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def contains_python_files_or_subdirs(folder):
"""
Checks (recursively) if the directory contains .py or .pyc files
"""
for root, dirs, files in os.walk(folder):
if [filename for filename in files if filename.endswith('.py') or filename.endswith('.pyc')]:
return True
for d in... |
def conflicts_with_a_neighbouring_module(directory_path):
"""
Checks if a directory lies in the same directory as a .py file with the same name.
"""
parent_dir_path, current_dir_name = os.path.split(os.path.normpath(directory_path))
neighbours = os.listdir(parent_dir_path)
conflicting_neighbour_... |
def is_valid_bucket_name(name):
"""
Checks if an S3 bucket name is valid according to https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/BucketRestrictions.html#bucketnamingrules
"""
# Bucket names must be at least 3 and no more than 63 characters long.
if (len(name) < 3 or len(name) > 63):
ret... |
def merge_headers(event):
"""
Merge the values of headers and multiValueHeaders into a single dict.
Opens up support for multivalue headers via API Gateway and ALB.
See: https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/pull/1756
"""
headers = event.get('headers') or {}
multi_headers = (event.get('multiValu... |
def create_wsgi_request(event_info,
server_name='zappa',
script_name=None,
trailing_slash=True,
binary_support=False,
base_path=None,
context_header_mappings={},
... |
def common_log(environ, response, response_time=None):
"""
Given the WSGI environ and the response,
log this event in Common Log Format.
"""
logger = logging.getLogger()
if response_time:
formatter = ApacheFormatter(with_response_time=True)
try:
log_entry = formatt... |
def load_remote_project_archive(self, project_zip_path):
"""
Puts the project files from S3 in /tmp and adds to path
"""
project_folder = '/tmp/{0!s}'.format(self.settings.PROJECT_NAME)
if not os.path.isdir(project_folder):
# The project folder doesn't exist in this c... |
def load_remote_settings(self, remote_bucket, remote_file):
"""
Attempt to read a file from s3 containing a flat json object. Adds each
key->value pair as environment variables. Helpful for keeping
sensitiZve or stage-specific configuration variables in s3 instead of
version cont... |
def import_module_and_get_function(whole_function):
"""
Given a modular path to a function, import that module
and return the function.
"""
module, function = whole_function.rsplit('.', 1)
app_module = importlib.import_module(module)
app_function = getattr(app_mod... |
def run_function(app_function, event, context):
"""
Given a function and event context,
detect signature and execute, returning any result.
"""
# getargspec does not support python 3 method with type hints
# Related issue: https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/1452
... |
def get_function_for_aws_event(self, record):
"""
Get the associated function to execute for a triggered AWS event
Support S3, SNS, DynamoDB, kinesis and SQS events
"""
if 's3' in record:
if ':' in record['s3']['configurationId']:
return record['s3'][... |
def get_function_from_bot_intent_trigger(self, event):
"""
For the given event build ARN and return the configured function
"""
intent = event.get('currentIntent')
if intent:
intent = intent.get('name')
if intent:
return self.settings.AWS_B... |
def get_function_for_cognito_trigger(self, trigger):
"""
Get the associated function to execute for a cognito trigger
"""
print("get_function_for_cognito_trigger", self.settings.COGNITO_TRIGGER_MAPPING, trigger, self.settings.COGNITO_TRIGGER_MAPPING.get(trigger))
return self.sett... |
def handler(self, event, context):
"""
An AWS Lambda function which parses specific API Gateway input into a
WSGI request, feeds it to our WSGI app, procceses the response, and returns
that back to the API Gateway.
"""
settings = self.settings
# If in DEBUG mode... |
def lambda_handler(event, context):
print("Client token: " + event['authorizationToken'])
print("Method ARN: " + event['methodArn'])
"""validate the incoming token"""
"""and produce the principal user identifier associated with the token"""
"""this could be accomplished in a number of ways:"""
... |
def _addMethod(self, effect, verb, resource, conditions):
"""Adds a method to the internal lists of allowed or denied methods. Each object in
the internal list contains a resource ARN and a condition statement. The condition
statement can be null."""
if verb != "*" and not hasattr(HttpVe... |
def allowMethodWithConditions(self, verb, resource, conditions):
"""Adds an API Gateway method (Http verb + Resource path) to the list of allowed
methods and includes a condition for the policy statement. More on AWS policy
conditions here: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/referen... |
def denyMethodWithConditions(self, verb, resource, conditions):
"""Adds an API Gateway method (Http verb + Resource path) to the list of denied
methods and includes a condition for the policy statement. More on AWS policy
conditions here: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference... |
def build(self):
"""Generates the policy document based on the internal lists of allowed and denied
conditions. This will generate a policy with two main statements for the effect:
one statement for Allow and one statement for Deny.
Methods that includes conditions will have their own st... |
def configure_boto_session_method_kwargs(self, service, kw):
"""Allow for custom endpoint urls for non-AWS (testing and bootleg cloud) deployments"""
if service in self.endpoint_urls and not 'endpoint_url' in kw:
kw['endpoint_url'] = self.endpoint_urls[service]
return kw |
def boto_client(self, service, *args, **kwargs):
"""A wrapper to apply configuration options to boto clients"""
return self.boto_session.client(service, *args, **self.configure_boto_session_method_kwargs(service, kwargs)) |
def boto_resource(self, service, *args, **kwargs):
"""A wrapper to apply configuration options to boto resources"""
return self.boto_session.resource(service, *args, **self.configure_boto_session_method_kwargs(service, kwargs)) |
def cache_param(self, value):
'''Returns a troposphere Ref to a value cached as a parameter.'''
if value not in self.cf_parameters:
keyname = chr(ord('A') + len(self.cf_parameters))
param = self.cf_template.add_parameter(troposphere.Parameter(
keyname, Type="Stri... |
def get_deps_list(self, pkg_name, installed_distros=None):
"""
For a given package, returns a list of required packages. Recursive.
"""
# https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/1478. Using `pkg_resources`
# instead of `pip` is the recommended approach. The usage is nearly
... |
def create_handler_venv(self):
"""
Takes the installed zappa and brings it into a fresh virtualenv-like folder. All dependencies are then downloaded.
"""
import subprocess
# We will need the currenv venv to pull Zappa from
current_venv = self.get_current_venv()
... |
def get_current_venv():
"""
Returns the path to the current virtualenv
"""
if 'VIRTUAL_ENV' in os.environ:
venv = os.environ['VIRTUAL_ENV']
elif os.path.exists('.python-version'): # pragma: no cover
try:
subprocess.check_output(['pyenv', '... |
def create_lambda_zip( self,
prefix='lambda_package',
handler_file=None,
slim_handler=False,
minify=True,
exclude=None,
use_precompiled_packages=True,
... |
def extract_lambda_package(self, package_name, path):
"""
Extracts the lambda package into a given path. Assumes the package exists in lambda packages.
"""
lambda_package = lambda_packages[package_name][self.runtime]
# Trash the local version to help with package space saving
... |
def get_installed_packages(site_packages, site_packages_64):
"""
Returns a dict of installed packages that Zappa cares about.
"""
import pkg_resources
package_to_keep = []
if os.path.isdir(site_packages):
package_to_keep += os.listdir(site_packages)
i... |
def have_correct_lambda_package_version(self, package_name, package_version):
"""
Checks if a given package version binary should be copied over from lambda packages.
package_name should be lower-cased version of package name.
"""
lambda_package_details = lambda_packages.get(pack... |
def download_url_with_progress(url, stream, disable_progress):
"""
Downloads a given url in chunks and writes to the provided stream (can be any io stream).
Displays the progress bar for the download.
"""
resp = requests.get(url, timeout=float(os.environ.get('PIP_TIMEOUT', 2)), s... |
def get_cached_manylinux_wheel(self, package_name, package_version, disable_progress=False):
"""
Gets the locally stored version of a manylinux wheel. If one does not exist, the function downloads it.
"""
cached_wheels_dir = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), 'cached_wheels')
if... |
def get_manylinux_wheel_url(self, package_name, package_version):
"""
For a given package name, returns a link to the download URL,
else returns None.
Related: https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/398
Examples here: https://gist.github.com/perrygeo/9545f94eaddec18a65fd7b5688... |
def upload_to_s3(self, source_path, bucket_name, disable_progress=False):
r"""
Given a file, upload it to S3.
Credentials should be stored in environment variables or ~/.aws/credentials (%USERPROFILE%\.aws\credentials on Windows).
Returns True on success, false on failure.
"""
... |
def copy_on_s3(self, src_file_name, dst_file_name, bucket_name):
"""
Copies src file to destination within a bucket.
"""
try:
self.s3_client.head_bucket(Bucket=bucket_name)
except botocore.exceptions.ClientError as e: # pragma: no cover
# If a client erro... |
def remove_from_s3(self, file_name, bucket_name):
"""
Given a file name and a bucket, remove it from S3.
There's no reason to keep the file hosted on S3 once its been made into a Lambda function, so we can delete it from S3.
Returns True on success, False on failure.
"""
... |
def create_lambda_function( self,
bucket=None,
function_name=None,
handler=None,
s3_key=None,
description='Zappa Deployment',
ti... |
def update_lambda_function(self, bucket, function_name, s3_key=None, publish=True, local_zip=None, num_revisions=None):
"""
Given a bucket and key (or a local path) of a valid Lambda-zip, a function name and a handler, update that Lambda function's code.
Optionally, delete previous versions if t... |
def update_lambda_configuration( self,
lambda_arn,
function_name,
handler,
description='Zappa Deployment',
timeout=30... |
def invoke_lambda_function( self,
function_name,
payload,
invocation_type='Event',
log_type='Tail',
client_context=None,
qualifi... |
def rollback_lambda_function_version(self, function_name, versions_back=1, publish=True):
"""
Rollback the lambda function code 'versions_back' number of revisions.
Returns the Function ARN.
"""
response = self.lambda_client.list_versions_by_function(FunctionName=function_name)
... |
def get_lambda_function(self, function_name):
"""
Returns the lambda function ARN, given a name
This requires the "lambda:GetFunction" role.
"""
response = self.lambda_client.get_function(
FunctionName=function_name)
return response['Configuration']['Func... |
def get_lambda_function_versions(self, function_name):
"""
Simply returns the versions available for a Lambda function, given a function name.
"""
try:
response = self.lambda_client.list_versions_by_function(
FunctionName=function_name
)
... |
def deploy_lambda_alb( self,
lambda_arn,
lambda_name,
alb_vpc_config,
timeout
):
"""
The `zappa deploy` functionality for ALB infrastructure.
"""
if n... |
def undeploy_lambda_alb(self, lambda_name):
"""
The `zappa undeploy` functionality for ALB infrastructure.
"""
print("Undeploying ALB infrastructure...")
# Locate and delete alb/lambda permissions
try:
# https://boto3.amazonaws.com/v1/documentation/api/latest... |
def create_api_gateway_routes( self,
lambda_arn,
api_name=None,
api_key_required=False,
authorization_type='NONE',
authorizer=None,
... |
def create_authorizer(self, restapi, uri, authorizer):
"""
Create Authorizer for API gateway
"""
authorizer_type = authorizer.get("type", "TOKEN").upper()
identity_validation_expression = authorizer.get('validation_expression', None)
authorizer_resource = troposphere.api... |
def create_and_setup_methods(
self,
restapi,
resource,
api_key_required,
uri,
authorization_type,
... |
def create_and_setup_cors(self, restapi, resource, uri, depth, config):
"""
Set up the methods, integration responses and method responses for a given API Gateway resource.
"""
if config is True:
config = {}
method_name = "OPTIONS"
method = troposphere.apigate... |
def deploy_api_gateway( self,
api_id,
stage_name,
stage_description="",
description="",
cache_cluster_enabled=False,
cache_cluster_size='0.5',
... |
def remove_binary_support(self, api_id, cors=False):
"""
Remove binary support
"""
response = self.apigateway_client.get_rest_api(
restApiId=api_id
)
if "binaryMediaTypes" in response and "*/*" in response["binaryMediaTypes"]:
self.apigateway_clien... |
def add_api_compression(self, api_id, min_compression_size):
"""
Add Rest API compression
"""
self.apigateway_client.update_rest_api(
restApiId=api_id,
patchOperations=[
{
'op': 'replace',
'path': '/minimumCo... |
def get_api_keys(self, api_id, stage_name):
"""
Generator that allows to iterate per API keys associated to an api_id and a stage_name.
"""
response = self.apigateway_client.get_api_keys(limit=500)
stage_key = '{}/{}'.format(api_id, stage_name)
for api_key in response.get... |
def create_api_key(self, api_id, stage_name):
"""
Create new API key and link it with an api_id and a stage_name
"""
response = self.apigateway_client.create_api_key(
name='{}_{}'.format(stage_name, api_id),
description='Api Key for {}'.format(api_id),
... |
def remove_api_key(self, api_id, stage_name):
"""
Remove a generated API key for api_id and stage_name
"""
response = self.apigateway_client.get_api_keys(
limit=1,
nameQuery='{}_{}'.format(stage_name, api_id)
)
for api_key in response.get('items'):... |
def add_api_stage_to_api_key(self, api_key, api_id, stage_name):
"""
Add api stage to Api key
"""
self.apigateway_client.update_api_key(
apiKey=api_key,
patchOperations=[
{
'op': 'add',
'path': '/stages',
... |
def get_patch_op(self, keypath, value, op='replace'):
"""
Return an object that describes a change of configuration on the given staging.
Setting will be applied on all available HTTP methods.
"""
if isinstance(value, bool):
value = str(value).lower()
return {... |
def get_rest_apis(self, project_name):
"""
Generator that allows to iterate per every available apis.
"""
all_apis = self.apigateway_client.get_rest_apis(
limit=500
)
for api in all_apis['items']:
if api['name'] != project_name:
co... |
def undeploy_api_gateway(self, lambda_name, domain_name=None, base_path=None):
"""
Delete a deployed REST API Gateway.
"""
print("Deleting API Gateway..")
api_id = self.get_api_id(lambda_name)
if domain_name:
# XXX - Remove Route53 smartly here?
... |
def update_stage_config( self,
project_name,
stage_name,
cloudwatch_log_level,
cloudwatch_data_trace,
cloudwatch_metrics_enabled
... |
def delete_stack(self, name, wait=False):
"""
Delete the CF stack managed by Zappa.
"""
try:
stack = self.cf_client.describe_stacks(StackName=name)['Stacks'][0]
except: # pragma: no cover
print('No Zappa stack named {0}'.format(name))
return Fa... |
def create_stack_template( self,
lambda_arn,
lambda_name,
api_key_required,
iam_authorization,
authorizer,
cors_options=None,
... |
def update_stack(self, name, working_bucket, wait=False, update_only=False, disable_progress=False):
"""
Update or create the CF stack managed by Zappa.
"""
capabilities = []
template = name + '-template-' + str(int(time.time())) + '.json'
with open(template, 'wb') as ou... |
def stack_outputs(self, name):
"""
Given a name, describes CloudFront stacks and returns dict of the stack Outputs
, else returns an empty dict.
"""
try:
stack = self.cf_client.describe_stacks(StackName=name)['Stacks'][0]
return {x['OutputKey']: x['OutputV... |
def get_api_url(self, lambda_name, stage_name):
"""
Given a lambda_name and stage_name, return a valid API URL.
"""
api_id = self.get_api_id(lambda_name)
if api_id:
return "https://{}.execute-api.{}.amazonaws.com/{}".format(api_id, self.boto_session.region_name, stage... |
def get_api_id(self, lambda_name):
"""
Given a lambda_name, return the API id.
"""
try:
response = self.cf_client.describe_stack_resource(StackName=lambda_name,
LogicalResourceId='Api')
return response[... |
def create_domain_name(self,
domain_name,
certificate_name,
certificate_body=None,
certificate_private_key=None,
certificate_chain=None,
certificate_arn=None,... |
def update_route53_records(self, domain_name, dns_name):
"""
Updates Route53 Records following GW domain creation
"""
zone_id = self.get_hosted_zone_id_for_domain(domain_name)
is_apex = self.route53.get_hosted_zone(Id=zone_id)['HostedZone']['Name'][:-1] == domain_name
if... |
def update_domain_name(self,
domain_name,
certificate_name=None,
certificate_body=None,
certificate_private_key=None,
certificate_chain=None,
certificate_arn=... |
def update_domain_base_path_mapping(self, domain_name, lambda_name, stage, base_path):
"""
Update domain base path mapping on API Gateway if it was changed
"""
api_id = self.get_api_id(lambda_name)
if not api_id:
print("Warning! Can't update base path mapping!")
... |
def get_all_zones(self):
"""Same behaviour of list_host_zones, but transparently handling pagination."""
zones = {'HostedZones': []}
new_zones = self.route53.list_hosted_zones(MaxItems='100')
while new_zones['IsTruncated']:
zones['HostedZones'] += new_zones['HostedZones']
... |
def get_domain_name(self, domain_name, route53=True):
"""
Scan our hosted zones for the record of a given name.
Returns the record entry, else None.
"""
# Make sure api gateway domain is present
try:
self.apigateway_client.get_domain_name(domainName=domain_n... |
def get_credentials_arn(self):
"""
Given our role name, get and set the credentials_arn.
"""
role = self.iam.Role(self.role_name)
self.credentials_arn = role.arn
return role, self.credentials_arn |
def create_iam_roles(self):
"""
Create and defines the IAM roles and policies necessary for Zappa.
If the IAM role already exists, it will be updated if necessary.
"""
attach_policy_obj = json.loads(self.attach_policy)
assume_policy_obj = json.loads(self.assume_policy)
... |
def _clear_policy(self, lambda_name):
"""
Remove obsolete policy statements to prevent policy from bloating over the limit after repeated updates.
"""
try:
policy_response = self.lambda_client.get_policy(
FunctionName=lambda_name
)
if p... |
def create_event_permission(self, lambda_name, principal, source_arn):
"""
Create permissions to link to an event.
Related: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/with-s3-example-configure-event-source.html
"""
logger.debug('Adding new permission to invoke Lambda function: ... |
def schedule_events(self, lambda_arn, lambda_name, events, default=True):
"""
Given a Lambda ARN, name and a list of events, schedule this as CloudWatch Events.
'events' is a list of dictionaries, where the dict must contains the string
of a 'function' and the string of the event 'expre... |
def get_event_name(lambda_name, name):
"""
Returns an AWS-valid Lambda event name.
"""
return '{prefix:.{width}}-{postfix}'.format(prefix=lambda_name, width=max(0, 63 - len(name)), postfix=name)[:64] |
def get_hashed_rule_name(event, function, lambda_name):
"""
Returns an AWS-valid CloudWatch rule name using a digest of the event name, lambda name, and function.
This allows support for rule names that may be longer than the 64 char limit.
"""
event_name = event.get('name', func... |
def delete_rule(self, rule_name):
"""
Delete a CWE rule.
This deletes them, but they will still show up in the AWS console.
Annoying.
"""
logger.debug('Deleting existing rule {}'.format(rule_name))
# All targets must be removed before
# we can actually... |
def get_event_rule_names_for_lambda(self, lambda_arn):
"""
Get all of the rule names associated with a lambda function.
"""
response = self.events_client.list_rule_names_by_target(TargetArn=lambda_arn)
rule_names = response['RuleNames']
# Iterate when the results are pagi... |
def get_event_rules_for_lambda(self, lambda_arn):
"""
Get all of the rule details associated with this function.
"""
rule_names = self.get_event_rule_names_for_lambda(lambda_arn=lambda_arn)
return [self.events_client.describe_rule(Name=r) for r in rule_names] |
def unschedule_events(self, events, lambda_arn=None, lambda_name=None, excluded_source_services=None):
excluded_source_services = excluded_source_services or []
"""
Given a list of events, unschedule these CloudWatch Events.
'events' is a list of dictionaries, where the dict must contai... |
def create_async_sns_topic(self, lambda_name, lambda_arn):
"""
Create the SNS-based async topic.
"""
topic_name = get_topic_name(lambda_name)
# Create SNS topic
topic_arn = self.sns_client.create_topic(
Name=topic_name)['TopicArn']
# Create subscriptio... |
def remove_async_sns_topic(self, lambda_name):
"""
Remove the async SNS topic.
"""
topic_name = get_topic_name(lambda_name)
removed_arns = []
for sub in self.sns_client.list_subscriptions()['Subscriptions']:
if topic_name in sub['TopicArn']:
se... |
def create_async_dynamodb_table(self, table_name, read_capacity, write_capacity):
"""
Create the DynamoDB table for async task return values
"""
try:
dynamodb_table = self.dynamodb_client.describe_table(TableName=table_name)
return False, dynamodb_table
#... |
def fetch_logs(self, lambda_name, filter_pattern='', limit=10000, start_time=0):
"""
Fetch the CloudWatch logs for a given Lambda name.
"""
log_name = '/aws/lambda/' + lambda_name
streams = self.logs_client.describe_log_streams(
logGroupName=log_name,
desc... |
def remove_log_group(self, group_name):
"""
Filter all log groups that match the name given in log_filter.
"""
print("Removing log group: {}".format(group_name))
try:
self.logs_client.delete_log_group(logGroupName=group_name)
except botocore.exceptions.ClientE... |
def remove_api_gateway_logs(self, project_name):
"""
Removed all logs that are assigned to a given rest api id.
"""
for rest_api in self.get_rest_apis(project_name):
for stage in self.apigateway_client.get_stages(restApiId=rest_api['id'])['item']:
self.remove_... |
def get_hosted_zone_id_for_domain(self, domain):
"""
Get the Hosted Zone ID for a given domain.
"""
all_zones = self.get_all_zones()
return self.get_best_match_zone(all_zones, domain) |
def get_best_match_zone(all_zones, domain):
"""Return zone id which name is closer matched with domain name."""
# Related: https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa/issues/459
public_zones = [zone for zone in all_zones['HostedZones'] if not zone['Config']['PrivateZone']]
zones = {zone['Name'][... |
def remove_dns_challenge_txt(self, zone_id, domain, txt_challenge):
"""
Remove DNS challenge TXT.
"""
print("Deleting DNS challenge..")
resp = self.route53.change_resource_record_sets(
HostedZoneId=zone_id,
ChangeBatch=self.get_dns_challenge_change_batch('... |
def load_credentials(self, boto_session=None, profile_name=None):
"""
Load AWS credentials.
An optional boto_session can be provided, but that's usually for testing.
An optional profile_name can be provided for config files that have multiple sets
of credentials.
"""
... |
def get_cert_and_update_domain(
zappa_instance,
lambda_name,
api_stage,
domain=None,
manual=False,
):
"""
Main cert installe... |
def parse_account_key():
"""Parse account key to get public key"""
LOGGER.info("Parsing account key...")
cmd = [
'openssl', 'rsa',
'-in', os.path.join(gettempdir(), 'account.key'),
'-noout',
'-text'
]
devnull = open(os.devnull, 'wb')
return subprocess.check_output... |
def parse_csr():
"""
Parse certificate signing request for domains
"""
LOGGER.info("Parsing CSR...")
cmd = [
'openssl', 'req',
'-in', os.path.join(gettempdir(), 'domain.csr'),
'-noout',
'-text'
]
devnull = open(os.devnull, 'wb')
out = subprocess.check_outp... |
def get_boulder_header(key_bytes):
"""
Use regular expressions to find crypto values from parsed account key,
and return a header we can send to our Boulder instance.
"""
pub_hex, pub_exp = re.search(
r"modulus:\n\s+00:([a-f0-9\:\s]+?)\npublicExponent: ([0-9]+)",
key_bytes.decode('ut... |
def register_account():
"""
Agree to LE TOS
"""
LOGGER.info("Registering account...")
code, result = _send_signed_request(DEFAULT_CA + "/acme/new-reg", {
"resource": "new-reg",
"agreement": "https://letsencrypt.org/documents/LE-SA-v1.2-November-15-2017.pdf",
})
if code == 201... |
def get_cert(zappa_instance, log=LOGGER, CA=DEFAULT_CA):
"""
Call LE to get a new signed CA.
"""
out = parse_account_key()
header = get_boulder_header(out)
accountkey_json = json.dumps(header['jwk'], sort_keys=True, separators=(',', ':'))
thumbprint = _b64(hashlib.sha256(accountkey_json.enco... |
def verify_challenge(uri):
"""
Loop until our challenge is verified, else fail.
"""
while True:
try:
resp = urlopen(uri)
challenge_status = json.loads(resp.read().decode('utf8'))
except IOError as e:
raise ValueError("Error checking challenge: {0} {1}"... |
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