text stringlengths 0 2.12k | translation stringlengths 0 1.99k |
|---|---|
Regional airports , such as Edinburgh Airport , have experienced strong growth in CAT operations in recent years . These operations are commercially and operationally incompatible with GA , and although there is no evidence of deliberate discrimination , the effect has been to discourage or exclude it . GA aircraft ar... | Edinburgh ááąááááşáá˛áˇáááŻáˇááąáŹááąááááŻááşááŹááąááááşááťáŹá¸áááşáááźáŹááąá¸ááŽáážá
áşááťáŹá¸áĄáá˝ááşá¸ááźáąáŹááşáá˝á˛á
áááşááŻááážáŻáá˝ááşáĄáááşáĄáá˛ááťáŹá¸áááŻá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááŹáááşá á¤ááŻááşáááşá¸ááťáŹá¸áááşá
áŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááźá
áşá
áŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááźá
áşáážááˇáşáá˝á˛á
áááşááŻááážáŻáážááˇáşááááŻááşááŽááŤá Ga ááąááŹááşáááşáĄááťááŻáˇááąáŹááá
ášá
áááşááťáŹá¸áá˝ááşáĄáááźáąá¸áá˝áąááťáŹá¸áááŻáááŻááşáá˝ááşáááˇáşáĄáááźáąá¸áá˝áąááťáŹá¸áĄááŤáĄ 0 ááşá
á˝á˛ááťááşáááşáážáŻááťáŹá¸áá˝ááşááááááŹááŹáááŻá¸áá˝áŹá¸á... |
In addition to this de facto loss of facilities , the number of aerodromes in the UK has been in decline over the last 50 years , as a result of increasing urbanisation and the closure of airfields built during WWII . Alternative and more profitable uses for land can also lead to existing aerodromes being threatened w... | á¤áááş de facto ááťáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áážáŻáśá¸ááźááşá¸áĄááźááş UK áážá Aerodromes áááşááźááŻáˇááźááźá
áşáá˝ááşá¸áážáŻáážááˇáşááŻáááááášááŹá
á
áşáĄáá˝ááşá¸áááşááąáŹááşáá˛áˇááąáŹááąááŹááşáá˝ááşá¸ááááşáá
áşáážáŻááťáŹá¸áááŻá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááŹááźááşá¸ááźáąáŹááˇáşáá˝ááşáá˛áˇááąáŹáĄáážá
áş 50 áĄáá˝ááşá¸ááťáááşá¸ááąáááşá ááźáąááŹáĄáá˝ááşáĄááźáŹá¸áá˝áąá¸ááťááşá
ááŹáážááˇáşáĄááźááşáĄá
á˝ááşá¸ááťáŹá¸áĄááŻáśá¸ááźáŻáážáŻááťáŹá¸áááş Ipswich ááąááááşáá˝ááşááźá
áşááťááşáá˛áˇáááˇáşáĄáááŻááşá¸áááşááąááŹááźáááşá¸á... |
= = = Planning system = = =
| = = = = á
áŽá
ááşááŹá¸áááˇáşá
áá
áş = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =... |
The planning system is critical to the viability and operation of GA aerodromes . With many cities lacking scheduled air transport services between them , and with GA access to commercial airports becoming increasingly difficult and expensive , a viable network of aerodromes supporting GA air transport operations is r... | á
áŽááśááááşá¸á
áá
áşáááş GA Aerodromes ááážááşáááşáááŻááşáážáŻáážááˇáşáááşáááşáážáŻáĄáá˝ááşáĄááąá¸ááŤáááşá áááşá¸áááŻáˇáĄááźáŹá¸á
áŽá
ááşááŹá¸ááąáŹááąááźáąáŹááşá¸áááşáá°áááŻáˇááąáŹááşááąá¸ 0 ááşááąáŹááşáážáŻááťáŹá¸ááážáááźááşá¸áážááˇáşá
áŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááźá
áşááąááááşáááŻáˇ Ga áááşáážááşá¸ááŽáážáŻáááşáááŻáááŻáááşáá˛ááźáŽá¸ááąá¸ááźáŽá¸ááťáŹá¸áážááˇáşáĄáá°áĄááŹá¸áĄááŹáážáááąáŹáá˝ááşáááşááťáŹá¸á
á˝áŹáážááˇáşáĄáá° GA ááąááźáąáŹááşá¸áááşáá°áááŻáˇááąáŹááşááąá¸ááŻááşáááşá¸ááťáŹá¸áááŻáĄááąáŹááşáĄ... |
= = Criticism = =
| = = ááąáááşáážáŻááťáŹá¸ = = = = = = = = |
Public opinion towards aviation generally is worsening , based on increasing environmental concerns relating to emissions and noise , and private flying has been criticised by respondents to a government consultation on aircraft noise as a frivolous or selfish activity . In terms of environmental complaints and enquir... | ááąááźáąáŹááşá¸áĄááąáŤáşááźááşáá°áá°ááŻááááşááźááşáá°áááťááşáĄááąáŤáşááźááşáá°áá°ááŻááááşááźááşáá°áááťááşáááşááąááŻááťáĄáŹá¸ááźááˇáşááŻááşáá˝ážááşáážáŻáážááˇáşáá°ááśááśááťáŹá¸áážááˇáşáááşáááŻááşááąáŹáááş 0 ááşá¸ááťááşáááŻááşááŹá
ááŻá¸ááááşáážáŻááťáŹá¸áááŻá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááŹááźááşá¸áĄááąáŤáş áĄááźáąááś. áĄááťááŻá¸áááşááąáŹááşáááşá Ga áážááˇáşáááşáááŻááşááąáŹ CAA áážááˇáşáááşáááŻááşááąáŹ CAA áááŻáˇáááŻááşá¸ááŹáááˇáşáááŻááşááźáŹá¸ááťááşááťáŹá¸áážááˇáşááąá¸ááźááşá¸á
áŻáśá
ááşá¸áážáŻááťáŹá¸áĄá ... |
Planning guidance on aircraft noise advises that " in some circumstances the public perceive general aircraft noise levels as more disturbing than similar levels around major airports . " This is a result of the tonal characteristics of light aircraft engines and the activities they are engaged in , including : repeti... | ááąááŹááşáá°ááśááśáážááˇáşáááşáááşááąáŹáááşá¸áá˝ážááşáážáŻáááŻááşááŹáááşá¸áá˝ážááşááťáŹá¸áááŻá
áŽá
ááşááźááşá¸ááźááˇáş "áĄááťááŻáˇááąáŹáĄááźáąáĄááąááťáŹá¸áá˝ááşáĄááťáŹá¸ááźááşáá°ááŻáśá¸á
á
áşáĄáŹááŹáááŻááşááťáŹá¸ááá°ááśááśááťáŹá¸áááşáĄáááááąááááşááťáŹá¸áĄááŽá¸áá˝ááşá፠0 ááşáááˇáşááŻááşááąáŹááşáážáŻááťáŹá¸áážááˇáşá፠0 ááşááąáŹááŻááşááąáŹááşáážáŻááťáŹá¸áááŻáááŻáááŻá
áááşáĄáážáąáŹááˇáşáĄáážááşááźá
áşá
áąááźááşá¸áááááşááźá
áşáááşá áážáąá¸áá˝áąá¸ááąáŹááąáŹááşáááşááąááŹááşááťáŹá¸áááşááąááŽá¸ááťáááş... |
= SMS ZrĂnyi =
| = SMS ZrĂnyi = |
SMS ZrĂnyi ( " His Majesty 's ship ZrĂnyi " ) was a Radetzky @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleship ( Schlachtschiff ) of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) , named for the Zrinski , a noble Croatian family . ZrĂnyi and her sisters , Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand and Radetzky , were the last pre @-@ d... | SMS zrĂnyi ("áá°áááŻáááşáááşá¸ááźááşááááşášááąáŹZrĂnyi") áááş @ class pre @ - @ class pre @ - @ Hungsachtschty Navy (K.U.K.K.k.k.k.k.kiegsmmarine) á zrĂnyiáážááˇáşáá°ááááŽáááťáŹá¸, Ezherzog Franz Ferdinand áážááˇáş Rundetzkky áááŻáˇáááş Austro @ - @ Hungarian Navy áážáááşááąáŹááşáá˛áˇááąáŹááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸ Pre @ - @-@ dreadnokpought ááˇáşáááşááťáŹá¸ááźá
áşáááşá |
During World War I , ZrĂnyi saw action in the Adriatic Sea . She served with the Second Division of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy 's battleships and shelled Senigallia as part of the bombardment of the key seaport of Ancona , Italy , during May 1915 . However , Allied control of the Strait of Otranto meant that the Au... | ááŻáááááášááŹá
á
áşáĄáá˝ááşá¸ZrĂnyiáááş Adriatiatic áááşáááşááĄááąá¸áá°ááźááşá¸áááŻááźááşáá˛áˇáááşá áá°ááááş Austro @ - @ Hungarian Navy's Rultofts áááŻáááááŹááá˝á˛áážááˇáşáĄáá° 1915 ááŻáážá
áşááąááĄá
áąáŹáááŻááşá¸ááĄáŽáááŽáááŻááşááśáĄáŹáááşáĄááźááŻá¸ááĄáááááááşáąáŹáşáááşášáááŻá¸áááŻááŻáśá¸áá˝á˛áááş Senigallia áááŻááŻááşáá˝ážááˇáşáá˛áˇáááşá áááŻáˇááąáŹáş Otranto áááąáááşááźáŹá¸áááŻáááŹááááşááááşá¸ááťáŻááşáážáŻáááş Austro @ - ... |
With the war going against the Austrians by the end of 1918 , ZrĂnyi was prepared to be transferred to the new State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . On 10 November 1918 â just one day before the end of the war , navy officers sailed the battleship out of Pola ( Pula ) and eventually surrendered to a squadron of Ameri... | áá˝á
ááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸áá°ááťááŻá¸ááťáŹá¸ááᯠ1918 ááŻáážá
áşáĄááŻááşáá˝ááşáááˇáşááťááşááąáŹá
á
áşáá˝á˛áááşááááŻáááşá
áşááĄááźáąáĄááąáĄáá
áşáááŻáˇááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˝ážáąáˇáááşááźááşáááşááŹá¸áááşá 1918 ááŻáážá
áşáááŻáááşáᏠ10 áááşáá˝ááşá
á
áşáá˝á˛áááŻááşááŽáá
áşáááşááŹááźáŹááźáŽá¸ááąáŹááşááąáááşáĄááŹáážáááťáŹá¸áááşáááŻáááş (Pula) áážáááŻááşáá˝á˛ááťáŹá¸áááŻáá˝ááşáá˝ážááˇáşáá˛áˇááźáŽá¸ááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸áá˝ááşáĄááąáááááşááąááŻááşáááŹá¸ Chasers ááááşáážáážááˇáşáááşáááşááťáá˛áˇáááşá áĄááąá... |
= = Design and construction = =
| = = ááŽáááŻááşá¸áážááˇáşááąáŹááşááŻááşááąá¸ = = = = = = = = = = = = |
ZrĂnyi was built at the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino dockyard in Trieste , the same place where her sister ships were built earlier . She was laid down on 15 November 1908 and launched from the slipway on 12 April 1910 . The teak used on ZrĂnyi 's deck was the only material Austria @-@ Hungary had to purchase abroad... | zrĂnyiááᯠStabilaltimento Tecnico Triestino Dociamed áá˝ááşáá°áááĄá
áşááááşášááąáŹááťáŹá¸áĄá
áąáŹáááŻááşá¸ááááşááąáŹááşáá˛áˇááąáŹááąááŹááźá
áşáááşá áá°ááááş 1908 ááŻáážá
áşááᯠ0 ááşááŹá 15 áááşáá˝ááşááťááŹá¸áá˛áˇááźáŽá¸ 1910 ááŻáážá
áş April ááźáŽá 12 áááşáá˝ááşá
áá
áşáážá
áá
áşáážá
áááşáá˛áˇáááşá ZrĂnyiáááŻááşá¸áááşááąáŤáşáá˝ááşáĄááŻáśá¸ááźáŻááąáŹááťá˝ááşá¸áá
áşáááş Austria @ - @ Hungary áááşáááşášááąáŹááąáŹááşáááşááźááşááá˝ááş... |
ZrĂnyi was 138 @.@ 8 m ( 455 ft 4 in ) long , and had a beam of 24 @.@ 6 m ( 80 ft 8 in ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 1 m ( 26 ft 9 in ) . She displaced 14 @,@ 508 long tons ( 14 @,@ 741 t ) normally , and up to 15 @,@ 845 long tons ( 16 @,@ 099 t ) with a full combat load . She was powered by two @-@ shaft four @-@ cylinder... | ZrĂnyiáááş 138 @ ááźá
áşáááşá @ 8 m (455 ááą 4 áá˝ááş 455) áážá. 24 m (80 ááą (80 ááą) áážááˇáş 8 m (80 ft 8) áážááˇáşáá°ááźááşá¸á áá°ááááşááŻáśáážááşáĄáŹá¸ááźááˇáş 508 áááşáááşááťáááş 508 áááş (1541 t) @ 15 @ 15 @ tons @ 845 áááş (16 @ 099 t) áážááˇáşáĄááźááˇáşáĄááááŻááşáááŻááşáážáŻáážááˇáşáĄáá° 15 @ 15 @ 15 @ @ 15 @ 15 @ @ 15 @ á áá°ááááş @ @ @ shaft ááąá¸ @ - @ ááááşááŤááąá¸ @ - @... |
The ship 's primary armament consisted of four 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 in ) 45 @-@ caliber guns in two twin gun turrets . This was augmented by a heavy secondary battery of eight 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns in four wing turrets . The tertiary battery consisted of twenty 10 cm L / 50 guns in casemated single mounts , four 47 mm... | áááşášááąáŹááĄááááááşáááşáááşááąá¸ááŹááŽáá˝ááşááąá¸ááŹááŽáážááááşá @ 5 á
ááşááŽááŽáᏠ(12) 45 @ - @ @ caliber ááąáááşááťáŹá¸áá˝ááş Twin Gun Turets áá˝ááşá 4 ááşá¸áááşááąá¸ááąáŹááşááśáááşáááşá¸áááŻááşáá˝ááşáážá
áşá
ááşááŽááŽáᏠ(9 @ á @ 4 áĄáá˝ááş) ááąáááşááťáŹá¸ááźááˇáşááźááşá¸áááşááąáŹáĄáááşáĄáááşáááşáááŽááźááˇáşáááŻá¸áá˝áŹá¸á
áąáááşá Tertiary áááşáááŽáááş 47 ááŽááŽááŽáᏠ(1 @ @ @ @ á @ @ 85) áá˝ááşá፠0 ááşáááşá áááŻáˇáĄá... |
= = Service history = =
| = = áááşááąáŹááşáážáŻááááŻááşá¸ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = |
The ship was assigned to the Austro @-@ Hungarian Fleet 's 1st Battle Squadron after her 1911 commissioning . In 1912 , ZrĂnyi and her two sister ships conducted two training cruises into the eastern Mediterranean Sea . On the second cruise into the Aegean Sea , conducted from November to December , ZrĂnyi and her sis... | áá°á 1911 ááŻáážá
áşá 1911 ááŻáážá
áşááááşá¸ááááááŻáśá¸ááąáŹáşááážááşáĄááźáŽá¸ Austro @ - @ Hungarian Fleets Squadron áááŻáˇáááşáááŻáˇáá˛áˇáááşá 1912 áá˝ááşáááşá¸áá˝ááşááŽáážááˇáşáá°áááĄá
áşááááşášááąáŹáážá
áşá
ááşá¸áááşášááąáŹáážá
áşá
ááşá¸áááşááźáąáá˛áááşáááşáĄáážáąáˇáááŻááşá¸áááşáááşáááŻáˇááąáˇááťááˇáşááąá¸á cruises áážá
áşááŻááźáŻááŻááşáá˛áˇáááşá ááŻááááááŻáááşááŹááážááŽáááşááŹááĄááZrĂnyiáážááˇáşáá°áááĄá
áşááááşášááąáŹááťáŹá¸áážááˇáşáĄáá°Zr... |
In 1913 , ZrĂnyi participated in an international naval demonstration in the Ionian Sea to protest the Balkan Wars . Ships from other navies included in the demonstration were the British pre @-@ dreadnought HMS King Edward VII , the Italian pre @-@ dreadnought Ammiraglio di Saint Bon , the French armored cruiser Edga... | 1913 ááŻáážá
áşáá˝ááşZrĂnyiáááşááąáŹáşááşáááşá
á
áşáá˝á˛ááťáŹá¸áááŻáááˇáşáá˝ááşáááş Ionian áááşáááşáá˝ááşáĄááźááşááźááşáááŻááşááŹááąáááşáááŻááşááźáá˝á˛áá˝ááşá፠0 ááşáá˛áˇáááşá ááášáááźáá˝á˛áá˝ááşá፠0 ááşáááˇáşáĄááźáŹá¸ááąáááşááťáŹá¸áážáááşášááąáŹááťáŹá¸áážáŹááźáááááş Pre @ @ @ Dreadnokest Hms Edmer WMS Edmared Hmaiglio Di Saint Bonin áážááˇáşááťáŹáááşááśááťááşááŹáĄááşááşá
áąá¸ Saint Bretau áááŻáˇáážááˇáşááťáŹáááşááŽá¸ááąáŹááş ... |
During that year , the first of four new dreadnoughts , SMS Viribus Unitis , that made up the Tegetthoff class â the only dreadnoughts built for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy â came into active service . With the commissioning of these dreadnoughts , ZrĂnyi and her sisters were moved from the 1st Division to the 2nd D... | áááŻáážá
áşáĄáá˝ááşá¸áážáŹ Tegetthoff áĄáááşá¸áĄá
áŹá¸ááźá
áşááąáŹ SMS viribus ááąáááŻááşá¸áážáŻááťáŹá¸áááŻááá áŚá¸ ááŻáśá¸ SMS viribus @ acts @ @ Hungarian Navy-@ Hungarian Navy - Aust Service áááŻáˇááąáŹááşáážááá˛áˇáááşá á¤ááźáąáŹááşáááşáá˝ááşááąáŹááşá¸ááąáŹá¤ááźáąáŹááşáááşáá˝ááşááŹááťáŹá¸áážááˇáşáá°ááĄá
áşáááťáŹá¸ááąáŹáşááážááşáážááˇáşáá°áááĄá
áşáááťáŹá¸áááŻááááĄááźáááşáááŻááşáá˝á˛ááťáŻááşáá˝á˛áááŻááááážá
áşáá˝á˛áážááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˝ážáąáˇáá˛áˇ... |
= = = World War I = = =
| = = = = ááášááŹá
á
áş 1 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =... |
At that time of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 , the battleships in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy consisted of the Radetzky class , the Tegetthoff class ( which still had one ship , SMS Szent IstvĂĄn , under construction ) , the Erzherzog Karl class and finally , the older Habs... | áááŻáĄááťáááşááá˝á
ááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸áááŻááşááśá Archduke Franz Ferdinand áááŻááşááźáśááśááááˇáş Austro @ @ @ Hungarian Navy áá˝ááş @ Hungarian Navy áá˝ááş Austro @ - @ Hungarian Navy áá˝ááş Rundetzky Radetzky Class ááŤáááşáááşá ááąáŹááşááŻááşáá˛ááźá
áşáááşá ááťááşáážáááąáŹ Austro @ - @ áááşááąááŽááąáááşáážááˇáşáĄáá°ZrĂnyiáááş 1914 ááŻáážá
áşáá°áááŻááşááážáąáŹááşá¸áááŻááşá¸áá˝ááş SMS Goeben áážááˇáş... |
On 23 May 1915 , between two and four hours after news of the Italian declaration of war reached the main Austro @-@ Hungarian naval base at Pola , ZrĂnyi and the rest of the fleet departed to bombard the Italian and Montenegrin coast . Their focus was on the important naval base at Ancona , and later the coast of Mon... | 1915 ááąá 23 áááşááąáˇáá˝ááşáĄáŽáááŽá
á
áşááźáąááźáŹááťááşááááşá¸ááźáąááźáŹááťááşáááŻááťáąáŹáşááźáŽá¸ 2 ááŹááŽááąá¸ááŹááŽáĄááźáŹáá˝ááş PONTARESI á MARTEARE ááąáááşáĄááźáąá
ááŻááşá
áááşá¸áááŻáˇááąáŹááşáážááá˛áˇáááşá áá°áááŻáˇááĄáŹááŻáśáááşáĄááąá¸ááźáŽá¸ááąáŹááąáááşáĄááźáąá
ááŻááşá
áááşá¸áážááˇáşá
ááşááťááşá¸á Ancona áážá Montenegro ááááşá¸áááŻá¸áááşá¸ááááşá¸áááŻá¸áááşá¸áá˝ááşááźá
áşáááşá áá˝ááşááŽááŽááááŻá¸áááŻáśá¸ááźá˛áážáŻáááş Montrotro @ - @ @ - @... |
The objective of the bombardment of Ancona was to delay the Italian Army from deploying its forces along the border with Austria @-@ Hungary by destroying critical transportation systems . The surprise attack on Ancona succeeded in delaying the Italian deployment to the Alps for two weeks . This delay gave Austria @-@... | ACONA áááŻáśá¸ááźá˛áážáŻááááşáážááşá¸ááťááşáážáŹáĄáŽáááŽá
á
áşáááşáĄáŹá¸áááşá¸ááááşááťáŹá¸áááťážáąáŹááşáá˝á
ááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸ @ @ @ Hungary áááŻáááşá
ááşáááťážáąáŹááşáá˝ááşáááşá¸ááźááşá
á˝áŹáááşáá°áááŻáˇááąáŹááşááąá¸á
áá
áşááťáŹá¸áááŻááťááşááŽá¸ááźááşá¸áážáážáąáŹááˇáşáážáąá¸á
áąáááşá ANANA ááᯠACANA áááŻáĄáśáˇáĄáŹá¸áááˇáşá
á˝áŹáááŻááşáááŻááşáážáŻááŹáĄáŽáááŽááźááˇáşááťááşáážáŻáááŻáážá
áşáááşááźáŹáĄáąáŹááşááźáŹáážááşá
á˝áŹáážáąáŹááˇáşáážáąá¸á
áąáá˛áˇáááşá ááŽáážáąáŹááˇáşáážáąá¸áážáŻááá˝á
ááźáŽ... |
Aside from the attack on Ancona , the Austro @-@ Hungarian battleships were largely confined to Pola for the duration of the war . Their operations were limited by Admiral Anton Haus , the commander of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , who believed that he would need to husband his ships to counter any Italian attempt t... | Acona áááŻáááŻááşáááŻááşáážáŻ áážáá˝á˛. Austro @ - @ Hungarian Bratchings áááşá
á
áşáá˝á˛ááŹááĄáá˝ááşáááŻáááşáááŻááşááśááťáŹá¸ááśáážáĄááźáŽá¸áĄááťááşááťáŻááşáážáąáŹááşááŹá¸áááşá áá°áááş Dalmatian áááşá¸áááŻá¸áááşá¸áááŻááááşá¸áá°áááşáĄáŽáááŽáá°ááťááŻá¸ááťáŹá¸áááŻáááşá¸ááŽá¸áááşááááááááşášááąáŹááťáŹá¸áááŻáááŻááşááąáŹááşáááşáááŻáĄááşááááˇáşáááşááŻááŻáśááźááşááąáŹ Austro @ Hungarian ááąáááşáááşáážá°á¸ááťáŹá¸áá
á
áşáááşááąá¸áĄááźáŽá¸áĄáá˛ááąáááşáá... |
= = = Post @-@ war fate = = =
| = = = = post @ - @ War Fate = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ... |
After the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire collapsed in 1918 , the Austrians wanted to turn the fleet over to the newly created State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs ( later to become a part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) in order to prevent the Italians from claiming the ships as spoils of war . However , the victorious Al... | Austro @ - @ Hungarian áĄááşááŤááŹáááş 1918 ááŻáážá
áşáá˝ááşááźááŻááťáá˝áŹá¸áááşáážááˇáşáĄááťážáá˝á
ááźáąá¸ááťáááşáááşášááąáŹááŹá¸ááťáŹá¸áĄáŹá¸á
á
áşáá˝á˛ááťáŹá¸áááŻááŻáááşááźááşá¸ááťáŹá¸ááŻáááąáŹááşá¸áááŻááźááşá¸áážááŹáá˝ááşáááşááąáááşááťáŹá¸, áááŻáˇááąáŹáşáĄáąáŹááşáá˝á˛ááśáááŹááááşááťáŹá¸áááşáá˝á
áŽá¸á
áşáážááˇáşááąáŹááşáááşá¸áá
áşááťáŹá¸áĄááźáŹá¸á
ááŹá¸ááźáąáŹáááŻáážáŻááťáŹá¸áááŻáĄáááĄáážááşááźáŻááźáŽá¸ááźáąáŹááˇáşááźá
áşá
ááşáá˝ááşáááşášááąáŹááťáŹá¸áááŻáá˝á˛áá˝áŹáá˛áˇáááşá ááŽáááşášá... |
On the morning of 7 November 1920 , ZrĂnyi was decommissioned . USS Chattanooga took her in tow and , assisted by Brooks and Hovey , towed the battleship to Italy . Under the terms of the treaties of Versailles and St. Germain , ZrĂnyi was ultimately turned over to the Italian government at Venice . She was broken up ... | 1920 ááᯠ0 ááşáᏠ7 áááşááśáááşáááŻááşá¸áá˝ááşZrĂnyiáááŻááťááşááááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá USS Chattanooga ááá°ááááŻáá˝á˛áááşááąááźáŽá¸ Brooks áážááˇáş Hovey áááŻáˇááá°ááŽáá˛áˇááźáŽá¸áĄáŽáááŽáááŻáˇáááŻááşáá˝á˛ááťáŹá¸ Versailles áážááˇáşá
áááˇáşáááŻááşá¸áá
áŹááťáŻááşááťáŹá¸áĄáZrĂnyiáááşááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸áá˝ááşáááşá¸áá
áşáá˝ááşáĄáŽáááŽáĄá
ááŻá¸ááááŻáˇáá˝ážá˛ááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá áá°ááááşáááŻáážá
áşááąáŹááşáááŻááşá¸áá˝ááşáĄáááŻááşá¸áĄá
áážááˇáş 1921 áááŻáˇáá˝á˛áá˝... |
= Geopyxis carbonaria =
| = Geopyxis Carbonaria = |
Geopyxis carbonaria is a species of fungus in the genus Geopyxis , family Pyronemataceae . First described to science in 1805 , and given its current name in 1889 , the species is commonly known as the charcoal loving elf @-@ cup , dwarf acorn cup , stalked bonfire cup , or pixie cup . The small , goblet @-@ shaped fr... | Geopxis Carbonaria áááş Geen Silemxis, Geence Symonematareae áá˝ááşáážááŻáááťááŻá¸á
áááşáá
áşááŻááźá
áşáááşá ááá áŚá¸ ááŻáśá¸ 1805 áá˝ááşáááášááśáááŹáááŻááąáŹáşááźáá˛áˇááźáŽá¸ 1889 áá˝ááşáááşáážááĄáááşáááŻááąá¸áá˛áˇááźáŽá¸ 1889 áá˝ááşáááşáážááĄáááşáááŻááąá¸ááŹá¸ááąáŹááźáąáŹááˇáşááťááŻá¸á
áááşááťáŹá¸áááŻááŽá¸áá˝áąá¸ááťá
áşááźááşá¸ elf @ - @ cup, Dwarf Acorn Cup, goblet @ - áážááŻáážááŻá @ formed @ - @ - @ browd... |
= = Taxonomy = =
| = = taxonomy = = = = = = = = |
The fungus was first described scientifically in 1805 by Johannes Baptista von Albertini and Lewis David de Schweinitz as Peziza carbonaria . Mordecai Cubitt Cooke illustrated the fruitbodies , spores , and asci in his 1879 work Mycographia , seu Icones fungorum . Figures of fungi from all parts of the world . In 1889... | áážááŻááᯠ1805 ááŻáážá
áşáá˝ááş 1805 ááŻáážá
áşáá˝ááşáááášááśáááŹáááŻáááášááśáááşá¸ááťáááŻááá áŚá¸ ááŻáśá¸ááąáŹáşááźáá˛áˇáááˇáşááťááŻáááşááŻáááşááŻáášáááŹááŹáá˝ááşáážááˇáş Lewis Dave Schweinitz áááŻáˇ Peziza Carbonaria ááŻááąáŤáşáááşá Mordecai Cubitt Cooked áááşáĄááŹá¸áĄááąááťáŹá¸, ááášááŹááĄá
áááşáĄáááŻááşá¸áĄáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áážááŻáážááŻáááááşá¸ááááşá¸ááťáŹá¸á 1889 áá˝ááş Pier Andrea Seccardo áááşáážááŻááᯠGeenue Geopy... |
The specific epithet carbonaria derives from the Latin word for " charcoal " . Common names given to the fungus include " charcoal loving elf @-@ cup " , " dwarf acorn cup " , " pixie cup " , and the British Mycological Society approved " stalked bonfire cup " .
| Carbonaria áááşáááşáážááşáážááş Carbonaria áááşáááşáááşá
ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áážááážáááąáŹ "ááŽá¸áá˝áąá¸" áĄáá˝ááşááážááááşá áážááŻáááŻááąá¸ááąáŹááŻáśáĄáááşááťáŹá¸áá˝ááş "ááŽá¸áá˝áąá¸ááťá
áşááźááşá¸ elf @ - @ - @ Cup", "Dwarf Acorn Cup", "Pixie Mycological Society" Pixie Mycologied Society 'The Mycologed Bonfire Cup "áááŻáˇááŤáááşáááşá |
= = Description = =
| = = ááąáŹáşááźááťááş = = = |
The fruitbodies ( ascocarps ) of Geopyxis carbonaris are cup shaped , 1 â 2 cm wide , and have fringed whitish margins . The inner spore @-@ bearing surface of the cup , the hymenium , is brick red and smooth , while the exterior surface is a dull yellow , and may be either smooth or have blister @-@ like spots ( pust... | Geopyxis Carbonaris á ascocarps (ascocarps) áááşáááŹá¸, 1 - 2 á
ááşááŽááŽááŹ, hymenium ááĄáá˝ááşá¸áááŻááşá¸ spore @ @ - @ @ bearing fearing @ áĄááŽááąáŹááşáážááˇáşááťáąáŹáá˝áąáˇáááş, áĄááźááşáááşááťááşáážáŹááźááşáááşáĄááŤááąáŹááşáááşáĄááŤááąáŹááşááźá
áşááąáŹáşáááşá¸áĄá
ááşáĄááźáąáŹááşááťáŹá¸ (Pustulles) áá˛áˇáááŻáˇááťáąáŹáá˝áąáˇááźááşá¸áááŻáˇáááŻááş bluster @ áážááááŻááşáááşá stipe áááşááąá¸áááşááąáŹ (1 - 1 @ á áážá... |
= = = Microscopic characteristics = = =
| = = = = microscopic ááááąáááášáááŹááťáŹá¸ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ... |
In mass , the spores are whitish . The spores are elliptical , smooth , hyaline , devoid of oil droplets ( eguttulate ) , and have dimensions of 13 â 18 by 7 â 9 Âľm . They are thin walled and germinate and grow rapidly in vitro in the absence of external stimuli . The asci are 190 â 225 by 9 â 10 Âľm . The paraphyses a... | áĄá
áŻáááŻááşáĄááźáŻáśáááŻááşáĄáá˝ááş, áĄáá°á¸ááąáŹáşá
ááşááŹá¸áĄááźá°ááąáŹááşááźá
áşááźáááşá áĄáá°á¸áááźááˇáşáĄáá°á¸áááźááˇáş electical, ááťáąáŹáá˝áąáˇááąáŹáááŻááşáááŻááşááťáŹá¸ááźá
áşáááşá áááşá¸áááŻáˇáááşááŤá¸áá˝ážáŹááąáŹááśááśááťáŹá¸áážáááźáŽá¸ááźááşááážáŻáśáˇááąáŹáşáážáŻááážáááźááşá¸ááźáąáŹááˇáşáĄáááşááąáŤááşááŹáááşáážááˇáşáĄááťážááťááşááźááşá
á˝áŹááźáŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááŹáááşá ASCI áááş 190 ááž 225 áĄáá 9 - 10 Îźmááźá
áşáááşá Paraphyses ááťáŹá¸áááşáĄáááşá¸áááş Club @ @... |
= = = Similar species = = =
| = = = = áĄááŹá¸áá°ááťááŻá¸á
áááş = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ... |
The closely related vulcan elf cup ( Geopyxis vulcanalis ) has a pale orange to yellowish fruitbody that is deeply cup shaped before flattening in maturity , and its crushed flesh often has an odor of sulfur . It may be distinguished microscopically by its paraphyses , which lack the orange @-@ brown granules characte... | áĄááŽá¸áááşáááşáá˝ááşááąáŹ Vulcan Elf Cup (Geopyx Vulcanalis) áááşáááˇáşááťááşááźááşá¸áááźáŻááŽáááşáážááŻááşá¸ááąáŹáááŹá¸áááŻáĄáá˝ááşáááşáážááŻááşá¸ááąáŹáĄááŽá¸áááŻááŽá¸ááąáŹáĄááŤááąáŹááşáĄááŽá¸áááŻááŽá¸ááąáŹáĄááŤááąáŹááşáĄááŽá¸ááťáŹá¸áĄááááááşááąáŹáşááąáŹááşáážááááşá áááşá¸áááŻááááşááąáŹáşááąáŹááşáĄá @ - @ brownarules ááá°á¸ááźáŹá¸ááąáŹááášáááŹááťáŹá¸ááźááˇáşáá˝á˛ááźáŹá¸ááŹá¸áááŻááşáááşá áááşá¸áá˝ááşáááŻáááŻááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸ááąáŹáĄáá°á¸ááąáŹáşá
ááşááŹá¸áážáŻááťáŹá¸á... |
= = Habitat and distribution = =
| = = ááąáááşá¸ááąáááťáŹá¸áážááˇáşááźááˇáşááźá°á¸ = = = = = = = = |
Geopyxis carbonaria is widespread on burned soil or charcoal in the spring and throughout the growing season . It is one of the most common pioneer species found on burned ground . The charred litter on the forest floor increases the underlying soil pH as well as the availability of minerals . Fruitbodies are produced... | Geopyxis Carbonaria áááşáá˝áą áŚá¸ ááŹááŽáážááˇáşááźáŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááŹááąáŹááŹááŽáá
áşááťážáąáŹááşáá˝ááşááŽá¸áá˝áąá¸áááŻáˇáááŻááşááŽá¸áá˝áąá¸ááťáŹá¸ááąáŤáşáá˝ááşááťáśáˇáážáśáˇááąááąáŹááźáąááŽáá˝ážáŹáááŻáˇáááŻááşááŽá¸áá˝áąá¸ááťáŹá¸ááąáŤáşáá˝ááşááťááşááźááˇáşááąáááşá áááşá¸áááşááŽá¸ááąáŹááşááťá˝ááşá¸ááąáŹááźáąááąáŤáşáá˝ááşáá˝áąáˇáááąáŹáĄááŻáśá¸áĄááťáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áážáąáˇááąáŹááşááťááŻá¸á
áááşáá
áşááŻááźá
áşáááşá áá
áşááąáŹááźááşá¸ááźááşááąáŤáşáážáááŽá¸áááŻá¸áá˝áąáˇáĄáážááŻááşááťáŹá¸áááşáĄááźáąááśááźáąááŽáá˝... |
The fungus is found in Europe ( from where it was originally described ) , and is widespread throughout North America . The North American distribution extends north to Alaska . In 2010 , it was reported for the first time from Turkey .
| áážááŻáááŻáĽááąáŹáááá˝áąáˇáááŻááşáááş (áá°áááąáŹáşááźááŹá¸áááˇáşááąááŹááž) ááźáąáŹááşáĄááąááááá
áşááťážáąáŹááşáá˝ááşááťáśáˇáážáśáˇááąáááşá ááźáąáŹááşáĄááąáááááźááˇáşááźá°á¸áááşááźáąáŹááşáááşáááŻáˇáĄáááşá
ááŹáĄáááááŻá¸ááťá˛áˇáááşá 2010 ááŻáážá
áşáá˝ááşáá°áááŽáážáááááŻáśá¸áĄááźáááşáĄááźá
áşáĄá
áŽáááşááśáá˛áˇáááşá |
= = Ecology = =
| = = EENOGOLY = = = = = = = = = |
Although primarily a saprotrophic fungus involved in the post @-@ fire breakdown of duff and coniferous roots , Geopyxis carbonaria has been shown to be capable of forming ectomycorrhizae with Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) . It had been demonstrated earlier in laboratory experiments that the fungus has a biotrophic in... | áĄááááĄáŹá¸ááźááˇáş Saprotrophic áážááŻááťáŹá¸á፠0 ááşááąáŹ Saprotrophic áážááŻáááş @ - Duff áážááˇáş conuferous áĄááźá
áşááťáŹá¸áááŻááźá
áşááąáŤáşá
áąááźááşá¸áážááˇáş conferous carbonaria áááş ectomycorrhizaia (picea abies) áážááˇáş letycorrhizae áááŻáá˝á˛áˇá
ááşá¸áááŻááşááźáąáŹááşá¸ááźááá˛áˇáááşá Lodgepole áááşá¸áážá°á¸áááşá¸ (Pinus Contorta) áážááˇáşáĄáá° biotrophophophic áĄááźááşáĄáážááşáááşáá˝ááşááž... |
Large fruitings of the fungus are often associated with damage to the host tree , such as that which occurs with burning . A field study conducted in Norway demonstrated that fruit bodies were more likely to be found in areas that were heavily burned , compared to locations with light to moderate burning where the tre... | áážááŻááĄááŽá¸ááťáŹá¸á
á˝áŹáááşáááźáŹáááááŻááááŻááŽá¸ááąáŹááşááźááşá¸áážááˇáşáĄáá°ááźá
áşááąáŤáşááąáŹáĄáááşáááŻááťááşá
áŽá¸á
áąááźááşá¸áážááˇáşáááşá
ááşááąáˇáážááááşá ááąáŹáşááąáá˝ááşááźáŻááŻááşáá˛áˇááąáŹáá˝ááşá¸áááşá¸ááąáˇááŹáážáŻáá
áşááŻáĄááĄááŽá¸áááŻááşááášááŹáá˝ááşáĄááŽá¸áĄááąáŹááşá¸ááťáŹá¸áááŻááŽá¸áážááŻáˇááťááşááŽá¸áá˛áˇááąáŹááąáááťáŹá¸áá˝ááşáĄááŽá¸áááŻááŽá¸áážááŻáˇááťááşááŽá¸ááŹá¸ááąáŹááąááŹááťáŹá¸áá˝ááşáááŻáˇáááŻááşááźááşáááşááąáŹááąááŹááťáŹá¸áážááááˇáşááąááŹááťáŹá¸áá˝ááşáááŻáˇáááŻááş Cl... |
= Gold dollar =
| = áá˝ážáąááąáŤáşáᏠ= |
The gold dollar or gold one @-@ dollar piece was a coin struck as a regular issue by the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1849 to 1889 . The coin had three types over its lifetime , all designed by Mint Chief Engraver James B. Longacre . The Type 1 issue had the smallest diameter of any United States coin ever mi... | áá˝ážáąááąáŤáşááŹáááŻáˇáááŻááşáá˝ážáąáá
áşááťáąáŹááşá¸áááş 1849 ááž 1889 áĄáááá°áááŻááşáááşá
ááááşáááťá°áááŻáááŻáśáážááşááź one ááŹáá
áşááŻááźá
áşááŹáá˛áˇáááşá áááşášááŤá¸áááşáááşá¸ááá
áşáááşááŹááŻáśá¸áá˝ááşááŻáśá¸ááťááŻá¸ááŻáśá¸áážááá˛áˇáááşá áĄááťááŻá¸áĄá
áŹá¸ 1 ááź issue ááŹáááşáááşáááˇáşáĄááąáááááşááźááşááąáŹááşá
áŻáááşášááŤá¸ááźáŹá¸áááŻááááŻáĄáááŻá¸ááŻáśá¸áĄááźááˇáşááŻáśá¸áĄáá˝ááˇáşáážááááşá |
A gold dollar had been proposed several times in the 1830s and 1840s , but was not initially adopted . Congress was finally galvanized into action by the increased supply of bullion caused by the California gold rush , and in 1849 authorized a gold dollar . In its early years , silver coins were being hoarded or expor... | 1830 áážááˇáş 1840 ááźááˇáşáážá
áşááťáŹá¸áá˝ááşáá˝ážáąááąáŤáşááŹáááŻáĄááźáááşááźáááşáĄáááŻááźáŻááŹá¸áá˛áˇááąáŹáşáááşá¸áĄá
áááŻááşá¸áá˝ááşáááťááˇáşááŻáśá¸áá˛áˇááŤá ááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸áá˝ááşáá˝ááşááááşáá˝ážááşááąáŹáşááááşááŽáááŻá¸ááŽá¸ááŹá¸áá˝ážáą Rush ááźáąáŹááˇáşááźá
áşááąáŤáşááŹááąáŹááźáąáŹááˇáşáááŹááááşáááşá¸ááťááşáááŻáááŻá¸ááźážááˇáşááźááşá¸ááźááˇáşá
áááşáá˛áˇáááşá 1849 áá˝ááşáá˝ážáąááąáŤáşááŹáááŻáá˝ááˇáşááźáŻáá˛áˇáááşá áĄá
áąáŹáááŻááşá¸áážá
áşááťáŹá¸áá˝ááşáá˝áąáááşášááŤá¸ááťáŹá¸áááŻáááŻ... |
Gold did not again circulate in most of the nation until 1879 ; once it did , the gold dollar did not regain its place . In its final years , it was struck in small numbers , causing speculation by hoarders . It was also in demand to be mounted in jewelry . The regular issue gold dollar was last struck in 1889 ; the f... | 1879 ááŻáážá
áşáĄáááá˝ážáąáĄááťáŹá¸á
áŻáá˝ááşáá˝ážáąáááŻááąáŹááşááááşáááźááˇáşááźá°á¸ááźááşá¸, áááŻáááŻáˇááźáŻáááşáážááˇáşáááźááŻááşáááş, áá˝ážáąááąáŤáşááŹáááşáááşá¸áááąááŹáááŻááźááşáááşáááážááá˛áˇááŤá áááşá¸áááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸áážá
áşááťáŹá¸áá˝ááşáááşá¸áááşááśááŤááşáááşááťáŹá¸ááźááˇáşáááŻááşáážááşááŹáááŻáážáąáŹááşáá°ááťáŹá¸ááááşááźáąá¸ááťáŹá¸ááźá
áşáááşá áááşá¸áááşáááşáááşááááŹááťáŹá¸áááşáááşáááş 0 ááşáááŻáĄáŹá¸áááşá¸áážááááşá ááŻáśáážááşááź issue ááŹáááş 1889 ááŻáážá
áş... |
= = Background = =
| = = ááąáŹááşááś = = = = = |
In proposing his plan for a mint and a coinage system , Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton in 1791 proposed that the one @-@ dollar denomination be struck both as a gold coin , and as one of silver , representative of the two metals which he proposed be made legal tender . Congress followed Hamilton 's recom... | 1791 áá˝ááş Mint áážááˇáş Coinage System áĄáá˝ááşáá°ááĄá
áŽáĄá
ááşáááŻáĄáááŻááźáŻááŹá¸ááŹáá˝ááşáááş as áŹááąá¸áááŻááşááŹáĄááşáááşááŤá¸ Hamilton áááşáá˝ážáąáááşášááŤá¸áá
áşááťááŻá¸áĄááźá
áş (@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ letar denuction) áážááˇáşáá°áĄáááŻááźáŻááŹá¸ááąáŹááášááŻáá
áşááťááŻá¸áĄááźá
áşáááşáážááşáááşá áá˝ááşááááşááá˝áąááąáŤáşááŹá
áťáąá¸áááŻáá˝ááˇáşááźáŻááŹá¸áááşá |
In 1831 , the first gold dollar was minted , at the private mint of Christopher Bechtler in North Carolina . Much of the gold then being produced in the United States came from the mountains of North Carolina and Georgia , and the dollars and other small gold coins issued by Bechtler circulated through that region , a... | 1831 áá˝ááşáááááŻáśá¸áá˝ážáąááąáŤáşááŹá
áťáąá¸ááᯠCarolina áážá Christopopher Bechtler áá˝ááşááá
áşá
áááŻááŹáá˝ááşá¸ Minintler áá˝ááşáááˇáşáááˇáşááťááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááşá áááŻáˇááąáŹááşáá°áááŻááşáááşá
ááááşáá˝ááşááŻááşááŻááşáááˇáşáá˝ážáąáĄááťáŹá¸á
áŻáááşááźáąáŹááşáááŻááşá¸ááŹáááŻáááŻááşá¸ááŹá¸áážááˇáşááťáąáŹáşááťáŽááŹáááŻáˇáážáá˝ááşááąáŤáşááŹááąáŹááąáŹááşáááşá¸ááťáŹá¸áážááˇáş Bechtler áážááŻááşááąá¸áááˇáşáĄááźáŹá¸ááąá¸áááşááąáŹáá˝ážáąáááşášááŤá¸ááťáŹá¸áážááˇáşáááŻáááŻ... |
Soon after the Bechtlers began to strike their private issues , Secretary of the Treasury Levi Woodbury became an advocate of having the Mint of the United States ( " Mint " , when described as an institution ) strike the one @-@ dollar denomination in gold . He was opposed by the Mint Director , Robert M. Patterson .... | Bechtlers ááťáŹá¸áááşáá°áááŻáˇáááŻáášááááááź issues ááŹááťáŹá¸áááŻá
áááşáááŻááşáááşááźáŽá¸ááąáŹááşáááźáŹááŽáá˝ááşáááş tre áŹááąá¸ 0 ááşááźáŽá¸ááŹáá 0 ááşááźáŽá¸ááŹáááĄáá˝ááşá¸ááąá¸áážá°á¸áááşáĄááąáááááşááźááşááąáŹááşá
áŻááá°á
áŽááśáááŻáá˝ážáąááźááˇáşááźáŻááŻááşáááşáááŻááşáá˝ááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá áá°áááş Mint M. Patterson áážáááˇáşááťááşáá˛áˇáááşá Woodbury ááášáááĄááşááá°á¸ááťááşáááşáááşáááşášááŤá¸ááźáŹá¸ááťáŹá¸ááťááąáŹááşá
áąáááşááášáááĄááşááá°á¸ááťááşáá... |
Consideration was given to including the gold dollar as an authorized denomination in the revisionary legislation that became the Mint Act of 1837 . The Philadelphia newspaper Public Ledger , in December 1836 , supported a gold dollar , stating that " the dollar is the smallest gold coin that would be convenient , and... | 1837 ááŻáážá
áşááá°áá˝áąá¸ááąáŹáĄááşáĽáááąááźá
áşááŹáááˇáşááźááşáááşááźááşáááşááźááşá¸áááŻááşááŹáĽáááąááťáŹá¸áá˝ááşáá˝ážáąááąáŤáşááŹáĄááŤáĄ 0 ááşáááŻáááˇáşáá˝ááşá¸á
ááşá¸á
áŹá¸áá˛áˇáááşá 1836 ááŻáážá
áşááŽáááşááŹááá˝ááş Philadelphia áá˝ááş Philadelphia ááááşá¸á
áŹááá˝ážáąááąáŤáşááŹá
áťáąá¸áááŻááąáŹááşááśáˇááąáŹáá˝ážáąááąáŤáşááŹá
áťáąá¸áááŻááąáŹááşááśááźáąáŹááşá¸ááźáąáŹááźáŹá¸áá˛áˇáááşá |
= = Inception = =
| = = iningce = = = = = = = = = = = = |
In January 1844 , North Carolina Representative James Iver McKay , the chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means , solicited the views of Director Patterson on the gold dollar . Patterson had more of Gobrecht 's pattern dollar struck to show to committee members , again advising against a coin that if issued would b... | 1844 ááŻáážá
áşáááşáááŤááŽááá˝ááşááźáąáŹááşááŹáááŻáááŻááşá¸ááŹá¸áá˝ááşááźáąáŹááşááŹáááŻáááŻááşá¸ááŹá¸áážáááŻááşá
áŹá¸áážááş James Evers McKay áááşááąáŹáşáááŽáĽááşá chairman ášáááĽááşá chairman ášá McKay áá˝ááşáá˝ážáąááąáŤáşááŹá
áťáąá¸áááťáŹáááŹááťáŹá¸ááĄááźááşááťáŹá¸áááŻáážáŹáá˝áąáá˛áˇáááşá Patterson áá˝ááşááąáŹáşááᎠ0 ááşááťáŹá¸áĄáŹá¸ááźááááş Gobrecht áááŻáśá
áśááąáŤáşááŹá
áťáąá¸áá˝ááşáááŻáááŻááťáŹá¸ááźáŹá¸ááŹáááşá ááŻááşáá˝ááşááąá¸, á
ááááşáážááˇáş... |
Even before 1848 , record amounts of gold were flowing to American mints to be struck into coin , but the California Gold Rush vastly increased these quantities . This renewed calls for a gold dollar , as well as for a higher denomination than the eagle ( $ 10 piece ) , then the largest gold coin . In January 1849 , M... | 1848 ááááŻááşááŽááááşáááşášááŤá¸ááźáŹá¸ááťáŹá¸áĄááźá
áşáááŻááşáážááşááśááááˇáşáĄááąáááááşáááŻá¸áááťáŹá¸áááŻáˇáá˝ážáąáááŹááááŻá
áŽá¸áááşá¸ááąááźáŽá¸áááşááŽáááŻá¸ááŽá¸ááŹá¸áá˝ážáą Rush áááşá¤áááŹááááŻááťáŹá¸ááźáŹá¸ááŹáááşá ááŽáá˝ážáąááąáŤáşááŹá
áťáąá¸áááŻáĄáá
áşááźáąáŹááşá¸áááŻáˇáááŻáááş, áááşá¸ááŻááş ($ 10 áĄáááŻááşá¸áĄá
) áááşáááŻáááŻááźááˇáşááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááŻááşá¸ááá
á˝á˛áá˝áą, 1849 ááŻáážá
áşáááşáááŤááŽááá˝ááş McKay áááşáá°ááąáŹáşáááŽáááŻáááşáá˝ážááşá¸ááąáŹáá˝ážáąááąáŤáşá... |
McKay got his fellow Democrat , New Hampshire Senator Charles Atherton , to introduce the bill to authorize the gold dollar and the double eagle in the Senate on February 1 , 1849 â Atherton was chairman of the Senate Finance Committee . McKay introduced a version into the House on February 20 ; debate began the same ... | McKay áááşáá°áááŽáááŻááááşáá
áşáĄáááşáá˝ážááşááąáŹáşáĄáááş Marpshread ááŽááááşáᏠAtherton ááᯠ1849 ááŻáážá
áş, ááąááąáŹáşááŤáᎠ1 áááşááąáˇáá˝ááşáĄáááşáá˝ážááşááąáŹáşáá˝ááşááźáŻááŻááşáááşááŽááşáááŻáá˝ááˇáşááźáŻáááşáĽáááąááźááşá¸áááŻáá˝ááˇáşááźáŻáááşáĽáááąááźááşá¸áááŻááááşáááşááąá¸áááş Bymarmshire ááŽááąáŹáşáááášááĄáá˝áąáá˝áąááŽááááş Charles Atherton áááŻááážááá˛áˇáááşá MCKAY áááşááąááąáŹáşááŤááŽá 20 áááşááąáˇáá˝ááşáĄáááşáááŻáˇááŹá¸á... |
= = Preparation = =
| = = ááźááşáááşáážáŻ = = = |
The officers at the Philadelphia Mint , including Chief Coiner Franklin Peale , were mostly the friends and relations of Director Patterson . The outsider in their midst was Chief Engraver James B. Longacre , successor to Gobrecht ( who had died in 1844 ) . A former copper @-@ plate engraver , Longacre had been appoin... | Coiner Franklin Peanle áĄááŤáĄ 0 ááş Philadelphia áá˝ááşáĄááŹáážáááťáŹá¸áááşáĄááťáŹá¸áĄáŹá¸ááźááˇáşáá°áááşááťááşá¸ááťáŹá¸áážááˇáşáááşáá˝ááşáážáŻááá
ášá
áááşááťáŹá¸áážááˇáşá
ááşááťááşá¸á ááźá
áşáááşá Gobrecht (1844 áá˝ááşááąááŻáśá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááąáŹ Gobrecht áážáááŻááşááťáŻááşáážá°á¸ááźáŽá¸ááťáááşá¸á
áşááŽá¸á
áááşá¸áááş Engrecht áážááťáááşá¸á
áşáá ááááşááźáąá¸áᎠ@ - @ plate exgraver, Longacre áááşááąáŹááşáááşáááŻáááŻááşá¸ááŹá¸áĄáááşáá˝ážááşá... |
When Longacre began work on the two new coins in early 1849 , he had no one to assist him . Longacre wrote the following year that he had been warned by a Mint employee that one of the officers ( undoubtedly Peale ) planned to undermine the chief engraver 's position by having the work of preparing designs and dies do... | 1849 ááŻáážá
áşáĄá
áąáŹáááŻááşá¸áá˝ááş Longacre áááşáĄáá
áşááąáŹáááşášááŤá¸áážá
áşá
ááşá¸áá˝ááşá
áááşááŻááşáááŻááşááźááąáŹáĄááŤáá°áááşáá°áˇáááŻáá°ááŽáááşáááşáá°ááťážááážááá˛áˇááŤá LongACre áááşááąáŹááşáážá
áşáá˝ááşáá°áááşáá°á
áŽááśááťáŹá¸áĄááźááşáááşáážáááŽáááŻááşá¸ááťáŹá¸áááŻááźááşáááşááźááşá¸áážááˇáşáá˝ááşáá˝ááşáážáŻááťáŹá¸áááŻááźááşáááşááźááşá¸ááźááˇáşááŹáá˝ááşááąá¸ áŚá¸ á
áŽá¸ááťáŻááşáááźááˇáşááŹá¸ááąáŹ 0 ááşáááşá¸áá
áş áŚá¸ (ááááşáááşá¸) áááŻáááĄáŹá¸ááąá¸áááşá
áŽá
ááşá... |
The engraving was unusually minute and required very close and incessant labor for several weeks . I made the original dies and hubs for making the working dies twice over , to secure their perfect adaptation to the coining machinery . I had a wish to execute this work single handed , that I might thus silently reply ... | áá˝ááşá¸ááŹá¸ááąáŹáĄááŹáááşááŻáśáážááşáááŻááşááąáŹáááá
áşáĄáááşá¸áááşááŹáážáááźáŽá¸áĄáá˝ááşááŽá¸áááşá
á˝áŹáážááˇáşáĄáááşáááźááşááŻááşáĄáŹá¸ááááŻáĄááşáááşá áá°áááŻáˇááŹáá°áááŻáˇáá˛áˇááźáŽá¸ááźááˇáşá
áŻáśáá˛áˇáááŻááşááťáąáŹááŽáá˝áąááźá
áşáĄáąáŹááşááŻááşáá˛áˇá
ááşááášáááŹá¸áá˝áąáááŻááąááťáŹáĄáąáŹááşááŻááşáá˛áˇáĄááŻááşáááŻáážá
áşááźáááşááąá
áąáááŻáˇáážá
áşááźáááşááąááŻáśá¸áááŻáˇáĄáá˝ááşáá°áááąááŻáśá¸ááąáá˛áˇáĄááąááąáŹááşáá˝áąáá˛áˇáá˝á˛ááąáŹááşáážáŻáááŻááŻááşáá˛áˇáááşá ááŤáĄááŻááşáĄáá˝ááşááŤáˇá
á˝ááşá¸á... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.