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article stringlengths 4.36k 149k	summary stringlengths 32 3.35k	section_headings listlengths 1 91	keywords listlengths 0 141	year stringclasses 13 values	title stringlengths 20 281
Ethnic groups can display differential genetic susceptibility to infectious diseases . The arthropod-born viral dengue disease is one such disease , with empirical and limited genetic evidence showing that African ancestry may be protective against the haemorrhagic phenotype . Global ancestry analysis based on high-thr...	Dengue is a concern of worldwide health authorities given the increase on virus and vector dispersions . So far only one traditional GWAS survey has been performed in Vietnamese children . This disease is also epidemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas , where most populations descend from a dynamic a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "africans", "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "tropical", "diseases", "genetic", "mapping", "ethnicities", "genome", "analysis", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "lipid", "metabolism", "infectious", "diseases", "lipids",...	2017	OSBPL10, RXRA and lipid metabolism confer African-ancestry protection against dengue haemorrhagic fever in admixed Cubans
Monocytes and macrophages contribute to the dysfunction of immune responses in human filariasis . During patent infection monocytes encounter microfilariae in the blood , an event that occurs in asymptomatically infected filariasis patients that are immunologically hyporeactive . To determine whether blood microfilaria...	Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease that affects over one million people worldwide , causing chronic morbidity in the majority of infected individuals . A certain proportion of individuals develop asymptomatic infection that allows persistence of the parasite and therefore transmission of disease through the bl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immunology", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "brugia", "filariasis", "immunomodulation", "lymphatic", "filariasis", "white", "blood", "cells", "wuchereria", "bancrofti", ...	2014	Brugia malayi Microfilariae Induce a Regulatory Monocyte/Macrophage Phenotype That Suppresses Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
Following earlier studies which showed that a sparse coding principle may explain the receptive field properties of complex cells in primary visual cortex , it has been concluded that the same properties may be equally derived from a slowness principle . In contrast to this claim , we here show that slowness and sparsi...	A key question in visual neuroscience is how neural representations achieve invariance against appearance changes of objects . In particular , the invariance of complex cell responses in primary visual cortex against small translations is commonly interpreted as a signature of an invariant coding strategy possibly orig...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "visual", "system", "computational", "neuroscience", "sensory", "systems", "biology", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Slowness and Sparseness Have Diverging Effects on Complex Cell Learning
Despite considerable efforts , a suitable vaccine against Onchocerca volvulus infection has remained elusive . Herein , we report on the use of molecular tools to identify and characterize O . volvulus antigens that are possibly associated with the development of concomitant immunity in onchocerciasis . Third-stage lar...	Onchocerciasis is a chronic and highly debilitating disease of humans caused by a worm called Onchocerca volvulus . This worm can live in the human body for over 15 years . The disease affects mainly the skin and eyes and is the second leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide . There is currently no vaccine to p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "immunology/immune", "response", "molecular", "biology/bioinformatics", "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "function", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections" ]	2010	The Onchocerca volvulus Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor, Ov-CPI-2, Is a Target of Protective Antibody Response That Increases with Age
Infantile beriberi is a potentially lethal manifestation of thiamin deficiency , associated with traditional post-partum maternal food avoidance , which persists in the Lao PDR ( Laos ) . There are few data on biochemical markers of infantile thiamin deficiency or indices of cardiac dysfunction as potential surrogate m...	Infantile beriberi , or clinical thiamin ( vitamin B1 ) deficiency in infants , is a forgotten disease in Asia , where ∼100 years ago it was a major public health problem . Children aged ∼2–3 months present in cardiac failure but usually rapidly improve if given thiamin injections . It remains relatively common in Vien...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "pediatrics", "and", "child", "health" ]	2011	Erythrocyte Transketolase Activity, Markers of Cardiac Dysfunction and the Diagnosis of Infantile Beriberi
Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells represent potentially important therapeutic agents in regenerative medicine . Complex interlinked transcriptional and signaling networks control the fate of these cells towards maintenance of pluripotency or differentiation . In this study we have focused on how m...	Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells represent potentially important therapeutic agents in regenerative medicine . Manipulation of these cell types could allow us to replace dead or diseased cells in our bodies and hence potentially provide a solution to a wide range of medical problems . However , b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mechanisms", "of", "signal", "transduction", "cell", "differentiation", "gene", "function", "developmental", "biology", "stem", "cells", "signaling", "pathways", "mapk", "signaling", "cascades", "erk", "signaling", "cascade", "feedback", "regulation", "embryonic", "ste...	2012	A Genome-Wide RNAi Screen Reveals MAP Kinase Phosphatases as Key ERK Pathway Regulators during Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes chronic infection of mononuclear phagocytes , especially resident ( alveolar ) macrophages , recruited macrophages , and dendritic cells . Despite the importance of these cells in tuberculosis ( TB ) pathogenesis and immunity , little is known about the population dynamics of these cel...	During certain chronic infections such as tuberculosis , inflammatory cells , including macrophages and dendritic cells , are recruited to infected tissues where they aggregate to form tissue lesions known as granulomas . Although granulomas can persist long term , the dynamics of the cell populations that comprise gra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "flow", "cytometry", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "body", "fluids", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "cell", "differentiation", "bacterial", "diseases", "developmental", "biology", "lymph", "nodes", "lymphatic", "s...	2018	Mononuclear cell dynamics in M. tuberculosis infection provide opportunities for therapeutic intervention
Genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) of late-onset Alzheimer disease ( LOAD ) have consistently observed strong evidence of association with polymorphisms in APOE . However , until recently , variants at few other loci with statistically significant associations have replicated across studies . The present study co...	Studies looking for genetic variants across the genome that affect late-onset Alzheimer disease ( LOAD ) have had little success identifying genes other than APOE . Here , we use an expanded set of AD cases and controls to improve our power to detect genetic variants driving LOAD risk . Analyzing 483 , 399 genetic vari...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/disease", "models", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2010	Dementia Revealed: Novel Chromosome 6 Locus for Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease Provides Genetic Evidence for Folate-Pathway Abnormalities
Environmental heterogeneity has been hypothesized to influence levels of genetic variation but the effect of heterogeneity depends on ( i ) the form of heterogeneity , ( ii ) whether ecologically relevant or neutral loci are being considered , and ( iii ) the genetic basis of ecological adaptation . We surveyed genome-...	Evolutionary biologists seek to understand the factors affecting genetic variation . While it is intuitive that environmental heterogeneity should increase levels of variation , theoretical models showed that spatial and temporal heterogeneity differ in how likely they are to maintain polymorphisms affecting fitness . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "ecology", "ecology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "population", "genetics", "evolutionary", "biology", "evolutionary", "genetics" ]	2014	Genome-Wide Patterns of Genetic Variation within and among Alternative Selective Regimes
Gram-positive bacteria contain a family of surface proteins that are covalently anchored to the cell wall of the organism . These cell-wall anchored ( CWA ) proteins appear to play key roles in the interactions between pathogenic organisms and the host . A subfamily of the CWA has a common structural organization with ...	Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen , distinguished by its potential to cause serious and life-threatening infections in animals and humans . The ability of this bacterium to adhere to host tissues is considered an early , essential event in the disease process and contributes to the success of the organ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "cell", "biology/neuronal", "signaling", "mechanisms" ]	2010	β-Neurexin Is a Ligand for the Staphylococcus aureus MSCRAMM SdrC
Drug addiction is a serious worldwide problem with strong genetic and environmental influences . Different technologies have revealed a variety of genes and pathways underlying addiction; however , each individual technology can be biased and incomplete . We integrated 2 , 343 items of evidence from peer-reviewed publi...	Drug addiction has become one of the most serious problems in the world . It has been estimated that genetic factors contribute to 40%–60% of the vulnerability to drug addiction , and environmental factors provide the remainder . What are the genes and pathways underlying addiction ? Is there a common molecular network...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mathematics", "neurological", "disorders", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience", "homo", "(human)" ]	2008	Genes and (Common) Pathways Underlying Drug Addiction
Human alveolar echinococcosis caused by infection with Echinococcus multilocularis is one of the most potentially pathogenic helminthic zoonoses . Transmission occurs involving wildlife cycles typically between fox and small mammal intermediate hosts . In the late 1980s/early 1990s a large focus of human AE was identif...	Human alveolar echinococcosis caused by infection with Echinococcus multilocularis is one of the most potentially pathogenic helminthic zoonoses . Transmission occurs involving wildlife cycles typically between fox and small mammal intermediate hosts . A large focus of human alveolar echinococcosis was identified in th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Discussion" ]	[ "animal", "types", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "tropical", "diseases", "vertebrates", "parasitic", "diseases", "dogs", "animals", "mammals", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "molecular", "biology", "techniq...	2019	Long-term retrospective assessment of a transmission hotspot for human alveolar echinococcosis in mid-west China
Noonan syndrome ( NS ) is characterized by reduced growth , craniofacial abnormalities , congenital heart defects , and variable cognitive deficits . NS belongs to the RASopathies , genetic conditions linked to mutations in components and regulators of the Ras signaling pathway . Approximately 50% of NS cases are cause...	RASopathies are genetic disorders often accompanied by a developmental delay and intellectual disabilities . However , the molecular mechanisms causing cognitive impairments are yet unclear . RASopathies are linked to mutations in components of the Ras/MAPK pathway . This pathway enables cells to adjust the expression ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "gene", "regulation", "neuroscience", "animal", "models", "regulator", "genes", "micrornas", "model", "organisms", "network", "analysis", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "gene", "types", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "computer", "and", "information", ...	2017	Aberrant neuronal activity-induced signaling and gene expression in a mouse model of RASopathy
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells ( MDSCs ) are expanded in tumor microenvironments , including that of Epstein–Barr virus ( EBV ) -associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( NPC ) . The link between MDSC expansion and EBV infection in NPC is unclear . Here , we show that EBV latent membrane protein 1 ( LMP1 ) promotes MDSC ...	The expression of the Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) oncogenic protein denoted latent membrane protein 1 ( LMP1 ) varies in patients with NPC and is linked to tumorigenesis and tumor immunosuppression , but the molecular mechanism through which LMP1 leads to tumor immune escape remains unknown . Work to date suggests that ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "carbohydrate", "metabolism", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "immune", "physiology", "chemical", "compounds", "cytokines", "metabolic", "processes", "immunology", "carcinomas", "cancers", "and", "neo...	2017	LMP1-mediated glycolysis induces myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Lymphoblastoid cell lines ( LCLs ) , originally collected as renewable sources of DNA , are now being used as a model system to study genotype–phenotype relationships in human cells , including searches for QTLs influencing levels of individual mRNAs and responses to drugs and radiation . In the course of attempting to...	The use of lymphoblastoid cell lines ( LCLs ) has evolved from a renewable source of DNA to an in vitro model system to study the genetics of gene expression , drug response , and other traits in a controlled laboratory setting . While convincing relationships between SNPs and mRNA levels ( eQTLs ) have been described ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/pharmacogenomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression" ]	2008	Genetic Analysis of Human Traits In Vitro: Drug Response and Gene Expression in Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines
Numerous studies have noted that the evolution of new enzymatic specificities is accompanied by loss of the protein's thermodynamic stability ( ΔΔG ) , thus suggesting a tradeoff between the acquisition of new enzymatic functions and stability . However , since most mutations are destabilizing ( ΔΔG>0 ) , one should as...	To perform its function , a protein must fold into a complex , three-dimensional structure that is maintained by a network of interactions between its amino acid residues . Evolution of a new protein function will be driven by mutation of amino acids in key positions ( new-function mutations ) . Such mutation can also ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry/molecular", "evolution", "biochemistry/biocatalysis", "biophysics/protein", "folding", "biophysics/biocatalysis", "biochemistry/protein", "folding", "biochemistry/protein", "chemistry", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "computational", "biology/evolutionary", "mo...	2008	How Protein Stability and New Functions Trade Off
GTPases regulate a multitude of essential cellular processes ranging from movement and division to differentiation and neuronal activity . These ubiquitous enzymes operate by hydrolyzing GTP to GDP with associated conformational changes that modulate affinity for family-specific binding partners . There are three major...	GTPases are a large superfamily of essential enzymes that regulate a variety of cellular processes . They share a common core structure supporting nucleotide binding and hydrolysis , and are potentially descended from the same ancestor . Yet their biological functions diverge dramatically , ranging from cell division a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "crystal", "structure", "molecular", "dynamics", "statistics", "enzymes", "sociology", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "enzymology", "social", "sciences", "multivariate", "analysis", "mutation", "mathematics", "network", "analysis", "crystallography", "research", "and", ...	2018	Comparative structural dynamic analysis of GTPases
Regulation of the c-Abl ( ABL1 ) tyrosine kinase is important because of its role in cellular signaling , and its relevance in the leukemiogenic counterpart ( BCR-ABL ) . Both auto-inhibition and full activation of c-Abl are regulated by the interaction of the catalytic domain with the Src Homology 2 ( SH2 ) domain . T...	The Abl kinase is a key player in many crucial cellular processes . It is also an important anti-cancer drug target , because a mutation leading to the fusion protein Bcr-Abl is the main cause for chronic myeloid leukemia ( CML ) . Abl inhibitors are currently the only pharmaceutical treatment for CML . There are two m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "computational", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "biophysics", "molecular", "biology", "biophysical", "simulations" ]	2014	The SH2 Domain Regulates c-Abl Kinase Activation by a Cyclin-Like Mechanism and Remodulation of the Hinge Motion
Protein palmitoylation has emerged as an important mechanism for regulating protein trafficking , stability , and protein–protein interactions; however , its relevance to disease processes is not clear . Using a genome-wide , phenotype driven N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea–mediated mutagenesis screen , we identified mice with f...	Palmitoylation , the addition of palmitate ( a fatty acid ) to protein , is one of the most common post-translational lipid modifications and has recently emerged as an important mechanism for modulating protein targeting , trafficking , stability , and protein–protein interactions . However , its physiological role an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "biochemistry/protein", "folding", "genetics", "and", "genomics/disease", "models", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "function", "radiology", "and", "medical", "imaging/ultrasonography", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "ge...	2010	Mice with Alopecia, Osteoporosis, and Systemic Amyloidosis Due to Mutation in Zdhhc13, a Gene Coding for Palmitoyl Acyltransferase
The tumor microenvironment has a significant impact on tumor development . Two important determinants in this environment are hypoxia and lactic acidosis . Although lactic acidosis has long been recognized as an important factor in cancer , relatively little is known about how cells respond to lactic acidosis and how t...	It is well recognized that tumor microenvironments play an important role in modulating tumor progression in human cancers . Although previous studies have highlighted the importance of hypoxia , there is limited knowledge on the effects of other components in tumor microenvironments . Therefore , we use gene expressio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2008	The Genomic Analysis of Lactic Acidosis and Acidosis Response in Human Cancers
Under replete growth conditions , abundant nutrient uptake leads to the systemic activation of insulin/IGF-1 signalling ( IIS ) and the promotion of stem cell growth/proliferation . Activated IIS can stimulate the ERK/MAPK pathway , the activation of which also supports optimal stem cell proliferation in various system...	Adult stem cell proliferation rates respond to the needs for their differentiated progeny . For example , the lung stem cells of a smoker will divide more frequently than those of a non-smoker to constantly replenish smoke-damaged tissues . Molecularly , stem cell proliferation rates vary according to growth factor lev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "gonads", "caenorhabditis", "animals", "cell", "differentiation", "germ", "cells", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "oocytes", "signal", "inhibition", "model", "organisms", ...	2017	DAF-18/PTEN signals through AAK-1/AMPK to inhibit MPK-1/MAPK in feedback control of germline stem cell proliferation
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against microbial insult . The transcription factor , IRF3 , is needed by mammalian cells to mount innate immune responses against many microbes , especially viruses . IRF3 remains inactive in the cytoplasm of uninfected cells; upon virus infection , it gets phosphorylated a...	Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 ( IRF3 ) is an essential transcription factor for the expression of antiviral genes , including type I IFNs and ISGs . The coordinated action of the ISGs leads to the inhibition of one or multiple steps of viral life cycle . In contrast to the well-known antiviral function of IRF3 , we re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Induction of Interferon-Stimulated Genes by IRF3 Promotes Replication of Toxoplasma gondii
The integrative and conjugative element ICEclc is a mobile genetic element in Pseudomonas knackmussii B13 , and an experimental model for a widely distributed group of elements in Proteobacteria . ICEclc is transferred from specialized transfer competent cells , which arise at a frequency of 3-5% in a population at sta...	Integrative and conjugative elements ( ICEs ) are a relatively newly recognized class of mobile elements in bacteria , which integrate at one or more positions in a host chromosome , can be excised , circularized , and transfer by conjugation to a new recipient cell . Genome sequencing indicated that ICEs often carry g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "organismal", "evolution", "genome", "evolution", "gene", "regulatory", "networks", "microbial", "evolution", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "gene", "regulation", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "molecular", "genetics", "microbiology", "computational", "biology",...	2014	An Operon of Three Transcriptional Regulators Controls Horizontal Gene Transfer of the Integrative and Conjugative Element ICEclc in Pseudomonas knackmussii B13
The soil-transmitted nematodes ( STNs ) or helminths ( hookworms , whipworms , large roundworms ) infect the intestines of ~1 . 5 billion of the poorest peoples and are leading causes of morbidity worldwide . Only one class of anthelmintic or anti-nematode drugs , the benzimidazoles , is currently used in mass drug adm...	Intestinal nematodes are roundworm parasites of humans and animals , causing significant morbidity in both . In humans , these parasites are leading causes of morbidity in children , e . g . , causing growth stunting , cognitive impairment , and malnutrition . Few drugs are used to treat these parasites in humans and a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "helminths", "hookworms", "vertebrates", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "mammals", "parasitology", "nematode", "infections", "veterinary", "science", "hamsters", "nicotinic", "acetylcholine", "receptors", "veter...	2018	In vivo and in vitro studies of Cry5B and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist anthelmintics reveal a powerful and unique combination therapy against intestinal nematode parasites
It remains to be determined experimentally whether increasing fitness is related to positive selection , while stationary fitness is related to neutral evolution . Long-term laboratory evolution in Escherichia coli was performed under conditions of thermal stress under defined laboratory conditions . The complete cell ...	The detailed results of a two-year in vitro thermal adaptive evolution experiment are described . A laboratory-evolved E . coli strain with an improved upper temperature limit , as high as 45 . 9°C , was acquired after 523 days of serial transfer , equivalent to 7 , 560 generations , in nutrient-limited medium . The co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/bioinformatics", "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/population", "genetics" ]	2010	Transition from Positive to Neutral in Mutation Fixation along with Continuing Rising Fitness in Thermal Adaptive Evolution
Metarhizium robertsii is a plant root colonizing fungus that is also an insect pathogen . Its entomopathogenicity is a characteristic that was acquired during evolution from a plant endophyte ancestor . This transition provides a novel perspective on how new functional mechanisms important for host switching and virule...	The ability of infectious agents to evolve different host ranges contributes to the emergence of new diseases , and this host switching could also account for the wide variety of fungal associations with animals , plants and other fungi . There must be mechanisms for such host shifts , but these remain largely unknown ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "mycology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "emerging", "infectious", "diseases", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "host-pathogen", "interactions", "pest", "control", "medical", "microbiology", "microbial", "pathogens", "mic...	2014	Host-to-Pathogen Gene Transfer Facilitated Infection of Insects by a Pathogenic Fungus
The cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the causative agent of tuberculosis in humans , contains lipids with unusual structures . These lipids play a key role in both virulence and resistance to the various hostile environments encountered by the bacteria during infection . They are synthesized by complex enz...	Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the causative agent of human tuberculosis , is responsible for more than 8 million new cases and 1 . 5 million deaths every year . Despite the existence of effective treatments , the emergence of resistance makes the need for new anti-tuberculosis drugs urgent . The cell envelope of the tub...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "lipids", "enzyme", "classes", "enzymes", "microbial", "pathogens", "transferases", "biosynthesis", "biology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "metabolism", "lipid", "metabolism" ]	2012	4′-Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase PptT, a New Drug Target Required for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth and Persistence In Vivo
Direct cell-cell spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 ( HIV-1 ) at the virological synapse ( VS ) is an efficient mode of dissemination between CD4+ T cells but the mechanisms by which HIV-1 proteins are directed towards intercellular contacts is unclear . We have used confocal microscopy and electron tomograp...	Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 ( HIV-1 ) , the cause of the global AIDS pandemic , primarily infects CD4+ T lymphocytes and efficient replication necessitates transmission of infection to susceptible neighbouring cells . To ensure that the necessary components are transported to the correct location in the cell an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cellular", "structures", "subcellular", "organelles", "immune", "cells", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "immunology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "integrins", "cytoskeleton", "cell", "adhesion", "t", "cells",...	2011	The Regulated Secretory Pathway in CD4+ T cells Contributes to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Cell-to-Cell Spread at the Virological Synapse
The RpoS sigma factor protein of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase is the master transcriptional regulator of physiological responses to a variety of stresses . This stress response comes at the expense of scavenging for scarce resources , causing a trade-off between stress tolerance and nutrient acquisition . This trade...	Escherichia coli , like all bacteria , expresses distinct sets of genes in response to different environmental challenges . One protein , RpoS , is a central part of the cellular response that brings about these changes in gene expression . Despite the importance of this protein in response to some kinds of stresses , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "microbiology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2009	Compensatory Evolution of Gene Regulation in Response to Stress by Escherichia coli Lacking RpoS
The interferon-induced transmembrane protein BST-2/CD317 ( tetherin ) restricts the release of diverse enveloped viruses from infected cells . The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu antagonizes this restriction by an unknown mechanism that likely involves the down-regulation of BST-2 from the cell surface . Here , we show tha...	The cellular protein BST-2 prevents newly formed particles of HIV-1 and other enveloped viruses from escaping the infected cell . HIV-1 encodes the protein Vpu to counteract this host defense , but the mechanism of this antagonism is currently unknown . Here , the data suggest that Vpu recruits the cellular protein β-T...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/membranes", "and", "sorting", "infectious", "diseases/hiv", "infection", "and", "aids", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "microbiology/innate", "immunity" ]	2009	Vpu Antagonizes BST-2–Mediated Restriction of HIV-1 Release via β-TrCP and Endo-Lysosomal Trafficking
In the Indian sub-continent , visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) , also known as kala azar , is a fatal form of leishmaniasis caused by the kinetoplastid parasite Leishmania donovani and transmitted by the sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes . VL is prevalent in northeast India where it is believed to have an exclusive anthropo...	Visceral leishmaniasis , also known as kala-azar , is a fatal form of leishmaniasis that is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani . In the Indian sub-continent , the parasite is transmitted between people by the sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes . There are four different groups of infected people that can...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "clinical", "laboratory", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "tropical", "diseases", "vertebrates", "sand", "flies", "social", "sciences", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "mammals", "parasitic", "protozoans", "organisms", "protozo...	2016	The Potential Use of Forensic DNA Methods Applied to Sand Fly Blood Meal Analysis to Identify the Infection Reservoirs of Anthroponotic Visceral Leishmaniasis
The inability of native Saccharomyces cerevisiae to convert xylose from plant biomass into biofuels remains a major challenge for the production of renewable bioenergy . Despite extensive knowledge of the regulatory networks controlling carbon metabolism in yeast , little is known about how to reprogram S . cerevisiae ...	The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is being genetically engineered to produce renewable biofuels from sustainable plant material . Efficient biofuel production from plant material requires conversion of the complex suite of sugars found in plant material , including the five-carbon sugar xylose . Because it does not ef...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "carbohydrate", "metabolism", "deletion", "mutation", "protein", "metabolism", "chemical", "compounds", "metabolic", "processes", "carbohydrates", "glucose", "metabolism", "organic", "compounds", "fermentation", "xylose", "mutation", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "alcohols...	2016	Directed Evolution Reveals Unexpected Epistatic Interactions That Alter Metabolic Regulation and Enable Anaerobic Xylose Use by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Proper collection and storage of fecal samples is necessary to guarantee the subsequent reliability of DNA-based soil-transmitted helminth diagnostic procedures . Previous research has examined various methods to preserve fecal samples for subsequent microscopic analysis or for subsequent determination of overall DNA y...	Maximizing the recovery of PCR-amplifiable DNA is an important consideration in the optimization of field-ready PCR-based diagnostic techniques . Fecal specimen preservation is particularly important due to the universal use of stool for the non-invasive diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth ( STH ) infections . A com...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "helminths", "storage", "and", "handling", "tropical", "diseases", "hookworms", "parasitic", "diseases", "organic", "compounds", "animals", "necator", "americanus", "preservatives", "organi...	2018	A comparative analysis of preservation techniques for the optimal molecular detection of hookworm DNA in a human fecal specimen
We propose a novel explanation for bistable perception , namely , the collective dynamics of multiple neural populations that are individually meta-stable . Distributed representations of sensory input and of perceptual state build gradually through noise-driven transitions in these populations , until the competition ...	The instability of perception is one of the oldest puzzles in neuroscience . When visual stimulation is even slightly ambiguous , perceptual experience fails to stabilize and alternates perpetually between distinct states . The details of this ‘bistable perception’ have been studied extensively for decades . Here we pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "population", "dynamics", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience/psychology", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "physics/interdisciplinary", "physics", "perception", "cognitive", "psychology", "mathematics", "cognition", "memory", "vision", "population", "biology", "n...	2009	Bistable Perception Modeled as Competing Stochastic Integrations at Two Levels
Peptide hormones are potent signaling molecules that coordinate animal physiology , behavior , and development . A key step in activation of these peptide signals is their proteolytic processing from propeptide precursors by a family of proteases , the subtilisin-like proprotein convertases ( PCs ) . Here , we report t...	Peptide hormones are important signaling molecules that coordinate physiology , behavior , and development . A key step in production of peptide hormones is the proteolytic cleavage of larger inactive precursors by prohormone convertases ( PCs ) . Studies in a variety of organisms , including humans , have shown that d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/animal", "genetics", "biochemistry", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "function" ]	2010	The Proprotein Convertase Encoded by amontillado (amon) Is Required in Drosophila Corpora Cardiaca Endocrine Cells Producing the Glucose Regulatory Hormone AKH
Erythema Nodosum Leprosum ( ENL ) is an immune reaction in leprosy that aggravates the patient´s clinical condition . ENL presents systemic symptoms of an acute infectious syndrome with high leukocytosis and intense malaise clinically similar to sepsis . The treatment of ENL patients requires immunosuppression and thus...	Leprosy reactions are an acute exacerbation of a patient´s clinical condition . Reactions are classified into type 1 ( reversal reaction; RR ) and type 2 ( erythema nodosum leprosum; ENL ) according to the etiopathogenesis . Early detection of both types of reactional states is fundamental to treatment management with ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "flow", "cytometry", "dermatology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "biopsy", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "surgical", "and", "invasive", "medical", ...	2016	Expression of CD64 on Circulating Neutrophils Favoring Systemic Inflammatory Status in Erythema Nodosum Leprosum
The cap structure of eukaryotic messenger RNAs is initially elaborated through three enzymatic reactions: hydrolysis of the 5′-triphosphate , transfer of guanosine through a 5′-5′ triphosphate linkage and N7-methylation of the guanine cap . Three distinctive enzymes catalyze each reaction in various microbial eukaryote...	The protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is the cause of the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide . Evolutionary analyses place Trichomonas in a super group called the Excavata , which includes the kinetoplastids and is highly divergent from fungi , metazoa and plants . Despite the vast evol...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "biochemistry/rna", "structure", "infectious", "diseases/sexually", "transmitted", "diseases", "molecular", "biology/molecular", "evolution", "microbiology/parasitology", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infec...	2010	A Metazoan/Plant-like Capping Enzyme and Cap Modified Nucleotides in the Unicellular Eukaryote Trichomonas vaginalis
Differentiation into infectious cysts through the process of encystation is crucial for transmission and survival of the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis . Hitherto the majority of studies have focused on the early events , leaving late encystation poorly defined . In order to further study encystatio...	The intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis and many other medically important protozoan parasites must encyst and form infective cysts in order to transmit to new hosts . Encystation efficiency is in that way connected to efficiency of transmission . We have developed new in vitro differentiation protocols ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "trophozoites", "parasite", "groups", "giardia", "gene", "regulation", "parasitic", "protozoans", "parasitology", "dna", "transcription", "membrane", "proteins", "apicomplexa", "protozoans", "genome", "analysis", "molecular", "biology", "techniqu...	2016	Coordinated Changes in Gene Expression Throughout Encystation of Giardia intestinalis
The building blocks of bacterial flagella , flagellin monomers , are potent stimulators of host innate immune systems . Recognition of flagellin monomers occurs by flagellin-specific pattern-recognition receptors , such as Toll-like receptor 5 ( TLR5 ) in mammals and flagellin-sensitive 2 ( FLS2 ) in plants . Activatio...	Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common environmental bacterium that can infect and cause disease in a wide variety of hosts , ranging from humans to plants . In healthy individuals , the innate immune system can counteract this microorganism effectively; however immunocompromised patients and cystic fibrosis patients suffe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "plant", "science", "plant", "microbiology", "immunity", "plant", "biology", "innate", "immunity", "pseudomonas", "infections", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction" ]	2011	Pseudomonas Evades Immune Recognition of Flagellin in Both Mammals and Plants
Copy number expansions such as amplifications and duplications contribute to human phenotypic variation , promote molecular diversification during evolution , and drive the initiation and/or progression of various cancers . The mechanisms underlying these copy number changes are still incompletely understood , however ...	Duplications and amplifications of chromosomal segments are frequently observed in eukaryotic genomes , including both normal and cancerous human genomes . These copy number variations contribute to the phenotypic variation upon which natural selection acts . For example , the amplification of genes whose excessive cop...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cancer", "genetics", "genetic", "mutation", "genome", "evolution", "microbiology", "mutational", "hypotheses", "mutation", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "mutation", "types", "dna", "replication", "dna", "recombination", "molecular", "genetics", ...	2013	Single-Stranded Annealing Induced by Re-Initiation of Replication Origins Provides a Novel and Efficient Mechanism for Generating Copy Number Expansion via Non-Allelic Homologous Recombination
The ribosome is critical for all aspects of cell growth due to its essential role in protein synthesis . Paradoxically , many Ribosomal proteins ( Rps ) act as tumour suppressors in Drosophila and vertebrates . To examine how reductions in Rps could lead to tissue overgrowth , we took advantage of the observation that ...	Ribosomes are required for protein synthesis , which is essential for cell growth and division , thus mutations that reduce Rp expression would be expected to limit cell growth . Paradoxically , heterozygous deletion or mutation of certain Rps can actually promote growth and proliferation and in some cases bestow predi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "organism", "development", "cell", "division", "cell", "biology", "cell", "growth", "metamorphosis", "biology" ]	2011	Drosophila Ribosomal Protein Mutants Control Tissue Growth Non-Autonomously via Effects on the Prothoracic Gland and Ecdysone
We recently discovered a secreted and diffusible midline cue called MADD-4 ( an ADAMTSL ) that guides migrations along the dorsoventral axis of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . We showed that the transmembrane receptor , UNC-40 ( DCC ) , whose canonical ligand is the UNC-6 ( netrin ) guidance cue , is required for...	During animal development , cells and cell extensions migrate along stereotypical paths to their target destination by interacting with guidance cues in their environment . The guidance receptors on the surface of these cells can each interact with several different cues , and many of the cues can each interact with mu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "motility", "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology", "gene", "identification", "and", "analysis", "cell", "migration", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "molecular", "genetics", "directed", "cell", "migration" ]	2014	EVA-1 Functions as an UNC-40 Co-receptor to Enhance Attraction to the MADD-4 Guidance Cue in Caenorhabditis elegans
Category Theory , a branch of mathematics , has shown promise as a modeling framework for higher-level cognition . We introduce an algebraic model for analogy that uses the language of category theory to explore analogy-related cognitive phenomena . To illustrate the potential of this approach , we use this model to ex...	Analogy is claimed to be the core of human cognition due to its pervasive involvement in phenomena such as language , reasoning and learning . However , this phenomenon has mainly been studied in isolation through computational methods , which has made it difficult to appreciate its different roles in diverse cognitive...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "recreation", "learning", "linguistics", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "analogies", "cognitive", "psychology", "cognition", "cognitive", "linguistics", "language", "syntax", "games", "human", "learning", "behavior", "psychology", "sema...	2017	Towards a category theory approach to analogy: Analyzing re-representation and acquisition of numerical knowledge
Inflammation is characterized by altered cytokine levels produced by cell populations in a highly interdependent manner . To elucidate the mechanism of an inflammatory reaction , we have developed a mathematical model for immune cell interactions via the specific , dose-dependent cytokine production rates of cell popul...	A functional immune system requires complex interactions among diverse cell types , mediated by a variety of cytokines . These interactions include phenomena such as positive and negative feedback loops that can be experimentally characterized by dose-dependent cytokine production measurements . However , any experimen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "dermatology", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology", "immunology" ]	2010	A Systems Model for Immune Cell Interactions Unravels the Mechanism of Inflammation in Human Skin
Mass azithromycin distribution reduces under-5 child mortality . Trachoma control programs currently treat infants aged 6 months and older . Here , we report findings from an infant adverse event survey in 1–5 month olds who received azithromycin as part of a large community-randomized trial in Niger . Active surveilla...	Trachoma control programs currently treat all adults and children age 6 months and older in communities endemic for trachoma . If shown to be safe , programs could consider inclusion of younger children in mass treatment programs . Here , we evaluated adverse events in infants aged 1–5 months who were participating in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "death", "rates", "children", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "clinical", "research", "design", "tropical", "diseases", "census", "pediatrics", "health", "care", "age", "groups", "research", "design", "bacterial", "diseases", "eye", "diseases", "infants", "...	2018	Safety of azithromycin in infants under six months of age in Niger: A community randomized trial
Trichoderma spp . are versatile opportunistic plant symbionts which can colonize the apoplast of plant roots . Microarrays analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana roots inoculated with Trichoderma asperelloides T203 , coupled with qPCR analysis of 137 stress responsive genes and transcription factors , revealed wide gene tran...	Trichoderma fungi have been developed as biocontrol agents and are applied to protect and improve crop yields . Colonization of plant roots by Trichoderma can protect plants against diseases and environmental stresses such as salinity and drought , and an improve plant growth and development . To better understand the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "high-input", "farming", "environmental", "impacts", "plant", "biology", "small", "molecules", "organic", "farming", "integrated", "control", "hormones", "plant", "science", "pest", "control", "crops", "plant", "pathology", "agricultural", "production", ...	2013	Trichoderma-Plant Root Colonization: Escaping Early Plant Defense Responses and Activation of the Antioxidant Machinery for Saline Stress Tolerance
The rapid spread of Zika virus in the Americas and current outbreak of microcephaly in Brazil has raised attention to the possible deleterious effects that the virus may have on fetuses . We report a case of a 20-year-old pregnant woman who was referred to our service after a large Zika virus outbreak in the city of Sa...	The rapid spread of Zika virus in the Americas and outbreak of microcephaly in Brazil has raised attention to the possible deleterious effects that the virus may have on fetuses . We report a case of a 20-year-old pregnant woman from Salvador , Brazil whose fetus had developed hydrops fetalis , a condition where there ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "body", "fluids", "diagnostic", "radiology", "ultrasound", "imaging", "obstetrics", "and", "gynecology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "maternal", "health", "nervous", "system", "developm...	2016	Zika Virus Infection and Stillbirths: A Case of Hydrops Fetalis, Hydranencephaly and Fetal Demise
Driver mutations are the genetic variants responsible for oncogenesis , but how specific somatic mutational events arise in cells remains poorly understood . Mutational signatures derive from the frequency of mutated trinucleotides in a given cancer sample , and they provide an avenue for investigating the underlying m...	Cancer develops when cells acquire somatic driver mutations that confer a growth advantage . The origins underlying the development of many of these mutations remain largely unknown . Mutational signatures represent the frequency of different somatic mutations across a genome and can be used to characterise the mutatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cancer", "genomics", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "carcinomas", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "basic", "cancer", "research", "oncology", "mutation", "dna", "replication", "adenocarcinomas", "mismatch", "repair", "dna", "mutation", "databases", "research", ...	2018	Analysis of 7,815 cancer exomes reveals associations between mutational processes and somatic driver mutations
Our ability to perceive and discriminate textures relies on the transduction and processing of complex , high-frequency vibrations elicited in the fingertip as it is scanned across a surface . How naturalistic vibrations , and by extension texture , are encoded in the responses of neurons in primary somatosensory corte...	When we slide our fingertip across a textured surface , small , complex , and high-frequency vibrations are elicited in the skin and our nervous system extracts information about texture from these vibrations . In this study , we investigate how texture-like vibrations are processed in primary somatosensory cortex ( S1...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "neuroscience", "sensory", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience", "coding", "mechanisms" ]	2013	Multiplexing Stimulus Information through Rate and Temporal Codes in Primate Somatosensory Cortex
In China , rabies remains an ongoing threat to public health . Although control efforts have been effective in reducing the number of annual cases , the virus continues to spread into new areas . Tibet , Qinghai , Gansu and Ningxia in western China have , until recently , reported only a handful of events . However , s...	Overall , the number of annual cases of human rabies reported in China has been decreasing since 2007 . However , some Western provinces , where few human cases have been reported in recent years , are beginning to see increasing incidence of rabies . Specifically , Ningxia , Qinghai and Gansu began to report human cas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Rabies Cases in the West of China Have Two Distinct Origins
HIV infection is associated with high rates of osteopenia and osteoporosis , but the mechanisms involved are unclear . We recently reported that bone loss in the HIV transgenic rat model was associated with upregulation of B cell expression of the key osteoclastogenic cytokine receptor-activator of NF-κB ligand ( RANKL...	HIV infection causes significant bone loss and skeletal deterioration , leading to fractures that are often devastating and incur significant financial burden on patients and their families . HIV-infected individuals have up to a five-fold higher risk of bone fractures , and the increasing average age of people living ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "antibody-producing", "cells", "infectious", "diseases", "white", "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "cell", "biology", "animal", "cells", "b", "cells", "clinical", "immunology", "hiv", "immunopathogenesis",...	2014	Dysregulated B Cell Expression of RANKL and OPG Correlates with Loss of Bone Mineral Density in HIV Infection
The potential rapid availability of large-scale clinical episode data during the next influenza pandemic suggests an opportunity for increasing the speed with which novel respiratory pathogens can be characterized . Key intervention decisions will be determined by both the transmissibility of the novel strain ( measure...	The ever-increasing availability of timely , large-scale clinical episode data can , in principle , dramatically shorten the time required to characterize the transmission and severity of novel respiratory pathogens , which , in turn , can be used to inform key intervention decisions . We investigated 50 distinct milit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Early Characterization of the Severity and Transmissibility of Pandemic Influenza Using Clinical Episode Data from Multiple Populations
Human gammaherpesviruses are associated with the development of lymphomas and epithelial malignancies . The heterogeneity of these tumors reflects the ability of these viruses to route infection to different cell types at various stages of their lifecycle . While the Epstein Barr virus uses gp42 – human leukocyte antig...	Gammaherpesviruses are highly prevalent human and animal pathogens . These viruses display sophisticated entry mechanisms , allowing them to infect different cell types inside a host but also to transmit between hosts in the presence of neutralizing antibodies . Here , we used bovine herpesvirus 4 ( BoHV-4 ) to deciphe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	A Gammaherpesvirus Uses Alternative Splicing to Regulate Its Tropism and Its Sensitivity to Neutralization
Viral etiologies of fever , including dengue , Chikungunya , influenza , rota and adeno viruses , cause major disease burden in tropical and subtropical countries . The lack of diagnostic facilities in developing countries leads to failure to estimate the true burden of such illnesses , and generally the diseases are u...	Viral etiologies of fever , such as dengue , Chikungunya , influenza , rotaviruses , and adenoviruses contribute to substantial morbidity and mortality particularly in children in the tropical and subtropical countries . Despite their importance , the true burden of viral etiologies of fever in Tanzania is not known , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[ "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences" ]	2014	Dengue and Chikungunya Fever among Viral Diseases in Outpatient Febrile Children in Kilosa District Hospital, Tanzania
Given the anthropometric differences between men and women and previous evidence of sex-difference in genetic effects , we conducted a genome-wide search for sexually dimorphic associations with height , weight , body mass index , waist circumference , hip circumference , and waist-to-hip-ratio ( 133 , 723 individuals ...	Men and women differ substantially regarding height , weight , and body fat . Interestingly , previous work detecting genetic effects for waist-to-hip ratio , to assess body fat distribution , has found that many of these showed sex-differences . However , systematic searches for sex-differences in genetic effects have...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "genetic", "epidemiology", "epidemiology" ]	2013	Sex-stratified Genome-wide Association Studies Including 270,000 Individuals Show Sexual Dimorphism in Genetic Loci for Anthropometric Traits
Trial-and-error learning is a universal strategy for establishing which actions are beneficial or harmful in new environments . However , learning stimulus-response associations solely via trial-and-error is often suboptimal , as in many settings dependencies among stimuli and responses can be exploited to increase lea...	Humans and other animals can learn how to respond to novel stimuli by incrementally strengthening or weakening associations between stimuli and responses based on feedback . Q-learning , which is based on a delta learning rule , has been established as the standard computational model for associative learning . By comp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cognitive", "science", "learning", "employment", "statistics", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "cognitive", "neuroscience", "cognitive", "psychology", "mathematics", "cognition", "memory", "crystallographic", "techniques", "research", "an...	2018	Deterministic response strategies in a trial-and-error learning task
Visceral leishmaniasis is an important tropical disease , and Leishmania infantum chagasi ( synonym of Leishmania infantum ) is the main pathogenic agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the New World . Recently , ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases ( E-NTPDases ) were identified as enablers of infection and v...	Visceral leishmaniasis is a dangerous and important , but neglected , tropical disease that affects millions of people , mainly in underdeveloped and developing countries . Presently , there are no vaccines against Leishmaniasis , and the few drugs with which the disease is treated have low efficacy and high side effec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results/Discussion" ]	[ "biochemistry", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "parasitology", "molecular", "biology" ]	2014	Leishmania infantum Ecto-Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase-2 is an Apyrase Involved in Macrophage Infection and Expressed in Infected Dogs
Blind source separation is the computation underlying the cocktail party effect––a partygoer can distinguish a particular talker’s voice from the ambient noise . Early studies indicated that the brain might use blind source separation as a signal processing strategy for sensory perception and numerous mathematical mode...	The ‘cocktail party’ effect is a phenomenon by which one is able to pick out and listen to a single person’s speech in a noisy room . In information engineering , this is termed blind source separation . Numerous computational studies demonstrate that simulated neural networks can perform blind source separation . Howe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Cultured Cortical Neurons Can Perform Blind Source Separation According to the Free-Energy Principle
Prion infectivity and its molecular marker , the pathological prion protein PrPSc , accumulate in the central nervous system and often also in lymphoid tissue of animals or humans affected by transmissible spongiform encephalopathies . Recently , PrPSc was found in tissues previously considered not to be invaded by pri...	Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies ( TSEs ) , or prion diseases , are fatal neurodegenerative diseases affecting the central nervous system . According to the prion hypothesis , TSEs are caused by proteinaceous infectious particles ( “prions” ) that consist essentially of PrPSc , an aberrant form of the prion pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "hamster", "sheep", "infectious", "diseases", "prions" ]	2007	Accumulation of Pathological Prion Protein PrPSc in the Skin of Animals with Experimental and Natural Scrapie
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli ( EPEC ) are deadly contaminants in water and food , and induce protrusion of actin-filled membranous pedestals beneath themselves upon attachment to intestinal epithelia . Pedestal formation requires clustering of Tir and subsequent recruitment of cellular tyrosine kinases including A...	Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli ( EPEC ) is a diarrheagenic enteric pathogen that attaches to host cells and forms actin-filled membranous protrusions called pedestals . Pedestal formation is initiated when the EPEC virulence factor , Tir , is translocated into the host cell via bacterial Type III secretion ( T3S ) a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "infectious", "diseases", "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "eubacteria" ]	2008	Cytosolic Extract Induces Tir Translocation and Pedestals in EPEC-Infected Red Blood Cells
People often act on behalf of others . They do so without immediate personal gain , at cost to themselves , and even toward unfamiliar individuals . Many researchers have claimed that such altruism emanates from a species-unique psychology not found in humans' closest living evolutionary relatives , such as the chimpan...	Debates about altruism are often based on the assumption that it is either unique to humans or else the human version differs from that of other animals in important ways . Thus , only humans are supposed to act on behalf of others , even toward genetically unrelated individuals , without personal gain , at a cost to t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "primates", "evolutionary", "biology", "homo", "(human)" ]	2007	Spontaneous Altruism by Chimpanzees and Young Children
The second messengers cAMP and cGMP activate their target proteins by binding to a conserved cyclic nucleotide-binding domain ( CNBD ) . Here , we identify and characterize an entirely novel CNBD-containing protein called CRIS ( cyclic nucleotide receptor involved in sperm function ) that is unrelated to any of the oth...	New life begins with the fusion of a sperm and an oocyte . During fertilization , sperm cope with demanding endeavors: they have to locate the egg by directed swimming and penetrate the oocyte's vestments . Cyclic nucleotides and their targets represent one of the most ancient signaling systems and are important for th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	CRIS—A Novel cAMP-Binding Protein Controlling Spermiogenesis and the Development of Flagellar Bending
Actin organization is a conserved cellular process that regulates the growth and development of eukaryotic cells . It also governs the virulence process of pathogenic fungi , such as the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae , with mechanisms not yet fully understood . In a previous study , we found that actin-regulatin...	The actin-regulating kinase MoArk1 plays a conserved function in endocytosis and actin organization and is also essential for growth and full virulence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae . To understand how MoArk1 functions , we identified the F-actin capping protein α ( MoCapA ) and β ( MoCapB ) subunits that...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "phosphorylation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "cell", "processes", "light", "microscopy", "fungal", "structure", "fungi", "plant", "science", "microscopy", "appressoria", "plant", "pathology", "cellular", "stru...	2017	MoCAP proteins regulated by MoArk1-mediated phosphorylation coordinate endocytosis and actin dynamics to govern development and virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae
The displacement of the center-of-pressure ( COP ) during quiet stance has often been accounted for by the control of COP position dynamics . In this paper , we discuss the conclusions drawn from previous analyses of COP dynamics using fractal-related methods . On the basis of some methodological clarification and the ...	Postural control during quiet standing is usually conceived of as the control of position: when position goes beyond a given threshold , corrective mechanisms are engaged to restore equilibrium . In this paper , we question this conception and show that postural control is based on an intermittent control of velocity ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/motor", "systems", "computational", "biology/computational", "neuroscience" ]	2011	Transition from Persistent to Anti-Persistent Correlations in Postural Sway Indicates Velocity-Based Control
Deep sequencing was used to discover a novel rhabdovirus ( Bas-Congo virus , or BASV ) associated with a 2009 outbreak of 3 human cases of acute hemorrhagic fever in Mangala village , Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC ) , Africa . The cases , presenting over a 3-week period , were characterized by abrupt disease onset...	We used deep sequencing , a method for generating millions of DNA sequence reads from clinical samples , to discover a novel rhabdovirus ( Bas-Congo virus , or BASV ) associated with a 2009 outbreak of 3 human cases of acute hemorrhagic fever in Mangala village , Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC ) , Africa . The case...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "viral", "classification", "microbiology", "sequence", "assembly", "tools", "genome", "sequencing", "genome", "analysis", "tools", "metagenomics", "rna", "viruses", "emerging", "infectious", "diseases", "viral", "load", "biol...	2012	A Novel Rhabdovirus Associated with Acute Hemorrhagic Fever in Central Africa
Helminth infections are a major public health problem , especially in the tropics . Infected individuals have an altered immune response with evidence that antibody response to vaccination is impaired . Hence , treatment of helminth infections before vaccination may be a simple intervention to improve vaccine immunogen...	Helminth infections are a major health problem in the tropics and most affected are children . The parasites are able to influence the immune system from a T-helper 1 type response to a T-helper 2 type response . There is evidence that in infected individuals the immune response following vaccination is impaired . Thus...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Effect of Antihelminthic Treatment on Vaccine Immunogenicity to a Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Primary School Children in Gabon: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Cellular immunity is the main defense mechanism in paracoccidioidomycosis ( PCM ) , the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America . Th1 immunity and IFN-γ activated macrophages are fundamental to immunoprotection that is antagonized by IL-10 , an anti-inflammatory cytokine . Both in human and experimental PCM , ...	Paracoccidioidomycosis , the most important deep mycosis from Latin America , is acquired by inhalation of fungal spores . The pulmonary infection can remain as a quiescent infection or evolve to overt , life-threatening disease . Immunoprotection is mainly mediated by Th1 lymphocytes secreting IFN- γ , the most import...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	In Pulmonary Paracoccidioidomycosis IL-10 Deficiency Leads to Increased Immunity and Regressive Infection without Enhancing Tissue Pathology
Genomic regions with gene regulatory enhancer activity turnover rapidly across mammals . In contrast , gene expression patterns and transcription factor binding preferences are largely conserved between mammalian species . Based on this conservation , we hypothesized that enhancers active in different mammals would exh...	Alterations in gene expression levels are a driving force of both speciation and complex disease . Therefore , it is of great importance to understand the mechanisms underlying the evolution and function of gene regulatory DNA sequences . Recent studies have revealed that gene expression patterns and transcription fact...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "dogs", "primates", "mathematics", "algebra", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", "mammalian", "genomics", "animal", "management", "animal", "performance", "polynomials", "old", "world", "monkeys", "research", "and", "analysis", "method...	2018	Prediction of gene regulatory enhancers across species reveals evolutionarily conserved sequence properties
Growth of plant organs relies on cell proliferation and expansion . While an increasingly detailed picture about the control of cell proliferation is emerging , our knowledge about the control of cell expansion remains more limited . We demonstrate here that the internal-motor kinesin AtKINESIN-13A ( AtKIN13A ) limits ...	Most of the visible growth of plant organs is driven by cell expansion without associated cell division . As plant cells are encased in cell walls , expansion requires the controlled loosening of the existing cell wall and synthesis of additional wall material . While a number of factors and plant hormones are known th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "walls", "plant", "cell", "walls", "developmental", "biology", "plant", "science", "plant", "cells", "cell", "biology", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "cellular", "type...	2014	Atkinesin-13A Modulates Cell-Wall Synthesis and Cell Expansion in Arabidopsis thaliana via the THESEUS1 Pathway
Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 ( MHV68 ) infection of laboratory strains of mice has provided a tractable small animal model for dissecting gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis . The MHV68 latency associated antigen M2 promotes viral latency establishment in germinal center ( GC ) B cells and plays an important role in virus infe...	Gammaherpesvirus ( GHVs ) , which primarily infect B cells , are capable of exploiting B cell biology to achieve a stable and persistent infection for the lifetime of the host . GHV infections traffick to germinal center ( GC ) B cells and plasma cells ( PCs ) , which are important immune effectors that promote the gen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "flow", "cytometry", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immunology", "microbiology", "cell", "differentiation", "developmental", "biology", "clinical", "medicine", "adoptive", "tra...	2017	Murine gammaherpesvirus M2 antigen modulates splenic B cell activation and terminal differentiation in vivo
Eumycetoma is a chronic progressive disabling and destructive inflammatory disease which is commonly caused by the fungus Madurella mycetomatis . It is characterized by the formation of multiple discharging sinuses . It is usually treated by antifungal agents but it is assumed that the therapeutic efficiency of these a...	Mycetoma , a unique neglected tropical disease , is characterised by massive deformity and disability presenting with painless subcutaneous mass , multiple sinuses that produce sero-purulent discharge . Secondary bacterial infection is common in mycetoma and it is assumed that , this bacterial co-infection reduces the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "fungal", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences" ]	2014	The Combination of Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid and Ketoconazole in the Treatment of Madurella mycetomatis Eumycetoma and Staphylococcus aureus Co-infection
Tay-Sachs disease is a severe lysosomal disorder caused by mutations in the HexA gene coding for the α-subunit of lysosomal β-hexosaminidase A , which converts GM2 to GM3 ganglioside . Hexa−/− mice , depleted of β-hexosaminidase A , remain asymptomatic to 1 year of age , because they catabolise GM2 ganglioside via a ly...	Tay-Sachs disease is the second most common lysosomal storage disorder , especially frequent in Ashkenazi Jews and French Canadians . The disorder is caused by mutations in the gene coding for lysosomal β-hexosaminidase A ( HexA ) , resulting in accumulation of GM2 ganglioside in neurons followed by progressive neurolo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neurological", "disorders", "genetics", "and", "genomics/disease", "models", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "function", "neuroscience/neuronal", "and", "glial", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/...	2010	Mice Doubly-Deficient in Lysosomal Hexosaminidase A and Neuraminidase 4 Show Epileptic Crises and Rapid Neuronal Loss
The intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila provokes strong host responses and has proven to be a valuable model for the discovery of novel immunosurveillance pathways . Our previous work revealed that an environmental isolate of L . pneumophila induces a noncanonical form of cell death , leading to res...	The death of the host cell during infection can be triggered by one or more microbial molecules; this “live or die” selection provides effective means for the dissection of immune recognition mechanisms as well as for the identification of the microbial molecules responsible for such responses . We found that infection...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Sensing Cytosolic RpsL by Macrophages Induces Lysosomal Cell Death and Termination of Bacterial Infection
Although the functional consequences of mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) genetic backgrounds ( haplotypes , haplogroups ) have been demonstrated by both disease association studies and cell culture experiments , it is not clear which of the mutations within the haplogroup carry functional implications and which are “evoluti...	Mitochondria , the ‘power plant’ of the cell , have their own distinct genome ( mtDNA ) , whose sequence varies among individuals around the globe . This variation , which was formed by the accumulation of mutations ( variants ) during the course of evolution , appears to alter the susceptibility to common complex dise...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology/human", "evolution", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics" ]	2009	Ancient mtDNA Genetic Variants Modulate mtDNA Transcription and Replication
Salivary proteins of Triatoma infestans elicit humoral immune responses in their vertebrate hosts . These immune responses indicate exposure to triatomines and thus can be a useful epidemiological tool to estimate triatomine infestation . In the present study , we analyzed antibody responses of guinea pigs to salivary ...	Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi , and currently affects approximately 8 million people in Latin American countries . Although vector control campaigns against the most effective Chagas disease vector , Triatoma infestans , have been highly successful , T . infestans is re-establishi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "veterinary", "diseases", "veterinary", "epidemiology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "zoology", "veterinary", "science" ]	2014	Characterization of Guinea Pig Antibody Responses to Salivary Proteins of Triatoma infestans for the Development of a Triatomine Exposure Marker
Genome-wide transcription start site ( TSS ) profiles of the enterobacteria Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were experimentally determined through modified 5′ RACE followed by deep sequencing of intact primary mRNA . This identified 3 , 746 and 3 , 143 TSSs for E . coli and K . pneumoniae , respectively . Ex...	In order to investigate similarities and differences of closely related species , most of the comparative genomics studies focus on comparing the gene contents either shared or specific for each genome . However , it is also important to investigate the differences in non-coding regulatory elements because they influen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "escherichia", "coli", "prokaryotic", "models", "model", "organisms", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "comparative", "genomics", "microbiology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Comparative Analysis of Regulatory Elements between Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae by Genome-Wide Transcription Start Site Profiling
Time is a fundamental dimension of everyday experiences . We can unmistakably sense its passage and adjust our behavior accordingly . Despite its ubiquity , the neuronal mechanisms underlying the capacity to perceive time remains unclear . Here , in two experiments using ultrahigh-field 7-Tesla ( 7T ) functional magnet...	Sensing the passage of time is a common experience of our everyday life activity . Even without a watch , we can , for example , tell whether the bus we are waiting for is late . The neuronal mechanism that enables us to sense the passage of time is largely unknown . Here , we asked healthy human volunteers to discrimi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "functional", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "statistics", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "hemodynamics", "mathematics", "cognition", "brain", "mapping", "v...	2019	Chronotopic maps in human supplementary motor area
The capacity to respond to temperature fluctuations is critical for microorganisms to survive within mammalian hosts , and temperature modulates virulence traits of diverse pathogens . One key temperature-dependent virulence trait of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans is its ability to transition from yeast to filame...	For human pathogens , the capacity to respond to elevated temperature is required for survival , with elevated temperature in the form of fever as a conserved host response to defend against infection . One of the leading fungal pathogens of humans in Candida albicans , which is capable of growing in both a yeast and f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "genome", "engineering", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "engineering", "and", "technology", "pathogens", "synthetic", "biology", "microbiology", "plasmid", "construction", "synthetic", "bioengineering"...	2018	Tuning Hsf1 levels drives distinct fungal morphogenetic programs with depletion impairing Hsp90 function and overexpression expanding the target space
Innate lymphocyte cells ( ILCs ) , a novel family of innate immune cells are considered to function as key orchestrators of immune defences at mucosal surfaces and to be crucial for maintaining an intact intestinal barrier . Accordingly , first data suggest depletion of ILCs to be involved in human immunodeficiency vir...	Current treatment regimens are very effective in blocking replication of the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) . However , due to ongoing activation of the immune system this often does not fully restore human health . The mechanisms underlying such activation of the immune system are only incompletely understood bu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "microbiology", "retroviruses", "viruses", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "rna", "viruses", "stomach", "duodenum", "digestive", "system", "lentivirus", "medical", "microbio...	2017	Compartment-specific distribution of human intestinal innate lymphoid cells is altered in HIV patients under effective therapy
Chronic immune activation is a key determinant of AIDS progression in HIV-infected humans and simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV ) -infected macaques but is singularly absent in SIV-infected natural hosts . To investigate whether natural killer T ( NKT ) lymphocytes contribute to the differential modulation of immune ...	Several African nonhuman primate species such as sooty mangabeys are naturally infected with SIV and maintain high levels of viral replication without developing AIDS . SIV-infected natural hosts do not show evidence of increased chronic immune activation , a feature that distinguishes them from AIDS-susceptible SIV-in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "immune", "cells", "immune", "activation", "immunology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms", "sexually", "transmitted", "diseases", "immunomodulation", "veterinary", "science", "veterinary", "medicine", "infe...	2012	Loss of Effector and Anti-Inflammatory Natural Killer T Lymphocyte Function in Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Taenia solium is a major cause of preventable epilepsy in developing nations . Screening and treatment of human intestinal stage infection ( taeniasis ) within high-risk foci may reduce transmission and prevent epilepsy by limiting human exposure to infective eggs . We piloted a ring-strategy that involves screening an...	Taenia solium is a zoonotic parasite which infects humans and pigs resulting in the cysticercosis/taeniasis duo of neglected tropical diseases . It is commonly known as the pork tapeworm . Infection of the human brain with this parasite causes up to a third of epilepsy in Latin America , Asia and Africa . Infection of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "spatial", "epidemiology", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitology", "plant", "science", "global", "health", "plant", "pathology", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases",...	2014	Ring-Screening to Control Endemic Transmission of Taenia solium
Emerging data support a role for antibody Fc-mediated antiviral activity in vaccine efficacy and in the control of HIV-1 replication by broadly neutralizing antibodies . Antibody-mediated virus internalization is an Fc-mediated function that may act at the portal of entry whereby effector cells may be triggered by pre-...	Emerging data highlight the role of antibody Fc effector functions as immunological mechanisms involved in vaccine and passive immunotherapy efficacy . One such Fc effector function is antibody-mediated virion internalization , where antibodies recognize a virus and engage Fc receptors on phagocytes , causing them to i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "flow", "cytometry", "immune", "complex", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "cell", "processes", "immunology", "microbiology", "viral", "stru...	2016	Antibody-Mediated Internalization of Infectious HIV-1 Virions Differs among Antibody Isotypes and Subclasses
Knowledge of spatial patterns of dengue virus ( DENV ) infection is important for understanding transmission dynamics and guiding effective disease prevention strategies . Because movement of infected humans and mosquito vectors plays a role in the spread and persistence of virus , spatial dimensions of transmission ca...	To target prevention and control strategies for dengue fever , it is essential to understand how the virus travels through the city . We report spatial analyses of dengue infections from a study monitoring school children and adult family members for dengue infection at six-month intervals from 1999–2003 , in the Amazo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "biology", "population", "biology", "viral", "diseases" ]	2012	Spatial Dimensions of Dengue Virus Transmission across Interepidemic and Epidemic Periods in Iquitos, Peru (1999–2003)
The severity of malaria can range from asymptomatic to lethal infections involving severe anaemia and cerebral disease . However , the molecular and cellular factors responsible for these differences in disease severity are poorly understood . Identifying the factors that mediate virulence will contribute to developing...	Malaria is a complex disease and there is little data on why Plasmodium infections have different outcomes that can range from asymptomatic to lethal infections . Since immunity is initiated by dendritic cells ( DCs ) , several studies have investigated DC function during malaria . Current data on the effects of infect...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "none", "plasmodium", "immunology", "microbiology", "mus", "(mouse)" ]	2007	Plasmodium Strain Determines Dendritic Cell Function Essential for Survival from Malaria
Hyperexcited states , including depolarization block and depolarized low amplitude membrane oscillations ( DLAMOs ) , have been observed in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nuclei ( SCN ) , the site of the central mammalian circadian ( ∼24-hour ) clock . The causes and consequences of this hyperexcitation have not yet be...	Daily rhythms in the behavior and physiology of mammals are coordinated by a group of neurons that constitute the central circadian ( ∼24-hour ) clock . Clock neurons contain molecular feedback loops that lead to rhythmic expression of clock-related genes . Much progress has been made in the past two decades to underst...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "molecular", "neuroscience", "cellular", "neuroscience", "biology", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2013	Causes and Consequences of Hyperexcitation in Central Clock Neurons
Efficient adaptive antiviral cellular and humoral immune responses require previous recognition of viral antigenic peptides bound to human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) class I and II molecules , which are exposed on the surface of infected and antigen presenting cells , respectively . The HLA-restricted immune response to...	Using a high-throughput immunopeptidomics analysis from human cells infected with a vaccine candidate and humanized mice models , the first twelve natural HLA ligands and epitopes from Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) , a re-emerging pathogen , have been identified . The results reported reveal that the immunoprevalence of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "togaviruses", "chikungunya", "infection", "pathogens", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "database", "searching", "alphaviruses...	2019	Immunoproteomic analysis of a Chikungunya poxvirus-based vaccine reveals high HLA class II immunoprevalence
HIV progression is characterized by immune activation and microbial translocation . One factor that may be contributing to HIV progression could be a dysbiotic microbiome . We therefore hypothesized that the GI mucosal microbiome is altered in HIV patients and this alteration correlates with immune activation in HIV . ...	Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection related illness progresses despite the control of the virus itself by medications that stop the replication of the virus . This happens because the immune system gets activated . While the causes for such activation of the immune system are not exactly known , immune activ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "hiv", "retrovirology", "and", "hiv", "immunopathogenesis", "viral", "diseases" ]	2014	A Compositional Look at the Human Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Immune Activation Parameters in HIV Infected Subjects
Field ecologists often rely on mark-release-recapture ( MRR ) experiments to estimate population dynamics parameters for a given species . In the case of a medically important taxon , i . e . , a disease vector , inferences on species survival and dispersal rates are particularly important as they have the potential to...	Mark , release and recapture ( MRR ) is one of the most powerful techniques employed by field ecologists , and is used to provide relevant estimates of natural populations such as dispersal , survival rates , and population densities . A reliable , persistent and effective marking method is a sine qua non condition to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "trace", "elements", "animals", "organisms", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "nymphs", "insect", "vectors", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "epi...	2016	Marking Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata and Rhodnius nasutus Nymphs with Trace Elements: Element Persistence and Effects of Marking on Insect Mortality
Ambient temperature affects plant growth and even minor changes can substantially impact crop yields . The underlying mechanisms of temperature perception and response are just beginning to emerge . Chromatin remodeling , via the eviction of the histone variant H2A . Z containing nucleosomes , is a critical component o...	Plant growth and development is influenced by a variety of external environmental cues . Ambient temperature affects almost all stages of plant development but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown . In this paper , the authors show that histone deacetylation , an important chromatin remodeling pro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "anatomy", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "gene", "regulation", "plant", "embryo", "anatomy", "brassica", "dna-binding", "proteins", "developmental", "biology", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "genome", "analysis", "experimental", "organism"...	2018	POWERDRESS-mediated histone deacetylation is essential for thermomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana
When making choices , collecting more information is beneficial but comes at the cost of sacrificing time that could be allocated to making other potentially rewarding decisions . To investigate how the brain balances these costs and benefits , we conducted a series of novel experiments in humans and simulated various ...	Collecting more information seems beneficial for making most of the decisions we face in daily life . However , the benefit of collecting more information critically depends on how well we can integrate that information over time and how costly time is . Here we investigate how humans determine the amount of time to sp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "classical", "mechanics", "decision", "making", "reaction", "time", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "cognitive", "neuroscience", "cognitive", "psychology", "human", "performance", "cognition", "pressure", "research", "and", "analysis...	2018	Dynamic combination of sensory and reward information under time pressure
Flavivirus RNA replication occurs within a replication complex ( RC ) that assembles on ER membranes and comprises both non-structural ( NS ) viral proteins and host cofactors . As the largest protein component within the flavivirus RC , NS5 plays key enzymatic roles through its N-terminal methyltransferase ( MTase ) a...	DENV causes widespread mosquito-borne viral infections worldwide and nearly 40% of the world’s population is at risk of being infected . Currently , no licensed vaccines or specific drugs are available to treat severe infections by DENV . NS5 is a large protein of 900 amino acids composed of two domains with several ke...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	A Crystal Structure of the Dengue Virus NS5 Protein Reveals a Novel Inter-domain Interface Essential for Protein Flexibility and Virus Replication
The genetic basis of floral symmetry is a topic of great interest because of its effect on pollinator behavior and , consequently , plant diversification . The Asteraceae , which is the largest family of flowering plants , is an ideal system in which to study this trait , as many species within the family exhibit a com...	The evolution of flower shape and symmetry is of great interest to plant biologists , because it can affect pollinator behavior . Species in the flowering plant family Asteraceae exhibit flower heads that can contain both bilaterally and radially symmetric flowers . In this study , we identify a CYCLOIDEA-like gene tha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "science", "plant", "biology", "genetics", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "evolutionary", "systematics", "evolutionary", "processes", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Genetic Analysis of Floral Symmetry in Van Gogh's Sunflowers Reveals Independent Recruitment of CYCLOIDEA Genes in the Asteraceae
Eukaryotic transcription factors are grouped into families and , due to their similar DNA binding domains , often have the potential to bind to the same genomic regions . This can lead to redundancy at the level of DNA binding , and mechanisms are required to generate specific functional outcomes that enable distinct g...	One of the major outstanding questions in eukaryotic gene regulation is how transcription factors with seemingly very similar DNA binding specificities elicit specific biological responses . The ETS transcription factor family provides a paradigm for investigating this phenomenon . Here , we have focused on the ETS tra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "biochemistry", "genome", "expression", "analysis", "cellular", "structures", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "cell", "biology", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "biology", "genomics", "molecular", "biology", "cytoskeleton", "dn...	2012	ELK1 Uses Different DNA Binding Modes to Regulate Functionally Distinct Classes of Target Genes
Male pattern baldness can have substantial psychosocial effects , and it has been phenotypically linked to adverse health outcomes such as prostate cancer and cardiovascular disease . We explored the genetic architecture of the trait using data from over 52 , 000 male participants of UK Biobank , aged 40–69 years . We ...	Living with male pattern baldness can be stressful and embarrassing . Previous studies have shown baldness to have a complex genetic architecture , with particularly strong signals on the X chromosome . However , these studies have been limited by small sample sizes . Here , we present the largest genome-wide study of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "hair", "growth", "integumentary", "system", "physiological", "processes", "genome", "analysis", "genetic", "linkage", "sex", "chromosomes", "hair", "chromosome", "biology", "x", "chromoso...	2017	Genetic prediction of male pattern baldness
Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness due to conjunctival infection with Chlamydia trachomatis . The presence of active trachoma and evidence of infection are poorly correlated and a strong immunologically-mediated inflammatory response means that clinical signs last much longer than infection . This po...	Repeated episodes of C . trachomatis infection lead to active trachoma clinically characterised by an often intense inflammatory response to chlamydial antigens with later scarring and distortion of the eyelid leading to blindness . However , the clinical signs of trachoma do not correlate well with laboratory tests to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "ophthalmology/eye", "infections" ]	2011	Correlation of Clinical Trachoma and Infection in Aboriginal Communities
Eumycetoma is a debilitating chronic inflammatory fungal infection that exists worldwide but it is endemic in many tropical and subtropical regions . The major causative organism is the fungus Madurella mycetomatis . The current treatment of eumycetoma is suboptimal and characterized by low cure rate and high recurrenc...	This study was an attempt to discover new safe therapeutic modalities of natural origin for the treatment eumycetoma . The methanolic extracts of seven selected local plants were screened for their antifungal activity . All seven plant extracts were able to inhibit Madurella mycetomatis growth at a concentration of 50 ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	The In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Sudanese Medicinal Plants against Madurella mycetomatis, the Eumycetoma Major Causative Agent
Monkeypox is a zoonosis clinically similar to smallpox in humans . Recent evidence has shown a potential risk of increased incidence in central Africa . Despite attempts to isolate the virus from wild rodents and other small mammals , no reservoir host has been identified . In 2003 , Monkeypox virus ( MPXV ) was accide...	Monkeypox virus is a close relative of Variola virus , the agent of smallpox , and causes a similar disease in humans , with classic pox skin lesions . Up to 10% mortality has been associated with some strains of monkeypox . Monkeypox disease occurs in central and west Africa . It is transmitted to humans from wild ani...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Further Assessment of Monkeypox Virus Infection in Gambian Pouched Rats (Cricetomys gambianus) Using In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 ( CyHV-3 ) is causing severe economic losses worldwide in common and koi carp industries , and a safe and efficacious attenuated vaccine compatible with mass vaccination is needed . We produced single deleted recombinants using prokaryotic mutagenesis . When producing a recombinant lacking open r...	Common carp , and its colorful ornamental variety koi , is one of the most economically valuable species in aquaculture . Since the late 1990s , the common and koi carp culture industries have suffered devastating worldwide losses due to cyprinid herpesvirus 3 ( CyHV-3 ) . In the present study , we report the developme...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Rational Development of an Attenuated Recombinant Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 Vaccine Using Prokaryotic Mutagenesis and In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging
Alzheimer's Disease ( AD ) is a complex and multifactorial disease . While large genome-wide association studies have had some success in identifying novel genetic risk factors for AD , case-control studies are less likely to uncover genetic factors that influence progression of disease . An alternative approach to ide...	Alzheimer's disease ( AD ) is the most common neurodegenerative disease affecting more than 4 . 5 million people in the US . Genetic studies of AD have previously identified pathogenic mutations in three genes ( APP , PSEN1 and PSEN2 ) and polymorphisms in APOE as risk factors . These findings have led to a better unde...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neurological", "disorders/alzheimer", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "neurological", "disorders/neurogenetics" ]	2010	SNPs Associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid Phospho-Tau Levels Influence Rate of Decline in Alzheimer's Disease
Regulation of microtubule dynamics in neurons is critical , as defects in the microtubule-based transport of axonal organelles lead to neurodegenerative disease . The microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein and its partner complex dynactin drive retrograde transport from the distal axon . We have recently shown that the p...	Microtubules are polymers of tubulin that undergo successive cycles of growth and shrinkage so that the cell can maintain a stable yet adaptable cytoskeleton . In neurons , the microtubule motor protein dynein and its partner complex dynactin drive retrograde transport along microtubules from the distal axon towards th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Experimental", "Procedures" ]	[ "molecular", "cell", "biology", "biochemistry", "biology" ]	2013	Dynactin Subunit p150Glued Is a Neuron-Specific Anti-Catastrophe Factor

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