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Human granulocytic anaplasmosis , a tick-borne infection caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum , has received scant attention , while scrub typhus , a mite-transmitted disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi , is the most common rickettsiosis in Taiwan . The clinical presentations of both diseases are characterized by u...	Human granulocytic anaplasmosis is a tick-borne rickettsial infection caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum . Although most cases resolve readily , life-threatening complications can occur without prompt antibiotic treatment . The major difficulty in diagnosing human granulocytic anaplasmosis is due to the nonspecific na...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusions" ]	[ "geomorphology", "invertebrates", "typhus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ixodes", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "landforms", "pathogens", "topography", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "animals", "bacterial", "diseases", "rickettsial...	2019	Human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Kinmen, an offshore island of Taiwan
Although retinoic acid ( RA ) teratogenicity has been investigated for decades , the mechanisms underlying RA-induced outflow tract ( OFT ) malformations are not understood . Here , we show zebrafish embryos deficient for Cyp26a1 and Cyp26c1 enzymes , which promote RA degradation , have OFT defects resulting from two m...	Retinoic acid ( RA ) is the most active metabolic product of vitamin A . The embryonic heart is particularly sensitive to inappropriate RA levels , with cardiac outflow tract ( OFT ) defects among the most common RA-induced malformations . However , the mechanisms underlying these RA-induced defects are not understood ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cardiovascular", "anatomy", "vertebrates", "animals", "endocrine", "physiology", "cell", "polarity", "animal", "models", "organisms", "developmental", "biology", "osteichthyes", "model", "organisms", "develop...	2016	Cyp26 Enzymes Facilitate Second Heart Field Progenitor Addition and Maintenance of Ventricular Integrity
Nondisjunction of chromosome 21 is the leading cause of Down syndrome . Two risk factors for maternal nondisjunction of chromosome 21 are increased maternal age and altered recombination . In order to provide further insight on mechanisms underlying nondisjunction , we examined the association between these two well es...	Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes fail to segregate during meiosis; when this happens , gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes are produced . The clinical significance is high: nondisjunction is the leading cause of pregnancy loss and birth defects . We have studied trisomy 21 using DNA from individuals wi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/recombination", "genetics", "and", "genomics/chromosome", "biology" ]	2008	New Insights into Human Nondisjunction of Chromosome 21 in Oocytes
Many organisms have a mechanism for down regulating the expression of non-synapsed chromosomes and chromosomal regions during meiosis . This phenomenon is thought to function in genome defense . During early meiosis in Caenorhabditis elegans , unpaired chromosomes ( e . g . , the male X chromosome ) become enriched for...	DNA within a cell's nucleus is packaged together with proteins into a higher order structure called chromatin . In its simplest form , chromatin consists of DNA and a set of proteins called histones , arranged so that the DNA strand is wrapped around histone protein clusters . This basic chromatin structure can be modi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology/germ", "cells", "molecular", "biology/chromatin", "structure", "molecular", "biology/histone", "modification", "developmental", "biology/stem", "cells", "genetics", "and", "genomics/chromosome", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/epigenetics", "de...	2009	Regulation of Heterochromatin Assembly on Unpaired Chromosomes during Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by Components of a Small RNA-Mediated Pathway
Albendazole ( ABZ ) , a benzimidazole ( BZ ) anthelmintic ( AH ) , is commonly used for treatment of soil-transmitted helminths ( STHs ) . Its regular use increases the possibility that BZ resistance may develop , which , in veterinary nematodes is caused by single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) in the β-tubulin gen...	The soil-transmitted helminths ( STH ) Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trichiura and the hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus are endemic in many tropical countries . Regular treatment with albendazole or mebendazole is the major means for controlling STHs . However , repeated treatment with the same...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "soil-transmitted", "helminths", "trichuriasis", "hookworm", "infection", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "disease", "control", "ascariasis", "parasitic", "diseases", "helminth", "infection" ]	2013	Association between Response to Albendazole Treatment and β-Tubulin Genotype Frequencies in Soil-transmitted Helminths
Heterochromatin is the gene-poor , satellite-rich eukaryotic genome compartment that supports many essential cellular processes . The functional diversity of proteins that bind and often epigenetically define heterochromatic DNA sequence reflects the diverse functions supported by this enigmatic genome compartment . Mo...	Our genome is comprised of two compartments . The euchromatin harbors abundant genes and regulatory information , while heterochromatin harbors few genes and abundant repetitive DNA . These characteristic features of heterochromatin challenge traditional methods of sequence assembly and molecular dissection . The analy...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genomics", "model", "organisms", "genetics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "population", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Phylogenomic Analysis Reveals Dynamic Evolutionary History of the Drosophila Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1) Gene Family
In the lifecycle of microorganisms , prolonged starvation is prevalent and sustaining life during starvation periods is a vital task . In the literature , it is commonly assumed that survival kinetics of starving microbes follows exponential decay . This assumption , however , has not been rigorously tested . Currently...	Long periods of starvation are common in the lifecycle of microorganisms . Textbooks routinely describe that during starvation periods , cells die at a constant rate , i . e . , exponential decay . The exponential decay of cell survival has been commonly assumed in the literature to analyze and predict population dynam...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Survival Kinetics of Starving Bacteria Is Biphasic and Density-Dependent
G-quadruplexes ( G4 ) are secondary structures formed by guanine-rich nucleic acid sequences and shown to exist in living cells where they participate in regulation of gene expression and chromosome maintenance . G-quadruplexes with solvent-exposed guanine tetrads show the tendency to associate together through cofacia...	Native DNA usually folds to form the canonical double helix , however , under certain conditions , it can also fold into other secondary structures . Some of the most interesting ones are G-quadruplexes ( G4 ) —compact DNA structures in which guanines assemble into multilayered tetrads , and whose formation has been re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Methods" ]	[ "chemical", "compounds", "monomers", "phosphates", "electricity", "nucleotides", "electrostatics", "materials", "science", "oligomers", "thermodynamics", "physical", "chemistry", "chemical", "properties", "polymer", "chemistry", "guanine", "dimerization", "chemistry", "adenin...	2019	Why do G-quadruplexes dimerize through the 5’-ends? Driving forces for G4 DNA dimerization examined in atomic detail
Riverine tsetse transmit the parasites that cause the most prevalent form of human African trypanosomiasis , Gambian HAT . In response to the imperative for cheap and efficient tsetse control , insecticide-treated ‘tiny targets’ have been developed through refinement of tsetse attractants based on blue fabric panels . ...	Tsetse flies transmit the parasites that cause sleeping sickness . Tsetse control can contribute to disease control thanks to cheap and efficient ‘tiny targets’ that attract tsetse using a panel of blue fabric , a highly attractive colour for the flies . However , the modern blue polyesters employed are only about half...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "engineering", "and", "technology", "african", "trypanosomiasis", "tropical", "diseases", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "parasitic", "diseases", "optimization", "mathematics", "materials", "science", "neglected", "tropical", ...	2017	Developing photoreceptor-based models of visual attraction in riverine tsetse, for use in the engineering of more-attractive polyester fabrics for control devices
Tip growth has been studied in pollen tubes , root hairs , and fungal and oomycete hyphae and is the most widely distributed unidirectional growth process on the planet . It ensures spatial colonization , nutrient predation , fertilization , and symbiosis with growth speeds of up to 800 μm h−1 . Although turgor-driven ...	Tip growth is known in organisms with filament-like structures , such as fungi ( e . g . , hyphae ) , plants ( e . g . , root hairs , moss protonemata ) , and algae ( e . g . , filamentous thalli ) . The driving force for growth in these organisms is the difference in osmotic pressure ( turgor ) between the inside of t...	[ "Abstract", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "walls", "plant", "anatomy", "chemical", "compounds", "cellulose", "plant", "cell", "biology", "light", "microscopy", "organic", "compounds", "pollen", "plant", "cell", "walls", "plant", "science", "microscopy", "plants", "cellular", "structures", "and", "or...	2019	The brown algal mode of tip growth: Keeping stress under control
Prion diseases are fatal , progressive , neurodegenerative diseases caused by prion accumulation in the brain and lymphoreticular system . Here we report that a single subcutaneous injection of cellulose ethers ( CEs ) , which are commonly used as inactive ingredients in foods and pharmaceuticals , markedly prolonged t...	Prion diseases are progressive , fatal , neurodegenerative transmissible illnesses in humans and animals caused by prion accumulation in the brain and lymphoreticular system . Because they are prevalent in nature , with atypical forms continuing to emerge , prion diseases are potential threats to both public health and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "body", "weight", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "animal", "diseases", "immune", "cells", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "vertebrates", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "mammals", "animal", "models", "animal", "prion", "diseases",...	2016	A Single Subcutaneous Injection of Cellulose Ethers Administered Long before Infection Confers Sustained Protection against Prion Diseases in Rodents
The geometric and subcellular organization of axon arbors distributes and regulates electrical signaling in neurons and networks , but the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive . In rodent cerebellar cortex , stellate interneurons elaborate characteristic axon arbors that selectively innervate Purkinje cell dendr...	Large principal neurons in vertebrate neural circuits often consist of distinct anatomical and physiological compartments , which allow distributed and compartmentalized signaling and greatly increase the computational power of single neurons . Superimposed upon this intrinsic compartmental architecture is the subcellu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "cell", "biology" ]	2008	Bergmann Glia and the Recognition Molecule CHL1 Organize GABAergic Axons and Direct Innervation of Purkinje Cell Dendrites
Infection of macrophages by Yersinia species results in YopJ-dependent apoptosis , and naïve macrophages are highly susceptible to this form of cell death . Previous studies have demonstrated that macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) prior to infection are resistant to YopJ-dependent cell death; we fou...	Pathogenic Yersinia are bacteria capable of interacting with host immune cells and inhibiting their function . Macrophages are potent antimicrobial immune cells that eliminate invading microbes , and represent a major target for Yersinia during infection . Yersinia triggers death of resting macrophages by apoptosis , a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "in", "vitro", "immunology", "mus", "(mouse)", "animals", "eubacteria" ]	2007	Macrophage Activation Redirects Yersinia-Infected Host Cell Death from Apoptosis to Caspase-1-Dependent Pyroptosis
To develop an oral formulation of amphotericin B ( AmB ) that is stable at the temperatures of WHO Climatic Zones 3 and 4 ( 30–43°C ) and to evaluate its efficacy in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) . The stability testing of four novel oral lipid AmB formulations composed of mono- and di-glycerides and ...	Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is a systemic form of a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by obligate intra-macrophage protozoa of the genus Leishmania . VL is always fatal in humans if left untreated and treatment options are limited . Amphotericin B ( AmB ) , a polyene antibiotic , is the most active antileishmania...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "pharmacology/drug", "development" ]	2010	A Novel Tropically Stable Oral Amphotericin B Formulation (iCo-010) Exhibits Efficacy against Visceral Leishmaniasis in a Murine Model
The suprachiasmatic nucleus ( SCN ) acts as the central clock to coordinate circadian oscillations in mammalian behavior , physiology and gene expression . Despite our knowledge of the circadian transcriptome of the SCN , how it impacts genome-wide protein expression is not well understood . Here , we interrogated the ...	The suprachiasmatic nucleus ( SCN ) serves as the master circadian pacemaker in mammals , coordinating the physiological responses of a myriad of peripheral clocks throughout the body and linking their rhythms to the environmental light-dark cycle . In this study , we interrogated the murine SCN proteome across the cir...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "circadian", "rhythms", "chronobiology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "proteomics", "circadian", "oscillators", "daylight" ]	2014	The Proteomic Landscape of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Clock Reveals Large-Scale Coordination of Key Biological Processes
Rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease of the central nervous system ( CNS ) . In unvaccinated or untreated subjects , rabies virus infection causes severe neurological symptoms and is invariably fatal . Despite the long-standing existence of effective vaccines , vaccine availability remains insufficient , with high n...	Although first successful vaccination against rabies virus infection was performed by Louis Pasteur in the 19th century , every year about 50 , 000 patients , predominantly children , succumb to rabies infection because of insufficient availability of effective low-cost vaccines worldwide . The work presented here desc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "livestock", "viral", "vaccines", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "messenger", "rna", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals",...	2016	An mRNA Vaccine Encoding Rabies Virus Glycoprotein Induces Protection against Lethal Infection in Mice and Correlates of Protection in Adult and Newborn Pigs
Primate lentiviruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to suppress the immune response of their host species . For example , HIV-2 and most simian immunodeficiency viruses ( SIVs ) use their accessory protein Nef to prevent T cell activation and antiviral gene expression by downmodulating the T cell receptor CD3 . ...	The cellular transcription factor NF-κB plays a complex role in the lentiviral replication cycle . On the one hand , activation of NF-κB is required for efficient transcription of viral genes and reactivation of latent proviruses . On the other hand , NF-κB is also a key driver of antiviral gene expression , immune act...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "flow", "cytometry", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "luciferase", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "enzymes", "pathogens", "immune", "activation", "immunology", "microbiology", "enzymology", "vertebrates", "ani...	2017	Primate lentiviruses use at least three alternative strategies to suppress NF-κB-mediated immune activation
High capacity and low capacity running rats , HCR and LCR respectively , have been bred to represent two extremes of running endurance and have recently demonstrated disparities in fuel usage during transient aerobic exercise . HCR rats can maintain fatty acid ( FA ) utilization throughout the course of transient aerob...	Our bodies consume carbohydrates , fats , and amino acids as fuels , utilizing various catabolic pathways to transfer the energy required for normal physiological functions . The way these pathways function can have an important impact on overall health . While most catabolic pathways are known , we are still striving ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "engineering", "and", "technology", "sports", "and", "exercise", "medicine", "enzymology", "carbohydrates", "physical", "activity", "organic", "compounds", "glucose", "metabolites", "materials", "science", ...	2018	Systems-level computational modeling demonstrates fuel selection switching in high capacity running and low capacity running rats
For many pathogens , including most targets of effective vaccines , infection elicits an immune response that confers significant protection against reinfection . There has been significant debate as to whether natural Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) infection confers protection against reinfection . Here we experim...	Tuberculosis ( TB ) , a lung disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis , is endemic in many developing countries . This infection is transmitted from a person with active tuberculosis through coughing , talking , and singing . Exposure to this bacterium can result in a spectrum of infection ou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "diagnostic", "radiology", "granulomas", "immunology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "primates", "dna", "libraries", "dna", "bacteria", "old", "world", "monkeys", "research", "and", ...	2018	Concurrent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis confers robust protection against secondary infection in macaques
Alternative splicing controls the expression of many genes , including the Drosophila sex determination gene Sex-lethal ( Sxl ) . Sxl expression is controlled via a negative regulatory mechanism where inclusion of the translation-terminating male exon is blocked in females . Previous studies have shown that the mechani...	In Drosophila the sex-specific ON/OFF regulation of Sex-lethal ( Sxl ) is controlled by an autoregulatory splicing mechanism that depends on the SXL protein interacting with general splicing factors . Here we identify PPS as a novel component of the machinery required for Sxl splicing autoregulation by showing that the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/post-translational", "regulation", "of", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "discovery", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics", "molecular", "biology/rna", "splicing"...	2010	PPS, a Large Multidomain Protein, Functions with Sex-Lethal to Regulate Alternative Splicing in Drosophila
Morphological transitions and metabolic regulation are critical for the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans to adapt to the changing host environment . In this study , we generated a library of central metabolic pathway mutants in the tricarboxylic acid ( TCA ) cycle , and investigated the functional consequences of...	Energy metabolism through the TCA cycle and mitochondrial electron transport are critical for the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans to survive and propagate in the host . This is , in part , due to the fact that C . albicans is a Crabtree-negative species , and thus exclusively uses respiration when oxygen is avai...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chemical", "compounds", "gene", "regulation", "metabolic", "processes", "pathogens", "regulatory", "proteins", "microbiology", "dna-binding", "proteins", "carbohydrates", "organic", "c...	2017	Integration of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle with cAMP signaling and Sfl2 pathways in the regulation of CO2 sensing and hyphal development in Candida albicans
microRNAs ( miRNAs ) are a class of endogenous regulatory RNAs that play a key role in myriad biological processes . Upon transcription , primary miRNA transcripts are sequentially processed by Drosha and Dicer ribonucleases into ~22–24 nt miRNAs . Subsequently , miRNAs are incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing c...	microRNAs ( miRNAs ) are a class of small regulatory RNAs that fine-tune gene expression by reducing protein output from their target messenger RNAs and are implicated in myriad physiological and pathological processes . miRNAs are generated from long primary transcripts via sequential actions of the Drosha/Pasha and D...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	SmD1 Modulates the miRNA Pathway Independently of Its Pre-mRNA Splicing Function
The innate immune system is critical in the response to infection by pathogens and it is activated by pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs ) binding to pathogen associated molecular patterns ( PAMPs ) . During viral infection , the direct recognition of the viral nucleic acids , such as the genomes of DNA viruses , is ...	To mount an immune response to an invading bacterium or virus ( pathogens ) , the host must detect foreign molecules from the pathogen . Pathogens have conserved features called pathogen associated molecular patterns ( PAMPs ) that are distinct from host cells and which are recognised by the host using specific sensors...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "&", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	A Mechanism for the Inhibition of DNA-PK-Mediated DNA Sensing by a Virus
By combining high-throughput sequencing ( HTS ) with experimental evolution , we can observe the within-host dynamics of pathogen variants of biomedical or ecological interest . We studied the evolutionary dynamics of five variants of Potato virus Y ( PVY ) in 15 doubled-haploid lines of pepper . All plants were inocul...	A growing number of experimental evolution studies are using an “evolve-and-resequence” approach to observe the within-host dynamics of pathogen variants of biomedical or ecological interest . The resulting data are particularly appropriate for studying the effects of evolutionary forces , such as selection and genetic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "organismal", "evolution", "plant", "anatomy", "population", "genetics", "variant", "genotypes", "microbiology", "genetic", "mapping", "plant", "science", "effective", "population", "size", "microbial", "evolution", "population", "biology", "leaves", "evolutionary", "gene...	2017	Estimating virus effective population size and selection without neutral markers
An accurate diagnosis of helminth infection is important to improve patient management . However , there is considerable intra- and inter-specimen variation of helminth egg counts in human feces . Homogenization of stool samples has been suggested to improve diagnostic accuracy , but there are no detailed investigation...	An accurate diagnosis of parasitic worm ( helminth ) infections is important for adequate patient treatment and disease control programs . Helminth eggs in human stool samples are used as an indicator of infection intensity and morbidity . However , little is known about the exact distribution of helminth eggs in stool...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "epidemiological", "methods", "epidemiology", "biology", "microbiology", "public", "health", "parasitology" ]	2012	An In-Depth Analysis of a Piece of Shit: Distribution of Schistosoma mansoni and Hookworm Eggs in Human Stool
The evolution of cooperation among nonrelatives has been explained by direct , indirect , and strong reciprocity . Animals should base the decision to help others on expected future help , which they may judge from past behavior of their partner . Although many examples of cooperative behavior exist in nature where rec...	The evolution of cooperation is based on four general mechanisms: mutualism , where an action benefits all partners directly; kin selection , where related individuals are supported; “green beard” altruism that is based on a genetic correlation between altruism genes and respective markers; and reciprocal altruism , wh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology", "rattus", "(rat)" ]	2007	Generalized Reciprocity in Rats
There are currently no vaccines or antivirals available for dengue virus infection , which can cause dengue hemorrhagic fever and death . A better understanding of the host pathogen interaction is required to develop effective therapies to treat DENV . In particular , very little is known about how cellular RNA binding...	DENV is the most important mosquito transmitted viral disease in humans causing almost 400 million infections each year . Early detection is possible; however , there are no antivirals or vaccines available for this potentially lethal virus . Host factors that are required for viral amplification provide an attractive ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "spectrometric", "identification", "of", "proteins", "rna-binding", "proteins", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "gene", "regulation", "protein", "interaction", "networks", "microbiology", "stable", "isotope", "labelin...	2016	Identification of RNA Binding Proteins Associated with Dengue Virus RNA in Infected Cells Reveals Temporally Distinct Host Factor Requirements
A variety of extracellular factors regulate morphogenesis during development . However , coordination between extracellular signaling and dynamic morphogenesis is largely unexplored . We address the fundamental question by studying posterior crossvein ( PCV ) development in Drosophila as a model , in which long-range B...	It has been extensively studied how tissue morphogenesis is regulated by a variety of extracellular cues . Given that dynamic morphogenesis coincides with arrival of extracellular factors , there must be also mechanisms that coordinate extracellular signaling and intracellular morphogenesis . However , the coordination...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "differentiation", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "organism", "development", "molecular", "development", "morphogenesis", "pattern", "formation", "adhesion", "molecules", "biology", "morphogens", "...	2013	A Feed-Forward Loop Coupling Extracellular BMP Transport and Morphogenesis in Drosophila Wing
Antibodies constitute a critical component of the naturally acquired immunity that develops following frequent exposure to malaria . However , specific antibody titres have been reported to decline rapidly in the absence of reinfection , supporting the widely perceived notion that malaria infections fail to induce dura...	It is widely perceived that immunity to malaria is short-lived , rendering people susceptible to repeated malaria infections . However , there have been very few studies on “memory” responses , how the human immune system recognizes previously encountered malaria parasites . In particular , very little is known about t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/immune", "response", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/tropical", "and", "travel-associated", "diseases", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections" ]	2010	Long-Lived Antibody and B Cell Memory Responses to the Human Malaria Parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax
Neurons develop distinctive dendritic morphologies to receive and process information . Previous experiments showed that competitive dendro-dendritic interactions play critical roles in shaping dendrites of the space-filling type , which uniformly cover their receptive field . We incorporated this finding in constructi...	Neurons elaborate two types of neuronal extensions . One is axon , which sends outputs to other neurons . Another is dendrite , which is specialized for receiving and processing synaptic or sensory inputs . Like elaborated branches of trees , the shape of dendrites is quite variable from one type to another , and diffe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mathematics", "drosophila", "developmental", "biology" ]	2007	Self-organizing Mechanism for Development of Space-filling Neuronal Dendrites
Mitochondrial function affects many aspects of cellular physiology , and , most recently , its role in epigenetics has been reported . Mechanistically , how mitochondrial function alters DNA methylation patterns in the nucleus remains ill defined . Using a cell culture model of induced mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) deple...	Epigenetic changes in the nucleus play a role in the regulation of gene expression , and metabolism has been shown to affect the epigenome . As mitochondria are not only the powerhouses but also important metabolic hubs in cells , changes in mitochondrial metabolism are likely to affect the epigenome and , as such , ge...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "chemical", "compounds", "mitochondrial", "dna", "cell", "metabolism", "organic", "compounds", "forms", "of", "dna", "amino", "acids", "mitochondria", "dna", "epigenetics", "bioenergetics", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "dna", "m...	2018	Mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH) oxidation links the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle with methionine metabolism and nuclear DNA methylation
The progression of viral infections is notoriously difficult to follow in whole organisms . The small , transparent zebrafish larva constitutes a valuable system to study how pathogens spread . We describe here the course of infection of zebrafish early larvae with a heat-adapted variant of the Infectious Hematopoietic...	The zebrafish larva is uniquely amenable to imaging among vertebrate models because of its small size , transparency , and ease of anesthesia , making it a useful model to understand host-pathogen interactions . We have performed the first detailed analysis of a viral infection in zebrafish . Infection of zebrafish lar...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/animal", "models", "of", "infection", "immunology/innate", "immunity", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "virology/host", "antiviral", "responses", "virology/host", "invasion", "and", "cell", "entry" ]	2011	Whole-Body Analysis of a Viral Infection: Vascular Endothelium is a Primary Target of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in Zebrafish Larvae
Recent studies in simple model organisms have shown that centromere pairing is important for ensuring high-fidelity meiotic chromosome segregation . However , this process and the mechanisms regulating it in higher eukaryotes are unknown . Here we present the first detailed study of meiotic centromere pairing in mouse ...	Meiosis is the key developmental program of gametogenesis during which haploid gametes are generated to cope with the doubling chromosome number that occurs after fertilization . During the first meiotic division , homologous chromosomes pair , recombine , and dissociate . Errors in any of these processes are commonly ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "meiosis", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "chromosome", "biology", "nucleic", "acids", "centromeres", "dna", "recombination", "dna", "biology", "genomics", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Synaptonemal Complex Components Persist at Centromeres and Are Required for Homologous Centromere Pairing in Mouse Spermatocytes
Cowpea mosaic virus ( CPMV ) is a plant comovirus in the picornavirus superfamily , and is used for a wide variety of biomedical and material science applications . Although its replication is restricted to plants , CPMV binds to and enters mammalian cells , including endothelial cells and particularly tumor neovascula...	Cowpea mosaic virus ( CPMV ) , a plant virus that does not replicate in animals , is extensively used in material science and nanobiotechnology . CPMV has been found to specifically interact with mammalian cells after oral or intravenous administration , as well as in intravital vascular imaging studies that used a flu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "evolutionary", "biology", "virology" ]	2009	Endothelial Targeting of Cowpea Mosaic Virus (CPMV) via Surface Vimentin
Body tissues are generally 15N-enriched over the diet , with a discrimination factor ( Δ15N ) that varies among tissues and individuals as a function of their nutritional and physiopathological condition . However , both 15N bioaccumulation and intra- and inter-individual Δ15N variations are still poorly understood , s...	Body proteins ensure vital functions , and their constancy is maintained through the tight coordination of many nitrogen metabolic fluxes , but our understanding of how this flux system is regulated , and sometimes dysregulated , remains fragmentary and incomplete . Besides , body tissues are generally naturally enrich...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "protein", "metabolism", "particle", "physics", "mathematical", "models", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "atoms", "nutrition", "composite", "particles", "mathematical", "modeling", "amino", "acid", "metabolism", "research", "an...	2014	Natural Isotopic Signatures of Variations in Body Nitrogen Fluxes: A Compartmental Model Analysis
The universally conserved J-domain proteins ( JDPs ) are obligate cochaperone partners of the Hsp70 ( DnaK ) chaperone . They stimulate Hsp70's ATPase activity , facilitate substrate delivery , and confer specific cellular localization to Hsp70 . In this work , we have identified and characterized the first functional ...	Bacteriophages are the most abundant biological entities on earth . As a consequence , they represent the largest reservoir of unexplored genetic information . They control bacterial growth , mediate horizontal gene transfer , and thus exert profound influence on microbial ecology and growth . One of the striking featu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbial", "mutation", "microbiology", "gene", "function", "microbial", "evolution", "molecular", "genetics", "microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "microbial", "physiology", "proteins", "biology", "microbial", "ecology", "biochemistry", "virology", "gene", "iden...	2012	A Bacteriophage-Encoded J-Domain Protein Interacts with the DnaK/Hsp70 Chaperone and Stabilizes the Heat-Shock Factor σ32 of Escherichia coli
During retrovirus particle maturation , the assembled Gag polyprotein is cleaved by the viral protease into matrix ( MA ) , capsid ( CA ) , and nucleocapsid ( NC ) proteins . To form the mature viral capsid , CA rearranges , resulting in a lattice composed of hexameric and pentameric CA units . Recent structural studie...	HIV-1 virions assemble as immature particles that must undergo proteolytic maturation to become infectious . During the maturation process , the Gag polyprotein is cleaved into matrix ( MA ) , capsid ( CA ) , nucleocapsid ( NC ) , and p6 proteins , and CA assembles to form a mature viral capsid . Here , we determined t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "virology", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "structure" ]	2012	Protease Cleavage Leads to Formation of Mature Trimer Interface in HIV-1 Capsid
Caenorhabditis elegans ftn-1 and ftn-2 , which encode the iron-storage protein ferritin , are transcriptionally inhibited during iron deficiency in intestine . Intestinal specific transcription is dependent on binding of ELT-2 to GATA binding sites in an iron-dependent enhancer ( IDE ) located in ftn-1 and ftn-2 promot...	Due to its presence in proteins involved in hemoglobin synthesis , DNA synthesis , and mitochondrial respiration , eukaryotic cells require iron for survival . Excess iron can lead to oxidative damage , while iron deficiency reduces cell growth and causes cell death . Dysregulation of iron homeostasis in humans caused ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2011	HIF-1 Regulates Iron Homeostasis in Caenorhabditis elegans by Activation and Inhibition of Genes Involved in Iron Uptake and Storage
Embryonic stem cells ( ESCs ) consist of a population of self-renewing cells displaying extensive phenotypic and functional heterogeneity . Research towards the understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity among ESCs is still in its initial stage . Key issues , such as how to identify cell-su...	DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark with covalent modification that occurs directly on genetic material . In vertebrates , the most common form of DNA methylation is 5-methylcytosine ( 5-mC ) at which a methyl group ( CH3 ) is attached to the cytosine nucleotide , especially in the context of CpG dinucleotide . DNA m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "differentiation", "developmental", "biology", "probability", "distribution", "methylation", "mathematics", "epigenetics", "dna", "mammalian", "genomics", "dna", "methylation", "chromatin", "chromosome", "biology", "gene", "expression", "chemistry", "chromatin", "mo...	2018	Integrative single-cell omics analyses reveal epigenetic heterogeneity in mouse embryonic stem cells
The mechanisms involved in the persistence of activated CD4+ T lymphocytes following primary human T leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 ( HTLV-1 ) infection remain unclear . Here , we demonstrate that the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein modulates phosphorylation and transcriptional activity of the FOXO3a transcription factor , via ...	HTLV- infection contributes to the development of Adult T cell Leukemia ( ATL ) or the neurological disorder HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis ( HAM/TSP ) . HTLV-1 principally targets CD4+ T lymphocytes and causes profound changes in activation , immune function and cell death . The molecular me...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences" ]	2014	HTLV-1 Tax-Mediated Inhibition of FOXO3a Activity Is Critical for the Persistence of Terminally Differentiated CD4+ T Cells
MHC genes , which code for proteins responsible for presenting pathogen-derived antigens to the host immune system , show remarkable copy-number variation both between and within species . However , the evolutionary forces driving this variation are poorly understood . Here , we use computer simulations to investigate ...	Highly polymorphic genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex ( MHC ) code for proteins responsible for presenting antigens to lymphocytes , thus initiating adaptive immune response . The polymorphism is driven by coevolution with parasites which are selected to evade recognition by MHC proteins . Expressing many MH...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "parasite", "evolution", "pathogens", "immunology", "vertebrates", "animals", "parasitology", "clinical", "medicine", "molecular", "motors", "actin", "motors", "motor", "proteins", "c...	2019	Evolution of major histocompatibility complex gene copy number
Replicative DNA polymerases cannot insert efficiently nucleotides at sites of base lesions . This function is taken over by specialized translesion DNA synthesis ( TLS ) polymerases to allow DNA replication completion in the presence of DNA damage . In eukaryotes , Rad6- and Rad18-mediated PCNA ubiquitination at lysine...	Replicative DNA polymerases have the essential role of replicating genomic DNA during the S phase of each cell cycle . DNA replication occurs smoothly and accurately if the DNA to be replicated is undamaged . Conversely , replicative DNA polymerases stall abruptly when they encounter a damaged base on their template . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immunology", "dna-binding", "proteins", "dna", "damage", "fungi", "clinical", "medicine", "model", "organisms", "polymerases", "dna", "replication", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", "dna", ...	2017	The translesion DNA polymerases Pol ζ and Rev1 are activated independently of PCNA ubiquitination upon UV radiation in mutants of DNA polymerase δ
Bone morphogenetic proteins ( BMPs ) belong to the transforming growth factor β ( TGFβ ) superfamily of secreted molecules . BMPs play essential roles in multiple developmental and homeostatic processes in metazoans . Malfunction of the BMP pathway can cause a variety of diseases in humans , including cancer , skeletal...	The bone morphogenetic protein ( BMP ) signaling pathway is required for multiple developmental processes during metazoan development . Various diseases , including cancer , can result from mis-regulation of the BMP pathway . Thus , it is critical to identify factors that ensure proper regulation of BMP signaling . Usi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Promotion of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling by Tetraspanins and Glycosphingolipids
The circadian clock is accountable for the regulation of internal rhythms in most living organisms . It allows the anticipation of environmental changes during the day and a better adaptation of physiological processes . In mammals the main clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus ( SCN ) and synchronizes second...	Most organisms have evolved an internal clock which allows them to anticipate and react to the light/dark daily rhythm and is able to generate oscillation with a circa 24 hour rhythm . A molecular network involving feedback loops is responsible for the rhythm generation . A large number of clock-controlled genes pass o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "biology", "computational", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2011	Tuning the Mammalian Circadian Clock: Robust Synergy of Two Loops
Measles virus ( MeV ) and all Paramyxoviridae members rely on a complex polymerase machinery to ensure viral transcription and replication . Their polymerase associates the phosphoprotein ( P ) and the L protein that is endowed with all necessary enzymatic activities . To be processive , the polymerase uses as template...	Three proteins , the polymerase L , the phosphoprotein P and the nucleoprotein N , interplay to ensure transcription and replication of measles virus , a member of the Paramyxoviridae family . A regular array of nucleoprotein shields the viral genomic RNA . The resulting nucleocapsid constitutes the template of RNA syn...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "chemical", "bonding", "luciferase", "nucleic", "acid", "synthesis", "enzymes", "messenger", "rna", "dna-binding", "proteins", "nucleocapsids", "microbiology", "viral", "structure", "enzymology", "dna", "transcription", "polymerases", "rna", "synthesis", "microbial", "gen...	2016	Modulation of Re-initiation of Measles Virus Transcription at Intergenic Regions by PXD to NTAIL Binding Strength
During the development of the visual system , high levels of energy are expended propelling axons from the retina to the brain . However , the role of intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism in the development of the visual system has been overlooked . Here , we report that the carbohydrate metabolites succinate and α...	Development of the visual system requires high levels of energy and tight regulation of multiple factors integrated by axon projections during navigation to their appropriate targets . While intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism have key roles in many biological processes , much less is known about their effects on ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "carbohydrate", "metabolism", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neuroscience", "developmental", "biology", "ganglion", "cells", "nerve", "fibers", "embryos", "embryology", "developmental", "neuroscience", "sensory", "physiology", "animal", "cells", "axons", "short...	2018	Receptors of intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism, GPR91 and GPR99, mediate axon growth
Human African Trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) is a neglected tropical disease caused by infections due to Trypanosoma brucei subspecies . In addition to the well-established environmental and behavioural risks of becoming infected , there is evidence for a genetic component to the response to trypanosome infection . We underto...	Human African Trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) , or sleeping sickness , is a parasitic disease caused by flagellated parasites of the genus Trypanosoma . This disease has been included into the WHO roadmap for neglected tropical diseases with elimination as a public health problem targeted for 2020 and the interruption of trans...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "african", "trypanosomiasis", "variant", "genotypes", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "alleles", "genetic", "mapping", "protozoans", "neglected", "tropical", ...	2019	Association between IL1 gene polymorphism and human African trypanosomiasis in populations of sleeping sickness foci of southern Cameroon
The ability to respond to stress is at the core of an organism's survival . The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine play a central role in stress responses in mammals , which require the synchronized interaction of the whole neuroendocrine system . Mammalian adrenergic receptors are G-coupled protein receptors ( GP...	Bacterial cells respond to the human stress hormones epinephrine ( adrenaline ) and norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) . These hormones are sensed by a bacterial receptor named QseC , which is a sensor kinase in the membrane that increases its autophosphorylation upon binding to these host signals . In addition to recogn...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "microbiology/medical", "microbiology", "microbiology" ]	2009	The QseC Adrenergic Signaling Cascade in Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
The ability to taste bitterness evolved to safeguard most animals , including humans , against potentially toxic substances , thereby leading to food rejection . Nonetheless , bitter perception is subject to individual variations due to the presence of genetic functional polymorphisms in bitter taste receptor ( TAS2R )...	Human bitter taste is believed to protect us from the ingestion of poisonous substances , thereby shaping food rejections . Bitter perception differs , however , across individuals , due to genetic variations in the ~25 bitter taste receptor ( TAS2R ) genes . A famous example known since the 1930s is the inherited bitt...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Receptor Polymorphism and Genomic Structure Interact to Shape Bitter Taste Perception
Tuberous sclerosis complex ( TSC ) is a multisystem genetic disease that manifests with mental retardation , tumor formation , autism , and epilepsy . Heightened signaling through the mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ) pathway is involved in TSC pathology , however it remains unclear how other signaling pathways ar...	Tuberous sclerosis complex ( TSC ) is a genetic disorder that afflicts around 1 in 6 , 000 people and results from a mutation in one of two genes , TSC1 or TSC2 . TSC patients suffer a number of neuronal symptoms including various degrees of autism , mental retardation , and epilepsy , the latter found in more than 80%...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "developmental", "biology", "developmental", "neuroscience", "synaptic", "plasticity", "molecular", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "neurobiology", "of", "disease", "and", "regeneration", "epilepsy", "synapses", "signaling", "molecular", "developmen...	2013	Reduced Juvenile Long-Term Depression in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Is Mitigated in Adults by Compensatory Recruitment of mGluR5 and Erk Signaling
In 2015 , the mosquito Aedes albopictus was detected in Rabat , Morocco . This invasive species can be involved in the transmission of more than 25 arboviruses . It is known that each combination of mosquito population and virus genotype leads to a specific interaction that can shape the outcome of infection . Testing ...	The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is responsible for the transmission of several arboviruses such as dengue and chikungunya viruses . In 30 to 40 years , it has extended its geographical distribution in both tropical and temperate regions of all continents . The species was first detected in September 2015 , in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "dengue", "virus", "morocco", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "togaviruses", "chikungunya", "infection", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "pathogens", "geographical", "...	2019	Potential of Aedes albopictus to cause the emergence of arboviruses in Morocco
The ongoing conflict between viruses and their hosts can drive the co-evolution between host immune genes and viral suppressors of immunity . It has been suggested that an evolutionary ‘arms race’ may occur between rapidly evolving components of the antiviral RNAi pathway of Drosophila and viral genes that antagonize i...	Viruses and their hosts can engage in an evolutionary arms race . Viruses may select for hosts with more effective immune responses , whereas the immune response of the host may select for viruses that evade the immune system . These viral counter-defenses may in turn drive adaptations in host immune genes . A potentia...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "rna", "interference", "microbiology", "animals", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "epigenetics", "drosophila", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "viral", "immune", "evasion", "insects", "arthropoda", "bioche...	2014	Novel Drosophila Viruses Encode Host-Specific Suppressors of RNAi
Phenotypic heterogeneity can confer clonal groups of organisms with new functionality . A paradigmatic example is the bistable expression of virulence genes in Salmonella typhimurium , which leads to phenotypically virulent and phenotypically avirulent subpopulations . The two subpopulations have been shown to divide l...	Scientists have recently realized that nature and nurture are not the only determinants of an individual's traits; some organisms also use random molecular processes to generate phenotypic variation among genetically identical individuals . This raises the question of whether such phenotypic variation could be benefici...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "organismal", "evolution", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "microbial", "physiology", "ecology", "medical", "microbiology", "microbial", "evolution", "epidemiology", "disease", "dynamics", "microbial", "pathogens", "...	2014	Bistable Expression of Virulence Genes in Salmonella Leads to the Formation of an Antibiotic-Tolerant Subpopulation
Most cases of human African trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) start with a bite from one of the subspecies of Glossina fuscipes . Tsetse use a range of olfactory and visual stimuli to locate their hosts and this response can be exploited to lure tsetse to insecticide-treated targets thereby reducing transmission . To provide a r...	Efforts to control human African trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) would be strengthened by the development and application of more cost-effective methods of controlling the various species of tsetse fly vector . Among the most promising approaches is the use of insecticide-treated targets which use various olfactory and visual ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "vector", "biology", "tsetse", "fly", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2012	Optimizing the Colour and Fabric of Targets for the Control of the Tsetse Fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes
One of the major challenges for management of visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is early diagnosis of cases to improve treatment outcome and reduce transmission . We have therefore investigated active case detection of VL with the help of accredited social health activists ( ASHA ) . ASHAs are women who live in the communi...	Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is a potentially deadly parasitic disease that affects over 20 , 000 people in Bihar , India annually . Accredited social health activists ( ASHA ) are women who live in the community and render their services towards maternal and other health concerns in the villages where VL is endemic ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "and", "occupational", "health", "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences" ]	2014	Impact of ASHA Training on Active Case Detection of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Bihar, India
Few effective drugs are available for soil-transmitted helminthiases and drug resistance is of concern . In the present work , we tested the efficacy of the veterinary drug monepantel , a potential drug development candidate compared to standard drugs in vitro and in parasite-rodent models of relevance to human soil-tr...	Soil-transmitted helminthiases affect more than one billion people among the most vulnerable populations in developing countries . Currently , control of these infections primarily relies on chemotherapy . Only five drugs are available , all of which have been in use for decades . None of the drugs are efficacious usin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "soil-transmitted", "helminths", "trichuriasis", "hookworm", "infection", "parasitic", "diseases", "helminth", "infection" ]	2011	In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of Monepantel (AAD 1566) against Laboratory Models of Human Intestinal Nematode Infections
Sexual dimorphisms in trait expression are widespread among animals and are especially pronounced in ornaments and weapons of sexual selection , which can attain exaggerated sizes . Expression of exaggerated traits is usually male-specific and nutrition sensitive . Consequently , the developmental mechanisms generating...	Sexual dimorphisms such as the exaggerated antlers of deer , the enormous clawed chelae of crabs , and the horns and mandibles of beetles , are widespread across animal taxa and have fascinated biologists for centuries . Much recent work has uncovered the importance of the role of the sex-determination pathway in the e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "genetics", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "zoology" ]	2014	Developmental Link between Sex and Nutrition; doublesex Regulates Sex-Specific Mandible Growth via Juvenile Hormone Signaling in Stag Beetles
During evolution , herpesviruses have developed numerous , and often very ingenious , strategies to counteract efficient host immunity . Specifically , Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) eludes host immunity by undergoing a dormant stage , called latency wherein it expresses a minimal number of viral prot...	The complement system is an important part of the innate immune system . Pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to evade host immune responses including attack of the complement system . Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma ( KS ) , primary effusion lymphoma and a subs...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "oncology", "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "clinical", "immunology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "microbiology" ]	2014	Exploitation of the Complement System by Oncogenic Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus for Cell Survival and Persistent Infection
Trypanosoma cruzi , the causative agent of Chagas disease , displays significant genetic variability revealed by six Discrete Typing Units ( TcI-TcVI ) . In this pathology , oral transmission represents an emerging epidemiological scenario where different outbreaks associated to food/beverages consumption have been rep...	Chagas disease represents a serious health problem affecting more than 10 million people in the Americas . The oral transmission route has emerged as a new epidemiological scenario that needs to be considered in prevention and control strategies . Herein was developed a high-resolution molecular characterization using ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "chagas", "disease", "molecular", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "genetics", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "parasitic", "diseases", "evolutionary", "systematic...	2013	Molecular Epidemiology of Human Oral Chagas Disease Outbreaks in Colombia
The second messenger , cyclic diguanylate ( c-di-GMP ) , regulates diverse cellular processes in bacteria . C-di-GMP is produced by diguanylate cyclases ( DGCs ) , degraded by phosphodiesterases ( PDEs ) , and receptors couple c-di-GMP production to cellular responses . In many bacteria , including Vibrio cholerae , mu...	C-di-GMP is a ubiquitous intracellular signaling molecule in bacteria and controls diverse cellular processes including biofilm formation , motility and virulence . The genomes of many bacteria often contain numerous genes encoding proteins predicted to produce and degrade c-di-GMP . However , it is currently unclear h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "biology", "microbiology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Cellular Levels and Binding of c-di-GMP Control Subcellular Localization and Activity of the Vibrio cholerae Transcriptional Regulator VpsT
Mechanisms that generate transcript diversity are of fundamental importance in eukaryotes . Although a large fraction of human protein-coding genes and lincRNAs produce more than one mRNA isoform each , the regulation of this phenomenon is still incompletely understood . Much progress has been made in deciphering the r...	Traditionally , the regulation of gene expression was thought to be largely based on DNA and RNA sequence motifs . However , this dogma has recently been challenged as other factors , such as epigenetic patterning of the genome , have become better understood . Sparse but convincing experimental evidence suggests that ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genomics", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "epigenomics", "computational", "biology" ]	2014	Histone Modifications Are Associated with Transcript Isoform Diversity in Normal and Cancer Cells
The current Japanese encephalitis ( JE ) vaccine derived from G3 JE virus ( JEV ) can induce protective immunity against G1–G4 JEV genotypes . However , protective efficacy against the emerging G5 genotype has not been reported . Using in vitro and in vivo tests , biological phenotype and cross-immunoreactions were com...	The human disease Japanese encephalitis ( JE ) can be prevented by vaccination , although it is not entirely clear if the emerging JEV G5 genotype can be controlled using the vaccine based on the G3 genotype . Consequently , we systematically compared G3 and G5 cross-neutralizing immune responses in vaccinated humans a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "viral", "vaccines", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "china", "immunology", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "pediatrics", "vaccines", "preventive", "medicine", "pediatric", "infections", "antibod...	2016	Low Protective Efficacy of the Current Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine against the Emerging Genotype 5 Japanese Encephalitis Virus
In F . graminearum , the transcriptional regulator Tri6 is encoded within the trichothecene gene cluster and regulates genes involved in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolite deoxynivalenol ( DON ) . The Tri6 protein with its Cys2His2 zinc-finger may also conform to the class of global transcription regulators ....	Our knowledge of mechanisms involved in the activation and biosynthesis of DON comes largely from in vitro culture studies . Cumulated knowledge suggests that the physiological status of the fungus and the availability of nutrients are the main determining factors for DON production . Integration of various environment...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "biology", "metabolism" ]	2011	Tri6 Is a Global Transcription Regulator in the Phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum
AmBisome therapy for VL has an excellent efficacy and safety profile and has been adopted as a first-line regimen in Bangladesh . Second-line treatment options are limited and should preferably be given in short course combinations in order to prevent the development of resistant strains . Combination regimens includin...	Treatment is one of the key strategies for visceral leishmaniasis control and elimination . Historically a number of monotherapy drugs for VL treatment were used in Bangladesh , including pentavalent antimonials , amphotericin B deoxycholate ( AmB ) , and miltefosine ( MF ) . With the limited number of drugs available ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "clinical", "research", "design", "vomiting", "geographical", "locations", "tropical", "diseases", "india", "parasitic", "diseases", "research", "design", "physiological", "processes", ...	2017	Safety and efficacy of short course combination regimens with AmBisome, miltefosine and paromomycin for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Bangladesh
We introduce an Active Vertex Model ( AVM ) for cell-resolution studies of the mechanics of confluent epithelial tissues consisting of tens of thousands of cells , with a level of detail inaccessible to similar methods . The AVM combines the Vertex Model for confluent epithelial tissues with active matter dynamics . Th...	We present a detailed analysis of the Active Vertex Model to study the mechanics of confluent epithelial tissues and cell monolayers . The model combines the commonly used Vertex Model for describing epithelial tissue mechanics with the active matter dynamics extensively studied in soft matter physics . We utlise an ex...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "Results", "and", "discussion" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "cell", "motility", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "classical", "mechanics", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "cell", "polarity", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "physiological", "processes", "developmen...	2017	Active Vertex Model for cell-resolution description of epithelial tissue mechanics
Neural systems are inherently noisy , and this noise can affect our perception from moment to moment . This is particularly apparent in binocular rivalry , where perception of competing stimuli shown to the left and right eyes alternates over time . We modulated rivalling stimuli using dynamic sequences of external noi...	Although our perception of the world appears constant , sensory representations are variable because of the ‘noisy’ nature of biological neurons . Here we used a binocular rivalry paradigm , in which conflicting images are shown to the two eyes , to probe the properties of this internal variability . Using a novel para...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "engineering", "and", "technology", "signal", "processing", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "signal", "filtering", "perception", "cognitive", "psychology", "white", "noise", "vision", "eyes", "head", "psychology", "bandpass...	2019	Dynamic properties of internal noise probed by modulating binocular rivalry
Streptococcus equi subsp . zooepidemicus ( SEZ ) is a zoonotic pathogen capable of causing meningitis in humans . The mechanisms that enable pathogens to traverse the blood-brain barrier ( BBB ) are incompletely understood . Here , we investigated the role of a newly identified Fic domain-containing protein , BifA , in...	Streptococcus equi subsp . zooepidemicus ( SEZ ) is an important animal pathogen and can cause meningitis in humans . Little is known about how this Group C streptococcal species penetrates the blood-brain barrier ( BBB ) . We identified bifA , a gene that is critical for SEZ to cause meningitis in mice and to penetrat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "phosphorylation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "molecular", "probe", "techniques", "endothelial", "cells", "permeability", "immunoblotting", "plasmid", "construction", "epithelial", "cells", "health", "care", "materials", "science", "dna", "construction", "mo...	2019	A streptococcal Fic domain-containing protein disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity by activating moesin in endothelial cells
DNA methylation is a key epigenetic regulator in all domains of life , yet the effects of most bacterial DNA methyltransferases on cellular processes are largely undefined . Here , we used diverse techniques , including bisulfite sequencing , transcriptomics , and transposon insertion site sequencing to extensively cha...	Methylation of DNA is used by numerous organisms to regulate a wide variety of cellular processes , but specific roles for most DNA methyltransferases have not been defined . We studied one such enzyme in Vibrio cholerae , the cholera pathogen , using genome-wide approaches to compare DNA methylation , gene expression ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	A Cytosine Methytransferase Modulates the Cell Envelope Stress Response in the Cholera Pathogen
Marine viruses play a critical role not only in the global geochemical cycles but also in the biology and evolution of their hosts . Despite their importance , viral diversity remains underexplored mostly due to sampling and cultivation challenges . Direct sequencing approaches such as viromics has provided new insight...	These data provided a glimpse of the genetic diversity and variability of viral sequences without introducing the amplification biases produced when studying viromes . Metagenomes contain abundant viral material due to cells retrieved while undergoing viral lysis or as temperate viruses inserted in the chromosome . Usi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "bacteriophages", "oceans", "microbiology", "sequence", "assembly", "tools", "viruses", "genomic", "databases", "metagenomics", "mediterranean", "sea", "aquatic", "environments", "genome", "analysis", "bodies", "of", "water",...	2017	Genome diversity of marine phages recovered from Mediterranean metagenomes: Size matters
Cells in developing organisms are subjected to particular mechanical forces that shape tissues and instruct cell fate decisions . How these forces are sensed and transmitted at the molecular level is therefore an important question , one that has mainly been investigated in cultured cells in vitro . Here , we elucidate...	Cells in our body are constantly exposed to mechanical forces , which they need to sense and react to . In previous studies , fluorescent force sensors were developed to demonstrate that individual proteins in adhesion structures of a cell experience forces in the piconewton ( pN ) range . However , these cells were an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "fluorescence", "imaging", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "muscle", "tissue", "fluorophotometry", "developmental", "biology", "muscle", "proteins", "pupae", "bioassays", "and", "physiological", "analysis", "muscle", "biochemistry", "muscle", "analysis", "researc...	2019	A small proportion of Talin molecules transmit forces at developing muscle attachments in vivo
Sleep plays a role in memory consolidation . This is demonstrated by improved performance and neural plasticity underlying that improvement after sleep . Targeted memory reactivation ( TMR ) allows the manipulation of sleep-dependent consolidation through intentionally biasing the replay of specific memories in sleep ,...	After a motor skill is learned , the memory undergoes "offline" processing so that improvement occurs even without further practice . Sleep has been shown to enhance this consolidation and , in the process , to reorganize the brain regions involved . However , it remains unclear how sleep does this , and whether differ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "&", "Methods" ]	[ "learning", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "functional", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "sleep", "brain", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "physiological", "p...	2016	Cued Reactivation of Motor Learning during Sleep Leads to Overnight Changes in Functional Brain Activity and Connectivity
It has been a long-standing goal in systems biology to find relations between the topological properties and functional features of protein networks . However , most of the focus in network studies has been on highly connected proteins ( “hubs” ) . As a complementary notion , it is possible to define bottlenecks as pro...	A network is a graph consisting of a number of nodes with edges connecting them . Recently , network models have been widely applied to biological systems . Here , we are mainly interested in two types of biological networks: the interaction network , where nodes are proteins and edges connect interacting partners; and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "saccharomyces", "computational", "biology" ]	2007	The Importance of Bottlenecks in Protein Networks: Correlation with Gene Essentiality and Expression Dynamics
Genome-wide scans of genetic variation can potentially provide detailed information on how modern humans colonized the world but require new methods of analysis . We introduce a statistical approach that uses Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ( SNP ) data to identify sharing of chromosomal segments between populations and...	Humans like to tell stories . Amongst the most captivating is the story of the global spread of modern humans from their original homeland in Africa . Traditionally this has been the preserve of anthropologists , but geneticists are starting to make an important contribution . However , genetic evidence is typically an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Simulations" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology/human", "evolution", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2008	Inferring Human Colonization History Using a Copying Model
The ability of any organism to sense and respond to challenges presented in the environment is critically important for promoting or restricting colonization of specific sites . Recent work has demonstrated that the host metabolite D-serine has the ability to markedly influence the outcome of infection by repressing th...	The host intestinal tract is a challenging environment for any foreign organisms not usually found within the microbiota . Intruding pathogens must survive physical barriers and readily compete with the local micro flora for limited nutrients within their preferred niche . In order to do this , intestinal pathogens hav...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2016	A Highly Conserved Bacterial D-Serine Uptake System Links Host Metabolism and Virulence
Dengue infection spread in naive populations occurs in an explosive and widespread fashion primarily due to the absence of population herd immunity , the population dynamics and dispersal of Ae . aegypti , and the movement of individuals within the urban space . Knowledge on the relative contribution of such factors to...	Global trends in population growth and human redistribution and movement have reshaped the map of dengue transmission risk , exposing a significant proportion of the world's population to the threat of dengue epidemics . Knowledge on the relative contribution of vector and human movement to the widespread and explosive...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/epidemiology", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "ecology/spatial", "and", "landscape", "ecology", "mathematics/statistics", "infectious", "diseases/epidemiology", "and", "control", "of", "infectious", "diseases" ]	2010	Quantifying the Spatial Dimension of Dengue Virus Epidemic Spread within a Tropical Urban Environment
Reproductive proteins are among the fastest evolving in the proteome , often due to the consequences of positive selection , and their rapid evolution is frequently attributed to a coevolutionary process between interacting female and male proteins . Such a process could leave characteristic signatures at coevolving ge...	When a sperm meets an egg , it must display the correct recognition proteins to achieve fertilization . Given the importance of fertilization one would think these proteins are perfected and do not change over time; however , recent studies show that they do change and quite rapidly . Thus , the sperm and egg must chan...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry/molecular", "evolution", "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "and", "comparative", "genetics", "evolutionary", "biology/sexual", "behavior", "molecular", "biology/molecular", "evolution", "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "a...	2009	Coevolution of Interacting Fertilization Proteins
Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) is linked to a broad spectrum of B-cell malignancies . EBV nuclear antigen 3C ( EBNA3C ) is an encoded latent antigen required for growth transformation of primary human B-lymphocytes . Interferon regulatory factor 4 ( IRF4 ) and 8 ( IRF8 ) are transcription factors of the IRF family that reg...	Interferon regulatory factor ( IRF ) family members have different roles in context of pathogen response , signal transduction , cell proliferation and hematopoietic development . IRF4 and IRF8 are members of the IRF family and are critical mediators of B-cell development . Enhanced expression of IRF4 is often associat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "viruses", "and", "cancer", "virology", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2013	The EBV Latent Antigen 3C Inhibits Apoptosis through Targeted Regulation of Interferon Regulatory Factors 4 and 8
The downstream functions of the DNA binding tumor suppressor p53 vary depending on the cellular context , and persistent p53 activation has recently been implicated in tumor suppression and senescence . However , genome-wide information about p53-target gene regulation has been derived mostly from acute genotoxic condi...	The p53 transcription factor is a frequently mutated tumour suppressor that contributes to repairing or eliminating damaged cells . Levels of p53 are typically regulated through its stability; it is constantly produced and degraded , so that upon stress , p53 is up-regulated quickly . This acutely induced p53 has been ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Phenotype Specific Analyses Reveal Distinct Regulatory Mechanism for Chronically Activated p53
Land plants have evolved increasingly complex regulatory modes of their flowering time ( or heading date in crops ) . Rice ( Oryza sativa L . ) is a short-day plant that flowers more rapidly in short-day but delays under long-day conditions . Previous studies have shown that the CO-FT module initially identified in lon...	Rice is an important source of calories for mankind . Flowering time determines cropping seasons and regional adaptability of crops . Rice is originated from its wild progenitor , O . rufipogon , which is mainly distributed at tropical latitudes with a northern limit about 28 °N , more than 10 , 000 years ago . However...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "plant", "science", "plant", "biology", "genetics", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	Ehd4 Encodes a Novel and Oryza-Genus-Specific Regulator of Photoperiodic Flowering in Rice
Candida metapsilosis is a rarely-isolated , opportunistic pathogen that belongs to a clade of pathogenic yeasts known as the C . parapsilosis sensu lato species complex . To gain insight into the recent evolution of C . metapsilosis and the genetic basis of its virulence , we sequenced the genome of 11 clinical isolate...	Human pathogens belong to different phylogenetic clades and it is clear that the ability to infect humans emerged several times independently . The sequencing and comparison of genomes from pathogenic and non-pathogenic species and strains paves the way to identify what genomic changes underlie the emergence of virulen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The Genomic Aftermath of Hybridization in the Opportunistic Pathogen Candida metapsilosis
The bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei ( BSF ) , the parasite protist causing sleeping sickness , primarily proliferate in the blood of their mammalian hosts . The skin and adipose tissues were recently identified as additional major sites for parasite development . Glucose was the only carbon source known to be u...	Until very recently , the bloodstream forms ( BSF ) of the Trypanosoma brucei group species have been considered to propagate exclusively in the mammalian fluids , including the blood , the lymphatic network and the cerebrospinal fluid . All these fluids are rich in glucose , which is widely considered by the scientifi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "carbohydrate", "metabolism", "chemical", "compounds", "monomers", "phosphates", "enzymology", "carbohydrates", "glucose", "metabolism", "organic", "compounds", "parasitic", "protozoans", "glucose", "cell", "metabolism", "oxygen", "metabolism", "protoz...	2018	Glycerol supports growth of the Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms in the absence of glucose: Analysis of metabolic adaptations on glycerol-rich conditions
Metabolic reactions of single-cell organisms are routinely observed to become dispensable or even incapable of carrying activity under certain circumstances . Yet , the mechanisms as well as the range of conditions and phenotypes associated with this behavior remain very poorly understood . Here we predict computationa...	Cellular growth and other integrated metabolic functions are manifestations of the coordinated interconversion of a large number of chemical compounds . But what is the relation between such whole-cell behaviors and the activity pattern of the individual biochemical reactions ? In this study , we have used flux balance...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/metabolic", "networks", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology" ]	2008	Spontaneous Reaction Silencing in Metabolic Optimization
There is a paucity of robust epidemiological data on snakebite , and data available from hospitals and localized or time-limited surveys have major limitations . No study has investigated the incidence of snakebite across a whole country . We undertook a community-based national survey and model based geostatistics to ...	Snakebite is a neglected tropical disease which mainly affects the rural poor in tropical countries . There is little reliable data on snakebite , which makes it difficult to estimate the true disease burden . Hospital statistics underestimate numbers of snakebites because a significant proportion of victims in tropica...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cognitive", "science", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "decision", "making", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "neuroscience", "animals", "epidemiological", "methods", "and", "statis...	2016	Mapping the Risk of Snakebite in Sri Lanka - A National Survey with Geospatial Analysis
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy ( OPMD ) , a late-onset disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of specific muscles , results from the extension of a polyalanine tract in poly ( A ) binding protein nuclear 1 ( PABPN1 ) . While the roles of PABPN1 in nuclear polyadenylation and regulation of alternative po...	Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy is a genetic disease characterized by progressive degeneration of specific muscles , leading to ptosis ( eyelid drooping ) , dysphagia ( swallowing difficulties ) and proximal limb weakness . The disease results from mutations in a nuclear protein called poly ( A ) binding protein nuc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Mitochondrial Dysfunction Reveals the Role of mRNA Poly(A) Tail Regulation in Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy Pathogenesis
Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen that colonizes about 20% of the human population . Intriguingly , this Gram-positive bacterium can survive and thrive under a wide range of different conditions , both inside and outside the human body . Here , we investigated the transcriptional adaptation of S . aureus HG001 ...	The major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus can survive under a wide range of conditions , both inside and outside the human body . The goal of this study was to determine how S . aureus adapts to such different conditions and , additionally , we wanted to identify general factors governing the staphylococcal transc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "bacillus", "microbiology", "staphylococcus", "aureus", "dna", "transcription", "prokaryotic", "models", "regulator", "genes", "model", "organisms", ...	2016	Staphylococcus aureus Transcriptome Architecture: From Laboratory to Infection-Mimicking Conditions
Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A is the main causative pathogen of meningitis epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa . In recent years , serogroup W135 has also been the cause of epidemics . Mass vaccination campaigns with polysaccharide vaccines are key elements in controlling these epidemics . Facing global vaccine shorta...	Meningitis are infections of the lining of the brain and spinal cord and can cause high fever , blood poisoning , and brain damage , as well as result in death in up to 10% of cases . Epidemics of meningitis occur almost every year in parts of sub-Saharan Africa , throughout a high-burden area spanning Senegal to Ethio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/infectious", "diseases", "of", "the", "nervous", "system", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "neurological", "disorders/infectious", "diseases", "of", "the", "nervous", "system", "immunology/immune", "response", "pediatrics", ...	2008	Immunogenicity of Fractional Doses of Tetravalent A/C/Y/W135 Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine: Results from a Randomized Non-Inferiority Controlled Trial in Uganda
Genetic disruption of the dystrophin complex produces muscular dystrophy characterized by a fragile muscle plasma membrane leading to excessive muscle degeneration . Two genetic modifiers of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy implicate the transforming growth factor β ( TGFβ ) pathway , osteopontin encoded by the SPP1 gene an...	Genetic modifiers for muscular dystrophy have been identified through transcriptomic and genomic profiling in humans and mouse models . Two modifiers , Ltbp4 and Spp1 , encode extracellular proteins while a third modifier , Anxa6 , specifies a membrane-associated protein . Using a model of muscle injury , we assessed t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "traumatic", "injury", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "engineering", "and", "technology", "lasers", "animal", "models", "muscle", "proteins", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "optical", "equipment", "genetic", "engi...	2017	Genetic modifiers of muscular dystrophy act on sarcolemmal resealing and recovery from injury
Giardia duodenalis is prevalent in tropical settings where diverse opportunities exist for transmission between people and animals . We conducted a cross-sectional study of G . duodenalis in people , livestock , and wild primates near Kibale National Park , Uganda , where human-livestock-wildlife interaction is high du...	Giardia duodenalis is a common protozoan parasite that infects multiple mammalian species , including humans . We analyzed G . duodenalis from people , livestock , and wild non-human primates in forest fragments near Kibale National Park , western Uganda , where habitat disturbance and human-animal interaction are high...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "ecology", "infectious", "diseases/epidemiology", "and", "control", "of", "infectious", "diseases" ]	2010	Molecular Epidemiology of Cross-Species Giardia duodenalis Transmission in Western Uganda
β-III spectrin is present in the brain and is known to be important in the function of the cerebellum . Heterozygous mutations in SPTBN2 , the gene encoding β-III spectrin , cause Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 5 ( SCA5 ) , an adult-onset , slowly progressive , autosomal-dominant pure cerebellar ataxia . SCA5 is sometimes...	β-III spectrin is present in the brain and is known to be important in the function of the cerebellum . Mutations in β-III spectrin cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 ( SCA5 ) , sometimes called Lincoln ataxia because it was first described in the relatives of United States President Abraham Lincoln . This is generall...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "medicine", "model", "organisms", "pediatrics", "and", "child", "health", "neurology", "genetics", "neurological", "disorders", "biology", "genomics", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "neuroscience", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "pediatrics", "clinical",...	2012	Recessive Mutations in SPTBN2 Implicate β-III Spectrin in Both Cognitive and Motor Development
Many immune correlates of CD8+ T-cell-mediated control of HIV replication , including polyfunctionality , proliferative ability , and inhibitory receptor expression , have been discovered . However , no functional correlates using ex vivo cells have been identified with the known ability to cause the direct elimination...	While the majority HIV-infected individuals progress to AIDS , a fraction of these individuals—for reasons not completely understood—do not develop AIDS and also display sustained control over viral replication; these subjects are sometimes referred to as elite controllers ( EC ) . Prior evidence has shown that HIV-spe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/hiv", "infection", "and", "aids", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology/immune", "response" ]	2010	Perforin Expression Directly Ex Vivo by HIV-Specific CD8+ T-Cells Is a Correlate of HIV Elite Control
Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) , an alphavirus that causes fever and severe polyarthralgia , swept through the Americas in 2014 with almost 2 million suspected or confirmed cases reported by April 2016 . In this study , we estimate the direct medical costs , cost of lost wages due to absenteeism , and years lived with dis...	Chikungunya , a virus carried and transmitted by mosquitoes , causes fever , headache , and severe joint pain in humans that often resolves within 7–10 days . However , a proportion of cases , up to 79% in some outbreaks , report persistent joint pain and chronic inflammatory rheumatism , resulting in decreased quality...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "employment", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "togaviruses", "chikungunya", "infection", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "social", "sciences", "indirect", "costs", "alphaviruses", "health", "care"...	2019	Estimating the cost of illness and burden of disease associated with the 2014–2015 chikungunya outbreak in the U.S. Virgin Islands
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus invade Gram-negative bacteria in a predatory process requiring Type IV pili ( T4P ) at a single invasive pole , and also glide on surfaces to locate prey . Ras-like G-protein MglA , working with MglB and RomR in the deltaproteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus , regulates adventurous gliding and T...	Bacterial cell polarity control is important for maintaining asymmetry of polar components such as flagella and pili . Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a predatory deltaproteobacterium which attaches to , and invades , other bacteria using Type IV pili ( T4P ) extruded from the specialised , invasive , non-flagellar pole ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "organismal", "evolution", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "microbiology", "gene", "function", "developmental", "biology", "mutation", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "speciation", "microbial", "evolution", "microbial...	2014	Ras GTPase-Like Protein MglA, a Controller of Bacterial Social-Motility in Myxobacteria, Has Evolved to Control Bacterial Predation by Bdellovibrio
Fascioliasis is a neglected zoonosis with major public health implications in humans . Although triclabendazole ( TCBZ ) is the drug of choice , there are records of TCBZ failure worldwide . TCBZ-resistant fascioliasis is treated with alternative approved drugs including nitazoxanide ( NTZ ) , with varying levels of ef...	Fascioliasis is a neglected zoonosis with major public health implications in humans . Triclabendazole ( TCBZ ) is the drug of choice , but alternative approved drugs are necessary in cases of TCBZ failure . Nitazoxanide ( NTZ ) is an alternative used in such cases . However , the efficacy of NTZ in TCBZ-failure cases ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "helminths", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "fascioliasis", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals",...	2019	Evaluation of nitazoxanide treatment following triclabendazole failure in an outbreak of human fascioliasis in Upper Egypt
Human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) infects about 50% of the US population , is the leading infectious cause of birth defects , and is considered the most important infectious agent in transplant recipients . The virus infects many cell types in vivo and in vitro . While previous studies have identified several cellular pro...	Human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) is an important human pathogen that infects about half the US population and is a major cause of birth defects and morbidity in transplant recipients . Despite extensive research , much is still unknown regarding how the virus enters cells . We identified THY-1 , a protein on the surface ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	THY-1 Cell Surface Antigen (CD90) Has an Important Role in the Initial Stage of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection
The causes and mechanisms of evolutionary diversification are central issues in biology . Geographic isolation is the traditional explanation for diversification , but recent theoretical and empirical studies have shown that frequency-dependent selection can drive diversification without isolation and that adaptive div...	The causes and mechanisms of evolutionary diversification are central issues in biology . There is well-established theory that predicts that adaptive diversification can arise because of ecological interactions between individuals , such as competition or predation , but there are no empirical examples in which this p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2013	Parallel Evolutionary Dynamics of Adaptive Diversification in Escherichia coli
The herpesvirus proteins HSV-1 ICP27 and HVS ORF57 promote viral mRNA export by utilizing the cellular mRNA export machinery . This function is triggered by binding to proteins of the transcription-export ( TREX ) complex , in particular to REF/Aly which directs viral mRNA to the TAP/NFX1 pathway and , subsequently , t...	When invading host cells , herpes viruses highjack cellular components to allow them to replicate . It has been long recognized that each herpes virus has a specific signature adaptor protein which , among other functions , inserts viral mRNA into the cellular mRNA nuclear export pathway , enabling production of viral ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/macromolecular", "structure", "analysis", "biophysics/macromolecular", "assemblies", "and", "machines", "molecular", "biology/rna-protein", "interactions", "biochemistry/experimental", "biophysical", "methods", "biophysics/biomacromolecule-ligand", "interactio...	2011	Structural Basis for the Recognition of Cellular mRNA Export Factor REF by Herpes Viral Proteins HSV-1 ICP27 and HVS ORF57
Genotype-phenotype relationships can vary extensively among members of a species . One cause of this variation is circuit diversification , the alteration of gene regulatory relationships among members of a species . Circuit diversification is thought to be a starting point for the circuit divergence or rewiring that o...	Much of what we know about microbial pathogens is derived from in-depth analysis of one or a few standard laboratory strains . This statement is especially true for the fungal pathogen Candida albicans , because most studies have centered on strain SC5314 and its genetically marked derivatives . Here we examine the fun...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biofilms", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "microbiology", "mutation", "fungi", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "fungal", "pathogens", ...	2019	Circuit diversification in a biofilm regulatory network
In order to better assist medical professionals , this study aimed to develop and compare the performance of three models—a multivariate logistic regression ( LR ) model , an artificial neural network ( ANN ) model , and a decision tree ( DT ) model—to predict the prognosis of patients with advanced schistosomiasis res...	Worldwide , approximately 240 million individuals are infected with schistosomiasis , a parasitic neglected tropical disease that continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality , especially in China . Effective tools that can accurately predict the prognosis of patients with advanced schistosomiasis wou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "helminths", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "neuroscience", "animals", "data", "mining", "artificial", "neural", "networks", "mathematics", "forecasting", "statistics", "(mathematics)...	2018	Comparison of three data mining models for prediction of advanced schistosomiasis prognosis in the Hubei province
We have reported that transcription of a hypothetical small open reading frame ( orf60 ) in enteroaggregative E . coli ( EAEC ) strain 042 is impaired after mutation of aggR , which encodes a global virulence activator . We have also reported that the cryptic orf60 locus was linked to protection against EAEC diarrhea i...	We report here the identification and characterization of a new family of negative regulators in Gram-negative bacteria , including many pathotypes of diarrheagenic Enterobacteriaceae and members of the Pasteurellaceae . Members of this regulator family in enteroaggregative ( EAEC ) and enterotoxigenic E . coli ( ETEC ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "escherichia", "coli", "gram", "negative", "bacteria", "medical", "microbiology", "microbial", "pathogens", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "microbiology", "bacterial", "pathogens" ]	2014	A Large Family of Antivirulence Regulators Modulates the Effects of Transcriptional Activators in Gram-negative Pathogenic Bacteria
In some tropical countries , such as Brazil , schistosomiasis control programs have led to a significant reduction in the prevalence and parasite burden of endemic populations . In this setting , the Kato-Katz technique , as the standard diagnostic method for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infections , which invo...	Human infection with the flatworm Schistosoma mansoni continues to be a public health problem in many tropical countries , including Brazil . The parasitological method recommended by the World Health Organization for the detection of intestinal schistosomiasis , the Kato-Katz method ( KK ) , underestimates the prevale...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "schistosoma", "mansoni", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "helminths", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "parasitology", "urine", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "intest...	2018	Evaluation of diagnostic methods for the detection of intestinal schistosomiasis in endemic areas with low parasite loads: Saline gradient, Helmintex, Kato-Katz and rapid urine test

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