normans?	<answer><context>The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, DyrrachiumÂone of the most important naval bases of the AdriaticÂfell again to Byzantine hands.
What was absorbed into the Anglo-Norman language?	<answer><context>Eventually, the Normans merged with the natives, combining languages and traditions. In the course of the Hundred Years' War, the Norman aristocracy often identified themselves as English. The Anglo-Norman language became distinct from the Latin language, something that was the subject of some humour b...
Who replaced the Normans as the ruling class?	<answer><context>In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of...
What river was Petrela located by?	<answer>the river Deabolis<context>A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the ba...
Who did the Normans fight in Italy?	<answer><context>Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they soon fough...
Where are Jersey and Guernsey	<answer>the Channel Islands<context>The customary law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands. Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in Latin by two judges for use by them and their colleag...
Where did the monks flee to?	<answer>southern Italy<context>At Saint Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy. Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemi...
What year did the storm hit Richard's fleet?	<answer>1191<context>In April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancÃ©e Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wrecks o...
Who used the church to unify themselves?	<answer>the dukes<context>In the visual arts, the Normans did not have the rich and distinctive traditions of the cultures they conquered. However, in the early 11th century the dukes began a programme of church reform, encouraging the Cluniac reform of monasteries and patronising intellectual pursuits, especially the ...
Where did the Normans and Byzantines sign the peace treaty?	<answer>Deabolis<context>A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the...
What was the name of the count of Apulia	<answer>Robert Guiscard<context>Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his...
Who considered their land on the continent their most important holding?	<answer><context>In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of...
When did Edward return?	<answer>in 1041<context>When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never r...
Where did the Normans and Byzantines sign the peace treaty?	<answer>Deabolis<context>A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the...
Who became the King of the Canary Islands?	<answer>Bethencourt<context>Bethencourt took the title of King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III of Castile. In 1418, Jean's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to Enrique PÃ©rez de GuzmÃ¡n, 2nd Count de Niebla.
Who did Edward make archbishop of Canterbury?	<answer>Robert of JumiÃ¨ges<context>When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This con...
Who upon arriving gave the original viking settlers a common identity?	<answer>Rollo<context>Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Ãle-de-France, which were considered "Frankish". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the low Seine valley and in the west ...
Who did Alexander I marry?	<answer>Sybilla of Normandy<context>Normans came into Scotland, building castles and founding noble families who would provide some future kings, such as Robert the Bruce, as well as founding a considerable number of the Scottish clans. King David I of Scotland, whose elder brother Alexander I had married Sybilla of No...
Who was famed for their Christian spirit?	<answer><context>The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Ro...
Who sold the rights?	<answer>Maciot de Bethencourt<context>Bethencourt took the title of King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III of Castile. In 1418, Jean's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to Enrique PÃ©rez de GuzmÃ¡n, 2nd Count de Niebla.
Who was Richard's fiancee?	<answer>Berengaria<context>In April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancÃ©e Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wr...
What did maternal Old Norse traditions merge with?	<answer><context>The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique ...
Who was the Norse leader?	<answer>Rollo<context>The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under the...
Who came into contact with Wales after the conquest of England?	<answer><context>Even before the Norman Conquest of England, the Normans had come into contact with Wales. Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh. In these original ventures, the Normans failed to make any headwa...
Who killed Harold II?	<answer>William II<context>In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on bot...
What was the name of the count of Apulia	<answer>Robert Guiscard<context>Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his...
What continent are the Canarian Islands off the coast of?	<answer>Africa<context>Between 1402 and 1405, the expedition led by the Norman noble Jean de Bethencourt and the Poitevine Gadifer de la Salle conquered the Canarian islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and El Hierro off the Atlantic coast of Africa. Their troops were gathered in Normandy, Gascony and were later reinfor...
What ruined Richard's plans to reach Acre?	<answer>a storm<context>In April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancÃ©e Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wreck...
Who was Ralph in charge of being at war with?	<answer>the Welsh<context>Even before the Norman Conquest of England, the Normans had come into contact with Wales. Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh. In these original ventures, the Normans failed to make a...
Who did King David I of Scotland Marry?	<answer><context>Normans came into Scotland, building castles and founding noble families who would provide some future kings, such as Robert the Bruce, as well as founding a considerable number of the Scottish clans. King David I of Scotland, whose elder brother Alexander I had married Sybilla of Normandy, was instrum...
Where did the Normans carve out a principality before the First Crusade?	<answer><context>The legendary religious zeal of the Normans was exercised in religious wars long before the First Crusade carved out a Norman principality in Antioch. They were major foreign participants in the Reconquista in Iberia. In 1018, Roger de Tosny travelled to the Iberian Peninsula to carve out a state for h...
Who were the two abbots at FÃ©camp Abbey?	<answer>William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna<context>Normandy was the site of several important developments in the history of classical music in the 11th century. FÃ©camp Abbey and Saint-Evroul Abbey were centres of musical production and education. At FÃ©camp, under two Italian abbots, William of Volpiano and John...
When did Richard II flee to Normandy?	<answer><context>The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marr...
Who established a treaty with King Charles the third of France?	<answer><context>In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty of Saint-Cl...
Who was Margaret's brother?	<answer>Edgar<context>One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland i...
What religion were the Normans	<answer>Catholic<context>The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the ...

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