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The activity of a biological community is the outcome of complex processes involving interactions between community members . It is often unclear how to accurately incorporate these interactions into predictive models . Previous work has shown a range of positive and negative metabolic pairwise interactions between spe...	Many wild microbial ecosystems contain hundreds to thousands of species , suggesting that interactions between species likely play an important role in regulating the behavior of such complex cellular networks . Predicting how these interactions impact the overall activity of microbial communities remains a challenge ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "aeromonas", "hydrophila", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "microbiology", "cell", "metabolism", "mathematics", "aeromonas", "statistic...	2016	The Contribution of High-Order Metabolic Interactions to the Global Activity of a Four-Species Microbial Community
Actin nucleation triggers the formation of new actin filaments and has the power to shape cells but requires tight control in order to bring about proper morphologies . The regulation of the members of the novel class of WASP Homology 2 ( WH2 ) domain-based actin nucleators , however , thus far has largely remained elu...	The organization and the formation of new actin filaments by polymerization of actin monomers has the power to shape cells . The rate-limiting step in actin polymerization is “nucleation”—a process during which the first actin monomers are assembled with the help of actin nucleators . This nucleation step requires tigh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The Actin Nucleator Cobl Is Controlled by Calcium and Calmodulin
The last several years have seen the consolidation of high-throughput proteomics initiatives to identify and characterize protein interactions and macromolecular complexes in model organisms . In particular , more that 10 , 000 high-confidence protein-protein interactions have been described between the roughly 6 , 000...	Proteins are the main perpetrators of most biological processes . However , they seldom act alone , and most cellular functions are , in fact , carried out by large macromolecular complexes and regulated through intricate protein-protein interaction networks . Consequently , large efforts have been devoted to unveil pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results/Discussion" ]	[ "biochemistry/structural", "genomics", "computational", "biology/protein", "structure", "prediction", "computational", "biology/macromolecular", "structure", "analysis" ]	2009	Pushing Structural Information into the Yeast Interactome by High-Throughput Protein Docking Experiments
Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria ( NTM ) are emerging around the world due to a higher prevalence of immunosuppressive illness and therapy . Saudi Arabia is not an exception as there have been novel mycobacterial species also identified . In addition , several published case reports from different parts of the country sugg...	Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria ( NTM ) are opportunistic human pathogens . Global reports show an emergence of various NTM diseases among immuno-suppressed as well as immuno-competent individuals . In Saudi Arabia , data are scarce on the prevalence of NTM and their genetic diversity . Currently , NTM infections are negl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "mycobacterium", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2013	Emergence of Clinically Relevant Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Infections in Saudi Arabia
Invasive salmonellosis is a common cause of bloodstream infection in Southeast Asia . Limited epidemiologic and antimicrobial resistance data are available from the region . Blood cultures performed in all 20 hospitals in the northeastern province of Nakhon Phanom ( NP ) and eastern province of Sa Kaeo ( SK ) , Thailan...	Invasive strains of non-typhoidal salmonella ( iNTS ) are a common cause of bloodstream infection in Southeast Asia , however limited epidemiologic and antimicrobial resistance data are available and no population-based studies have been published from the region . We use nine years of bloodstream infections data from ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "antimicrobials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "drugs", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "salmonellosis", "retroviruses", "viruses", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "bacteria...	2018	Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonellosis in rural Thailand from 2006-2014
Trachoma causes blindness through a conjunctival scarring process initiated by ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection; however , the rates , drivers and pathophysiological determinants are poorly understood . We investigated progressive scarring and its relationship to conjunctival infection , inflammation and transcri...	Blinding trachoma is believed to be the end result of a long-term progressive scarring process that is initiated by recurrent infection by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis starting in childhood . Scar tissue predominantly develops on the inner surface of the upper eyelids ( conjunctiva ) . However , the rates , driv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Pathogenesis of Progressive Scarring Trachoma in Ethiopia and Tanzania and Its Implications for Disease Control: Two Cohort Studies
Analysis of motor performance variability in tasks with redundancy affords insight about synergies underlying central nervous system ( CNS ) control . Preferential distribution of variability in ways that minimally affect task performance suggests sophisticated neural control . Unfortunately , in the analysis of variab...	Over the past decade the identification of synergies has become a prominent theme in motor neuroscience . Like other aspects of neural organization ( e . g . , vision ) the control of coordinated movement is almost certainly hierarchical with synergies a key feature of this hypothesis . In pursuit of identifying synerg...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience/motor", "systems", "neuroscience/theoretical", "neuroscience", "computational", "biology/computational", "neuroscience" ]	2010	Coordinate Dependence of Variability Analysis
While qualitative assessments of Ebola virus disease ( EVD ) -related stigma have been undertaken among survivors and the general public , quantitative tools and assessment targeting survivors have been lacking . Beginning in June 2015 , EVD survivors from seven Liberian counties , where most of the country’s EVD cases...	Survivors of Ebola virus disease ( EVD ) experienced stigma throughout the 2013–2016 West African outbreak , but post-outbreak experiences of EVD-related stigma have been limited to qualitative studies . We adapted a 7-item EVD-related stigma index from the HIV literature , which was administered to EVD survivors of th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Statistical", "analyses", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "maternal", "health", "obstetrics", "and", "gynecology", "education", "pathogens", "sociology", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "social", "sciences", "tropical", "diseases"...	2019	Ebola virus disease-related stigma among survivors declined in Liberia over an 18-month, post-outbreak period: An observational cohort study
Large-scale spatial synchrony is ubiquitous in ecology . We examined 56 years of data representing chlorophyll density in 26 areas in British seas monitored by the Continuous Plankton Recorder survey . We used wavelet methods to disaggregate synchronous fluctuations by timescale and determine that drivers of synchrony ...	The size of the annual bloom in phytoplankton can vary similarly from year to year in different parts of the same oceanic region , a phenomenon called spatial synchrony . The growth of phytoplankton near the ocean surface is the foundation of marine food webs , which include numerous commercially exploited species . An...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "wavelet", "transforms", "invertebrates", "phytoplankton", "animals", "seasons", "developmental", "biology", "ocean", "temperature", "echinoderms", "plants", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "mathematical", "functions", "oceanography", "mathematical", "and", "stati...	2019	Synchrony is more than its top-down and climatic parts: interacting Moran effects on phytoplankton in British seas
Many studies have addressed the relationship between iron deficiency anemia ( IDA ) and cognitive impairment , but none have evaluated the role of non-iron deficiency anemia ( NIDA ) . One of the main causes of NIDA in developing countries is AI , largely due to infectious diseases , whereby iron is shunted away from b...	Past studies have demonstrated that iron deficiency anemia is related to deficits in cognitive fucntioning in children , and treating iron deficiency anemia with iron supplementation can improve cognition . Anemia of inflammation is another type of anemia caused by many diseases of lesser-developed countries including ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "nutrition/malnutrition", "nutrition/deficiencies" ]	2009	Anemia of Inflammation Is Related to Cognitive Impairment among Children in Leyte, The Philippines
Pathogens are believed to drive genetic diversity at host loci involved in immunity to infectious disease . To date , studies exploring the genetic basis of pathogen resistance in the wild have focussed almost exclusively on genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex ( MHC ) ; the role of genetic variation elsewhere...	Much of what we know about the genetic basis of immunity to infection has come from studies of laboratory animals . However , these animals are kept in conditions very different from those experienced in the natural environment . In order to improve our understanding of the genetic determinants of disease susceptibilit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "ecology", "cytokines", "immunity", "to", "infections", "population", "genetics", "immunology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "genetic", "polymorphism", "biology", "evolutionary", "genetics", "immune", "system", "genetics", "of", "the", "...	2011	Genetic Diversity in Cytokines Associated with Immune Variation and Resistance to Multiple Pathogens in a Natural Rodent Population
The Trypanosoma brucei genome encodes three groups of zinc metalloproteases , each of which contains ∼30% amino acid identity with the major surface protease ( MSP , also called GP63 ) of Leishmania . One of these proteases , TbMSP-B , is encoded by four nearly identical , tandem genes transcribed in both bloodstream a...	African trypanosomes cause sleeping sickness , a fatal disease of humans and livestock in Africa . During their life cycle , these protozoan parasites cycle between the bloodstream of mammals and tsetse flies . Their two main developmental stages are the bloodstream form and the procyclic form in the tsetse fly . Blood...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "biochemistry", "infectious", "diseases", "eukaryotes", "microbiology", "molecular", "biology" ]	2007	A Function for a Specific Zinc Metalloprotease of African Trypanosomes
Schistosomes are parasitic platyhelminths that currently infect over 200 million people globally . The parasites can live for years in a putatively hostile environment - the blood of vertebrates . We have hypothesized that the unusual schistosome tegument ( outer-covering ) plays a role in protecting parasites in the b...	Schistosomes are parasitic worms that live for many years in the blood stream of ∼200 million people globally . How they manage to avoid getting killed by host immune mechanisms is a puzzle . We hypothesize that molecules in their skin ( tegument ) , e . g . the enzyme alkaline phosphatase ( SmAP ) , help them in this ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "rna", "interference", "enzymes", "immunology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "parasitology", "parasite", "physiology", "gene", "function", "enzyme", "metabolism", "dna", "immunomodulation", "proteins", "metabolic", "pathways", "gene", "expression", "hemop...	2011	Characterization of Schistosome Tegumental Alkaline Phosphatase (SmAP)
Neuronal loss and axonal degeneration are important pathological features of many neurodegenerative diseases . The molecular mechanisms underlying the majority of axonal degeneration conditions remain unknown . To better understand axonal degeneration , we studied a mouse mutant wabbler-lethal ( wl ) . Wabbler-lethal (...	Axonal degeneration is an important pathological feature of many neurodegenerative diseases , such as Alzheimer disease , Parkinson's disease , and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . In most of these disease conditions , molecular mechanisms of axonal degeneration remain largely unknown . Spontaneous mouse mutants are imp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "motor", "systems", "neurobiology", "of", "disease", "and", "regeneration", "animal", "genetics", "genetic", "mutation", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "genetics", "of", "diseas...	2012	Mutations in a P-Type ATPase Gene Cause Axonal Degeneration
In flowering plants , mitochondrial and chloroplast mRNAs are edited by C-to-U base modification . In plant organelles , RNA editing appears to be generally a correcting mechanism that restores the proper function of the encoded product . Members of the Arabidopsis RNA editing-Interacting Protein ( RIP ) family have be...	RNA editing is a co- or post-transcriptional RNA processing reaction that changes the nucleotide sequence of the RNA substrate . In flowering plants , mRNA editing is confined to organelle transcripts , altering cytidine to uridine . Recently , some members of a small Arabidopsis gene family were found to be important ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Comprehensive High-Resolution Analysis of the Role of an Arabidopsis Gene Family in RNA Editing
Marburg virus ( MARV ) is an Ebola-like virus in the family Filovirdae that causes sporadic outbreaks of severe hemorrhagic fever with a case fatality rate as high as 90% . AVI-7288 , a positively charged antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer ( PMOplus ) targeting the viral nucleoprotein gene , was evaluated...	Marburg virus ( MARV ) is a filovirus closely related to Ebola virus and similarly causes hemorrhagic fever in humans . MARV is endemic throughout parts of tropical Africa . Severe outbreaks of Marburg virus disease ( MVD ) have occurred involving hundreds of human cases . No effective MARV antiviral therapies are avai...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "spleen", "pathogens", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "primates", "viruses", "filoviruses", ...	2016	Delayed Time-to-Treatment of an Antisense Morpholino Oligomer Is Effective against Lethal Marburg Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Motor decision-making is an essential component of everyday life which requires weighing potential rewards and punishments against the probability of successfully executing an action . To achieve this , humans rely on two key mechanisms; a flexible , instrumental , value-dependent process and a hardwired , Pavlovian , ...	Decisions in everyday life often require weighing the probability of successfully executing an action ( e . g . , successfully crossing a street ) against potential rewards and punishments . Although older individuals take fewer risks during such motor decision-making scenarios , the underlying mechanism remains unclea...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "recreation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "decision", "theory", "elderly", "decision", "making", "applied", "mathematics", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "age", "groups", "developmental", "biology", "physiological", "...	2018	Age-dependent Pavlovian biases influence motor decision-making
The brain is considered to use a relatively small amount of energy for its efficient information processing . Under a severe restriction on the energy consumption , the maximization of mutual information ( MMI ) , which is adequate for designing artificial processing machines , may not suit for the brain . The MMI atte...	The brain is a highly noisy information machine , making a striking contrast with man-made electric computers to which noise is merely harmful . However , little is known about the way neurons process information in the noisy states . Here , we explore the principle of noisy neural information processing in accurately ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "neuroscience", "biology", "computational", "biology" ]	2012	Power-Law Inter-Spike Interval Distributions Infer a Conditional Maximization of Entropy in Cortical Neurons
As modeling of changes in backbone conformation still lacks a computationally efficient solution , we developed a discretisation of the conformational states accessible to the protein backbone similar to the successful rotamer approach in side chains . The BriX fragment database , consisting of fragments from 4 to 14 r...	Large-scale DNA sequencing efforts produce large amounts of protein sequence data . However , in order to understand the function of a protein , its tertiary three-dimensional structure is required . Despite worldwide efforts in structural biology , experimental protein structures are determined at a significantly slow...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/bioinformatics", "computational", "biology/sequence", "motif", "analysis" ]	2008	Reconstruction of Protein Backbones from the BriX Collection of Canonical Protein Fragments
Devastating epidemics of highly contagious animal diseases such as avian influenza , classical swine fever , and foot-and-mouth disease underline the need for improved understanding of the factors promoting the spread of these pathogens . Here the authors present a spatial analysis of the between-farm transmission of a...	Modern approaches in the epidemiology of infectious diseases include the use of mechanistic mathematical models to analyze and predict the dynamics of disease transmission . Modelling work during the massive epidemic of foot-and-mouth-disease in 2001 in Great Britain has provided an important example of how such analys...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "mathematics", "chicken", "human" ]	2007	Risk Maps for the Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Poultry
Plasmodium vivax has the ability to relapse from dormant parasites in the liver weeks or months after inoculation , causing further blood-stage infection and potential onward transmission . Estimates of the force of blood-stage infections arising from primary infections and relapses are important for designing interven...	Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread of the malaria species affecting humans . It has the ability for parasites to lie dormant in liver cells and then to relapse weeks or months later , causing further blood-stage infections and onward transmission . Relapses present a challenge to control and elimination programs ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "children", "parasite", "groups", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "plasmodium", "drugs", "variant", "genotypes", "tropical", "diseases", "immunology", "parasitic", "diseases", "genetic", "mapping", "parasitology", "...	2016	The Incidence and Differential Seasonal Patterns of Plasmodium vivax Primary Infections and Relapses in a Cohort of Children in Papua New Guinea
Illicit use of psychostimulants , such as cocaine and methamphetamine , constitutes a significant public health problem . Whereas neural mechanisms that mediate the effects of these drugs are well-characterized , genetic factors that account for individual variation in susceptibility to substance abuse and addiction re...	Illicit use of cocaine and methamphetamine is a major public health problem . Whereas the neurological effects of these drugs are well characterized , it remains challenging to determine genetic risk factors for substance abuse in human populations . The fruit fly , Drosophila melanogaster , presents an excellent model...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "invertebrates", "alkaloids", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "genetic", "networks", "rna", "interference", "chemical", "compounds", "disaccharides", "social", "sciences", "carbohydrates", "organic", "compounds", "animals", ...	2019	Genetics of cocaine and methamphetamine consumption and preference in Drosophila melanogaster
The mechanisms by which genes control organ shape are poorly understood . In principle , genes may control shape by modifying local rates and/or orientations of deformation . Distinguishing between these possibilities has been difficult because of interactions between patterns , orientations , and mechanical constraint...	Genes are known to control the shape of biological structures , like flowers , hearts , and limbs , yet how they do this is poorly understood . A working hypothesis is that genes control shape by modulating local rates at which growing tissue deforms . Evaluating this idea has been difficult , however , because of the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology/plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "biology/plant", "genetics", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2010	Genetic Control of Organ Shape and Tissue Polarity
General parameters of selection , such as the frequency and strength of positive selection in natural populations or the role of introgression , are still insufficiently understood . The house mouse ( Mus musculus ) is a particularly well-suited model system to approach such questions , since it has a defined history o...	Although there is abundant evidence for phenotypic adaptation in natural populations , it is still a challenge to understand the underlying genetic processes . House mice have colonized the world in several successive waves , the most recent ones in the wake of the spread of human agriculture and trans-oceanic shipping...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genomics", "genome", "evolution", "population", "genetics", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "genomic", "evolution", "population", "biology", "evolutionary", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Genome Patterns of Selection and Introgression of Haplotypes in Natural Populations of the House Mouse (Mus musculus)
Visually induced neuronal activity in V1 displays a marked gamma-band component which is modulated by stimulus properties . It has been argued that synchronized oscillations contribute to these gamma-band activity . However , analysis of Local Field Potentials ( LFPs ) across different experiments reveals considerable ...	Visual stimulation elicits neuronal responses in visual cortex . When the contrast of the used stimuli increases , the power of this induced activity is boosted over a broad frequency range ( 30–100 Hz ) , called the “gamma band . ” It would be tempting to hypothesize that this phenomenon is due to the emergence of osc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "circuit", "models", "visual", "system", "neural", "networks", "computational", "neuroscience", "biology", "sensory", "systems", "neuroscience" ]	2011	Synchronous Chaos and Broad Band Gamma Rhythm in a Minimal Multi-Layer Model of Primary Visual Cortex
Viruses in the family Luteoviridae have positive-sense RNA genomes of around 5 . 2 to 6 . 3 kb , and they are limited to the phloem in infected plants . The Luteovirus and Polerovirus genera include all but one virus in the Luteoviridae . They share a common gene block , which encodes the coat protein ( ORF3 ) , a move...	In order to maximize coding capacity , RNA viruses often encode overlapping genes and use unusual translational control mechanisms . Plant viruses express proteins required for movement of the virus through the plant , often from non-canonically translated open reading frames ( ORFs ) . Viruses in the economically impo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Discovery of a Small Non-AUG-Initiated ORF in Poleroviruses and Luteoviruses That Is Required for Long-Distance Movement
Melioidosis is an increasingly recognised cause of sepsis and death across South East Asia and Northern Australia , caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei . Risk factors include diabetes , alcoholism and renal disease , and a vaccine targeting at-risk populations is urgently required . A better understanding...	Melioidosis is a key cause of death in South East Asia and Northern Australia . It is caused by the soil-dwelling bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei , and presents as a range of clinical illnesses including pneumonia and bloodstream infections . About two-thirds of patients with melioidosis in Thailand have diabetes , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	T-Cell Responses Are Associated with Survival in Acute Melioidosis Patients
KSHV is a DNA tumor virus that causes Kaposi’s sarcoma . Upon KSHV infection , only a limited number of latent genes are expressed . We know that KSHV infection regulates host gene expression , and hypothesized that latent genes also modulate the expression of host miRNAs . Aberrant miRNA expression contributes to the ...	MiRNAs are small non-coding RNAs which decrease gene expression and function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors . Dysregulation of miRNAs is a hallmark of many human cancers . Recently , it was revealed that the miR-17-92 cluster , up-regulated in many cancers , plays a central role in down-regulation of the TGF-β signa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) Induces the Oncogenic miR-17-92 Cluster and Down-Regulates TGF-β Signaling
No vaccine has yet proven effective against the blood-stages of Plasmodium falciparum , which cause the symptoms and severe manifestations of malaria . We recently found that PfRH5 , a P . falciparum-specific protein expressed in merozoites , is efficiently targeted by broadly-neutralizing , vaccine-induced antibodies ...	Malaria is the most devastating parasitic disease of humans , resulting in an estimated 0 . 6–1 million deaths per year . The symptoms of malaria are caused when merozoites invade and replicate within red blood cells , and therefore a vaccine which induced antibodies that effectively prevent this invasion process would...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "parasitology" ]	2012	Enhancing Blockade of Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Invasion: Assessing Combinations of Antibodies against PfRH5 and Other Merozoite Antigens
Activity of separase , a cysteine protease that cleaves sister chromatid cohesin at the onset of anaphase , is tightly regulated to ensure faithful chromosome segregation and genome stability . Two mechanisms negatively regulate separase: inhibition by securin and phosphorylation on serine 1121 . To gauge the physiolog...	Higher eukaryotes rely on a separate cell lineage , the germline , to pass genetic information from generation to generation . To ensure faithful transmission of genetic information , cell cycle checkpoint mechanisms are engaged during mitotic and meiotic divisions of germ cells . The identity and function of these che...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology", "developmental", "biology" ]	2008	Inhibitory Phosphorylation of Separase Is Essential for Genome Stability and Viability of Murine Embryonic Germ Cells
Although it has been known for many years that B-cyclin/CDK complexes regulate the assembly of the mitotic spindle and entry into mitosis , the full complement of relevant CDK targets has not been identified . It has previously been shown in a variety of model systems that B-type cyclin/CDK complexes , kinesin-5 motors...	The assembly of a bipolar mitotic spindle is essential for the accurate segregation of sister chromatids during mitosis and , hence , for successful cell division . Spindle assembly depends on the successful duplication of the spindle poles , followed by their separation to opposing ends of the cell . Although it has b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/nuclear", "structure", "and", "function", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "cell", "biology/cell", "growth", "and", "division", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/nuclear", "structure", "and", "function", "cell", "biology/m...	2010	B-Cyclin/CDKs Regulate Mitotic Spindle Assembly by Phosphorylating Kinesins-5 in Budding Yeast
Previous studies identified prion protein ( PrP ) mutants which act as dominant negative inhibitors of prion formation through a mechanism hypothesized to require an unidentified species-specific cofactor termed protein X . To study the mechanism of dominant negative inhibition in vitro , we used recombinant PrPC molec...	Over the past two decades , various investigators have observed that heterozygous animals possessing two different forms of the gene encoding the prion protein ( PrP ) are more difficult to infect with some strains of infectious prions than homozygous animals possessing only the most commonly occurring form of the gene...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neurological", "disorders/prion", "diseases", "biochemistry/protein", "folding" ]	2009	Trans-Dominant Inhibition of Prion Propagation In Vitro Is Not Mediated by an Accessory Cofactor
The advent of microarray technology has made it possible to classify disease states based on gene expression profiles of patients . Typically , marker genes are selected by measuring the power of their expression profiles to discriminate among patients of different disease states . However , expression-based classifica...	The advent of microarray technology has drawn immense interest to identify gene expression levels that can serve as biomarkers for disease . Marker genes are selected by examining each individual gene to see how well its expression level discriminates different disease types . In complex diseases such as cancer , good ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results/Discussion" ]	[ "computational", "biology" ]	2008	Inferring Pathway Activity toward Precise Disease Classification
Eukaryotic DNA cytosine methylation can be used to transcriptionally silence repetitive sequences , including transposons and retroviruses . This silencing is stable between cell generations as cytosine methylation is maintained epigenetically through DNA replication . The Arabidopsis thaliana Dnmt3 cytosine methyltran...	Nuclear DNA quantity varies widely between species and is poorly correlated with gene number . Variation in genome size can be explained by differing amounts of repetitive DNA . Repetitive DNA may be mobile , meaning it can increase its copy number within genomes . To prevent this , plants and animals suppress expressi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/epigenetics", "plant", "biology/plant", "genetics", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/plant", "genetics", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2010	The De Novo Cytosine Methyltransferase DRM2 Requires Intact UBA Domains and a Catalytically Mutated Paralog DRM3 during RNA–Directed DNA Methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Entry into mitosis is accompanied by dramatic changes in cellular architecture , metabolism and gene expression . Many viruses have evolved cell cycle arrest strategies to prevent mitotic entry , presumably to ensure sustained , uninterrupted viral replication . Here we show for human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) what happ...	Cyclin A2 is a key regulator of the cell division cycle . Interactors of Cyclin A2 typically contain short sequence elements ( RXL/Cy motifs ) that bind with high affinity to a hydrophobic patch in the Cyclin A2 protein . Two types of RXL/Cy-containing factors are known: i ) cyclin-dependent kinase ( CDK ) substrates ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "cycle", "inhibitors", "viruses", "and", "cancer", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "viruses", "mitosis", "virus", "effects", "on", "host", "gene", "expression", "herpesviruses", "human", "cytomegalovirus", "ch...	2014	PUL21a-Cyclin A2 Interaction is Required to Protect Human Cytomegalovirus-Infected Cells from the Deleterious Consequences of Mitotic Entry
Dengue continues to be the most important vector-borne viral disease globally and in Brazil , where more than 1 . 4 million cases and over 500 deaths were reported in 2016 . Mosquito control programmes and other interventions have not stopped the alarming trend of increasingly large epidemics in the past few years . He...	In this paper we studied the synchronization of dengue epidemics in Brazilian regions . We found that a typical dengue season in Brazil can be described as a wave travelling from the western part of the country towards the east , with the exception of the two most northern equatorial states that experienced inconsisten...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "clinical", "research", "design", "geographical", "locations", "spatial", "epidemiology", "social", "sciences", "tropical", "diseases", "human", "mobility", "viruses", "seasons", "research", "design", "case", "series", "neglected...	2019	Spatio-temporal dynamics of dengue in Brazil: Seasonal travelling waves and determinants of regional synchrony
Neurocysticercosis ( NCC ) , the central nervous system infection by Taenia solium larvae , is a preventable and treatable cause of epilepsy . In Sub-Saharan Africa , the role of NCC in epilepsy differs geographically and , overall , is poorly defined . We aimed at contributing specific , first data for Rwanda , assess...	Neurocysticercosis ( NCC ) is the infection of the brain with larvae of the pig tapeworm ( Taenia solium ) , which results from the ingestion of , e . g . , food or water contaminated with the eggs of this helminth . Seizures and epilepsy are the most often reported clinical manifestations . The diagnosis is based on v...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	High Prevalence of Cysticercosis in People with Epilepsy in Southern Rwanda
The Norway rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) is the principal reservoir for leptospirosis in many urban settings . Few studies have identified markers for rat infestation in slum environments while none have evaluated the association between household rat infestation and Leptospira infection in humans or the use of infestation...	The Norway rat is an important reservoir for urban leptospirosis , a life-threatening zoonotic disease . In urban settings , leptospirosis transmission occurs primarily in the peri-domiciliary environment of the slums . Rodent control is one of the most frequent strategies to prevent leptospirosis , but the identificat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "and", "occupational", "health", "research", "design", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "plant", "science", "disease", "ecology", "survey", "research", "survey", "methods", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "environmental", "epid...	2014	Influence of Household Rat Infestation on Leptospira Transmission in the Urban Slum Environment
A fundamental role of the Hsp90 chaperone in regulating functional activity of diverse protein clients is essential for the integrity of signaling networks . In this work we have combined biophysical simulations of the Hsp90 crystal structures with the protein structure network analysis to characterize the statistical ...	Functional versatility and structural adaptability of the Hsp90 chaperones are regulated by allosteric interactions that allow for diverse functions including modulation of ATP hydrolysis and binding with cochaperones and client proteins . By integrating molecular simulations and network-based approaches we have charac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biomacromolecule-ligand", "interactions", "molecular", "complexes", "molecular", "dynamics", "classical", "mechanics", "molecular", "mechanics", "newton's", "laws", "of", "motion", "protein", "folding", "protein", "structure", "thermodynamics", "physical", "chemistry", "co...	2014	Computational Modeling of Allosteric Regulation in the Hsp90 Chaperones: A Statistical Ensemble Analysis of Protein Structure Networks and Allosteric Communications
The filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa played a central role in the development of twentieth-century genetics , biochemistry and molecular biology , and continues to serve as a model organism for eukaryotic biology . Here , we have reconstructed a genome-scale model of its metabolism . This model consists of 836 meta...	Few organisms have been as foundational to the development of modern genetics and cellular metabolism as Neurospora crassa . Given the wealth of knowledge available for this filamentous fungus , the effort required to manually curate a high-quality genome-scale metabolic reconstruction would be daunting . To aid the re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "biochemistry", "biochemical", "simulations", "model", "organisms", "neurospora", "crassa", "biochemistry", "simulations", "enzyme", "metabolism", "enzymes", "yeast", "and", "fungal", "models", "metabolic", "networks", "biology", "computational", "bi...	2013	Reconstruction and Validation of a Genome-Scale Metabolic Model for the Filamentous Fungus Neurospora crassa Using FARM
This paper presents the development of an agent-based model ( ABM ) to investigate Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis ( rHAT ) disease transmission . The ABM model , fitted at a fine spatial scale , was used to explore the impact of a growing host population on the spread of disease along a 75...	African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease which affects humans and other animals in 36 sub-Saharan African countries . The disease is transmitted by the tsetse fly , and the human form of the disease is known as sleeping sickness . With human and animal populations growing across Africa , demand for space to settl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[ "geomorphology", "animal", "types", "livestock", "valleys", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "landforms", "ruminants", "topography", "vector-borne", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "domestic", "animals", "animals", "mammals", "zambia", "pop...	2018	Exploring the effect of human and animal population growth on vector-borne disease transmission with an agent-based model of Rhodesian human African trypanosomiasis in eastern province, Zambia
The vertebrate neuroepithelium is composed of elongated progenitors whose reciprocal attachments ensure the continuity of the ventricular wall . As progenitors commit to differentiation , they translocate their nucleus basally and eventually withdraw their apical endfoot from the ventricular surface . However , the mec...	The process of neural delamination , whereby nascent neurons detach from the ventricular surface of the neural tube after differentiation , is still poorly characterized . The vertebrate neural tube is initially exclusively composed of neuroepithelial progenitors whose apical attachments ensure the integrity of the ven...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "transfection", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "neuronal", "differentiation", "neuroscience", "notch", "signaling", "cell", "differentiation", "developmental", "biology", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "embryos", "research", "and",...	2018	Mib1 prevents Notch Cis-inhibition to defer differentiation and preserve neuroepithelial integrity during neural delamination
Many bacterial species actively take up and recombine homologous DNA into their genomes , called natural competence , a trait that offers a means to identify the genetic basis of naturally occurring phenotypic variation . Here , we describe “transformed recombinant enrichment profiling” ( TREP ) , in which natural tran...	Many bacteria are naturally competent , actively taking up DNA from their surroundings and incorporating it into their genomes by homologous recombination . This cellular process has had a large impact on the evolution of these species , for example by enabling pathogens to acquire virulence factors and antibiotic resi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "intracellular", "pathogens", "pathogens", "population", "genetics", "haemophilus", "influenzae", "microbiology", "cloning", "gene", "pool", "molecular", "biology", "tec...	2016	Transformed Recombinant Enrichment Profiling Rapidly Identifies HMW1 as an Intracellular Invasion Locus in Haemophilus influenzae
We evaluated the Ziehl-Neelsen staining ( ZNS ) technique for the diagnosis of paragonimiasis in Laos and compared different modifications of the ZNS techniques . We applied the following approach: We ( 1 ) examined a paragonimiasis index case's sputum with wet film direct examination ( WF ) and ZNS; ( 2 ) re-examined ...	Lung fluke ( Paragonimus ) infection causes similar symptoms to pulmonary TB and is an important differential diagnosis in endemic areas . Standard diagnosis is wet film ( WF ) microscopic examination of sputum samples . For the last fifty years , Ziehl-Neelsen stain ( ZNS ) has been believed to destroy Paragonimus egg...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "respiratory", "medicine/respiratory", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/respiratory", "infections", ...	2011	Ziehl-Neelsen Staining Technique Can Diagnose Paragonimiasis
Age-related cataract is a major cause of blindness worldwide , and cortical cataract is the second most prevalent type of age-related cataract . Although a significant fraction of age-related cataract is heritable , the genetic basis remains to be elucidated . We report that homozygous deletion of Epha2 in two independ...	Cataract is the leading cause of blindness . Cataract may form at any age , but the peak incidence is bimodal—in the perinatal period or later than 50 years of age . The early onset forms follow Mendelian inheritance patterns and are rare . Age-related cataract accounts for 18 million cases of blindness and 59 million ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "ophthalmology/cataracts", "and", "other", "lens", "disorders", "genetics", "and", "genomics/animal", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "genetics", "and", "genomics/disease", "models", "genetics", ...	2009	EPHA2 Is Associated with Age-Related Cortical Cataract in Mice and Humans
Human thelaziosis is an underestimated parasitic disease caused by Thelazia species ( Spirurida: Thelaziidae ) . The oriental eyeworm , Thelazia callipaeda , infects a range of mammalian definitive hosts , including canids , felids and humans . Although this zoonotic parasite is of socio-economic significance in Asian ...	Human thelaziosis is an underestimated parasitic disease caused by the eyeworm Thelazia callipaeda ( Spirurida: Thelaziidae ) . Although this parasite is of significance in humans in many Asian countries , its genetics , epidemiology and biology are poorly understood . Mitochondrial ( mt ) DNA can provide useful geneti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology", "public", "health", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	Mitochondrial Genome of the Eyeworm, Thelazia callipaeda (Nematoda: Spirurida), as the First Representative from the Family Thelaziidae
Understanding the drivers of habitat selection by insect disease vectors is instrumental to the design and operation of rational control-surveillance systems . One pervasive yet often overlooked drawback of vector studies is that detection failures result in some sites being misclassified as uninfested; naïve infestati...	Chagas disease prevention depends on the control of its insect vectors — large blood-sucking bugs called triatomines . One commonly neglected problem of vector studies is imperfect detection , whereby some sites are mistakenly classified as uninfested . We address this drawback by combining repeated sampling of ‘ecotop...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chagas", "disease", "ecology", "epidemiology", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "tropical", "diseases", "protozoa...	2014	Modeling Disease Vector Occurrence When Detection Is Imperfect II: Drivers of Site-Occupancy by Synanthropic Triatoma brasiliensis in the Brazilian Northeast
The transport of antigen from the periphery to the draining lymph node ( DLN ) is critical for T-cell priming but remains poorly studied during infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin ( BCG ) . To address this we employed a mouse model to track the traffic of Dendritic cells ( DCs ) and mycobacteria ...	The arrival of bacilli in the lymph node is a bottleneck for initiating T cell responses to mycobacteria but remains poorly studied . To address this we used a mouse model to track the entry of cells and bacteria into the lymph node during skin infection with Mycobacterium bovis BCG , the live tuberculosis vaccine . We...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	BCG Skin Infection Triggers IL-1R-MyD88-Dependent Migration of EpCAMlow CD11bhigh Skin Dendritic cells to Draining Lymph Node During CD4+ T-Cell Priming
Genome-wide siRNA screens have identified host cell factors important for efficient HIV infection , among which are nuclear pore proteins such as RanBP2/Nup358 and the karyopherin Transportin-3/TNPO3 . Analysis of the roles of these proteins in the HIV replication cycle suggested that correct trafficking through the po...	HIV continues to be responsible for approximately two million deaths worldwide each year . As part of the viral replication cycle , the viral cDNA is transported through the nuclear pore into the nucleus where it integrates into the host cell genome . HIV integrates non-randomly , likely choosing integration sites with...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/virulence", "factors", "and", "mechanisms", "virology/viral", "replication", "and", "gene", "regulation", "cell", "biology/nuclear", "structure", "and", "function", "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses", "computational", "biology/genomics" ]	2011	HIV Integration Targeting: A Pathway Involving Transportin-3 and the Nuclear Pore Protein RanBP2
Circulating red blood cells ( RBCs ) are essential for tissue oxygenation and homeostasis . Defective terminal erythropoiesis contributes to decreased generation of RBCs in many disorders . Specifically , ineffective nuclear expulsion ( enucleation ) during terminal maturation is an obstacle to therapeutic RBC producti...	Red blood cells ( RBCs ) are highly specialized cells that transport oxygen throughout the body and are essential for survival . However , RBCs have a limited lifespan and need to be replenished continuously by stem cells in the bone marrow . Mammalian RBCs are unique in that in order to fully mature they exclude their...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	A Systems Approach Identifies Essential FOXO3 Functions at Key Steps of Terminal Erythropoiesis
Approximately 80% of human breast carcinomas present as oestrogen receptor α-positive ( ER+ve ) disease , and ER status is a critical factor in treatment decision-making . Recently , single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) in the region immediately upstream of the ER gene ( ESR1 ) on 6q25 . 1 have been associated with...	Recent genome-wide analysis has revealed that the way in which genes are arranged on chromosomes and the conformation of these chromosomes are crucial for the regulation of gene expression . Reflecting this arrangement , clusters of genes which are regulated together have been discovered . We have identified a previous...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "oncology/breast", "cancer", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "function", "genetics", "and", "genomics/cancer", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/bioinformat...	2011	ESR1 Is Co-Expressed with Closely Adjacent Uncharacterised Genes Spanning a Breast Cancer Susceptibility Locus at 6q25.1
The coordination of growth with nutritional status is essential for proper development and physiology . Nutritional information is mostly perceived by peripheral organs before being relayed to the brain , which modulates physiological responses . Hormonal signaling ensures this organ-to-organ communication , and the fa...	Animals need to couple growth with nutritional availability for proper development and physiology , which leads to better survival . Nutritional information is mostly perceived by peripheral organs , particularly metabolic organs such as adipose tissue and gut , before being relayed to the brain , which modulates physi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The Nutrient-Responsive Hormone CCHamide-2 Controls Growth by Regulating Insulin-like Peptides in the Brain of Drosophila melanogaster
Human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) establishes lifelong infection with recurrent episodes of virus production and shedding despite the presence of adaptive immunological memory responses including HCMV immune immunoglobulin G ( IgG ) . Very little is known how HCMV evades from humoral and cellular IgG-dependent immune resp...	Herpes viruses persist lifelong continuously alternating between latency and virus production and transmission . The latter events occur despite the presence of immune IgG antibodies . IgG acts by neutralization of virions and activation of immune cells bearing one or more surface receptors , called FcγRs , recognizing...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "humoral", "immunity", "viral", "immune", "evasion", "immunity", "virology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "microbiology" ]	2014	Human Cytomegalovirus Fcγ Binding Proteins gp34 and gp68 Antagonize Fcγ Receptors I, II and III
Ningxia is located in western People's Republic of China , which is hyperendemic for human cystic echinococcosis ( CE ) throughout the entire area with alveolar echinococcosis ( AE ) hyperendemic in the south . This is in part due to its underdeveloped economy . Despite the recent rapid growth in P . R . China's econom...	This paper compares medical expenditure for hospital treatment of echinococcosis in NHAR , western People's Republic of China , for different years , different regions and different socioeconomic groups . The results show that the level of household income strongly influences health care decisions . This study represen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/health", "policy", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "science", "policy", "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "surgery" ]	2010	Impact of Increased Economic Burden Due to Human Echinococcosis in an Underdeveloped Rural Community of the People's Republic of China
Human brucellosis is most commonly diagnosed by serology based on agglutination of fixed Brucella abortus as antigen . Nucleic acid amplification techniques have not proven capable of reproducibly and sensitively demonstrating the presence of Brucella DNA in clinical specimens . We sought to optimize a monoclonal antib...	Brucellosis is a OneHealth disease reflecting the risk for human infection by interaction with and relation to affected animal populations . The disease is often difficult to diagnose because of lack of precise or accessible diagnostic reagents , and because culture is complex , hazardous and relatively insensitive . B...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "veterinary", "diseases", "zoonoses", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "veterinary", "microbiology", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "brucellosis", "veteri...	2014	A Protein-Conjugate Approach to Develop a Monoclonal Antibody-Based Antigen Detection Test for the Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis
The major membrane phospholipid classes , described thus far , include phosphatidylcholine ( PtdCho ) , phosphatidylethanolamine ( PtdEtn ) , phosphatidylserine ( PtdSer ) , and phosphatidylinositol ( PtdIns ) . Here , we demonstrate the natural occurrence and genetic origin of an exclusive and rather abundant lipid , ...	Lipids are essential constituents of biological membranes , and most organisms across the tree of life use a relatively limited repertoire of lipids in their membranes . This work reveals the natural and abundant presence of an exclusive lipid phosphatidylthreonine ( PtdThr ) in Toxoplasma gondii , a ubiquitous protozo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Phosphatidylthreonine and Lipid-Mediated Control of Parasite Virulence
Typical amyloid diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's were thought to exclusively result from de novo aggregation , but recently it was shown that amyloids formed in one cell can cross-seed aggregation in other cells , following a prion-like mechanism . Despite the large experimental effort devoted to understand...	Protein conformational disorders include several neurodegenerative diseases . These pathologies are initiated by conformational changes in specific polypeptides that , in many cases , result in their spontaneous self-assembly to form toxic amyloids . Prions are a subclass of amyloids with the ability to propagate in vi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "proteins", "protein", "folding", "prions", "protein", "structure", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "protein", "misfolding", "molecular", "biology", "macromolecular", "structure", "analysis" ]	2015	What Makes a Protein Sequence a Prion?
Close proximity interactions ( CPIs ) measured by wireless electronic devices are increasingly used in epidemiological models . However , no evidence supports that electronically collected CPIs inform on the contacts leading to transmission . Here , we analyzed Staphylococcus aureus carriage and CPIs recorded simultane...	Recent advances in communication technologies allow monitoring high-resolution contact networks . Close proximity interactions ( CPIs ) measured by wireless sensors are increasingly used to inform contact networks for the dissemination of pathogens in computational models , although empirical justification is lacking ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[]	2015	Detailed Contact Data and the Dissemination of Staphylococcus aureus in Hospitals
The EBNA1 protein of Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) plays essential roles in enabling the replication and persistence of EBV genomes in latently infected cells and activating EBV latent gene expression , in all cases by binding to specific recognition sites in the latent origin of replication , oriP . Here we show that EBN...	Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) infections persist for the lifetime of the host largely due to the actions of the EBNA1 viral protein . EBNA1 enables the replication and stable persistence of EBV genomes and activates the expression of other EBV genes by binding to specific DNA sequences in the EBV genome . We have shown th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/dna", "replication", "molecular", "biology/histone", "modification", "virology/persistence", "and", "latency", "virology/viral", "replication", "and", "gene", "regulation", "molecular", "biology/transcription", "initiation", "and", "activation", "virology/...	2009	EBNA1-Mediated Recruitment of a Histone H2B Deubiquitylating Complex to the Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Origin of DNA Replication
The parasitic skin disease tungiasis ( caused by the flea Tunga penetrans ) affects resource-poor communities in Latin America , the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa . Prevalences in endemic areas are high , and severe pathology occurs commonly . However , risk factors for infestation have never been assessed in Africa...	Tungiasis is a parasitic skin disease caused by the sand flea Tunga penetrans . After penetration into the skin , the flea grows and reaches the size of a pea . The disease is a neglected public health problem in endemic areas in Latin America , the Caribbean and Africa , and causes considerable morbidity in the affect...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/epidemiology", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/epidemiology", "and", "control", "of", "infectious", "diseases" ]	2007	Risk Factors for Tungiasis in Nigeria: Identification of Targets for Effective Intervention
Biochemical reaction networks ( BRNs ) in a cell frequently consist of reactions with disparate timescales . The stochastic simulations of such multiscale BRNs are prohibitively slow due to high computational cost for the simulations of fast reactions . One way to resolve this problem uses the fact that fast species re...	Molecules inside a cell undergo various transformations via biochemical reactions with disparate rates . For instance , while transcriptional factors bind and unbind gene promoters in a time scale of seconds , mRNA transcription takes at least several minutes . For such systems regulated by both fast and slow reactions...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genetic", "networks", "applied", "mathematics", "dna-binding", "proteins", "dna", "transcription", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "algorithms", "mathematics", "network", "analysis", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "chemical", "properties", "physical", "chemis...	2017	Reduction of multiscale stochastic biochemical reaction networks using exact moment derivation
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex ( MTC ) comprises closely related species responsible for strictly human and zoonotic tuberculosis . Accurate species determination is useful for the identification of outbreaks and epidemiological links . Mycobacterium africanum and Mycobacterium canettii are typically restricted...	The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex ( MTC ) comprises several closely related species responsible for strictly human and zoonotic tuberculosis . Some of the species are restricted to Africa and were responsible for the high prevalence of tuberculosis . However , their identification at species level is difficult and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "microbiology" ]	2008	A Single-Step Sequencing Method for the Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Species
T-cell receptors ( TCR ) play an important role in the adaptive immune system as they recognize pathogen- or cancer-based epitopes and thus initiate the cell-mediated immune response . Therefore there exists a growing interest in the optimization of TCRs for medical purposes like adoptive T-cell therapy . However , the...	The recognition of antigenic peptides by cytotoxic T-cells is one of the crucial steps during the adaptive immune response . Thus a detailed understanding of this process is not only important for elucidating the mechanism behind T-cell signaling , but also for various emerging new medical applications like T-cell base...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Quantitative Analysis of the Association Angle between T-cell Receptor Vα/Vβ Domains Reveals Important Features for Epitope Recognition
Methionine ( Met ) is an essential amino acid that is needed for the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine ( AdoMet ) , the major biological methylating agent . Methionine used for AdoMet synthesis can be replenished via remethylation of homocysteine . Alternatively , homocysteine can be converted to cysteine via the trans...	Methionine is an essential amino acid that is highly toxic at elevated levels , and the liver is primarily responsible for buffering its concentration in circulation . Intracellularly , methionine is needed for the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine ( AdoMet ) , the major biological methylating agent . Methionine used f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "biochemistry/chemical", "biology", "of", "the", "cell", "biochemistry/bioinformatics", "computational", "biology/metabolic", "networks", "biochemistry/theory", "and", "simulation" ]	2008	An Allosteric Mechanism for Switching between Parallel Tracks in Mammalian Sulfur Metabolism
Regulatory T ( Treg ) cells expressing forkhead box P3 ( Foxp3 ) arise during thymic selection among thymocytes with modestly self-reactive T cell receptors . In vitro studies suggest Foxp3 can also be induced among peripheral CD4+ T cells in a cytokine dependent manner . Treg cells of thymic or peripheral origin may s...	In mammals , CD4+ T cells are essential for controlling infections , but have the potential to attack host tissues as well , resulting in autoimmune disease . A subset of CD4+ T cells , regulatory T cells ( Treg ) —identified by the expression of the forkhead transcription factor Foxp3—serve to prevent immunopathology ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology", "immunology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2009	Commitment to the Regulatory T Cell Lineage Requires CARMA1 in the Thymus but Not in the Periphery
Hybridisation and introgression can dramatically alter the relationships among groups of species , leading to phylogenetic discordance across the genome and between populations . Introgression can also erode species differences over time , but selection against introgression at certain loci acts to maintain postmating ...	Many species occasionally hybridise and share genetic material with related species . Interspecific gene flow may be counteracted by natural selection at particular ‘barrier loci’ . As a result , a pair of species can end up sharing more genetic variation in some parts of their genome than in others , and the tree of r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "taxonomy", "z", "chromosomes", "population", "genetics", "phylogenetics", "data", "management", "phylogenetic", "analysis", "population", "biology", "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "sex", "chromosomes", "chromosome", "biology", "autosomes", "evolutionary", ...	2019	Recombination rate variation shapes barriers to introgression across butterfly genomes
Atypical/Nor98 scrapie was first identified in 1998 in Norway . It is now considered as a worldwide disease of small ruminants and currently represents a significant part of the detected transmissible spongiform encephalopathies ( TSE ) cases in Europe . Atypical/Nor98 scrapie cases were reported in ARR/ARR sheep , whi...	Following the bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( BSE ) crisis and the identification of its zoonotic properties , a sanitary policy has been implemented based on both eradication of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies ( TSE ) in food-producing animals and exclusion of known infectious materials from the food chai...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/prion", "diseases" ]	2011	Atypical/Nor98 Scrapie Infectivity in Sheep Peripheral Tissues
Visceral leishmaniasis is a systemic parasitic disease that is fatal unless treated . We assessed the cost and cost-effectiveness of alternative strategies for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent . In particular we examined whether combination therapies are a cost-effective alternative co...	Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is a serious health problem in the Indian subcontinent affecting the rural poor . It has a significant economic impact on concerned households . The development of drug resistance is a major problem and threatens control efforts under the VL elimination initiative . With an unprecedented c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "evidence-based", "healthcare/clinical", "decision-making", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "evidence-based", "healthcare/health", "services", "research", "and", "economics", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/health", "services", "research", "...	2010	Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Combination Therapies for Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Indian Subcontinent
Japanese encephalitis is mainly considered a rural disease , but there is growing evidence of a peri-urban and urban transmission in several countries , including Cambodia . We , therefore , compared the epidemiologic dynamic of Japanese encephalitis between a rural and a peri-urban setting in Cambodia . We monitored t...	The number of Japanese encephalitis cases has decreased substantially over the past decades with the implementation of childhood vaccination programs . Japanese encephalitis virus , however , remains the most important cause of acute viral encephalitis in Eastern and Southern Asia , with an estimated 68 , 000 cases rep...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "reverse", "transcriptase-polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "sequencing", "techniques", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "immunology", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "animals", "mam...	2018	Comparison of the dynamics of Japanese encephalitis virus circulation in sentinel pigs between a rural and a peri-urban setting in Cambodia
Onchocerciasis control in Côte d’Ivoire started with aerial insecticide spraying in 1974 and continued with community directed treatment with ivermectin ( CDTi ) from 1992 to the present . Onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) are co-endemic in 46 of the 81 health districts in the country . Fourteen and 12 dis...	Onchocerciasis has recently been targeted for elimination in Côte d’Ivoire . With support of international donors the country’s integrated Neglected Tropical Diseases ( NTD ) program has recently achieved 100% geographical coverage for mass drug administration in districts endemic for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "larvicides", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "onchocerca", "volvulus", "rivers", "helminths", "tropical", "diseases", "social", "sciences", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "onchocerca", "politic...	2018	Update on the current status of onchocerciasis in Côte d’Ivoire following 40 years of intervention: Progress and challenges
During exocytosis , the evolutionarily conserved exocyst complex tethers Golgi-derived vesicles to the target plasma membrane , a critical function for secretory pathways . Here we show that exo70B1 loss-of-function mutants express activated defense responses upon infection and express enhanced resistance to fungal , o...	Secretory pathways play an important role in the plant immune response by delivering antimicrobial compounds and metabolites to the site of infection . The evolutionarily conserved exocyst complex is involved in exocytosis , the final step in the secretory pathway . We showed that loss of the function of EXO70B1 , a su...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	A Truncated NLR Protein, TIR-NBS2, Is Required for Activated Defense Responses in the exo70B1 Mutant
In adults , the growth of blood vessels , a process known as angiogenesis , is essential for organ growth and repair . In many disorders including cancer , angiogenesis becomes excessive . The cellular origin of new vascular endothelial cells ( ECs ) during blood vessel growth in angiogenic situations has remained unkn...	Angiogenesis—the growth of blood vessels—is essential for organ growth and repair , but also occurs during tumorigenesis and in certain inflammatory disorders . All blood vessels are lined by endothelial cells ( ECs ) —thin , flattened cells that form a continuous monolayer throughout the entire circulatory system . Th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "biology" ]	2012	Generation of Functional Blood Vessels from a Single c-kit+ Adult Vascular Endothelial Stem Cell
Retrotransposition of the budding yeast long terminal repeat retrotransposon Ty3 is activated during mating . In this study , proteins that associate with Ty3 Gag3 capsid protein during virus-like particle ( VLP ) assembly were identified by mass spectrometry and screened for roles in mating-stimulated retrotranspositi...	Cells undergoing changes in gene expression programs such as nutritional deprivation and other stresses exhibit formation of ribonucleoprotein ( RNP ) complexes . In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the majority of investigations to date involve analysis of P-body ( PB ) and stress-granule RNP formation following nutritional...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Ty3 Retrotransposon Hijacks Mating Yeast RNA Processing Bodies to Infect New Genomes
Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola are strongly associated with chronic periodontitis . These bacteria have been co-localized in subgingival plaque and demonstrated to exhibit symbiosis in growth in vitro and synergistic virulence upon co-infection in animal models of disease . Here we show that during co...	Unlike the traditional view that most diseases are caused by infection with a single bacterial species , some chronic diseases including periodontitis result from the perturbation of the natural microbiota and the proliferation of a number of opportunistic pathogens . Both Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema dentico...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "oral", "diseases", "oral", "medicine" ]	2014	Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola Exhibit Metabolic Symbioses
Over the past fifty years , annual honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) colony losses have been steadily increasing worldwide . These losses have occurred in parallel with the global spread of the honeybee parasite Varroa destructor . Indeed , Varroa mite infestations are considered to be a key explanatory factor for the widesp...	Honeybees currently face a dramatic decline worldwide . The main honeybee parasite - Varroa destructor - plays a key role in these mortalities , since uncontrolled infestation inevitably results in the death of the colony . The pathological effects of Varroa infestations are partly attributed to the association of the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "entomology", "host-pathogen", "interactions", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "virology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "microbiology", "pathogenesis", "zoology", ...	2014	On the Front Line: Quantitative Virus Dynamics in Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Colonies along a New Expansion Front of the Parasite Varroa destructor
The dynamic features of a genetic network's response to environmental fluctuations represent essential functional specifications and thus may constrain the possible choices of network architecture and kinetic parameters . To explore the connection between dynamics and network design , we have analyzed a general regulat...	Single-cell organisms must constantly adjust their gene expression programs to survive in a changing environment . Interactions between different molecules form a regulatory network to mediate these changes . While the network connections are often known , figuring out how the network responds dynamically by looking at...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "cell", "biology", "computational", "biology", "biophysics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2008	Dynamics and Design Principles of a Basic Regulatory Architecture Controlling Metabolic Pathways
Genetically identical populations of unicellular organisms often show marked variation in some phenotypic traits . To investigate the molecular causes and possible biological functions of this phenotypic noise , it would be useful to have a method to identify genes whose expression varies stochastically on a certain ti...	According to the conventional view , the characteristics of an organism are determined by nature and nurture—by its genes and by the environment it lives in . Consequently , one would expect that two organisms that share the same genes and live in the same environment have identical characteristics . Recently it has be...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "cell", "biology", "cell", "biology/gene", "expression", "evolutionary", "biology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics" ]	2008	A Simple Screen to Identify Promoters Conferring High Levels of Phenotypic Noise
Seam cells in Caenorhabditis elegans provide a paradigm for the stem cell mode of division , with the ability to both self-renew and produce daughters that differentiate . The transcription factor RNT-1 and its DNA binding partner BRO-1 ( homologues of the mammalian cancer-associated stem cell regulators RUNX and CBFβ ...	Stem cells can both produce differentiated cells and self-renew , producing more stem cells . Choosing between these opposing options is critical for development . Here , we have investigated the molecular genetics underlying this choice in the nematode worm , C . elegans , using the seam cells as a model of stem cell ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "genetics", "rna", "interference", "gene", "regulation", "cell", "differentiation", "dna", "transcription", "gene", "function", "epithelial", "cells", "animal", "models", "eukaryotic", "cells", "developmental", "biology", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "model", ...	2011	The Caenorhabditis elegans GATA Factor ELT-1 Works through the Cell Proliferation Regulator BRO-1 and the Fusogen EFF-1 to Maintain the Seam Stem-Like Fate
The wMel infection of Drosophila melanogaster was successfully transferred into Aedes aegypti mosquitoes where it has the potential to suppress dengue and other arboviruses . The infection was subsequently spread into two natural populations at Yorkeys Knob and Gordonvale near Cairns , Queensland in 2011 . Here we repo...	The wMel infection is a Wolbachia infection introduced into Aedes aegypti mosquito populations; wMel can provide potential suppression of dengue if the infection persists in populations . We show that the infection has persisted at a high frequency since its initial introduction into two natural populations in North Qu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "population", "modeling", "dengue", "fever", "genetics", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "population", "genetics", "infectious", "disease", "modeling", "computa...	2014	Stability of the wMel Wolbachia Infection following Invasion into Aedes aegypti Populations
The interest in saccadic IOR is funneled by the hypothesis that it serves a clear functional purpose in the selection of fixation points: the facilitation of foraging . In this study , we arrive at a different interpretation of saccadic IOR . First , we find that return saccades are performed much more often than expec...	Sometimes humans look at the same location twice . To appreciate the importance of this inconspicuous statement you have to consider that we move our eyes several billion ( 109 ) times during our lives and that looking at something is a necessary condition to enable conscious visual awareness . Thus , understanding why...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "behavioral", "neuroscience", "cognitive", "neuroscience", "social", "and", "behavioral", "sciences", "psychology", "cognitive", "psychology", "computational", "neuroscience", "biology", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2013	Saccadic Momentum and Facilitation of Return Saccades Contribute to an Optimal Foraging Strategy
The most prominent pathophysiological effect of spotted fever group ( SFG ) rickettsial infection of microvascular endothelial cells ( ECs ) is an enhanced vascular permeability , promoting vasogenic cerebral edema and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema , which are responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality in se...	Rickettsial diseases are serious human infections . Some spotted fever group ( SFG ) rickettsial pathogens are bioterror agents . A major clinical hallmark of SFG rickettsial disease is the infection of endothelial cells leading to enhanced vascular permeability . Previous studies show that SFG rickettsiae cause dose-d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "anatomy", "and", "physiology", "cadherins", "biomechanics", "rickettsia", "cardiovascular", "bacterial", "diseases", "cell", "mechanics", "infectious", "diseases", "cell", "adhesion", "biology", "cardiovascular", "system", "biophysics", "cell", "biology", "ph...	2012	Rickettsiae Induce Microvascular Hyperpermeability via Phosphorylation of VE-Cadherins: Evidence from Atomic Force Microscopy and Biochemical Studies
The required efforts , feasibility and predicted success of an intervention strategy against an infectious disease are partially determined by its basic reproduction number , R0 . In its simplest form R0 can be understood as the product of the infectious period , the number of infectious contacts and the per-contact tr...	Many infectious diseases of public health concern , such as dengue , Zika and malaria , are transmitted by insect vectors . Control effort required to curb their continued spread or even prevent their establishment in the first place are partially determined by the disease’s basic reproduction number , R0 . Of particul...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "death", "rates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "pathogens", "vector-borne", "diseases", "mathematics", "population", "biology", "infectious", "disease", "control", "life", ...	2018	Robustness of the reproductive number estimates in vector-borne disease systems
Opisthorchis viverrini infection is a major public health problem in northern and northeastern Thailand . The chronic infection of O . viverrini is related to cholangiocarcinoma which causes high mortality in endemic areas . Therefore , the diagnosis , treatment , control and prevention of O . viverrini infection are n...	O . viverrini infection is highly prevalent in northern and northeastern Thailand . The diagnosis of the infection is usually achieved by finding the eggs in feces . However , these eggs are difficult to differentiate morphologically from other Opisthorchis-like eggs . Our study evaluated the prevalence and molecular c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "taxonomy", "invertebrates", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "helminths", "population", "genetics", "geographical", "locations", "animals", "genetic", "mapping", "trematodes", "phylogenetics", "data", "management", "phylogenetic", "analysis", "molecular", "bi...	2017	Molecular discrimination of Opisthorchis-like eggs from residents in a rural community of central Thailand
Movement planning is thought to be primarily determined by motor costs such as inaccuracy and effort . Solving for the optimal plan that minimizes these costs typically leads to specifying a time-varying feedback controller which both generates the movement and can optimally correct for errors that arise within a movem...	The dominant theory of how movements are planned suggests that a task specifies a motor cost in terms of effort and accuracy and the motor system chooses a movement to minimize this cost . The pre-eminent theory is that this results an optimal feedback controller that both generates the movement and can correct online ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "engineering", "and", "technology", "signal", "processing", "social", "sciences", "limbs", "(anatomy)", "neuroscience", "noise", "reduction", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "systems", "science", "mathematics", "statistics", "(m...	2016	When Optimal Feedback Control Is Not Enough: Feedforward Strategies Are Required for Optimal Control with Active Sensing
The pneumococcus is one of the most prodigious producers of hydrogen peroxide amongst bacterial pathogens . Hydrogen peroxide production by the pneumococcus has been implicated in antibiotic synergism , competition between other bacterial colonizers of the nasopharynx , and damage to epithelial cells . However , the ro...	The pneumococcus polysaccharide capsule is one of the most critical virulence determinants produced by this major human pathogen . The pneumococcus also produces prodigious amounts of hydrogen peroxide via the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by pyruvate oxidase , SpxB . Deletion of spxB resulted in the loss of surface pol...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "oxides", "chemical", "compounds", "pneumococcus", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "ketones", "microbiology", "pyruvate", "animal", "models", "model", ...	2016	Pyruvate Oxidase as a Critical Link between Metabolism and Capsule Biosynthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae
The small intestinal epithelium produces numerous antimicrobial peptides and proteins , including abundant enteric α-defensins . Although they most commonly function as potent antivirals in cell culture , enteric α-defensins have also been shown to enhance some viral infections in vitro . Efforts to determine the physi...	Enteric α-defensins are an ancient form of host defense against pathogens , but until recently there was no robust in vitro system available to study their functions upon secretion from the cells that produce them naturally in vivo . Here , using small intestinal enteroids as a source of naturally secreted α-defensins ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "binding", "antimicrobials", "cell", "physiology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "luciferase", "defensins", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "enzymes", "pathogens", "drugs", "immunology", "biol...	2017	Alpha-defensin-dependent enhancement of enteric viral infection
During gametogenesis and pre-implantation development , the mammalian epigenome is reprogrammed to establish pluripotency in the epiblast . Here we show that the histone 3 lysine 4 ( H3K4 ) methyltransferase , MLL2 , controls most of the promoter-specific chromatin modification , H3K4me3 , during oogenesis and early de...	It is well established that gametes and early mammalian embryos undergo extensive epigenetic changes , which are changes in phenotype or gene expression that do not entail changes in DNA sequence . However , the machinery responsible for epigenetic modification in these situations is poorly understood . In mice , we co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/animal", "genetics", "molecular", "biology/histone", "modification", "developmental", "biology", "physiology/reproductive", "physiology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/epigenetics" ]	2010	MLL2 Is Required in Oocytes for Bulk Histone 3 Lysine 4 Trimethylation and Transcriptional Silencing
In flies , the olfactory information is carried from the first relay in the brain , the antennal lobe , to the mushroom body ( MB ) and the lateral horn ( LH ) . Olfactory associations are formed in the MB . The LH was ascribed a role in innate responses based on the stereotyped connectivity with the antennal lobe , st...	Behavioral responses to a stimulus in the environment may be hardwired or acquired with experience . In the olfactory system of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , associations of odors are formed in a brain structure called the mushroom body . A different brain region , the lateral horn , is thought to process inn...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "atmospheric", "science", "green", "fluorescent", "protein", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "animals", "animal", "models", "instinct", "luminescent", "proteins", "model", "orga...	2019	Avoidance response to CO2 in the lateral horn
Small RNAs targeted to gene promoters in human cells have been shown to modulate both transcriptional gene suppression and activation . However , the mechanism involved in transcriptional activation has remained poorly defined , and an endogenous RNA trigger for transcriptional gene silencing has yet to be identified ....	Non-coding RNAs have been shown to modulate transcriptional expression of genes in human cells . This form of gene regulation has been shown to be the result of RNA directing silent state epigenetic changes to the targeted gene promoter . Shortly after this seminal observation , small RNAs targeted to AT-rich regions o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/histone", "modification", "molecular", "biology/chromatin", "structure", "molecular", "biology/transcription", "initiation", "and", "activation" ]	2008	Bidirectional Transcription Directs Both Transcriptional Gene Activation and Suppression in Human Cells
Interferon regulatory factor ( IRF ) -3 is a master transcription factor that activates host antiviral defense programs . Although cell culture studies suggest that IRF-3 promotes antiviral control by inducing interferon ( IFN ) -β , near normal levels of IFN-α and IFN-β were observed in IRF-3−/− mice after infection b...	West Nile virus ( WNV ) is a mosquito-transmitted RNA virus that infects birds , horses , and humans , and it has become an emerging infectious disease threat in the Western hemisphere , including all of the continental United States . WNV invades the brain and spinal cord and infects and injures neurons , causing seve...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "viruses", "infectious", "diseases", "virology", "immunology", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "mus", "(mouse)", "animals" ]	2007	Cell-Specific IRF-3 Responses Protect against West Nile Virus Infection by Interferon-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms
Shifts between epigenetic states of transcriptional activity are typically correlated with changes in epigenetic marks . However , exceptions to this rule suggest the existence of additional , as yet uncharacterized , layers of epigenetic regulation . MOM1 , a protein of 2 , 001 amino acids that acts as a transcription...	Epigenetic shifts in transcriptional activities are usually correlated with changes in chromatin properties and covalent modification of DNA and/or histones . There are , however , exceptional regulators that are able to switch epigenetic states without the apparent involvement of changes in chromatin or DNA modificati...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "proteins", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "epigenetics", "biology", "molecular", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Structural Basis of Transcriptional Gene Silencing Mediated by Arabidopsis MOM1
The most severe form of malaria in humans is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum . The invasive form of malaria parasites is termed a merozoite and it employs an array of parasite proteins that bind to the host cell to mediate invasion . In Plasmodium falciparum , the erythrocyte binding-like ( EBL )...	Malaria parasites must invade red blood cells to survive within the human host . Members of the erythrocyte binding-like ( EBL ) and reticulocyte binding-like ( Rh ) protein families , which are present at the apical tip of merozoites as single-pass transmembrane proteins , mediate recognition of red blood cells . Alth...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Plasmodium falciparum Adhesins Play an Essential Role in Signalling and Activation of Invasion into Human Erythrocytes
Buruli ulcer ( BU ) , caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans , is increasing in incidence in Victoria , Australia . To improve understanding of disease transmission , we aimed to map the location of BU lesions on the human body . Using notification data and clinical records review , we conducted a retrospective observational...	Buruli ulcer is an emerging tropical disease that is also increasingly common in the temperate Australian state of Victoria . The mode of transmission of this geographically restricted infection remains elusive . We have accurately mapped the location of 649 PCR-confirmed Buruli lesions affecting 579 patients and displ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "legs", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "tropical", "diseases", "limbs", "(anatomy)", "bacterial", "diseases", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "forearms", "bacteria", "elbow", "inf...	2017	The location of Australian Buruli ulcer lesions—Implications for unravelling disease transmission
The first step in influenza infection of the human respiratory tract is binding of the virus to sialic ( Sia ) acid terminated receptors . The binding of different strains of virus for the receptor is determined by the α linkage of the sialic acid to galactose and the adjacent glycan structure . In this study the N- an...	This study was performed to determine what possible glycan receptors for influenza were present in the human respiratory tract . We compared the glycans present on existing published glycan arrays with the actual glycans identified in the human respiratory tract by mass spectrometric analysis to determine how represent...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "influenza", "viral", "diseases" ]	2013	Glycomic Analysis of Human Respiratory Tract Tissues and Correlation with Influenza Virus Infection
Spontaneous or chemically induced germline mutations , which lead to Mendelian phenotypes , are powerful tools to discover new genes and their functions . Here , we report an autosomal recessive mutation that occurred spontaneously in a Brown-Norway ( BN ) rat colony and was identified as causing marked T cell lymphope...	Deciphering the genetic basis of human diseases and understanding the function of mammalian genes are among the main challenges for today's geneticists . In this regard , rodent models represent invaluable tools to identify new genes and to study the mechanisms of action of genes implicated in human diseases . Here , w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology", "biology", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	A Spontaneous Mutation of the Rat Themis Gene Leads to Impaired Function of Regulatory T Cells Linked to Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Developing neuronal systems intrinsically generate coordinated spontaneous activity that propagates by involving a large number of synchronously firing neurons . In vivo , waves of spikes transiently characterize the activity of developing brain circuits and are fundamental for activity-dependent circuit formation . In...	Coordinated spontaneous spiking activity is fundamental for the normal formation of brain circuits during development . However , how ensembles of neurons generate these events remains unclear . To address this question , in the present study , we investigated the network properties that might be required to a neuronal...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "infographics", "action", "potentials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "neural", "networks", "membrane", "potential", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "network", "analysis", "neurotransmitters", "research", "a...	2017	Recurrently connected and localized neuronal communities initiate coordinated spontaneous activity in neuronal networks
The long noncoding RNA COLDAIR is necessary for the repression of a floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C ( FLC ) during vernalization in Arabidopsis thaliana . The repression of FLC is mediated by increased enrichment of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 ( PRC2 ) and subsequent trimethylation of Histone H3 Lysine 27 ( H3K27m...	Vernalization is an epigenetic response to winter cold necessary for the onset of flowering in spring . The epigenetically stable repression of a floral repressor , FLC , is a hallmark of the vernalization response in the model plant Arabidopsis . Vernalization-mediated repression of FLC is achieved by coordination amo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "non-coding", "rna", "sequences", "vernalization", "rna", "extraction", "plant", "physiology", "long", "non-coding", "rnas", "plant", "science", "genetically", "modified", "plants", "epigenetics", "plants", "flowering", "plants", "extraction", "techniques...	2017	Modular function of long noncoding RNA, COLDAIR, in the vernalization response
microRNAs ( miRNA ) have been detected in the deeply branched protist , Giardia lamblia , and shown to repress expression of the family of variant-specific surface proteins ( VSPs ) , only one of which is expressed in Giardia trophozoite at a given time . Three next-generation sequencing libraries of Giardia Argonaute-...	Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite causing the diarrheal disease giardiasis . Variant-specific surface proteins ( VSP ) in Giardia are likely involved in its evasion of host immune response . Their expression is regulated by microRNAs ( miRNA ) . To determine the full complement of miRNAs in Giardia , three cDNA l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "parastic", "protozoans", "biochemistry", "rna", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "nucleic", "acids", "gene", "expression", "gene", "regulation", "molecular", "genetics", "protozoology", "biology", "computational", "biology", "microbiology", "parasitology" ]	2014	The microRNAs in an Ancient Protist Repress the Variant-Specific Surface Protein Expression by Targeting the Entire Coding Sequence
Etanercept , a TNF receptor 2-Fc fusion protein , is currently being used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) . However , 25% to 38% of patients show no response which is suspected to be partially due to insufficient affinity of this protein to TNFα . By using computational protein design , we found that r...	Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) is a frequently occurring , chronic , debilitating disease . TNFα plays a pivotal role in regulating its inflammatory response . TNFα inhibition with TNF receptor 2-Fc fusion protein ( TNFR2-Fc ) was effective in the treatment of RA . However , quite a few patients may not achieve good clini...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Discussion" ]	[ "computational", "biology/macromolecular", "structure", "analysis", "rheumatology/rheumatoid", "arthritis", "rheumatology/autoimmunity,", "autoimmune,", "and", "inflammatory", "diseases", "pharmacology/drug", "development", "computational", "biology/protein", "structure", "prediction...	2010	A Variant of TNFR2-Fc Fusion Protein Exhibits Improved Efficacy in Treating Experimental Rheumatoid Arthritis
In Latin America , the bloodsucking bugs Triatominae are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi , the parasite that causes Chagas disease . Chemical elimination programs have been launched to control Chagas disease vectors . However , the disease persists because native vectors from sylvatic habitats are able to ( re ) colonize ...	In Latin America , bloodsucking bugs are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi , the parasite that causes Chagas disease , which is one of the most important public health problems for rural human populations . Though chemical control campaigns have been effective against vectors , the disease persists because native vectors fr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "odorant", "binding", "proteins", "genome", "analysis", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "insect", "vectors", "zoology", "agrochemicals", "insect", "pheromones", "proteins", "e...	2016	Under-Expression of Chemosensory Genes in Domiciliary Bugs of the Chagas Disease Vector Triatoma brasiliensis

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