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Pathogenic Salmonella strains that cause gastroenteritis are able to colonize and replicate within the intestines of multiple host species . In general , these strains have retained an ability to form the rdar morphotype , a resistant biofilm physiology hypothesized to be important for Salmonella transmission . In cont...	African clades of nontyphoidal Salmonella cause invasive disease on a daily basis and thousands of deaths each year . Although it is generally accepted that the transmission route for these organisms is fecal-oral , we know very little about their behaviour in the environment between hosts . In this paper , we have ide...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biofilms", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chemical", "compounds", "cellulose", "pathogens", "microbiology", "operons", "salmonella", "typhi", "organic", "compounds", "bacterial", "diseases", "enterobacteriaceae", "...	2019	Parallel evolution leading to impaired biofilm formation in invasive Salmonella strains
Control of HIV replication is a rare immunological event , providing clues to understand the viral control mechanism . CD8+ T-cell responses are crucial for virus control , but it is unclear whether lasting HIV containment can be achieved after establishment of infection . Here , we describe lasting SIV containment in ...	CD8+ T-cell responses are crucial for HIV control , but it is unclear whether lasting HIV containment can be achieved after establishment of infection . Several T cell-based vaccine trials have currently shown primary viremia control in macaque AIDS models of simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV ) infection , but residu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Broadening of Virus-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Responses Is Indicative of Residual Viral Replication in Aviremic SIV Controllers
Long-term , repeated measurements of individual synaptic properties have revealed that synapses can undergo significant directed and spontaneous changes over time scales of minutes to weeks . These changes are presumably driven by a large number of activity-dependent and independent molecular processes , yet how these ...	Synapses are specialized sites of cell–cell contact that serve to transmit signals between neurons and their targets , most commonly other neurons . It is widely believed that changes in synaptic properties , driven by prior activity or by other physiological signals , represent a major cellular mechanism by which neur...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mathematics", "neural", "networks", "biophysics", "theory", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "physical", "sciences", "stochastic", "processes", "biophysics", "neuroscience", "probability", "theory" ]	2014	Synaptic Size Dynamics as an Effectively Stochastic Process
Macroscopic oscillations of different brain regions show multiple phase relationships that are persistent across time and have been implicated in routing information . While multiple cellular mechanisms influence the network oscillatory dynamics and structure the macroscopic firing motifs , one of the key questions is ...	Large scale brain oscillations emerge from synaptic interactions within neuronal circuits . Over the past years , such macroscopic rhythms have been suggested to play a crucial role in routing the flow of information across cortical regions , resulting in a functional connectome . The underlying mechanism is cortical o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "action", "potentials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neural", "networks", "phase", "determination", "nervous", "system", "membrane", "potential", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "ganglion", "cells", "waves", "crystallographic", "techniques", "research", ...	2019	Macroscopic phase resetting-curves determine oscillatory coherence and signal transfer in inter-coupled neural circuits
When Caenorhabditis elegans encounters an unfavourable stimulus at its anterior , it responds by initiating an avoidance response , namely reversal of locomotion . The amphid neurons , ASHL and ASHR , are polymodal in function , with roles in the avoidance responses to high osmolarity , nose touch , and both volatile a...	In order to avoid potential hazards , animals detect and discriminate between a wide range of aversive stimuli . To detect some of these stimuli , animals use polymodal sensory neurons , that is neurons of a single type that can detect a range of different stimuli and transmit an appropriate signal to the downstream ne...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "function", "neuroscience/neuronal", "signaling", "mechanisms", "cell", "biology/neuronal", "signaling", "mechanisms", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling" ]	2009	Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Signalling Regulates the Avoidance Response to Nose Touch in Caenorhabditis elegans
Trends in HIV virulence have been monitored since the start of the AIDS pandemic , as studying HIV virulence informs our understanding of HIV epidemiology and pathogenesis . Here , we model changes in HIV virulence as a strictly evolutionary process , using set point viral load ( SPVL ) as a proxy , to make inferences ...	Virulence can be defined as disease severity; virulence of a pathogen may evolve as the rates of host mortality and transmission are balanced . HIV virulence trends are estimated using set point viral load , a proxy for the rate of HIV disease progression . To assess the capacity for HIV virulence to evolve and to plac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "organismal", "evolution", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "population", "dynamics", "microbiology", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", ...	2014	An HIV Epidemic Model Based on Viral Load Dynamics: Value in Assessing Empirical Trends in HIV Virulence and Community Viral Load
Chickens , pigs , and cattle are key reservoirs of Salmonella enterica , a foodborne pathogen of worldwide importance . Though a decade has elapsed since publication of the first Salmonella genome , thousands of genes remain of hypothetical or unknown function , and the basis of colonization of reservoir hosts is ill-d...	Salmonella Typhimurium is a major cause of human diarrhoeal infections , usually acquired from chickens , pigs , cattle , or their products . To understand the basis of persistence and pathogenesis in these reservoir hosts , and to inform the design of novel vaccines and treatments , we generated a library of 7 , 702 S...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "animal", "welfare", "genetic", "mutation", "functional", "genomics", "microbiology", "genome", "sequencing", "animal", "management", "bacterial", "pathogens", "transposons", "microbial", "pathogens", "biology", "pathogenesis", "salmonella", "agriculture", "...	2013	Comprehensive Assignment of Roles for Salmonella Typhimurium Genes in Intestinal Colonization of Food-Producing Animals
Humans infected with yellow fever virus ( YFV ) , a mosquito-borne flavivirus , can develop illness ranging from a mild febrile disease to hemorrhagic fever and death . The 17D vaccine strain of YFV was developed in the 1930s , has been used continuously since development and has proven very effective . Genetic differe...	Yellow fever virus ( YFV ) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that can cause lethal hemorrhagic fever in infected humans . An effective live-attenuated vaccine , 17D , was developed in 1937 and continues to be used today . Over the past several years , a number of cases of vaccine-associated disease have been identified an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "cell", "motility", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "viral", "vaccines", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "antigen-presenting", "cells", "immunology", "microbiology", "vaccines", "preventive...	2016	Characterization of Yellow Fever Virus Infection of Human and Non-human Primate Antigen Presenting Cells and Their Interaction with CD4+ T Cells
Pathogens are known to manipulate the reproduction and development of their hosts for their own benefit . Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacterium that infects a wide range of insect species . Wolbachia is known as an example of a parasite that manipulates the sex of its host's progeny . Infection of Ostrinia moths by W...	Pathogens are known to manipulate the physiology , behavior , and reproduction of their hosts for their own benefit . The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia is known to manipulate the sex of its host's progeny . Male-killing is one of the phenotypes that Wolbachia induces , but the mechanism of how Wolbachia induces sex...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The Endosymbiotic Bacterium Wolbachia Selectively Kills Male Hosts by Targeting the Masculinizing Gene
Toxoplasma gondii causes substantial morbidity , mortality , and costs for healthcare in the developed and developing world . Current medicines are not well tolerated and cause hypersensitivity reactions . The dihydrotriazine JPC-2067-B ( 4 , 6-diamino-1 , 2-dihydro-2 , 2-dimethyl-1- ( 3′ ( 2-chloro- , 4-trifluorometho...	Toxoplasmosis is a neglected tropical disease , an emerging disease as well as a significant problem in developed countries causing a substantial health burden . Better medicines with less toxicity are greatly needed . Herein , we found that a novel triazine currently being advanced to clinical trials for malaria , JPC...	[ "Abstract", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections" ]	2008	Novel Triazine JPC-2067-B Inhibits Toxoplasma gondii In Vitro and In Vivo
In this paper we describe how to efficiently record the entire genetic history of a population in forwards-time , individual-based population genetics simulations with arbitrary breeding models , population structure and demography . This approach dramatically reduces the computational burden of tracking individual gen...	Sexually reproducing organisms are related to the others in their species by the complex web of parent-offspring relationships that constitute the pedigree . In this paper , we describe a way to record all of these relationships , as well as how genetic material is passed down through the pedigree , during a forwards-t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "taxonomy", "applied", "mathematics", "population", "genetics", "trees", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "algorithms", "phylogenetics", "data", "management", "mathematics", "phylogenetic", "analysis", "genome", "analysis", "population", "biology", "plants", "research", "...	2018	Efficient pedigree recording for fast population genetics simulation
For the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , nutrient limitation is a key developmental signal causing diploid cells to switch from yeast-form budding to either foraging pseudohyphal ( PH ) growth or meiosis and sporulation . Prolonged starvation leads to lineage restriction , such that cells exiting meiotic prophase are c...	Cellular differentiation involves the limitation of cellular potential in response to developmental cues . Budding yeast cells differentiate in response to nutrient availability . In the presence of nutrients , cells divide mitotically by producing round , yeast-form buds . Under nutrient limitation , cells can either ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "genetics", "biology", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	RNA Methylation by the MIS Complex Regulates a Cell Fate Decision in Yeast
Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) is transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes and is the cause of an acute febrile illness characterized by potentially debilitating arthralgia . After emerging in the Caribbean in late 2013 , the first locally-acquired case reported to public health authorities in Puerto Rico occurred in May 2...	Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne virus that causes an acute febrile illness that often occurs with severe joint pain . The virus first arrived in the Western Hemisphere in late 2013 and has since caused epidemics in much of the Caribbean and the Americas . During the first months of the 2014 epidemic in Puerto Rico , we...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dermatology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "togaviruses", "chikungunya", "infection", "respiratory", "infections", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "geographical", "locations", "alphaviruses", "p...	2016	Use of Household Cluster Investigations to Identify Factors Associated with Chikungunya Virus Infection and Frequency of Case Reporting in Puerto Rico
Balanced chromosomal rearrangements represent one of the most common forms of genetic abnormality affecting approximately 1 in every 500 ( 0 . 2% ) individuals . Difficulties processing the abnormal chromosomes during meiosis lead to an elevated risk of chromosomally abnormal gametes , resulting in high rates of miscar...	Translocations involve exchange of material between two or more chromosomes and are a common form of genetic abnormality . The rearrangements are difficult to process during meiosis , frequently producing gametes with missing/extra pieces of the affected chromosomes . It has been suggested that translocations might als...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "obstetrics", "and", "gynecology", "miscarriage", "and", "stillbirth", "developmental", "biology", "female", "subfertility", "women's", "health", "pregnancy", "obstetrics", "genetic", "testing", "embryology", "chromosomal", "disorders", "biology", "clinical", ...	2012	Embryos of Robertsonian Translocation Carriers Exhibit a Mitotic Interchromosomal Effect That Enhances Genetic Instability during Early Development
The metabolic events associated with maintaining redox homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) during infection are poorly understood . Here , we discovered a novel redox switching mechanism by which Mtb WhiB3 under defined oxidizing and reducing conditions differentially modulates the assimilation of propion...	Currently , approximately one-third of the world's population is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) , the bacterium that causes tuberculosis ( TB ) . A central question in TB research is to identify the mechanisms that allow the organism to persist for long periods of time in humans . The mycobac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections" ]	2009	Mycobacterium tuberculosis WhiB3 Maintains Redox Homeostasis by Regulating Virulence Lipid Anabolism to Modulate Macrophage Response
Enduring interest in the Apolipoprotein E ( ApoE ) polymorphism is ensured by its evolutionary-driven uniqueness in humans and its prominent role in geriatrics and gerontology . We use large samples of longitudinally followed populations from the Framingham Heart Study ( FHS ) original and offspring cohorts and the Lon...	Discovering genetic origins of healthspan and lifespan could lead to breakthroughs in increasing the years of healthy and long life . In this paper we characterize the association of the e4 allele of the well-studied ApoE gene with lifespan in two generations of participants of large longitudinal studies , the Framingh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "biology" ]	2014	Age, Gender, and Cancer but Not Neurodegenerative and Cardiovascular Diseases Strongly Modulate Systemic Effect of the Apolipoprotein E4 Allele on Lifespan
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to accumulate ≥17% ethanol ( v/v ) by fermentation in the absence of cell proliferation . The genetic basis of this unique capacity is unknown . Up to now , all research has focused on tolerance of yeast cell proliferation to high ethanol levels . Comparison of maximal ethanol...	The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is unique in being the most ethanol tolerant organism known . This property lies at the basis of its ecological competitiveness in sugar-rich ecological niches and its use for the production of alcoholic beverages and bioethanol , both of which involve accumulation of high levels of e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genomics", "functional", "genomics", "model", "organisms", "trait", "locus", "heredity", "genetics", "yeast", "and", "fungal", "models", "quantitative", "traits", "biology", "saccharomyces", "cerevisiae", "complex", "traits", "gene", "function" ]	2013	Comparative Polygenic Analysis of Maximal Ethanol Accumulation Capacity and Tolerance to High Ethanol Levels of Cell Proliferation in Yeast
Recent systems-based analyses have demonstrated that sleep and stress traits emerge from shared genetic and transcriptional networks , and clinical work has elucidated the emergence of sleep dysfunction and stress susceptibility as early symptoms of Huntington's disease . Understanding the biological bases of these ear...	Huntington’s disease is a complex neurodegenerative disorder caused by CAG expansion in the huntingtin gene . Huntington’s disease leads to abnormal involuntary movements in patients , but recent studies have shown that many non-motor psychiatric and sleep changes also manifest in the earliest phases of the disease , o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "genetic", "networks", "neural", "networks", "astrocytes", "neurodegenerative", "diseases", "sleep", "genetic", "diseases", "neuroscience", "macroglial", "cells", "physiological", "processes", "regulator", "genes", "network", "anal...	2016	Systems Genetic Analyses Highlight a TGFβ-FOXO3 Dependent Striatal Astrocyte Network Conserved across Species and Associated with Stress, Sleep, and Huntington’s Disease
Dengue virus ( DENV ) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes serious human disease and mortality worldwide . There is no specific antiviral therapy or vaccine for DENV infection . Alterations in gene expression during DENV infection of the mosquito and the impact of these changes on virus infection are important ev...	Dengue virus ( DENV ) is responsible for serious human disease worldwide and the World Health Organization estimates that over 2 billion people are at risk for disease . There are no vaccines or specific antiviral medications currently available for DENV infection . DENV is transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Dengue Virus Infection of Aedes aegypti Requires a Putative Cysteine Rich Venom Protein
DNA methylation and demethylation are opposing processes that when in balance create stable patterns of epigenetic memory . The control of DNA methylation pattern formation by replication dependent and independent demethylation processes has been suggested to be influenced by Tet mediated oxidation of 5mC . Several alt...	Oxidation of 5mC by Ten-eleven translocation ( Tet ) enzymes leads to the formation of 5hmC and other higher oxidized forms in the DNA . Several findings indicate that oxidation induces demethylation processes , but the mechanistic contribution of 5hmC to this process remains unclear . Using an innovative combination o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "chemical", "compounds", "markov", "models", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "nucleotides", "organic", "compounds", "mathematics", "dna", "replication", "pyrimidines", "epigenetics", "dna", "hydroxylation", "dna", "methylation", "chromat...	2016	The Influence of Hydroxylation on Maintaining CpG Methylation Patterns: A Hidden Markov Model Approach
In plants , RNA silencing plays a key role in antiviral defense . To counteract host defense , plant viruses encode viral suppressors of RNA silencing ( VSRs ) that target different effector molecules in the RNA silencing pathway . Evidence has shown that plants also encode endogenous suppressors of RNA silencing ( ESR...	In plants , RNA silencing plays a key role in developmental regulation and antiviral defense . To successfully infect their hosts , plant viruses encode silencing suppressors ( VSRs ) as counter-defense measures . These VSRs function to disable host antiviral RNA silencing defenses through various mechanisms that are n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mechanisms", "of", "resistance", "and", "susceptibility", "plant", "science", "virulence", "factors", "and", "mechanisms", "virology", "plant", "pathogens", "plant", "pathology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2014	Suppression of RNA Silencing by a Plant DNA Virus Satellite Requires a Host Calmodulin-Like Protein to Repress RDR6 Expression
The association between cholera in pregnancy and negative fetal outcome has been described since the 19th century . However , there is limited published literature on the subject . We describe pregnancy outcomes from a specialized multidisciplinary hospital unit at the onset of a large cholera outbreak in Haiti in 2010...	Cholera in pregnancy has been long associated with high rates of stillbirths and abortions , but there is very limited published literature describing this association or possible mechanisms . During the major cholera epidemic that hit Haiti in October 2010 , we set-up a specialized cholera treatment unit for pregnant ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "miscarriage", "and", "stillbirth", "cholera", "obstetrics", "and", "gynecology", "pregnancy" ]	2013	Cholera in Pregnancy: Outcomes from a Specialized Cholera Treatment Unit for Pregnant Women in Léogâne, Haiti
Intracellular pathogens must withstand nitric oxide ( NO· ) generated by host phagocytes . Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium interferes with intracellular trafficking of inducible nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS ) and possesses multiple systems to detoxify NO· . Consequently , the level of NO· stress encountered by ...	The host innate immune system represents the first line of defense against invading microorganisms . An integral part of this response involves the production of nitric oxide ( NO· ) , a potent antimicrobial effector . Bacterial pathogens have evolved a variety of systems to counteract the inhibitory effects of host NO...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry/replication", "and", "repair", "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "microbiology/medical", "microbiology", "microbiology/innate", "immunity" ]	2009	The Base Excision Repair System of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium Counteracts DNA Damage by Host Nitric Oxide
Accurately encoding time is one of the fundamental challenges faced by the nervous system in mediating behavior . We recently reported that some animals have a specialized population of rhythmically active neurons in their olfactory organs with the potential to peripherally encode temporal information about odor encoun...	Many animals navigate turbulent environments using odor cues , a behavior known as olfactory search . We propose a neural mechanism for olfactory search based on evidence that a functional subset of olfactory receptor neurons ( ORNs ) called bursting ORNs or bORNs can encode the time intervals between successive encoun...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2016	Neurally Encoding Time for Olfactory Navigation
In vitro studies and mathematical models are now being widely used to study the underlying mechanisms driving the expansion of cell colonies . This can improve our understanding of cancer formation and progression . Although much progress has been made in terms of developing and analysing mathematical models , far less...	Quantifying the underlying parameters that drive the expansion of melanoma cell colonies such as the cell diffusivity , cell proliferation rate and cell-to-cell adhesion strength can improve our understanding of melanoma biology and its response to treatment . We combine a simulation-based model of collective cell spre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Melanoma Cell Colony Expansion Parameters Revealed by Approximate Bayesian Computation
Trachoma prevalence surveys provide the evidence base for district and community-wide implementation of the SAFE strategy , and are used to evaluate the impact of trachoma control interventions . An economic analysis was performed to estimate the cost of trachoma prevalence surveys conducted between 2006 and 2010 from ...	The costs of conducting population-based prevalence surveys for neglected tropical diseases such as trachoma are often cited as a reason that program managers do not conduct baseline or impact assessments when guidelines suggest they are warranted . The authors conducted a review of actual costs incurred during the imp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "ophthalmology" ]	2011	Incremental Cost of Conducting Population-Based Prevalence Surveys for a Neglected Tropical Disease: The Example of Trachoma in 8 National Programs
Scrub typhus is an important endemic disease in tropical Asia caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi for which no effective broadly protective vaccine is available . The successful evaluation of vaccine candidates requires well-characterized animal models and a better understanding of the immune response against O . tsutsuga...	Scrub typhus is a febrile illness caused by bacteria that invade and live within cells of the immune and blood vessel systems . Small earth-bound mites can bite humans and transmit these bacteria into the skin . Scrub typhus is treatable with antibiotics , but currently there is no scrub typhus vaccine available . Unfo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Material", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dermatology", "typhus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "primates", "animal", "models", "bacterial", "diseases", "lymph", "nodes", "ly...	2018	Characterization of the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) scrub typhus model: Susceptibility to intradermal challenge with the human pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi Karp
The accumulation of the reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) in rice is important in its interaction with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae during which the pathogen scavenges ROS through the production of extracellular enzymes that promote blast . We previously characterized the MoYvh1 protein phosphatase from M . o...	ROS accumulation is important for the interaction between the blast fungus M . oryzae and its rice host . The protein phosphatase MoYvh1 affects the scavenging of host-derived ROS that promotes M . oryzae infection . We found that MoYvh1 is translocated to the nucleus under oxidative stress by a mechanism that is depen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "oxidative", "stress", "fungi", "plant", "science", "rice", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "plant", "pathology", "plants", "cellular", "structures", "a...	2018	MoYvh1 subverts rice defense through functions of ribosomal protein MoMrt4 in Magnaporthe oryzae
In order to design strategies for eradication of HIV-1 from infected individuals , detailed insight into the HIV-1 reservoirs that persist in patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) is required . In this regard , most studies have focused on integrated ( proviral ) HIV-1 DNA forms in cells circulating in...	In the majority of HIV-1 positive patients , antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) effects a sustained reduction in plasma viremia to below detectable levels . Despite this , replication competent viruses persist and fuel viremia if antiretroviral treatment is interrupted . This viral persistence stands in the way of viral er...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "viral", "persistence", "and", "latency", "virology", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "evolution" ]	2011	Deep Molecular Characterization of HIV-1 Dynamics under Suppressive HAART
The innate immune response plays a key role in fighting infection by activating inflammation and stimulating the adaptive immune response . However , chronic activation of innate immunity can contribute to the pathogenesis of many diseases with an inflammatory component . Thus , various negatively acting factors turn o...	Within minutes after we are exposed to pathogens , our bodies react with a rapid response known as the “innate immune response . ” This arm of the immune response regulates the process of inflammation , in which various immune cells are recruited to sites of infection and are activated to produce a host of antimicrobia...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Regulation of Toll-like Receptor Signaling by the SF3a mRNA Splicing Complex
Photon diffraction limits the resolution of conventional light microscopy at the lateral focal plane to 0 . 61λ/NA ( λ = wavelength of light , NA = numerical aperture of the objective ) and at the axial plane to 1 . 4nλ/NA2 ( n = refractive index of the imaging medium , 1 . 51 for oil immersion ) , which with visible w...	Biological function at its fundamental level involves molecular interactions on a nanometer scale , and it is this reason that biological imaging has pushed for increasingly better resolution . Light microscopy is highly prevalent in biology due to its combination of large field of view , simple sample preparation , co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "circuit", "models", "neuroanatomy", "synapses", "computational", "neuroscience", "biology", "neuroscience", "neurophysiology", "neuroimaging" ]	2012	Sub-diffraction Limit Localization of Proteins in Volumetric Space Using Bayesian Restoration of Fluorescence Images from Ultrathin Specimens
Genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) have identified more than 2 , 000 trait-SNP associations , and the number continues to increase . GWAS have focused on traits with potential consequences for human fitness , including many immunological , metabolic , cardiovascular , and behavioral phenotypes . Given the polygen...	Natural selection exerts its influence by changing allele frequencies at genomic polymorphisms . Alleles associated with harmful traits decrease in frequency while those associated with beneficial traits become more common . In a simple case , selection acts on a trait controlled by a single polymorphism; a large chang...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/human", "evolution", "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "evolutionary", "biology/genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics/medical", "genetics...	2011	Genome-Wide Association Study SNPs in the Human Genome Diversity Project Populations: Does Selection Affect Unlinked SNPs with Shared Trait Associations?
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ser/Thr kinase PknB has been implicated in the regulation of cell growth and morphology in this organism . The extracytoplasmic domain of this membrane protein comprises four penicillin binding protein and Ser/Thr kinase associated ( PASTA ) domains , which are predicted to bind stem pept...	Regulation of growth by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is important in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis ( TB ) , including asymptomatic latent TB infection and active TB disease . The M . tuberculosis kinase PknB regulates cell growth and cell division by phosphorylating proteins involved in these processes to modify their...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2011	The Extracytoplasmic Domain of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ser/Thr Kinase PknB Binds Specific Muropeptides and Is Required for PknB Localization
TDP-43 is a multifunctional nucleic acid binding protein linked to several neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS ) and Frontotemporal Dementia . To learn more about the normal biological and abnormal pathological role of this protein , we turned to Caenorhabditis elegans and its ortho...	TAR DNA Binding Protein 43 ( TDP-43 ) is implicated in several human age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders , but until now little was known about TDP-43's role in the aging process . Here we used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to study the role of the TDP-43 orthologue tdp-1 in aging and neurodegeneration . In...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "genetics", "insulin", "signaling", "cascade", "biology", "molecular", "biology", "signal", "transduction", "genetics", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "of", "disease", "gene...	2012	TDP-1/TDP-43 Regulates Stress Signaling and Age-Dependent Proteotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans
Computer studies are often used to study mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias , including atrial fibrillation ( AF ) . A crucial component in these studies is the electrophysiological model that describes the membrane potential of myocytes . The models vary from detailed , describing numerous ion channels , to simplified ...	Simulations generated by computers are often an effective way to study the dynamics of cardiac cells . A crucial component in these studies is the mathematical model that describes the electrical signal across the cells . The models vary from detailed , with numerous components , to simplified , with a minimal set of v...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "membrane", "potential", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "ion", "channels", "mathematics", "algebra", "bioassays", "and", "physiological", "analysis", "polynomials", "cardiology", "research", "...	2016	Comparison of Detailed and Simplified Models of Human Atrial Myocytes to Recapitulate Patient Specific Properties
Although leprosy is one of the oldest diseases known to humanity , it remains largely misunderstood . Misconceptions about leprosy lead to stigma towards people with the disease . This study aimed at exploring the knowledge , perceptions and attitudes regarding leprosy in rural Cameroon . We carried out a cross-section...	Leprosy is one of the oldest diseases known to humanity but remains largely misunderstood . This misunderstanding leads to stigma towards people with leprosy ( PWL ) . We explored knowledge , perceptions and attitudes regarding leprosy among 233 community members in the South-west of Cameroon . Our respondents were ver...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Operational", "definitions", "and", "outcome", "variables", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "education", "sociology", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "bacterial", "diseases", "human", "families", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "africa", "...	2018	Community knowledge, perceptions and attitudes regarding leprosy in rural Cameroon: The case of Ekondotiti and Mbonge health districts in the South-west Region
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( NPC ) is an epithelial malignancy facilitated by Epstein-Barr Virus infection . Here we resolve the major genetic influences for NPC incidence using a genome-wide association study ( GWAS ) , independent cohort replication , and high-resolution molecular HLA class I gene typing including 4 , ...	NPC is a deadly throat cancer in China that is dependent on EBV infection . Here , we performed a 1 M SNP genome-wide association study using a large cohort of Chinese study participants at risk for NPC . Although several putative gene regions show significant associations , the strongest statistical signals involved s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "cancer", "genetics", "genetics", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	The Principal Genetic Determinants for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in China Involve the HLA Class I Antigen Recognition Groove
Leprosy is a major public health problem in many low and middle income countries , especially in India , and contributes considerably to the global burden of the disease . Leprosy and poverty are closely associated , and therefore the economic burden of leprosy is a concern . However , evidence on patient’s expenditure...	Leprosy leads to low quality of life even after cure . The anaesthetic hands and feet leading to ulcers and deformities , stigma and poor mental health are just a few challenges . After declaration of leprosy elimination at global level , the research activities reduced significantly , and the health economics aspect w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "salaries", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "social", "sciences", "india", "health", "care", "bacterial", "diseases", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "patients", "public", "and", "occupational", "health"...	2018	Household expenditure on leprosy outpatient services in the Indian health system: A comparative study
What happens when the brain awaits a signal of uncertain arrival time , as when a sprinter waits for the starting pistol ? And what happens just after the starting pistol fires ? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) , we have discovered a novel correlate of temporal expectations in several brain regions...	Like the sprinter waiting for the starting pistol , all animals develop expectations about when events will occur in time . We explored the neural correlates of readiness and expectation using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) , and found areas of the brain in which the fMRI signal remains at baseline duri...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/behavioral", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/cognitive", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/sensory", "systems", "neuroscience/theoretical", "neuroscience" ]	2009	Ready…Go: Amplitude of the fMRI Signal Encodes Expectation of Cue Arrival Time
Closely related African trypanosomes cause lethal diseases but display distinct host ranges . Specifically , Trypanosoma brucei brucei causes nagana in livestock but fails to infect humans , while Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cause sleeping sickness in humans . T . b . brucei fails to...	The interplay among host innate immunity and resistance mechanisms in African trypanosomes has a major impact on the host range of these tsetse-fly transmitted parasites , defining their ability to cause disease in humans . A genome-scale RNAi screen identified a highly restricted set of four genes that sensitise trypa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "trypanosoma", "protozoans", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immunity", "host-pathogen", "interactions", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "microbiology", "protozoology...	2014	Cathepsin-L Can Resist Lysis by Human Serum in Trypanosoma brucei brucei
The mucosal changes associated with female genital schistosomiasis ( FGS ) encompass abnormal blood vessels . These have been described as circular , reticular , branched , convoluted and having uneven calibre . However , these characteristics are subjective descriptions and it has not been explored which of them are s...	Female genital schistosomiasis ( FGS ) is a disease of the female genitalia caused by a water-borne parasite . The parasite lays eggs that may be found in the genital organs and these eggs cause local inflammation and subsequent lesions . These lesions are called sandy patches and they are often accompanied by abnormal...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "cardiovascular", "anatomy", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "geometry", "parasitic", "diseases", "retroviruses", "viruses", "immunodeficien...	2016	Characteristics of Blood Vessels in Female Genital Schistosomiasis: Paving the Way for Objective Diagnostics at the Point of Care
PRDM family members are transcriptional regulators involved in tissue specific differentiation . PRDM5 has been reported to predominantly repress transcription , but a characterization of its molecular functions in a relevant biological context is lacking . We demonstrate here that Prdm5 is highly expressed in developi...	Bone provides the essential tensile strength of the skeletal system , constitutes an important storage for minerals , and hosts the initial differentiation stages of the hematopoietic system . In addition , bones are important endocrine organs affecting organismal metabolism . Consequently , many human diseases arise f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "genetics", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Prdm5 Regulates Collagen Gene Transcription by Association with RNA Polymerase II in Developing Bone
The early mammalian embryo utilizes histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation ( H3K27me3 ) to maintain essential developmental genes in a repressive chromatin state . As differentiation progresses , H3K27me3 is removed in a distinct fashion to activate lineage specific patterns of developmental gene expression . These rapid ...	H3K27me3 represses developmental genes at initial embryonic stages . The KDM6 family , comprised of UTX and JMJD3 , are the only known proteins that demethylate H3K27me3 and they are hypothesized to catalyze the rapid removal of repressive chromatin in early mammalian development . However , we report that male embryos...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "developmental", "biology" ]	2014	KDM6 Demethylase Independent Loss of Histone H3 Lysine 27 Trimethylation during Early Embryonic Development
In non-motile fungi , sexual reproduction relies on strong morphogenetic changes in response to pheromone signaling . We report here on a systematic screen for morphological abnormalities of the mating process in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe . We derived a homothallic ( self-fertile ) collection of viable de...	Sexual reproduction is a common process in most eukaryotic species . In those with non-motile gametes , such as most fungi , important morphological changes underlie this process . We report on a systematic screen for mutants with morphological abnormalities during sexual reproduction in the fission yeast , Schizosacch...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "cell", "walls", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "motors", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "tropomyosin", "schizosaccharomyces", "motor", "proteins", "research", "and", "analysis", "...	2017	A systematic screen for morphological abnormalities during fission yeast sexual reproduction identifies a mechanism of actin aster formation for cell fusion
In storing and transmitting epigenetic information , organisms must balance the need to maintain information about past conditions with the capacity to respond to information in their current and future environments . Some of this information is encoded by DNA methylation , which can be transmitted with variable fideli...	As stem cells differentiate , they acquire epigenetic marks that activate some genes and silence others , eventually producing the profiles that define specific cell lineages . While existing approaches can reveal the differentiation state of a given cell or the activity state of a given gene , none can locate an indiv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "differentiation", "developmental", "biology", "methylation", "stem", "cells", "dna", "replication", "epigenetics", "dna", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "dna", "methylation", "chromatin", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "artificial", "gene", "a...	2017	Epigenetic memory via concordant DNA methylation is inversely correlated to developmental potential of mammalian cells
Pax6 is a developmental control gene essential for eye development throughout the animal kingdom . In addition , Pax6 plays key roles in other parts of the CNS , olfactory system , and pancreas . In mammals a single Pax6 gene encoding multiple isoforms delivers these pleiotropic functions . Here we provide evidence tha...	Pax6 is a highly conserved transcription factor with key roles in eye , brain , pancreas , and olfactory system development . In mammals multiple Pax6 isoforms are encoded by a single Pax6 gene , embedded within a complex regulatory landscape . Here we provide evidence for the presence of multiple Pax6 loci in other ve...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "genomic", "evolution", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "comparative", "genomics", "evolutionary", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "dna", "transcription", "gene", "functio...	2013	Sequencing of Pax6 Loci from the Elephant Shark Reveals a Family of Pax6 Genes in Vertebrate Genomes, Forged by Ancient Duplications and Divergences
Skin epithelial stem cells operate within a complex signaling milieu that orchestrates their lifetime regenerative properties . The question of whether and how immune cells impact on these stem cells within their niche is not well understood . Here we show that skin-resident macrophages decrease in number because of ap...	The cyclic life of hair follicles consists of recurring phases of growth , decay , and rest . Previous studies have identified signals that prompt a new phase of hair growth through the activation of resting hair follicle stem cells ( HF-SCs ) . In addition to these signals , recent findings have shown that cues arisin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "animal", "cells", "cell", "biology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "cellular", "types", "immunology" ]	2014	Macrophages Contribute to the Cyclic Activation of Adult Hair Follicle Stem Cells
Skeletal muscle necrosis is a common manifestation of viperid snakebite envenomations . Venoms from snakes of the genus Bothrops , such as that of B . asper , induce muscle tissue damage at the site of venom injection , provoking severe local pathology which often results in permanent sequelae . In contrast , the venom...	Every year , hundreds of thousands of people in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world are bitten by poisonous snakes and may develop permanent damages . This is a major tropical disease which is largely neglected by scientific and clinical investigators . Snakes of Bothrops and Crotalus genus are responsible of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biology", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "toxicology" ]	2012	Envenomations by Bothrops and Crotalus Snakes Induce the Release of Mitochondrial Alarmins
A well-accepted model of episodic memory involves the processing of spatial and non-spatial information by segregated pathways and their association within the hippocampus . However , these pathways project to distinct proximodistal levels of the hippocampus . Moreover , spatial and non-spatial subnetworks segregated a...	Departing from the most influential model of episodic memory ( the two-streams hypothesis ) , we have recently proposed a new concept of information processing in the hippocampus according to which “what” one remembers and “where” it happens might be processed by distinct subnetworks segregated along the proximodistal ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "information", "processing", "immediate", "early", "genes", "brain", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "cognition", "memory", "gene", "types", "information", "technology", "research", "and", "analy...	2018	The memory for time and space differentially engages the proximal and distal parts of the hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3
Interim results from the Guinea Ebola ring vaccination trial suggest high efficacy of the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine . These findings open the door to the use of ring vaccination strategies in which the contacts and contacts of contacts of each index case are promptly vaccinated to contain future Ebola virus disease outbreaks ...	When the 2014–15 Ebola outbreak in West Africa began , no licensed vaccines for the disease were available . The rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine was developed during the course of the epidemic and underwent a clinical trial demonstrating 100% efficacy when vaccinating contacts and contacts of contacts of confirmed Ebola cases ( an ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "guinea", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "pathogens", "immunology", "geographical", "locations", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "ebola", "hemorrhagic", "fever", "soci...	2016	Containing Ebola at the Source with Ring Vaccination
Rift Valley fever ( RVF ) , a re-emerging mosquito-borne disease of ruminants and man , was endemic in Africa but spread to Saudi Arabia and Yemen , meaning it could spread even further . Little is known about innate and cell-mediated immunity to RVF virus ( RVFV ) in ruminants , which is knowledge required for adequat...	Rift Valley fever ( RVF ) is a mosquito-transmitted disease of ruminants and man , which occurs in Africa , Saudi Arabia and Yemen but could spread to other areas . There isn't much information on some aspects of the immune response to this disease and how it affects cells of the immune system in the natural animal hos...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "immunology", "rift", "valley", "fever", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "immunomodulation", "veterinary", "science", "veterinary", "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "veterinary", "diseases", "zoonotic", "diseases", "biology", "immune", "response", "v...	2012	Innate Immune Response to Rift Valley Fever Virus in Goats
Genomic and genetic analyses have demonstrated that many species contain multiple chemotaxis-like signal transduction cascades that likely control processes other than chemotaxis . The Che3 signal transduction cascade from Rhodospirillum centenum is one such example that regulates development of dormant cysts . This Ch...	Bacteria use chemotaxis and chemotaxis-like signal transduction pathways to quickly sense and adapt to a constantly changing environment . The purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum centenum is able to withstand long periods of desiccation by forming metabolically dormant cyst cells , the development of which i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Phosphate Flow between Hybrid Histidine Kinases CheA3 and CheS3 Controls Rhodospirillum centenum Cyst Formation
Secondary metabolism and development are linked in Aspergillus through the conserved regulatory velvet complex composed of VeA , VelB , and LaeA . The founding member of the velvet complex , VeA , shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus in response to alterations in light . Here we describe a new interaction partner...	In recent years there has been increased interest in bioactive small molecules produced by filamentous fungi . Members of the genus Aspergillus are prolific producers of natural products such as penicillin , the cholesterol lowering drug lovastatin , in addition to several toxins , the most famous being aflatoxin . The...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "mycology", "biology", "microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "microbiology", "toxicology" ]	2013	Secondary Metabolism and Development Is Mediated by LlmF Control of VeA Subcellular Localization in Aspergillus nidulans
The cell-cycle field has identified the core regulators that drive the cell cycle , but we do not have a clear map of the dynamics of these regulators during cell-cycle progression versus cell-cycle exit . Here we use single-cell time-lapse microscopy of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ( CDK2 ) activity followed by endpoint ...	The cell cycle is by nature highly dynamic , but we lack a standardized map of how core cell-cycle regulators change over time . In this study , we used time-lapse microscopy to track the dynamics of key cell-cycle proteins in individual human cells and found several unexpected patterns , even for well-studied proteins...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "cycle", "inhibitors", "methods", "and", "resources", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "g2", "phase", "mitosis", "synthesis", "phase", "immunologic", "techniques", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "specimen", "prepara...	2017	A map of protein dynamics during cell-cycle progression and cell-cycle exit
Recent functional neuroimaging evidence suggests a bottleneck between learning new information and remembering old information . In two behavioral experiments and one functional MRI ( fMRI ) experiment , we tested the hypothesis that learning and remembering compete when both processes happen within a brief period of t...	This study provides clear evidence for a bottleneck in our memory system between learning new and remembering old information . The ability to continuously learn and remember is usually taken for granted . Virtually all interactive situations we encounter require concurrent learning and remembering . For example , norm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2009	When Learning and Remembering Compete: A Functional MRI Study
Rapid conduction of action potentials along motor axons requires that oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells myelinate distinct central and peripheral nervous system ( CNS and PNS ) domains along the same axon . Despite the importance of this arrangement for nervous system function , the mechanisms that establish and maint...	The nervous system is often thought as two distinct halves: the central nervous system ( CNS ) , which consists of the brain and spinal cord , and the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) , which includes the nerves that control movement and sense the environment . The cells within these two halves , however , do not comm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "motility", "nervous", "system", "vertebrates", "neuroscience", "macroglial", "cells", "animals", "oligodendroglia", "osteichthyes", "animal", "models", "neuroglial", "development", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "research", "and", "analysis", "...	2014	Contact-Mediated Inhibition Between Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells and Motor Exit Point Glia Establishes the Spinal Cord Transition Zone
PML is a progressive and mostly fatal demyelinating disease caused by JC virus infection and destruction of infected oligodendrocytes in multiple brain foci of susceptible individuals . While JC virus is highly prevalent in the human population , PML is a rare disease that exclusively afflicts only a small percentage o...	JC virus is a highly prevalent human polyomavirus . Infection with this virus is generally benign and asymptomatic despite viral persistence in the kidney of many people . However , in immunocompromised individuals , very rarely , the infection can progress to become a potentially deadly brain disease called Progressiv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "virology/virus", "evolution", "and", "symbiosis", "computational", "biology/comparative", "sequence", "analysis", "neurological", "disorders/infectious", "diseases", "of", "the", "nervous", "system", "virol...	2009	Adaptive Mutations in the JC Virus Protein Capsid Are Associated with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
ATM is a central regulator of the cellular responses to DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) . Here we identify a biochemical interaction between ATM and RSF1 and we characterise the role of RSF1 in this response . The ATM–RSF1 interaction is dependent upon both DSBs and ATM kinase activity . Together with SNF2H/SMARCA5 ,...	DNA carries all the information necessary for life; thus damage or loss of genetic material can result in cell death or cancer . The worst-case insult to genetic information is a DNA double-strand break , caused by agents either within the cell ( e . g . , by-products of respiration , errors of DNA replication ) or fro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "proteomics", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "radiobiology" ]	2014	The RSF1 Histone-Remodelling Factor Facilitates DNA Double-Strand Break Repair by Recruiting Centromeric and Fanconi Anaemia Proteins
During adolescence , the integration of specialized functional brain networks related to cognitive control continues to increase . Slow frequency oscillations ( 4–10 Hz ) have been shown to support cognitive control processes , especially within prefrontal regions . However , it is unclear how neural oscillations contr...	During the transition from adolescence to adulthood , humans have decreases in impulsivity and increases in cognitive control . These behaviors are supported by a distributed set of brain regions , including the prefrontal cortex , that can be studied by with a variety of brain-imaging tools . Magnetoencephalography ( ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cingulate", "cortex", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "functional", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "personality", "traits", "neural", "networks", "brain", "electrophysiology", "social", "sciences", "electrophysiology", "brain", "n...	2018	Adolescent development of cortical oscillations: Power, phase, and support of cognitive maturation
The inability of sodium antimony gluconate ( SAG ) -unresponsive kala-azar patients to clear Leishmania donovani ( LD ) infection despite SAG therapy is partly due to an ill-defined immune-dysfunction . Since dendritic cells ( DCs ) typically initiate anti-leishmanial immunity , a role for DCs in aberrant LD clearance ...	Kala-azar , a life-threatening parasitic disease caused by Leishmania donovani ( LD ) , is widening its base in different parts of the world . Currently , there is no effective vaccine against kala-azar . The antimonial drugs like sodium antimony gluconate ( SAG ) have been the mainstay of therapy for this disease . Re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling", "immunology/immunomodulation", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "immunology/immune", "response", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/anti...	2010	Leishmania donovani Isolates with Antimony-Resistant but Not -Sensitive Phenotype Inhibit Sodium Antimony Gluconate-Induced Dendritic Cell Activation
Cellular decisions are determined by complex molecular interaction networks . Large-scale signaling networks are currently being reconstructed , but the kinetic parameters and quantitative data that would allow for dynamic modeling are still scarce . Therefore , computational studies based upon the structure of these n...	T-lymphocytes are central regulators of the adaptive immune response , and their inappropriate activation can cause autoimmune diseases or cancer . The understanding of the signaling mechanisms underlying T cell activation is a prerequisite to develop new strategies for pharmacological intervention and disease treatmen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology", "mammals", "computational", "biology" ]	2007	A Logical Model Provides Insights into T Cell Receptor Signaling
Compartmentalized HIV-1 replication within the central nervous system ( CNS ) likely provides a foundation for neurocognitive impairment and a potentially important tissue reservoir . The timing of emergence and character of this local CNS replication has not been defined in a population of subjects . We examined the f...	Early HIV-1 CNS replication likely provides a foundation for brain injury and a potentially important tissue reservoir . To explore the character and timing of emergence of early HIV-1 CNS replication , we examined paired cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) and blood samples from 72 ART-naïve adults , with one-half having long...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Compartmentalized Replication of R5 T Cell-Tropic HIV-1 in the Central Nervous System Early in the Course of Infection
Glucokinase ( GCK ) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of glucose catabolism in the pancreas , where it functions as the body's principal glucose sensor . GCK dysfunction leads to several potentially fatal diseases including maturity–onset diabetes of the young type II ( MODY-II ) and persistent hypoglycemic hyperinsulin...	Glucokinase is a key metabolic enzyme that functions as the body's principal glucose sensor . Glucokinase regulates the rate at which insulin is secreted by the pancreas by using a unique but poorly understood cooperative kinetic response to increasing glucose concentrations . The physiological importance of this enzym...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "biology", "biophysics" ]	2012	Order–Disorder Transitions Govern Kinetic Cooperativity and Allostery of Monomeric Human Glucokinase
Chronic immune activation and inflammation ( e . g . , as manifest by production of type I interferons ) are major determinants of disease progression in primate lentivirus infections . To investigate the impact of such activation on intrathymic T-cell production , we studied infection of the human thymus implants of S...	Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , a lentivirus , is the causative agent of AIDS . Chronic immune activation and inflammation are major determinants of disease progression in primate lentivirus infections and are associated with the production of type I interferon . To investigate the impact of type I interferon on...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/virulence", "factors", "and", "mechanisms", "virology/viral", "replication", "and", "gene", "regulation", "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses", "virology/animal", "models", "of", "infection", "immunology/innate", "immunity", "virology/mechanisms", "of", "resistance"...	2010	IFN-α-Induced Upregulation of CCR5 Leads to Expanded HIV Tropism In Vivo
Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A ( BoNT/A ) causes transient muscle paralysis by entering motor nerve terminals ( MNTs ) where it cleaves the SNARE protein Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 ( SNAP25206 ) to yield SNAP25197 . Cleavage of SNAP25 results in blockage of synaptic vesicle fusion and inhibition of the release...	▸ Recombinant HC/A binds to the two extra-cellular loops of FGFR3b with a KD∼15 nM ▸ Recombinant HC/A acts as an agonist ligand for FGFR3 ▸The level of BoNT/A uptake is dependent on FGFR3 expression ▸ FGFR3 is expressed in motor nerve terminals	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "movement", "disorders", "cellular", "neuroscience", "neuropharmacology", "drugs", "and", "devices", "neurology", "neurotransmitters", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2013	Identification of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3) as a Protein Receptor for Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A (BoNT/A)
Strongyloidiasis , caused by an intestinal helminth Strongyloides stercoralis , is common throughout the tropics . It remains an important health problem due to autoinfection , which may result in hyperinfection and disseminated infection in immunosuppressed patients , especially patients receiving chemotherapy or cort...	Strongyloidiasis , caused by an intestinal helminth Strongyloides stercoralis , is common throughout the tropics . We conducted a prospective , clinical study to compare the efficacy and safety of a 7-day course of oral albendazole with a single dose of oral ivermectin , or double doses , given 2 weeks apart , of iverm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases" ]	2011	Efficacy and Safety of Single and Double Doses of Ivermectin versus 7-Day High Dose Albendazole for Chronic Strongyloidiasis
Chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) is an important public health problem with a genetic component . We performed genome-wide association studies in up to 130 , 600 European ancestry participants overall , and stratified for key CKD risk factors . We uncovered 6 new loci in association with estimated glomerular filtration r...	Chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) is an important public health problem with a hereditary component . We performed a new genome-wide association study in up to 130 , 600 European ancestry individuals to identify genes that may influence kidney function , specifically genes that may influence kidney function differently de...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Genome-Wide Association and Functional Follow-Up Reveals New Loci for Kidney Function
The structural mechanisms by which receptor tyrosine kinases ( RTKs ) regulate catalytic activity are diverse and often based on subtle changes in conformational dynamics . The regulatory mechanism of one such RTK , fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 ( FGFR2 ) kinase , is still unknown , as the numerous crystal struct...	Receptor tyrosine kinases are proteins integral to relaying signals from outside the cell to activators inside the cell that stimulate cell growth and development . Therefore , when these proteins show intrinsic activity independent of extracellular signaling , they can frequently cause developmental abnormalities , if...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "phosphorylation", "chemical", "bonding", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "crystal", "structure", "chemical", "compounds", "enzymes", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "enzymology", "organic", "compounds", "endocrine", "physiology", "tyrosine", "growth", "factors...	2017	Effects of FGFR2 kinase activation loop dynamics on catalytic activity
Accumulated evidence demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs ( lncRNAs ) play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis . However , it is still largely unknown how these lncRNAs were regulated by small ncRNAs , such as microRNAs ( miRNAs ) , at the post-transcriptional level . We here use lncRNA HOTTIP as an example to study how ...	Accumulated evidence demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs ( lncRNAs ) play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis . Here , we for the first time demonstrated how microRNAs ( miRNAs ) impact onco-lncRNA HOTTIP expression and its biological significance in hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) . We identified miR-192 and miR-204 a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	fMiRNA-192 and miRNA-204 Directly Suppress lncRNA HOTTIP and Interrupt GLS1-Mediated Glutaminolysis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Upon infection of mammalian cells , enterohemorrhagic E . coli ( EHEC ) O157:H7 utilizes a type III secretion system to translocate the effectors Tir and EspFU ( aka TccP ) that trigger the formation of F-actin-rich ‘pedestals’ beneath bound bacteria . EspFU is localized to the plasma membrane by Tir and binds the nucl...	The food-borne pathogen enterohemorrhagic E . coli ( EHEC ) O157:H7 can cause severe diarrhoea and life-threatening systemic illnesses . During infection , EHEC attaches to cells lining the human intestine and injects Tir and EspFU , two bacterial molecules that alter the host cell actin cytoskeleton and stimulate the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling", "microbiology", "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "infectious", "diseases/gastrointestinal", "infections", "cell", "biology/cytoskeleton" ]	2010	Enterohemorrhagic E. coli Requires N-WASP for Efficient Type III Translocation but Not for EspFU-Mediated Actin Pedestal Formation
Metagenomics has transformed our understanding of the microbial world , allowing researchers to bypass the need to isolate and culture individual taxa and to directly characterize both the taxonomic and gene compositions of environmental samples . However , associating the genes found in a metagenomic sample with the s...	Most microorganisms inhabit complex , diverse , and largely uncharacterized communities . Metagenomic technologies allow us to determine the taxonomic and gene compositions of these communities and to obtain insights into their function as a whole but usually do not enable the characterization of individual member taxa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Reconstructing the Genomic Content of Microbiome Taxa through Shotgun Metagenomic Deconvolution
The neuronal calcium sensor proteins GCAPs ( guanylate cyclase activating proteins ) switch between Ca2+-free and Ca2+-bound conformational states and confer calcium sensitivity to guanylate cyclase at retinal photoreceptor cells . They play a fundamental role in light adaptation by coupling the rate of cGMP synthesis ...	Visual perception is initiated at retinal photoreceptor cells , where light activates an enzymatic cascade that reduces free cGMP . As cGMP drops , cGMP-channels close and reduce the inward current –including Ca2+ influx– so that photoreceptors hyperpolarize and emit a signal . As the light extinguishes , cGMP levels a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "spectrometric", "identification", "of", "proteins", "molecular", "neuroscience", "neurobiology", "of", "disease", "and", "regeneration", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "animal", "genetics", "protein", "interactions", "neuroscience", "anima...	2014	Functional EF-Hands in Neuronal Calcium Sensor GCAP2 Determine Its Phosphorylation State and Subcellular Distribution In Vivo, and Are Essential for Photoreceptor Cell Integrity
Persistence of hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) infection requires covalently closed circular ( ccc ) DNA formation and amplification , which can occur via intracellular recycling of the viral polymerase-linked relaxed circular ( rc ) DNA genomes present in virions . Here we reveal a fundamental difference between HBV and the...	Persistent infection with hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) causes chronic hepatitis B which frequently progresses to hepatocellular carcinoma , a leading cause of cancer-mediated mortality worldwide . Persistence requires formation and amplification of covalently closed circular ( ccc ) DNA , an episomal form of the viral gen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "gastroenterology", "and", "hepatology/hepatology", "molecular", "biology" ]	2010	Generation of Covalently Closed Circular DNA of Hepatitis B Viruses via Intracellular Recycling Is Regulated in a Virus Specific Manner
Delivery of effector proteins is a process widely used by bacterial pathogens to subvert host cell functions and cause disease . Effector delivery is achieved by elaborate injection devices and can often be triggered by environmental stimuli . However , effector export by the L . pneumophila Icm/Dot Type IVB secretion ...	Many bacterial pathogens subvert the cellular functions of their host by translocating effector proteins into specific cells . L . pneumophila primarily targets the alveolar macrophage in its human host or the unicellular protozoa in its natural environment . The bacterium uses a Type IVB secretion system called the Ic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "chemical", "biology/small", "molecule", "chemistry", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis" ]	2009	Chemical Genetics Reveals Bacterial and Host Cell Functions Critical for Type IV Effector Translocation by Legionella pneumophila
Gestational alcohol exposure causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorder ( FASD ) and is a prominent cause of neurodevelopmental disability . Whole transcriptome sequencing ( RNA-Seq ) offer insights into mechanisms underlying FASD , but gene-level analysis provides limited information regarding complex transcriptional proc...	Genomic research often yields an overwhelming amount of information . Accurate models for predicting and validating multivariate big data in genomics distill complex relationships and interactions . A prime example is fetal alcohol spectrum disorders , the largest known cause of neurodevelopmental disability affecting ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2019	Exon level machine learning analyses elucidate novel candidate miRNA targets in an avian model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Dengue virus ( DENV ) is one of the most important arthropod-borne pathogens that cause life-threatening diseases in humans . However , no vaccine or specific antiviral is available for dengue . As seen in other RNA viruses , the innate immune system plays a key role in controlling DENV infection and disease outcome . ...	Dengue is the most common arthropod-borne viral infection and is spreading to new areas every year . Its causative agent , dengue virus ( DENV ) , has immunologically distinct serotypes that increase the risk of life-threatening diseases such as dengue hemorrhagic fever . However , an effective medication for dengue ha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2016	Characterization of RyDEN (C19orf66) as an Interferon-Stimulated Cellular Inhibitor against Dengue Virus Replication
The stem-cell leukemia ( SCL , also known as TAL1 ) gene encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is essential for the initiation of primitive and definitive hematopoiesis , erythrocyte and megakarocyte differentiation , angiogenesis , and astrocyte development . Here we report that the zebrafish prod...	Hematopoiesis is the process that generates all the body's blood cells . In vertebrates , hematopoietic development occurs in two phases: a transitory embryonic , or primitive , wave produces only erythrocytes ( red blood cells ) and myeloid cells; an adult , or definitive , wave gives rise to at least three blood cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "eukaryotes", "vertebrates", "teleost", "fishes", "molecular", "biology", "hematology" ]	2007	Distinct Functions for Different scl Isoforms in Zebrafish Primitive and Definitive Hematopoiesis
Positive-strand RNA virus infections can induce the stress-related unfolded protein response ( UPR ) in host cells . This study found that enterovirus A71 ( EVA71 ) utilizes host UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 ( UGGT1 ) , a key endoplasmic reticulum protein ( ER ) involved in UPR , to enhance viral repl...	Positive-strand RNA viruses are adept at hijacking host cell machinery to promote viral propagation , including the formation of RCs containing viral and host proteins on intracellular membranes to facilitate virion assembly and avoid detection by host defense mechanisms . However , the processes by which RCs are assem...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "nucleic", "acid", "synthesis", "immune", "physiology", "gene", "regulation", "immunology", "rna", "extraction", "dna-binding", "proteins", "microbiology", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms", "polymerases", "immunoprecipitati...	2017	UGGT1 enhances enterovirus 71 pathogenicity by promoting viral RNA synthesis and viral replication
Antioxidants produced by the parasite Schistosoma mansoni are believed to be involved in the maintenance of cellular redox balance , thus contributing to larval survival in their intermediate snail host , Biomphalaria glabrata . Here , we focused on specific antioxidant enzymes , including glutathione-S-transferases 26...	Species of the human blood fluke Schistosoma are estimated to infect approximately 200 million people worldwide , resulting in loss of health , vitality and productivity mainly among the world's poorest inhabitants . Since snail intermediate hosts represent an essential part of the flukes' life cycle , an understanding...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics", "immunology/immunomodulation", "cell", "biology/cellular", "death", "and", "stress", "responses", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "function", "cell", "biology...	2009	Role of the Endogenous Antioxidant System in the Protection of Schistosoma mansoni Primary Sporocysts against Exogenous Oxidative Stress
The cholinergic class of anthelmintic drugs is used for the control of parasitic nematodes . One of this class of drugs , tribendimidine ( a symmetrical diamidine derivative , of amidantel ) , was developed in China for use in humans in the mid-1980s . It has a broader-spectrum anthelmintic action against soil-transmit...	Nematode parasites are a plague on the human condition in many developing countries with limited health care and sanitation . The morbidity produced by these parasites limits human health , development and prosperity . Nematode parasites also adversely affect animal welfare and production . Vaccines are not effective ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Tribendimidine: Mode of Action and nAChR Subtype Selectivity in Ascaris and Oesophagostomum
Acute resistance to low dose M . tuberculosis ( Mtb ) infection is not dependent on Toll-like receptor ( TLR ) 2 . However , whether TLR2 contributes to resistance in chronic Mtb infection has remained uncertain . Here we report that , following low dose aerosol infection with Mtb , mice lacking TLR2 ( TLR2KO ) , in co...	Tuberculosis ( TB ) is an important cause of mortality in many parts of the world . Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) , the causative agent of TB , is usually acquired via inhalation of airborne droplets containing the bacteria . Following inhalation , Mtb interacts with specialized receptors , called T...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "immunology", "biology" ]	2013	Host Defense and Recruitment of Foxp3+ T Regulatory Cells to the Lungs in Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Requires Toll-like Receptor 2
Better knowledge of the epidemiological characteristics of snakebites could help to take measures to improve their management . The incidence and mortality of snakebites in the Americas are most often estimated from medical and scientific literature , which generally lack precision and representativeness . Authors used...	A better knowledge of snakebites incidence and mortality might improve their management . However , they are difficult to estimate , in particular because most of them are based on extrapolations from scientific and medical publications that are not representative of the epidemiological situation . This study , based o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "and", "conclusion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "costa", "rica", "population", "dynamics", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "animals", "north", "america", "seasons", "reptiles", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "population", "biology", "s...	2017	Incidence and mortality due to snakebite in the Americas
Covalent modification of proteins by ubiquitin or ubiquitin chains is one of the most prevalent post-translational modifications in eukaryotes . Different types of ubiquitin chains are assumed to selectively signal respectively modified proteins for different fates . In support of this hypothesis , structural studies h...	Post-translational modification of proteins by covalent attachment of ubiquitin is a key cellular process , regulating for example the fate and recycling of proteins . We present a new method to combine multiscale simulation with advanced analysis methods to characterize the states of ubiquitin-ubiquitin conjugates . W...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "molecular", "dynamics", "chemical", "compounds", "protein", "interactions", "monomers", "organic", "compounds", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "materials", "science", "basic", "amino", "acids", "amino", "acids", "oligomers", "thermodynamics", "research", "and", "anal...	2018	Towards a molecular basis of ubiquitin signaling: A dual-scale simulation study of ubiquitin dimers
Trachomatous trichiasis ( TT ) will continue to develop among those people who have had repeated infections after active trachoma is controlled . Detecting and treating affected individuals will remain necessary for years; a long “tail” of incident cases is anticipated . As the prevalence of TT declines , there will be...	Trachomatous trichiasis ( TT ) is the in-turning of eyelashes , which leads to sight loss . Control programmes are training health workers to recognise and refer TT for surgery . Currently , training uses a mix of 2D images and examination of live patients . With the decline in TT prevalence , there will be too few TT ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "skin", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "integumentary", "system", "tropical", "diseases", "surgical", "and", "invasive", "medical", "procedures", "ethnicities", "trainees", "bacterial", "diseases", "research", "design", "eye", "diseases", "photography", "negle...	2019	3D images as a field grader training tool for trachomatous trichiasis: A diagnostic accuracy study in Ethiopia
In many species , sex-related differences in crossover ( CO ) rates have been described at chromosomal and regional levels . In this study , we determined the CO distribution along the entire Arabidopsis thaliana Chromosome 4 ( 18 Mb ) in male and female meiosis , using high density genetic maps built on large backcros...	Meiotic crossovers between homologous chromosomes ensure their proper segregation to generate ultimately gametes . They also create new allelic combinations which contribute to the diversity of traits among individuals . In all eukaryotes , the number and the localization of crossovers along chromosomes are not random ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics", "arabidopsis" ]	2007	Sex-Specific Crossover Distributions and Variations in Interference Level along Arabidopsis thaliana Chromosome 4
The continued spread of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses among poultry and wild birds , together with the emergence of drug-resistant variants and the possibility of human-to-human transmission , has spurred attempts to develop an effective vaccine . Inactivated subvirion or whole-virion H5N1 vaccines have show...	H5N1 influenza viruses have caused human infections with more than 60% fatality in 14 countries and may yet be the source of the next pandemic . Therefore , the development of effective vaccines against these viruses is the highest priority for H5N1 pandemic preparedness . A high dosage or adjuvants improve the immunog...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/vaccines" ]	2009	Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Live Attenuated H5N1 Vaccine in Nonhuman Primates
Mathematical models are increasingly being used to evaluate strategies aiming to achieve the control or elimination of parasitic diseases . Recently , owing to growing realization that process-oriented models are useful for ecological forecasts only if the biological processes are well defined , attention has focused o...	Although parasite transmission models offer powerful tools for predicting the impacts of interventions , there is growing realization that these models can be useful for this purpose only if their governing biological processes are well defined . Recently , model-data assimilation has been applied to address this probl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "decision", "making", "social", "sciences", "parasitic", "diseases", "neuroscience", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "data", "management", "cognitive", "psychology", "mathematics", "forecasting", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "co...	2018	Quantifying the value of surveillance data for improving model predictions of lymphatic filariasis elimination
While the role of drug resistance mutations in HIV protease has been studied comprehensively , mutations in its substrate , Gag , have not been extensively cataloged . Using deep sequencing , we analyzed a unique collection of longitudinal viral samples from 93 patients who have been treated with therapies containing p...	Understanding the structure of HIV proteins and the function of drug-resistant mutations of these proteins is critical for the development of effective HIV treatments . Selected gag mutations have been shown to provide compensatory functions for protease resistance mutations and may directly contribute to the developme...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Deep Sequencing of Protease Inhibitor Resistant HIV Patient Isolates Reveals Patterns of Correlated Mutations in Gag and Protease
Wnt Planar Cell Polarity ( PCP ) signaling is a universal regulator of polarity in epithelial cells , but it regulates axon outgrowth in neurons , suggesting the existence of axonal modulators of Wnt-PCP activity . The Amyloid precursor proteins ( APPs ) are intensely investigated because of their link to Alzheimer's d...	Wnt Planar Cell Polarity ( PCP ) signaling is a universal regulator of polarity in epithelial cells , but in neurons it regulates axon outgrowth , suggesting the existence of axonal modulators of Wnt-PCP activity . The Amyloid Precursor Proteins ( APPs ) are intensely investigated because of their link to Alzheimer's d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "developmental", "neuroscience", "molecular", "neuroscience", "axon", "guidance", "signaling", "molecular", "development", "signaling", "pathways", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2013	The Drosophila Homologue of the Amyloid Precursor Protein Is a Conserved Modulator of Wnt PCP Signaling
The increasing knowledge on the functional relevance of endogenous small RNAs ( esRNAs ) as riboregulators has stimulated the identification and characterization of these molecules in numerous eukaryotes . In the basal fungus Mucor circinelloides , an emerging opportunistic human pathogen , esRNAs that regulate the exp...	Most eukaryotic organisms produce different classes of endogenous small RNA ( esRNA ) molecules that suppress gene expression through RNA interference ( RNAi ) pathways . These pathways , which may differ among organisms , are normally involved in genome defense , heterochromatin formation and regulation of genes invol...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	A Non-canonical RNA Silencing Pathway Promotes mRNA Degradation in Basal Fungi
Biological processes in living cells are often carried out by gene networks in which signals and reactions are integrated through network hubs . Despite their functional importance , it remains unclear to what extent network hubs are evolvable and how alterations impact long-term evolution . We investigated these issue...	Biological processes in living cells are often carried out by gene networks . Hubs are highly connected network components important for integrating signal inputs and generating responsive functional outputs . Heat shock protein 90 ( Hsp90 ) , a versatile hub in the protein homeostasis network , is a molecular chaperon...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetic", "networks", "statistics", "cloning", "multivariate", "analysis", "mutation", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "mathematics", "fungal", "evolution", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "network", "analysis", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "frameshift", "...	2018	Heterologous Hsp90 promotes phenotypic diversity through network evolution
The relationship between poor sanitation and the parasitic infection schistosomiasis is well-known , but still rarely investigated directly and quantitatively . In a Brazilian village we correlated the spatial concentration of human fecal contamination of its main river and the prevalence of schistosomiasis . We valida...	People tend to live close to natural water bodies , and often these water bodies are used as waste disposal in many regions of the world . The consequences of this are often studied with regard to bacterial and viral infections , but rarely for parasitic infections . In this study the authors examined a rural community...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "parasitic", "diseases", "geoinformatics", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "freshwater", "ecology", "nature-society", "interacti...	2014	Sources and Distribution of Surface Water Fecal Contamination and Prevalence of Schistosomiasis in a Brazilian Village
The outcome of malaria infection is determined , in part , by the balance of pro-inflammatory and regulatory immune responses . Failure to develop an effective pro-inflammatory response can lead to unrestricted parasite replication , whilst failure to regulate this response leads to the development of severe immunopath...	Much of the pathology of malaria infection is due to an excessive inflammatory response to the parasite . The regulatory cytokine IL-10 is known to control inflammation during malaria infections and thus protect against immunopathology , but , in so doing , it reduces the effectiveness of other immune mechanisms which ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/immunomodulation", "pathology/histopathology", "pathology/immunology", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/tropical", "and", "travel-associated", "diseases", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections" ]	2008	IL-10 from CD4+CD25−Foxp3−CD127− Adaptive Regulatory T Cells Modulates Parasite Clearance and Pathology during Malaria Infection
HIV-1 persists in infected individuals in a stable pool of resting CD4+ T cells as a latent but replication-competent provirus . This latent reservoir is the major barrier to the eradication of HIV-1 . Clinical trials are currently underway investigating the effects of latency-disrupting compounds on the persistence of...	The eradication of HIV-1 from infected individuals is stymied by the persistence of the virus in a stable reservoir of latently infected CD4+ T cells . Latently infected cells can be found in all HIV-1 infected individuals at a very low frequency and allow the virus to persist despite antiretroviral therapy for the lif...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "viral", "latency", "infectious", "diseases", "viral", "persistence", "and", "latency", "hiv", "virology", "retrovirology", "and", "hiv", "immunopathogenesis", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "diseases", "viral", "replication" ]	2013	Rapid Quantification of the Latent Reservoir for HIV-1 Using a Viral Outgrowth Assay
A major goal of systems neuroscience is to decipher the structure-function relationship in neural networks . Here we study network functionality in light of the common-neighbor-rule ( CNR ) in which a pair of neurons is more likely to be connected the more common neighbors it shares . Focusing on the fully-mapped neura...	How can we understand the function of gigantic complex networks ( e . g . the brain ) based on connectivity data alone ? We use the available full connectome of a nematode and apply new approaches to find that the neural network is made of structurally homogeneous neural circuits . These sets of neurons also appear in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neural", "networks", "caenorhabditis", "nervous", "system", "sociology", "junctional", "complexes", "social", "sciences", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "animals", "motor", "neurons", "...	2016	The C. elegans Connectome Consists of Homogenous Circuits with Defined Functional Roles
Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic infection that primarily affects residents of tropical regions , but causes infections in animals and humans in temperate regions as well . The agents of leptospirosis comprise several members of the genus Leptospira , which also includes non-pathogenic , saprophytic species . Lep...	Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic infection that primarily affects residents of tropical regions , but is seen occasionally in temperate regions as well . Leptospirosis can vary in severity from a mild , non-specific illness to severe disease that includes multi-organ failure and widespread endothelial damage and ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections" ]	2010	Responses of Human Endothelial Cells to Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Pure populations of quiescent yeast can be obtained from stationary phase cultures that have ceased proliferation after exhausting glucose and other carbon sources from their environment . They are uniformly arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle , and display very high thermo-tolerance and longevity . We find that...	Complex organisms depend on populations of non-dividing quiescent cells for their controlled growth , development and tissue renewal . These quiescent cells are maintained in a resting state , and divide only when stimulated to do so . Unscheduled exit or failure to enter this quiescent state results in uncontrolled pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Xbp1 Directs Global Repression of Budding Yeast Transcription during the Transition to Quiescence and Is Important for the Longevity and Reversibility of the Quiescent State
Lariat RNAs formed as by-products of splicing are quickly degraded by the RNA debranching enzyme 1 ( DBR1 ) , leading to their turnover . Null dbr1 mutants in both animals and plants are embryo lethal , but the mechanism underlying the lethality remains unclear . Here we characterized a weak mutant allele of DBR1 in Ar...	It is known that lariat RNAs formed during pre-mRNA splicing are debranched by DBR1 ( RNA debranching enzyme 1 ) . Loss of function of DBR1 causes embryo lethality in both animals and plants . In animals , some debranched lariat RNAs could be further processed into mirtron miRNAs , a class of nonconventional miRNAs tha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "sequencing", "techniques", "nucleic", "acid", "synthesis", "nucleases", "gene", "regulation", "enzymes", "brassica", "dna-binding", "proteins", "enzymology", "micrornas", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "plant", "genomics", "molecular", "biolog...	2016	Intron Lariat RNA Inhibits MicroRNA Biogenesis by Sequestering the Dicing Complex in Arabidopsis
Antiviral responses must rapidly defend against infection while minimizing inflammatory damage , but the mechanisms that regulate the magnitude of response within an infected cell are not well understood . miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that suppress protein levels by binding target sequences on their cognate mRNA . ...	Antiviral responses must be regulated to rapidly defend against infection while minimizing inflammatory damage . However , the mechanisms for establishing the magnitude of response within an infected cell are incompletely understood . miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate protein levels by binding c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "microbiology", "orthomyxoviruses", "epithelial", "cells", "viruses", "micrornas", "rna", "viruses", "i...	2017	miR-144 attenuates the host response to influenza virus by targeting the TRAF6-IRF7 signaling axis
Proper organ patterning depends on a tight coordination between cell proliferation and differentiation . The patterning of Drosophila retina occurs both very fast and with high precision . This process is driven by the dynamic changes in signaling activity of the conserved Hedgehog ( Hh ) pathway , which coordinates ce...	Molecules of the Hedgehog ( Hh ) family are involved in the control of many developmental processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates . One of these processes is the formation of the retina in the fruitfly Drosophila . Here , Hh orchestrates a differentiation wave that allows the fast and precise differentiation of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "neuronal", "differentiation", "cloning", "animals", "cell", "differentiation", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "drosophila", "mela...	2016	dachshund Potentiates Hedgehog Signaling during Drosophila Retinogenesis

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