url stringlengths 6 1.61k | fetch_time int64 1,368,856,904B 1,726,893,854B | content_mime_type stringclasses 3 values | warc_filename stringlengths 108 138 | warc_record_offset int32 9.6k 1.74B | warc_record_length int32 664 793k | text stringlengths 45 1.04M | token_count int32 22 711k | char_count int32 45 1.04M | metadata stringlengths 439 443 | score float64 2.52 5.09 | int_score int64 3 5 | crawl stringclasses 93 values | snapshot_type stringclasses 2 values | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.06 1 |
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https://bestessaywritings.com/case-6-altavox-electronics/ | 1,638,436,817,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361253.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202084644-20211202114644-00630.warc.gz | 196,529,000 | 15,588 | # Case # 6 altavox electronics
CASE # 6 ALTAVOX ELECTRONICS
Textbook: Operations and Supply Chain Management: Robert Jacobs and Richard B. Chase
3 questions/2 pages
Altavox is a manufacturer and distributor of many electronic instruments and devices, including digital/analog multimeters, function generators, oscilloscopes, frequency counters and other test equipment and measuring equipment. Altavox sells a line of test meters that are popular with professional electricians. The model VC202 is sold through five distributors to retail stores in the United States. These distributors are located in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas and Los angles and have been selected to serve different region in the country.
The Model VC202 has been a steady seller over the years due to its reliability and rugged construction. Altavox does not consider this a seasonal product, but there is some variability in demand. Demand for the product over the past 13 weeks is shown in the following table.
These data are contained in an Excel spread Altavox Data. The demand in the regions varies between high of 40 units on average per week in Atlanta and 48 units in Dallas. This quarter’s data are pretty close to the demand last quarter.
Management would like you to experiment with some forecasting models to determine what should be used in a new system being implemented. This new system is programmed to use one of two models: simple moving average or exponential smoothing.
Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Average Atlanta 33 45 37 38 55 30 18 58 47 37 23 55 40 40 Boston 26 35 41 40 46 48 55 18 62 44 30 45 50 42 Chicago 44 34 22 55 48 72 62 28 27 95 35 45 47 47 Dallas 27 42 35 40 51 64 70 65 55 43 38 47 42 48 Los Angles 32 43 54 40 46 74 40 35 45 38 48 56 50 46 Total 162 199 189 213 246 288 245 204 236 257 174 248 229 222
Question 1
Consider using a simple moving average model. Experiment with models using five week’s and three weeks’ past data. The past data in each region is given below (week – 1 is the week before week 1 in the table, -2 is two weeks before week 1, etc.). Evaluate the forecast that would have been made over the 13 weeks for each distributor using the mean absolute deviation, mean absolute percent error, and tracking signal as criteria.
Week -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 Atlanta 45 38 30 58 37 Boston 62 18 48 40 35 Chicago 62 22 72 44 48 Dallas 42 35 40 64 43 LA 43 40 54 46 35 Total 254 153 244 252 198
Question 2
Next consider using a simple exponential smoothing model. In your analysis, test two alpha values, .2 and .4. Use the same criteria for evaluating the model as in question 1. Assume that the initial previous forecast for the model using an alpha value of .2 is the past three-week average. For the model using an alpha of .4 assume that the previous forecast is the past five-week average.
Question 3
Altavox is considering a new option for distributing the model VC202 where, instead of using five distributors, only a single distributor would be used. Evaluate this option by analyzing how accurate the forecast would be based on the demand aggregated across all regions. Use the model that you think is best from your analysis of questions 1 and 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of aggregating demand from a forecasting view? Are there other things that should be considered when going from multiple distributors to a single distributor? | 887 | 3,420 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.953125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | latest | en | 0.846372 |
http://poj.org/problem?id=2723 | 1,495,892,636,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608954.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527133144-20170527153144-00489.warc.gz | 357,121,516 | 3,976 | Online JudgeProblem SetAuthorsOnline ContestsUser
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Get Luffy Out
Time Limit: 2000MS Memory Limit: 65536K Total Submissions: 8835 Accepted: 3435
Description
Ratish is a young man who always dreams of being a hero. One day his friend Luffy was caught by Pirate Arlong. Ratish set off at once to Arlong's island. When he got there, he found the secret place where his friend was kept, but he could not go straight in. He saw a large door in front of him and two locks in the door. Beside the large door, he found a strange rock, on which there were some odd words. The sentences were encrypted. But that was easy for Ratish, an amateur cryptographer. After decrypting all the sentences, Ratish knew the following facts:
Behind the large door, there is a nesting prison, which consists of M floors. Each floor except the deepest one has a door leading to the next floor, and there are two locks in each of these doors. Ratish can pass through a door if he opens either of the two locks in it. There are 2N different types of locks in all. The same type of locks may appear in different doors, and a door may have two locks of the same type. There is only one key that can unlock one type of lock, so there are 2N keys for all the 2N types of locks. These 2N keys were divided into N pairs, and once one key in a pair is used, the other key will disappear and never show up again.
Later, Ratish found N pairs of keys under the rock and a piece of paper recording exactly what kinds of locks are in the M doors. But Ratish doesn't know which floor Luffy is held, so he has to open as many doors as possible. Can you help him to choose N keys to open the maximum number of doors?
Input
There are several test cases. Every test case starts with a line containing two positive integers N (1 <= N <= 210) and M (1 <= M <= 211) separated by a space, the first integer represents the number of types of keys and the second integer represents the number of doors. The 2N keys are numbered 0, 1, 2, ..., 2N - 1. Each of the following N lines contains two different integers, which are the numbers of two keys in a pair. After that, each of the following M lines contains two integers, which are the numbers of two keys corresponding to the two locks in a door. You should note that the doors are given in the same order that Ratish will meet. A test case with N = M = 0 ends the input, and should not be processed.
Output
For each test case, output one line containing an integer, which is the maximum number of doors Ratish can open.
Sample Input
```3 6
0 3
1 2
4 5
0 1
0 2
4 1
4 2
3 5
2 2
0 0
```
Sample Output
`4`
Source
[Submit] [Go Back] [Status] [Discuss] | 728 | 2,859 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.28125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | longest | en | 0.970821 |
https://www.efunda.com/glossary/units/units--pressure--bar.cfm | 1,709,620,762,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948223038.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305060427-20240305090427-00302.warc.gz | 730,279,550 | 6,650 | Materials Design Center Processes Unit Conversion Formulas Mathematics
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Glossary » Units » Pressure » Bar
Bar (bar) is a unit in the category of Pressure. It is also known as bars. Bar (bar) has a dimension of ML-1T-2 where M is mass, L is length, and T is time. It can be converted to the corresponding standard SI unit Pa by multiplying its value by a factor of 100000.
Note that the seven base dimensions are M (Mass), L (Length), T (Time), Q (Temperature), N (Aamount of Substance), I (Electric Current), and J (Luminous Intensity).
Other units in the category of Pressure include Atmosphere (metric) (at), Atmosphere (standard) (atm), Barad (barad), Barye, CentiHg (0°C), Centimeter of Mercury (0°C) (cmHg (0 °C)), Centimeter of Water (4°C) (cmH2O), Dyne Per Square Centimeter (dyn/cm2), Foot of Water (4°C) (ft H2O), Gigapascal (GPa), Hectopascal (hPa), Inch of Mercury (0°C) (inHg (0 °C)), Inch of Mercury (15.56°C) (inHg (15.56 °C)), Inch of Water (15.56°C) (inH2O (15.56 °C)), Inch of Water (4°C) (inH2O (4 °C)), Kilogram Force Per Square Centimeter (kgf/cm2), Kilogram Force Per Square Decimeter (kgf/dm2), Kilogram Force Per Square Meter (kgf/m2), Kilogram Force Per Square Millimeter (kgf/mm2), Kilopascal (kPa), Kilopound Force Per Square Inch (kip/in2, ksi, KSI), Megapascal (MPa), Meter of Water (15.56°C) (mH2O, mCE (15.56 °C)), Meter of Water (4°C) (mH2O, mCE (4 °C)), Microbar (barye, Barrie) (µbar), Micron of Mercury (millitorr) (µHg (0 °C)), Millibar (mbar), Millimeter of Mercury (0°C) (mmHg, torr, Torr (0 °C)), Millimeter of Water (15.56°C) (mmH2O, mmCE (15.56 °C)), Millimeter of Water (4°C) (mmH2O, mmCE (4 °C)), Millitorr (mtorr), Newton Per Square Meter (N/m2), Ounce Force (av.) Per Square Inch (ozf/in2, osi), Pascal (Pa, N/m2), Pound Force Per Square Foot (lbf/ft2), Pound Force Per Square Inch (psi, PSI, lbf/in2), Poundal Per Square Foot (pdl/ft2), Poundal Per Square Inch (pdl/in2), Standard Atmosphere (atm), Ton Force (long) Per Square Foot (tonf/ft2 (UK)), Ton Force (long) Per Square Inch (tonf/in2 (UK)), Ton Force (metric) Per Square Centimeter (tonf/cm2 (metric)), Ton Force (metric) Per Square Meter (tonf/m2 (metric)), Ton Force (short) Per Square Foot (tonf/ft2 (US)), Ton Force (short) Per Square Inch (tonf/in2 (US)), and Torr (torr).
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Salary Expectation
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Selecting the Right 3D Printer
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3D Scanners
A white paper to assist in the evaluation of 3D scanning hardware solutions. | 964 | 3,265 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.59375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | longest | en | 0.707858 |
https://groupprops.subwiki.org/wiki/Nonempty_intersection_of_cosets_is_coset_of_intersection | 1,607,083,414,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141735600.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204101314-20201204131314-00317.warc.gz | 313,940,927 | 9,556 | # Nonempty intersection of cosets is coset of intersection
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## Contents
DIRECT: The fact or result stated in this article has a trivial/direct/straightforward proof provided we use the correct definitions of the terms involved
View other results with direct proofs
VIEW FACTS USING THIS: directly | directly or indirectly, upto two steps | directly or indirectly, upto three steps|
VIEW: Survey articles about this
## Statement
### Verbal statement
If the intersection of a collection of left cosets of subgroups is nonempty, then it is a coset of the intersection of the corresponding subgroups.
### Statement with symbols
Suppose $\{H_{i}\}_{i \in I}$ is a family of subgroups of a group $G$ indexed by $I$, and $g_{i}$ are elements of $G$. Then $\cap_{i \in I}g_{i}H_{i}$, if non-empty, is a left coset of the subgroup $\cap_{i \in I}H_{i}$.
## Proof
Given: $H_{i} \le G$, $g_{i}\in G$, $\cap_{i \in I}g_{i}H_{i}$ non-empty.
To prove: there exists $a \in G$ such that $\cap_{i \in I}g_{i}H_{i}=a\cap_{i \in I}H_{i}$
Proof: Observe that for any $u$ in $\cap_{i \in I}g_{i}H_{i}$, we have $g_{i}^{-1}u \in H_{i}$, viz: $u^{-1}g_{i} \in H_{i}$. So, $u^{-1}g_{i}H_{i}=H_{i}$.
For any $v \in \cap_{i \in I}H_{i}$, in each $H_{i}$ we can find $h_{i}$ such that $v=u^{-1}g_{i}h_{i}$. Therefore $uv$ is in $g_{i}H_{i}$. Hence $uv$ is in $\cap_{i \in I} g_{i}H_{i}$, viz: $u(\cap_{i \in I}H_{i}) \subseteq \cap_{i \in I} g_{i}H_{i}$.
Now, for all $u, p$ in $\cap_{i \in I}g_{i}H_{i}$, we can find $h_{i}, k_{i} \in H_{i}$ such that $u=g_{i}h_{i}$ and $p=g_{i}k_{i}$. Then $p^{-1}u=k_{i}^{-1}g_{i}^{-1}g_{i}h_{i}=k_{i}^{-1}h_{i} \in H_{i}$. So it follows that the cosets of the intersection subgroup with respect to $u, p$ are the same. Therefore, $\cap_{i \in I} g_{i}H_{i} \subseteq u(\cap_{i \in I}H_{i})$. Hence $\cap_{i \in I} g_{i}H_{i} = u(\cap_{i \in I}H_{i})$. | 721 | 1,903 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 35, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.9375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | latest | en | 0.679138 |
https://www.numbersaplenty.com/575360747 | 1,716,375,619,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-22/segments/1715971058542.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20240522101617-20240522131617-00304.warc.gz | 826,975,072 | 3,171 | Search a number
575360747 = 1378756237
BaseRepresentation
bin100010010010110…
…100111011101011
31111002122100120022
4202102310323223
52134243020442
6133031551055
720154325403
oct4222647353
91432570508
10575360747
1127585a055
1214082b48b
139227c960
14565b1803
15357a23d2
hex224b4eeb
575360747 has 8 divisors (see below), whose sum is σ = 620417616. Its totient is φ = 530417952.
The previous prime is 575360689. The next prime is 575360759. The reversal of 575360747 is 747063575.
It is a sphenic number, since it is the product of 3 distinct primes.
It is a cyclic number.
It is not a de Polignac number, because 575360747 - 216 = 575295211 is a prime.
It is a junction number, because it is equal to n+sod(n) for n = 575360698 and 575360707.
It is not an unprimeable number, because it can be changed into a prime (575368747) by changing a digit.
It is a polite number, since it can be written in 7 ways as a sum of consecutive naturals, for example, 17888 + ... + 38349.
It is an arithmetic number, because the mean of its divisors is an integer number (77552202).
Almost surely, 2575360747 is an apocalyptic number.
575360747 is a deficient number, since it is larger than the sum of its proper divisors (45056869).
575360747 is a wasteful number, since it uses less digits than its factorization.
575360747 is an evil number, because the sum of its binary digits is even.
The sum of its prime factors is 57037.
The product of its (nonzero) digits is 617400, while the sum is 44.
The square root of 575360747 is about 23986.6785320519. The cubic root of 575360747 is about 831.7256143980.
The spelling of 575360747 in words is "five hundred seventy-five million, three hundred sixty thousand, seven hundred forty-seven". | 520 | 1,740 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.09375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-22 | latest | en | 0.833916 |
http://www.ask.com/web?q=How+Many+Sides+Does+a+Cone+Have%3F&o=2603&l=dir&qsrc=3139&gc=1 | 1,484,737,214,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00055-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 344,773,616 | 14,534 | Web Results
## How many faces does a cone have? | Reference.com
www.reference.com/math/many-faces-cone-f8d14df9d58b1804
A cone has one face. It is a three-dimensional shape with a circular base, one side and one vertex. Faces can be identified as the flat surfaces on a ...
## How many edges does a cone have? | Reference.com
www.reference.com/math/many-edges-cone-e12098f06fc0e008
A cone has one edge. The edge appears at the intersection of of the circular plane surface with the curved surface originating from the cone's vertex....
## How many faces, edges and corners does a cone have? | Reference ...
www.reference.com/math/many-faces-edges-corners-cone-e2e103de80dc2f00
A cone has one face, one edge and no corners. A cone is defined as a hollow or solid object with a circular base that tapers upward to a...
## How many vertices does a cone have? | Reference.com
www.reference.com/math/many-vertices-cone-3266f12ef78d4e6b
A cone does not have a vertex. A vertex ... How many lines of symmetry does a decagon have? ... An octagon is a figure that consists of eight straight sides, and .
## Faces, Edges, and Vertices of Solids ( Read ) | Geometry | CK-12 ...
www.ck12.org/geometry/Faces-Edges-and-Vertices-of-Solids/lesson/Faces-Edges-and-Vertices-of-Solids-MSM7/
Dec 2, 2015 ... Cones, spheres, and cylinders do not have any edges because they do not have any flat .... How many faces does a hexagonal prism have?
## Faces, Edges, Vertices - That Quiz
www.thatquiz.org/tq/previewtest?W/E/W/H/50611207103050
How many vertices does a cube have? 3. How many edges does a cube have? ... How many faces does a cone have? 17. How many vertices does a cone have ...
## How many edges does cone have? - Math Central
mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.12/h/meriem1.html
I think I have posted some previous answers to this (here and elsewhere). ... If the base of the cone is a polygon with n edges then the cone is called a pyramid.
## Math Forum - Ask Dr. Math Archives: Cone, Cylinder Edges?
mathforum.org/library/drmath/sets/select/dm_cone_edge.html
Parts of a Cone: Does a solid cone have any edges? Does a ... Number of Cylinder Edges: My son was asked "how many edges are there on a solid cylinder? | 595 | 2,234 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.96875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | latest | en | 0.885974 |
http://www.qinuu.com/category/machine-learning/machine-learning-offered-by-stanford-university/ | 1,627,166,015,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151531.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724223025-20210725013025-00544.warc.gz | 75,940,982 | 23,985 | ## Problem Description and Pipeline
1. Text detection
2. Character segmentation
3. Character classification
## Sliding Windows
Go out and collect large training sets of positive and negative examples.
Take that green rectangle and we slide it over a bit and then run that new image patch through our classifier to decide if there’s a pedestrian there.
## Getting Lots of Data and Artificial Data
1. artificial data synthesis
2. just collect the data and you label it yourself
3. crowd sourcing
## Ceiling Analysis What Part of the Pipeline to Work on Next
Where should you allocate resources?
Which of these boxes is most worth your efforts, trying to improve the performance of.
1. choose one module
2. provide it the correct text detection outputs
3. And then, use the same evaluation metric as before, to measure what is the overall accuracy of the entire system
4. go to step 1, but choose another one
## Learning With Large Datasets
Draw a learning curve and determine if more data needs to be collected.
## Stochastic Gradient Descent
Cost Function in SGD : $$cost(\theta, (x^{(i)}, y^{(i)})) = \frac {1}{2}(h_{\theta}(x^{(i)})-y^{(i)})^2$$
1. randomly shuffle the data set
2. a little gradient descent step using just one single training example
3. maybe head in a bad direction, generally move the parameters in the direction of the global minimum, but not always
4. it ends up doing is wandering around continuously in some region that’s in some region close to the global minimum
## Mini-Batch Gradient Descent
In Batch gradient descent we will use all m examples in each generation.
Whereas in Stochastic gradient descent we will use a single example in each generation.
What Mini-batch gradient descent does is somewhere in between.
## Stochastic Gradient Descent Convergence
$$\alpha = \frac {const1}{iterationNumber + const2}$$
We can compute the cost function on the last 1000 examples or so. And we can use this method both to make sure the stochastic gradient descent is okay and is converging or to use it to tune the learning rate alpha.
## Online Learning
The online learning setting allows us to model problems where we have a continuous flood or a continuous stream of data coming in and we would like an algorithm to learn from that.
We learn using that example like so and then we throw that example away.
If you really have a continuous stream of data, then an online learning algorithm can be very effective.
If you have a changing pool of users, or if the things you’re trying to predict are slowly changing like your user taste is slowly changing, the online learning algorithm can slowly adapt your learned hypothesis to whatever the latest sets of user behaviors are like as well.
## Map Reduce and Data Parallelism
In the MapReduce idea, one way to do, is split this training set in to different subsets and use many different machines.
• multi-core machine
• multiple machines
• numerical linear algebra libraries
• like Hadoop
## Problem Formulation
1. an important application of machine learning
2. this idea of learning the features
## Content Based Recommendations
user j ‘s parameter vector : $$\theta^{(j)}$$
movie i’s feature vector : $$x^{(i)}$$
Predicting rating: $$(\theta^{(j)})^Tx^{(i)}$$
user $$j$$ ‘s cost function : $$\underset {\theta ^{(j)}}{min} \frac {1}{2} \sum _{i:r(i,j)=1} ((\theta^{(j)})^Tx^{(i)}-y^{(i,j)})^2+ \frac {\lambda}{2}(\theta_k^{(j)})^2$$
all user’s cost function : $$\underset {\theta ^{(j)}, \cdots , \theta ^{(n_u)}}{min} \frac {1}{2} \sum _{j=1}^{n_u} \sum _{i:r(i,j)=1} ((\theta^{(j)})^Tx^{(i)}-y^{(i,j)})^2+ \frac {\lambda}{2} \sum_{j=1}^{n_u} \sum_{k=1}^{n} (\theta_k^{(j)})^2$$
Gradient descent :
$$\left\{\begin{matrix} \theta_k^{(j)} := \theta_k^{(j)} – \alpha \sum_{i:r(i,j)=1} ((\theta^{(j)})^Tx^{(i)} – y^{(i,j)})x_{k}^{(i)} & \ (for \ k \ = \ 0) \\ \theta_k^{(j)} := \theta_k^{(j)} – \alpha (\sum_{i:r(i,j)=1} ((\theta^{(j)})^Tx^{(i)} – y^{(i,j)})x_{k}^{(i)} + \lambda \theta_{k}^{(j)}) & \ (for \ k \ \neq \ 0) \end{matrix}\right.$$
## Collaborative Filtering
No User’s Parameter and No Movie’s Features, you can do this.
The term collaborative filtering refers to the observation that when you run this algorithm with a large set of users, what all of these users are effectively doing are sort of collaboratively or collaborating to get better movie ratings for everyone because with every user rating some subset with the movies, every user is helping the algorithm a little bit to learn better features, and then by helping– by rating a few movies myself, I will be helping the system learn better features and then these features can be used by the system to make better movie predictions for everyone else. And so there is a sense of collaboration where every user is helping the system learn better features for the common good. This is this collaborative filtering.
## Collaborative Filtering Algorithm
1. Initialize x and theta to small random values
2. minimize the cost function using great intercepts or one of the advance optimization algorithms
3. predict
## Vectorization Low Rank Matrix Factorization
A user has recently been looking at one product. Are there other related products that you could recommend to this user?
If you can find a different movie i, j, so that the distance between $$x^{(i)}$$ and $$x^{(j)}$$ is small, then this is a pretty strong indication that, you know, movies j and i are somehow similar
Use learned features to find what might be movies and what might be products that aren’t related to each other.
## Implementational Detail Mean Normalization
If a user has not evaluated any movies, which movie should we recommend?
The idea of mean normalization will let us fix this problem.
## Problem Motivation
It’s mainly for unsupervised problem, that there’s some aspects of it that are also very similar to sort of the supervised learning problem.
some examples :
• detect strange behavior or fraudulent behavior
• manufacturing
• monitoring computers in a data center
## Gaussian Distribution
#### Gaussian distribution
$$x\sim N(\mu , \sigma ^2)$$
#### Gaussian probability density
$$p(x, \mu , \sigma ^2) = \frac {1}{\sqrt{2\pi }\sigma } exp(-\frac {(x – \mu)^2}{2 \sigma ^2})$$
#### The location of the center of this bell-shaped curve
$$\mu = \frac {1}{m} \sum _{i=1}^{m}x^{(i)}$$
#### The width of this bell-shaped curve
$$\sigma ^ 2 = \frac {1}{m} \sum _{i=1}^{m} (x^{(i)} – \mu) ^2$$
Notice : The formula here we use $$m$$ instead of $$m – 1$$ which is used in a statistics.
## Algorithm
Address anomaly detection :
$$\mu _j = \frac {1}{m} \sum _{i=1}^{m}x^{(i)} _j$$
$$\sigma ^ 2 _j = \frac {1}{m} \sum _{i=1}^{m} (x^{(i)}_j – \mu _j) ^2$$
$$p(x) = \prod _{j=1}^{n}p(x_j; \mu _j, \sigma ^2_j) = \prod _{j=1}^{1}\frac {1}{\sqrt{2\pi } \sigma _j} exp(-\frac {(x_j – \mu_j)^2}{2 \sigma ^2_j})$$
If $$p(x) < \varepsilon$$, it’s anomaly.
## Developing and Evaluating an Anomaly Detection System
How to develop and evaluate an algorithm ?
1. Take the training sets and fit the model $$p(x)$$
2. On the cross validation of the test set, try to use different $$\varepsilon$$, and then compute the F1 score
3. After choosed $$\varepsilon$$, evaluation of the algorithm on the test sets
## Anomaly Detection vs. Supervised Learning
Anomaly DetectionSupervised Learning
very small number of positive, and a relatively large number of negative examplesa reasonably large number of both positive and negative examples
many different types of anomalieshave enough positive examples for an algorithm to get a sense of what the positive examples are like
future anomalies may look nothing like the ones you've seen so far
fraud detection, manufacturing, data centerSPAM email, weather prediction, classifying cancers
## Choosing What Features to Use
1. model the features using this sort of Gaussian distribution (play with different transformations of the data in order to make it look more Gaussian)
2. do an error analysis procedure to come up with features for an anomaly detection algorithm
3. create new features by combining me features
## Multivariate Gaussian Distribution
$$p(x) = \prod _{j=1}^{n}p(x_j; \mu, \sigma ^2_j) = \prod _{j=1}^{n}\frac {1}{\sqrt{2\pi } \sigma _j} exp(-\frac {(x_j – \mu_j)^2}{2 \sigma ^2_j})$$
$$\mu = \frac {1}{m} \sum _{i=1}^{m}x^{(i)}$$
$$\sum = \frac {1}{m} \sum_{i=1}^{m} (x^{(i)} – \mu )(x^{(i)} – \mu )^T = \frac {1}{m} (X – \mu)^T(X – \mu)$$
$$p(x) = \frac {1}{(2 \pi)^{\frac {n}{2}}\left | \sum \right | ^{\frac {1}{2}}} exp(-\frac {1}{2} (x-\mu)^T\sum ^{-1}(x-\mu))$$
Gaussian Distribution Multivariate Gaussian Distribution
Manually create features to capture anomaliesAutomatically captures correlations between features
Computationally cheaper
Must have m > 10n or else sum is non-invertible
## Motivation I Data Compression
1. compress the data, use up less computer memory or disk space
2. speed up our learning algorithms.
## Motivation II Visualization
If you have 50 features, it’s very difficult to plot 50-dimensional data.
But if you reduce dimensions, the problems is what these new features means.
## Principal Component Analysis Problem Formulation
By far the most commonly used algorithm is something called principal components analysis or PCA.
What PCA does is it tries to find the surface onto which to project the data so as to minimize that.
Before applying PCA it’s standard practice to first perform mean normalization and feature scaling.
## Principal Component Analysis Algorithm
Reduce the dimensions :
1. Mean normalization, maybe perform feature scaling as well
2. Covariance matrix, $$\sum = \frac {1}{m} \sum _{i=1}^{n}(x^{(i)})(x^{(i)})^T$$
3. Eigenvectors of the matrix sigma
## Choosing The Number Of Principal Components
The variation of the training sets : $$\frac {1}{m} \sum_{i=1}^{m} \left \| x^{(i)} \right \|^2$$
Try to choose k, a pretty common rule of thumb for choosing k is to choose the smaller values so that the ratio of the average square projection error and the total variation in the data between these is less than 0.01.
$$\frac {\frac {1}{m} \sum_{i=1}^{m} \left \| x^{(i)} – x^{(i)}_{approx} \right \|^2}{\frac {1}{m} \sum_{i=1}^{m} \left \| x^{(i)} \right \| ^2} = 1 – \frac {\sum_{i=1}^{k}S_{ii}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}S_{ii}} \leq 1 \%$$
$$\frac {\sum_{i=1}^{k}S_{ii}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}S_{ii}} \geq 99 \%$$
After compressed :
$$x^{(i)}_{approx} = U_{reduce}Z^{(i)}$$
## Advice for Applying PCA
• Don’t think of PCA as a way to prevent over-fitting. A much better way to address it, to use regularization. And the reason is that it throws away or reduces the dimension of your data without knowing what the values of y is so that it might throw away some valueable information.
• First consider doing it with your original raw data $$x^{(i)}$$, and only if that doesn’t do what you want, then implement PCA before using $$Z^{(i)}$$.
## Unsupervised Learning Introduction
In unsupervised learning, what we do is, we give this sort of unlabeled training set to an algorithm and we just ask the algorithm: find some structure in the data for us. Given this data set, one type of structure we might have an algorithm find, is that it looks like this data set has points grouped into two separate clusters and so an algorithm that finds that clusters like the ones I just circled, is called a clustering algorithm.
#### So what is clustering good for?
• Market segmentation
• Social network analysis
• Organize compute clusters or to organize data centers
• Understand galaxy formation and astronomical detail
## K-Means Algorithm
The K Means algorithm is by far the most popular, by far the most widely used clustering algorithm.
K Means is an iterative algorithm and it does two things.
randomly initialize two points, called the cluster centroids
1. cluster assignment step
2. move centroid step
Repeat {
for i = 1 to m
c(i) := index (from 1 to K) of cluster centroid closet to x(i)
for k = 1 to K
µk := average (mean) of points assigned to cluster k
}
## Optimization Objective
Distortion function :
$$J(c^{(1)},\cdots c^{(m)}, \mu_1,\cdots \mu_K) = \frac{1}{m} \sum_{i=1}^{m}\left \| X^{(i)}-\mu_c(i) \right \|^2$$
$$\mu_c(i)$$ : the distance between $$X^{(i)}$$ and the cluster centroid
## Random Initialization
K-means can end up converging to different solutions depending on exactly how the clusters were initialized, and so, depending on the random initialization. K-means can end up at different solutions. And, in particular, K-means can actually end up at local optima.
How to initialize K-means and how to make K-means avoid local optima as well.
What we can do is, initialize K-means lots of times and run K-means lots of times, and use that to try to make sure we get as good a solution, as good a local or global optima as possible.
If the number of clusters is anywhere from two up to maybe 10 then doing multiple random initialization can often, can sometimes make sure that you find a better local optima.
But if K is very large, less likely to make a huge difference.
## Choosing the Number of Clusters
There actually isn’t a great way of answering this or doing this automatically and by far the most common way of choosing the number of clusters, is still choosing it manually by looking at visualizations or by looking at the output of the clustering algorithm or something else.
One method is called the Elbow Method, but don’t always expect that to work well.
## Optimization Objective
Within supervised learning, the performance of many supervised learning algorithms will be pretty similar and when that is less more often be whether you use learning algorithm A or learning algorithm B but when that is small there will often be things like the amount of data you are creating these algorithms on. That’s always your skill in applying this algorithms. Seems like your choice of the features that you designed to give the learning algorithms and how you choose the regularization parameter and things like that.
Support Vector Machine (SVM) : sometimes gives a cleaner and sometimes more powerful way of learning complex nonlinear functions.
Alternative view of logistic regression
$$h_\theta (x) = \frac {1}{1 + e^{-\theta ^{T}x}}$$
Cost of example :
$$-(ylogh_\theta (x) + (1-y)log(1-h_\theta(x)))$$
$$= -ylog\frac {1}{1 + e^{-\theta ^{T}x}} + (1-y)log(1-\frac {1}{1 + e^{-\theta ^{T}x}})$$
Support vector machine
Logistic regression :
$$\underset{\theta }{min} \frac{1}{m} [\sum_{i=1}^{m}y^{(i)}(-logh_\theta(x^{(i)})) + (1-y^{(i)})(-log(1-h_\theta (x^{(i)})))] + \frac{\lambda }{2m}\sum_{j=1}^{n} \theta _j^2$$
Support vector machine :
$$\underset{\theta }{min} C [\sum_{i=1}^{m}y^{(i)}cost_1(\theta ^Tx^{(i)}) + (1-y^{(i)})cost_0(\theta ^Tx^{(i)})] + \frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \theta _j^2$$
## Large Margin Intuition
Sometimes people talk about support vector machines, as large margin classifiers.
The margin of the support vector machine and this gives the SVM a certain robustness, because it tries to separate the data with as a large a margin as possible. So the support vector machine is sometimes also called a large margin classifier.
$$min \frac{1}{2} \sum _{j=1}^{n} \ \theta _j^2 \ s.t \ \left\{\begin{matrix} \theta^Tx^{(i)} \geq \ 1 \ \ if \ y^{(i)} = 1\\ \theta^Tx^{(i)} \leq -1 \ \ if \ y^{(i)} = 0\\ \end{matrix}\right.$$
In practice when applying support vector machines, when C is not very very large like that, it can do a better job ignoring the few outliers.
## Mathematics Behind Large Margin Classification
$$\left \| u \right \| = \sqrt{u_1^2 + u_2^2}$$
p is the length of the projection of the vector V onto the vector U.
so $$u^Tv = p \cdot \left \| u \right \|$$
and $$u^Tv = u_1 \times v_1 + u_2 \times v_2$$
so $$p \cdot \left \| u \right \| = u_1 \times v_1 + u_2 \times v_2$$
SVM Decision Boundary
$$\underset {\theta }{min} \frac{1}{2} \sum _{j=1}^{n} \ \theta _j^2 \ s.t \ \left\{\begin{matrix} \theta^Tx^{(i)} \geq \ 1 \ \ if \ y^{(i)} = 1\\ \theta^Tx^{(i)} \leq -1 \ \ if \ y^{(i)} = 0\\ \end{matrix}\right.$$
if n == 2:
$$\begin{Vmatrix} u \end{Vmatrix} = \sqrt{u_1^2 + u_2^2}$$
$$\frac{1}{2} (\theta _1^2 + \theta _2^2) = \frac{1}{2} (\sqrt {\theta _1^2 + \theta _2^2})^2 = \frac{1}{2}\left \| \theta \right \| ^2$$
So all the support vector machine is doing in the optimization objective is it’s minimizing the squared norm of the square length of the parameter vector theta.
$$p^{(i)}$$ : a projection of the i-th training example onto the parameter vector $$\theta$$.
$$\theta ^Tx^{(i)} = \theta_1 \cdot x_1^{(i)} + \theta_2 \cdot x_2^{(i)}$$
SVM Decision Boundary
$$\underset {\theta }{min} \frac{1}{2} \sum _{j=1}^{n} \ \theta _j^2 \ s.t \ \left\{\begin{matrix} p^{(i)} \cdot \left \| \theta \right \| \geq \ 1 \ \ if \ y^{(i)} = 1\\ p^{(i)} \cdot \left \| \theta \right \| \leq -1 \ \ if \ y^{(i)} = 0\\ \end{matrix}\right.$$
If we can make the norm of theta smaller and therefore make the squared norm of theta smaller, which is why the SVM would choose this hypothesis on the right instead. And this is how the SVM gives rise to this large margin certification effect. Mainly, if you look at this green line, if you look at this green hypothesis we want the projections of my positive and negative examples onto theta to be large, and the only way for that to hold true this is if surrounding the green line. There’s this large margin, there’s this large gap that separates positive and negative examples is really the magnitude of this gap. The magnitude of this margin is exactly the values of P1, P2, P3 and so on. And so by making the margin large, by these tyros P1, P2, P3 and so on that’s the SVM can end up with a smaller value for the norm of theta which is what it is trying to do in the objective. And this is why this machine ends up with enlarge margin classifiers because itss trying to maximize the norm of these P1 which is the distance from the training examples to the decision boundary.
## Kernels
• complex polynomial features
$$\theta_0 + \theta_1x_1 + \theta_2x_2 + \theta_3x_1x_2 + \theta_4x_1^2 + \theta_5x_2^2 + \cdots$$
• new denotation
$$f_1 = x_1, \ f_2 = x_2, \ f_3 = x_1x_2, \ f_4 = x_1^2, \ f_5 = x_2^2$$ $$h_\theta (x) = \theta_1f_1 + \theta_2f_2 + \cdots + \theta_nf_n$$
Gaussian Kernel
$$f_1 = similarity(x, l^{(1)}) = e^{(-\frac {\left \| x – l^{(1)} \right \| ^ 2}{2\sigma ^2})}$$
$$\left \| x – l^{(1)} \right \| ^ 2 = \sum _{j=1}^{n}(x_j – l_j^{(1)})^2$$
We define some extra features using landmarks and similarity functions to learn more complex nonlinear classifiers.
We use new features that are computed by Kernels, not original features.
#### How the landmarks are chosen
Choose the the location of my landmarks to be exactly near the locations of my m training examples.
Given $$(x^{(1)}, y^{(1)}), (x^{(2)}, y^{(2)}), \cdots , (x^{(m)}, y^{(m)})$$
choose $$l^{(1)} = x^{(1)}, l^{(2)} = x^{(2)}, \cdots \cdots , l^{(m)} = x^{(m)}$$
Given example x :
$$f_1 = similarity(x, l^{(1)})$$ $$f_2 = similarity(x, l^{(2)})$$ $$\cdots$$
Cost Function :
$$minC\sum _{i=1}^{m}[y^{(i)}cost_1(\theta^Tf^{(i)}) + (1-y^{(i)})cost_0(\theta^Tf^{(i)})]+\frac{1}{2}\sum_{j=1}^{n=m}\theta_j^2$$
Using kernels with logistic regression is going too very slow.
#### How to choose $$C \ and \ \sigma$$
$$C = 1 \ / \ \lambda$$
• $$C$$ big: overfitting, higher variance
• $$C$$ small: underfitting, higher bias
• $$\sigma$$ big : lower variance, higher bias
• $$\sigma$$ small : lower bias, higher variance
## Using An SVM
Some library function :
• liblinear
• libsvm
There are a few things need to do :
1. parameter’s C
2. choose the kernel (If we decide not to use any kernel. And the idea of no kernel is also called a linear kernel)
#### Logistic Regression or Support Vector Machine
• n : number of features
• m : number of training examples
1. n >> m, Logistic Regression or Linear Kernel
2. n small, and m middle, like 1 < n < 1000, 10 < m < 10000, SVM with Gaussian Kernel
3. n small, and m big, like 1 < n < 1000, 50000 < m, SVM is slower, so try to munually create more features and then use logistic regression or an SVM without the Kernel
Well for all of these problems, for all of these different regimes, a well designed neural network is likely to work well as well.
The algorithm does matter, but what often matters even more is things like, how much data do you have. And how skilled are you, how good are you at doing error analysis and debugging learning algorithms, figuring out how to design new features and figuring out what other features to give you learning algorithms and so on.
## Prioritizing What to Work On
How to strategize putting together a complex machine learning system.
It’s hard to choose the options which is the best use of your time.
In fact, if you even get to the stage where you brainstorm a list of different options to try, you’re probably already ahead of the curve.
We must have a more systematic way to choose among the options of the many different things.
## Error Analysis
If you’re starting work on a machine learning product or building a machine learning application, it is often considered very good practice to start, not by building a very complicated system with lots of complex features and so on, but to instead start by building a very simple algorithm, the you can implement quickly.
It’s often by implementing even a very, very quick and dirty implementation and by plotting learning curves that that helps you make these decisions.
And often by doing that, this is the process that would inspire you to design new features. Or they’ll tell you whether the current things or current shortcomings of the system and give you the inspiration you need to come up with improvements to it.
#### Recommended way :
1. start by building a very simple algorithm
2. plot a learning curve
3. error analysis (a single rule number evaluation metric)
Strongly recommended way to do error analysis is on the cross validation set rather than the test set.
## Error Metrics for Skewed Classes
It’s particularly tricky to come up with an appropriate error metric, or evaluation metric, for your learning algorithm.
Matrix Prediction Value Positive Negtive Actual Value Negtive FP TN Positive TP FN
## Trading Off Precision and Recall
$$Precision = TP / (TP + FP)$$
• If you want to make predicting only when you’re more confident, and so you end up with a classifier that has higher precision.
$$Recall= TP / (TP + FN)$$
• If we want to avoid missing too many actual cases. So we want to avoid the false negatives. And in this case, what we would have is going to be a higher recall classifier.
$$F_1Score : 2 \frac{PR}{P + R}$$
• Maybe we can choose the higher F1 value in some cases.
## Data For Machine Learning
In some cases, I had cautioned against blindly going out and just spending lots of time collecting lots of data, because it’s only sometimes that that would actually help.
In machine learning that often in machine learning it’s not who has the best algorithm that wins, it’s who has the most data.
If you have a lot of data and you train a learning algorithm with lot of parameters, that might be a good way to give a high performance learning algorithm.
#### The Key :
1. Find some features x and confidently predict the value of y.
2. Actually get a large training set, and train the learning algorithm with a lot of parameters in the training set.
If you can’t do both then you need a very kind performance learning algorithm.
## Deciding What to Try Next
If you are developing a machine learning system or trying to improve the performance of a machine learning system, how do you go about deciding what are the proxy avenues to try next?
If you find that this is making huge errors in this prediction. What should you then try mixing in order to improve the learning algorithm?
One thing they could try, is to get more training examples. But sometimes getting more training data doesn’t actually help.
Other things you might try are to well maybe try a smaller set of features.
There is a pretty simple technique that can let you very quickly rule out half of the things on this list as being potentially promising things to pursue. And there is a very simple technique, that if you run, can easily rule out many of these options, and potentially save you a lot of time pursuing something that’s just is not going to work.
Machine Learning Diagnostics, and what a diagnostic is, is a test you can run, to get insight into what is or isn’t working with an algorithm, and which will often give you insight as to what are promising things to try to improve a learning algorithm’s performance.
## Evaluating a Hypothesis
If there is any sort of ordinary to the data. That should be better to send a random 70% of your data to the training set and a random 30% of your data to the test set.
## Model Selection and Train_Validation_Test Sets
To send 60% of your data’s, your training set, maybe 20% to your cross validation set, and 20% to your test set.
## Diagnosing Bias vs. Variance
The training set error, will be high. And you might find that the cross validation error will also be high. It might be a close. Maybe just slightly higher than a training error. The algorithm may be suffering from high bias. In contrast if your algorithm is suffering from high variance.
## Regularization and Bias_Variance
Looking at the plot of the whole or cross validation error, you can either manually, automatically try to select a point that minimizes
the cross-validation error and select the value of lambda corresponding to low cross-validation error.
## Learning Curves
Learning curves is often a very useful thing to plot. If either you wanted to sanity check that your algorithm is working correctly, or if you want to improve the performance of the algorithm.
To plot a learning curve, is plot j train which is, say, average squared error on my training set or Jcv which is the average squared error on my cross validation set. And I’m going to plot that as a function of m, that is as a function of the number of training examples.
In the high variance setting, getting more training data is, indeed, likely to help.
## Deciding What to Do Next Revisited
1. getting more training examples is good for high variance
2. a smaller set of features fixes high variance
3. adding features usually is a solution for fixing high bias
4. similarly, adding polynomial features
5. decreasing lambda fixes fixes high bias
6. increasing lambda fixes high variance
It turns out if you’re applying neural network very often using a large neural network often it’s actually the larger, the better.
Using a single hidden layer is a reasonable default, but if you want to choose the number of hidden layers, one other thing you can try is find yourself a training cross-validation, and test set split and try training neural networks with one hidden layer or two hidden layers or three hidden layers and see which of those neural networks performs best on the cross-validation sets.
## Cost Function
Two types of classification problems:
• Binary classification : where the labels y are either zero or one.
• multiclass classification : where we may have k distinct classes.
## Backpropagation Algorithm
It’s too hard to describe.
## Backpropagation Intuition
It’s too hard to describe.
## Implementation Note_ Unrolling Parameters
It’s too hard to describe.
## Gradient Checking
Back prop as an algorithm has one unfortunate property is that there are many ways to have subtle bugs in back prop so that if you run it with gradient descent or some other optimization algorithm, it could actually look like it’s working. And, you know, your cost function $$J(\theta )$$ may end up decreasing on every iteration of gradient descent, but this could pull through even though there might be some bug in your implementation of back prop. So it looks like $$J(\theta )$$ is decreasing, but you might just wind up with a neural network that has a higher level of error than you would with a bug-free implementation and you might just not know that there was this subtle bug that’s giving you this performance.
Gradient checking that eliminates almost all of these problems.
## Random Initialization
To train a neural network, what you should do is randomly initialize the weights to, you know, small values close to 0, between $$-\epsilon$$ and $$+\epsilon$$.
## Putting It Together
How to implement a neural network learning algorithm ?
• Pick some network architecture, it means connectivity pattern between the neurons.
• Once you decides on the fix set of features x the number of input units will just be, the dimension of your features x(i) would be determined by that.
• The number of output of this will be determined by the number of classes in your classification problem.
• If you use more than one hidden layer, again the reasonable default will be to have the same number of hidden units in every single layer.
• (As for the number of hidden units – usually, the more hidden units the better)
What we need to implement in order to trade in neural network ?
1. set up the neural network and to randomly initialize the values of the weights
2. forward propagation
3. compute this cost function $$J(\theta )$$
4. back-propagation
5. gradient checking
6. use an optimization algorithm
## Autonomous Driving
A fun and historically important example of Neural Network Learning, just so so. | 7,945 | 29,595 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | longest | en | 0.808454 |
http://www.coilgun.info/theorycapacitors/capacitorcharging.htm | 1,657,049,925,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104597905.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705174927-20220705204927-00073.warc.gz | 74,787,410 | 5,704 | # Capacitor Charge and Discharge
What happens when a capacitor is charging? How does charging really work? How does it discharge? Let's take a close look at the basics. To help concentrate on the capacitor we assume the load is purely resistive, and ignore any effects of an attached inductor.
Key Principle: The guiding rule of nature is that current is the same everywhere in a series circuit. Charges will move around, but are neither created nor destroyed. For charges to move, they must move identically everywhere in a series circuit.
## Discharge
Example: Suppose your capacitor is charged to 9 volts, and at time t = 0 the switch is connected to a one ohm resistor. The discharge time is regulated by the resistance.
The initial current (t = 0) is I = V/R = (9 volts)/(1 ohm) = 9 amps.
For a moment, let's assume the rate of discharge is constant. That is, it will follow a linear discharge curve over time. At this rate it would discharge in time:
t = C * V / I = (0.022)*(9 volts)/(9 amps) = 0.022 sec = 22 milliseconds.
But! The rate is not actually linear. Our assumption was wrong, because the current drops as the voltage drains away. This means it discharges at a progressively slower rate over time. When the capacitor voltage reaches 6 volts, there will only be 6 amps. When it's 3 volts, the current is 3 amps. When it's down to 1 mV there's only 1 mA! An ideal capacitor will never completely discharge! It will gradually approach zero volts but never quite reach it.
## Exponential Decay
Exactly how does a capacitor discharge? From above, we see that capacitors do not discharge at a linear rate through resistors.
When you do the math for a capacitor discharge, you get an exponential decay curve: V(t) = V0 e-t / RC
This curve starts at the initial capacitor voltage (V0), and diminishes quickly at first. As time goes on, the slope becomes less and less while the voltage approaches (but does not reach!) zero. However, for all practical purposes the capacitor might as well be empty by the time 99% of the initial charge has escaped.
Shown at left is a comparison between a linear and exponential decay for this circuit. The exponential curve is a screen shot taken from the RLC Simulator applet.
This graph shows that an exponential decay curve at 22 msec is only 64% discharged. Not only is it non-zero, but it isn't even 2/3 discharged yet! For this circuit at 40 msec, the exponential decay curve still has 16% of the original charge remaining.
Does a charged capacitor complete a circuit, or does it slowly discharge? In the figure at right, a switch connects a capacitor to (a) a battery, then (b) unconnected, and finally (c) a low resistance. Let's study what happens in each position.
## (A) Charge
With the switch at A, the capacitor is charging. Current flows from the battery through the capacitor. The electrons move to one plate, but they do not jump the insulating gap inside the capacitor. They collect on the surface of the plate.
Meanwhile, electrons are removed from the other plate from the abundance that is always there in metals. That gives the plate a net positive charge. And removing the charge completes the path around which current flows.
The current is always the same on both terminals of a capacitor. You can't move charge into one terminal without removing it from the other.
As the current flows from the battery to the capacitor, it travels through the LED. This emits light during the charging cycle, and then dims and finally turns dark when the capacitor is fully charged.
## (B) Disconnected
With the switch at B, the capacitor is disconnected. What happens? There is no current on one terminal of the capacitor. There there must be no current on the other terminal.
With no current flowing, the capacitor will keep its 9-volt charge nearly forever. It is stored in the electric field between the two places. It cannot move due to the insulator -- the charges cannot jump the gap.
In practice, no insulator is perfect and the charge will eventually leak away. But this may take months in a high-quality capacitor. Additionally, a significant charge can remain forever, stored in the chemical reaction that ionizes the plate surfaces of an electrolytic capacitor. Be wary of old capacitors because they can bite!
## (C) Discharge
With the switch at C, the capacitor is connected to the 1-ohm resistor. What happens? The charges stored in the capacitor's electric field now have an escape route. They can finally flow from one plate to the other, by travelling through the resistor.
The rate of charge travel (current) depends on the circuit resistance, and alos on how hard it is pushed by the strength of the internal electric field (voltage).
Q: Does the capacitor need to discharge back to the battery, or to itself?
A: Neither. It can only discharge by being connected to something with a lower voltage, such as a resistor or coil. When you move the switch to A then current will flow from the battery to the capacitor until their voltages are equal again.
Q: Where does it go? Can we run the current back into the capacitor, essentially recharging itself, or must it go back into the battery?
A: The current (and capacitor's voltage) is gone. It was transformed into a small amount of heat in the resistor.
Q: How does the battery handle the power spike when the capacitor is connected?
A: Easily. When a battery (or capacitor) is connected to something with a lower voltage, current will flow. Batteries generate current from an internal chemical reaction. Eventually all the chemicals finish combining with each other, and you need to recharge (or recycle) the battery.
## Current Myth
Electrons doesn't flow as fast or far as you might expect! Metal conductors contain a vast ocean of electrons, and only a small number drift a short distance to provide all the current you need. This is a common misconception that is glossed over in practically all text books (and my web pages too!).
See "What Is Electricity?" by Bill Beatty to debunk some common misconceptions.
< Previous Page 4 of 6 Next > | 1,334 | 6,101 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.21875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | longest | en | 0.93195 |
https://prometheusprotocols.net/experimental-design-and-analysis/statistics/general-statistical-methods/constructing-trait-correlation-matrices/ | 1,701,541,077,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100448.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202172159-20231202202159-00829.warc.gz | 532,557,553 | 18,112 | # Protocol
### Authors
Lawren Sack, Aurora Kagawa, Christine Scoffoni, Megan Bartlett, Marissa Caringella
### Author affiliations/Institutions
University of California, Los Angeles
### Overview
This protocol will provide you with rigorous correlation matrices, enabling consideration of as many traits as you wish, including coefficients for Pearson correlations on untransformed data, Pearson correlations on log-transformed data, and Spearman rank correlations, and their significance. This is especially useful and time saving when studying many traits to determine their correlative structure at a glance! See “ExampleMatrix.xls”; each cell contains the three correlation coefficients for each pair of traits, their significance, and is highlighted in yellow if the Spearman and Pearson correlations (on either raw or log-transformed) are significant.
### Units, terms, definitions
RAW data: This is to obtain the Pearson correlation matrix of your raw data. If the Pearson coefficient (rp) turns out significant (p < 0.05), there a linear correlation between the two traits tested.
RANK data: This is to obtain the Spearman correlation matrix of your data. It will get rid of the effect of one point driving a correlation, by ranking the data. To be sure the correlation between two traits is significant, the Spearman coefficient (rs) should always be significant (p < 0.05).
LOG data: This is to obtain the Pearson correlation matrix after logging your raw data. You want to log data when the correlation between two traits is non-linear; in such cases, using just raw data may not be significant. The Pearson coefficient determined for LOG data is effectively that for a power law fitted to your data. If the Pearson coefficient on the LOG data is significant (p < 0.05) then the relationship between the two traits is non-linear.
### Procedure
1) Create a new folder called “correlation_matrix” to work from
2) Make a new Excel spreadsheet :
– RAWData.csv
• Paste your data (species means for given traits), not including the species name, with the first row being the name of your different traits (see attached RAWData.csv file as an example)
• Make sure your trait names have no spaces (replace spaces by underscores), the shorter the name the better
• Save under the name RAWData and as .csv (comma delimited)
3) In R
– Go to File -> Change dir… ->browse and select the folder you created under the name “correlation_matrix”
– Open the R correlation matrix script (“three_corr_matrix_5May15.R”), copy it and paste it in R, press enter. The script will run a Pearson correlation on the RAW data, rank the data and run a Spearman correlation on the RANK data, then log the data and run a Pearson correlation on the LOG data
– Once done, it will have created 6 new files (2 for each data set; one is the r value and the other is the p value) in the correlation matrix folder
4) In the Master_correlation spreadsheet (attached)
– Paste the data from RANKcor (giving you the r values from the RANK data)
– Then paste the data from RANKp (giving you the p-values from the RANK data)
– Now you want to create the RANK STARS section, where * will appear if the p-value was below <0.05, ** if p< 0.01 and *** if p< 0.001. The cell will remain blank if the p-value was not significant (p>0.05). Paste in the formula: =IF(cellx<0.05,IF(cellx<0.01,IF(cellx<0.001,”***”,”**”),”*”),””)
– Repeat the same process for RAWcor/RAWp and LOGcor/LOGp putting one below the other on the same Master spreadsheet
– Then create the overall significance rows below the LOG STAR: a YES will appear if your two traits have their RANK p-values <0.05 and their RAW or LOG p values <0.05. (for your correlation to be significant you always want your RANK data to be significant and your raw or log data to be significant as well).
– Go Home ->Conditional Formatting->Highlight cells rules->equal to ->type in YES with: custom format, go to fill and choose yellow as background. Press OK
– Your cells with YES now appear YELLOW!
– Concatenate the data to get your correlation matrix with stars:
To do so, use the formula: =CONCATENATE (rvalue from RANKcor, star from RANK STAR,”,”,rvalue from RAWcor, start from RAW star,”,”,rvalue from LOGcor, star from LOG star).
You now want to make the cells yellow in your concatenated matrix using the conditional formatting. To do this you need to paste the YES matrix into Word, and then copy it and paste the “format” back into Excel.
– Open Word document, change the size to 22X22 by going to Page Layout -> size ->more pare sizes and write down 22 x 22
– Select and copy your YES matrix from the Master_correlation spreadsheet, then paste it in your Word document. Select all and paste this in a new excel spreadsheet as html. Select all and copy, then paste on to your concatenated matrix as format. Cells that are significant will now appear yellow.
NOTE: you cannot import more than 60 columns in the word document, so if you are looking at more than 60 traits, you might want to do this step twice selecting half of your data
– To finalize, color in black the 1 to 1 diagonal
### Links to resources and suppliers
http://www.r-project.org/ | 1,196 | 5,210 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | latest | en | 0.875932 |
http://blog.instantgrades.com/2014/10/ | 1,632,551,397,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057598.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925052020-20210925082020-00380.warc.gz | 12,058,608 | 79,061 | # For this week you will be posting in a discussion board that is limited to your group. For your post you will need to find an appropriate peer-reviewed article on mate choice. Ideally, your article should be related to the hypothesis you want to test in lab. Intrasexual competition – why do males fight? In what situation would females compete for a mate? Why might a male mate with only one female? Why would a male mate with many females? The title, link and citation of the article you have chosen. A summary of the articles main points. An explanation of any of the terminology you used in your summary that can easily be understood by anyone in the class.
For this week you will be posting in a discussion board that is limited to your group. For your post you will need to find an appropriate peer-reviewed article on mate choice. Ideally, your article should be related to the hypothesis you want to test in lab.
Intrasexual competition – why do males fight? In what situation would females compete for a mate? Why might a male mate with only one female? Why would a male mate with many females?
1. The title, link and citation of the article you have chosen.
2. A summary of the articles main points.
3. An explanation of any of the terminology you used in your summary that can easily be understood by anyone in the class.
# For a normal population with a mean of 10 and a variance 4, the P(X ≥ 10) is ___. 1.0 0.5 0.75 0.25 If the random variable of x is normally distributed, ____ % of all possible observed values of x will be within two standard deviations of the mean. 99.73 68.26 95.00 95.44 If the scores on an aptitude test are normally distributed with mean 500 and standard deviation 100, what proportion of the test scores are less than 585? .1977 .8500 .1500 .8023 What is the probability that a random variable having a standard normal distribution is between .87 and 1.28? .0919 .4100 .6517 .3483 The flying time of a drone airplane has a normal distribution with mean 4.76 hours and standard deviation of .04 hours. What is the probability that the drone will fly: Less than 4.66 hours? -.0062 .5062 .0062 .9938 The flying time of a drone airplane has a normal distribution with mean 4.76 hours and standard deviation of .04 hours. What is the probability that the drone will fly: Between 4.70 and 4.82 hours? .1336 .8664 .9332 .4332 The weight of a product is normally distributed with a mean of four ounces and a variance of .25 “squared ounces.” What is the probability that a randomly selected unit from a recently manufactured batch weighs no more than 3.5 ounces? .8413 .9772 .1587 .0228 The weight of a product is normally distributed with a mean of four ounces and a variance of .25 “squared ounces.” What is the probability that a randomly selected unit from a recently manufactured batch weighs more than 3.75 ounces? .3085 .6915 .1587 .8413 (Percentile) During the past six months, 73.2% of US households purchased sugar. Assume that these expenditures are approximately normally distributed with a mean of $8.22 and a standard deviation of$1.10. 99% of the households spent less than what amount? $5.66$10.78 $6.81$9.63 (Percentile) During the past six months, 73.2% of US households purchased sugar. Assume that these expenditures are approximately normally distributed with a mean of $8.22 and a standard deviation of$1.10. 80% of the households spent more than what amount? $7.30$7.38 $9.06$9.14 (Percentile) Suppose that the waiting time for a license plate renewal at a local office of a state motor vehicle department has been found to be normally distributed with a mean of 30 minutes and a standard deviation of 8 minutes. Complete the following statement: Only 20% of the individuals wait less than _____ minutes. 36.72 23.28 34.63 25.37 (Percentile) Suppose that the waiting time for a license plate renewal at a local office of a state motor vehicle department has been found to be normally distributed with a mean of 30 minutes and a standard deviation of 8 minutes. Suppose that in an effort to provide better service to the public, the director of the local office is permitted to provide discounts to those individuals whose waiting time exceeds a predetermined time. The director decides that 15% of the customers should receive this discount. What are the numbers of minutes they need to wait to receive the discount? 34.48 21.68 38.32 25.52 Percentile) A set of final examination grades in a calculus course was found to be normally distributed with a mean of 69 and a standard deviation of 9. Only 5% of the students taking the test scored higher than what grade? 70.04 67.96 55.48 82.52 (Percentile) The yearly cost of dental claims for the employees of the local shoe manufacturing company is normally distributed with a mean of $105 and a standard deviation of$35. What is the yearly cost at which 35% of the employees fall at or below? $118.48$127.29 $82.71$91.53 A plant manager knows that the number of boxes of supplies received weekly is normally distributed with a mean of 200 and a standard deviation of 20. What percentage of the time will the number of boxes received weekly be between 180 and 210? .6915 .1915 .5328 .1587
For a normal population with a mean of 10 and a variance 4, the P(X ≥ 10) is ___.
1 0.5 0.75 0.25
If the random variable of x is normally distributed, ____ % of all possible observed values of x will be within two standard deviations of the mean.
99.73 68.26 95 95.44
If the scores on an aptitude test are normally distributed with mean 500 and standard deviation 100, what proportion of the test scores are less than 585?
0.1977 0.85 0.15 0.8023
What is the probability that a random variable having a standard normal distribution is between .87 and 1.28?
0.0919 0.41 0.6517 0.3483
The flying time of a drone airplane has a normal distribution with mean 4.76 hours and standard deviation of .04 hours. What is the probability that the drone will fly:
Less than 4.66 hours?
-0.0062 0.5062 0.0062 0.9938
The flying time of a drone airplane has a normal distribution with mean 4.76 hours and standard deviation of .04 hours. What is the probability that the drone will fly:
Between 4.70 and 4.82 hours?
0.1336 0.8664 0.9332 0.4332
The weight of a product is normally distributed with a mean of four ounces and a variance of .25 “squared ounces.” What is the probability that a randomly selected unit from a recently manufactured batch weighs no more than 3.5 ounces?
0.8413 0.9772 0.1587 0.0228
The weight of a product is normally distributed with a mean of four ounces and a variance of .25 “squared ounces.” What is the probability that a randomly selected unit from a recently manufactured batch weighs more than 3.75 ounces?
0.3085 0.6915 0.1587 0.8413
(Percentile) During the past six months, 73.2% of US households purchased sugar. Assume that these expenditures are approximately normally distributed with a mean of $8.22 and a standard deviation of$1.10. 99% of the households spent less than what amount?
$5.66$10.78 $6.81$9.63
(Percentile) During the past six months, 73.2% of US households purchased sugar. Assume that these expenditures are approximately normally distributed with a mean of $8.22 and a standard deviation of$1.10. 80% of the households spent more than what amount?
$7.30$7.38 $9.06$9.14
(Percentile) Suppose that the waiting time for a license plate renewal at a local office of a state motor vehicle department has been found to be normally distributed with a mean of 30 minutes and a standard deviation of 8 minutes. Complete the following statement: Only 20% of the individuals wait less than _____ minutes.
36.72 23.28 34.63 25.37
(Percentile) Suppose that the waiting time for a license plate renewal at a local office of a state motor vehicle department has been found to be normally distributed with a mean of 30 minutes and a standard deviation of 8 minutes. Suppose that in an effort to provide better service to the public, the director of the local office is permitted to provide discounts to those individuals whose waiting time exceeds a predetermined time. The director decides that 15% of the customers should receive this discount. What are the numbers of minutes they need to wait to receive the discount?
34.48 21.68 38.32 25.52
Percentile) A set of final examination grades in a calculus course was found to be normally distributed with a mean of 69 and a standard deviation of 9.
Only 5% of the students taking the test scored higher than what grade?
70.04 67.96 55.48 82.52
(Percentile) The yearly cost of dental claims for the employees of the local shoe manufacturing company is normally distributed with a mean of $105 and a standard deviation of$35. What is the yearly cost at which 35% of the employees fall at or below?
$118.48$127.29 $82.71$91.53
A plant manager knows that the number of boxes of supplies received weekly is normally distributed with a mean of 200 and a standard deviation of 20. What percentage of the time will the number of boxes received weekly be between 180 and 210?
0.6915 0.1915 0.5328 0.1587
# Question 1 of 17 1.0 Points An investor wants to compare the risks associated with two different stocks. One way to measure the risk of a given stock is to measure the variation in the stock’s daily price changes. In an effort to test the claim that the variance in the daily stock price changes for stock 1 is different from the variance in the daily stock price changes for stock 2, the investor obtains a random sample of 21 daily price changes for stock 1 and 21 daily price changes for stock 2. The summary statistics associated with these samples are: n1 = 21, s1 = .725, n2 = 21, s2 = .529. If you compute the test value by placing the larger variance in the numerator, at the .05 level of significance, would you conclude that the risks associated with these two stocks are different? A.Yes, the p-value associated with this test is 0.0264 B.No, the p-value associated with this test is 0.0528 C.No, the test value of 1.371 does not exceed the critical value of 2.12 D.No, the test value of 1.879 does not exceed the critical value of 2.46 Reset Selection Question 2 of 17 1.0 Points Serum ferritin is used in diagnosing iron deficiency. In a study conducted recently researchers discovered that in a sample of 28 elderly men the sample standard deviation of serum ferritin was 52.6 mg/L. For 26 younger men the sample standard deviation was 84.2 mg/L. At the .01 level of significance, do these data support the conclusion that the ferritin distribution in elderly men has a smaller variance than in younger men? A.Yes, because the test value 2.56 is greater than the critical value 0.394 B.Yes, because the test value 2.56 is greater than the critical value of 2.54 C.No, because the test value 1.60 is less than the critical value of 2.54 D.Yes, because the test value 0.390 is less than the critical value 2.54 Reset Selection Question 3 of 17 1.0 Points Multiple myeloma or blood plasma cancer is characterized by increased blood vessel formulation in the bone marrow that is a prognostic factor in survival. One treatment approach used for multiple myeloma is stem cell transplantation with the patient’s own stem cells. The following data represent the bone marrow microvessel density for a sample of 7 patients who had a complete response to a stem cell transplant as measured by blood and urine tests. Two measurements were taken: the first immediately prior to the stem cell transplant, and the second at the time of the complete response. Patient 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Before 158 189 202 353 416 426 441 After 284 214 101 227 290 176 290 At the .01 level of significance, is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean bone marrow microvessel density is higher before the stem cell transplant than after the stem cell transplant? A.No B.Yes C.Cannot Determine Reset Selection Part 2 of 8 – Question 4 of 17 1.0 Points The standard error of the estimate, sest, is essentially the A.mean of the explanatory variable B.standard deviation of the residuals C.standard deviation of the explanatory variable D.mean of the residuals Reset Selection Question 5 of 17 1.0 Points The correlation value ranges from A.–2 to +2 B.–1 to +1 C.0 to +1 D.-3 to +3 Reset Selection Question 6 of 17 1.0 Points Outliers are observations that A.lie outside the sample B.disrupt the entire linear trend C.lie outside the typical pattern of points D.render the study useless Reset Selection Question 7 of 17 1.0 Points A correlation value of zero indicates. A.a strong linear relationship B.no linear relationship C.a weak linear relationship D.a perfect linear relationship Reset Selection Question 8 of 17 1.0 Points Correlation is a summary measure that indicates: A.the strength of the linear relationship between pairs of variables B.the rate of change in Y for a one unit change in X C.the magnitude of difference between two variables D.a curved relationship among the variables Reset Selection Part 3 of 8 – Question 9 of 17 2.0 Points Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-), spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), “E” or “e” (used in scientific notation). NOTE: For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker. Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where “a” and “b” need to have explicitly stated values. For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not. A business major wants to determine whether the variation in advertising costs of hair salons is different from the variation in advertising costs of nail salons. He surveys several businesses and finds the standard deviation in monthly advertising costs is $23 for 12 hair salons, and$43 for 8 nail salons. What is the test value for this hypothesis test? Test value: Round your answer to two decimal places. At the 0.05 level of significance, what is the critical value? Critical value: Round your answer to two decimal places. Part 4 of 8 – Question 10 of 17 1.0 Points Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-), spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), “E” or “e” (used in scientific notation). NOTE: For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker. Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where “a” and “b” need to have explicitly stated values. For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not. Data for a sample of 25 apartments in a particular neighborhood are provided in the worksheet Apartments in the Excel workbook Apartments.xlsx. Using the estimated regression equation found by using size as the predictor variable, find a point estimate for the average monthly rent for apartments having 1,000 square feet of space. Place your answer, rounded to the nearest whole dollar, in the blank. When entering your answer do not use any labels or symbols. Simply provide the numerical value. For example, 123 would be a legitimate entry. Apartments.xlsx Question 11 of 17 1.0 Points Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-), spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), “E” or “e” (used in scientific notation). NOTE: For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker. Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where “a” and “b” need to have explicitly stated values. For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not. The marketing manager of a large supermarket chain would like to determine the effect of shelf space (in feet) on the weekly sales of international food (in hundreds of dollars). A random sample of 12 equal –sized stores is selected, with the following results: Store Shelf Space(X) Weekly Sales(Y) 1 10 2.0 2 10 2.6 3 10 1.8 4 15 2.3 5 15 2.8 6 15 3.0 7 20 2.7 8 20 3.1 9 20 3.2 10 25 3.0 11 25 3.3 12 25 3.5 Find the equation of the regression line for these data. What is the value of the coefficient of determination? Place your answer, rounded to 3 decimal places, in the blank. Do not use a dollar sign. For example, 0.345 would be a legitimate entry. Part 5 of 8 – Question 12 of 17 1.0 Points Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-), spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), “E” or “e” (used in scientific notation). NOTE: For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker. Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where “a” and “b” need to have explicitly stated values. For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not. Are America’s top chief executive officers (CEOs) really worth all that money? One way to answer this question is to look at the annual company percentage increase in revenue versus the CEO’s annual percentage salary increase in that same company. Suppose that a random sample of companies yielded the following data: percent change for corporation 15 12 3 12 28 6 8 2 percent change for CEO 6 17 -4 12 32 -1 7 2 Do these data indicate that the population mean percentage increase in corporate revenue is greater than the population mean percentage increase in CEO salary? Use a 5% level of significance. What is the test value that you would use to conduct this test of hypothesis? Place your answer, rounded to 3 decimal places, in the blank. For example, 2.345 would be a legitimate entry. Question 13 of 17 1.0 Points Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-), spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), “E” or “e” (used in scientific notation). NOTE: For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker. Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where “a” and “b” need to have explicitly stated values. For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not. Two teams of workers assemble automobile engines at a manufacturing plant in Michigan. A random sample of 145 assemblies from team 1 shows 15 unacceptable assemblies. A similar random sample of 125 assemblies from team 2 shows 8 unacceptable assemblies. If you are interested in determining if there is sufficient evidence to conclude, at the 10% significance level, that the two teams differ with respect to their proportions of unacceptable assemblies, what is the test value you would use to conduct such a test of hypothesis? Place your answer, rounded to 2 decimal places, in the blank. For example, 2.34 would be a legitimate entry. Part 6 of 8 – Question 14 of 17 3.0 Points Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-), spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), “E” or “e” (used in scientific notation). NOTE: For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker. Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where “a” and “b” need to have explicitly stated values. For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not. A special coating is applied to several scale model engine nacelle body shapes to determine if it reduces the drag coefficient. The following data are the drag coefficient before the coating is applied and after. Model #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Before 0.782 0.656 0.541 0.250 0.323 0.888 After 0.668 0.581 0.532 0.241 0.334 0.891 Perform a hypothesis test to determine if there is evidence at the 0.05 level of significance to support the claim that the coating reduces the drag coefficient. What is the test value for this hypothesis test? Answer: Round your answer to two decimal places. What is the P-value for this hypothesis test? Answer: Round your answer to three decimal places. What is your conclusion for this test? Choose one. 1. There is sufficient evidence to show the coating reduces the drag coefficient. 2. There is not sufficient evidence to show that the coating reduces the drag coefficient. 3. There is sufficient evidence to show that the drag coefficient changed after the coating was applied. 4. There is sufficient evidence to show that the drag coefficient increased after the coating was applied. Answer: Enter only a 1, 2, 3 or 4 for your answer. Part 7 of 8 – Question 15 of 17 1.0 Points The number of degrees of freedom associated with the t-test, when the data are gathered from a paired samples experiment with 12 pairs, is 24. True False Reset Selection Part 8 of 8 – Question 16 of 17 1.0 Points A negative relationship between an explanatory variable X and a response variable Y means that as X increases, Y decreases, and vice versa. True False Reset Selection Question 17 of 17 1.0 Points In a simple regression analysis, if the standard error of estimate sest = 15 and the number of observations n = 10, then the sum of the residuals squared must be 120. True False Reset Selection
##### Question 1 of 17
1.0 Points
An investor wants to compare the risks associated with two different stocks. One way to measure the risk of a given stock is to measure the variation in the stock’s daily price changes.
In an effort to test the claim that the variance in the daily stock price changes for stock 1 is different from the variance in the daily stock price changes for stock 2, the investor obtains a random sample of 21 daily price changes for stock 1 and 21 daily price changes for stock 2.
The summary statistics associated with these samples are: n1 = 21, s1 = .725, n2 = 21, s2 = .529.
If you compute the test value by placing the larger variance in the numerator, at the .05 level of significance, would you conclude that the risks associated with these two stocks are different?
A.Yes, the p-value associated with this test is 0.0264 B.No, the p-value associated with this test is 0.0528 C.No, the test value of 1.371 does not exceed the critical value of 2.12 D.No, the test value of 1.879 does not exceed the critical value of 2.46
Reset Selection
##### Question 2 of 17
1.0 Points
Serum ferritin is used in diagnosing iron deficiency. In a study conducted recently researchers discovered that in a sample of 28 elderly men the sample standard deviation of serum ferritin was 52.6 mg/L. For 26 younger men the sample standard deviation was 84.2 mg/L. At the .01 level of significance, do these data support the conclusion that the ferritin distribution in elderly men has a smaller variance than in younger men?
A.Yes, because the test value 2.56 is greater than the critical value 0.394 B.Yes, because the test value 2.56 is greater than the critical value of 2.54 C.No, because the test value 1.60 is less than the critical value of 2.54 D.Yes, because the test value 0.390 is less than the critical value 2.54
Reset Selection
##### Question 3 of 17
1.0 Points
Multiple myeloma or blood plasma cancer is characterized by increased blood vessel formulation in the bone marrow that is a prognostic factor in survival. One treatment approach used for multiple myeloma is stem cell transplantation with the patient’s own stem cells. The following data represent the bone marrow microvessel density for a sample of 7 patients who had a complete response to a stem cell transplant as measured by blood and urine tests. Two measurements were taken: the first immediately prior to the stem cell transplant, and the second at the time of the complete response.
Patient 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Before 158 189 202 353 416 426 441 After 284 214 101 227 290 176 290
At the .01 level of significance, is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean bone marrow microvessel density is higher before the stem cell transplant than after the stem cell transplant?
A.No B.Yes C.Cannot Determine
Reset Selection
Part 2 of 8 –
##### Question 4 of 17
1.0 Points
The standard error of the estimate, sest, is essentially the
A.mean of the explanatory variable B.standard deviation of the residuals C.standard deviation of the explanatory variable D.mean of the residuals
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##### Question 5 of 17
1.0 Points
The correlation value ranges from
A.–2 to +2 B.–1 to +1 C.0 to +1 D.-3 to +3
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##### Question 6 of 17
1.0 Points
Outliers are observations that
A.lie outside the sample B.disrupt the entire linear trend C.lie outside the typical pattern of points D.render the study useless
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##### Question 7 of 17
1.0 Points
A correlation value of zero indicates.
A.a strong linear relationship B.no linear relationship C.a weak linear relationship D.a perfect linear relationship
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##### Question 8 of 17
1.0 Points
Correlation is a summary measure that indicates:
A.the strength of the linear relationship between pairs of variables B.the rate of change in Y for a one unit change in X C.the magnitude of difference between two variables D.a curved relationship among the variables
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Part 3 of 8 –
##### Question 9 of 17
2.0 Points
Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-), spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), “E” or “e” (used in scientific notation). NOTE: For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker.
Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where “a” and “b” need to have explicitly stated values.
For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not.
A business major wants to determine whether the variation in advertising costs of hair salons is different from the variation in advertising costs of nail salons. He surveys several businesses and finds the standard deviation in monthly advertising costs is $23 for 12 hair salons, and$43 for 8 nail salons.
What is the test value for this hypothesis test?
At the 0.05 level of significance, what is the critical value?
Part 4 of 8 –
##### Question 10 of 17
1.0 Points
Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-), spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), “E” or “e” (used in scientific notation). NOTE: For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker.
Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where “a” and “b” need to have explicitly stated values.
For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not.
Data for a sample of 25 apartments in a particular neighborhood are provided in the worksheet Apartments in the Excel workbook Apartments.xlsx. Using the estimated regression equation found by using size as the predictor variable, find a point estimate for the average monthly rent for apartments having 1,000 square feet of space. Place your answer, rounded to the nearest whole dollar, in the blank. When entering your answer do not use any labels or symbols. Simply provide the numerical value. For example, 123 would be a legitimate entry.
Apartments.xlsx
##### Question 11 of 17
1.0 Points
Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-), spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), “E” or “e” (used in scientific notation). NOTE: For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker.
Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where “a” and “b” need to have explicitly stated values.
For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not.
The marketing manager of a large supermarket chain would like to determine the effect of shelf space (in feet) on the weekly sales of international food (in hundreds of dollars). A random sample of 12 equal –sized stores is selected, with the following results:
Store Shelf Space(X) Weekly Sales(Y) 1 10 2.0 2 10 2.6 3 10 1.8 4 15 2.3 5 15 2.8 6 15 3.0 7 20 2.7 8 20 3.1 9 20 3.2 10 25 3.0 11 25 3.3 12 25 3.5
Find the equation of the regression line for these data. What is the value of the coefficient of determination? Place your answer, rounded to 3 decimal places, in the blank. Do not use a dollar sign. For example, 0.345 would be a legitimate entry.
Part 5 of 8 –
##### Question 12 of 17
1.0 Points
Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-), spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), “E” or “e” (used in scientific notation). NOTE: For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker.
Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where “a” and “b” need to have explicitly stated values.
For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not.
Are America’s top chief executive officers (CEOs) really worth all that money? One way to answer this question is to look at the annual company percentage increase in revenue versus the CEO’s annual percentage salary increase in that same company. Suppose that a random sample of companies yielded the following data:
percent change for corporation 15 12 3 12 28 6 8 2 percent change for CEO 6 17 -4 12 32 -1 7 2
Do these data indicate that the population mean percentage increase in corporate revenue is greater than the population mean percentage increase in CEO salary? Use a 5% level of significance. What is the test value that you would use to conduct this test of hypothesis? Place your answer, rounded to 3 decimal places, in the blank. For example, 2.345 would be a legitimate entry.
##### Question 13 of 17
1.0 Points
Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-), spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), “E” or “e” (used in scientific notation). NOTE: For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker.
Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where “a” and “b” need to have explicitly stated values.
For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not.
Two teams of workers assemble automobile engines at a manufacturing plant in Michigan. A random sample of 145 assemblies from team 1 shows 15 unacceptable assemblies. A similar random sample of 125 assemblies from team 2 shows 8 unacceptable assemblies.
If you are interested in determining if there is sufficient evidence to conclude, at the 10% significance level, that the two teams differ with respect to their proportions of unacceptable assemblies, what is the test value you would use to conduct such a test of hypothesis?
Place your answer, rounded to 2 decimal places, in the blank. For example, 2.34 would be a legitimate entry.
Part 6 of 8 –
##### Question 14 of 17
3.0 Points
Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-), spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), “E” or “e” (used in scientific notation). NOTE: For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker.
Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where “a” and “b” need to have explicitly stated values.
For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not.
A special coating is applied to several scale model engine nacelle body shapes to determine if it reduces the drag coefficient. The following data are the drag coefficient before the coating is applied and after.
Model #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Before 0.782 0.656 0.541 0.250 0.323 0.888 After 0.668 0.581 0.532 0.241 0.334 0.891
Perform a hypothesis test to determine if there is evidence at the 0.05 level of significance to support the claim that the coating reduces the drag coefficient.
What is the test value for this hypothesis test?
What is the P-value for this hypothesis test?
What is your conclusion for this test? Choose one.
1. There is sufficient evidence to show the coating reduces the drag coefficient.
2. There is not sufficient evidence to show that the coating reduces the drag coefficient.
3. There is sufficient evidence to show that the drag coefficient changed after the coating was applied.
4. There is sufficient evidence to show that the drag coefficient increased after the coating was applied.
Part 7 of 8 –
##### Question 15 of 17
1.0 Points
The number of degrees of freedom associated with the t-test, when the data are gathered from a paired samples experiment with 12 pairs, is 24.
True False
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Part 8 of 8 –
##### Question 16 of 17
1.0 Points
A negative relationship between an explanatory variable X and a response variable Y means that as X increases, Y decreases, and vice versa.
True False
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##### Question 17 of 17
1.0 Points
In a simple regression analysis, if the standard error of estimate sest = 15 and the number of observations n = 10, then the sum of the residuals squared must be 120.
True False
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# Question 1 (1 point) _________ reactions are “break-down” reactions that have a net release of energy. Question 1 options: anabolic catabolic endergonic dehydration Question 2 (1 point) A ____________ allows a reaction to occur more readily and at a lower energy level than it would without this molecule. Question 2 options: protein starch catalyst steroid Question 3 (1 point) Which of the following is not true about enzyme names? Question 3 options: Based on what the enzyme reacts with Ends in –ase Base on how the enzyme reacts Ends in –ate Question 4 (1 point) Enzymes are completely used up or altered during one reaction. Question 4 options: True False Question 5 (1 point) All chemical reactions require an initial input of energy call the __________ energy. Question 5 options: catalytic enzymatic activation substrate Question 6 (1 point) Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place in __________ within the chloroplasts. Question 6 options: thylakoinds cell wall ATP stroma Question 7 (1 point) Which of the following is not a component of ATP? Question 7 options: ribose base 3 phosphate groups NADPH Question 8 (1 point) The Calvin cycle of photosynthesis can take place in dark or light conditions. Question 8 options: True False Question 9 (1 point) ____ photosynthesizers partition the process by time of day. Question 9 options: C3 C4 CAM all Question 10 (1 point) Most plants carry out ____ photosynthesis. Question 10 options: C3 C4 CAM no
Question 1 (1 point)
_________ reactions are “break-down” reactions that have a net release of energy.
Question 1 options:
anabolic catabolic endergonic dehydration
Question 2 (1 point)
A ____________ allows a reaction to occur more readily and at a lower energy level than it would without this molecule.
Question 2 options:
protein starch catalyst steroid
Question 3 (1 point)
Which of the following is not true about enzyme names?
Question 3 options:
Based on what the enzyme reacts with Ends in –ase Base on how the enzyme reacts Ends in –ate
Question 4 (1 point)
Enzymes are completely used up or altered during one reaction.
Question 4 options:
True False
Question 5 (1 point)
All chemical reactions require an initial input of energy call the __________ energy.
Question 5 options:
catalytic enzymatic activation substrate
Question 6 (1 point)
Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place in __________ within the chloroplasts.
Question 6 options:
thylakoinds cell wall ATP stroma
Question 7 (1 point)
Which of the following is not a component of ATP?
Question 7 options:
ribose base 3 phosphate groups NADPH
Question 8 (1 point)
The Calvin cycle of photosynthesis can take place in dark or light conditions.
Question 8 options:
True False
Question 9 (1 point)
____ photosynthesizers partition the process by time of day.
Question 9 options:
C3 C4 CAM all
Question 10 (1 point)
Most plants carry out ____ photosynthesis.
Question 10 options:
C3 C4 CAM no
# PART I Discuss the branches of Buddhism. Look for resources and record the differences between the schools. PART II (60 points) Complete the following: Vajrayana Buddhism Research this school of Buddhism using the course textbook only. Do not use outside resources without first getting instructor approval. Create a 10-to 12-minute, 10- to 15-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation with speaker notes. Speaker notes should be included in the “Notes” section of each slide, and should match the speaker notes. Address the following in your presentation: Briefly explain the basic teachings of Buddhism (use the textbook) Explain what makes the chosen school of Buddhism unique (use the textbook) Include citations IN YOUR SLIDES for both information and images. Include a reference slide listing all resources used for both information and images. Format citations and the reference slide consistent with APA guidelines. Submit the Schools of Buddhism Presentation. Present the Schools of Buddhism Presentation in class Complete and submit the Individual Worksheet for the Schools of Buddhism Presentation. ********************************************************************************************************** PART 2 Assignment: Complete and submit the Buddhism Worksheet using Chapter 4 (Buddism) of Experiencing the World’s Religions as your resource. Do not use outside resources for this assignment. Cite and reference all paraphrased information (anything not common knowledge, which is most, if not all, of this) in-text according to APA guidelines. Do not use quotations in your answers. (These answers are too brief for quotes. Use your own words.) Mechanics count! Use good grammar and proper punctuation. Write in complete sentences.
PART I
Discuss the branches of Buddhism.
Look for resources and record the differences between the schools.
PART II (60 points)
Complete the following:
• Vajrayana Buddhism
Research this school of Buddhism using the course textbook only. Do not use outside resources without first getting instructor approval.
Create a 10-to 12-minute, 10- to 15-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation with speaker notes. Speaker notes should be included in the “Notes” section of each slide, and should match the speaker notes.
• Briefly explain the basic teachings of Buddhism (use the textbook)
• Explain what makes the chosen school of Buddhism unique (use the textbook)
Include citations IN YOUR SLIDES for both information and images.
Include a reference slide listing all resources used for both information and images.
Format citations and the reference slide consistent with APA guidelines.
Submit the Schools of Buddhism Presentation.
Present the Schools of Buddhism Presentation in class
Complete and submit the Individual Worksheet for the Schools of Buddhism Presentation.
**********************************************************************************************************
PART 2 Assignment:
Complete and submit the Buddhism Worksheet using Chapter 4 (Buddism) of Experiencing the World’s Religions as your resource. Do not use outside resources for this assignment.
Cite and reference all paraphrased information (anything not common knowledge, which is most, if not all, of this) in-text according to APA guidelines. Do not use quotations in your answers. (These answers are too brief for quotes. Use your own words.) Mechanics count! Use good grammar and proper punctuation. Write in complete sentences.
# The Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) claims that the $3.8 Billion dollar Boston Harbor Cleanup has been a great success. a.) Please present evidence (data for a specific parameter) that water quality is better in Boston Harbor than it was 20 years ago? Explain why this data supports your claim that water quality is better now. b.) What can you do to make the water quality (with respect to this parameter) even better? Extend the data given above into the future. How clean can Boston Harbor water become (with respect to your measurement)? Please be specific. 3.) Ecosystems a.) Design an ecosystem in a glass container 12” x 12” x 12”. (Just describe it and draw it, you don’t have to build it. No shrimp please!) This is a closed system…no gas, liquid, or solid can enter or leave. Light can enter and heat can be transferred through the glass. You can add anything you want before you seal it. Describe what biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components are needed to make this a sustainable ecosystem. What does it mean to be sustainable? b.) Describe the flow of a single carbon atom in the ecosystem you have created. How long might the carbon atom reside in each of 5 reservoirs in your cycle? The Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) claims that the$3.8 Billion dollar Boston Harbor Cleanup has been a great success.
a.) Please present evidence (data for a specific parameter) that water quality is better in Boston Harbor than it was 20 years ago? Explain why this data supports your claim that water quality is better now.
b.) What can you do to make the water quality (with respect to this parameter) even better? Extend the data given above into the future. How clean can Boston Harbor water become (with respect to your measurement)? Please be specific.
3.) Ecosystems
a.) Design an ecosystem in a glass container 12” x 12” x 12”. (Just describe it and draw it, you don’t have to build it. No shrimp please!) This is a closed system…no gas, liquid, or solid can enter or leave. Light can enter and heat can be transferred through the glass. You can add anything you want before you seal it. Describe what biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components are needed to make this a sustainable ecosystem. What does it mean to be sustainable?
b.) Describe the flow of a single carbon atom in the ecosystem you have created. How long might the carbon atom reside in each of 5 reservoirs in your cycle?
# The internet significantly influenced business and strategic planning. In your opinion, according to Porter’s Five Forces Model, has competition increased or decreased overall as a result of the Internet and e-commerce? Justify and support your response with two examples from your text or external resources.
The internet significantly influenced business and strategic planning. In your opinion, according to Porter’s Five Forces Model, has competition increased or decreased overall as a result of the Internet and e-commerce? Justify and support your response with two examples from your text or external resources.
# Describe an industry analysis and its purpose. Give two examples of the types of questions an industry analysis might answer. In your discussion also include an analysis of the chosen two areas and how they affect the strategic planning process.
Describe an industry analysis and its purpose. Give two examples of the types of questions an industry analysis might answer. In your discussion also include an analysis of the chosen two areas and how they affect the strategic planning process.
PART 1: CONSUMER DECISION PROCESS
Apply the consumer decision process to a recent purchase you have made for a service. Examples include: hotel services, airline services, selection of a university, etc. Create a 400-500 word response discussing the following questions:
• Discuss the consumer decision process model for services. Describe what consumers experience in each step in the process for the service you selected.
• In the information search step of the process, describe what is meant by the awareness set, evoked set, and consideration set.
• It is very normal for a consumer to experience a certain level of cognitive dissonance. What does this mean and how do marketers try to minimize the customer’s cognitive dissonance? Did you experience cognitive dissonance with the service you selected?
• Consumers of services perceive a higher level of risk than consumers of goods during the pre-purchase decision stage of the process. What are the types of risks perceived by consumers of services and how may a marketer address these risks?
Be sure to properly cite your sources using APA; include your references and in-text citations.
PART 2: SERVICE DELIVERY PROCESS
Select a service firm of your choice and answer the following questions:
• Define blueprinting and discuss what is meant by a one-sided blueprint versus a two-sided blueprint.
• Prepare a blueprint for a service firm of your choice. Outline the process time and the activity time for each step in the service delivery process. Make sure you indicate the following elements in your flowchart:
• Physical evidence
• Customer action
• Line of interaction
• Contact employee actions
• Line of visibility
• Backstage contact employee actions
• Line of internal interaction
• Support processes
• As part of your flowchart design, describe the specific actions taken by customers and employees.
• Discuss how a service blueprint helps an operations manager and a marketing manager improve service delivery.
• Should a service blueprint be used in the new product development process? Why or why not?
Submit your answers in a three- to four-page Microsoft Word document. Use APA guidelines for your submission. Be sure to properly cite your sources using APA; include your references and in-text citations.
Include a minimum of three peer reviewed articles for your paper (these are attached). Also, use text reading http://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/books/1133343910/id/L5-2-27, Chapter 4 Services Consumer Behavior; Chapter 5 The Service Delivery Process; and Chapter 6 The Pricing of Services
# Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plans assignment with facilitator feedback Completea strategic plan for your organization of no more than 3,500 words. Update your plan to incorporate facilitator feedback from the drafts you submitted in previous weeks. Include the following: Table of contents Executive summary, with a 2-page maximum Company background, organizational mission, vision, and value statements Note. For a start-up, you should focus on the backgrounds and accomplishments of key anticipated management personnel. The goal is to convince the investor that these individuals are trustworthy and successful. Environmental scan Review of Week 4 strategies and a recommendation for the best strategy for your organization Implementation plan including contingency plans for identified risks Format your plan consistent with APA guidelines.
Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plans assignment with facilitator feedback
Completea strategic plan for your organization of no more than 3,500 words.
Update your plan to incorporate facilitator feedback from the drafts you submitted in previous weeks. Include the following:
• Executive summary, with a 2-page maximum
• Company background, organizational mission, vision, and value statements
• Note. For a start-up, you should focus on the backgrounds and accomplishments of key anticipated management personnel. The goal is to convince the investor that these individuals are trustworthy and successful.
• Environmental scan
• Review of Week 4 strategies and a recommendation for the best strategy for your organization
• Implementation plan including contingency plans for identified risks
Format your plan consistent with APA guidelines.
# Write a draft of no more than 1,800 words of the strategic plan for your organization, including the following: Implementation plan Objectives Functional tactics Action items Milestones and deadlines Tasks and task ownership Resource allocation Any required organizational change management strategies that would enhance successful implementation Key success factors, budget, and forecasted financials, including a break-even analysis Risk management plan, including contingency plans for identified risks Format your plan consistent with APA guidelines. Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
Write a draft of no more than 1,800 words of the strategic plan for your organization, including the following:
• Implementation plan
• Objectives
• Functional tactics
• Action items
• Resource allocation
• Any required organizational change management strategies that would enhance successful implementation
• Key success factors, budget, and forecasted financials, including a break-even analysis
• Risk management plan, including contingency plans for identified risks
Format your plan consistent with APA guidelines.
Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
# Access the following Week 5 Assignment in WileyPLUS: Broadening Your Perspective 18-1 Write a paper of no more than 750 words in which you respond to the Broadening Your Perspective 18-1 activity titled “Decision Making Across the Organization” in Ch. 18 of Accounting. DECISION MAKING ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION Martinez Company has decided to introduce a new product. The new product can be manufactured by either a capital-intensive method or a labor-intensive method. The manufacturing method will not affect the quality of the product. The estimated manufacturing costs by the two methods are as follows. Capital-Intensive Labor-Intensive Direct materials $5 per unit$5.50 per unit Direct labor $6 per unit$8.00 per unit Variable overhead $3 per unit$4.50 per unit Fixed manufacturing costs $2,508,000$1,538,000 Martinez’s market research department has recommended an introductory unit sales price of $30. The incremental selling expenses are estimated to be$502,000 annually plus $2 for each unit sold, regardless of manufacturing method. Instructions With the class divided into groups, answer the following. (a) Calculate the estimated break-even point in annual unit sales of the new product if Martinez Company uses the: 1. Capital-intensive manufacturing method. 2. Labor-intensive manufacturing method. (b) Determine the annual unit sales volume at which Martinez Company would be indifferent between the two manufacturing methods. (c) Explain the circumstance under which Martinez should employ each of the two manufacturing methods. (CMA adapted Access the following Week 5 Assignment in WileyPLUS: • Broadening Your Perspective 18-1 Write a paper of no more than 750 words in which you respond to the Broadening Your Perspective 18-1 activity titled “Decision Making Across the Organization” in Ch. 18 of Accounting. DECISION MAKING ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION Martinez Company has decided to introduce a new product. The new product can be manufactured by either a capital-intensive method or a labor-intensive method. The manufacturing method will not affect the quality of the product. The estimated manufacturing costs by the two methods are as follows. Capital-Intensive Labor-Intensive Direct materials$5 per unit $5.50 per unit Direct labor$6 per unit $8.00 per unit Variable overhead$3 per unit $4.50 per unit Fixed manufacturing costs$2,508,000 $1,538,000 Martinez’s market research department has recommended an introductory unit sales price of$30. The incremental selling expenses are estimated to be $502,000 annually plus$2 for each unit sold, regardless of manufacturing method.
Instructions
With the class divided into groups, answer the following.
(a)
Calculate the estimated break-even point in annual unit sales of the new product if Martinez Company uses the:
1 Capital-intensive manufacturing method. 2 Labor-intensive manufacturing method.
(b) Determine the annual unit sales volume at which Martinez Company would be indifferent between the two manufacturing methods.
(c) Explain the circumstance under which Martinez should employ each of the two manufacturing methods. (CMA adapted
# 1) A rectangular plate has a length of (24.0 ± 0.2) cm and a width of (9.4 ± 0.1) cm. Calculate the area of the plate, including its uncertainty? 2)Carry out the following arithmetic operations. (Give your answers to the correct number of significant figures.) -(a) the sum of the measured values 756, 37.2, 0.83, and 2 -(b) the product 0.003 2 ✕ 356.3 -(c) the product 5.620 ✕ π 3)A rectangular building lot has a width of 69.0 ft and a length of 123 ft. Determine the area of this lot in square meters. 4)Suppose your hair grows at the rate 1/31 in. per day. Find the rate at which it grows in nanometers per second. Because the distance between atoms in a molecule is on the order of 0.1 nm, your answer suggests how rapidly layers of atoms are assembled in this protein synthesis.
1) A rectangular plate has a length of (24.0 ± 0.2) cm and a width of (9.4 ± 0.1) cm. Calculate the area of the plate, including its uncertainty?
2)Carry out the following arithmetic operations. (Give your answers to the correct number of significant figures.)
-(a) the sum of the measured values 756, 37.2, 0.83, and 2
-(b) the product 0.003 2 ✕ 356.3
-(c) the product 5.620 ✕ π
3)A rectangular building lot has a width of 69.0 ft and a length of 123 ft. Determine the area of this lot in square meters.
4)Suppose your hair grows at the rate 1/31 in. per day. Find the rate at which it grows in nanometers per second. Because the distance between atoms in a molecule is on the order of 0.1 nm, your answer suggests how rapidly layers of atoms are assembled in this protein synthesis.
# 1 PAGE APA SOURCES:2 Cognitive Theory Review the week’s reading on cognitive and cognitive-behavioral theories of personality, which have significant application in the treatment of abnormal behavior. Select one of the options below and develop a case study that could use one of the therapy techniques listed to treat a patient exhibiting an abnormal behavior. Indicate in your post which option you selected. Option A: Discuss the theory underlying Rational Emotive Therapy. Why does this approach lend itself so well as a therapy? Develop a short, fictional case study of a client with an abnormal behavior. Describe how you would approach the treatment of this disorder with cognitive therapy and why cognitive therapy would be appropriate for the treatment of this disorder. Your initial post should be a minimum of 250 words and utilize at least one peer-reviewed source that was published within the last five years, cited according to APA guidelines as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Option B: Discuss the theory underlying Beck’s Cognitive Therapy. Why does this approach lend itself so well as a therapy? Develop a short, fictional case study of a client with an abnormal behavior. Describe how you would approach the treatment of this disorder with cognitive therapy and why cognitive therapy would be appropriate for the treatment of this disorder. Your initial post should be a minimum of 250 words and utilize at least one peer-reviewed source that was published within the last five years, cited according to APA guidelines
1 PAGE
APA
SOURCES:2
Cognitive Theory
Review the week’s reading on cognitive and cognitive-behavioral theories of personality, which have significant application in the treatment of abnormal behavior. Select one of the options below and develop a case study that could use one of the therapy techniques listed to treat a patient exhibiting an abnormal behavior. Indicate in your post which option you selected.
Option A: Discuss the theory underlying Rational Emotive Therapy. Why does this approach lend itself so well as a therapy? Develop a short, fictional case study of a client with an abnormal behavior. Describe how you would approach the treatment of this disorder with cognitive therapy and why cognitive therapy would be appropriate for the treatment of this disorder. Your initial post should be a minimum of 250 words and utilize at least one peer-reviewed source that was published within the last five years, cited according to APA guidelines as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Option B: Discuss the theory underlying Beck’s Cognitive Therapy. Why does this approach lend itself so well as a therapy? Develop a short, fictional case study of a client with an abnormal behavior. Describe how you would approach the treatment of this disorder with cognitive therapy and why cognitive therapy would be appropriate for the treatment of this disorder. Your initial post should be a minimum of 250 words and utilize at least one peer-reviewed source that was published within the last five years, cited according to APA guidelines
# Question 16 Discuss how the New Deal affected gender roles in American society. Did it do more to challenge or to reinforce these roles? Why? Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. Question 17 Identify three prominent figures in the Harlem Renaissance, note the contributions of each, and note their collective impact on American society. Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Question 16
Discuss how the New Deal affected gender roles in American society. Did it do more to challenge or to reinforce these roles? Why?
Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Question 17
Identify three prominent figures in the Harlem Renaissance, note the contributions of each, and note their collective impact on American society.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
# Listening is a key skill for job success. Page 153 of the textbook describes four listening styles. In 150 words or more, describe a situation in the workplace where you witnessed how different listening styles created conflict? What tips or strategies could you offer in this situation. APA format.
Listening is a key skill for job success. Page 153 of the textbook describes four listening styles. In 150 words or more, describe a situation in the workplace where you witnessed how different listening styles created conflict? What tips or strategies could you offer in this situation.
APA format.
# Homework for Business information systems class _Industry insights • 2 page summary (max 1,000 words, not including cover letter and references) Each individual named in the Vendor group’s submission must present a summary of industry best practices and insights. The summary is intended to demonstrate each individual’s understanding of the business context of the Client’s problem and how other companies have solved similar problems. The summary must contain examples of other information systems in use to solve similar business problems. My industry is the family run Seaside Inn, Hotel/Hospitality industry as seen on the second to last page of the document.
Homework for Business information systems class
_Industry insights
• 2 page summary (max 1,000 words, not including cover letter and references)
Each individual named in the Vendor group’s submission must present a summary of industry best practices and insights. The summary is intended to demonstrate each individual’s understanding of the business context of the Client’s problem and how other companies have solved similar problems. The summary must contain examples of other information systems in use to solve similar business problems.
My industry is the family run Seaside Inn, Hotel/Hospitality industry as seen on the second to last page of the document.
# Assignment: Managing the Supply Chain (Operations and Inventory) Details: Operations Simulation … Inventory Management, Forecasting and Process Information. Complete with Teammate Report: Word Document and/or Excel (Attached in the assignment area) Format: None … Student Submission Should Look Professional and Answer the Questions Below Length: No Requirement … Requirement is to Answer all the Questions in the Assignment __________________________________________________________ Your need to evaluate data and make recommendations and decisions shown below. . Excel Spreadsheet Explanation What you have is an Excel spreadsheet with 6 models we assembly at our facility. Giving more description, here are the details of the Excel file. Sheet “A” … picture and bill of material of Model A Sheet “C” … picture and bill of material of Model C Sheet “Annual Customer Requirements” … past 12 months of actual demand from our customers. Sheet “Inventory” … actual on hand quantities of models A and C . Assignment is broken up into 3 sections: 1) Inventory Management … the Materials department has not been doing their job. Inventory levels have not been managed for over a year. Assembly outages have caused the group to just order “a lot” of parts to make sure the build goes as schedule. Major opportunity for cost saving in inventory. * Calculate the annual demand for each component of Models A and C * Calculate the EOQ for each component of Models A and C * Adjust inventory levels as compared to current on-hand quantities of each component * Calculate inventory costs saving based on your EOQ calculations Hints and Tips for Section 1 * You will need to research EOQ and make assumptions for some of the components of the equation. * Make sure you add a buffer … don’t go with the actual EOQ number * Don’t forget the inventory holding costs in you saving calculations * I would use the spreadsheet to assist with the EOQ calculations … will save much time 2) Forecasting… using the spreadsheet data, graph the forecast for Model A, Model C and all the models * I want to see the visibility for the next 3 months on the graph, with a trend line. * What are you going to do with one specific datapoint (Model A – September) in your calculations Hints and Tips for Section 2 * You will need to research forecasting * You will *probably* use a different forecasting technique for the individual forecasting of Model A and Model C than you use for all the models together 3) Process Documentation… using the picture of Model A and Model C Complete a process drawing for the operator to assembly this product. Hints and Tips for Section 3 * Don’t go crazy here … just complete a diagram where the model can be assembly correctly. * Less words the better NOTES-Lesson One EOQ The often asked questions … how much to order and when to order? . EOC – Economic Order Quantity is a great tool to assist with this. The link below describes the components of the equation. http://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/economic-order-quantity-eoq-model-inventory-management-models-a-tutorial . Beware when using this equation from experience. First you have to make some assumptions. Cost of placing an order … basically, how much does it cost the company to call the supplier, get a quotation, fill out a purchase requisition, get it signed, and place the order. Technology has improved this activity … but there is still a cost associated. A second assumption is a holding cost of the inventory. Industry guidelines estimate there is a 2% to 15% of the price of the good to hold it in storage.You will have to make an estimate and justification of each of these for your case study. . WARNING … don’t go cutting your inventory levels. This equation works under ideal environments … and we all know that never happens. For supplies with long lead times you need to order more frequent. For equipment with historical problems or downtime, or tooling that breaks a lot order more frequent. For troublesome and new supplier that do not have a documented performance history, you need to order more frequent. . My major project while working on my MBA was with EOQ. My company did a very bad job of managing supplies and inventory and enabled me to look like a guru. After super conservative estimates, I took the top 25 tools and top 25 raw materials and applied EOQ to my companies’ inventory. I was able to turn in an annual cost savings of $430K! SWEET! NOTES-Lesson 2 Forecasting Tutorial Good luck with the forecasting section of this assignment … how is that for support and encouragement. Lets start with the bad of forecasting. Think of the weather … although technology has vastly improved forecasting it is still inaccurate often. Think of the stock market, if I could “half-way” predict the movement of the market or a stock, I would not be sitting here … I would own an island somewhere and be retired. In both cases there are too many unknowns to predict the outcomes. Here is a final thought on forecasting: · Forecasts are usually wrong. (Do not treat as known information!). · Forecasts must include analysis of their potential errors. · The longer the forecast horizon, the less accurate the forecast will generally be. · Benefits can often be obtained from transforming a forecasted quantity into a known quantity (when this can be done, it comes at a cost however). · Systems that are agile in responding to change are less dependent on accuracy in forecasts. So lets move onto the good of forecasting … in the right environment, it can be a great tool used by managers and those responsible for strategic planning. To simplify, most books state there are 2 types of forecasting with different techniques in each. I would do some brief research for this part of the assignment. Each technique has its own pros and cons …your forecasting for this part of the assignment can be more accurate with the techniques highlighted in red.Read up and select the proper technique. Qualitative Forecasting [HINT … you will not be using any of these methods] · Jury of Executive Opinion (I think that is like “the boss said so”) · Delphi Method · Composite of Sales Force · Consumer Survey Quantitative Forecasting · Time Series – Simple Moving Average · Time Series – Weighted Moving Average · Time Series – Exponential Smoothing · Linear Trend – Simple Regression · Linear Trend – Multiple Regression · Nonlinear Trend Analysis (way beyond the scope of this course) · NOTES Lesson 3 Process Documentation Nothing fancy here … take the picture and create an assembly drawing. . Experience here tells me you need pictures, drawing, and diagrams to have a great end product. Get creative with this one. Take a look at documentation around your work place and in fast food restaurants … they are (should be) simple Assignment: Managing the Supply Chain (Operations and Inventory) Details: Operations Simulation … Inventory Management, Forecasting and Process Information. Complete with Teammate Report: Word Document and/or Excel (Attached in the assignment area) Format: None … Student Submission Should Look Professional and Answer the Questions Below Length: No Requirement … Requirement is to Answer all the Questions in the Assignment __________________________________________________________ Your need to evaluate data and make recommendations and decisions shown below. . Excel Spreadsheet Explanation What you have is an Excel spreadsheet with 6 models we assembly at our facility. Giving more description, here are the details of the Excel file. Sheet “A” … picture and bill of material of Model A Sheet “C” … picture and bill of material of Model C Sheet “Annual Customer Requirements” … past 12 months of actual demand from our customers. Sheet “Inventory” … actual on hand quantities of models A and C . Assignment is broken up into 3 sections: 1) Inventory Management … the Materials department has not been doing their job. Inventory levels have not been managed for over a year. Assembly outages have caused the group to just order “a lot” of parts to make sure the build goes as schedule. Major opportunity for cost saving in inventory. Calculate the annual demand for each component of Models A and C Calculate the EOQ for each component of Models A and C Adjust inventory levels as compared to current on-hand quantities of each component Calculate inventory costs saving based on your EOQ calculations Hints and Tips for Section 1 You will need to research EOQ and make assumptions for some of the components of the equation. Make sure you add a buffer … don’t go with the actual EOQ number Don’t forget the inventory holding costs in you saving calculations I would use the spreadsheet to assist with the EOQ calculations … will save much time 2) Forecasting… using the spreadsheet data, graph the forecast for Model A, Model C and all the models I want to see the visibility for the next 3 months on the graph, with a trend line. What are you going to do with one specific datapoint (Model A – September) in your calculations Hints and Tips for Section 2 You will need to research forecasting You will *probably* use a different forecasting technique for the individual forecasting of Model A and Model C than you use for all the models together 3) Process Documentation… using the picture of Model A and Model C Complete a process drawing for the operator to assembly this product. Hints and Tips for Section 3 Don’t go crazy here … just complete a diagram where the model can be assembly correctly. Less words the better NOTES-Lesson One EOQ The often asked questions … how much to order and when to order? . EOC – Economic Order Quantity is a great tool to assist with this. The link below describes the components of the equation. http://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/economic-order-quantity-eoq-model-inventory-management-models-a-tutorial . Beware when using this equation from experience. First you have to make some assumptions. Cost of placing an order … basically, how much does it cost the company to call the supplier, get a quotation, fill out a purchase requisition, get it signed, and place the order. Technology has improved this activity … but there is still a cost associated. A second assumption is a holding cost of the inventory. Industry guidelines estimate there is a 2% to 15% of the price of the good to hold it in storage.You will have to make an estimate and justification of each of these for your case study. . WARNING … don’t go cutting your inventory levels. This equation works under ideal environments … and we all know that never happens. For supplies with long lead times you need to order more frequent. For equipment with historical problems or downtime, or tooling that breaks a lot order more frequent. For troublesome and new supplier that do not have a documented performance history, you need to order more frequent. . My major project while working on my MBA was with EOQ. My company did a very bad job of managing supplies and inventory and enabled me to look like a guru. After super conservative estimates, I took the top 25 tools and top 25 raw materials and applied EOQ to my companies’ inventory. I was able to turn in an annual cost savings of$430K! SWEET!
NOTES-Lesson 2 Forecasting Tutorial
Good luck with the forecasting section of this assignment … how is that for support and encouragement. Lets start with the bad of forecasting. Think of the weather … although technology has vastly improved forecasting it is still inaccurate often. Think of the stock market, if I could “half-way” predict the movement of the market or a stock, I would not be sitting here … I would own an island somewhere and be retired. In both cases there are too many unknowns to predict the outcomes. Here is a final thought on forecasting:
· Forecasts are usually wrong. (Do not treat as known information!).
· Forecasts must include analysis of their potential errors.
· The longer the forecast horizon, the less accurate the forecast will generally be.
· Benefits can often be obtained from transforming a forecasted quantity into a known quantity (when this can be done, it comes at a cost however).
· Systems that are agile in responding to change are less dependent on accuracy in forecasts.
So lets move onto the good of forecasting … in the right environment, it can be a great tool used by managers and those responsible for strategic planning. To simplify, most books state there are 2 types of forecasting with different techniques in each. I would do some brief research for this part of the assignment. Each technique has its own pros and cons …your forecasting for this part of the assignment can be more accurate with the techniques highlighted in red.Read up and select the proper technique.
Qualitative Forecasting [HINT … you will not be using any of these methods]
· Jury of Executive Opinion (I think that is like “the boss said so”)
· Delphi Method
· Composite of Sales Force
· Consumer Survey
Quantitative Forecasting
· Time Series – Simple Moving Average
· Time Series – Weighted Moving Average
· Time Series – Exponential Smoothing
· Linear Trend – Simple Regression
· Linear Trend – Multiple Regression
· Nonlinear Trend Analysis (way beyond the scope of this course)
·
NOTES Lesson 3 Process Documentation
Nothing fancy here … take the picture and create an assembly drawing.
.
Experience here tells me you need pictures, drawing, and diagrams to have a great end product. Get creative with this one. Take a look at documentation around your work place and in fast food restaurants … they are (should be) simple
# Write a 3 page paper (max), double spaced on how your organization (or one that you know about) might be rated on a comprehensive health, safety, and wellness audit; are there any areas for improvement? Remember to cite where appropriate (APA) and to include a bibliography.
Write a 3 page paper (max), double spaced on how your organization (or one that you know about) might be rated on a comprehensive health, safety, and wellness audit; are there any areas for improvement? Remember to cite where appropriate (APA) and to include a bibliography.
1. PART 1 (35 points total – 5 points for each part and 10 points for the diagram) You own a golf course in Florida and you need to determine how many golf carts you need to buy to maximize profits. Please answer the following questions given the information below.
A brand new golf cart costs 300 rounds of golf and the rate of depreciation is 15% (.15).
The real interest rate is 5% (use .05 in calculations).
The expected marginal product of capital is given by MPKf = 200 – 5K.
a) What is the user cost of capital and what is it expressed in?
b) How many golf carts should you buy to maximize profits (i.e., what is K*)?
c) Draw a graph (the uc / MPK graph) depicting the state of affairs and label this initial profit maximizing point as point A.
c) Now suppose the (local) government with all their financial shortfalls embarks on a campaign to raise revenue to fund the fire department by imposing a socalled “luxury tax” (we know it as ?) equal to 25% of gross revenue What happens to the profit maximizing number of golf carts?
Please show all work and label as point B on your uc/MPK graph.
d) Now explain why your profit maximizing K* has changed. Please be specific using the firm’s profit maximizing condition (explain the intuition!). Start your answer with “If I did not change my capital input (my K*), then I would not be…….(you can finish the rest!)
……………..”
e) The Federal government, knowing all about the financial pains encountered by state and local governments given the Great Recession, decide to offer an investment tax credit equal to 20% (this is in addition to the tax already imposed by the local government). What is your desired capital stock (K*) now? (Hint: An investment tax credit effectively reduces the price of capital to the firm – think of it as this – under the investment tax credit – you buy a golf cart (cost = 300 rounds of golf) and you get a 20% rebate from Uncle Sam so the investment tax credit adjusted price of the golf cart is now 240 rounds of golf [(1.20) x 300 = 240]. Please show all work againand label this as point C on your uc/MPK diagram.
1. PART 2 (NEW GRADER – 35 points – 5 for f) and g) 10 for h) and 15 for graph)) Draw a desired investment diagram (completely labeled with all the shift variables noted next to the function in parentheses with signs (+ or )) depicting the initial equilibrium as point A (simply draw a negatively sloped ID curve going through point A). Label the initial real interest rate as r*A
= .05 (as is given above) and the initial level of desired investment as IdA. Note importantly that we do not have numbers for desired investment, but that’s ok, we are focusing on the change in desired investment, given the same real rate = .05. Be sure to include all of the shift variables in parentheses next to this initial ID function.
f) Why did the level of desired investment change, even though the real rate of interest did not? Please be specific using the equation that connects the desired capital stock (K*) to desired investment (as we did in class (equation 4.6…in text).
Label this (new) level of desired investment as IdB (again, we don’t have specific numbers for IdB. Be sure to include all of the shift variables in parentheses next to your new ID function
Finally, show how the investment tax credit maps to your desired investment diagram and label this final point as point C. Label this (new) level of desired investment as IdC (again, we don’t have specific numbers for IdC). Make sure you include all of shift variables in parentheses next to your new ID function.
g) Suppose that the Federal Reserve had a goal to get the capital stock (the number of golf carts purchased) back to its initial level as in part b (this would create jobs and get the economy back to full employment). Given all the changes (the imposition of the tax by the local government and the investment tax credit offered by the Federal Government), what would they have to do to the real rate of interest to achieve their objective? Please show all work and I am looking for a specific number (i.e., r = ?).
h) (10 points) Finally, explain how this most previous development (a change in r) would influence your two diagrams and why. Show on your two diagrams as point D. I am asking for a discussion for each diagram (this question is worth ten points!)
2. (45 points total – 5 points each part except part e) A closed economy has full employment level of output (Y) of 2,000. Government purchases, G, are 200, taxes (T) are 400. Desired consumption (Cd) and investment (Id) are:
Cd= 550 + 0.5(Y–T) 600r
Id= 600 400r
a) Solve for the desired savings function in intercept slope form (note, the intercept is an integer).
b) Now solve for the goods market clearing interest rate. Please show all work.
Draw a desired savings/investment diagram locating this initial equilibrium and point A.
We now have a change in the desired investment function – it is now:
Id= 570 400r
c) Name four reasons why the desired investment function would change the way it did.
d) Resolve for the goods market clearing interest rate and the associated levels of desired savings and investment.
e) (10 points – discussion = 5 and correct and completely labeled diagram = 5) Choose one and only one of the reasons from part c and show the movement from point A to point B using a user cost – MPKf diagram. Please be clear on which of the 4 reasons from c) you are using and clear on why exactly K* changes using the profit maximizing condition (give me the intuition).
f) What has happened to the level of desired consumption and why? Be sure to refer to the substitution effect in your answer! Be specific with numbers.
# Go to http://finance.yahoo.com. Enter in “AAPL” and click on the “get quote” button, and it will bring up information on Apple. On the left hand side you’ll see a section on Financials. Within that section, click on the cash flow. Review the cash flow statement for Apple. How would you summarize Apple’s cash flow position and what does this statement tell you about where the money is coming from and where it’s going? What would you suggest Apple’s do to improve its cash position and why?
Go to http://finance.yahoo.com. Enter in “AAPL” and click on the “get quote” button, and it will bring up information on Apple. On the left hand side you’ll see a section on Financials. Within that section, click on the cash flow. Review the cash flow statement for Apple. How would you summarize Apple’s cash flow position and what does this statement tell you about where the money is coming from and where it’s going? What would you suggest Apple’s do to improve its cash position and why?
Question 1
Do you think that multinational managers must understand subordinate expectations in order to lead effectively? For a country with high power distance, which leadership style would you recommend? Why?
Question 2
Do you think that transformational leaders are similar regardless of cultural background or are there different types of transformational leaders for each cultural group? Explain to support your answer.
Question 3
What is the fundamental attribution error? What are some implications for leadership in multinationals?
Question 4
Conduct research on a national culture you feel comfortable with. Explain the leadership traits and behaviors you think may negatively impact organizational effectiveness in multinational companies.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
# Discuss the major principles of reward allocation. Which one(s) is (are) preferred by the collectivist culture? Individualistic culture? Why? Dirty tricks might be unavoidable in cross-cultural negotiation. What are examples of dirty tricks? How are they inappropriate in international negotiation, and how should negotiators avoid them? Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. Course Book: Cullen, J.B., & Parboteeah, K.P. (2014). Multinational management: A strategicapproach (6th ed.). Mason, OH:South-Western Cengage Learning
Discuss the major principles of reward allocation. Which one(s) is (are) preferred by the collectivist culture? Individualistic culture? Why?
Dirty tricks might be unavoidable in cross-cultural negotiation. What are examples of dirty tricks? How are they inappropriate in international negotiation, and how should negotiators avoid them?
Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Course Book:
Cullen, J.B., & Parboteeah, K.P. (2014). Multinational management: A strategicapproach (6th ed.). Mason, OH:South-Western Cengage Learning
# What happens to a monopoly’s revenue when it sells more units of its product?
What happens to a monopoly’s revenue when it sells more units of its product?
# What is “human capital,” and how does human capital affect labor productivity and economic growth?
What is “human capital,” and how does human capital affect labor productivity and economic growth?
# 1.What is callable preferred stock? Why do corporations issue such stock? Given the different features that are associated with stock (callable, cumulative, preferred, etc.), what type of stock would you want to buy personally and why? 2.Review the roles of management accounting within a company. What is the most important role of management accounting? How is that different than financial accounting?
1.What is callable preferred stock? Why do corporations issue such stock? Given the different features that are associated with stock (callable, cumulative, preferred, etc.), what type of stock would you want to buy personally and why?
2.Review the roles of management accounting within a company. What is the most important role of management accounting? How is that different than financial accounting?
# When you are ready, respond to one of the prompts below. What quality improvement tool would you use to identify possible reasons for the increase in complaints about the HIM department? What quality improvement tool would you use to gather information to confirm the reasons for the complaints about the HIM department? You believe that cooperation between the clinic receptionists and HIM staff would improve if phone responsibilities were more clearly defined. To whom would you assign the task of defining roles and responsibilities and why?
When you are ready, respond to one of the prompts below.
1. What quality improvement tool would you use to identify possible reasons for the increase in complaints about the HIM department? What quality improvement tool would you use to gather information to confirm the reasons for the complaints about the HIM department?
2. You believe that cooperation between the clinic receptionists and HIM staff would improve if phone responsibilities were more clearly defined. To whom would you assign the task of defining roles and responsibilities and why?
# 1. What are the major alternative staffing approaches for international operations? Explain the relative advantages of each and the conditions under which you would choose one approach over another. 2. Why is the HRM role so much more complex, and important, in the international context? 3. Discuss the challenges involved in staffing operations in emerging markets. 4. Explain the common causes of expatriate failure. What are the major success factors for expatriate assignees? Explain the role and importance of each. 5. What are the common training techniques for managers going overseas? How should these vary as appropriate to the level of globalization of the firm? 6. Explain the “balance sheet approach” to international compensation packages. Why is this so important? Discuss the pros and cons of aligning the expatriate compensation package with the host-country colleagues compared to the home-country colleagues. 7. Discuss the importance of a complete program for expatriate performance management. What are the typical components for such a program?
1. What are the major alternative staffing approaches for international operations? Explain the relative advantages of each and the conditions under which you would choose one approach over another.
2. Why is the HRM role so much more complex, and important, in the international context?
3. Discuss the challenges involved in staffing operations in emerging markets.
4. Explain the common causes of expatriate failure. What are the major success factors for expatriate assignees? Explain the role and importance of each.
5. What are the common training techniques for managers going overseas? How should these vary as appropriate to the level of globalization of the firm?
6. Explain the “balance sheet approach” to international compensation packages. Why is this so important? Discuss the pros and cons of aligning the expatriate compensation package with the host-country colleagues compared to the home-country colleagues.
7. Discuss the importance of a complete program for expatriate performance management. What are the typical components for such a program?
# 1. Which of the following financial statements is concerned with the company at a point in time? income statement statement of cash flows retained earnings statement balance sheet 2. A cost which remains constant per unit at various levels of activity is a: fixed cost mixed cost variable cost manufacturing cost 3. M&M Proposition 1: Dynamo Corp. produces annual cash flows of $150 and is expected to exist forever. The company is currently financed with 75 percent equity and 25 percent debt. Your analysis tells you that the appropriate discount rates are 10 percent for the cash flows, and 7 percent for the debt. You currently own 10 percent of the stock. If Dynamo wishes to change its capital structure from 75 percent equity to 60 percent equity and use the debt proceeds to pay a special dividend to shareholders, how much debt should they use?$600 $375$225 $321 4. Serox stock was selling for$20 two years ago. The stock sold for $25 one year ago, and it is currently selling for$28. Serox pays a $1.10 dividend per year. What was the rate of return for owning Serox in the most recent year? (Round to the nearest percent.) 32% 16% 12% 40% 5. The process of evaluating financial data that change under alternative courses of action is called: contribution margin analysis cost-benefit analysis double entry analysis incremental analysis 6. What decision criteria should managers use in selecting projects when there is not enough capital to invest in all available positive NPV projects? the discounted payback the profitability index the internal rate of return the modified internal rate of return 7. The convention of consistency refers to consistent use of accounting principles: among firms within industries throughout the accounting period among accounting periods 8. External financing needed: Jockey Company has total assets worth$4,417,665. At year-end it will have net income of $2,771,342 and pay out 60 percent as dividends. If the firm wants no external financing, what is the growth rate it can support? 27.3% 32.9% 25.1% 30.3% 9. Which of the following is considered a hybrid organizational form? limited liability partnership partnership sole proprietorship corporation 10. An activity that has a direct cause-effect relationship with the resources consumed is a(n): overhead rate product activity cost driver cost pool 11. Next year Jenkins Traders will pay a dividend of$3.00. It expects to increase its dividend by $0.25 in each of the following three years. If their required rate of return if 14 percent, what is the present value of their dividends over the next four years?$11.63 $13.50$9.72 $12.50 12. TuleTime Comics is considering a new show that will generate annual cash flows of$100,000 into the infinite future. If the initial outlay for such a production is $1,500,000 and the appropriate discount rate is 6 percent for the cash flows, then what is the profitability index for the project? 1.90 0.90 0.11 1.11 13. Your firm has an equity multiplier of 2.47. What is the debt-to-equity ratio? 0 1.74 0.60 1.47 14. If a company’s weighted average cost of capital is less than the required return on equity, then the firm: partnership is perceived to be safe is financed with more than 50% debt has debt in its capital structure 15. When a company assigns the costs of direct materials, direct labor, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead to products, that company is using: operations costing variable costing absorption costing product costing 16. The major element in budgetary control is: the comparison of actual results with planned objectives. the valuation of inventories the preparation of long-term plans the approval of the budget by the stockholders 17. Horizontal analysis is a technique for evaluating a series of financial statement data over a period of time: to determine which items are in error. that has been arranged from the highest number to the lowest number. to determine the amount and/or percentage increase or decrease that has taken place. that has been arranged from the lowest number to the highest number. 18. Which of the following is an advantage of corporations relative to partnerships and sole proprietorships? lower taxes most common form of organization harder to transfer ownership reduced legal liability for investors 19. The break-even point is where: contribution margin equals total fixed costs. total variable costs equal total fixed costs. total sales equal total variable costs. total sales equal total fixed costs. 20. Turnbull Corp. had an EBIT of$247 million in the last fiscal year. Its depreciation and amortization expenses amounted to $84 million. The firm has 135 million shares outstanding and a share price of$12.80. A competing firm that is very similar to Turnbull has an enterprise value/EBITDA multiple of 5.40. What is the enterprise value of Turnbull Corp.? Round to the nearest million dollars. $1,787 million$1,344 million $1,315 million$453.6 million 21. Which of the following is considered a hybrid organizational form? partnership limited liability partnership corporation sole proprietorship 22. The most important information needed to determine if companies can pay their current obligations is the: projected net income for next year relationship between short-term and long-term liabilities relationship between current assets and current liabilities net income for this year 23. Gateway, Corp. has an inventory turnover of 5.6. What is the firm’s days’s sales in inventory? 61.7 57.9 65.2 64.3 24. Horizontal analysis is also known as: vertical analysis linear analysis trend analysis common size analysis 25. Which of the following presents a summary of changes in a firm’s balance sheet from the beginning of an accounting period to the end of that accounting period? the statement of net worth the statement of working capital the statement of cash flows the statement of retained earnings 26. Ajax Corp. is expecting the following cash flows – $79,000,$112,000, $164,000,$84,000, and $242,000 – over the next five years. If the company’s opportunity cost is 15 percent, what is the present value of these cash flows? (Round to the nearest dollar.)$477,235 $429,560$414,322 $480,906 27. Bond price:Regatta, Inc., has six-year bonds outstanding that pay a 8.25 percent coupon rate. Investors buying the bond today can expect to earn a yield to maturity of 6.875 percent. What should the company’s bonds be priced at today? Assume annual coupon payments. (Round to the nearest dollar.)$972 $1,066$1,014 $923 28. Process costing is used when: dissimilar products are involved production is aimed at fulfilling a specific customer order. the production process is continuous. costs are to be assigned to specific jobs. 29. Jack Robbins is saving for a new car. He needs to have$21,000 for the car in three years. How much will he have to invest today in an account paying 8 percent annually to achieve his target? (Round to nearest dollar) $22,680$26,454 $19,444$16,670 30. The accumulation of accounting data on the basis of the individual manager who has the authority to make day-to-day decisions about activities in an area is called: flexible accounting static reporting master budgeting responsibility accounting 31. Variance reports are: SEC financial reports internal reports for management external financial reports all of these 32. The cash conversion cycle? shows how long the firm keeps its inventory before selling it. estimates how long it takes on average for the firm to collect its outstanding accounts receivables balance. begins when the firm uses its cash to purchase raw materials and ends when the firm collects cash payments on its credit sales. begins when the firm invests cash to purchase the raw materials that would be used to produce the goods that the firm manufactures. 33. In a process cost system, product costs are summarized: when the products are sold. on job cost sheets. on production cost reports. after each unit is produced. 34. Internal reports that review the actual impact of decisions are prepared by: the controller department heads factory workers management accountants 35. How firms estimate their cost of capital: The WACC for a firm is 13.00 percent. You know that the firm’s cost of debt capital is 10 percent and the cost of equity capital is 20% What proportion of the firm is financed with debt? 70% 50% 30% 33% 36. The group of users of accounting information charged with achieving the goals of the business is its: auditors investors managers creditors 37. An unrealistic budget is more likely to result when it: has been developed in a bottom up fashion. has been developed by all levels of management. is developed with performance appraisal usages in mind. has been developed in a top down fashion. 38. Jayadev Athreya has started his first job. He will invest $5,000 at the end of each year for the next 45 years in a fund that will earn a return of 10 percent. How much will Jayadev have at the end of 45 years?$3,594,524 $2,667,904$1,745,600 $5,233,442 39. Firms that achieve higher growth rates without seeking external financing: Have a low plowback ratio are highly leveraged have less equity and/or are able to generate high net income leading to a high ROE. None of these 40. Teakap, Inc. has current assets of$1,456,312 and total assets of $4,812,369 for the year ending September 30, 2006. It also has current liabilities of$1,041,012, common equity of $1,500,000 and retained earnings of$1,468,347. How much long-term debt does the firm have? $803,010$1,844,022 $2,123,612$2,303,010
1. Which of the following financial statements is concerned with the company at a point in time?
income statement
statement of cash flows
retained earnings statement
balance sheet
2. A cost which remains constant per unit at various levels of activity is a:
fixed cost
mixed cost
variable cost
manufacturing cost
3. M&M Proposition 1: Dynamo Corp. produces annual cash flows of $150 and is expected to exist forever. The company is currently financed with 75 percent equity and 25 percent debt. Your analysis tells you that the appropriate discount rates are 10 percent for the cash flows, and 7 percent for the debt. You currently own 10 percent of the stock. If Dynamo wishes to change its capital structure from 75 percent equity to 60 percent equity and use the debt proceeds to pay a special dividend to shareholders, how much debt should they use?$600
$375$225
$321 4. Serox stock was selling for$20 two years ago. The stock sold for $25 one year ago, and it is currently selling for$28. Serox pays a $1.10 dividend per year. What was the rate of return for owning Serox in the most recent year? (Round to the nearest percent.) 32% 16% 12% 40% 5. The process of evaluating financial data that change under alternative courses of action is called: contribution margin analysis cost-benefit analysis double entry analysis incremental analysis 6. What decision criteria should managers use in selecting projects when there is not enough capital to invest in all available positive NPV projects? the discounted payback the profitability index the internal rate of return the modified internal rate of return 7. The convention of consistency refers to consistent use of accounting principles: among firms within industries throughout the accounting period among accounting periods 8. External financing needed: Jockey Company has total assets worth$4,417,665. At year-end it will have net income of $2,771,342 and pay out 60 percent as dividends. If the firm wants no external financing, what is the growth rate it can support? 27.3% 32.9% 25.1% 30.3% 9. Which of the following is considered a hybrid organizational form? limited liability partnership partnership sole proprietorship corporation 10. An activity that has a direct cause-effect relationship with the resources consumed is a(n): overhead rate product activity cost driver cost pool 11. Next year Jenkins Traders will pay a dividend of$3.00. It expects to increase its dividend by $0.25 in each of the following three years. If their required rate of return if 14 percent, what is the present value of their dividends over the next four years?$11.63
$13.50$9.72
$12.50 12. TuleTime Comics is considering a new show that will generate annual cash flows of$100,000 into the infinite future. If the initial outlay for such a production is $1,500,000 and the appropriate discount rate is 6 percent for the cash flows, then what is the profitability index for the project? 1.90 0.90 0.11 1.11 13. Your firm has an equity multiplier of 2.47. What is the debt-to-equity ratio? 0 1.74 0.60 1.47 14. If a company’s weighted average cost of capital is less than the required return on equity, then the firm: partnership is perceived to be safe is financed with more than 50% debt has debt in its capital structure 15. When a company assigns the costs of direct materials, direct labor, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead to products, that company is using: operations costing variable costing absorption costing product costing 16. The major element in budgetary control is: the comparison of actual results with planned objectives. the valuation of inventories the preparation of long-term plans the approval of the budget by the stockholders 17. Horizontal analysis is a technique for evaluating a series of financial statement data over a period of time: to determine which items are in error. that has been arranged from the highest number to the lowest number. to determine the amount and/or percentage increase or decrease that has taken place. that has been arranged from the lowest number to the highest number. 18. Which of the following is an advantage of corporations relative to partnerships and sole proprietorships? lower taxes most common form of organization harder to transfer ownership reduced legal liability for investors 19. The break-even point is where: contribution margin equals total fixed costs. total variable costs equal total fixed costs. total sales equal total variable costs. total sales equal total fixed costs. 20. Turnbull Corp. had an EBIT of$247 million in the last fiscal year. Its depreciation and amortization expenses amounted to $84 million. The firm has 135 million shares outstanding and a share price of$12.80. A competing firm that is very similar to Turnbull has an enterprise value/EBITDA multiple of 5.40.
What is the enterprise value of Turnbull Corp.? Round to the nearest million dollars.
$1,787 million$1,344 million
$1,315 million$453.6 million
21. Which of the following is considered a hybrid organizational form?
partnership
limited liability partnership
corporation
sole proprietorship
22. The most important information needed to determine if companies can pay their current obligations is the:
projected net income for next year
relationship between short-term and long-term liabilities
relationship between current assets and current liabilities
net income for this year
23. Gateway, Corp. has an inventory turnover of 5.6. What is the firm’s days’s sales in inventory?
61.7
57.9
65.2
64.3
24. Horizontal analysis is also known as:
vertical analysis
linear analysis
trend analysis
common size analysis
25. Which of the following presents a summary of changes in a firm’s balance sheet from the beginning of an accounting period to the end of that accounting period?
the statement of net worth
the statement of working capital
the statement of cash flows
the statement of retained earnings
26. Ajax Corp. is expecting the following cash flows – $79,000,$112,000, $164,000,$84,000, and $242,000 – over the next five years. If the company’s opportunity cost is 15 percent, what is the present value of these cash flows? (Round to the nearest dollar.)$477,235
$429,560$414,322
$480,906 27. Bond price:Regatta, Inc., has six-year bonds outstanding that pay a 8.25 percent coupon rate. Investors buying the bond today can expect to earn a yield to maturity of 6.875 percent. What should the company’s bonds be priced at today? Assume annual coupon payments. (Round to the nearest dollar.)$972
$1,066$1,014
$923 28. Process costing is used when: dissimilar products are involved production is aimed at fulfilling a specific customer order. the production process is continuous. costs are to be assigned to specific jobs. 29. Jack Robbins is saving for a new car. He needs to have$21,000 for the car in three years. How much will he have to invest today in an account paying 8 percent annually to achieve his target? (Round to nearest dollar)
$22,680$26,454
$19,444$16,670
30. The accumulation of accounting data on the basis of the individual manager who has the authority to make day-to-day decisions about activities in an area is called:
flexible accounting
static reporting
master budgeting
responsibility accounting
31. Variance reports are:
SEC financial reports
internal reports for management
external financial reports
all of these
32. The cash conversion cycle?
shows how long the firm keeps its inventory before selling it.
estimates how long it takes on average for the firm to collect its outstanding accounts receivables balance.
begins when the firm uses its cash to purchase raw materials and ends when the firm collects cash payments on its credit sales.
begins when the firm invests cash to purchase the raw materials that would be used to produce the goods that the firm manufactures.
33. In a process cost system, product costs are summarized:
when the products are sold.
on job cost sheets.
on production cost reports.
after each unit is produced.
34. Internal reports that review the actual impact of decisions are prepared by:
the controller
factory workers
management accountants
35. How firms estimate their cost of capital: The WACC for a firm is 13.00 percent. You know that the firm’s cost of debt capital is 10 percent and the cost of equity capital is 20% What proportion of the firm is financed with debt?
70%
50%
30%
33%
36. The group of users of accounting information charged with achieving the goals of the business is its:
auditors
investors
managers
creditors
37. An unrealistic budget is more likely to result when it:
has been developed in a bottom up fashion.
has been developed by all levels of management.
is developed with performance appraisal usages in mind.
has been developed in a top down fashion.
38. Jayadev Athreya has started his first job. He will invest $5,000 at the end of each year for the next 45 years in a fund that will earn a return of 10 percent. How much will Jayadev have at the end of 45 years?$3,594,524
$2,667,904$1,745,600
$5,233,442 39. Firms that achieve higher growth rates without seeking external financing: Have a low plowback ratio are highly leveraged have less equity and/or are able to generate high net income leading to a high ROE. None of these 40. Teakap, Inc. has current assets of$1,456,312 and total assets of $4,812,369 for the year ending September 30, 2006. It also has current liabilities of$1,041,012, common equity of $1,500,000 and retained earnings of$1,468,347. How much long-term debt does the firm have?
$803,010$1,844,022
$2,123,612$2,303,010
# P 10 In the format they want for P assignments, please. Need within 48 hours or sooner please. 1. A random sample of 11 statistics students produced the following data where x is the third exam score, out of 80, and y is the final exam score, out of 200. THIRD EXAM SCORE (X) 65 67 71 71 66 75 67 70 71 69 69 FINAL EXAM SCORE (Y) 175 133 185 163 126 198 153 163 159 151 159 A) Predict the final score if the person obtains a third exam score of 68. B) Calculate the standard error of the estimate. C) Give the percentage of variation explained by regression. 2. The regression line = 3 + 2x has been fitted to the data points (4,8) , (2,5) and (1,2). The sum of the squared residuals will be ____________________ .
P 10 In the format they want for P assignments, please. Need within 48 hours or sooner please.
1. A random sample of 11 statistics students produced the following data where x is the third exam score, out of 80, and y is the final exam score, out of 200.
THIRD EXAM SCORE
(X)
65
67
71
71
66
75
67
70
71
69
69
FINAL EXAM SCORE
(Y)
175
133
185
163
126
198
153
163
159
151
159
A) Predict the final score if the person obtains a third exam score of 68.
B) Calculate the standard error of the estimate.
C) Give the percentage of variation explained by regression.
2. The regression line = 3 + 2x has been fitted to the data points (4,8) , (2,5) and (1,2). The sum of the squared residuals will be ____________________ .
Questions 1–20: Select the one best answer to each question
1. Assuming you own a home, where would the appraisal value of your home go in a personal balance sheet?
A. Under liabilities
B. Within the equity total
C. Under assets
D. Under both the equity and the liabilities sections
2. When you work within an organization, you’re typically not taught to
B. act as your own supervisor.
C. act in ways that are derived from established procedures.
D. identify yourself with your job or position.
3. When budgeting for your immediate needs, you should divide them into
A. immediate and discretionary expenses.
B. fixed and immediate expenses.
C. discretionary and fixed expenses.
D. fixed and intermittent expenses.
4. According to the discussion of the “color of money,” blue money is
A. money spent wisely.
B. money set aside for emergencies and unexpected expenses.
C. currently expended green money.
D. invested for the long term.
5. In ancient Greece, a group of people living together with the common purpose of taking care of each other through economic activity was called a(n)
A. household.
C. economy.
B. commune.
D. community.
6. In thinking about the “color of money,” which color would correspond to a DVD player charged on a department store credit card?
A. Blue
B. Green
C. Red
D. Gray
7. As you do your _______ when considering a business venture, you should consider factors such as your financial resources, your special skills, where you live, and what you like to do with your time.
A. evaluating
B. creative thinking
C. marketing and production
D. planning
8. You’re in search of the job that will give you a sense of self-esteem and allow you to employ your skills. Which among the four general types of life goals are you mainly pursuing?
B. Establishing primary relationships
C. Seeking your ideal social place
D. Surviving in the jungle of competition
9. You’re in the process of setting up a business plan. In particular, you’re thinking about how to work your plan. You need to focus on two process considerations. The first concerns organization of the business; the second concerns the operations of the business, such as
A. deciding who will do what and when.
B. contacting potential investors.
C. working out a pricing scheme.
D. thinking out your mission statement.
10. In working out your plan for pricing your products, you decide to keep your prices at about the same level as similar businesses in adjoining states. This could best be described as a _______ approach.
A. skimming
B. simple comparison
C. market penetration
D. competitive
11. You’ve decided to capitalize your new business through a bank loan and through offering stock to a limited number of investors. Your initial funding will
A. include equity and start-up financing.
B. consist of debt financing through investors.
C. consist of personal and public equity financing.
D. include debt and equity financing.
12. In this study unit, you were encouraged to create a graphic representation of how you spend your time over 24 hours. It suggested using different colors to indicate your level of
A. interest
B. anxiety.
C. detachment.
D. effort.
13. As you manage your personal finances, you’ll probably want to pay attention to general conditions in the economy. One general concern for most people managing their day-to-day finances would be
A. current interest rates.
B. the international labor market.
C. good deals in major real estate ventures.
D. the likelihood of a major depression.
14. An entrepreneur estimating costs for a new business tends to avoid looking at the
A. cost of capital equipment.
B. escalating costs of raw materials.
C. inevitability of things going wrong.
D. costs associated with hiring personnel.58 Examination
15. As a bank loan officer looks over your business plan, which of the following statements is most likely to get more of her careful attention when she considers the progress your business will make?
B. Your most recent balance sheet
A. sales pitch.
B. interests.
C. customer.
D. skills.
17. Because consumers today are presented with so many choices, it’s generally best if your advertising is
A. persistent to the point of being annoying.
B. targeted to the demographic profile of the potential customer.
C. consistent with your highest values.
D. imaginative and amusing enough to get a person’s attention.
18. You’ve decided that you want to get your household budget under control so you can increase the proportion of money you devote to savings. Your first step will be to
A. check out wise investments.
B. open a savings account.
D. keep track of your expenses for a period of time.
19. In the most basic terms, while working out the business process of production and marketing, you’ll want to be continually prepared for
A. finding innovative ways to reduce expenses.
B. locating new blood to replace employees who don’t work out.
C. balancing growth against the need for increasing your profits.
D. adapting to new conditions in the market and within your organization.
20. Prior to opening your new gift shop, you’ll want to locate dependable suppliers before
completing the _______ process.
A. research
B. planning
C. operations
# Question 1 (11 marks) Rigot Ltd. manufactures landscaping equipment known for durability. The unionized workforce renews its contract every five years, with the most recent agreement signed last year which provided for a 2% salary increase per year. The following is the budget for 2012 based on the production of 20,000 units. Budget Direct Materials $3,080,000 Direct Labor 2,500,000 Variable Overhead 700,000 Fixed Overhead 900,000 Total$ 7,180,000 Average Cost per unit$359 Information available for standards utilized for 2012: Direct materials$11 per KG Direct labor $25 per hour The Year 2012 in Review: During 2012 the actual production was 20,000 units. At the start of 2012 the senior management decided to buy materials from a new supplier for$15 per KG. Management was excited when they found out that the actual labor hours per unit was three less than the standard. In addition, since overhead is driven primarily by labor the variable overhead decreased by $180,000 and the fixed overhead was reduced by$60,000. Actual material used per unit was 18 KG and the actual average labor rate was $30 per hour. The company implemented a just-in-time inventory system in 2011. REQUIRED: a) Calculate the material price variance.(2 marks) b) Calculate the material quantity variance.(2 marks) c) Calculate the labor rate variance.(2 marks) d) Calculate the labor efficiency variance.(2 marks) e) Analyze the 2012 results- specifically, the variances. Do you support the decision to change suppliers? Explain with supporting calculations.(3 marks) 2 Question 2 (18 marks) Cosmo Corp. manufactures two electronic parts: K100 and K200. The company operates in a very competitive industry and their products compete directly with several other products. The CEO has played an active role in pricing the products and in decisions to add or drop product lines. The CEO is quite concerned with the decreasing sales of the K100 and is convinced that action must be taken to remedy the problem. Sales of K100 dropped significantly in 2012 while the sales of the K200 have increased. At the end of 2011, the marketing department persuaded the CEO to pursue an advertising campaign to raise the sales of the K100. The subsequent 1,000 unit annual drop in sales of K100 (compared to 2011) has left the CEO furious. The production manager has assured the CEO that the quality of the product has remained constant. The CEO is considering: 1) Firing the sales staff and sales/administrative manager of K100 2) Dropping the K100 2012 2011 Total Units (produced/sold) 22,000 15,000 Manufacturing Overhead Costs$3,860,000 $3,300,000 Product Information for 2012: K200 K100 Sales Price/Unit$ 210 $260 Unit Sales 10,000 units 12,000 units Direct materials per unit$80.00 $29.17 Direct labor per unit$20.00 $25.00 Other information: The variable overhead cost per unit for the K100 and K200 is the same. Each product has a sales/administrative manager who is paid$72,000. The K100 leases factory equipment at $50,000 per annum while the K200 uses fully amortized/depreciated equipment that has a market value of$93,000. The company is not operating at full capacity. REQUIRED: a. Prepare a segmented income statement for 2012 to “evaluate” the products.(10 marks) b. Should Cosmo drop the K100 product? (2 marks) c. Respond to the CEO’s intention to fire personnel. Should they be fired? Provide reasons for why they should or should not be fired? Based on the segmented income statement, what recommendations do you have for the company re: the two products?(2 marks) d. The K300, a new product, is being considered with expected sales of 5,000 units at $135 each for the first year. K300’s sales growth per annum for the next three years is projected at 3%. Direct material, direct labor and VOH total$120 per unit. The K300 would require a specially trained manager at a cost of $80,000 per year. Should the company add the K300? Provide calculations with explanations for your analysis/conclusion where appropriate.(4 marks) 3 Question 3 (22 marks) The YAK Ventures specializes in producing and distributing organic fudge throughout Canada. The company operates three autonomous and decentralized divisions: Western, Central and Eastern. The company’s cost of capital is only 3% and each division is expected to earn a return of at least this amount. Sales data for the year ended 2012 for the divisions: Central Western Eastern Sales Volume 405,000 325,000 395,000 Sales Price$8.08 $7.80$8.20 Average Invested assets for each division: Central Western Eastern Invested Assets $4,256,000$4,125,000 $3,912,000 Total Fixed costs for the Company: Amortization & Lease$633,000 Advertising $546,000 Salaries$1,283,000 Legal and Audit $120,000 Other General and Administrative$135,000 Total $2,717,000 •The variable cost to produce the fudge for Western and Eastern was$3 per bottle. Central’s variable cost to produce the fudge was 1/3 higher than the other divisions’. •All divisions incur $1.50 per unit to package the bottles after they are produced. •The divisions hire sales representatives to sell the product within their territory. The commissions are 10% of sales except for Eastern whose representatives get 15%. •Amortization expense was$155,000 $135,000 and$128,000 for Central, Western and Eastern, respectively. This amortization calculation was based on units of production. •Head office leases equipment for the divisions. The Central and Western division each had lease expense equal to ½ of the $70,000 lease expense for the Eastern Division. The remaining amortization expense was for a computer system used by all divisions that is located at the Head office (Vancouver). •Advertising costs for divisional radio and newspaper ad campaigns directed by the divisions were: Central Western Eastern$ 101,250 $81,250$ 98,750 •There was also a national T.V. campaign to promote YAK for which the advertising agency directly billed YAK. $240,000 was billed by a national advertising agency which worked equally and separately on all three divisions. •Central, Western and Eastern had$155,000, $195,000 and$225,000 in divisional office salaries, respectively.In addition, each division also has a controller hired by Head Office at $105,000 per year.The CEO was paid$200,000 and managed the sales forces for Central and Western Divisions. Eastern had its own sales manager hired at $150,000 per year by the Head Office. Remaining salaried employees worked at the Head Office. 4 •The auditors are appointed by the company’s board of directors.It is not possible to specifically differentiate what audit expenses were incurred for each of the divisions, except for$45,000 that was billed for the total of 60 hours which were equally spent auditing at each division. •The company’s invested asset base at the end of the year was $12,651,048, a 6% increase over the previous year. Required: a) The Manager of Central has been bragging that he has the highest sales level and therefore he expects to achieve the highest bonus this year. Prepare segmented information to show the performance of the divisions and the performance of the managers. (14 marks) b) Based on your analysis above, calculate the performance of the divisions using return on investment (ROI). Which division outperformed the other divisions this year?(3 marks) c) Calculate the Residual Income for Western.(1 mark) d) Holly, the manager of the Western has been contacted by a soy sauce manufacture to sell organic soy sauce under a Yak-Soy brand name. The sales manager for Western has calculated that this will increase income by$150,000 for the division. An analysis of the soy fermenting process indicates that they will need to spend $75,000 on the necessary equipment. Would Holly be likely to accept this offer from the Soy manufacturer?(2 marks) Identify and thoughtfully explain two other issues that the manager should consider before making this decision.(2 marks) ONLY SUBMITTHE PAGES THAT START WITH “NAME”(pages 5?10). 5 294 – ASSIGNMENT #5 NAME (Last, First): _______________________________ Student number:_________________ Q1 Grade _______ Q2 Grade _______ Q3 Grade _______ Total = _______ [out of 51] Question 1 (11 marks) a) Calculate the material price variance. b) Calculate the material quantity variance. c) Calculate the labor rate variance. d) Calculate the labor efficiency variance. e) Analyze the 2012 results- specifically, the variances. Do you support the decision to change suppliers? Explain with supporting calculations. 6 Question 2 (18 marks) a) Prepare a segmented income statement for 2012.: K200 K100 Total b) Should Cosmo drop the K100 product? 7 c) Provide reasons for why they should or should not be fired? Based on the segmented income statement, what recommendations do you have for the company re: the two products? d) Should the company add the K300? Provide calculations with explanations where appropriate. 8 Question 3 (22 marks) a) Prepare segmented information to show the performance of the divisions and the performance of the managers. TOTAL Central Western Eastern 9 b) Based on your analysis above, calculate the performance of the divisions using return on investment. Which division outperformed the other divisions this year? ROI (Central): ROI (Western): ROI (Eastern): c) Calculate the Residual Income (EVA) for Western. d) Would Holly be likely to accept this offer from the Soy manufacturer? Show your calculations and provided explanations where appropriate. Additionally, identify and thoughtfully explain two other issues (qualitative) that the manager should consider before making this decision. 10 Qualitative #1 Qualitative #2 Question 1 (11 marks) Rigot Ltd. manufactures landscaping equipment known for durability. The unionized workforce renews its contract every five years, with the most recent agreement signed last year which provided for a 2% salary increase per year. The following is the budget for 2012 based on the production of 20,000 units. Budget Direct Materials$ 3,080,000
Direct Labor 2,500,000
Total$7,180,000 Average Cost per unit$ 359
Information available for standards utilized for 2012:
Direct materials $11 per KG Direct labor$25 per hour
The Year 2012 in Review:
During 2012 the actual production was 20,000 units. At the start of 2012 the senior
management decided to buy materials from a new supplier for $15 per KG. Management was excited when they found out that the actual labor hours per unit was three less than the standard. In addition, since overhead is driven primarily by labor the variable overhead decreased by$180,000 and the fixed overhead was reduced by $60,000. Actual material used per unit was 18 KG and the actual average labor rate was$30 per hour.
The company implemented a just-in-time inventory system in 2011.
REQUIRED:
a) Calculate the material price variance.(2 marks)
b) Calculate the material quantity variance.(2 marks)
c) Calculate the labor rate variance.(2 marks)
d) Calculate the labor efficiency variance.(2 marks)
e) Analyze the 2012 results- specifically, the variances. Do you support the decision to
change suppliers? Explain with supporting calculations.(3 marks)
2
Question 2 (18 marks)
Cosmo Corp. manufactures two electronic parts: K100 and K200. The company operates in a
very competitive industry and their products compete directly with several other products. The
CEO has played an active role in pricing the products and in decisions to add or drop product
lines. The CEO is quite concerned with the decreasing sales of the K100 and is convinced
that action must be taken to remedy the problem.
Sales of K100 dropped significantly in 2012 while the sales of the K200 have increased. At the
end of 2011, the marketing department persuaded the CEO to pursue an advertising campaign
to raise the sales of the K100. The subsequent 1,000 unit annual drop in sales of K100
(compared to 2011) has left the CEO furious. The production manager has assured the CEO
that the quality of the product has remained constant.
The CEO is considering:
1) Firing the sales staff and sales/administrative manager of K100
2) Dropping the K100
2012 2011
Total Units (produced/sold) 22,000 15,000
Manufacturing Overhead Costs $3,860,000$3,300,000
Product Information for 2012: K200 K100
Sales Price/Unit $210$ 260
Unit Sales 10,000 units 12,000 units
Direct materials per unit $80.00$29.17
Direct labor per unit $20.00$25.00
Other information:
The variable overhead cost per unit for the K100 and K200 is the same. Each product has a
sales/administrative manager who is paid $72,000. The K100 leases factory equipment at$50,000 per annum while the K200 uses fully amortized/depreciated equipment that has a
market value of $93,000. The company is not operating at full capacity. REQUIRED: a. Prepare a segmented income statement for 2012 to “evaluate” the products.(10 marks) b. Should Cosmo drop the K100 product? (2 marks) c. Respond to the CEO’s intention to fire personnel. Should they be fired? Provide reasons for why they should or should not be fired? Based on the segmented income statement, what recommendations do you have for the company re: the two products?(2 marks) d. The K300, a new product, is being considered with expected sales of 5,000 units at$135
each for the first year. K300’s sales growth per annum for the next three years is projected
at 3%. Direct material, direct labor and VOH total $120 per unit. The K300 would require a specially trained manager at a cost of$80,000 per year. Should the company add the
K300? Provide calculations with explanations for your analysis/conclusion where
appropriate.(4 marks)
3
Question 3 (22 marks)
The YAK Ventures specializes in producing and distributing organic fudge throughout Canada.
The company operates three autonomous and decentralized divisions: Western, Central and
Eastern. The company’s cost of capital is only 3% and each division is expected to earn a
return of at least this amount.
Sales data for the year ended 2012 for the divisions:
Central Western Eastern
Sales Volume 405,000 325,000 395,000
Sales Price $8.08$7.80 $8.20 Average Invested assets for each division: Central Western Eastern Invested Assets$4,256,000 $4,125,000$3,912,000
Total Fixed costs for the Company:
Amortization & Lease $633,000 Advertising$546,000
Salaries $1,283,000 Legal and Audit$120,000
Other General and Administrative $135,000 Total$2,717,000
•The variable cost to produce the fudge for Western and Eastern was $3 per bottle. Central’s variable cost to produce the fudge was 1/3 higher than the other divisions’. •All divisions incur$1.50 per unit to package the bottles after they are produced.
•The divisions hire sales representatives to sell the product within their territory. The
commissions are 10% of sales except for Eastern whose representatives get 15%.
•Amortization expense was $155,000$135,000 and $128,000 for Central, Western and Eastern, respectively. This amortization calculation was based on units of production. •Head office leases equipment for the divisions. The Central and Western division each had lease expense equal to ½ of the$70,000 lease expense for the Eastern Division. The
remaining amortization expense was for a computer system used by all divisions that is
located at the Head office (Vancouver).
were:
Central Western Eastern
$101,250$ 81,250 $98,750 •There was also a national T.V. campaign to promote YAK for which the advertising agency directly billed YAK.$240,000 was billed by a national advertising agency which worked
equally and separately on all three divisions.
•Central, Western and Eastern had $155,000,$195,000 and $225,000 in divisional office salaries, respectively.In addition, each division also has a controller hired by Head Office at$105,000 per year.The CEO was paid $200,000 and managed the sales forces for Central and Western Divisions. Eastern had its own sales manager hired at$150,000
per year by the Head Office. Remaining salaried employees worked at the Head Office.
4
The auditors are appointed by the company’s board of directors.It is not possible to
specifically differentiate what audit expenses were incurred for each of the divisions, except
for $45,000 that was billed for the total of 60 hours which were equally spent auditing at each division. •The company’s invested asset base at the end of the year was$12,651,048, a 6% increase
over the previous year.
Required:
a) The Manager of Central has been bragging that he has the highest sales level and
therefore he expects to achieve the highest bonus this year. Prepare segmented
information to show the performance of the divisions and the performance of the managers.
(14 marks)
b) Based on your analysis above, calculate the performance of the divisions using return on
investment (ROI). Which division outperformed the other divisions this year?(3 marks)
c) Calculate the Residual Income for Western.(1 mark)
d) Holly, the manager of the Western has been contacted by a soy sauce manufacture to sell
organic soy sauce under a Yak-Soy brand name. The sales manager for Western has
calculated that this will increase income by $150,000 for the division. An analysis of the soy fermenting process indicates that they will need to spend$75,000 on the necessary
equipment.
Would Holly be likely to accept this offer from the Soy manufacturer?(2 marks)
Identify and thoughtfully explain two other issues that the manager should consider before
making this decision.(2 marks)
5
294 – ASSIGNMENT #5 NAME (Last, First): _______________________________
Student number:_________________
Question 1 (11 marks)
a) Calculate the material price variance.
b) Calculate the material quantity variance.
c) Calculate the labor rate variance.
d) Calculate the labor efficiency variance.
e) Analyze the 2012 results- specifically, the variances. Do you support the decision to
change suppliers? Explain with supporting calculations.
6
Question 2 (18 marks)
a) Prepare a segmented income statement for 2012.:
K200 K100 Total
b) Should Cosmo drop the K100 product?
7
c) Provide reasons for why they should or should not be fired? Based on the segmented
income statement, what recommendations do you have for the company re: the two
products?
d) Should the company add the K300? Provide calculations with explanations where
appropriate.
8
Question 3 (22 marks)
a) Prepare segmented information to show the performance of the divisions and the
performance of the managers.
TOTAL Central Western Eastern
9
b) Based on your analysis above, calculate the performance of the divisions using return on
investment. Which division outperformed the other divisions this year?
ROI (Central):
ROI (Western):
ROI (Eastern):
c) Calculate the Residual Income (EVA) for Western.
d) Would Holly be likely to accept this offer from the Soy manufacturer? Show your
calculations and provided explanations where appropriate. Additionally, identify and
thoughtfully explain two other issues (qualitative) that the manager should consider before
making this decision.
10
Qualitative #1
Qualitative #2
# 1. A truck, costing $25,000 and uninsured, was wrecked the very first day it was used. It can either be disposed of for$5,000 cash and be replaced with a similar truck costing $27,000, or rebuilt for$20,000 and be brand new as far as operating characteristics and looks are concerned. The best choice provides a net savings of: (Points : 2) $2,000.$5,000. $7,000.$12,000. 2. A decision bias is an inherent tendency of most decision makers that leads to incorrect decisions. An example of decision bias is: (Points : 2) Failure to consider all relevant costs. Failure to properly identify sunk costs as irrelevant. Failure to consider opportunity cost. Failure to adjust for the time value of money. 3. The opportunity cost of making a component part in a factory with excess capacity for which there is no alternative use is: (Points : 2) The variable manufacturing cost of the component. The total manufacturing cost of the component. The total variable cost of the component. The fixed manufacturing cost of the component. Zero. 4. Done on a regular basis, relevant cost pricing in special order decisions can erode normal pricing policies and lead to: (Points : 2) Overconfidence in decision-making. A loss in the firm’s profitability. Conflicting goals between management and sales personnel. A cost leadership strategy. Maximization of resources. 5. Which one of the following is most descriptive of strategic analysis? (Points : 2) Quantitative. Customer focus. Short-term focus. Individual product focus. Not linked to the firm’s strategy. 6. An effective analysis of sales mix needs to include an analysis of: (Points : 2) Value chain analysis. Production constraints. Sales mix costing. Revenue forecasting. Joint manufacturing costs. 7. The opportunity cost of making a component part in a factory with no excess capacity is the: (Points : 2) Variable manufacturing cost of the component. Fixed manufacturing cost of the component. Total manufacturing cost of the component. Cost of the production given up in order to manufacture the component. Net benefit foregone from the best alternative use of the capacity required. 8. Special orders: (Points : 2) Are frequent. Are infrequent. Commonly represent a large part of a firm’s overall business. Can never be profitable to a firm. 9. A profitable company pays $100,000 wages and has depreciation expense of$100,000. The company’s income tax rate is 40%. The after-tax effects on cash flow are a net cash outflow of: (Points : 2) $40,000 for wages and a net cash inflow of$60,000 for depreciation expenses. $40,000 for wages and a net cash inflow of$40,000 for depreciation expenses. $60,000 for wages and a net cash inflow of$60,000 for depreciation expenses. $60,000 for wages and a net cash inflow of$40,000 for depreciation expenses. $40,000 for wages and a net cash inflow of$100,000 for depreciation expenses. 10. You just bought a new car for $125,000. Before you had time to get insurance, the car was wrecked. Weird Wally offers to take it off your hands for$10,000. You can then purchase a similar model for $128,000. A body-shop with an excellent reputation offers to rebuild it for$90,000 and loan you a similar model while the vehicle is being rebuilt. Once rebuilt, the body-shop claims, it will run like a new car and nobody will be able to tell the difference. What would you do from a financial point of view? (Points : 2) Rebuild to save $13,000. Rebuild to save$28,000. Rebuild to save $38,000. Sell to Weird Wally and save$7,000. 11. Operating at or near full capacity will require a firm considering a special order to recognize potentially the: (Points : 2) Opportunity cost from lost sales. Value of full employment. Time value of money. Need for good management. Value of capacity resource management. 12. The excess of the present value of future cash flows over the initial investment outlay for a project is the: (Points : 2) Internal rate of return (IRR) of the project. Modified internal rate of return (MIRR) on the project. Book (accounting) rate of return for the project. Net present value (NPV) of the project. Modified internal rate of return (MIRR) of the project. 13. The value chain analysis used in connection with the make or buy decision often leads a firm to make use of: (Points : 2) Activity-based costing. Cost-volume profit analysis. Outsourcing activities. Relevant cost-based pricing. 14. Which one of the following is correct for determining relevant costs? (Points : 2) Differential. Integrative. Long-term focus. Subjective. Opportunistic. 15. Which one of the following methods assumes that all interim cash inflows generated by an investment earn a return equal to the internal rate of return (IRR) of the investment? (Points : 2) Modified internal rate of return (MIRR). Payback. Net present value (NPV). Present value index (PI). Internal rate of return method (IRR). 16. When the internal rate of return (IRR) method and the net present value (NPV) method do not yield the same recommendation for the same investment project, the technique normally selected is: (Points : 2) IRR, because all reinvestment of funds occurs at the rate of the cost of capital and because it takes into consideration the relative size of the initial investment. NPV, because it takes into consideration the relative size of the initial investment. IRR, because all reinvestment of funds occurs at the discount rate that will make the NPV of the project equal to zero. NPV, because all reinvestment of funds occurs at the discount rate that will make the NPV of the project equal to zero. 17. In making capital budgeting decisions, the principal focus is on: (Points : 2) Cash flows only. Timing of the cash flows only. Cash flows and the timing of the cash flows. Accounting-based measures of revenues and expenses. Nonfinancial performance indicators. 18. Generally speaking, when ranking two mutually exclusive investments with different initial amounts, management should give first priority to the project: (Points : 2) That generates cash flows for the longer period of time. Whose net after-tax cash flows equal the initial investment outlay. That has the greater accounting rate of return (ARR). Whose cash flows vary the least. That has the greater profitability index (PI). 19. Which one of the following capital budgeting decision models consists of dividing the total initial investment outlay by annual after-tax cash inflows (when such inflows are assumed equal over time)? (Points : 2) Profitability index. Payback period. Book (accounting) rate of return. Internal rate of return. Adjusted payback period. 20. Which of the following is not one of the four general classes of real options? (Points : 2) Expansion option. Exercise option. Abandonment option. Investment-timing option (e.g., delay) 21. The term “breakeven after-tax cash flow” represents: (Points : 2) A pessimistic estimate in a typical scenario analysis. An optimistic estimate in a typical scenario analysis. The amount of after-tax cash flow needed to generate a return equal to a project’s IRR. The cash flow needed to generate an IRR of zero. An estimate that can be arrived at using Goal Seek in Excel. 22. Which one of the following statements concerning capital budgeting is not true? (Points : 2) A basic objective underlying capital budgeting is to select assets that will earn a satisfactory return. Capital budgeting is the process of planning asset investments. Capital budgeting is based on precise estimates of future events. Capital budgeting involves estimating the revenues and costs of each proposed project, evaluating their merits, and choosing those worthy of investment. Capital budgeting uses after-tax cash flows in the analysis of proposed investments. 23. Which of the following statements regarding capital investment analysis is false? (Points : 2) A long-term planning horizon is assumed. Benefits of potential investment projects are conceptually expressed in terms of accounting income (or reduction in costs). Project acceptance decisions are based on models that explicitly incorporate the time value of money. Need to incorporate income-tax effects in the analysis, for both revenues (gains) as well as expenses (losses). Discounted cash flow (DCF) decision models are used by a majority of large organizations. 24. Omaha Plating Corporation is considering purchasing a machine for $1,500,000. The machine will generate a constant after-tax income of$100,000 per year for 15 years. The firm will use straight-line (SL) depreciation for the new machine over 10 years with no residual value. What is the payback period for the new machine, under the assumption that cash inflows occur evenly throughout the year? (Points : 2) 4 years. 5 years. 6 years. 10 years. 15 years. 25. The capital budgeting method(s) that is (are) most likely to provide consistency between data for capital budgeting and data for subsequent performance evaluation is (are) the: (Points : 2) Payback period. Discounted cash flow (DCF) methods. Book (i.e., accounting) rate of return method. Discounted payback period. Cash-flow proxy method.
1. A truck, costing $25,000 and uninsured, was wrecked the very first day it was used. It can either be disposed of for$5,000 cash and be replaced with a similar truck costing $27,000, or rebuilt for$20,000 and be brand new as far as operating characteristics and looks are concerned. The best choice provides a net savings of: (Points : 2)
$2,000.$5,000.
$7,000.$12,000.
2. A decision bias is an inherent tendency of most decision makers that leads to incorrect decisions. An example of decision bias is: (Points : 2)
Failure to consider all relevant costs.
Failure to properly identify sunk costs as irrelevant.
Failure to consider opportunity cost.
Failure to adjust for the time value of money.
3. The opportunity cost of making a component part in a factory with excess capacity for which there is no alternative use is: (Points : 2)
The variable manufacturing cost of the component.
The total manufacturing cost of the component.
The total variable cost of the component.
The fixed manufacturing cost of the component.
Zero.
4. Done on a regular basis, relevant cost pricing in special order decisions can erode normal pricing policies and lead to: (Points : 2)
Overconfidence in decision-making.
A loss in the firm’s profitability.
Conflicting goals between management and sales personnel.
Maximization of resources.
5. Which one of the following is most descriptive of strategic analysis? (Points : 2)
Quantitative.
Customer focus.
Short-term focus.
Individual product focus.
Not linked to the firm’s strategy.
6. An effective analysis of sales mix needs to include an analysis of: (Points : 2)
Value chain analysis.
Production constraints.
Sales mix costing.
Revenue forecasting.
Joint manufacturing costs.
7. The opportunity cost of making a component part in a factory with no excess capacity is the: (Points : 2)
Variable manufacturing cost of the component.
Fixed manufacturing cost of the component.
Total manufacturing cost of the component.
Cost of the production given up in order to manufacture the component.
Net benefit foregone from the best alternative use of the capacity required.
8. Special orders: (Points : 2)
Are frequent.
Are infrequent.
Commonly represent a large part of a firm’s overall business.
Can never be profitable to a firm.
9. A profitable company pays $100,000 wages and has depreciation expense of$100,000. The company’s income tax rate is 40%. The after-tax effects on cash flow are a net cash outflow of: (Points : 2)
$40,000 for wages and a net cash inflow of$60,000 for depreciation expenses.
$40,000 for wages and a net cash inflow of$40,000 for depreciation expenses.
$60,000 for wages and a net cash inflow of$60,000 for depreciation expenses.
$60,000 for wages and a net cash inflow of$40,000 for depreciation expenses.
$40,000 for wages and a net cash inflow of$100,000 for depreciation expenses.
10. You just bought a new car for $125,000. Before you had time to get insurance, the car was wrecked. Weird Wally offers to take it off your hands for$10,000. You can then purchase a similar model for $128,000. A body-shop with an excellent reputation offers to rebuild it for$90,000 and loan you a similar model while the vehicle is being rebuilt. Once rebuilt, the body-shop claims, it will run like a new car and nobody will be able to tell the difference. What would you do from a financial point of view? (Points : 2)
Rebuild to save $13,000. Rebuild to save$28,000.
Rebuild to save $38,000. Sell to Weird Wally and save$7,000.
11. Operating at or near full capacity will require a firm considering a special order to recognize potentially the: (Points : 2)
Opportunity cost from lost sales.
Value of full employment.
Time value of money.
Need for good management.
Value of capacity resource management.
12. The excess of the present value of future cash flows over the initial investment outlay for a project is the: (Points : 2)
Internal rate of return (IRR) of the project.
Modified internal rate of return (MIRR) on the project.
Book (accounting) rate of return for the project.
Net present value (NPV) of the project.
Modified internal rate of return (MIRR) of the project.
13. The value chain analysis used in connection with the make or buy decision often leads a firm to make use of: (Points : 2)
Activity-based costing.
Cost-volume profit analysis.
Outsourcing activities.
Relevant cost-based pricing.
14. Which one of the following is correct for determining relevant costs? (Points : 2)
Differential.
Integrative.
Long-term focus.
Subjective.
Opportunistic.
15. Which one of the following methods assumes that all interim cash inflows generated by an investment earn a return equal to the internal rate of return (IRR) of the investment? (Points : 2)
Modified internal rate of return (MIRR).
Payback.
Net present value (NPV).
Present value index (PI).
Internal rate of return method (IRR).
16. When the internal rate of return (IRR) method and the net present value (NPV) method do not yield the same recommendation for the same investment project, the technique normally selected is: (Points : 2)
IRR, because all reinvestment of funds occurs at the rate of the cost of capital and because it takes into consideration the relative size of the initial investment.
NPV, because it takes into consideration the relative size of the initial investment.
IRR, because all reinvestment of funds occurs at the discount rate that will make the NPV of the project equal to zero.
NPV, because all reinvestment of funds occurs at the discount rate that will make the NPV of the project equal to zero.
17. In making capital budgeting decisions, the principal focus is on: (Points : 2)
Cash flows only.
Timing of the cash flows only.
Cash flows and the timing of the cash flows.
Accounting-based measures of revenues and expenses.
Nonfinancial performance indicators.
18. Generally speaking, when ranking two mutually exclusive investments with different initial amounts, management should give first priority to the project: (Points : 2)
That generates cash flows for the longer period of time.
Whose net after-tax cash flows equal the initial investment outlay.
That has the greater accounting rate of return (ARR).
Whose cash flows vary the least.
That has the greater profitability index (PI).
19. Which one of the following capital budgeting decision models consists of dividing the total initial investment outlay by annual after-tax cash inflows (when such inflows are assumed equal over time)? (Points : 2)
Profitability index.
Payback period.
Book (accounting) rate of return.
Internal rate of return.
20. Which of the following is not one of the four general classes of real options? (Points : 2)
Expansion option.
Exercise option.
Abandonment option.
Investment-timing option (e.g., delay)
21. The term “breakeven after-tax cash flow” represents: (Points : 2)
A pessimistic estimate in a typical scenario analysis.
An optimistic estimate in a typical scenario analysis.
The amount of after-tax cash flow needed to generate a return equal to a project’s IRR.
The cash flow needed to generate an IRR of zero.
An estimate that can be arrived at using Goal Seek in Excel.
22. Which one of the following statements concerning capital budgeting is not true? (Points : 2)
A basic objective underlying capital budgeting is to select assets that will earn a satisfactory return.
Capital budgeting is the process of planning asset investments.
Capital budgeting is based on precise estimates of future events.
Capital budgeting involves estimating the revenues and costs of each proposed project, evaluating their merits, and choosing those worthy of investment.
Capital budgeting uses after-tax cash flows in the analysis of proposed investments.
23. Which of the following statements regarding capital investment analysis is false? (Points : 2)
A long-term planning horizon is assumed.
Benefits of potential investment projects are conceptually expressed in terms of accounting income (or reduction in costs).
Project acceptance decisions are based on models that explicitly incorporate the time value of money.
Need to incorporate income-tax effects in the analysis, for both revenues (gains) as well as expenses (losses).
Discounted cash flow (DCF) decision models are used by a majority of large organizations.
24. Omaha Plating Corporation is considering purchasing a machine for $1,500,000. The machine will generate a constant after-tax income of$100,000 per year for 15 years. The firm will use straight-line (SL) depreciation for the new machine over 10 years with no residual value.
What is the payback period for the new machine, under the assumption that cash inflows occur evenly throughout the year? (Points : 2)
4 years.
5 years.
6 years.
10 years.
15 years.
25. The capital budgeting method(s) that is (are) most likely to provide consistency between data for capital budgeting and data for subsequent performance evaluation is (are) the: (Points : 2)
Payback period.
Discounted cash flow (DCF) methods.
Book (i.e., accounting) rate of return method.
Discounted payback period.
Cash-flow proxy method.
# Respond to the items below. 1. Explain customer-perceived value. 2. Explain total customer satisfaction. 3. What valuable functions can brands perform for a firm? 4. Given that the power of a brand resides in the minds of consumers and how it changes their response to marketing, there are two basic approaches to measuring brand equity. Briefly, describe each of these approaches. 5. Incorporating the concepts discussed in this assignment, answer the following: How does a loyal brand community support the positioning and branding of a small business? Provide an example to support your explanation.
Respond to the items below.
1. Explain customer-perceived value.
2. Explain total customer satisfaction.
3. What valuable functions can brands perform for a firm?
4. Given that the power of a brand resides in the minds of consumers and how it changes their response to marketing, there are two basic approaches to measuring brand equity. Briefly, describe each of these approaches.
5. Incorporating the concepts discussed in this assignment, answer the following: How does a loyal brand community support the positioning and branding of a small business? Provide an example to support your explanation.
# A few basic opertation management problems – MUST show WORK IN EXCEL Heizer, J., & Render, B. (2014). Operations management: Sustainability and supply chain management (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 9780132921145 9.11 Stanford Rosenburg Computing wants to establish an assembly line 9.13 Sue Helms appliances wants to establish an assembly line 9.15 The foll table details the task required for Indiana based Frank Pianki 10.25 Peter Rourke a loan processor at Wentworth bank
A few basic opertation management problems – MUST show WORK IN EXCEL
Heizer, J., & Render, B. (2014). Operations management: Sustainability and supply chain management (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 9780132921145
9.11 Stanford Rosenburg Computing wants to establish an assembly line
9.13 Sue Helms appliances wants to establish an assembly line
9.15 The foll table details the task required for Indiana based Frank Pianki
10.25 Peter Rourke a loan processor at Wentworth bank
# Margot is a 25-year-old, recreationally active female who is just beginning to train for a half marathon. She weighs 128 lbs and is 5’4” tall. She comes to you for advice regarding her training diet. She tells you that she currently does most of her long runs first thing in the morning before breakfast because she’s heard that this can burn more fat. You have her complete a diet log and she currently eats 2100 kcals per day (55% CHO, 15% protein, and 30% fat). You measure her resting metabolic rate in the laboratory and determine it is 1200 kcals/d. For this post, outline your overall diet recommendations (total kcals, composition, sources of macronutrients) for Margot, including specific information for the optimal meal to consume before, during, and after exercise. In your post, please address how your diet recommendations would affect both the acute and chronic response to exercise (make sure to discuss how diet would affect the hormonal response to exercise). Do you agree with her decision to complete her training in the morning before breakfast? How would her fuel use profile during exercise differ if she did or did not eat breakfast? Be sure to include the control or associated feedback mechanisms that may change the fuel substrate.
Margot is a 25-year-old, recreationally active female who is just beginning to train for a half marathon. She weighs 128 lbs and is 5’4” tall. She comes to you for advice regarding her training diet. She tells you that she currently does most of her long runs first thing in the morning before breakfast because she’s heard that this can burn more fat. You have her complete a diet log and she currently eats 2100 kcals per day (55% CHO, 15% protein, and 30% fat). You measure her resting metabolic rate in the laboratory and determine it is 1200 kcals/d. For this post, outline your overall diet recommendations (total kcals, composition, sources of macronutrients) for Margot, including specific information for the optimal meal to consume before, during, and after exercise. In your post, please address how your diet recommendations would affect both the acute and chronic response to exercise (make sure to discuss how diet would affect the hormonal response to exercise). Do you agree with her decision to complete her training in the morning before breakfast? How would her fuel use profile during exercise differ if she did or did not eat breakfast? Be sure to include the control or associated feedback mechanisms that may change the fuel substrate.
Read this week’s required article: “How Companies Can Get Smart About Raising Prices”. Retrieved from the Ashford University Library. In a three- to four-page paper (not including the title and reference pages): • Explain how to successfully get customers to pay more for your products. Reference the article in support of your response. • Explain how a specific pricing strategy will allow you to raise the price on your product successfully.
Ailawadi, K. L. (2013, Jul 21). How companies can get smart about raising prices; marketers too often do precisely the wrong things, alienating customers and getting little return. Here’s how they can do it right. Wall Street Journal (Online). Retrieved from the ProQuest database.
# Journal To complete the following journal entry, go to this week’s Journal link in the left navigation. Learning to Date Reflect on what you have learned about marketing and marketing planning. Why is it important for marketers to describe their products or services and their customers in the early stages of the marketing process? As you reflect on this question, think about why customers buy a good or service. In addition, think about the physical and emotional benefits that customers receive from brands and why you yourself purchase certain brands
Journal To complete the following journal entry, go to this week’s Journal link in the left navigation. Learning to Date
Reflect on what you have learned about marketing and marketing planning. Why is it important for marketers to describe their products or services and their customers in the early stages of the marketing process? As you reflect on this question, think about why customers buy a good or service. In addition, think about the physical and emotional benefits that customers receive from brands and why you yourself purchase certain brands
# Assignment 2: Developmental Disorders You have learned that the conceptualization of autism spectrum disorders as diagnoses has evolved, with the current DSM conceptualizing one neurological disorder with common characteristics, which are presented on a wide continuum, rather than separate disorders such as Asperger’s disorder or autistic disorder. Watch the video It’s a Different World. You may use the link provided or locate the video in the AUO library. Describe the symptoms or characteristics of autism spectrum disorder you saw illustrated in the video that you learned about in your readings. You have learned that autism is a spectrum disorder, with some children functioning at the lower end, requiring a lot of support, and others at the higher end, needing minimal support. Describe strengths and challenges that were noted for the children in the video? Explain why it is important for a clinician to evaluate strengths and challenges in order to work with children, families, and educators. Drawing on your readings, the video, and any other peer-reviewed sources you find relevant, explain whether research supports separate disorders (e.g., Asperger’s disorder, autistic disorder) or one disorder with a continuum of severity. Write a paper that is a minimum of 3 pages, not including a cover page and reference list. Format your paper using APA standards, to citation of sources, including in-text citations and full references. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M4_A2.doc.
Assignment 2: Developmental Disorders
You have learned that the conceptualization of autism spectrum disorders as diagnoses has evolved, with the current DSM conceptualizing one neurological disorder with common characteristics, which are presented on a wide continuum, rather than separate disorders such as Asperger’s disorder or autistic disorder.
Watch the video It’s a Different World. You may use the link provided or locate the video in the AUO library.
Describe the symptoms or characteristics of autism spectrum disorder you saw illustrated in the video that you learned about in your readings. You have learned that autism is a spectrum disorder, with some children functioning at the lower end, requiring a lot of support, and others at the higher end, needing minimal support. Describe strengths and challenges that were noted for the children in the video?
Explain why it is important for a clinician to evaluate strengths and challenges in order to work with children, families, and educators. Drawing on your readings, the video, and any other peer-reviewed sources you find relevant, explain whether research supports separate disorders (e.g., Asperger’s disorder, autistic disorder) or one disorder with a continuum of severity. Write a paper that is a minimum of 3 pages, not including a cover page and reference list. Format your paper using APA standards, to citation of sources, including in-text citations and full references. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M4_A2.doc.
# The case study for the tenth tutorial is “The changing value of skills”, pages 445–446 of the textbook. The question for the analytical exercise is, How would you expect technological advances to effect the value of skilled workers? Word count limit 100
The case study for the tenth tutorial is “The changing value of skills”, pages 445–446 of the textbook. The question for the analytical exercise is, How would you expect technological advances to effect the value of skilled workers?
Word count limit 100
# (a) We are 95% confident that the proportion of adult Americans who would be bothered to stay in a room on the 13th floor is between 0.10 and 0.16.
(a) We are 95% confident that the proportion of adult Americans who would be bothered to stay in a room on the 13th floor is between 0.10 and 0.16.
# Research Project will be 8 – 10 pages (Not including cover sheet, abstract and reference page – a minimum of 5 references will be used) on any subject involving Conflict Negotiation and management. Papers will be in APA format and a synopsis given by the student on the last night of class. I need to get an A on this. The research needs to be 100% plagiarism free.
Research Project will be 8 – 10 pages (Not including cover sheet, abstract and reference page – a minimum of 5 references will be used) on any subject involving Conflict Negotiation and management. Papers will be in APA format and a synopsis given by the student on the last night of class.
I need to get an A on this. The research needs to be 100% plagiarism free.
Financial Research Report- Company chosen: Sony Corp
REPORT REQUIREMENTS
# Select two professional and/or scholarly journal articles from the Library that relate to your Research Paper topic from the Week Two Assignment. Develop a four- to five-page summary of the main points made by the author(s) of each article. You must include an analysis of at least two perspectives/theories with concurring and dissenting reviews of the chosen articles.
Select two professional and/or scholarly journal articles from the Library that relate to your Research Paper topic from the Week Two Assignment. Develop a four- to five-page summary of the main points made by the author(s) of each article. You must include an analysis of at least two perspectives/theories with concurring and dissenting reviews of the chosen articles.
# The Final Paper will be 12 to 15 double-spaced pages and will contribute 25% to the course grade. Focus of the Final Paper Utilizing a public policy of your choice from the local government where you reside, complete the following: Analyze that local government’s revenues and possible funding options for the chosen public policy. Additionally, utilizing the local government’s annual budgeting documents and any other pertinent documents, incorporate the following into your paper: Describe restrictions that are (or could be) placed on those revenues. Evaluate how public policy decisions affect the receipt of revenues. Analyze the economic conditions that affect revenue projections. Recommend a revenue policy that aligns with community values. The Final Paper should focus on real-life, real-time applications of topics covered in this course, including the uses you have seen and the uses you can envision. The paper must be submitted to your instructor no later than the last day of class. Writing the Final Paper The Final Paper: Must be 12 to 15 double-spaced pages in length (excluding the title and reference pages), and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Any exhibits or appendices are also not counted in the paper length. Must include a cover page that includes: Title of paper Student’s name Course name and number Instructor’s name Date submitted Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement. Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought. Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis. Must use at least five scholarly sources, in addition to the text. Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style, which lists the scholarly sources you relied upon in constructing your paper.
The Final Paper will be 12 to 15 double-spaced pages and will contribute 25% to the course grade.
Focus of the Final Paper
Utilizing a public policy of your choice from the local government where you reside, complete the following:
Analyze that local government’s revenues and possible funding options for the chosen public policy.
Additionally, utilizing the local government’s annual budgeting documents and any other pertinent documents, incorporate the following into your paper:
Describe restrictions that are (or could be) placed on those revenues. Evaluate how public policy decisions affect the receipt of revenues. Analyze the economic conditions that affect revenue projections. Recommend a revenue policy that aligns with community values.
The Final Paper should focus on real-life, real-time applications of topics covered in this course, including the uses you have seen and the uses you can envision. The paper must be submitted to your instructor no later than the last day of class.
Writing the Final Paper
The Final Paper:
Must be 12 to 15 double-spaced pages in length (excluding the title and reference pages), and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Any exhibits or appendices are also not counted in the paper length. Must include a cover page that includes: Title of paper Student’s name Course name and number Instructor’s name Date submitted Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement. Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought. Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis. Must use at least five scholarly sources, in addition to the text. Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style, which lists the scholarly sources you relied upon in constructing your paper.
# Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-), spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), “E” or “e” (used in scientific notation). NOTE: For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker. Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where “a” and “b” need to have explicitly stated values. For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not. A company has observed that there is a linear relationship between indirect labor expense (ILE) , in dollars, and direct labor hours (DLH). Data for direct labor hours and indirect labor expense for 18 months are given in the file ILE_and_DLH.xlsx Treating ILE as the response variable, use regression to fit a straight line to all 18 data points. Based on your results, If direct labor hours (DLH) increases by one hour, the indirect labor expense (ILE), on average, increases by approximately how much? Place your answer, rounded to 2 decimal places, in the blank. Do not use any stray punctuation marks or a dollar sign. For example, 34.56 would be a legitimate entry.
Accepted characters: numbers, decimal point markers (period or comma), sign indicators (-), spaces (e.g., as thousands separator, 5 000), “E” or “e” (used in scientific notation). NOTE: For scientific notation, a period MUST be used as the decimal point marker. Complex numbers should be in the form (a + bi) where “a” and “b” need to have explicitly stated values. For example: {1+1i} is valid whereas {1+i} is not. {0+9i} is valid whereas {9i} is not.
A company has observed that there is a linear relationship between indirect labor expense (ILE) , in dollars, and direct labor hours (DLH). Data for direct labor hours and indirect labor expense for 18 months are given in the file ILE_and_DLH.xlsx
Treating ILE as the response variable, use regression to fit a straight line to all 18 data points.
Based on your results, If direct labor hours (DLH) increases by one hour, the indirect labor expense (ILE), on average, increases by approximately how much?
Place your answer, rounded to 2 decimal places, in the blank. Do not use any stray punctuation marks or a dollar sign. For example, 34.56 would be a legitimate entry.
# Prepare a 700- to 1,050-word paper comparing and contrasting current and noncurrent assets. In your paper, address the following: What are current assets? What are noncurrent assets? What differs between current and noncurrent assets? What is the order of liquidity? How does the order of liquidity apply to the balance sheet? Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. You must cite all references. If you used an electronic source, include the URL. If you used a printed source or reference pages from the Virtual Organizations, attach a copy of the data to your paper.
Prepare a 700- to 1,050-word paper comparing and contrasting current and noncurrent assets. In your paper, address the following: What are current assets? What are noncurrent assets? What differs between current and noncurrent assets? What is the order of liquidity? How does the order of liquidity apply to the balance sheet? Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. You must cite all references. If you used an electronic source, include the URL. If you used a printed source or reference pages from the Virtual Organizations, attach a copy of the data to your paper.
# Data for a sample of 25 apartments in a particular neighborhood are provided in the worksheet Apartments in the Excel workbook Apartments.xlsx. Using that data, find the estimated regression equation which can be used to estimate the monthly rent for apartments in this neighborhood using size as the predictor variable. Apartments.xlsx A. \f$\hat{y}= \f$ 177.12 + 1.065(size) B.\f$\hat{y}= \f$ 1.065 + 177.12(size) C.\f$\hat{y}= \f$ 177.12 + 0.8500(size) D.\f$\hat{y}= \f$ 197.12 + 2.065(size)
Data for a sample of 25 apartments in a particular neighborhood are provided in the worksheet Apartments in the Excel workbook Apartments.xlsx. Using that data, find the estimated regression equation which can be used to estimate the monthly rent for apartments in this neighborhood using size as the predictor variable.
Apartments.xlsx A. \f$\hat{y}= \f$ 177.12 + 1.065(size) B.\f$\hat{y}= \f$ 1.065 + 177.12(size) C.\f$\hat{y}= \f$ 177.12 + 0.8500(size) D.\f$\hat{y}= \f$ 197.12 + 2.065(size)
# Anthropologists believe that language sends messages about who we are, where we come from, and with whom we associate. Based on the readings, can you explain how language can determine status? Provide specific examples that illustrate and support your point of view. Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from the required material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts by Day 7.
Anthropologists believe that language sends messages about who we are, where we come from, and with whom we associate. Based on the readings, can you explain how language can determine status? Provide specific examples that illustrate and support your point of view.
Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from the required material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts by Day 7.
# Differentiate between coaching and mentoring. Provide an example to support how either of the two was used successfully in your current or past work life.
Differentiate between coaching and mentoring. Provide an example to support how either of the two was used successfully in your current or past work life.
Assessment
Three important characteristics of effective program assessment practices include: defining quality as a continuum rather than a finish line, creating a program assessment process that looks at the entire program (including administrative functions), and including the input of all stakeholders in the program assessment process.
In this discussion forum, you will focus on defining quality as a continuum rather than a finish line. This means, as the director, you should constantly be improving your program and facility. Based on your completed philosophy and vision statements from Week One, Discussion 1, describe what this assessment characteristic will mean to you and your center. Be sure to specify the age group you will focus on (infants, toddlers, or preschoolers).
Include the following: a.State the philosophy and vision of your center (including a short description). b.Name the assessment characteristic and give a short description of what it means to you as the director. c.Explain how this characteristic will be applied to your chosen program (including the steps you will take to ensure that continuous quality is comprehensively included in your assessment plan). d.Describe your next steps. Explain the direction you would like your center to take to ensure continuous improvement. Guided Response: Choose two of your classmates’ posts and respond as if you were an outside reviewer. What suggestions would you make for improvement? Explain whether you think this plan was as comprehensive as it should be and support your reasoning. What would you like to see added to this process? Is there anything you would recommend deleting or rewording? What would you take away from this presentation to share with another program? Finally, “score” this assessment on a scale of 1 to 4, and give a short response to how you arrived at this score. Beginning = 1 Developing = 2 Proficient = 3 Distinguished = 4
# Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper on the crowding effect the war on drugs has had on correctional organizations in your state. Propose three workable solutions to the situation.
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper on the crowding effect the war on drugs has had on correctional organizations in your state. Propose three workable solutions to the situation.
Save your assignment with your last name and the assignment name. For example “Smith Unit 7 Paper” and then upload your work by clicking Browse (items should be saved as .doc, .docx or .rtf). Answers to the prompts below should be written as a SINGLE ESSAY using formal, concise scientific language. Appropriate & reputable sources should be used. ALL assignments should be written in YOUR ORIGINAL WORDS and no more than 5% of your paper should be quotes. A paper that is not original and authored by you will result in a “0” grade REQUIREMENTS :
Please use this RUBRIC to ensure you are writing a comprehensive paper. Utilizing information in “The second coming of gene therapy,” “The super cell,” “Gene therapy could expand stem cell’ promise” and at least three appropriate additional sources (other than your text) , answer the following prompts: What is stem cell therapy and what is gene therapy? What problems have scientist encountered in the past while trying to use these technologies separately to treat diseases? How are combining these technologies helping to eliminate these problems? What are examples of diseases being treated with these combined therapies? Other article of interest: Induced pluripotent stem cell
# Write a paper that describes the main aspects of the regulatory environment which will protect the public from fraud within corporations, Pay particular attention to SOX requirements. Required Elements: No more than 1400 words Specifically evaluate whether SOX will be effective in avoiding future frauds. Format consistent with APA guidelines
Write a paper that describes the main aspects of the regulatory environment which will protect the public from fraud within corporations, Pay particular attention to SOX requirements.
Required Elements: No more than 1400 words Specifically evaluate whether SOX will be effective in avoiding future frauds. Format consistent with APA guidelines
1. The employees of Abs “R” Us, which includes 12 fitness parlors in and around the metro area, feel they can improve the performance of the company. They decide to pool their resources to purchase the company. This would be called a _______ buyout. A. leveraged C. negotiated B. hostile D. management
2. According to your text, our main sources of ethical standards are religion and A. philosophy. C. culture. B. social habit. D. circumstances.
3. It looks a lot like a corporation and can sell stock, but it’s taxed like a partnership. This would be a/an A. S-corporation. B. master limited partnership. C. uniform liability partnership. D. limited partnership.
4. Which statement about the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is true? A. It offers some protection to whistleblowers. B. It helps companies recycle paper. C. It defines whistleblowers but doesn’t protect them. D. Its stipulations apply to both publicly traded and private companies.
5. According to the influential economist Milton Friedman, corporate social responsibility is primarily based on A. meticulous care of the environment. B. making money for shareholders. C. repudiating insider trading. D. making safe, high-quality products for consumers.
6. As derived from the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, which of the following should be one of eight guiding principles? A. Compliance with the law in every situation B. Doing good to those who deserve it C. Respect for property D. Preventing harm to others and to the world around us
7. The major disadvantage of a sole proprietorship is A. having to make all the decisions. B. having to share profits with relatives. C. unlimited liability. D. finding people to assist you in areas where your skills are weak.
8. In the world of business, a _______ is made up of a group of people or organizations who have unsatisfied wants and needs and the resources to fulfill those wants and needs. A. market C. public B. base D. resource
9. You learn that your friend has cheated on a final exam. If you decide to follow your text’s five-step process for making ethical decisions in your personal life, your first step will be A. gathering the facts. B. listing alternative responsibilities. C. recognizing that an ethical issue exists. D. reflecting on your options.
10. Which of the following statements about the Revised Uniform Partnership Act is correct? A. It was established in 1902. B. I has been adopted in all U.S. states. C. It replaces the General Partnership Act of 1997. D. It’s a default agreement for establishing such things as how partners will divide profit.
11. Respecting corporate social responsibility, Ronald McDonald Houses provides an example of corporate A. activism. C. sociability. B. environmentalism. D. philanthropy.
12. Because what is legal may not be ethical, we should base our moral decisions on _______ principles. A. universal C. effective B. practical D. social
13. The residents of Littleton Township own the local hydroelectric generating plant. They pay monthly fees for facility maintenance and service and share in revenues that exceed operating costs on an annual basis. This sort of organization would best be characterized as a/an A. acquisition. C. horizontal merger. B. cooperative. D. retail co-op.
14. In any company, _______ must guide and inspire the implementation and enforcement of an ethics code. A. employees C. the courts B. managerial leadership D. federal regulatory agencies
15. According to the _______ approach as a basis for ethical standards, you’ll make an ethical decision based on respecting and protecting the moral rights of those who will be affected by your decision. A. rights C. virtue B. justice D. common-good
16. The management of Flora-Delivery, Inc. runs 14 stores and advises and assists owner-managers of 10 franchise operations. The stores directly run and managed by Flora-Delivery would be referred to as _______ stores. A. accessory C. company B. affiliated D. proprietary
17. Which of the following is true about an S-corporation? A. It must offer at least two classes of stock. B. It’s created by the government. C. It’s taxed like any other corporation. D. It can have no more than 1,000 shareholders.
18. A social _______ is a systematic evaluation of a company’s progress in implementing socially responsible programs. A. inquiry C. program B. code D. audit
19. Xerox has a program called Social _______ Leave that allows employees to take leave for up to a year, at full pay and benefits, to work for a nonprofit organization. A. Action C. Service B. Response D. Share
20. You’re in search of a type of company organization that provides limited liability, management flexibility, a choice of taxation schemes, and freedom from the hassles of selling stock or holding annual meetings. You would almost certainly choose to organize as a/an A. LLC company. C. C-corporation. B. S-corporation. D. partnership.
21. A/An _______-based ethics code emphasizes preventing unlawful behavior through controlling behavior and punishing wrongdoers. A. legal C. practical B. compliance D. integrity
22. Without doubt, the biggest disadvantage to franchising is A. having to share profits with the franchisor. B. pre-established local competition. C. toughing it out as a sole proprietor. D. the startup cost.
23. The idea of providing the greatest good for the greatest number would best apply to the _______ approach to establishing ethical standards. A. virtue C. utilitarian B. common-good D. fairness
# Details: Discuss with a teacher of students with intellectual disability (ID) diagnosis/prescription/evaluation and analyses of goal instruction, including the implementation and development of goal instruction for students. What role do such procedures play in this teacher’s daily class? Write an essay of 1,000-1,250 words discussing the experience and evaluating the strategies used. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin.
Details: Discuss with a teacher of students with intellectual disability (ID) diagnosis/prescription/evaluation and analyses of goal instruction, including the implementation and development of goal instruction for students. What role do such procedures play in this teacher’s daily class? Write an essay of 1,000-1,250 words discussing the experience and evaluating the strategies used. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin.
Author: Gail Jamison Date Evaluated: 09/30/2014 07:44:19 PM (MDT) DRF template: GVT1 Human Physiology (V1 UNDERGRAD-0510) Program: GVT1 Human Physiology (V1 UNDERGRAD-0610)-PA Evaluation Method: Using Rubric Display:
Criteria Description
Evaluation Summary for Human Physiology: GVT Task 2 Final Score: Does not Meet Overall comments: 09/30/2014 Please consult a mentor before working further on this task. All parts of sections A and D of the task are completed . The response appears to provide additions related to the anatomy and physiology task. Please review the attachment and provide information that is related to the digestive lab part of the task which is sections B and C of the task.
# Enormous numbers of microwave photons are needed to warm household samples. A bowl of soup containing 484g of water is heated in a microwave oven from 20.0°C to 98.0°C using radiation with wavelength 122 mm. Assuming that the specific heat capacity of the soup is the same as that of water (4.184 J/gK) and no heat loss to the bowl, which choice is closest to the number of photons absorbed? A. 1.2×1029 B. 1.58×105 C. 9.7×1028 D. 1.2×1032 E. 9.7×1031
Enormous numbers of microwave photons are needed to warm household samples. A bowl of soup containing 484g of water is heated in a microwave oven from 20.0°C to 98.0°C using radiation with wavelength 122 mm. Assuming that the specific heat capacity of the soup is the same as that of water (4.184 J/gK) and no heat loss to the bowl, which choice is closest to the number of photons absorbed? A. 1.2×1029 B. 1.58×105 C. 9.7×1028 D. 1.2×1032 E. 9.7×1031
# In Module/Week 7, we cover Chapters 15–17, which deal with advocacy and lobbying; governing and managing international and global organizations; and social entrepreneurship within the non-profit organization. Think of a non-profit organization you are familiar with. If you are not familiar with one, please become familiar with one in order to complete this assignment in a professional and informed manner. In terms of the chapters we covered, what do you consider to be the 3 most important concepts that the organization should consider? Include in your answer: The concepts Page numbers where the concepts may be located A brief definition of the concepts How the organization would benefit from considering the concepts you have chosen How the application of the topic reflects God’s purpose or design. Your 500-word thread is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 7.
In Module/Week 7, we cover Chapters 15–17, which deal with advocacy and lobbying; governing and managing international and global organizations; and social entrepreneurship within the non-profit organization. Think of a non-profit organization you are familiar with. If you are not familiar with one, please become familiar with one in order to complete this assignment in a professional and informed manner. In terms of the chapters we covered, what do you consider to be the 3 most important concepts that the organization should consider? Include in your answer: The concepts Page numbers where the concepts may be located A brief definition of the concepts How the organization would benefit from considering the concepts you have chosen How the application of the topic reflects God’s purpose or design. Your 500-word thread is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 7.
# The assignment is to prepare a comprehensive outline for a final project research paper. I have attached my research paper and a sample outline. The outline MUST contain as much information as the sample outline. Please use a three-level decimal outline for the assignment. Do not include references at the end of the outline. Use the numbered outline format, as follows: 1. Research Question 1 1.1. sub-item 1.1.1. sub-item 2. Research Question 2 …and so forth There are 4 research questions in the project. You will see them in the document. Do not use article titles as headings.
The assignment is to prepare a comprehensive outline for a final project research paper. I have attached my research paper and a sample outline. The outline MUST contain as much information as the sample outline. Please use a three-level decimal outline for the assignment. Do not include references at the end of the outline. Use the numbered outline format, as follows: 1. Research Question 1 1.1. sub-item 1.1.1. sub-item 2. Research Question 2 …and so forth There are 4 research questions in the project. You will see them in the document. Do not use article titles as headings.
# Question 1. 1. Company A pollutes 50% of what is allowed, while Company B pollutes 125% of what it is allowed. Company B purchases from Company A some of its “right” to pollute. This would be an example of: (Points : 1) cap and ball. cap and gown. cap and distribute. cap and trade. Question 2. 2. Which of these might be considered a social cost of a company that pollutes excessively? (Points : 1) Stockholder value inevitably goes up Increased rates of disease Increased rates of debt Decreases tax base Question 3. 3. In order to attract more socially responsible investors, a petroleum company could develop which of these policies? (Points : 1) Fund research and development in green technology Increase corporate funding for the gaming industry Monopolize seed patents in Central America Withdraw support for solar and wind power subsidiaries Question 4. 4. A supporter of free markets might suggest that the most efficient strategy to minimize pollution is: (Points : 1) class warfare. central government planning. market socialism. property rights and market mechanisms. Question 5. 5. Linda owns stock in Company X, which she discovers uses a lot of child labor. She sells that stock and with it buys stock in Company Y, which refuses to use child labor. This could be considered an example of: (Points : 1) SUV. SEC. SRI. SAP. Question 6. 6. Fred discovers that the pharmaceutical company he works for is selling tainted drugs overseas, and reports it to the FDA. For doing this, Fred could be considered a: (Points : 1) socially responsible investor. market socialist. whistleblower. saboteur. Question 7. 7. Those who advocate increased use of nuclear energy point to which of these as an advantage? (Points : 1) Bankruptcy of solar energy companies Cleaner, with fewer carbon emissions Inexpensive insurance rates Radioactive waste easily disposed of Question 8. 8. A socially responsible investor might consider the following as an ethical reason not to invest in Company A? (Points : 1) Company A encourages a living wage for its workers. Company A has a negative price-earnings ratio. Company A builds affordable housing. Company A sells weapons to oppressive regimes. Question 9. 9. During an economic recession, Gail plays the lottery and wins a million dollars. Rather than investing or spending this money, she decides to save it all. An economist who would insist that Gail would be acting in a way that would be more helpful economically by spending this money would be: (Points : 1) Adam N. Smith. George R. Stigler. John M. Keynes. David A. Ricardo. Question 10. 10. Classical, free-market economists, consider hoarding a/an: (Points : 1) Demand of socially responsible investing. Personal decision on the part of an investor. Part of a well-balanced hedge fund. Excellent way to avoid confiscatory taxes.
Question 1. 1. Company A pollutes 50% of what is allowed, while Company B pollutes 125% of what it is allowed. Company B purchases from Company A some of its “right” to pollute. This would be an example of: (Points : 1) cap and ball. cap and gown. cap and distribute. cap and trade.
Question 2. 2. Which of these might be considered a social cost of a company that pollutes excessively? (Points : 1) Stockholder value inevitably goes up Increased rates of disease Increased rates of debt Decreases tax base
Question 3. 3. In order to attract more socially responsible investors, a petroleum company could develop which of these policies? (Points : 1) Fund research and development in green technology Increase corporate funding for the gaming industry Monopolize seed patents in Central America Withdraw support for solar and wind power subsidiaries
Question 4. 4. A supporter of free markets might suggest that the most efficient strategy to minimize pollution is: (Points : 1) class warfare. central government planning. market socialism. property rights and market mechanisms.
Question 5. 5. Linda owns stock in Company X, which she discovers uses a lot of child labor. She sells that stock and with it buys stock in Company Y, which refuses to use child labor. This could be considered an example of: (Points : 1) SUV. SEC. SRI. SAP.
Question 6. 6. Fred discovers that the pharmaceutical company he works for is selling tainted drugs overseas, and reports it to the FDA. For doing this, Fred could be considered a: (Points : 1) socially responsible investor. market socialist. whistleblower. saboteur.
Question 7. 7. Those who advocate increased use of nuclear energy point to which of these as an advantage? (Points : 1) Bankruptcy of solar energy companies Cleaner, with fewer carbon emissions Inexpensive insurance rates Radioactive waste easily disposed of
Question 8. 8. A socially responsible investor might consider the following as an ethical reason not to invest in Company A? (Points : 1) Company A encourages a living wage for its workers. Company A has a negative price-earnings ratio. Company A builds affordable housing. Company A sells weapons to oppressive regimes.
Question 9. 9. During an economic recession, Gail plays the lottery and wins a million dollars. Rather than investing or spending this money, she decides to save it all. An economist who would insist that Gail would be acting in a way that would be more helpful economically by spending this money would be: (Points : 1) Adam N. Smith. George R. Stigler. John M. Keynes. David A. Ricardo.
Question 10. 10. Classical, free-market economists, consider hoarding a/an: (Points : 1) Demand of socially responsible investing. Personal decision on the part of an investor. Part of a well-balanced hedge fund. Excellent way to avoid confiscatory taxes.
# Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you explain the role of governmental regulatory agencies and its effect on the health care industry. Provide at least two examples of laws and regulations currently faced by the health care industry. Examples of such laws may include access to care, discrimination, health care privacy and security, employment, and so on. Include your analysis of the effect of these laws on the provider, hospital or clinic, or insurer that you select. Provide examples and specific cases in your examination. Include ways that you have seen this effect in your own life or community. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you explain the role of governmental regulatory agencies and its effect on the health care industry. Provide at least two examples of laws and regulations currently faced by the health care industry. Examples of such laws may include access to care, discrimination, health care privacy and security, employment, and so on. Include your analysis of the effect of these laws on the provider, hospital or clinic, or insurer that you select. Provide examples and specific cases in your examination. Include ways that you have seen this effect in your own life or community. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
# chosen topic: Louisville Transportation Planning & Ananlysis of Urban Planning The summative section of this paper could benefit from further development and expansion in a number of regards. When writing this paper you could discuss issues such as (but not limited to): how multiple areas of public policy are affected by the urban planning (i.e. transportation, economic development plans, etc.), the stakeholders (from both within government and outside of government) involved in urban planning which is a key element associated with the politics of urban planning, possible influences at multiple levels of government (which is a key element of passing policy in a federalist government system) and the additional key topics (for example, Wilson’s politics-administration dichotomy, budget implications associated with urban planning efforts, eminent domain, etc.). It will also be helpful to focus on two important concepts discussed this semester (i.e. interconnectivity and complexity) as it relates to your final paper. In addition, you may find it helpful to discuss the six ways in which urban planning may be political as discussed in chapter 6 of the Levy textbook. It will also be helpful to review the extensive information located in chapter 14 of the Levy textbook related to sustainable development. This information from the Levy textbook can be especially helpful when writing the final paper regarding the politics of urban planning This paper also required that students’ research for 10 qualifying journal articles You must include (but are not limited to) a discussion of the historical background and contemporary issues related to the paper topic. You must also include an evaluation regarding the plausible political issues that urban planners could potentially encounter and the potential consequences that could result from decision making. Be sure to apply key concepts from this course in your Research Paper. Writing the Research Paper The Paper: Must be eight- to ten- double-spaced pages in length (not including the title page, appendix, reference page, and exhibits) and formatted according to APA style Must include a cover page that includes: Name of paper Student’s name Course name and number Instructor’s name Date submitted Must include an introductory paragraph with a succinct thesis statement. Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought. Must conclude with a restatement of the thesis and a conclusion paragraph. Must use at least 10 scholarly sources
chosen topic: Louisville Transportation Planning & Ananlysis of Urban Planning
The summative section of this paper could benefit from further development and expansion in a number of regards. When writing this paper you could discuss issues such as (but not limited to): how multiple areas of public policy are affected by the urban planning (i.e. transportation, economic development plans, etc.), the stakeholders (from both within government and outside of government) involved in urban planning which is a key element associated with the politics of urban planning, possible influences at multiple levels of government (which is a key element of passing policy in a federalist government system) and the additional key topics (for example, Wilson’s politics-administration dichotomy, budget implications associated with urban planning efforts, eminent domain, etc.). It will also be helpful to focus on two important concepts discussed this semester (i.e. interconnectivity and complexity) as it relates to your final paper. In addition, you may find it helpful to discuss the six ways in which urban planning may be political as discussed in chapter 6 of the Levy textbook. It will also be helpful to review the extensive information located in chapter 14 of the Levy textbook related to sustainable development. This information from the Levy textbook can be especially helpful when writing the final paper regarding the politics of urban planning
This paper also required that students’ research for 10 qualifying journal articles
You must include (but are not limited to) a discussion of the historical background and contemporary issues related to the paper topic. You must also include an evaluation regarding the plausible political issues that urban planners could potentially encounter and the potential consequences that could result from decision making. Be sure to apply key concepts from this course in your Research Paper.
Writing the Research Paper The Paper:
Must be eight- to ten- double-spaced pages in length (not including the title page, appendix, reference page, and exhibits) and formatted according to APA style Must include a cover page that includes: Name of paper Student’s name Course name and number Instructor’s name Date submitted Must include an introductory paragraph with a succinct thesis statement. Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought. Must conclude with a restatement of the thesis and a conclusion paragraph. Must use at least 10 scholarly sources
# Aqueous potassium iodate (KIO3) and potassium iodide (KI) react in the presence of dilute hydrochloric acid as shown below: KIO3(aq) + 5KI(aq) + 6HCl(aq) —› 3I2(aq) + 6KCl(aq) + 3H2O(l) What mass of iodine is formed when 15.0 mL of 0.0050 M KIO3 solution reacts with 30.0 mL of 0.010 M KI solution in the presence of excess of HCl?
Aqueous potassium iodate (KIO3) and potassium iodide (KI) react in the presence of dilute hydrochloric acid as shown below: KIO3(aq) + 5KI(aq) + 6HCl(aq) —› 3I2(aq) + 6KCl(aq) + 3H2O(l) What mass of iodine is formed when 15.0 mL of 0.0050 M KIO3 solution reacts with 30.0 mL of 0.010 M KI solution in the presence of excess of HCl?
# Mini Strategic Audit The strategic audit system is a diagnostic tool to pinpoint an organization’s strengths and weaknesses. Use the Strategic Analysis Framework and other tools in order to conduct a strategic audit. You might consider using a SWOT analysis for both companies to analyze each companies situation. For this assignment, a mini strategic audit will be conducted for two companies with an overall goal to compare how each company differs in the strategy management and implementation, while indentifying the importance of strategic management. Assignment Requirements Conduct a mini Strategic Audit on e-company Tigerdirect.com and Best Buy, Visit the each company’s website at Tiger Direct at http://www.tigerdirect.com/ and Best Buy at www.bestbuy.com. After conducting research, identify key strategies that each company has in common. List a brief introduction of each company, to include the Mission Statement and compare key aspects of each company. Identify the importance of strategic management based on your research. Be sure to include the concepts identified in the readings for this week’s topics. Submit your answers in a 1000 word, APA style paper. Include a title sheet and 2-3 references. Only one reference may be found on the internet. The other references must be found in the Grantham University online library. Only the body of the paper will count toward the word requirement. Please see rubric below.
Mini Strategic Audit
The strategic audit system is a diagnostic tool to pinpoint an organization’s strengths and weaknesses. Use the Strategic Analysis Framework and other tools in order to conduct a strategic audit. You might consider using a SWOT analysis for both companies to analyze each companies situation.
For this assignment, a mini strategic audit will be conducted for two companies with an overall goal to compare how each company differs in the strategy management and implementation, while indentifying the importance of strategic management.
Assignment Requirements
Conduct a mini Strategic Audit on e-company Tigerdirect.com and Best Buy, Visit the each company’s website at Tiger Direct at http://www.tigerdirect.com/ and Best Buy at www.bestbuy.com. After conducting research, identify key strategies that each company has in common. List a brief introduction of each company, to include the Mission Statement and compare key aspects of each company. Identify the importance of strategic management based on your research. Be sure to include the concepts identified in the readings for this week’s topics.
Submit your answers in a 1000 word, APA style paper. Include a title sheet and 2-3 references. Only one reference may be found on the internet. The other references must be found in the Grantham University online library. Only the body of the paper will count toward the word requirement. Please see rubric below.
# Tablets Take Their Place in the PC Market Read Case: Tablets Take Their Place in the PC Market on page 187 in the text and answer the questions below. APA formatting guidelines require a title page, abstract page, and reference page in addition to the body of the paper. The proliferation of tablet PCs is changing the systems development process. Tablets represent a new platform on which systems run, and the interface is different, to say the least. Computers, using some AI techniques like those we discussed in Chapter 4, can learn. In the classroom while a child is using a tablet PC to learn the basics of addition, how can software be developed to aid in the learning process? Does this mean that teachers are no longer needed for some subjects? Are teachers needed in earlier grades while computer-based training can take over in later grades? Why or why not? End-user systems, like those that allow patrons to order meals on an iPad, must be “idiot proof.” (We apologize for the crudeness of that term.) That is, systems must be usable without training and created in such a way, for example, that a patron at one table can’t accidentally change the order of a patron at another table. What does this mean for systems development? Can complex and complicated end-user systems be developed and deployed on tablet PCs so that people can use the systems without training and without intervention by a knowledgeable person such as a waiter or waitress? What security issues are involved in allowing people to pay with tablet PCs? Does this payment process make it easier for someone to steal your credit card information? Are you comfortable using a restaurant-supplied technology to enter your credit card information? Why or why not? What will happen to offshore outsourcing for software development? Can outsourcing firms in India and China for example be expected to develop software systems for use in U.S. schools? Can those same firms be expected to develop systems that meet FAA rules and restrictions?
Tablets Take Their Place in the PC Market
Read Case: Tablets Take Their Place in the PC Market on page 187 in the text and answer the questions below. APA formatting guidelines require a title page, abstract page, and reference page in addition to the body of the paper.
The proliferation of tablet PCs is changing the systems development process. Tablets represent a new platform on which systems run, and the interface is different, to say the least.
Computers, using some AI techniques like those we discussed in Chapter 4, can learn. In the classroom while a child is using a tablet PC to learn the basics of addition, how can software be developed to aid in the learning process? Does this mean that teachers are no longer needed for some subjects? Are teachers needed in earlier grades while computer-based training can take over in later grades? Why or why not? End-user systems, like those that allow patrons to order meals on an iPad, must be “idiot proof.” (We apologize for the crudeness of that term.) That is, systems must be usable without training and created in such a way, for example, that a patron at one table can’t accidentally change the order of a patron at another table. What does this mean for systems development? Can complex and complicated end-user systems be developed and deployed on tablet PCs so that people can use the systems without training and without intervention by a knowledgeable person such as a waiter or waitress? What security issues are involved in allowing people to pay with tablet PCs? Does this payment process make it easier for someone to steal your credit card information? Are you comfortable using a restaurant-supplied technology to enter your credit card information? Why or why not? What will happen to offshore outsourcing for software development? Can outsourcing firms in India and China for example be expected to develop software systems for use in U.S. schools? Can those same firms be expected to develop systems that meet FAA rules and restrictions?
# Homework, Paper II: Prison Populations and Inmates With Mental Illnesses Length: Three to five complete pages (not including cover page or reference page) Format: Standard APA format (1 in. margins, 12-point font, double spacing, in-text citations to support your references) References: Minimum of three peer-reviewed outiside academic resources, not including the textbook or web pages Directions: First, research how inmates with mental illnesses are managed in prisons in general, and choose three topics to write about on that subject. You are free to explore any prison mental health topics, such as diagnostics and classification, suicide watches, correctional officer training for supervising inmates with mental illnesses, and so forth. Then for each of these three same topics, research your own state and include how your state handles these issues. Compare and contrast your state’s prison mental health system with your research.
Homework, Paper II: Prison Populations and Inmates With Mental Illnesses Length: Three to five complete pages (not including cover page or reference page) Format: Standard APA format (1 in. margins, 12-point font, double spacing, in-text citations to support your references) References: Minimum of three peer-reviewed outiside academic resources, not including the textbook or web pages Directions: First, research how inmates with mental illnesses are managed in prisons in general, and choose three topics to write about on that subject. You are free to explore any prison mental health topics, such as diagnostics and classification, suicide watches, correctional officer training for supervising inmates with mental illnesses, and so forth. Then for each of these three same topics, research your own state and include how your state handles these issues. Compare and contrast your state’s prison mental health system with your research.
# Read “The IRAC method of case study analysis.” Select one legal case from a current event that has taken place within the past 2 years relevant to this week’s objectives. Discuss the selected case with your Learning Team. Brief the selected case as a Learning Team. Write a case brief using the IRAC method. Write an explanation of no more than 700 words about how the legal concepts in the selected case can be applied within a business managerial setting. Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
Read “The IRAC method of case study analysis.”
Select one legal case from a current event that has taken place within the past 2 years relevant to this week’s objectives.
Discuss the selected case with your Learning Team.
Brief the selected case as a Learning Team.
Write a case brief using the IRAC method.
Write an explanation of no more than 700 words about how the legal concepts in the selected case can be applied within a business managerial setting.
Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. | 46,098 | 211,433 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.859375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | longest | en | 0.934186 |
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/science/physics/college-physics-4th-edition/chapter-10-problems-page-401/77 | 1,726,332,034,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-38/segments/1725700651580.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240914161327-20240914191327-00499.warc.gz | 726,926,524 | 12,974 | ## College Physics (4th Edition)
When the pendulum swings with an amplitude of $3.0~cm$, the mechanical energy is $11.25~mJ$
We can write an expression for the initial value of mechanical energy: $E_1 = \frac{1}{2}m~A_1^2~\omega^2$ Note that $A_2 = 1.5~A_1$. We can find the mechanical energy when the pendulum swings with an amplitude of $3.0~cm$: $E_2 = \frac{1}{2}m~A_2^2~\omega^2$ $E_2 = \frac{1}{2}m~(1.5~A_1)^2~\omega^2$ $E_2 = 2.25\times \frac{1}{2}m~A_1^2~\omega^2$ $E_2 = 2.25\times E_1$ $E_2 = (2.25)(5.0~mJ)$ $E_2 = 11.25~mJ$ When the pendulum swings with an amplitude of $3.0~cm$, the mechanical energy is $11.25~mJ$. | 272 | 630 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.03125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2024-38 | latest | en | 0.691471 |
https://picaxeforum.co.uk/threads/power-supply-with-large-capacitance-between-regulator-and-14m2.32352/ | 1,632,576,221,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057622.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925112158-20210925142158-00237.warc.gz | 512,781,476 | 17,732 | # power supply with large capacitance between regulator and 14M2
#### wapo54001
##### Senior Member
I am designing a circuit where I want a 14M2 to continue to operate after power is lost. I need, as a minimum, to a) sense that power is lost and then b) switch two latching relays, each relay 5VDC and drawing 20ma for a minimum of 3ms in order to switch. The power to switch the two relays is stored in capacitors between the relays and ground, and the 14M2 will need to switch pins from high to low in order to sink the power from those two capacitors.
I'm thinking LP2951 regulator, 5V at 100mA, max 30V in. I want to put the storage capacitance on the regulated side because I need to save physical space (6.3V caps vs 35V caps). What I would like to know is this -- when the power fails/cut off, will the stored energy flow back through the regulator, or will it remain available for the Picaxe to continue to function for a few moments after the power quits, and how much capacitance do I need to keep the 14m2 working for "long enough" to do the job? I have space for up to 2x1000uF@6.3V.
Do I need special regulator protection due to the unusually large capacitance between the regulator and the load?
Or should I use smaller capacitors charged to 24V upstream of the regulator?
Last edited:
#### J G
##### Active member
Hello,
Using a linear regulator with an input voltage of 30V and output of 5V is wasting about 80% of the power as heat, so for maximum efficiency of getting energy from the capacitors to the picaxe and relays, I would recommend putting them on the output if this will not affect the stability of the regulator.
To stop the current flowing back through the regulator, could you use a diode on the input seeing as you have plenty of voltage to drop and the regulator will not be running for long if something weird does start to happen with the input having a voltage but the output not (I have worked on (switchmode) regulators that do really strange and potentially destructive things when power is applied to the output and not the input, but linear regulators at least can't boost voltages...).
Looking at this datasheet under section 8.2.2.1, I read this:
COUT can be increased without limit and only improves the regulator stability and transient response. Regardless of its value, the output capacitor should have a resonant frequency greater than 500 kHz.
I am not too sure how to calculate the resonant frequency in this case, but I think that this will be the limit as to how large the capacitors can be before the output voltage starts to get unstable.
Section 9 also has this:
Place input and output capacitors as close to the device as possible to take advantage of their high frequency noise filtering properties.
One thing to note however is that a 25V drop at 100mA means that the regulator will be dissipating 2.5W as heat. I am not sure if this regulator will be able to cope with this continuously as to me it looks fairly small and I haven't seen a power rating in the datasheet. If power efficiency or thermal management is important, then would using some form of switching regulator be an option that converts excess voltage into current? Otherwise for simplicity, would a fairly standared 7805 or LM317 with decent sized heatsink work?
If the full 100mA is only for brief spikes, you might be able to get away with it with the LP2951.
Good luck and have fun.
P.S. I haven't done too much with analogue electronics, so there are probably other factors that influence this as well and stuff I have stuffed up
#### PhilHornby
##### Senior Member
I am designing a circuit where I want a 14M2 to continue to operate after power is lost.
I did something similar, to interface my RF controlled 'table lamps', to originally, a plug-in timer and these days to a Sonoff S20 smartplug.
This is the circuit I came up with :-
(Ignore everything to the left of the Picaxe - that could definitely be improved!)
The 4700uF capacitor came out of my bits box and may well have been something I took out of a television in the 1970's
The idea of the 10K divider as to sense the loss of external power as soon as possible - the circuit being powered by an external 'power brick/mobile phone charger' (I have no idea why I labelled the input as 5.7V!)
The program constantly monitors the voltage at the divider - but it may be possible to generate an interrupt instead (different divider resistors, input set to schmitt ... that sort of thing).
D1, R3 supposedly handle inrush currents (I'm no hardware expert!) and D2 was definitely required in my case.
MIght be give you some ideas, if nothing else
#### AllyCat
##### Senior Member
Hi,
Or should I use smaller capacitors charged to 24V upstream of the regulator?
IMHO definitely YES ! The energy stored in a capacitor is 1/2 * C * V2, so calculate the amount of energy recovered when the voltage falls from 25v. to 7v., i.e. 1/2 * (625 - 49) * C . Compare that with the "regulated" voltage falling from 5v to (say) 4v (which is probably required to drive the relays?), i.e. 1/2 (25 - 16) * C , (although the PICaxe will keep working down to 2.5 volts or less). That suggests the output capacitor needs to be about 575 / 9 = over 60 times larger than on the input side ! Furthermore, use a switching-mode regulator and the input current will be only about 25% of the Input = Output current of a linear regulator. Thus the voltage will (initialy) fall about 4 times more slowly, for any given capacitor value; and of course no need for heatsinks.
Generally, the voltage "square law" makes the energy density of capacitors higher at higher voltages (even though the capacitance will be lower for a given can-size). The possible exception are "supercaps", but they have such a low voltage rating that you may need to connect several in series even for 5 - 7 volts.
Cheers, Alan.
J G
#### wapo54001
##### Senior Member
Hello,
Using a linear regulator with an input voltage of 30V and output of 5V is wasting about 80% of the power as heat, so for maximum efficiency of getting energy from the capacitors to the picaxe and relays, I would recommend putting them on the output if this will not affect the stability of the regulator.
To stop the current flowing back through the regulator, could you use a diode on the input seeing as you have plenty of voltage to drop and the regulator will not be running for long if something weird does start to happen with the input having a voltage but the output not (I have worked on (switchmode) regulators that do really strange and potentially destructive things when power is applied to the output and not the input, but linear regulators at least can't boost voltages...).
Looking at this datasheet under section 8.2.2.1, I read this:
I am not too sure how to calculate the resonant frequency in this case, but I think that this will be the limit as to how large the capacitors can be before the output voltage starts to get unstable.
Section 9 also has this:
One thing to note however is that a 25V drop at 100mA means that the regulator will be dissipating 2.5W as heat. I am not sure if this regulator will be able to cope with this continuously as to me it looks fairly small and I haven't seen a power rating in the datasheet. If power efficiency or thermal management is important, then would using some form of switching regulator be an option that converts excess voltage into current? Otherwise for simplicity, would a fairly standared 7805 or LM317 with decent sized heatsink work?
If the full 100mA is only for brief spikes, you might be able to get away with it with the LP2951.
Good luck and have fun.
P.S. I haven't done too much with analogue electronics, so there are probably other factors that influence this as well and stuff I have stuffed up
Thanks for the reply -- some good info here to consider. The 100mA is the capability of the regulator, I will be drawing -- typically -- only the power needed to run the 14M2 to monitor power on/off and check an input selector as high or low. Only additional draw will be from the relays when they change state -- requiring 20ma each but one at a time, and only for about 3~5 milliseconds each. Power requirement is very low.
The resonant frequency thing is a show stopper for me -- no idea how to figure that -- so will put the capacitance I can upstream of the regulator. So it'll be two 470uF/35V capacitors storing the supply voltage of 24 volts. Hope that'll be enough to run the 14M2 long enough to switch two relays.
#### wapo54001
##### Senior Member
Hi,
IMHO definitely YES ! The energy stored in a capacitor is 1/2 * C * V2, so calculate the amount of energy recovered when the voltage falls from 30v. to 7v., i.e. 1/2 * (900 - 49) * C . Compare that with the "regulated" voltage falling from 5v to (say) 4v (which is probably required to drive the relays?), i.e. 1/2 (25 - 16) * C , (although the PICaxe will keep working down to 2.5 volts or less). That suggests the output capacitor needs to be about 850 / 9 = almost 100 times larger than on the input side ! Furthermore, use a switching-mode regulator and the input current will be only about 20% of the Input = Output current of a linear regulator. Thus the voltage will (initialy) fall about 5 times more slowly, for any given capacitor value; and of course no need for heatsinks.
Generally, the voltage "square law" makes the energy density of capacitors higher at higher voltages (even though the capacitance will be lower for a given can-size). The possible exception are "supercaps", but they have such a low voltage rating that you may need to connect several in series even for 5 - 7 volts.
Cheers, Alan.
Alan, as always, you have the incontrovertible FACTS. Everything seems to be pointing in that direction so I'll do it that way. I'll insert a diode to allow supply sensing to be unaffected by the capacitor storage, so the actual capacitor voltage will be about 23 volts. This solution takes a lot of uncertainty away for me, I just don't have the background to assess oddball configurations like my original idea.
#### wapo54001
##### Senior Member
I did something similar, to interface my RF controlled 'table lamps', to originally, a plug-in timer and these days to a Sonoff S20 smartplug.
This is the circuit I came up with :-
View attachment 24645
(I have no idea why I labelled the input as 5.7V!)
Probably to compensate for the voltage drop across D1?
#### rq3
##### Senior Member
I am designing a circuit where I want a 14M2 to continue to operate after power is lost. I need, as a minimum, to a) sense that power is lost and then b) switch two latching relays, each relay 5VDC and drawing 20ma for a minimum of 3ms in order to switch. The power to switch the two relays is stored in capacitors between the relays and ground, and the 14M2 will need to switch pins from high to low in order to sink the power from those two capacitors.
I'm thinking LP2951 regulator, 5V at 100mA, max 30V in. I want to put the storage capacitance on the regulated side because I need to save physical space (6.3V caps vs 35V caps). What I would like to know is this -- when the power fails/cut off, will the stored energy flow back through the regulator, or will it remain available for the Picaxe to continue to function for a few moments after the power quits, and how much capacitance do I need to keep the 14m2 working for "long enough" to do the job? I have space for up to 2x1000uF@6.3V.
Do I need special regulator protection due to the unusually large capacitance between the regulator and the load?
Or should I use smaller capacitors charged to 24V upstream of the regulator?
Most linear regulator manufacturers strongly suggest a reverse diode across the regulator I/O if an output capacitor larger than 10-20 uF (regulator dependent) is used. The reason is that, should you short the regulator input, the large cap will discharge back through the regulator, and destroy it. The reverse diode gives the cap a path to discharge through, without otherwise affecting the regulator.
#### wapo54001
##### Senior Member
Most linear regulator manufacturers strongly suggest a reverse diode across the regulator I/O if an output capacitor larger than 10-20 uF (regulator dependent) is used. The reason is that, should you short the regulator input, the large cap will discharge back through the regulator, and destroy it. The reverse diode gives the cap a path to discharge through, without otherwise affecting the regulator.
I knew something like that guidance existed, wasn't sure of the specifics at all. I don't have to worry about it now because I'm installing two 479uF capacitors upstream of the regulator with a ceramic following it.
#### papaof2
##### Senior Member
You can check the impedance (in ohms) of a capacitor at any frequency here:
That might help.
#### erco
##### Senior Member
Consider powering your project from a LiPo or Li-Ion battery like a 18650 which is perpetually charged from a 5V USB brick. All the parts are cheap and abundant. Something like:
AC supply >> USB 5V Brick >> Li-Ion charge regulator >> Li-Ion >> 5V booster (if required) >> Picaxe circuit
Most of my projects work just fine without the 5V booster.
There are cheap powerbank circuits available which combine the charge regulator and 5V booster, but many of them won't charge AND output 5V simultaneously, and some turn off +5V unless your load draws a minimum current.
Edit: ~30 cents each, charge regulators: https://www.ebay.com/itm/265078354412
5v boosters ~60 cents each : https://www.ebay.com/itm/233987653418
Last edited:
#### premelec
##### Senior Member
Given the OPs original statement and parameters... estimate 20ms .04amp .5 voltage drop.... Q=CV=IT or C = IT/v hence .(04x.02)/.5 = .0016 Farad [hopefully this is 1600uF...] so 2 x 1000uf could work... ;-0
#### inglewoodpete
##### Senior Member
I used 2 x 5F high current capacitors (in series) to run an 08M2 at 3.3v. The 08M2, in turn, drove the 'operate' winding of a 4 ohm 3v solenoid, before switching to a 230 ohm 'hold' winding. Once I sorted out the ground and power runs, the circuit ran fine. 2.5F of capacitance keeps the 08M2 running for quite a while, provided the solenoid does not need to be operated. 2 x 5F 2.7v capacitors do not take all that much space.
However, when turning the power on to charge the super caps, there was a tendency to blow fuses! A low-value resistor on the input side of the super caps fixed that, though.
#### erco
##### Senior Member
However, when turning the power on to charge the super caps, there was a tendency to blow fuses! A low-value resistor on the input side of the super caps fixed that, though.
Yes, classic gotcha problem. Big caps are dead shorts when first turned on.
#### The bear
##### Senior Member
Hi wapo54001,
There is an auto shutdown circuit somewhere on the Picaxe forum, possibly from "hippy".
It might be worth a search.
Good luck, Bear..
Bear..
#### erco
##### Senior Member
The schematic is missing from that Auto-shutdown Regulator thread. It was from 2009.
#### inglewoodpete
##### Senior Member
I am using an L4931 low dropout, low quiescent current regulator in a current project. The SO-8 package version has an enable pin that needs to be held low to keep it on. Ideal for a PIC or PICAXE to self-control its power. This regulator is available in a whole range of different output voltages.
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https://mycbseguide.com/blog/tag/practice-questions/ | 1,726,805,253,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-38/segments/1725700652130.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20240920022257-20240920052257-00587.warc.gz | 374,429,749 | 19,290 | 1. /
2. practice questions
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CBSE Class 6 Maths Fractions Chapter 7 Extra Questions. myCBSEguide has just released Chapter Wise Question Answers for class 6 Maths. There chapter wise Practice Questions with complete solutions are available for download in myCBSEguide website and mobile app. These Extra Questions with solution are prepared by our team of expert teachers who are teaching grade in … Read more
## Extra Questions for Class 6 Math Integers Chapter 6
Extra Questions for Class 6 Math Integers Chapter 6. myCBSEguide has just released Chapter Wise Question Answers for class 6 Maths. There chapter wise Practice Questions with complete solutions are available for download in myCBSEguide website and mobile app. These Extra Questions with solution are prepared by our team of expert teachers who are teaching grade in … Read more
## Important Questions for Class 6 Chapter 5 Mathematics
Important Questions for Class 6 Chapter 5 Mathematics. myCBSEguide has just released Chapter Wise Question Answers for class 6 Maths. There chapter wise Practice Questions with complete solutions are available for download in myCBSEguide website and mobile app. These Extra Questions with solution are prepared by our team of expert teachers who are teaching grade in CBSE … Read more
## Extra Questions for Class 6 Chapter 4 Mathematics
Extra Questions for Class 6 Chapter 4 Mathematics. myCBSEguide has just released Chapter Wise Question Answers for class 6 Maths. There chapter wise Practice Questions with complete solutions are available for download in myCBSEguide website and mobile app. These Extra Questions with solution are prepared by our team of expert teachers who are teaching grade in CBSE … Read more
## CBSE Class 6 Mathematics Chapter 3 Important Questions
CBSE Class 6 Mathematics Chapter 3 Important Questions. myCBSEguide has just released Chapter Wise Question Answers for class 6 Maths. There chapter wise Practice Questions with complete solutions are available for download in myCBSEguide website and mobile app. These Extra Questions with solution are prepared by our team of expert teachers who are teaching grade in CBSE … Read more
## Important Questions for Class 6 Maths Whole Numbers
Important Questions for Class 6 Maths Whole Numbers. myCBSEguide has just released Chapter Wise Question Answers for class 6 Maths. There chapter wise Practice Questions with complete solutions are available for download in myCBSEguide website and mobile app. These Extra Questions with solution are prepared by our team of expert teachers who are teaching grade in CBSE … Read more
## CBSE Class 6 Mathematics Knowing our Numbers Extra Questions
CBSE Class 6 Mathematics Knowing our Numbers Extra Questions. myCBSEguide has just released Chapter Wise Question Answers for class 6 Maths. There chapter wise Practice Questions with complete solutions are available for download in myCBSEguide website and mobile app. These Extra Questions with solution are prepared by our team of expert teachers who are teaching grade … Read more
## Important Questions of Class 8 Political Science Chapter 10
Important Questions of Class 8 Political Science Chapter 10. myCBSEguide has just released Chapter Wise Question Answers for class 8 Social Science. There chapter wise Practice Questions with complete solutions are available for download in myCBSEguide website and mobile app. These Extra Questions with solution are prepared by our team of expert teachers who are teaching grade … Read more
## Public Facilities Class 8 Pol Science Extra Questions
Public Facilities Class 8 Pol Science Extra Questions. myCBSEguide has just released Chapter Wise Question Answers for class 8 Social Science. There chapter wise Practice Questions with complete solutions are available for download in myCBSEguide website and mobile app. These Extra Questions with solution are prepared by our team of expert teachers who are teaching grade in … Read more
## CBSE Extra Questions of Class 8 Chapter 8 Pol Science
CBSE Extra Questions of Class 8 Chapter 8 Pol Science. myCBSEguide has just released Chapter Wise Question Answers for class 8 Social Science. There chapter wise Practice Questions with complete solutions are available for download in myCBSEguide website and mobile app. These Extra Questions with solution are prepared by our team of expert teachers who are teaching … Read more
## CBSE Important Questions for Class 8 Chapter 7 Political Science
CBSE Important Questions for Class 8 Chapter 7 Political Science. myCBSEguide has just released Chapter Wise Question Answers for class 8 Social Science. There chapter wise Practice Questions with complete solutions are available for download in myCBSEguide website and mobile app. These Extra Questions with solution are prepared by our team of expert teachers who are teaching … Read more
## Chapter 6 Pol Science Class 8 Important Questions
Chapter 6 Pol Science Class 8 Important Questions. myCBSEguide has just released Chapter Wise Question Answers for class 8 Social Science. There chapter wise Practice Questions with complete solutions are available for download in myCBSEguide website and mobile app. These Extra Questions with solution are prepared by our team of expert teachers who are teaching grade in … Read more | 1,786 | 8,883 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-38 | latest | en | 0.903061 |
https://www.programmingalgorithms.com/algorithm/cocktail-shaker-sort | 1,566,177,885,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314638.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819011034-20190819033034-00412.warc.gz | 947,691,687 | 5,395 | # Cocktail Shaker Sort
Cocktail shaker sort, also known as bidirectional bubble sort, cocktail sort, shaker sort, ripple sort, shuffle sort, or shuttle sort, is a variation of bubble sort that is both a stable sorting algorithm and a comparison sort. The algorithm differs from a bubble sort in that it sorts in both directions on each pass through the list. This sorting algorithm is only marginally more difficult to implement than a bubble sort, and solves the problem of turtles in bubble sorts. It provides only marginal performance improvements, and does not improve asymptotic performance; like the bubble sort.
``` ```private static void Swap(ref int a, ref int b)
{
a ^= b;
b ^= a;
a ^= b;
}
public static void CocktailSort(ref int[] data)
{
while (true)
{
bool flag;
int[] start = { 1, data.Length - 1 };
int[] end = { data.Length, 0 };
int[] inc = { 1, -1 };
for (int it = 0; it < 2; ++it)
{
flag = true;
for (int i = start[it]; i != end[it]; i += inc[it])
{
if (data[i - 1] > data[i])
{
Swap(ref data[i - 1], ref data[i]);
flag = false;
}
}
if (flag)
return;
}
}
}```
```
### Example
``` ```int[] data = { -1, 25, -58964, 8547, -119, 0, 78596 };
CocktailSort(ref data);```
```
### Output
``` ```-58964
-119
-1
0
25
8547
78596```
``` | 368 | 1,278 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.859375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | latest | en | 0.686127 |
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/165207/5v-power-supply-using-7805 | 1,695,808,039,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510284.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927071345-20230927101345-00337.warc.gz | 259,908,164 | 40,251 | # 5v power supply using 7805
I want to create a 5v power supply design to provide power to my PIC18F4550, for that I am using 7805 so it will give the required 5v as output. I searched online and this is the diagram I found:-
It shows that I have to connect 2 capacitors with the 7805. I am using a 9V battery as input power source to 7805.
In the datasheet the value of Ci and Co is given 0.33uF and 0.1uF respectively, but my friend used capacitors of value 470uF and 100uF respectively and he is getting correct output without any error.
My questions:-
1. Can I use my friends(using Ci and Co is given 470uF and 100uF) choice of capacitor for my 5v power supply to microcontroller without any adverse effect? If yes, then why is some other values given in datasheet. OR Is it really possible to use the 7805 without any capacitors at all if I am using a DC 9v battery as input?
2. Is there some formula for calculation which can be done to determine the values of the capacitors? If yes, where I can find it?
I know this question has been asked a lot of times, but I am having a hard time understanding the answers provided on other questions. Please help me understand this basic concept.
Thanks.
• Did you ask your friend why do he use different capacitors? Apr 16, 2015 at 21:56
• He saw a diagram on the net, that's all I think he know :) Apr 16, 2015 at 22:00
• There are indeed hundreds of informations out there about 78xx and other regulators capacitors. When you did not understand them you might want to tell what specifically you did not understand, otherwise any answer here will likely pile up on the part where you don't understand it. Apr 16, 2015 at 22:09
• @PlasmaHH In nearly all the diagram of 7805, two filter capacitors are always present. My problem related to 7805 is how to calculate the values of the two capacitor and is using 470uf and 100uf capacitors with 7805 correct? Apr 16, 2015 at 22:11
why is some other values given in datasheet.
The datasheet is giving minimum values which give the performance claimed in the datasheet. (Some datasheet values may be given with other values for $C_i$ and $C_o$, and it will tell you this.)
If you use smaller caps, ripple and noise will be higher than specified.
With a standard regulator like the 7805, there is no performance penalty to using larger caps than specified, other than the slower rise time on the rails. Some devices you may wish to power from the regulator won't be happy with a slowly-rising power rail, while others don't much care.
Obviously using caps larger than necessary has costs. Bottom line, you should engineer your cap values, not guess at them.
LDO type regulators generally will actually fail if you guess incorrectly on the cap type and value.
Is it really possible to use the 7805 without any capacitors at all if I am using a DC 9v battery as input?
You can get away with it, but whether it succeeds or not depends on conditions surrounding the regulator.
In your particular case, $C_i$ is cheap insurance against oscillation due to the input supply and ground impedances. A 9V battery has a fairly high impedance due to the small cell size and the number of them in series. This opens you up to ground bounce getting back to the input, which effectively closes a feedback loop on the system, which is a prerequisite for oscillation.
Other systems might not need $C_i$, such as because the regulator is connected to a nearby unregulated supply with its own output cap. That cap may suffice to decouple the regulator's input, too.
The story for $C_o$ is similar: if there is already a nearby downstream cap, you might not need a separate one for the regulator.
Bottom line, test under all the conditions you will need the system to operate under. Even when one of these caps isn't strictly required, it may improve performance.
Is there some formula for calculation which can be done to determine the values of the capacitors? If yes, where I can find it?
Any electronics text book. The Art of Electronics third edition just became available a few days ago. It certainly gives equations for capacitor voltage vs current and such. | 974 | 4,158 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.9375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | latest | en | 0.92938 |
https://www.kidsacademy.mobi/lesson/drawing-it-out-subtraction-13859171/ | 1,675,922,977,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764501407.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209045525-20230209075525-00746.warc.gz | 863,956,414 | 41,291 | # Math Lesson - Drawing it Out Subtraction, Grade 1
• ### Activity 1 / Fruit and Veggies Subtraction Worksheet
We bring a visual strategy to help kids learn to subtract with this subtraction printable worksheet: fruits and veggies!
Kids gain a deeper understanding of the process of subtraction when they can use fun-filled pictures that help them count or take away to determine the correct answer!
• ### Activity 2 / Garden Subtraction Worksheet
Number sentences are difficult to solve if students don’t understand the underlying concept behind the addition and subtraction they complete. Help your kids make sense of the math they learn by offering this cute and colorful garden-themed subtraction worksheet! On each row, your child will find a row or two of vegetables that need to be counted. Read the number sentences, then count the total number of veggies for each problem. Take away ten for each, and count to see how many are left to find the answer!
• ### Activity 3 / Subtracting with Base Blocks Worksheet
Base ten blocks offer little mathematicians concrete ways to understand how place value works when it comes to subtracting. With this fun and easy-to-follow worksheet, they'll look at the subtraction problems and then use the blocks that are crossed out to help them solve the subtraction problems with accuracy. When they can see equations in representation, they'll be able to work on their automaticity with number reasoning as they come across larger numbers.
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Kimberlyxo | 572 | 2,724 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.515625 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | longest | en | 0.933025 |
https://www.convertunits.com/from/megaelectron+volt/to/petajoule | 1,618,195,993,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038066568.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412023359-20210412053359-00022.warc.gz | 811,283,899 | 16,642 | ## ››Convert megaelectronvolt to petajoule
megaelectron volt petajoule
How many megaelectron volt in 1 petajoule? The answer is 6.2415064799632E+27.
We assume you are converting between megaelectronvolt and petajoule.
You can view more details on each measurement unit:
megaelectron volt or petajoule
The SI derived unit for energy is the joule.
1 joule is equal to 6241506479963.2 megaelectron volt, or 1.0E-15 petajoule.
Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results.
Use this page to learn how to convert between megaelectronvolts and petajoules.
Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!
## ››Want other units?
You can do the reverse unit conversion from petajoule to megaelectron volt, or enter any two units below:
## Enter two units to convert
From: To:
## ››Definition: Megaelectronvolt
The SI prefix "mega" represents a factor of 106, or in exponential notation, 1E6.
So 1 megaelectronvolt = 106 .
## ››Definition: Petajoule
The SI prefix "peta" represents a factor of 1015, or in exponential notation, 1E15.
So 1 petajoule = 1015 joules.
The definition of a joule is as follows:
The joule (symbol J, also called newton meter, watt second, or coulomb volt) is the SI unit of energy and work. The unit is pronounced to rhyme with "tool", and is named in honor of the physicist James Prescott Joule (1818-1889).
## ››Metric conversions and more
ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more! | 499 | 1,855 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.84375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | latest | en | 0.77813 |
https://www.officialdata.org/1776-dollars-in-2018?amount=1 | 1,601,003,953,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400221980.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925021647-20200925051647-00415.warc.gz | 974,231,928 | 19,944 | # \$1 in 1776 is worth \$28.88 in 2018
\$
👉 You may be interested in \$1 in 1776 → 2020
## Value of \$1 from 1776 to 2018
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics consumer price index, prices in 2018 are 2,787.70% higher than average prices since 1776. The U.S. dollar experienced an average inflation rate of 1.40% per year during this period, causing the real value of a dollar to decrease.
In other words, \$1 in 1776 is equivalent in purchasing power to about \$28.88 in 2018, a difference of \$27.88 over 242 years.
The 1776 inflation rate was 12.99%. The inflation rate in 2018 was 2.49%. The 2018 inflation rate is higher compared to the average inflation rate of 1.71% per year between 2018 and 2020.
Cumulative price change 2,787.70% Average inflation rate 1.40% Converted amount (\$1 base) \$28.88 Price difference (\$1 base) \$27.88 CPI in 1776 8.700 CPI in 2018 251.230 Inflation in 1776 12.99% Inflation in 2018 2.49%
USD Inflation since 1635
Annual Rate, the Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI
## Buying power of \$1 in 1776
This chart shows a calculation of buying power equivalence for \$1 in 1776 (price index tracking began in 1635).
For example, if you started with \$1, you would need to end with \$28.88 in order to "adjust" for inflation (sometimes refered to as "beating inflation").
When \$1 is equivalent to \$28.88 over time, that means that the "real value" of a single U.S. dollar decreases over time. In other words, a dollar will pay for fewer items at the store.
This effect explains how inflation erodes the value of a dollar over time. By calculating the value in 1776 dollars, the chart below shows how \$1 is worth less over 242 years.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, each of these USD amounts below is equal in terms of what it could buy at the time:
Dollar inflation: 1776-2018
Year Dollar Value Inflation Rate
1776 \$1.00 12.99%
1777 \$1.22 21.84%
1778 \$1.59 30.19%
1779 \$1.40 -11.59%
1780 \$1.57 12.30%
1781 \$1.28 -18.98%
1782 \$1.39 9.01%
1783 \$1.22 -12.40%
1784 \$1.17 -3.77%
1785 \$1.11 -4.90%
1786 \$1.09 -2.06%
1787 \$1.07 -2.11%
1788 \$1.02 -4.30%
1789 \$1.01 -1.12%
1790 \$1.06 4.55%
1791 \$1.08 2.17%
1792 \$1.10 2.13%
1793 \$1.14 3.13%
1794 \$1.26 11.11%
1795 \$1.45 14.55%
1796 \$1.52 4.76%
1797 \$1.46 -3.79%
1798 \$1.41 -3.15%
1799 \$1.41 0.00%
1800 \$1.45 2.44%
1801 \$1.46 0.79%
1802 \$1.23 -15.75%
1803 \$1.30 5.61%
1804 \$1.36 4.42%
1805 \$1.34 -0.85%
1806 \$1.40 4.27%
1807 \$1.33 -4.92%
1808 \$1.45 8.62%
1809 \$1.41 -2.38%
1810 \$1.41 0.00%
1811 \$1.51 6.50%
1812 \$1.53 1.53%
1813 \$1.84 20.30%
1814 \$2.02 10.00%
1815 \$1.77 -12.50%
1816 \$1.62 -8.44%
1817 \$1.53 -5.67%
1818 \$1.46 -4.51%
1819 \$1.46 0.00%
1820 \$1.34 -7.87%
1821 \$1.30 -3.42%
1822 \$1.34 3.54%
1823 \$1.21 -10.26%
1824 \$1.11 -7.62%
1825 \$1.14 2.06%
1826 \$1.14 0.00%
1827 \$1.15 1.01%
1828 \$1.09 -5.00%
1829 \$1.07 -2.11%
1830 \$1.06 -1.08%
1831 \$1.00 -5.43%
1832 \$0.99 -1.15%
1833 \$0.97 -2.33%
1834 \$0.99 2.38%
1835 \$1.01 2.33%
1836 \$1.07 5.68%
1837 \$1.10 3.23%
1838 \$1.07 -3.12%
1839 \$1.07 0.00%
1840 \$1.00 -6.45%
1841 \$1.00 0.00%
1842 \$0.94 -5.75%
1843 \$0.85 -9.76%
1844 \$0.86 1.35%
1845 \$0.87 1.33%
1846 \$0.89 1.32%
1847 \$0.94 6.49%
1848 \$0.91 -3.66%
1849 \$0.89 -2.53%
1850 \$0.90 1.30%
1851 \$0.89 -1.28%
1852 \$0.89 0.00%
1853 \$0.89 0.00%
1854 \$0.97 9.09%
1855 \$1.00 3.57%
1856 \$0.98 -2.30%
1857 \$1.00 2.35%
1858 \$0.94 -5.75%
1859 \$0.95 1.22%
1860 \$0.95 0.00%
1861 \$1.01 6.02%
1862 \$1.16 14.77%
1863 \$1.45 24.75%
1864 \$1.80 24.60%
1865 \$1.87 3.82%
1866 \$1.83 -2.45%
1867 \$1.70 -6.92%
1868 \$1.63 -4.05%
1869 \$1.56 -4.23%
1870 \$1.51 -3.68%
1871 \$1.40 -6.87%
1872 \$1.40 0.00%
1873 \$1.38 -1.64%
1874 \$1.31 -5.00%
1875 \$1.26 -3.51%
1876 \$1.23 -2.73%
1877 \$1.21 -1.87%
1878 \$1.15 -4.76%
1879 \$1.15 0.00%
1880 \$1.17 2.00%
1881 \$1.17 0.00%
1882 \$1.17 0.00%
1883 \$1.16 -0.98%
1884 \$1.13 -2.97%
1885 \$1.11 -1.02%
1886 \$1.08 -3.09%
1887 \$1.09 1.06%
1888 \$1.09 0.00%
1889 \$1.06 -3.16%
1890 \$1.05 -1.09%
1891 \$1.05 0.00%
1892 \$1.05 0.00%
1893 \$1.03 -1.10%
1894 \$0.99 -4.44%
1895 \$0.97 -2.33%
1896 \$0.97 0.00%
1897 \$0.95 -1.19%
1898 \$0.95 0.00%
1899 \$0.95 0.00%
1900 \$0.97 1.20%
1901 \$0.98 1.19%
1902 \$0.99 1.18%
1903 \$1.01 2.33%
1904 \$1.02 1.14%
1905 \$1.01 -1.12%
1906 \$1.03 2.27%
1907 \$1.08 4.44%
1908 \$1.06 -2.13%
1909 \$1.05 -1.09%
1910 \$1.09 4.40%
1911 \$1.09 0.00%
1912 \$1.11 2.11%
1913 \$1.14 2.06%
1914 \$1.15 1.01%
1915 \$1.16 1.00%
1916 \$1.25 7.92%
1917 \$1.47 17.43%
1918 \$1.74 17.97%
1919 \$1.99 14.57%
1920 \$2.30 15.61%
1921 \$2.06 -10.50%
1922 \$1.93 -6.15%
1923 \$1.97 1.79%
1924 \$1.97 0.00%
1925 \$2.01 2.34%
1926 \$2.03 1.14%
1927 \$2.00 -1.69%
1928 \$1.97 -1.72%
1929 \$1.97 0.00%
1930 \$1.92 -2.34%
1931 \$1.75 -8.98%
1932 \$1.57 -9.87%
1933 \$1.49 -5.11%
1934 \$1.54 3.08%
1935 \$1.57 2.24%
1936 \$1.60 1.46%
1937 \$1.66 3.60%
1938 \$1.62 -2.08%
1939 \$1.60 -1.42%
1940 \$1.61 0.72%
1941 \$1.69 5.00%
1942 \$1.87 10.88%
1943 \$1.99 6.13%
1944 \$2.02 1.73%
1945 \$2.07 2.27%
1946 \$2.24 8.33%
1947 \$2.56 14.36%
1948 \$2.77 8.07%
1949 \$2.74 -1.24%
1950 \$2.77 1.26%
1951 \$2.99 7.88%
1952 \$3.05 1.92%
1953 \$3.07 0.75%
1954 \$3.09 0.75%
1955 \$3.08 -0.37%
1956 \$3.13 1.49%
1957 \$3.23 3.31%
1958 \$3.32 2.85%
1959 \$3.34 0.69%
1960 \$3.40 1.72%
1961 \$3.44 1.01%
1962 \$3.47 1.00%
1963 \$3.52 1.32%
1964 \$3.56 1.31%
1965 \$3.62 1.61%
1966 \$3.72 2.86%
1967 \$3.84 3.09%
1968 \$4.00 4.19%
1969 \$4.22 5.46%
1970 \$4.46 5.72%
1971 \$4.66 4.38%
1972 \$4.80 3.21%
1973 \$5.10 6.22%
1974 \$5.67 11.04%
1975 \$6.18 9.13%
1976 \$6.54 5.76%
1977 \$6.97 6.50%
1978 \$7.49 7.59%
1979 \$8.34 11.35%
1980 \$9.47 13.50%
1981 \$10.45 10.32%
1982 \$11.09 6.16%
1983 \$11.45 3.21%
1984 \$11.94 4.32%
1985 \$12.37 3.56%
1986 \$12.60 1.86%
1987 \$13.06 3.65%
1988 \$13.60 4.14%
1989 \$14.25 4.82%
1990 \$15.02 5.40%
1991 \$15.66 4.21%
1992 \$16.13 3.01%
1993 \$16.61 2.99%
1994 \$17.03 2.56%
1995 \$17.52 2.83%
1996 \$18.03 2.95%
1997 \$18.45 2.29%
1998 \$18.74 1.56%
1999 \$19.15 2.21%
2000 \$19.79 3.36%
2001 \$20.36 2.85%
2002 \$20.68 1.58%
2003 \$21.15 2.28%
2004 \$21.71 2.66%
2005 \$22.45 3.39%
2006 \$23.17 3.23%
2007 \$23.83 2.85%
2008 \$24.75 3.84%
2009 \$24.66 -0.36%
2010 \$25.06 1.64%
2011 \$25.86 3.16%
2012 \$26.39 2.07%
2013 \$26.78 1.46%
2014 \$27.21 1.62%
2015 \$27.24 0.12%
2016 \$27.59 1.26%
2017 \$28.17 2.13%
2018 \$28.88 2.49%
2019 \$29.39 1.76%
2020 \$29.88 1.67%*
* Compared to previous annual rate. Not final. See inflation summary for latest 12-month trailing value.
Click to show 236 more rows
This conversion table shows various other 1776 amounts in 2018 dollars, based on the 2,787.70% change in prices:
Conversion Table: Value of a dollar in 2018
Initial value Equivalent value
\$1 dollar in 1776 \$28.88 dollars in 2018
\$5 dollars in 1776 \$144.39 dollars in 2018
\$10 dollars in 1776 \$288.77 dollars in 2018
\$50 dollars in 1776 \$1,443.85 dollars in 2018
\$100 dollars in 1776 \$2,887.70 dollars in 2018
\$500 dollars in 1776 \$14,438.51 dollars in 2018
\$1,000 dollars in 1776 \$28,877.01 dollars in 2018
\$5,000 dollars in 1776 \$144,385.06 dollars in 2018
\$10,000 dollars in 1776 \$288,770.11 dollars in 2018
\$50,000 dollars in 1776 \$1,443,850.57 dollars in 2018
\$100,000 dollars in 1776 \$2,887,701.15 dollars in 2018
\$500,000 dollars in 1776 \$14,438,505.75 dollars in 2018
\$1,000,000 dollars in 1776 \$28,877,011.49 dollars in 2018
## Inflation by Country
Inflation can also vary widely by country. For comparison, in the UK £1.00 in 1776 would be equivalent to £159.65 in 2018, an absolute change of £158.65 and a cumulative change of 15,865.12%.
Compare these numbers to the US's overall absolute change of \$27.88 and total percent change of 2,787.70%.
## Inflation by Spending Category
CPI is the weighted combination of many categories of spending that are tracked by the government. Breaking down these categories helps explain the main drivers behind price changes. This chart shows the average rate of inflation for select CPI categories between 1776 and 2018.
Compare these values to the overall average of 1.40% per year:
Category Avg Inflation (%) Total Inflation (%) \$1 in 1776 → 2018
Food and beverages 3.96 1,201,190.86 12,012.91
Housing 4.26 2,423,436.48 24,235.36
Apparel 2.05 13,520.39 136.20
Transportation 3.30 259,987.01 2,600.87
Medical care 5.17 19,773,040.86 197,731.41
Recreation 1.09 1,274.61 13.75
Education and communication 1.89 9,277.78 93.78
Other goods and services 5.10 16,732,299.52 167,324.00
The graph below compares inflation in categories of goods over time. Click on a category such as "Food" to toggle it on or off:
For all these visualizations, it's important to note that not all categories may have been tracked since 1776. This table and charts use the earliest available data for each category.
## How to Calculate Inflation Rate for \$1, 1776 to 2018
Our calculations use the following inflation rate formula to calculate the change in value between 1776 and 2018:
CPI in 2018 CPI in 1776
×
1776 USD value
=
2018 USD value
Then plug in historical CPI values. The U.S. CPI was 8.7 in the year 1776 and 251.23 in 2018:
251.238.7
×
\$1
=
\$28.88
\$1 in 1776 has the same "purchasing power" or "buying power" as \$28.88 in 2018.
To get the total inflation rate for the 242 years between 1776 and 2018, we use the following formula:
CPI in 2018 - CPI in 1776CPI in 1776
×
100
=
Cumulative inflation rate (242 years)
Plugging in the values to this equation, we get:
251.23 - 8.78.7
×
100
=
2,788%
Politics and news often influence economic performance. Here's what was happening at the time:
• Austria outlaws interrogation and torture.
• Thomas Paine issues Common Sense, a pamphlet advocating American independence.
• 56 people formally sign the U.S. Declaration of Independence
• The United States Congress officially releases the Declaration of Independence.
• United States of America gets its official name
• British troops capture Fort Washington.
## Data Source & Citation
Raw data for these calculations comes from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' (CPI), established in 1913. Inflation data from 1665 to 1912 is sourced from a historical study conducted by political science professor Robert Sahr at Oregon State University.
You may use the following MLA citation for this page: “\$1 in 1776 → 2018 | Inflation Calculator.” Official Inflation Data, Alioth Finance, 25 Sep. 2020, https://www.officialdata.org/1776-dollars-in-2018?amount=1.
Special thanks to QuickChart for their chart image API, which is used for chart downloads. | 4,428 | 10,594 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.65625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | latest | en | 0.895091 |
6up025.com | 1,623,828,764,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487622234.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616063154-20210616093154-00356.warc.gz | 1,484,887 | 9,523 | Categories
# Place bets don’t pay
The Place odds for the 6 and 8 are 7:6, which means the bet should be in multiples of \$6. For example, a winning \$12 Place bet on the 6 gets you \$14. A winning \$30 Place bet on the 8 gets you \$35. Do the math. For your \$30 Place bet on the 8 (which has Place odds of 7:6), \$30 divided by 6 = \$5, and \$5 x 7 = \$35.
Know the difference between Place odds and true odds. Learn the difference so you don’t have to think about it. You don’t want to look like a newbie fumbling around with how much to put down for each Place number. (James Bond never asked the dealer, “Um, excuse me, how much is the six?”) However, if you have trouble remembering the Place odds the first time you play, don’t be afraid to ask the dealer how much to drop. It’ll be as easy as pie after 15 minutes at the table.
If you’re like me, you’ll search out and play a table with a \$3 minimum bet instead of the typical \$5 or \$10 minimum. Suppose you find a \$3 table (a few are still left in the middle of the Vegas Strip). Since the minimum bet is only \$3, you can make \$3 Place bets, but you don’t get the full Place odds. The payoff odds for a \$3 bet on the 6 or 8 are 1:1, or even money. For the 5 or 9, it’s 4:3 (i.e., your \$3 bet wins \$4). For the 4 or 10, it’s 5:3 (i.e., your \$3 bet wins \$5). UFABET | 387 | 1,336 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.921875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | latest | en | 0.921262 |
https://istopdeath.com/solve-for-x-cos2xsinx1/ | 1,674,862,954,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499468.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127231443-20230128021443-00161.warc.gz | 346,128,163 | 15,785 | Solve for x cos(2x)+sin(x)=1
Factor out of .
Factor out of .
Raise to the power of .
Factor out of .
Factor out of .
If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to , the entire expression will be equal to .
Set the first factor equal to and solve.
Set the first factor equal to .
Take the inverse sine of both sides of the equation to extract from inside the sine.
The exact value of is .
The sine function is positive in the first and second quadrants. To find the second solution, subtract the reference angle from to find the solution in the second quadrant.
Subtract from .
Find the period.
The period of the function can be calculated using .
Replace with in the formula for period.
Solve the equation.
The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between and is .
Divide by .
The period of the function is so values will repeat every radians in both directions.
, for any integer
, for any integer
Set the next factor equal to and solve.
Set the next factor equal to .
Subtract from both sides of the equation.
Divide each term by and simplify.
Divide each term in by .
Cancel the common factor of .
Cancel the common factor.
Divide by .
Dividing two negative values results in a positive value.
Take the inverse sine of both sides of the equation to extract from inside the sine.
The exact value of is .
The sine function is positive in the first and second quadrants. To find the second solution, subtract the reference angle from to find the solution in the second quadrant.
Simplify .
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Write each expression with a common denominator of , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of .
Combine.
Multiply by .
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Simplify the numerator.
Move to the left of .
Subtract from .
Find the period.
The period of the function can be calculated using .
Replace with in the formula for period.
Solve the equation.
The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between and is .
Divide by .
The period of the function is so values will repeat every radians in both directions.
, for any integer
, for any integer
The final solution is all the values that make true.
, for any integer
Consolidate and to .
, for any integer
Solve for x cos(2x)+sin(x)=1 | 511 | 2,347 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.0625 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | latest | en | 0.896835 |
http://www.lassosoft.com/Date-Comparisons-Calculations-Math-Symbols-Durations | 1,643,465,797,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320306181.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220129122405-20220129152405-00361.warc.gz | 102,493,443 | 10,919 | • Articles
Date Comparisons and Calculations Using Math Symbols and Durations
Taken from the tip of the week for October 5, 2007 this article explains how the [Date] and [Duration] data types in Lasso can be used to perform date comparisons and date calculations using the familiar built-in symbols for math and string operations.
Introduction
Lasso includes a built-in [Date] data type which represents a particular date/time and a [Duration] data type which represents the difference between two date/times. Together, the [Date] and [Duration] types provide support for performing date comparisons and date calculations using the built-in symbols including less than <, greater than >, equals ==, as well as addition +, and subtraction -.
This tip shows how the [Date] and [Duration] data types can be used as objects in order to make performing date calculations as natural as performing math or string operations.
Creating a Date
The current date/time can be returned using the [Date] tag without any parameters. The result of the [Date] tag is actually a date object which can be stored in a variable.
When the value of this tag is output it returns the current date/time using the current formatting. By default, the U.S. date/time format shown here is output. The same output can be generated by simply placing [Date] on a Lasso page.
`` [Var: 'myDate' = (Date)]``
`` [\$myDate] -> 10/05/2007 09:00:00``
The [Date] tag can also be used to convert a string value into a date. The [Date] tag automatically recognizes several formats including the U.S. date/time format shown above, MySQL date/time format "2007-10-05 08:57:25", and several formats which are encountered in Internet headers. The time is optional in most formats. No -Format parameters is necessary when using these date formats.
`````` [Date: '10/05/2007 09:00:00']
[Date: '2007-10-05 09:00:00']
[Date: '20071005090000']
[Date: 'Fri Oct 5 09:00:00 2007']``````
Other formats require a -Format parameter which tells Lasso what format the date has been specified in. A common European format is -Format='%d/%m/%Y %T' and ISO format is -Format='%QT%T'. These could be used as follows.
`````` [Date: '2007-10-05 09:00:00', -Format='%QT%T]
[Date: '5/10/2007 09:00:00', -Format='%d/%m/%Y %T]``````
A list of date format tokens can be found in the online Lasso Reference:
Date Comparisons
Now that we have a date object we can compare it to other date values to determine if a date is in the future, in the past, or between two dates. The symbols which are used for numeric comparisons are used to compare dates.
The following code determines if the current date is between the first and last day of 2007. Lasso automatically converts the right-hand side of each comparison to the same type as the left-hand side. As long as the right-hand sides are a valid default date format they can simply be specified as string. Note that the [Date] object should always be on the left-hand side.
`````` [If: (Date >= '2007-01-01') && (Date <= '2007-12-31')]
It is 2007!
[/If]``````
Two dates can be compared similarly. The following code checks that the date \$myDate is between the start and end of Spring in the northern hemisphere, 2007.
`````` [Var: 'springStart' = (Date: '2007-03-21')]
[Var: 'springEnd' = (Date: '2007-06-21')]
[Var: 'myDate' = (Date: '2007-4-12')]
[If: (\$myDate >= \$springStart) && (\$myDate <= \$springEnd)]
The date is in Spring 2007!
[/If]``````
The member tags of the [Date] data type make many other types of comparisons possible. For example, the year comparison above can be more easily checked using the [Date->Year] tag to check just the year from the target date.
`````` [If: (Date->Year == 2007)]
It is 2007!
[/If]``````
The same comparison can be made using a date object stored in a variable.
`````` [Var: 'mydate' = (Date: '10/05/2007 09:00:00')]
[If: (\$myDate >= '2007-01-01') && (\$myDate <= '2007-12-31')]
The date is in 2007!
[/If]``````
Date Calculations
The [Data] and [Duration] data types support direct manipulation using the math symbols + and -. The [Duration] data type is necessary since it really doesn't make sense to add two dates together. A duration can be added or subtracted to a date and a duration is the result of subtracting one date from another. Durations can also be added and subtracted.
The date seven days in the future can be found by adding a [Duration] of seven days to the current date.
`` [Date + (Duration: -Day=7)] -> 10/12/2007 09:00:00``
Durations can be specified in one of two formats. They can be initialized using parameters -Week, -Day, -Hour, -Minute, and -Second. Or, they can be initialized using a time format like [Duration: '1:0:0'] for one hour. The number of hours specified can be greater than 24.
The time 12 hours ago can be calculated using any of these expressions. The last expressions uses Lasso's automatic casting to convert the string into a duration
Note that it is also possible to use the tags [Date->Add] and [Date->Subtract] to perform date calculations.
The duration between two dates can be found by subtracting one date from another. The following expression determines how much time has elapsed since the start of the year. The resulting duration is cast to a string showing that we are 6,656 hours into 2007.
`` [Date - '2007-1-1'] -> 6656:00:00``
`````` [Date - (Duration: -Hour=12)] -> 10/4/2007 21:00:00
[Date - (Duration: '12:00:00')] -> 10/4/2007 21:00:00
[Date - '12:00:00'] 10/4/2007 -> 21:00:00``````
Since the result of this expression is actually a duration it is possible to use the member tags of the duration to display the results in different ways. In particular, we might want to know how many days that represents. We could divide 6,656 by 24 or we can use the [Duration->Day] tag as follows. Note that the actual number of days represented as a decimal is 277.333. Lasso rounds the result to generate an integer.
`` [(Date - '2007-1-1')->Day] 277``
Date Comparisons and Calculations
If we combine the techniques above then we can do some interesting date comparisons. For example, we can check if \$myDate is within the next week by adding a duration of 7 days to the current date.
`````` [Var: 'myDate' = (Date: '2007-10-10')]
[If: (\$myDate >= Date) && (\$myDate < Date + (Duration: -Day=7))]
The date is in the next week!
[/If]``````
Or, we can find out if Project A took longer than Project B by comparing the differences between the start and end dates for each project.
`````` [Var: 'projectAStart' = (Date: '2006-08-14')]
[Var: 'projectAEnd' = (Date: '2006-09-15')]
[Var: 'projectBStart' = (Date: '2007-03-09')]
[Var: 'projectBEnd' = (Date: '2007-04-06')]``````
`````` [If: (\$projectAEnd - \$projectAStart) < (\$projectBEnd - \$projectBStart)]
Project A took less time than Project B.
[Else]
Project B took less time than Project A.
[/If]``````
More information about all of the tags used in this tip of the week can be found in the Lasso 8.5 Language Guide or in the online Lasso Reference
Author: Fletcher Sandbeck
Created: 5 Oct 2007 | 1,956 | 7,091 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.59375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | latest | en | 0.840666 |
https://amaanswers.com/what-is-the-exact-value-of-3-2 | 1,643,369,085,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305494.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128104113-20220128134113-00478.warc.gz | 150,536,867 | 4,761 | # What is the exact value of 3 2?
π 381 π 24 β
β
β
β
β4.2
Any number taken to the zeroth power = 1 therefore, 3^-2 = 1/3^2 = 1/9 = 0.111111111 recurring. You can check this result with your scientific calculator that allows computation of any base taken to a +ve or -ve exponent.
Ergo, what is the absolute value 3?
When we take the absolute value of a number, we always end up with a positive number (or zero). Whether the input was positive or negative (or zero), the output is always positive (or zero). For instance, | 3 | = 3, and | β3 | = 3 also.
Futhermore, what is the absolute value of two? If it's a negative number that you're trying to find the absolute value of, and there are no other terms attached to it, then the answer is the positive of that number. The same goes for positive numbers, except they stay positive. For example, the absolute value of -2 is 2, and the absolute value of 2 is also 2.
In the overall, what's the absolute value of 5?
The absolute value of 5 is 5, it is the distance from 0, 5 units.6 days ago
What does 2/3rds mean?
pronoun. 1. two out of three equal parts of something. two-thirds of householders.
### What is the opposite of 2?
Answer and Explanation: The opposite reciprocal of 2 would be -1/2. To find the opposite reciprocal, first find the reciprocal. The whole number 2 can be made into the...
### What is the value of negative 5?
The absolute value of -5: |β5| is the absolute value of a negative number. To find the answer to this, you simply remove the negative sign, so the answer is 5 .
### What is the absolute value of 23?
The point is on 25 on the number line . The distance from 25 to 0 is 5 units . That means the absolute value of 25 is 5 . |23| means βthe absolute value of 23 .β
### What is the value of 4?
Hence, the value of the digit 4 will be i.e. 40 or forty. Example 1: Work out the place value, face value and value of 6 in the number 56,523.22.
66.67%
ο»Ώ | 570 | 1,967 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | latest | en | 0.892814 |
https://rcsupermarket.com/auto-service/how-many-amps-is-a-car-electrical-system.html | 1,652,776,928,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517018.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517063528-20220517093528-00174.warc.gz | 562,875,641 | 18,629 | # How many amps is a car electrical system?
Contents
Modern cars have a 12 volt battery. Its capacity is measured in amp/hours. A 56 amp/hour battery should be able to deliver a current of 1 amp for 56 hours, or 2 amps for 28 hours. If the battery voltage drops, less current flows, and eventually there is not enough to make the components work.
## How many amps does a cars electrical system use?
Today’s car takes about 2.5 amps for the injection pump, and just under 2 amps for the instrument panel. A gasoline car would probably have similar draws. If the cooling fan was needed, and electric cooling fan can draw from 10 to 25 amps, usually at the low end of that range.
## How many amps are in a 12 volt car battery?
How many amps does a 12-volt car battery have? A typical car battery with 12 volts rating has a capacity of 48 Ah. It means that when fully charged, the battery can deliver one amp for 48 hours, two amps for 24 hours and so on.
## How many amps does it take to reset a car?
How many amps do I need to jump start my car? 400 to 600 amps will be more than enough to jump-start any normal, consumer vehicle. Commercial vehicles may require up to 1500 or 2000 amps. Compact and small vehicles can be boosted with as little as 150 amps.
## How do I convert volts to amps?
The formula to convert volts to amps at a fixed wattage is: amps = watts / volts.
## How many volts is 2.5 amps?
Equivalent Volts and Amps Measurements
Voltage Current Power
12 Volts 2.5 Amps 30 Watts
12 Volts 2.917 Amps 35 Watts
12 Volts 3.333 Amps 40 Watts
12 Volts 3.75 Amps 45 Watts
## Should I charge my battery at 2 or 10 amps?
It is best to slow charge the battery. Slow charging rates vary depending on the battery’s type and capacity. However, when charging an automotive battery, 10 amps or less is considered a slow charge, while 20 amps or above is generally considered a fast charge.
## Is 1000 amps enough to start a car?
400 amps is probably enough to start most small to midsize CARS and the smallest of SUVs and trucks. To start “bigger” vehicles you will probably need the 1000 amp unit. The battery for your car is picked out by the engineers so it’s cold cranking amps (CCA) number is bigger than the needed amps to start the engine.
## Is higher cranking amps better?
In general, for both CCA and RC, the higher the number the better. However, if you live in a cold climate, the CCA rating should be an important consideration in choosing a battery. Conversely, if you live in a high heat climate, you don’t need as much CCA.
## What voltage does a car need to start?
The normal voltage needed to start the car begins from 12.6 volts. At the time of exploitation, this parameter is between 13.7 to 14.7 volts.
IT IS INTERESTING: How many miles can you get from an electric car? | 698 | 2,812 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.5 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | latest | en | 0.937311 |
http://gmatclub.com/forum/unless-tiger-hunting-decreases-tigers-will-soon-be-extinct-130388.html#p1071445 | 1,481,327,633,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542851.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00416-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 112,390,993 | 57,607 | Unless tiger hunting decreases,tigers will soon be extinct : GMAT Critical Reasoning (CR)
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# Unless tiger hunting decreases,tigers will soon be extinct
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Manager
Joined: 21 Feb 2012
Posts: 115
Location: India
Concentration: Finance, General Management
GMAT 1: 600 Q49 V23
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WE: Information Technology (Computer Software)
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Unless tiger hunting decreases,tigers will soon be extinct [#permalink]
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08 Apr 2012, 02:44
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76% (02:06) correct 24% (01:32) wrong based on 45 sessions
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Unless tiger hunting decreases,tigers will soon be extinct in the wild. The countries in which the tiger's habitats are located are currently debating joint legislation that would ban tiger hunting. thus if these countries can successfully enforce the legislation, the survival of tigers in the wild can be ensured.
The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument
1) assumes without sufficient warrant that a ban on tiger hunting could be successfully enforced.
2)considers the effect of hunting on tigers without also considering the effects of hunting on other edangered animal species.
3)fails to take into account how often tiger hunters are successful in their attempts to kill tigers
4)neglects to consider the results of governmental attempts in the past to limit tiger hunting
5)takes the removal of an impediment to the tiger's survival as a guarantee of their survival.
[Reveal] Spoiler: OA
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### Show Tags
08 Apr 2012, 14:22
1
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piyushksharma wrote:
Unless tiger hunting decreases,tigers will soon be extinct in the wild. The countries in which the tiger's habitats are located are currently debating joint legislation that would ban tiger hunting. thus if these countries can successfully enforce the legislation, the survival of tigers in the wild can be ensured.
The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument
1) assumes without sufficient warrant that a ban on tiger hunting could be successfully enforced.
2)considers the effect of hunting on tigers without also considering the effects of hunting on other edangered animal species.
3)fails to take into account how often tiger hunters are successful in their attempts to kill tigers
4)neglects to consider the results of governmental attempts in the past to limit tiger hunting
5)takes the removal of an impediment to the tiger's survival as a guarantee of their survival.
(A) Incorrect: Paragraph never assumes that the ban will be successfully enforced. It says "IF these countries can successfully enforce the legislation . . ."
(B) Incorrect: The paragraph is not intended to address the problem of other endangered animals. Its argument is that a successful ban on tiger hunting will allow for the survival of tigers. Other endangered animals has nothing to do with this.
(C) Incorrect: Not that strong of an argument against the author's reasoning. Even if tiger hunters aren't that successful, a successful ban on tiger hunting should help the survival of tigers.
(D) Incorrect: Past bans are outside the scope of the argument. We can't assume past bans have any impact on how successful a future ban will be
(E) Correct: The red-flag in the author's original reasoning is that if tiger hunting is banned, then tiger survival is ensured. This assumes that there is nothing else out there that is hurting tiger survival. There's no guarantee that some other factor isn't leading to the endangering of tigers
Manager
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Kudos [?]: 11 [1] , given: 107
### Show Tags
11 Apr 2012, 06:55
1
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A: The argument does not assume this : " If these countries can .."
B: Not related.
C :Banning helps the survival of the tiger and this answer is not optimal compared to E.
D: Not related.
E: Correct.
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### Show Tags
13 Apr 2012, 00:47
Unless tiger hunting decreases,tigers will soon be extinct in the wild. The countries in which the tiger's habitats are located are currently debating joint legislation that would ban tiger hunting.
thus if these countries can successfully enforce the legislation, the survival of tigers in the wild can be ensured.
The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument
1) assumes without sufficient warrant that a ban on tiger hunting could be successfully enforced.--> irrelevant
2)considers the effect of hunting on tigers without also considering the effects of hunting on other edangered animal species.
--> other species OUT OF SCOPE
3)fails to take into account how often tiger hunters are successful in their attempts to kill tigers
-->IRRELEVANT
4)neglects to consider the results of governmental attempts in the past to limit tiger hunting
--> IRRELEVANT
5)takes the removal of an impediment to the tiger's survival as a guarantee of their survival.
--> CORRECT
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Practice Practice and practice...!!
If there's a loophole in my analysis--> suggest measures to make it airtight.
Re: CR GMATPREP [#permalink] 13 Apr 2012, 00:47
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https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/log-2-x-log-4-x-2-find-x-203677?en_action=hh-question_click&en_label=hh_carousel&en_category=internal_campaign | 1,610,948,147,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514121.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118030549-20210118060549-00360.warc.gz | 757,664,210 | 19,474 | # log 2 x - log 4 x = 2 find x
log 2 x - log 4 x = 2
Let us rewirte:
We know that:
log a b = log c b/ log c a
==> log 4 x = log 2 x/ log 2 4
= log 2 x / 2
= (1/2)*log 2 x
==> log 2 x - (1/2) log 2 (x) = 2
==> (1/2) log 2 (x) = 2
No multiply by 2:
==> log 2 (x) = 4
==> x= 2^4
==> x= 16
Approved by eNotes Editorial Team | 165 | 336 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | latest | en | 0.746623 |
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https://aionlinecourse.com/ai-basics/dimensionality-reduction | 1,721,732,178,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-30/segments/1720763518029.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20240723102757-20240723132757-00434.warc.gz | 72,835,133 | 8,080 | What is Dimensionality reduction
Introduction
Dimensionality reduction is a technique that's frequently used in data analysis to reduce the number of variables and make it easier to visualize and analyze data. It's an essential tool for machine learning and data mining, as it helps to simplify complex data structures and provides insights into the relationships between variables. In this article, we'll explore what dimensional reduction is, how it works, and some of the methods used in the field.
What is Dimensionality Reduction?
In data analysis, dimensionality refers to the number of variables or features that impact a data set. For example, a data set might include variables like age, income, gender, education level, and job title. Each variable represents a dimension, and the more dimensions there are, the more complex the data becomes. Dimensionality reduction aims to reduce the number of variables while retaining as much of the original information as possible.
Dimensionality reduction has several applications, such as:
• Simplifying complex data structures
• Visualizing high-dimensional data
• Reducing the computational complexity of machine learning models
• Finding relationships between variables
• Creating more efficient and accurate predictive models
There are several types of dimensionality reduction techniques, including:
Feature Selection
Feature selection is a technique where the most important features or variables in a data set are selected and the less significant ones are eliminated. This technique reduces the dimensionality of the data by removing unnecessary variables, which in turn:
• Reduces the complexity of the data
• Improves the efficiency of predictive models
• Improves the accuracy of predictive models
Some of the commonly used techniques to perform feature selection are:
• Filter Method
• Wrapper Method
• Embedded Method
Filter Method
The filter method involves evaluating the individual features in a data set and selecting the most important ones. This is done by assigning a score to each feature based on its relevance to the output variable.
Some of the popular techniques used in the filter method are:
• Correlation Coefficient
• Chi-Square Test
• ANOVA Test
Feature Extraction
Feature extraction is a technique where high-dimensional data is transformed into a low-dimensional space. It involves creating new features that capture the essential information in the original data while reducing its dimensionality. Feature extraction has several advantages:
• Reduces noise and redundancy in the data
• Improves the efficiency of predictive models
• Improves the accuracy of predictive models
Some of the commonly used techniques for feature extraction are:
Methods of Dimensionality Reduction
Now, let's take a closer look at some of the most popular methods of dimensionality reduction.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
PCA is a popular method of dimensionality reduction that aims to transform a high-dimensional data set into a lower-dimensional one, while retaining as much of the variance in the original data as possible. The idea behind PCA is to identify the linear combinations of the original variables that explain the most variance in the data.
PCA involves a mathematical process that transforms the data into a set of orthogonal components called principal components. These components are sorted based on the amount of variance they account for, with the first component explaining the most variance.
PCA is frequently used in image recognition, data compression, and text mining, among other things. It's also used in data visualization, where it's used to represent high-dimensional data in a two- or three-dimensional space.
Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)
LDA is a type of supervised learning algorithm that's used to reduce the dimensionality of data sets while preserving the separation between classes. It works by maximizing the ratio of the between-class variance to the within-class variance.
In LDA, the data is projected onto a lower-dimensional space, and the information is maintained by selecting the dimensions that account for the most variance between classes. The result is a lower-dimensional representation of the data that retains the most important information.
LDA is frequently used in image processing, where it's used to classify images based on their characteristics. It's also used in face recognition and other biometric applications.
t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE)
t-SNE is a popular dimensionality reduction technique that's used to visualize high-dimensional data in a low-dimensional space. It works by first calculating the probability distribution of the data in the high-dimensional space and then mapping that distribution to a low-dimensional space.
t-SNE is particularly useful for visualizing data sets that have a complex structure and are difficult to analyze using other techniques. It's frequently used in machine learning, data mining, and bioinformatics.
Independent Component Analysis (ICA)
ICA is a method of separating a multivariate signal into independent, non-Gaussian components. It's frequently used in signal processing, image analysis, and blind source separation.
ICA aims to identify statistically independent sources from a mixture of signals. It works by minimizing the mutual information between the sources and maximizing the non-Gaussianity of the components. The result is a set of independent components that are easier to analyze and interpret than the original data.
Conclusion
Dimensionality reduction is a powerful tool that's frequently used in data analysis to simplify complex data structures, visualize high-dimensional data, and improve the efficiency and accuracy of predictive models. In this article, we've explored the two main techniques used in dimensional reduction, feature selection and feature extraction. We've also looked at some of the popular methods of dimensional reduction, including PCA, LDA, t-SNE, and ICA. As the amount of available data continues to grow, it's important that we continue to develop and refine these techniques to make sense of the data and gain valuable insights. | 1,132 | 6,223 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.515625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-30 | latest | en | 0.915183 |
https://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/threads/a-simple-motor-control-circuit-fwd-rvs-off.63013/ | 1,702,001,860,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00553.warc.gz | 303,716,798 | 27,792 | # A Simple Motor Control Circuit FWD RVS OFF
#### Flux007
Joined Dec 5, 2011
2
Hello, Im new to this forum so thought my first post would be a good one. I am an apprentice electronics engineer and would like to find a way to make an apparantly simple circuit.
All I want is: One flick of a switch a motor would spin one way until it hits a limit switch, this would then automatically reverse direction of the motor until it hits another limit switch which turns the motor off. This would be one cycle of the circuit, so whenever that one switch is flicked at the end of the cycle the same switch can be pressed to turn the circuit on.
I thought this would be a simple circuit to make and have produced some which arnt quite right. Using H bridges, and an IC i cant remember. However the main problem is the limit switchs (which ones) and the wiring of them. I have asked many people I would with but no joy so far. Schematics are very much desired.
I apologise for not using many specifics in my brief; I intend on using roughly a 9v powersupply, small 6v DC motor that kinda thing.
Any assistance would be greatly apprecieated as even though the project the circuit was intended for is not going ahead I still want to figure out how to do this. I keep saying to my self it should be straight forward but noone knows!
I shall look forward to you words of wisdom.
#### SgtWookie
Joined Jul 17, 2007
22,230
This should do it for you:
#### Attachments
• 28.7 KB Views: 142
#### strantor
Joined Oct 3, 2010
6,743
I know sgtwookie just posted an elegant solution but I spent too much time on this not to post. here's what I came up with:
LS1 is normally closed, held open because at the last part of the previous cycle, the limit switch is actuated and the motor stops.
PB1 is held down long enough for the motor to start moving and release the limit switch.
The motor will travel until it reaches LS2, at which point CR2 latches and actuates CR3, which reverses the direction of the motor, until it comes back to LS1 which removes power to the whole circuit (until PB1 is pressed again) and resets the latch so the motor will go the opposite direction again when you push the button
I forgot to draw flyback diodes, but you should use them.
#### Attachments
• 25.7 KB Views: 102
#### T.Jackson
Joined Nov 22, 2011
328
I know sgtwookie just posted an elegant solution but I spent too much time on this not to post. here's what I came up with:
He's now using a USD 3K software package: Protel SE to draw schematics at lightening speeds.
Nice job. I like both solutions
#### SgtWookie
Joined Jul 17, 2007
22,230
He's now using a USD 3K software package: Protel SE to draw schematics at lightening speeds.
Nice job. I like both solutions
Actually, I had drawn that schematic in Circuitmaker Student a couple of years ago for a Navy Veteran who had a model of a German WWII Tiger II tank that he wanted to animate the tank commander using a remote control:
See the commander in action: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKoNrm9qNCE#t=5
It fit the bill for our OP's task, so I dusted it off and threw it up here; just changed some labels and the notes a bit to make it more generic.
Last edited:
#### T.Jackson
Joined Nov 22, 2011
328
Something solid state to consider: (should work)
#### Attachments
• 82.5 KB Views: 95
Last edited:
#### thatoneguy
Joined Feb 19, 2009
6,359
Q3 and Q4 are going to have issues being on, they see the same signal no matter which direction the motor is supposed to turn.
--ETA: The whole H-Bridge is that way, with bases tied together.
--ETA Again - One of your posts just vanished.
#### SgtWookie
Joined Jul 17, 2007
22,230
The way you have connected your H-bridge will result in four flaming transistors about 2 seconds after you apply power, as you will short out the supply. Here is a simulation of what happens; just the operating point values are displayed:
As you can see, there is 835mA flowing through R1, a 10 Ohm resistor. The left, center and right portions of the circuit will respond very similarly. I had to insert R1, as otherwise the simulation would not run; singular matrix due to the way you wired the transistors.
If you want to wire the bases directly together, you have to use an emitter follower configuration. Unfortunately, you'll lose ~0.7v across the be junctions both top and bottom.
You will lose another 0.7v across the diodes.
The switches need to be de-bounced, or the 4017 will have multiple clocks issued.
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#### T.Jackson
Joined Nov 22, 2011
328
Q3 and Q4 are going to have issues being on, they see the same signal no matter which direction the motor is supposed to turn.
There's two inverters now.
Is it right?
#### thatoneguy
Joined Feb 19, 2009
6,359
There's two inverters now.
Is it right?
No, the bases are tied together, so both will turn on on both sides, making a nice short circuit.
Wookie spotted this --> Add a debounce from the switch to the input of the counter, or it can jump multiple times. Usually 10mS is long enough for debounce if you do it with an RC circuit.
--ETA: 4017's Q2-Q9 should be tied back to reset, in case a giltch gets the counter into one of those states/positions.
#### T.Jackson
Joined Nov 22, 2011
328
Better?
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#### thatoneguy
Joined Feb 19, 2009
6,359
You still have the bases tied together. You need to separate the control lines.
You do fine until after the inverters, where you tie the two lines back together again. They need to be separate, 4 wires in 2 pairs. Yours goes from 4 wires to two points.
#### T.Jackson
Joined Nov 22, 2011
328
I think I know what you mean.
#### SgtWookie
Joined Jul 17, 2007
22,230
--ETA: 4017's Q2-Q9 should be tied back to reset, in case a giltch gets the counter into one of those states/positions.
You cannot tie multiple 4017 outputs together, as only one of them can be high; the remainder low. They are not open-drain; they are actively pulled high or low. So, you could just use Q2.
Connecting Q2 to RESET would conflict with S1; when S1 is pressed, Q2 would be pulled to Vcc, damaging the output.
I have a feeling that we're trying to put lipstick on a pig here.
#### thatoneguy
Joined Feb 19, 2009
6,359
I have a feeling that we're trying to put lipstick on a pig here.
True, why not a flip flop to run it all, an SCR to trigger the start, and power removal for the end, with the flip flop for the reverse? Still needs an H-Bridge, but simpler than a counter.
#### T.Jackson
Joined Nov 22, 2011
328
True, why not a flip flop to run it all, an SCR to trigger the start, and power removal for the end, with the flip flop for the reverse? Still needs an H-Bridge, but simpler than a counter.
I am not finding this one easy at all.
I welcome your input in the form of a schematic.
#### thatoneguy
Joined Feb 19, 2009
6,359
See attached. Couldn't find the right MOSFET driver, but any with the 2in/2 out connection and high side driver internal will work.
Start by turning on SCR
Reverses when switch T is hit
Ends and powers off when Switch LimitEnd is hit
Though it does fail on "same switch to stop and start" now that I re-read original post. This was more to show the H-Bridge and T-FF and SCR running it.. It could be rearranged a bit to meet OP's request using DPDT momentary switch.
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#### SgtWookie
Joined Jul 17, 2007
22,230
If the motor is a universal brush-type motor with a commutator, or if the current through the motor is ever stopped for some other reason (like when the motor is being reversed), the current through the SCR will fall to zero and it will turn off.
So now you have a much more complex circuit that won't work.
#### thatoneguy
Joined Feb 19, 2009
6,359
Woops, I had a "Running" LED to the right of the motor to keep it on, but then took it off to post.
I thought it was extreneous (checking various SCRs), but I didn't run the sim afterward. So, Assume there is a green LED from V+ to GND on the right side, and it works.
Only "More Complicated" in the sense of using MOSFET Drivers on every MOSFET.
All better, now with COLOR CODED Power and H-Bridge control lines.
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https://engineering.careers360.com/exams/jee-main/electric-field-of-charged-disk-practice-question-mcq | 1,721,637,209,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-30/segments/1720763517833.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20240722064532-20240722094532-00793.warc.gz | 202,456,708 | 72,343 | Rules of Changing Branch in IIIT - How to Change BTech Branch in IIITs
# Electric Field Of Charged Disk - Practice Questions & MCQ
Edited By admin | Updated on Sep 18, 2023 18:34 AM | #JEE Main
## Quick Facts
• Electric field due to uniformly charged disc is considered one the most difficult concept.
• 7 Questions around this concept.
## Solve by difficulty
A thin disc of radius b=2a has a concentric hole of radius 'a' in it (see figure). It carries uniform surface charge on it. If the electric field on its axis at height' h ' (h<<a) from its centre is given as 'Ch' then value of 'C' is :
## Concepts Covered - 1
Electric field due to uniformly charged disc
Electric field due to uniformly charged disk
Let us take a disk of radius R with a uniform positive surface charge density (charge per unit area) $\sigma$. Our aim is to find an electric field at a point on the axis of the disk at a distance x from its centre.
From the figure, we can see that the we have taken a typical ring has charge dQ, inner radius r and outer radius r+d r . Its area d A
is approximately equal to its width d r times its circumference ($2 \pi r$) so, $dA=2 \pi r .d r$. The charge per unit area is $\sigma=d Q / d A,$ from this - the charge of ring is $d Q=\sigma(2 \pi r d r)$ . The field component $d E_{x}$ at point P due to charge dQ of a ring of radius r is -
$d E_{x}=\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} \frac{(2 \pi \sigma r d r) x}{\left(x^{2}+r^{2}\right)^{3 / 2}}$
If we integrate from 0 to R, we will get the total field -
$E_{x}=\int d E_{x}=\int_{0}^{R} d E_{x}=\int_{0}^{R} \frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} \frac{(2 \pi \sigma r d r) x}{\left(x^{2}+r^{2}\right)^{3 / 2}}$
Here, 'x' is constant and 'r' is the variable. After integration we get -
$E_{x}=\frac{\sigma x}{2 \varepsilon_{0}}\left[-\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^{2}+R^{2}}}+\frac{1}{x}\right]=\frac{\sigma}{2 \varepsilon_{0}}\left[1-\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2}+R^{2}}}\right]$
As this disc is symmetric to x-axis, so the field in the rest of the component is zero i.e., $E_y=E_z=0$
Special case -
1) When $R>>x$then $E_{x}=\frac{\sigma}{2 \varepsilon_{0}}$ Note that this equation is independent of 'x'
2) When $x\rightarrow 0$ (i.e very near to disc), then $E_{x}=\frac{\sigma}{2 \varepsilon_{0}}$
## Study it with Videos
Electric field due to uniformly charged disc
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So I tried tosolve using conservation of energy, but for some reason I'm notgetting the right answer. | 102 | 405 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.703125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | latest | en | 0.907767 |
https://www.reddit.com/user/s_hampel?sort=new | 1,472,443,663,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982950827.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200910-00030-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 939,460,402 | 19,797 | [–] 0 points1 point (0 children)
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Coincidence?
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Nobody will ever bereeve you! | 999 | 3,722 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.796875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | latest | en | 0.980421 |
https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/311906/azimuth-calculation-from-one-to-many-points-in-postgis/312137 | 1,571,809,623,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987829458.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023043257-20191023070757-00107.warc.gz | 491,969,438 | 34,976 | # Azimuth calculation from One to Many Points in PostGIS
I have vector data of 3D City Model in PostgreSQL database. So from my data geometry column, which is a surface geometry. (These are geometries of all the surfaces of buildings). I had extracted the points through `ST_DumpPoints` query as follows:
``````SELECT (ST_x(geom)) AS X, ST_y(geom) AS Y FROM (
SELECT (St_DumpPoints(geometry)).geom from surface_geometry WHERE cityobject_id=95
) AS foo
``````
Now I would like to calculate the azimuth from the origin (the below-created point) to all the points extracted with the above query from all the surface polygons. Considering this point created below as position, viewpoint or GPS position of an observer, I am building it with MakePoint as below. (So as observer position, I would be changing this point everytime or is there any way to automatise this?)
``````SELECT (ST_x(StandPoint)) AS X, ST_y(StandPoint) AS Y FROM (
SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(391139.27, 5821816.69), 25833) AS StandPoint) AS
foo
``````
I have seen in PostGIS that there is a way to calculate azimuth between two points. The function ST_Azimuth calculate between two points as in PostGIS manual. But how to calculate azimuth from one to many? Any tips on how to proceed?
Later I want to store that calculate the azimuth in a variable in python using PsyCopg 2 (This part is not difficult) for my further calculations.
• @ Cyril, That doesn't help me. I know how to calculate the azimuth if only two points. – FRQ Feb 12 at 17:12
• It is not about a central point. I Want to calculate azimuth from one point coordinate to each coordinate of the surfaces. Plus I have seen I guess almost all the questions related to ST_Azimuth here. – FRQ Feb 12 at 17:21
• but you can create one column in your table, where are the coordinates of one point (in accordance with the number of observed points), and another column where are the other points of type point?... – Cyril Feb 12 at 17:23
• I think what you want to do is use ST_DumpPoints in a sub-query or CTE and then join this against the point you want to calculate the azimuths for. Your question is a little bit hard to understand, though. – John Powell Feb 13 at 8:19
If I understand the question correctly, the solution is the following
1) Run the script:
``````create table azimuth_1_m as
select a.gid as gid, b.gid as id,
degrees(st_azimuth(a.geom,b.geom)) as azimuth
from
your_source_table as a, your_source_table as b
where a.gid=1
``````
You can choose any point...a.gid=2,3,4, etc.
2) To get rid of empty lines, execute the following script
``````create table azimuth_1_many as
select * from azimuth_1_m
where azimuth::character varying IS NOT NULL
and azimuth::character varying <> ''
and gid IS NOT NULL
and id IS NOT NULL
``````
:-)...
• I have re-edited my question once again. Hope you understand it now. Because the above query is not relevant to my question. – FRQ Feb 13 at 3:57
• Yeah but that's not I am trying to do. I don't want to duplicate the table either I want to store those duplicate points in a new table. I am trying to figure it out till someone has better expertise and thought or idea to guide me to proceed. – FRQ Feb 13 at 15:07
A join is what you are looking for; `ST_DumpPoints` returns a record set that, when expanded, can be joined as a table to your `StandPoint`.
In this simple case however, you can even just expand the set and run `ST_Azimuth` with your explicit point generation within; the basic concept would be:
``````SELECT (dmp).path[1],
ST_Azimuth((dmp).geom, ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(391139.27, 5821816.69), 25833)) AS azm
FROM (
SELECT ST_DumpPoints(geometry) AS dmp
FROM surface_geometry
WHERE cityobject_id=95
) q
``````
Or, which I find more elegant, with the use of `LATERAL` to expand the record set:
``````SELECT dmp.path[1] AS id,
ST_Azimuth(dmp.geom, ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(391139.27, 5821816.69), 25833)) AS azm
FROM surface_geometry,
LATERAL ST_DumpPoints(geom) AS dmp
WHERE cityobject_id=95
``````
In both cases, I use the `path[1]` element to generate an `id` corresponding to the order of the vertices of the surface.
This is a simple use-case for a single point created at run-time and a filter on your surface table; you could set up this query string dynamically in Python, i.e replace the point coordinates and the filter id.
As you hinted at automation: it is also perfectly possible to use this as the core for a two-table join (possibly with a CTE) between all objects and a collection of observer positions; in that case you'd need to provide some sort of id filter between the two tables to limit one observer to one city object. As your question stands it's hard to predict your actual scenario.
• It seems that it may be something like that I want, but I am confused about how the query is working. Are you calculating the azimuth between 391139.27, 5821816.69? If so that is not my two different points instead those are the x and y coordinates in 25833. Nevertheless could you please explain your query about how it is working in steps, please. – FRQ Feb 13 at 21:08
• @user24610 let's take the first query: `ST_DumpPoints` creates an own record for every point in the surface in the sub-select, quite but not exactly like a table. the outer query takes each row of that sub-select and expands the row type (`(dmp).path` & `(dmp).geom`, check the link and further docs) and uses each points geometry in `ST_Azimuth`, together with your observer point. both are geometry data type (go read about PostGIS standard geometry types before doing anything else...if that is new to you ,) ) that stores both coordinates with it. – ThingumaBob Feb 13 at 21:27
• @user24610 or have I misunderstood you? anyway, `ST_Area` returns radians, use `degrees(ST_Area(...)) AS azm` to convert if you need. – ThingumaBob Feb 13 at 21:36
• No, I don't need to know the area. I was dumping points to extract x and y as in Spatial reference ID 25833 unit is in meter, and I want all in the same Spatial reference. So at the end is it calculating the azimuth between all surface points and one observer point? That's what I want to do, setting up this query string dynamically in Python. Plus I don't know how with CTE this will work. I am a beginner on my way to learn more and new stuff. – FRQ Feb 13 at 22:03
• oh, you meant probably `ST_Azimuth` and `degrees(ST_Azimuth(...)) AS azm` instead of `ST_Area` and `degrees(ST_Area(...)) AS azm` respectively... Got it – FRQ Feb 14 at 1:34 | 1,712 | 6,515 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.828125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | longest | en | 0.922608 |
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3. Uncertainties on the FP coefficients
Two kinds of methods are usually adopted to estimate the uncertainties on fit coefficients: theoretical methods and re-sampling techniques.
The `theoretical uncertainties' are obtained from the analytical expression of the variances of the estimators (e.g. IFA90 and Feigelson & Babu 1992). By their nature, these estimates are valid only asymptotically, i.e. for large sample sizes.
When analytical formulae are not available, or when the sample is small, re-sampling procedures are adopted. The statistics of interest is calculated for various `pseudo-samples' drawn from the original data set. The uncertainties are then derived from the distribution of pseudo-values. The main re-sampling procedures are known as `jackknife' (see Quenouille 1949 and Tukey 1958) and `bootstrap' (see Efron 1979 and Efron & Tibshirani 1986). In the jackknife, one point is extracted in sequence from the original data set, so that a number of pseudo-samples equal to the sample size is constructed. In the bootstrap, random samples are drawn by replacement from the actual data set.
Fig. 2 shows the relative uncertainties on the FP coefficients a and b, as drawn from literature, as a function of the sample size N. The large scatter of the values of the uncertainties is indicative of the inconsistency between the methods used in the different works to estimate the errors .
Fig. 2. Relative uncertainties and on FP slopes against the sample size (see text). The values are drawn from literature. Sources of the uncertainties and relative sample sizes (within square brackets): Busarello et al. (1997) [40]; de Carvalho & Djorgovski (1992) [31 40 55 58]; D'Onofrio et al. (1997) [25]; Dressler et al. (1987) [43]; Graham (1998) [7 18 25 25]; Graham & Colless (1996) [26]; Hudson et al. (1997) [352]; Jorgensen et al. (1996) [79 22 24 14 10 14 29 8 19 226 109 109 109 109 41 41]; Mobasher et al. (1999) [48]; Pahre et al. (1995) [8 10 12 13 16 59]; Pahre et al. (1998) [251 60 16 23 15 14 15 17 11 19 11 27]; Prugniel & Simien (1994) [102]; Prugniel & Simien (1996) [231 39 21]; Recillas-Cruz et al. (1990) [29 29 29]; Recillas-Cruz et al. (1991) [22 22 22]; Scodeggio et al. (1998) [38 41 54 75 73 29].
In the following we will analyze the performance of the methods to estimate the FP uncertainties with special regard to the rôle of the sample size. The analysis will be performed by numerical simulations, which are described in the next section.
3.1. The simulation algorithm
The simulations consist in distributions of points extracted from a common `parent distribution'. To derive the parent population we based on the distribution in the parametric space of the galaxies in the Coma cluster (hereafter the `template' sample). This choice is mandatory since Coma is the only cluster with FP parameters available for a large number of galaxies.
The simulation algorithm consists in the following.
• At first, we derived a parent distribution of E galaxies in the plane (,), using the photometric data in the Gunn band by JFK95a for 146 galaxies in Coma. The sample is complete out to Gunn mag. The distribution with respect to was described by a normal RV. The interval of the template was binned, and the mean value (MV) and standard deviation (SD) of the distribution derived for each bin. The MVs and the SDs were then fitted with respect to the central values of by polynomials of suitable order, and the best-fit curves were used to interpolate a value (and a scatter) of to each value of .
• Using by Jorgensen et al. (1995b, hereafter JFK95b) for 75 galaxies of the photometric sample (see Sect. 4), we determined the FP coefficients and the root mean square (rms) of residuals, , by the fit. We found , , and . These quantities were used to assign to the points a value and a scatter with respect to the variable .
One of the simulated samples is compared to the template in Fig. 3, to show how the simulations resemble very well the distribution of Coma galaxies.
Fig. 3a-f. Comparison of one of the FP simulations with the template sample. a Simulation and the Coma photometric sample in the plane . b Distribution in the plane . c Distribution in the plane . d Face-on view of the FP. e , f Long and short edge-on views of the FP. The plotted simulation has the same size as the Coma sample.
3.2. Estimating the uncertainties
We derived the `true uncertainties' on the FP coefficients as a function of the sample size in the following way.
FP simulations of fixed size N were constructed and the coefficients a, b and c determined for each sample. The `true uncertainties', , and were determined from the distributions of a, b and c by using 1 standard intervals. To obtain estimates independent of the `fitting scale', we divided , and by the `true' coefficients of the FP, , and , derived from a simulation of large size. In Fig. 4 we plot , and against the logarithm of the sample size N for the various MIST fits. To allow a direct comparison with Fig. 2 the same range of N has been plotted.
Fig. 4. `True relative uncertainties' on the FP coefficients against the logarithm of the sample size N. The various MIST fits are plotted by different symbols as shown in the upper right-hand corner. The and fits are completely consistent, so that for clarity only the first one is plotted. The axes scales are the same as in Fig. 2.
It is apparent that the true intervals depend on the fitting method and that the most effective fit (i.e. lower values of and for fixed N) is the method, in agreement with what found by IFA90 for the bisector line. The largest variances are obtained for the fit. It is also worth to notice that, by changing the scatter along the direction in the simulations, the curves shown in the figure undergo just a translation in the y direction, without any change in shape. In the case shown in Fig. 4 we adopted the MV of the rms of residuals of various clusters of galaxies (see Sect. 4).
Fig. 4 can be used as a ready tool to state the number of galaxies necessary to achieve a given accuracy on the FP.
Concerning the zero point of the FP, it is important to remark that the uncertainties plotted in Fig. 4 do not represent the estimates of usual interest. For all the applications of the FP zero point (i.e. distance determinations, constraining of cosmological and evolution parameters), the uncertainties on c are derived with the hypothesis that the FP slopes are exactly determined. The errors on c are then given as multiplied by the rms of the dependent variable residuals. Such estimates are generally smaller than .
For this reason, in the following we will focus our analysis on the uncertainties of the FP slopes.
Although the comparison of Fig. 2 and Fig. 4 does not show an evident disagreement, for () the values reported in literature appear almost as a scatter diagram. Starting from this remark, we now analyze the performances of the different methods used to estimate the uncertainties.
3.2.1. Theoretical methods
Although statistics allows to prove the asymptotic validity of variance estimators, it does not furnish an estimate of the `minimum sample size' for the theoretical formulae to be valid. Since such an estimate will generally depend on the `shape' of the parent population, it should be obtained each time by using simulation methods.
To test the performance of theoretical variance estimators for the FP coefficients we apply the results of Sect. 2. FP simulations of fixed size N were constructed and theoretical relative uncertainties (1 standard intervals) on a and b derived for each sample by Eqs. (B17, 10 - 16). In Fig. 5, the MVs of the theoretical estimates, and , with corresponding `error bars', are plotted against the logarithm of N. The error bars were obtained by connecting the 5th and 95th percentiles 6 of the and distributions. For comparison, we also plot the `true uncertainties' on the slopes as derived from the simulations. As expected, the larger the sample size, the better it is the agreement between theoretical and actual values. For sample sizes smaller than (), we see however that theoretical formulae (I) largely scatter (up to for a and for b) and (II) increasingly underestimate the `true' values (see also IFA90 and Feigelson & Babu 1992).
Fig. 5. Comparison of theoretic and true relative uncertainties on the FP slopes (see text). The different symbols are explained in the upper right-hand corner. We adopted the fit.
To discuss in more detail the point II, we calculated for each sample the coefficient a, the theoretical uncertainty , and the `discrepancy' , where the actual value, , of the coefficient a was derived by fitting a simulation of large size. We then determined the fraction of simulations, , with greater than a fixed value . The calculation was iterated by varying the sample size.
In Fig. 6, we plot against for two different values of . We chose that, for a normal distribution, defines a confidence level (CL) of , and , corresponding to a CL. If Eqs. (14 - 16) worked well, on the average, for every value of N, the fraction of not-consistent samples would be independent of N and determined by the CL corresponding to the value of . Fig. 6 shows that for () is in good agreement (within 5%) with the expected CLs. For sample sizes smaller than , the theoretical formulae do not furnish reliable estimates of the desired CLs: the curves of Fig. 6 increase steeply. The same result was obtained for the coefficient b, and by varying the MIST fit. We also found that the estimate of is largely independent of the simulation parameters: the same estimate was obtained using the FP coefficients and the dispersion of the samples studied in Sect. 4.
Fig. 6. Fraction of non-consistent simulations, , against the sample size N (see text). Circles and rectangles correspond to different values of as shown in the upper right-hand corner. The solid lines were obtained by interpolation. The dashed lines show the asymptotic values of the curves.
Fig. 6 suggests that in order to obtain a given confidence level, the uncertainties on the FP coefficients of small samples should be estimated using a interval dependent on N. For instance, to obtain a CL with (), an effective interval of 2.6 should be used. However, it turns out that the smaller the sample size with respect to , the stronger is the dependence of on the adopted fitting method and, what is more critical, on the simulation parameters. For instance, the fraction of not-consistent samples with varies by by varying the scatter in the simulations.
We conclude that for the theoretical formulae are not reliable. Although the desired confidence intervals can be roughly obtained by using effective, suitably tested, standard intervals, the individual estimates can be significantly different, up to for a and for b, with respect to the true values.
3.2.2. Re-sampling procedures
The hypothesis underlying the use of re-sampling methods is that the available data set furnishes a good approximation to the parent population. The statistics of interest is calculated for various pseudo-samples drawn from the actual data set. If this `sampling hypothesis' holds, the distribution of pseudo-values coincides with the `true' one and the confidence intervals can be accurately estimated at the cost of some computing time (see e.g. Efron & Tibshirani 1986). However, the smaller the sample size, the larger is the probability that the actual sample gives a poor representation of the parent population. In order to derive a `minimum sample size' for the re-sampling methods to be reliable, numerical simulations have to be employed.
On the basis of the analysis of the previous section, we studied the performance of re-sampling uncertainties on the FP coefficients by testing the use of the bootstrap method. The results that follow were found to be largely independent of the simulation parameters, of the actual FP coefficients, and of the fitting method.
FP simulations of fixed size N were constructed. For each sample, we determined the FP slopes and the bootstrap uncertainties and by using 1 standard intervals with pseudo-samples (by further increasing the following results do not change). In Fig. 7, the MVs of the bootstrap relative uncertainties, and , with corresponding error bars (see Sect. 3.2.1), are plotted against the logarithm of the sample size and compared to the true values. The error bars are given by percentile intervals 7.
Fig. 7. Comparison of `bootstrap' and `true' relative uncertainties on the FP slopes (see text). Different symbols have been used as indicated in the upper right-hand corner. We adopted the fit. The axes scales are the same of Fig. 5.
As shown in the figure, the bootstrap method gives a good measure of the average uncertainties, but a very poor, largely scattered, representation of the actual errors.
Only for () the MVs of the re-sampling standard errors appear to differ from the true uncertainties. As a matter of fact, it turns out that this difference is due to the use of 1 standard intervals to estimate the bootstrap confidence intervals. For small samples, in fact, the distribution of pseudo-values is significantly different from a normal one, so that the desired CLs must be obtained by non-parametric estimates 8 (see Efron & Tibshirani 1986 and Efron 1987). To illustrate this point, we tested the use of bootstrap percentile intervals proceeding as in the previous section (Fig. 6). For each sample size, we derived the fraction of simulations, , that are not consistent with the `true' FP slopes. The calculation was iterated by adopting different percentile intervals of the pseudo-values. To have a direct comparison with Fig. 6 we chose intervals with and respectively. In Fig. 8, the fraction of non-consistent samples is plotted against the logarithm of the sample size. It turns out that, on the average, the bootstrap allows to give very accurate estimates of the true intervals. For every sample size, differences of only some percents are found with respect to the desired CLs.
Fig. 8. Fraction of non-consistent simulations, , against (see text). The plot is referred to the coefficient b. Circles and rectangles correspond to percentile intervals with and (see upper right-hand corner). The dashed lines show the desired CLs. The axes scales are the same as in Fig. 6.
On the other hand, by looking at Fig. 7, we notice that for small samples the bootstrap uncertainties have a very large dispersion with respect to true values. The scatter varies from for up to for . Below the FP parent population is poorly represented, so that the single bootstrap estimates can be very unsatisfactory.
To have a comparison with the theoretical methods, we compared the width of the error bars shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 7. In Fig. 9 we plot the difference of the error bars against the logarithm of the sample size.
Fig. 9. Differences, and , of the `scatters' of bootstrap and theoretic uncertainties on a and b, against .
While for large samples theoretic and bootstrap uncertainties have a similar scatter, for () the bootstrap errors become increasingly less accurate. For , the scatter increases up to for a and to for b.
The conclusions are thus the following.
For large samples, both theoretic and bootstrap methods give accurate estimates of the uncertainties.
For , both methods give estimates that can differ significantly from the true values. The bootstrap is accurate on the average but the uncertainties have a very large scatter. The theoretical methods give values that are more precise, but systematically underestimated.
© European Southern Observatory (ESO) 2000
Online publication: October 30, 2000 | 3,530 | 15,807 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.65625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | latest | en | 0.829007 |
http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=174000 | 1,369,244,988,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702127714/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110207-00034-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 658,263,502 | 7,316 | ## Finding time and range for a projectile launched from a cliff
Traced this down to an error in my formula as I'd copied it down; it's (sqrt(Voy^2 + 2gh)+Voy) / g, not (sqrt(Voy^2 + 2gh)-Voy) / g. Thanks though!
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
A 0.57 kg projectile is fired into the air from a cliff that's 13.9 m above a valley.
Initial velocity = 7.97 m/s
Angle: 51° above horizontal.
Acceleration = g
1: How long is the projectile in the air?
2: How far from the bottom of the cliff does the projectile land?
2. Relevant equations
I tried to use (sqrt(Voy^2 + 2gh)-Voy) / g to find time after breaking down the initial velocity into axial components, but this yields 1.1669 s - obviously incorrect (and verified as such).
3. The attempt at a solution
My shot at the first portion of this is above, since the equation was used in lecture as a way to find the time (in order to find the range) of an object fired at an angle from an elevated position. Just over one second doesn't check out logically, but I'm not sure why a given formula isn't yielding proper numbers.
Admin This is a useful site for such problems! http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/traj.html | 319 | 1,209 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.078125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | latest | en | 0.910543 |
https://forums.tesla.com/zh_HK/forum/forums/total-cost-owning-and-driving-60-kwh-tesla-model-s-no-options-california-36-months-and-?redirect=no | 1,537,393,172,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156305.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919200547-20180919220547-00418.warc.gz | 517,919,871 | 14,979 | # Forums
## Total cost of owning and driving a 60 kWh Tesla Model S (no options) in California, for 36 months, and 45,000 miles in total.
I would like to make a calculation to determine this total amount (as accurate as possible), for which I would like your assistance as well.
A citizen of California wants to own and drive a Tesla Model S for a period of 36 months. The total number of miles driven in these 36 months will be 45,000 miles. And after these 36 months the Tesla Model S will be sold back to Tesla Motors for a guaranteed resale value of 50% of the value of a new Tesla Model S. This citizen of California wants to find out what the total cost will be, assuming that the cheapest Tesla Model S is chosen to make this calculation.
The base price of a Tesla Model S with the 60 kWh battery pack with no options chosen is 71,070 USD.
The down payment is 10,660.50 USD (= 15% of 71,070 USD).
The US Federal and State tax is in total 10,000 USD.
Estimated monthly payment is 916 USD. Total amount after 36 months is 32,976 USD (= 36 X 916).
The guaranteed resale amount (when selling the car back to Tesla Motors after 36 months) is 35,535 USD (= 50% of 71,070 USD).
To make the actual calculation I would appreciate some assistance with:
- Sales Tax;
- Car Insurance in California for 36 months;
- What is the total amount that this citizen will have to pay to Wells Fargo to get rid of the loan after 36 months;
Who would like to assist me with this calculation?
chrismarcellino | 2013年5月5日
Sales tax, licensing can be had from http://www.dmv.ca.gov/FeeCalculatorWeb/index.jsp .
Can insurance varies by zip code, your age and driving history. LA area most expensive. \$1200 a year is not unusual, assuming you get comprehensive coverage (yes.) Some pay as cheap as \$800, so as much as \$2000. In all cases, it is in line with similarly high valued ICE cars.
Benz | 2013年5月5日
@ chrismarcellino
Would an average amount of 100 USD per month for the insurance of a Tesla Model S be acceptable to most people in California?
Mike C | 2013年5月5日
1200 is probably fair. I pay 1700 for a commercial policy in Los Angeles, but it would have been 1500 if I didn't have a speeding ticket on my record.
Benz | 2013年5月5日
@ Mike C
OK, 100 USD per month be it (in this caculation).
I realised that I have not mentioned the amount of the initial loan from Wells Fargo to buy the Tesla Model S:
85% of 71,070 USD = 60,409.50 USD
Now, how do we calculate what the remaining amount of this loan will be after 36 months (when the car will be sold back to Tesla Motors for 35,535 USD)?
elguapo | 2013年5月5日
Use a FV calculation. What's the assed term for the loan?
Benz | 2013年5月5日
The total number of the terms of the loan is 72 months.
That's what the monthly payment of 916 USD is based upon.
But the requested amount (remaining loan) occurs after 36 months.
And the intrest is 2.95% per year.
Which means that the intrest per month is: 2.95 / 12 = 0.2458333333%.
The amount of the loan is 60,409.50 USD.
How do we do this calculation?
Step 1:
1 - (1 + 0.002458333333) exponentiate to minus(72-36)
1 - (1.002458333333) exponentiate to -36
1 - 0.91540252108120312778337658801171 = 0,08459747891879687221662341198829
step 2:
0,08459747891879687221662341198829 / 0.002458333333 = 34,412533802142800061289903189989
step 3:
916 USD x 34,412533802142800061289903189989 = 31,521.88 USD = remaining loan
Benz | 2013年5月5日
It appears that the remaining amount of the loan is lower than the guaranteed resale amount.
When selling the car back to Tesla Motors after 36 months we get to keep: 35,535 USD - 31,521.88 USD = 4,013.12 USD
That's interesting.
Benz | 2013年5月5日
I have chequed the link provided by chrismarcellino, but I do not see sales tax being mentioned there.
And to calculate the Registration Fee I have tried it, but all I see is ERROR.
Can I get some help with that please?
Mike C | 2013年5月5日
If this helps:
Cash price = \$88,520
CA sales tax = \$7,967
Registration, transfer and titling fees = \$655
CA tire fee = \$7
Benz | 2013年5月5日
@ Mike C
Thanks for this info.
And will the buyer have to pay this amount for the sales tax to the seller (Tesla Motors) together with the \$71,070?
Or will the buyer have to pay this amount for the sales tax directly to the Authorities of the State of California?
Mike C | 2013年5月5日
It was included in the sales price (i.e., paid to Tesla Motors together with the rest)
Benz | 2013年5月5日
@ Mike C
OK, so:
You have paid in total: \$88,520
And that all these three amounts were included:
CA sales tax = \$7,967
Registration, transfer and titling fees = \$655
CA tire fee = \$7
That would mean that the price of the your Tesla Model S (with all the options that you have chosen) would have been: \$88,520 - (\$7,967 + \$655 + \$7) = \$79,891
Is that correct Mike C?
Benz | 2013年5月6日
Here is a list of County and City Sales Tax Rates:
http://www.dmv.ca.gov/pubs/reg_hdbk/app1a_county_and_city.htm
All the rates are somewhere between 8% and 10%.
I think we should take 9% in our calculation, that would be fair.
Benz | 2013年5月6日
Something is wrong about the monthly payment of \$916.
It cannot be the actual monthly payment, as (CA sales tax + Registration, transfer and titling fees + CA tire fee) still have to be added to the sales price of \$71,070.
And that would mean that amount of the loan from Wells Fargo will be higher as well, and the monthly payment will therefore be higher also. Meaning that I shall have to do those calculations again, just with an higher amount.
Benz | 2013年5月6日
I think that I better start all over again.
I would like to make a calculation to determine this total amount (as accurate as possible), for which I would like your assistance as well.
A citizen of California wants to own and drive a Tesla Model S for a period of 36 months. The total number of miles driven in these 36 months will be 45,000 miles. And after these 36 months the Tesla Model S will be sold back to Tesla Motors for a guaranteed resale value of 50% of the value of a new Tesla Model S. This citizen of California wants to find out what the total cost will be, assuming that the cheapest Tesla Model S is chosen to make this calculation.
The base price of a Tesla Model S with the 60 kWh battery pack with no options chosen is \$71,070.
The guaranteed resale amount (when selling the car back to Tesla Motors after 36 months) is \$35,535 (= 50% of \$71,070).
The US Federal and California State incentives is in total \$10,000.
The total amount that has to be paid to Tesla Motors is:
\$ 71,070.00 (= initial sales price of a base Tesla Model S 60 kWh
\$ 6,396.30 (= 9% sales tax)
\$ 655.00 (= registration, transfer and titling fees)
\$ 7.00 (= CA tire fee)
----------- +
\$ 78,128.30 (= total amount to be paid to Tesla Motors)
The down payment is \$11,719.25 (= 15% of \$78,128.30 ).
The loan from Wells Fargo is: \$78,128.30 - \$11,719.25 = \$66,409.05
This amount will be paid by Wells Fargo to Tesla Motors so that the citizen of California can by the Tesla Model S (with a 60 kWh battery pack and no options).
And the intrest is 2.95% per year.
Which means that the intrest per month is: 2.95 / 12 = 0.2458333333%.
How much of this loan (\$66,409.05) will still have to be paid after 36 months?
What is the correct amount of the monthly payments?
How do we do this calculation?
Step 1:
1 - ((1 + 0.002458333333) exponentiate to -72)
1 - (1.002458333333 exponentiate to -72)
1 - 0,83796177560182253677857008907839 = 0,16203822439817746322142991092161
step 2:
(66,409.05 x 0.002458333333) / 0,16203822439817746322142991092161 = 1,007.51
The actual monthly amount that has to be paid to Wells Fargo is \$1,007.51
That is \$91.51 (per month) more than the \$916 (per month).
That is a difference of about 10% !!!
Benz | 2013年5月6日
Now that we know that the amount of the monthly payments to Wells Fargo is \$1,007.51 (after having added sales tax and other fees) we now can calculate what the remaining amount of the loan will be, which will have to be paid back to Wells Fargo after 36 months.
The total number of the terms of the loan is 72 months.
But the requested amount (remaining loan) occurs after 36 months.
And the intrest is 2.95% per year.
Which means that the intrest per month is: 2.95 / 12 = 0.2458333333%.
The amount of the loan is \$66,409.05.
How do we do this calculation?
Step 1:
1 - (1 + 0.002458333333) exponentiate to minus(72-36)
1 - (1.002458333333) exponentiate to -36
1 - 0.91540252108120312778337658801171 = 0,08459747891879687221662341198829
step 2:
0,08459747891879687221662341198829 / 0.002458333333 = 34,412533802142800061289903189989
step 3:
\$1,007.51 x 34,412533802142800061289903189989 = \$34,670.97 = remaining loan after 36 months.
The guaranteed resale amount (when selling the car back to Tesla Motors after 36 months) is \$35,535 (= 50% of \$71,070).
So, it appears that the guranteed resale amount is higher than the remaining loan after 36 months:
\$35,535 - \$34,670.97 = \$864.03
So, that is positive for the citizen of California.
But we do not know if there have to be paid any fees to Wells Fargo. Can somebody else say something about that?
Benz | 2013年5月6日
We also have to include a payment of \$600 per year for annual service.
What can we calculate with the information that we have so far?
What are the amounts that the citizen of California has to pay (-)?
- The down payment is \$11,719.25 (= 15% of \$78,128.30).
- The total of the monthly payments is: 36 x \$1,007.51 = \$36,270.36
- Remaining loan after 36 months is \$34,670.97
- Annual service for three years is 3 x \$600 = \$1,800
- The total amount for the car insurance (monthly \$100) for 36 months is \$3,600
What are the amounts that the citizen of California is going to receive (+)?
- The US Federal and California State incentives is in total \$10,000.
- The guaranteed resale amount (when selling the car back to Tesla Motors after 36 months) is \$35,535 (= 50% of \$71,070).
Now we can make the following calculation:
- \$11,719.25
- \$36,270.36
- \$34,670.97
- \$ 1,800.00
- \$ 3,600.00
-------------
\$88,060.58 (= total to be paid)
+ \$10,000.00
+ \$35,535.00
-------------
\$45,535.00 (= total to be received)
And what amount is the citizen of California actually paying?
\$88,060.58 - \$45,535.00 = \$42,525.58
Suppose he drives 45,000 miles in 36 months, what is the amount paid per mile?
\$42,525.58 / 45,000 = \$0.945
That's pretty close to a dollar per mile.
Benz | 2013年5月6日
We could say that if we ad the price of electricity, then the price per mile will be even more close \$1 per driven mile.
Any thoughts on that?
Benz | 2013年5月6日
An interesting scenario would be: "What if the citizen of California desides to keep the car, and therefore make all the 72 monthly payments"?
What will the calculation then look like?
What are the amounts that the citizen of California has to pay (-)?
- The down payment is \$11,719.25 (= 15% of \$78,128.30).
- The total of the monthly payments is: 72 x \$1,007.51 = \$72,540.72
- Annual service for eight years up to 100,000 miles = \$3,800
- The total amount for the car insurance (monthly \$100) for 72 months is \$7,200
What are the amounts that the citizen of California is going to receive (+)?
- The US Federal and California State incentives is in total \$10,000.
Now we can make the following calculation:
- \$11,719.25
- \$72,540.72
- \$ 3,800.00
- \$ 7,200.00
+ \$10,000.00
-------------
\$85,259.97 (= total to be paid)
Suppose he drives 90,000 miles in 72 months, what is the amount paid per mile?
\$85,259.97 / 90,000 = \$0.947333
Well that's pretty much the same, isn't it?
But the main point is that this citizen does get to keep the Tesla Model S. And that is the big difference.
Because a six year old Tesla Model S with 90,000 miles on the meter, still is worth a decent amount of money, isn't it?
Any guess what the resale value will be after six years and 90,000 miles?
I think that a higher % of the people are going to keep the Tesla Model S, and therefore are not going to sell it back to Tesla Motors after 3 years. Would you agree with me or not on this conclusion?
Brian H | 2013年5月6日
There will be very few selling back, probably mostly those who upgrade. More of a trade-in type sale.
Benz | 2013年5月6日
That's right Brian.
And the the resale value of a six year old Tesla Model S with 90,000 miles on the meter might just still be around \$20,000 to \$25,000 (if it's still in a good shape).
And if you can sell it privately, then your actual cost per mile (measured over the six years) will suddenly drop by about 20%, I think.
chicago.ev | 2013年5月6日
I will consider trading in for a Model X depending on pricing etc, I don't know if many others would be doing the same- probably not. It is going to be interesting to see what happens to the residual value of EV's when the initial battery life is over. If the car is well maintained, a new battery pack turns a used car into a practically new one. It makes long-term ownership of these vehicles much more attractive and economically worthwhile.
If 10 years from now a more efficient battery chemistry is developed instead of the lithium ion in place now, will legacy Tesla cars be able to be converted to this technology?
Benz | 2013年5月6日
@ chicago.ev
"If 10 years from now a more efficient battery chemistry is developed instead of the lithium ion in place now, will legacy Tesla cars be able to be converted to this technology?"
Yes it will be possible to do that. In that case what will change is the chemical engineering of the cells. But the battery pack itself is more about mechanical, electrical and software engineering. I am not an expert in this field, maybe somebody else can say more in this regard.
chicago.ev | 2013年5月6日
If that's the case, the residual value of the auto could be very strong relative to autos with ICE.
jason_freedman | 2013年5月6日
Don't you still get the CA and federal tax benefits? I think that that should decrease the cost by 10,000?
Mike C | 2013年5月6日
@benz, the numbers I gave you needed to be added together for the total, sorry.
88,520 (base price) + 7967 + 655 + 7 = 97,149
97, 149 - 7500 federal tax credit - 2500 CA rebate = 87,149 total cost
Benz | 2013年5月6日
@ jason_freedman
I have included the US Federal and California State incentives of in total \$10,000.
Benz | 2013年5月6日
@ Mike C
I had figured that out. I did the same calculations, just using different numbers, so there is no problem.
Can you tell us about the options that you have chosen for your Tesla Model S?
Mike C | 2013年5月6日
@benz: 85kwh, grey exterior, grey interior, piano black, pano roof, tech, sound, air suspension, 19" wheels. Did not get twin chargers, HPWC, paint armor, kids seats, or parcel shelf. 2012 pricing, before the \$2500 increase.
Benz | 2013年5月6日
Good choise Mike.
Have fun and drive savely.
Cheers
Brian H | 2013年5月6日
The federal benefit is for the 1st purchaser (new) only. I assume the states do the same. It's encouragement to get as many in circulation as possible. | 4,261 | 15,167 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.890625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | longest | en | 0.915891 |
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# Please rate my AWA essay
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Joined: 26 Aug 2013
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21 Sep 2013, 16:01
The following appeared as part of a plan proposed by an executive of the Easy Credit Company to the president:
“The Easy Credit Company would gain an advantage over competing credit card services if we were to donate a portion of the proceeds from the use of our cards to a well-known environmental organization in exchange for the use of its symbol or logo on our card. Since a recent poll shows that a large percentage of the public is concerned about environmental issues, this policy would attract new customers, increase use among existing customers, and enable us to charge interest rates that are higher than the lowest ones available.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc
Consumers today have many choices about which credit card to use for their purchases and many have multiple cards that provide specific rewards based on their personal likes (i.e. sport fan merchandize, airline miles, colleges, etc.). While the argument above follows that logic, it is unilaterally flawed in its conclusion. The Easy Credit Company draws a conclusion from an argument with gaps in information and makes leaps to judgment based on flawed assumptions.
Primarily, the argument is based on the information from the recent consumer poll, which makes a connection that is not fully described. The poll found that a large percentage of the public is concerned with environmental issues. However, this does not provide a number that correlates with the number of people who are prospective clients. For example, a “large percentage” could mean 51% and if the company needs 80% of the market to have a competitive edge, this example would not hold.
Furthermore, the poll asked the public about environmental issues, not about the particular environmental organization. This concern could lead to a variety of behaviors that would not necessarily lead the public to donate to the organization. For example, the public concern may lead to using less energy in the home, driving more fuel efficient cars and being more mindful of water usage. Without knowing what types of behavior is resulting from the concern, we have no way to conclude that the concern would result in spending on one particular organization. In addition, since we have no information about how the public feels about the particular organization Easy Credit is targeting, the case may be that the organization is a controversial one that the public would not be interested in donating to, much less using a card with their imagery.
While the flaws in this argument are abundant, it may be strengthened if the information was more precise and the causation was more closely correlated. The argument that Easy Credit would have a competitive edge could be strengthened if the poll was able to tell us that a significant percentage of the prospective and existing clients of Easy Credit would spend more at higher rates if a percentage went to the particular environmental organization. This information would allow us to see a direct relationship between the concerns of the population that Easy Credit is interested in pursuing and the way in which this information would benefit Easy Credit. The argument may be further strengthened with information about Easy Credit’s competitors, such as their inability to provide this donation service to the portion of the population that the companies are targeting.
In conclusion, while Easy Credit’s argument is deeply flawed and missing important pieces of information that would allow a conclusion to be made, it could easily be strengthened with more precise data and context around the claims being made. As credit card companies become more competitive and look to offer personalized incentives for more card use, it becomes extremely important to know one’s audience. A flawed conclusion may result in poor sales and wasted effort. However with the right information, it can certainly result in a competitive edge and lifted card sales and use.
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Display posts from previous: Sort by | 1,024 | 5,051 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.03125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | longest | en | 0.955673 |
https://davegiles.blogspot.com/2014/09/the-non-standard-asymptotics-of-dickey.html | 1,537,850,773,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161098.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925044032-20180925064432-00459.warc.gz | 484,209,602 | 32,936 | ## Saturday, September 20, 2014
### The (Non-) Standard Asymptotics of Dickey-Fuller Tests
One of the most widely used tests in econometrics is the (augmented) Dickey-Fuller (DF) test. We use it in the context of time series data to test the null hypothesis that a series has a unit root (i.e., it is I(1)), against the alternative hypothesis that the series is I(0), and hence stationary. If we apply the test to a first-differenced time series, then the null is that the series is I(2), and the alternative hypothesis is that it is I(1), and so on.
Suppose that the time series in question is {Yt; t = 1, 2, 3, ......, T}. The so-called "Dickey-Fuller regression" is a least squares regression of the form:
ΔYt = [α + β t] + γYt-1 + [Σ δj ΔYt-j] + εt . (1)
Here, terms in square brackets are optional; and of these the "p" ΔYt-j terms are the "augmentation terms", whose role is to ensure that the there is no autocorrelation in the equation's residuals.
Standard econometrics packages allow for three versions of (1):
• No drift - no trend: that is, the (α + β t) terms are omitted.
• Drift - no trend: the intercept (drift term) is included, but the linear trend term is not.
• Drift - and - trend: both of the α and (β t) terms are included.
For example, here's the dialogue box that you see when you go to apply the DF test using the EViews package:
The thing that we teach our students about the DF tests is that their null distributions are non-standard, even (large T) asymptotically. Also, the null distributions of the DF tests differ according to which of the three versions of the DF regression above are estimated by least squares, prior to the "t-test" of H0: γ = 0, against HA: γ < 0.
Specifically, these distributions are functionals of standard Brownian motions. For that reason, appropriate critical values were obtained by simulation methods and tabulated for a limited range of situations by Dickey and Fuller (1979, 1981); and more extensive tables were constructed by MacKinnon (1990), and extended and re-published in MacKinnon (2010).
This is all well and good, but there is a really important point that most students never seem to be told about, except in relatively advanced courses on non-stationary time series analysis. This is that these non-standard distributions, and hence "special" critical values that we worry about so much when using DF tests, come about only because of a very strong assumption that is made about the underlying population data-generating process (DGP) for the series Yt.
This assumption is that the series is generated according to a process that has no drift or trend components. That is, it's assumed that the DGP is of the form:
Yt = Yt-1 + vt ; vt ~ N[0 , σ2] . (2)
There is no intercept or trend in equation (2).
If, instead, we assume that equation (2) does include either an intercept (drift term) and / or a linear trend term, the the DF test statistics have null distributions that are asymptotically standard normal. in this case, no special tables are used in order to apply the test(s)! This is a result that applies only for very large T, and we still have non-standard distributions in the finite-sample case.
This result is very well known, and a proof is provided in Hamilton (1994), for example. For some reason, though, most students of econometrics don't seem to be aware of it.
References
Dickey, D. A. and W. A. Fuller, 1979. Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427–431.
Dickey, D. A. and W. A. Fuller, 1981.Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072.
Hamilton, J. D., 1994. Time Series Analysis. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
MacKinnon, J. G., 1990. Critical values for cointegration tests. Discussion Paper 90-4, Department of Economics, University of California, San Diego.
MacKinnon, J. G., 2010. Critical values for cointegration tests. Working Paper No. 1227, Department of Economics, Queen's University. | 1,037 | 4,131 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.0625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | longest | en | 0.93793 |
https://www.studypool.com/discuss/527831/the-analysis-of-an-organic-compound-showed-that-it-contained-0-150-mol-c-0-105?free | 1,511,569,848,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809160.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124234011-20171125014011-00221.warc.gz | 900,366,065 | 14,362 | # The analysis of an organic compound showed that it contained 0.150 mol C, 0.105
label Chemistry
account_circle Unassigned
schedule 1 Day
account_balance_wallet \$5
The analysis of an organic compound showed that it contained 0.150 mol C, 0.105 mol H, 0.0300 mol O, and 0.0450 mol N. What would be the subscript on the H in the empirical formula for this compound?
May 11th, 2015
Empirical Formula - A formula that gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
the moles of each element are known, a stoichiometric comparison between the elements can be made to determine the empirical formula. This is achieved by dividing through each of the mole quantities by which ever mole quantity is the smallest number of moles. In this example, the smallest mole quantity is either the moles of carbon or moles of Oxygen
0.105/0.0300 = 3.5 C x 2 = 7 C
0.105/0.0300 = 3.5 H x 2 = 7 H
0.0300/0.0300 = 1 O x 2 = 2 O
0.0450/0.0300 = 1.5 N x 2 = 3 N
Multiply by 2 to get whole numbers
Empirical formula is C7 H7 O2 N3
Subscript on H is thus 7
Hope you understand.
May 11th, 2015
...
May 11th, 2015
...
May 11th, 2015
Nov 25th, 2017
check_circle | 365 | 1,164 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.71875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | latest | en | 0.884314 |
https://www.merlot.org/merlot/materials.htm?nosearchlanguage=&pageSize=&page=10&keywords=mathematics | 1,529,770,806,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267865098.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623152108-20180623172108-00508.warc.gz | 871,123,382 | 20,963 | # MERLOT Materials
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This webpage has all lecture material, homeworks, homework solutions, and computer laboratories for a Calculus for... see more | 973 | 4,902 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.921875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | latest | en | 0.84958 |
https://www.mail-archive.com/isabelle-dev@mailbroy.informatik.tu-muenchen.de/msg07405.html | 1,511,476,336,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806979.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123214752-20171123234752-00052.warc.gz | 845,464,839 | 4,052 | # [isabelle-dev] Efficient code for Discrete.log
```Hallo,
I'm considering adding efficient code for Discrete.log (the dual
logarithm on natural numbers). PolyML does provide an IntInf.log2
function that seems reasonably efficient so that one can set up code
printing. However, I am struggling with one detail:```
```
Where would the code that does this actually reside? I cannot really put
it into Discrete.thy, because then that would have to import
Code_Target_Numeral. I could put it into Code_Target_Integer.thy, but
then that would have to import Discrete, which does not sound right to
me either.
I attached what I have so far.
Manuel
```
```theory Efficient_Log2
imports
Main
"~~/src/HOL/Library/Discrete"
"~~/src/HOL/Library/Code_Target_Numeral"
begin
context
includes integer.lifting
begin
qualified lift_definition intlog2 :: "integer \<Rightarrow> integer" is
"\<lambda>n. int (Discrete.log (nat n))" .
qualified function intlog2_aux :: "integer \<Rightarrow> integer \<Rightarrow>
integer" where
"intlog2_aux n acc = (if n < 2 then acc else intlog2_aux (n div 2) (acc + 1))"
by auto
termination proof (relation "measure (nat_of_integer \<circ> fst)")
fix n acc :: integer
assume "\<not>n < 2"
hence "nat_of_integer (n div 2) < nat_of_integer n"
by transfer auto
thus "((n div 2, acc + 1), (n, acc)) \<in> measure (nat_of_integer \<circ>
fst)"
by simp
qed simp_all
declare intlog2_aux.simps [simp del]
qualified lemma intlog2_aux_correct: "acc \<ge> 0 \<Longrightarrow> intlog2_aux
n acc = intlog2 n + acc"
proof (induction n acc arbitrary: acc rule: intlog2_aux.induct)
case (1 n acc)
show ?case
proof (cases "n < 2")
case True
hence "intlog2 n = 0" by transfer (simp add: Discrete.log.simps)
with True show ?thesis by (subst intlog2_aux.simps) auto
next
case False
hence "intlog2 n = intlog2 (n div 2) + 1"
proof (transfer, goal_cases)
case (1 m)
hence "int (Discrete.log (nat m)) = int (Discrete.log (nat m div 2)) + 1"
by (subst Discrete.log.simps) auto
also have "nat m div 2 = nat (m div 2)" by simp
finally show ?case .
qed
with False show ?thesis by (subst intlog2_aux.simps) (auto simp: 1)
qed
qed
qualified lemma intlog2_code [code]: "intlog2 n = intlog2_aux n 0"
lemma Discrete_log_code [code abstract]:
"integer_of_nat (Discrete.log n) = (if n = 0 then 0 else intlog2 (of_nat n))"
by transfer simp
end
code_printing
constant "Efficient_Log2.intlog2 :: integer \<Rightarrow> _"
\<rightharpoonup>
(SML) "IntInf.log2" and
(Eval) "IntInf.log2"
value [code] "Discrete.log 12345"
export_code Discrete.log checking SML Eval Scala Haskell? OCaml?
end```
```_______________________________________________
isabelle-dev mailing list
isabelle-...@in.tum.de
https://mailmanbroy.informatik.tu-muenchen.de/mailman/listinfo/isabelle-dev
``` | 816 | 2,766 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.53125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | latest | en | 0.793835 |
https://se.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/454252-indexing-of-starting-element-of-sum?s_tid=prof_contriblnk | 1,675,561,281,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500158.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205000727-20230205030727-00693.warc.gz | 533,743,066 | 25,782 | # indexing of starting element of sum
1 view (last 30 days)
asad jaffar on 3 Apr 2019
Commented: Jan on 5 Apr 2019
function [summa,index=nba_aj(b,n)
s=length(b);
i=0;
if n>s
a=0
k=-1
elseif n<=s
q=movsum(b,n)
summa=max(q)
what should i do after this for index finding
% here i want to know the index
can you guys help me the required answer is
summa=13,index=4 b=[1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1] n=3
summa=5,index-5 b=[1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1] n=1
Jan on 5 Apr 2019
As Walter has said already: This topic has been discussed already and you find a working solution there also. All you need is reading the documentation of movsum:
doc movsum
and to learn, why you have to ignore the marginal elements by setting 'EndPoints' to 'discard'. In addition you have to use the 2nd output of max.
Pleae note that posting working solution of homework questions is not really useful. | 278 | 853 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.609375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | latest | en | 0.877106 |
https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?page=6&t=2349438 | 1,513,468,427,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948589512.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216220904-20171217002904-00321.warc.gz | 833,208,565 | 43,182 | Hey there! Sign in to join this conversationNew here? Join for free
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# Ocr f321 23 may 2013~official discussion thread Watch
1. (Original post by MathsNerd1)
Yeah that sounds a lot better Ask me a question now?
What are Displacement Reactions?
Equations for Bleach.
Colours of displacement
2. (Original post by ADAOBI123)
Hmmmmmmm
Describe how van der waals forces arise ?
Van der waals arise because in a molecule there is an electron cloud, which at any given moment could be unevenly distributed which would cause a dipole, this would then induce a dipole on a neighbouring molecule which are held together by these weak intermolecular forces called van der waals forces, these don't require much energy to break and this explains the reason why the melting point of a simple molecular compound is very low.
3. (Original post by MathsNerd1)
Of course! Sorry I was having a bit of a moment, so the nuclear charge that does increase won't effect the overall result too much?
That's right As it is outweighed by the effect of an increase in atomic radius and electron shielding which weaken the electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and the outer shell electrons (more than an increase in nuclear charge would strengthen it)
4. (Original post by MathsNerd1)
Van der waals arise because in a molecule there is an electron cloud, which at any given moment could be unevenly distributed which would cause a dipole, this would then induce a dipole on a neighbouring molecule which are held together by these weak intermolecular forces called van der waals forces, these don't require much energy to break and this explains the reason why the melting point of a simple molecular compound is very low.
Good, however the bolded part that was not needed, I follow the mark scheme word by word
5. (Original post by yodawg321)
What is Displacement Reactions.
Equations for Bleach.
Colours of displacement
Okay, this could be my weak area and how I see it is that a displacement reaction is where a more reactive halide is able to swap positions with another one, therefore displacing it.
The equation is Cl2 + 2NaOH -----> NaClO + NaCl + H20
The colours of displacement are orange and violet. Orange when chlorine displaces bromide.
Violet when chlorine displaces iodide and Bromine displaces iodide ?
6. (Original post by ADAOBI123)
Hmmmmmmm
Describe how van der waals forces arise ?
Uneven distribution of electrons in molecule
Creates instantaneous dipole
Induces other dipoles
V.D.W forces are created
7. (Original post by niniesta96)
That's right As it is outweighed by the effect of an increase in atomic radius and electron shielding which weaken the electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and the outer shell electrons (more than an increase in nuclear charge would strengthen it)
Okay thanks, I'll try to remember this for Thursday What type of questions do you feel will appear?
8. (Original post by yodawg321)
Uneven distribution of electrons in molecule
Creates instantaneous dipole
Induces other dipoles
V.D.W forces are created
Spot on !
9. (Original post by yodawg321)
What is Displacement Reactions.
Equations for Bleach.
Colours of displacement
1. Displacement reactions refer to those which can be used to determine the more reactive halogen. It involves the more reactive halogen in its atomic state diplacing the less reactive halogen in its ionic state to become ionic itself e.g.
Cl2 + 2Br- -> Br2 + 2Cl-
2. Cl2 (g) + 2NaOH (aq) -> NaCl (aq) + NaClO (aq) + H2O (l)
3. In both water and cyclohexane chlorine = pale-green, bromine= prange in both and iodine= brown in water and deep purple in cylcohexane (as it is more soluble in the latter)
10. (Original post by ADAOBI123)
Good, however the bolded part that was not needed, I follow the mark scheme word by word
I know but I feel like I want to test myself even further in each question that I practice on
11. (Original post by MathsNerd1)
Okay, this could be my weak area and how I see it is that a displacement reaction is where a more reactive halide is able to swap positions with another one, therefore displacing it.
The equation is Cl2 + 2NaOH -----> NaClO + NaCl + H20
The colours of displacement are orange and violet. Orange when chlorine displaces bromide.
Violet when chlorine displaces iodide and Bromine displaces iodide ?
Br and I will be orange I think?
For bleach you can also do CL2 + H2O ---> HClO + HCl
Not going to worry about this that much because this came up in Jan, don't think they will ask us this again
12. (Original post by MathsNerd1)
I know but I feel like I want to test myself even further in each question that I practice on
Okay, your turn, ask me a question.
13. (Original post by MathsNerd1)
Okay thanks, I'll try to remember this for Thursday What type of questions do you feel will appear?
I think there will be some on Ionisation Energy- they are yet to ask us to explain why the trend across the period fluctuates (basically because of sub-shells) which would be a tricky question.
14. (Original post by yodawg321)
Br and I will be orange I think?
For bleach you can also do CL2 + H2O ---> HClO + HCl
Not going to worry about this that much because this came up in Jan, don't think they will ask us this again
Well I always think that bromine has to be involved to be orange as that's the colour of bromine water. And oh snap, what reaction did I do then? :-/
15. (Original post by ADAOBI123)
Okay, your turn, ask me a question.
Okay. Explain what a disproportionation reaction is and give an example of one.
16. (Original post by niniesta96)
I think there will be some on Ionisation Energy- they are yet to ask us to explain why the trend across the period fluctuates (basically because of sub-shells) which would be a tricky question.
Well I don't think they've asked the defintion of successive ionisation energy, that could throw some people off and that wouldn't really bother me too much as it'll increase because of the nuclear charge increasing, the atomic radius decreasing and similiar effects from electron shielding as they're within the same outer shell.
Would that be okay for an answer? Obviously going into a bit more detail about it .
17. Hey guys.
(Not sure if this is off-topic of everyone asking questions at the moment, but ah ...)
Do you think any questions relating to the atomic model etc will come up ? It's a small part and I myself think its not going to. But being me, I have the urge to go through EVERY page of my book. :P
Thanks.
18. (Original post by MathsNerd1)
Okay. Explain what a disproportionation reaction is and give an example of one.
A disproportionation reaction is where an element is being oxidised and reduced.
Cl2+2NaOH -----> NaCl + NaClO+H2O
19. (Original post by ADAOBI123)
A disproportionation reaction is where an element is being oxidised and reduced.
Cl2+2NaOH -----> NaCl + NaClO+H2O
Correct! My turn
20. (Original post by Loquacious)
Hey guys.
(Not sure if this is off-topic of everyone asking questions at the moment, but ah ...)
Do you think any questions relating to the atomic model etc will come up ? It's a small part and I myself think its not going to. But being me, I have the urge to go through EVERY page of my book. :P
Thanks.
To be quite honest I've never even bothered to learn any of the green coloured pages, also on the periodic table part as I highly doubt that it'll ever show up.
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http://www.universal-sci.com/headlines/2015/12/16/how-to-crack-british-intelligence-services-devilish-christmas-puzzle | 1,566,780,427,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330913.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826000512-20190826022512-00281.warc.gz | 327,496,062 | 19,891 | How to crack British intelligence service’s devilish Christmas puzzle
By Graham Kendall - Professor of Operations Research and Vice-Provost, University of Nothtingham
Easy-peasy? GCHQ
Calling all aspiring spooks. Robert Hannigan, director of Britain’s security and intelligence organisation GCHQ, has included a rather tantalising puzzle with his Christmas card this year. He hopes that it will exercise your grey cells over the holiday period.
If you can solve the puzzle, along with the others that it will lead to, you can email the solution to GCHQ (the Government communications headquarters) before January 31. A winner will be drawn from all the correct answers – and doubtless be named to much fanfare.
So what do you need to do to be in with a chance?
The puzzle requires that you shade in squares on the 25x25 grid shown above. But which ones? Well, a few of the “black” squares have been completed for you, but most you will have to do yourself. By way of a clue, each row and cell has a sequence of numbers attached to it. The numbers represent a sequence of shaded cells, that need to separated from each other by at least one blank cell. For example, the row marked “7 3 1 1 7” should contain a sequence of seven shaded cells, followed by at least one blank cell, then three shaded cells, followed by at least one blank cell – and so on. The problem is made trickier because each horizontal row intersects a vertical column, each with its own sequence code.
Paper and pen
So how do you reach the solution? One way of cracking it is to resort to old-fashioned paper and pen. Just sit down, put on your thinking cap and try to reason it out.
It is not that difficult to get started. In fact, it is already started, and it is easy to fill in a few more squares. Take a look at row 22 on the horizontal axis – the one that has the sequence “1 3 1 3 10 2”. These numbers add up to 20 and as there are six blocks, you need at least five blank squares to separate them. As we only have 25 squares in the row, this pattern can only fit in one way – the first square in the row has to be shaded, and the rest just follow, with only one blank square between each run of shaded squares.
Are there any others like this? Column seven (“7 1 1 1 1 1 7”) sums up to 19. As we have seven numbers we need at six least separators. This also adds up to 25, so this row is easy to complete, too. The figure below shows the grid once we have filled in row 22 and column seven (the blank squares are marked in yellow).
State of grid after completing row 22 and column seven.
Any others where the row or column is also easy to complete? Yes, but I’ll leave it to you to find them.
Once you have completed the “easy” rows/columns, you then need to start looking for other ways of completing the remaining rows and columns, or even reasoning about individual cells. In many ways, it is like completing a Sudoku puzzle. You should find that you never have to guess, but perhaps using a pencil and having a rubber to hand might be a good idea.
One more hint, colour in the blank squares, too – just use a different shade. This might sound obvious but leaving a square blank, once you have determined that it “must” be blank, might mean that it gets mistakenly shaded later. You can see in the figure above that I’ve have coloured the blank squares yellow, so we know that we should not make them black later.
Getting mathematical
If you don’t want to exercise the brain, you can get a computer to do it for you.
Jean Francois Puget presents one such – SPOILER ALERT: the next link reveals the solution – methodology, which is based on mixed integer programming.
You define the problem using variables, zeroes for white cells and ones for black cells. You next define constraints. For example, each row/column has to have the correct sequence of blacks cells in each row/column, separated by at least one white cell. You also need to define an objective function. This is usually something you are trying to minimise (for example, waste) or maximise (for example, profit). In the case of this puzzle, there is nothing to minimise or maximise, as once we have a valid solution we cannot improve on it.
Once we have defined the variables, constraints and objection function, we can hand it over to one of the many solvers that are available online and it will return the solution.
The downside of mathematical approaches to complex problems is that there may be a solution, but it could take millions of years to find it. Fortunately, this puzzle can be solved quickly.
Other approaches
If you don’t fancy either of the above two approaches, there are many other options. In a previous article we discussed how ants could be used to solve chess puzzles. So if ants can play chess, they could certainly solve the GCHQ puzzle.
Whether it is worth the effort to develop the computer model required, however, is open to debate. The same could also be argued for the many other meta-heuristic approaches. Almost any of them could solve this puzzle, but is it worth the development effort?
The puzzle has generated a lot of media interest and many people are trying to solve it. As we have shown above, there are already solutions on the internet and there is even more information about the subsequent puzzles on Reddit. That does seem to go against the spirit of the puzzle, however, and the spirit of the season. Why not just print the grid, get out a pen and exercise the grey matter sometime over the festive period? You may even win the honest way.
Source: The Conversation | 1,234 | 5,581 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.921875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | latest | en | 0.959391 |
https://help.scilab.org/docs/6.0.2/en_US/comet.html | 1,643,075,627,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304749.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125005757-20220125035757-00147.warc.gz | 345,516,538 | 8,040 | Scilab Home page | Wiki | Bug tracker | Forge | Mailing list archives | ATOMS | File exchange
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Scilab Help >> Graphics > 2d_plot > comet
# comet
2D comet animated plot.
### Syntax
```comet(y)
comet(x,y)
comet(x,fun)
comet(x,y,p)
comet(x,fun,p)
comet(...,"colors",c)```
### Parameters
x
a real vector or matrix. If omitted, it is assumed to be the vector `1:ny` where `ny` is the number of curve points (see below).
y
a real vector or matrix of length.
p
a real scalar in the interval`[0 1[`. Default value is 0.1.
fun
a scilab function with syntax `y=fun(x)`. `fun` can also be a polynomial or a rational fraction.
c
a vector of `ny` color index.
### Description
If `(x,y)` are two vectors with the same number of elements, this function draws a 2D comet animated plot showing the progression of the curve `(x(1:k),y(1:k))` for `k` varying from `1` to `size(x,'*')`.
The plot is made of three parts:
mark that shows the current `(x(i),y(i))` position.
a body
that shows the trailing curve that follows the head: the `(x(i-k:i),y(i-k:i))` part of the curve.
a tail
that shows the `(x(1:i-k),y(1:i-k))` part of the curve.
`comet(x,fun,...)` is equivalent to `comet(x,feval(x,fun),...)`.
`comet(...,p)` can be used to set the relative length of the body. `k` is defined as `k = round(p*ny)`.
If `y` is a matrix then animated curves are drawn for each pair `(x,y(:,l))`. In this case `ny` is the number of rows of `y`.
If `x` and `y` are matrices with identical sizes then animated curves are drawn for each pair `(x(:,l),y(:,l))`. In this case `ny` is the number of rows of `x` and `y`.
`comet(...,"colors",c)` can be used to set the colors of each curves.
### Examples
```t = linspace(0,10*%pi,500);
clf();
isoview; //set isoview axes
comet(t.*sin(t), t.*cos(t))```
```t = linspace(0,10*%pi,500)';
clf();
comet(t.*sin(t), [t.*sin(2*t) t.*sin(3*t)])```
```t = linspace(0,10*%pi,500)';
clf();comet(t.*sin(t),[t.*sin(2*t) t.*sin(3*t)],"colors",[3 5])```
```function y=traj(x)
y=1.5*sin(x^2)
endfunction
clf();
comet(linspace(0,5,500),traj)```
```clf();
comet(linspace(-2,4,500), (%s-3)/(%s^3+2*%s^2+1))```
• color — returns the color id of a color
• comet3d — 3D comet animated plot.
• paramfplot2d — animated plot of a 2D parametrized curve.
### History
Version Description 5.3.2 Function `comet` introduced. | 793 | 2,394 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.90625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | latest | en | 0.758781 |
https://www.xuebaunion.com/detail/1406.html | 1,719,244,292,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-26/segments/1718198865401.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240624151022-20240624181022-00087.warc.gz | 941,522,109 | 6,112 | R代写-ALY2010
1 | P a g e
ALY2010 Project 6
Instructor: Dr. Dee Chiluiza, PhD
Correlation, regression analysis and chi-square test
Overview and Rationale
This project will help you measure your understandings of basic concepts on analytics.
It will help you measure your skills on R, R Studio and R Markdown.
It will help you to measure your understanding of correlation, regression analysis and chi-square test.
It will help you measure your skills to apply critical thinking to make meaningful observations of your data
analysis results.
Support file
Use the attached R Markdown file (Project_6_Template.Rmd) as a template to fill your answers.
Assignment
Part 1. Title and Introduction
Prepare your report using R Markdown, and present your report using an HTML file.
1. Title: Present a title to your report.
2. Introduction: Present a well informative introduction section, this will measure your understanding of
the topic and analytical processes for data analysis:
Your introduction needs good information and good organization. This applies for any report you make.
Separate each topic in individual paragraph.
• Regression: Using your own words, talk about the significance of the regression analysis. Provide a practical
example from the financial or market industries.
• Chi-Square: Using your own words, talk about the significance of using chi-square tests and their application
in the industry.
Use Bluman as a reference. Also present at least one additional academic reference for each topic.
Part 2. Analysis section
Task 1. Correlation and regression analysis
1.1 Data set description.
Use ?faithful in the console and read the information about faithful. This is a public data set.
2 | P a g e
1.1 Using your own words, describe the data set.
1.2 What is the coefficient of correlation between eruptions and waiting? Create an object named: corr_coef =
1.3 Explain the meaning of the coefficient of correlation?
1.4 What is the coefficient of determination between eruptions and waiting? Create an object named:
determ_coef =
1.5 Explain the meaning of the coefficient of determination?
1.6 Obtain the linear regression model for eruptions and waiting. Create an object named: Linear_reg =
1.7 Write the linear regression formula.
1.8 Present a scatter plot of eruptions versus waiting, and using the regression model you obtained on 1.6,
add the regression line to the plot.
The plot should have a good title, good x- and y-axes labels, data points presented as triangle (check pch
codes), and regression line must have a color.
Check this page for pch codes:
http://www.sthda.com/english/wiki/r-plot-pch-symbols-the-different-point-shapes-available-in-r
1.9 Describe the direction of the regression line and explain what it tells you about your data.
Important: Notice that in the template Rmd file I already created an R chunk where you can enter your
r codes.
Task 2. Chi-square Goodness-of-fit test
Customers per day in store. Imagine that you own a store, and you want to know if there are differences in the
number of customers that visit your store each fay from Monday to Saturday. In order to answer this question,
you collect data for three weeks, your data is the following:
3 | P a g e
Prepare one single R chunk to enter all your codes, remember to add names to all your objects to prevent the
display of their outcomes on your report, here you will present your answers using inline r codes.
Important: all the following tasks must be prepared in the same r chunk.
You will apply the following formula:
Check M12 Lecture ChiSQ.pptx, I made modifications to slides 10, 11 and 12.
2.1 Create vectors to enter the data for each day.
2.2 Create object named table1 to create a matrix with the data. If your matrix is well done, it should look like
this:
Do not present this table in your report, just create the object: table1 = matrix()
2.3 Create a vector for the days of the week:
days = c("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday")
2.4 Create a vector for the week numbers:
weeks = c("Week1", "Week2", "Week3")
2.5 Read my R file “Vectors and Matrices. R”.
Use the vector days to provide names to the rows and the vector weeks to provide names to the columns.
2.6 Transform your table1 into a data frame. If your table is well done, it should look like this:
4 | P a g e
Do not present this table in your report, just create the object: table1 = data.frame()
2.7 Read my R Markdown file “1 Calculated_field. Rmd”.
Create a new object named: table1a and use the mutate code to create a new column for the means of
weeks1, 2, and 3, name this column Observed.
In the same mutate code create a new column named Expected, this is the sum of observed values divided by
the number of days, same for each cell. Remember, if there are no customer preferences, then the number of
customers visiting the stores is the same each day.
In the same mutate code create a new column named OmE, to calculate Observed minus Expected.
In the same mutate code create a new column named "(OmE)^2", to calculate the squares of OmE. Notice
that this name has quotations since it has special characters.
In the same mutate code create a new column named "((OmE)^2)/E", to divide (OmE)^2 by the Expected
values. Notice that this name has quotations since it has special characters.
Now your column should have the following look:
I hided the values, you must calculate them.
Important. Sometimes the name of the rows is lost when applying the mutate() code. If this is your case, use
pipes (%>%) to process this data, and use code rownames_to_column to fix the row names issue, I will help
you with this strategy:
table1a = table1 %>%
rownames_to_column('Days') %>%
mutate( )
2.8 Create an object named chisq_value and use it to calculate the chi-square test value. It must be calculated
from the table you created. Remember that it is the sum of all (O-E)^2/E, last column you created.
2.9 Create an object named alpha to enter the value α = 0.01
5 | P a g e
2.10 Create an object named df to calculate the degrees of freedom.
2.11 Create an object named cv to calculate the critical value of your test.
2.12 Create an object named table1b to prepare your table using the knitr::kable() code. Make sure to use
only one decimal for your data.
Important:
At this point, if you knit your document, you should obtain the r chunk without any white box, this is because
you created names for all your values, calculations, vectors, and tables.
Using inline r codes with two `` at each side (``r ``) Complete the following:
2.13 α = ``r ``
2.14 Critical value = ``r ``
2.15 Chi-square value = ``r ``
2.16 Is Chi-Square higher than critical value? = ``r ``
2.17 Based on the answer obtained on 2.15, do you have enough evidence to reject Ho?
2.18 Present your table 1b here: ``r ``
Important: Notice that in the template Rmd file I already created an R chunk where you can enter your r
codes.
6 | P a g e
Part 3. Conclusions
Write your conclusions.
Part 4. Bibliography
Write your Bibliography section to present all your references.
Due date
Tuesday April 20 at 11:59 PM
Grade
50 points. | 1,693 | 7,127 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.4375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-26 | latest | en | 0.887269 |
https://training.incf.org/search?f%5B0%5D=difficulty_level%3Abeginner&f%5B1%5D=lesson_type%3A24&f%5B2%5D=topics%3A22&f%5B3%5D=topics%3A23&f%5B4%5D=topics%3A35&f%5B5%5D=topics%3A47&f%5B6%5D=topics%3A52&f%5B7%5D=topics%3A62&f%5B8%5D=topics%3A63&f%5B9%5D=topics%3A64&f%5B10%5D=topics%3A67&f%5B11%5D=topics%3A186&%3Bf%5B1%5D=topics%3A79 | 1,590,518,576,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347391277.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526160400-20200526190400-00032.warc.gz | 579,489,791 | 16,561 | ## Difficulty level
Lecture title:
The simulation of the virtual epileptic patient is presented as an example of advanced brain simulation as a translational approach to deliver improved results in clinics. The fundamentals of epilepsy are explained. On this basis, the concept of epilepsy simulation is developed. By using an iPython notebook, the detailed process of this approach is explained step by step. In the end, you are able to perform simple epilepsy simulations your own.
Difficulty level: Beginner
Duration: 1:28:53
Speaker: : Julie Courtiol
Lecture title:
Learn how to simulate seizure events and epilepsy in The Virtual Brain. We will look at the paper: On the Nature of Seizure Dynamics which describes a new local model called the Epileptor, and apply this same model in The Virtual Brain. This is part 1 of 2 in a series explaining how to use the Epileptor. In this part, we focus on setting up the parameters.
Difficulty level: Beginner
Duration: 4:44
Speaker: : Paul Triebkorn
Lecture title:
The probability of a hypothesis, given data.
Difficulty level: Beginner
Duration: 7:57
Speaker: : Barton Poulson
Lecture title:
Why math is useful in data science.
Difficulty level: Beginner
Duration: 1:35
Speaker: : Barton Poulson
Lecture title:
Why statistics are useful for data science.
Difficulty level: Beginner
Duration: 4:01
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Lecture title:
Statistics is exploring data.
Difficulty level: Beginner
Duration: 2:23
Speaker: : Barton Poulson
Lecture title:
Graphical data exploration
Difficulty level: Beginner
Duration: 8:01
Speaker: : Barton Poulson
Lecture title:
Numerical data exploration
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Duration: 5:05
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Lecture title:
Simple description of statistical data.
Difficulty level: Beginner
Duration: 10:16
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Lecture title:
Basics of hypothesis testing.
Difficulty level: Beginner
Duration: 06:04
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Lecture title:
Enabling neuroscience research using high performance computing
Difficulty level: Beginner
Duration: 39:27
Speaker: : Subha Sivagnanam
Lecture on the most important concepts in software engineering
Difficulty level: Beginner
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Speaker: : Jeff Muller
Lecture title:
Tutorial describing the basic search and navigation features of the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas
Difficulty level: Beginner
Duration: 6:40
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Lecture title:
Tutorial describing the basic search and navigation features of the Allen Developing Mouse Brain Atlas
Difficulty level: Beginner
Duration: 6:35
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Lecture title:
Tutorial describing the basic features of the Brain Explorer® 3-D viewer for the mouse brain
Difficulty level: Beginner
Duration: 6:41
Speaker: : Unknown
This tutorial demonstrates how to use the differential search feature of the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas to find gene markers for different regions of the brain and to visualize this gene expression in three-dimensional space. Differential search is also available for the Allen Developing Mouse Brain Atlas and the Allen Human Brain Atlas.
Difficulty level: Beginner
Duration: 6:31
Speaker: : Unknown
The chair of the workshop is giving an introduction and a motivating argument.
Difficulty level: Beginner
Duration: 5:36
Speaker: : Maryann Martone
Lecture title:
Introduction to the Mathematics chapter of Datalabcc's "Foundations in Data Science" series.
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Primer on elementary algebra
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Primer on linear algebra
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Speaker: : Barton Poulson | 854 | 3,719 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.734375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | latest | en | 0.784185 |
https://aakashdigitalsrv1.meritnation.com/ask-answer/question/for-any-three-sets-a-b-c-prove-that-i-ax-b-intersection-c-ax/relations-and-functions/7497223 | 1,653,182,572,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662543264.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522001016-20220522031016-00400.warc.gz | 122,882,275 | 8,459 | # For any three sets A, B, C, prove that : (i) AX(B intersection C) = (AXB) intersection (AXC)
Let p be an arbitrary element of A X (B∩C).
Then p = (x,y) such that x ∈ A and y∈(B∩C).
The logical breakdown is as follows:
x∈A and (y∈(B∩C))
x∈A and (y∈B and y∈C)
(x∈A and y∈B) and (x∈A and y∈C)
(x,y) ∈ (A x B) and (x,y) ∈(A x C) [ This step is the definition of the Cartesian Product. ]
(x,y) ∈ (AxB) ∩ (AxC)
Since p was an arbitrary element of Ax(B∩C), it follows that Ax(B∩C) ⊆ (AxB)∩(AxC)
..................(1)
Now Let p be an arbitrary element of (AxB)∩(AxC)
Then p = (x,y) such that (x,y) ∈ (AxB) and (x,y) ∈ (AxC)
The logical breakdown is as follows:
(x,y) ∈ (AxB) and (x,y) ∈ (AxC)
x∈A and y∈B and x∈A and y∈C
x∈A and (y∈B and y∈C)
(x,y) ∈A X (B∩C)
Since p was an arbitrary element of (AxB)∩(AxC), it follows that (AxB)∩(AxC) ⊆A X (B∩C).................(2)
So from (1) and (2) we get,
Ax(B∩C) = (AxB)∩(AxC)
• 5
What are you looking for? | 435 | 961 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.953125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | latest | en | 0.715159 |
http://www.k-state.edu/smartbooks/Lesson011.html | 1,417,121,081,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009179.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00235-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 637,023,906 | 4,186 | Literature connection: If You Hopped Like a Frog By David M. Schwartz Mathematical Strand: Algebra Topic: Students will brainstorm several animal/personal scenarios (as exemplified in the text), select one, and write out an explanation of the comparison. They will apply the measurements/characteristics to themselves and a small sampling in the class. They should use any algebraic equation appropriate to demonstrate the comparison. Grade level: 6-8 Lesson created by: Shelley Faerber, Susan B. Anthony Middle School, Manhattan, KS. Lesson Descriptions 1. Read the book, If You Hopped Like a Frog, to the students. Discuss with the students the various ways you could represent the comparisons numerically. 2. When you are satisfied with one of the discussions of the comparisons, read to them/show them the explanation given in the back of the book. Ask the students to work in pairs to come up with at least one other animal/personal comparison (Cheetah's speed and running home from school, speed of dolphin's swimming and how quickly you could get across the swimming pool, length of an elephant's nose and how long yours would be in comparison). Together have the students research (book or computer) the statistics/facts on that animal's characteristic. 3. The student pair should then write up an explanation that would go in the "back of the book," just as David Schwartz has done. Data should be a combination of their own measurements and their research. The student pair should then collect the data measurements of the other students in the room/other variations of the measurement. This data should be used to construct a graph or table. The students will be asked to write out the numerical representation of these comparisons as an algebraic equation. For instance: an average Indian Elephant is 10 feet tall. Its trunk is 7 feet long. My nose is 2 ½ inches long and I measure 66 inches tall. I can measure the noses of the other students in my class, create a table, and represent those comparisons in an algebraic equation. | 422 | 2,042 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.09375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | longest | en | 0.937549 |
https://askinglot.com/what-is-scale-factor-in-similar-triangles | 1,624,495,936,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488544264.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623225535-20210624015535-00062.warc.gz | 120,368,843 | 6,998 | asked in category: General Last Updated: 3rd May, 2020
# What is scale factor in similar triangles?
When two triangles are similar, the reduced ratio of any two corresponding sides is called the scale factor of the similar triangles. The ratios of corresponding sides are 6/3, 8/4, 10/5. These all reduce to 2/1. It is then said that the scale factor of these two similar triangles is 2 : 1.
Similarly, how do you find the scale factor of similar triangles?
To find a scale factor between two similar figures, find two corresponding sides and write the ratio of the two sides. If you begin with the smaller figure, your scale factor will be less than one. If you begin with the larger figure, your scale factor will be greater than one.
One may also ask, what is a scale factor of 3? Linear scale factor For example, a scale factor of 2 means that the new shape is twice the size of the original. A scale factor of 3 means that the new shape is three times the size of the original.
Also know, how do u find the scale factor?
To find scale factor, start by finding the length of a corresponding side on each figure. If you're scaling up from a smaller figure to a larger one, plug the lengths into the equation scale factor = larger length over smaller length.
What is scale factor in geometry?
Definition Of Scale Factor The ratio of any two corresponding lengths in two similar geometric figures is called as Scale Factor.
6
3rd May, 2020
158
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Users | 335 | 1,482 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.25 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | latest | en | 0.935779 |
https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~buttcane/Math309Fall2015/ | 1,508,377,770,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823214.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019012514-20171019032514-00580.warc.gz | 890,477,566 | 1,291 | Math 309 Fall 2015 Syllabus Homework 1, due Sept. 8, 2015 Homework 2, due Sept. 15, 2015 Homework 3, due Sept. 22, 2015 Homework 4, due Sept. 29, 2015 Midterm 1 Results: The median was 63/110, mean 63, standard deviation 18 (these numbers were incorrect before). Say, VERY roughly, 80+=A 60-80=B 40-60=C 20-40=D. Homework 5, due Oct. 6, 2015 Homework 6, due Oct. 13, 2015 Homework 7, due Oct. 20, 2015 Homework 8, due Oct. 27, 2015 (The link is fixed, now.) Homework 9, due Nov. 3, 2015 Midterm 2 Results: The median was 52/90, mean 52, standard deviation 15. Say, VERY roughly, 70+=A 50-70=B 30-50=C 10-30=D. Homework 10, due Nov. 10, 2015 Homework 11, due Nov. 17, 2015 Some solutions. Homework 12, due Nov. 24, 2015 Homework 13, due Friday, Dec. 11, 2015 before 4:30pm (exactly) in my office. Note: The homework assignments link to PDF files. These should be readable on most computers. If they are not, go here to get Adobe Reader. (Beware of "optional offers".) | 348 | 966 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | latest | en | 0.926437 |
https://www.cnblogs.com/liutianrui/p/13598854.html | 1,638,999,724,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363598.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208205849-20211208235849-00431.warc.gz | 764,780,468 | 9,509 | 2020牛客暑期多校训练营（第九场）C Groundhog and Gaming Time 题解
(a+b+c+d+e)^2=a*(a+b+c+d+e)+b*(a+b+c+d+e)+c*(a+b+c+d+e)+d*(a+b+c+d+e)+e*(a+b+c+d+e)
(a+b+c)^2+(c+d+e)^2=…… c*(a+b+c)+c*(c+d+e) ……
=…… c*((a+b+c)+(c+d+e)) ……
1 #include<iostream>
2 #include<cstdlib>
3 #include<cstdio>
4 #include<cstring>
5 #include<cmath>
6 #include<algorithm>
7 #include<map>
8 #define N 500005
9 using namespace std;
10 int n;
11 struct ro{
12 int l,r;
13 }A[N];
14 const int p=998244353;
15 int inv;
16 int B[N],C[N];
17 bool cmpl(int x,int y)
18 {
19 return A[x].l<A[y].l;
20 }
21 bool cmpr(int x,int y)
22 {
23 return A[x].r<A[y].r;
24 }
25 map<int,int>ma;
26 int zz,D[2*N];
27 struct no{
28 int left,right,mid;
29 long long sum,tmp;
30 }node[N*8];
31 void build(int left,int right,int x)
32 {
33 node[x].left=left,node[x].right=right;
34 node[x].tmp=1; //tmp表示这个区间被覆盖了log2(tmp)次
35 node[x].sum=D[right+1]-D[left]; //sum表示这个区间的贡献和
36 if(left==right)
37 {
38 return;
39 }
40 int mid=(left+right)>>1;
41 node[x].mid=mid;
42 build(left,mid,x<<1);
43 build(mid+1,right,x<<1|1);
44 }
45 long long ksm(long long x,long long z)
46 {
47 long long ans=1;
48 while(z)
49 {
50 if(z&1)
51 {
52 ans=ans*x%p;
53 }
54 x=x*x%p;
55 z>>=1;
56 }
57 return ans;
58 }
59 void change(int left,int right,int x,int da)
60 {
61 if(node[x].left==left&&node[x].right==right)
62 {
63 node[x].sum=node[x].sum*da%p;
64 node[x].tmp=node[x].tmp*da%p;
65 return ;
66 }
67 int mid=node[x].mid;
68 if(left>mid) change(left,right,x<<1|1,da);
69 else if(right<=mid) change(left,right,x<<1,da);
70 else change(left,mid,x<<1,da),change(mid+1,right,x<<1|1,da);
71 node[x].sum=(node[x<<1].sum+node[x<<1|1].sum)%p*node[x].tmp%p;
72 }
73 int main()
74 {
75 inv=ksm(2,p-2);
76 scanf("%d",&n);
77 for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
78 {
79 scanf("%d%d",&A[i].l,&A[i].r);
80 A[i].r++; //方便计算让右端点+1
81 B[i]=C[i]=i;
82 if(!ma[A[i].l])
83 {
84 zz++;
85 D[zz]=A[i].l;
86 ma[A[i].l]=1;
87 }
88 if(!ma[A[i].r])
89 {
90 zz++;
91 D[zz]=A[i].r;
92 ma[A[i].r]=1;
93 }
94 }
95 if(!ma[0]) //在外面套上一个边界，方便计算
96 {
97 zz++;
98 D[zz]=0;
99 ma[0]=zz;
100 }
101 if(!ma[1e9+1])
102 {
103 zz++;
104 D[zz]=1e9+1;
105 ma[1e9+1]=zz;
106 }
107 sort(B+1,B+n+1,cmpl); //将区间按照左端点排序
108 sort(C+1,C+n+1,cmpr); //将区间按照右端点排序
109 sort(D+1,D+zz+1);
110 for(int i=1;i<=zz;i++)
111 {
112 ma[D[i]]=i;
113 }
114 int li=1,ri=1;
115 build(1,zz-1,1);
116 long long ans=0;
117 for(int i=1;i<zz;i++)
118 {
119 for(;A[B[li]].l<=D[i]&&li<=n;li++) //计算新的对 [ D[i],D[i+1]) 有影响的大区间 的贡献
120 {
121 change(ma[A[B[li]].l],ma[A[B[li]].r]-1,1,2);
122 }
123
124 for(;A[C[ri]].r<=D[i]&&ri<=n;ri++) //消去新的不对[ D[i],D[i+1]) 有影响的大区间 的贡献
125 {
126 change(ma[A[C[ri]].l],ma[A[C[ri]].r]-1,1,inv);
127 }
128 ans=(ans+1ll*node[1].sum*(D[i+1]-D[i])%p)%p;
129 }
130 ans=(ans-1ll*(1000000001)*(1000000001)%p+p)%p; // 减去多算的那部分贡献
131 ans=ans*ksm(inv,n)%p; //除以2^n
132 printf("%lld\n",ans%p);
133 return 0;
134 }
View Code
posted @ 2020-09-01 21:54 Hzoi_joker 阅读(254) 评论(0编辑 收藏 举报 | 1,403 | 3,642 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.25 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | latest | en | 0.116542 |
http://bm.kaznu.kz/index.php/kaznu/article/view/87 | 1,558,593,920,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257156.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523063645-20190523085645-00206.warc.gz | 31,906,235 | 6,869 | # About ellipticity P2 - approximation for the stationary equation of a one - speed transfer
• S. E. Temirbolat Казахский Национальный Университет имени аль-Фараби
• G. M. Khushnizarov Казахский Национальный Университет имени аль-Фараби
### Abstract
It is considered the P2 - approaching of infinite systems of differential equations, which is obtained by using the spherical harmonics method in stationary kinetic equations of one -speed transfer. In "Mathematical problems of the kinetic theory of transference"the work of U.M. Sultangazin and others it is asserted that stationary equations of one - speed transfer are elliptic, but no proof of the final form of the elliptic system is given. In the non stationary case the system is symmetric hyperbolic by Fredricks, and one can see that becoming process by time, i.e. a process when transient phenomenon becomes stationary, the corresponding operator is elliptic. The above mentioned system is not elliptic after the exclusion of the matrix with time derivatives (form is unknown), the remaining matrices (with derivatives by space variables) are degenerated. Therefore, we will do the following analysis of these systems (P2 - approximation) to establish their ellipticity in line with first - order system of non-degenerated matrices.
### References
[1] Султангазин У.М., Смелов В.В., Акишев А.Ш., Сакабеков А., Марек И., Мика С., Житны К. Математические проблемы кинетической теории переноса. – Алма - Ата: Наука, 1986. – 255 с.
[2] Темирболат С. Е. Новая методика исследования некорректных краевых задач. – Алматы: Қазақ университетi, 2009. – 62 с.
How to Cite
TEMIRBOLAT, S. E.; KHUSHNIZAROV, G. M.. About ellipticity P2 - approximation for the stationary equation of a one - speed transfer. Journal of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Science, [S.l.], v. 76, n. 1, p. 53-59, feb. 2015. ISSN 1563-0277. Available at: <http://bm.kaznu.kz/index.php/kaznu/article/view/87>. Date accessed: 23 may 2019.
Citation Formats
Section
Mechanics, Mathematics, Computer Science
### Keywords
stationary equations of a one - speed transfer; P2 – approximation; | 570 | 2,117 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.546875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | latest | en | 0.690227 |
https://jerrymahun.com/index.php/home/open-access/32-vi-directions/376-vii-c-directions-2-new | 1,726,201,568,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-38/segments/1725700651507.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20240913034233-20240913064233-00891.warc.gz | 295,239,704 | 5,259 | ## B. Angles and Directions
### 1. Take a Breath...
An angle is between two lines; a direction is similar except one of those lines is a meridian. An angle only relates one line to another; a direction relates all lines referenced to the same meridian. Directions are a fundamental concept in horizontal positioning.
Starting with a direction for one line, directions of other connected lines can be computed using the horizontal angles linking them. Directions and angles are added or subtracted dependent on the type of horizontal angle (interior, deflection, etc), turn direction (clockwise or counterclockwise), and direction type (bearing or azimuth).
We can also go at it in reverse: given line directions, compute the angle relating the lines (interior, left/righ, deflection, etc). This comes in handy when summarizing the results of a traverse adjustment which will be covered in a later topic.
Every surveyor should be able to convert between directions and angles. That sounds like an easy skill to master, however it does take some practice. A good approach for the beginning (and some seasoned) surveyors is to draw a sketch. This allows you to visualize what you are statring with, what you're solving for, and the correct math to connect the two.
When computing directions from angles or vice versa there are a few things to remember:
• the releationship between forward- and back-bearings (same angle, opposite quadrant) and forward- and back-azimuths (±180°).
• angles to the right are positive (added), left are negative (subtracted)
• meridians are parallel at all points (plane surveying)
There are a few common pitfalls to avoid and they are coverd in the Chapter Summary after the examples problems. This is to give you an opportunity to expereince them. | 379 | 1,784 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.921875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2024-38 | latest | en | 0.922092 |
https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/779nDNrH6piCfTJ5p/a-plausible-entropic-decision-procedure-for-many-worlds | 1,603,248,104,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107874637.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021010156-20201021040156-00299.warc.gz | 808,504,582 | 16,952 | # 4
Frontpage
Hey LessWrong! I posted about a month ago about a decision procedure that I think could be optimal in a universe where the Many Worlds Interpretation is true. The post was downvoted to zero and at least several people thought there were problems with it. However, none of the comments swayed me to believe that my idea has been falsified yet, so I clarified my idea, rewrote a post about it, and am interested again in your feedback. It is cross-posted from my blog here.
## Epistemic Status
While this idea seems logically coherent to me given my conception of MWI, my prior degree-of-belief in my idea is that it’s more than likely false because I’m a layperson and it’s one of the first ideas that came to me when thinking about decision theory under MWI.
I slowly lead into explaining my proposal because I think understanding the context of the problem will make my idea more intuitive. So let me begin:
## The Problem
In any binary decision problem that we face with options A and B, we want to use the available evidence in some decision procedure to decide which option we take. Traditionally, the idea is that when it comes time to make a decision, an agent simply ought to choose whichever option looks more choice-worthy (has more expected utility). If their computations and cost-benefit analysis show that A looks even slightly like a better option then B, they want to go with A every single time.
However, if Many Worlds is true, I think that making decisions in this fashion ‘damns’ the copies of this agent in nearly all the nearby child worlds to making the same decision. By nearby child worlds, I mean the sister worlds that have recently branched out from a common Everett branch. For example, suppose Bob is trying to decide to go left or right at an intersection. In the moments where he is deciding to go either left or right, many nearly identical copies in nearly identical scenarios are created. They are almost entirely all the same, and if one Bob decides to go left, one can assume that 99%+ of Bobs made the same decision. This is fine if going left was the best decision, but what if it’s not? If he happens to subsequently be killed by a mountain lion who was hiding in the bushes, nearly all the Bobs in all the worlds that were created since he approached the intersection are now dead. Those lives were all ethically-valuable and equally worth living, and all those future child worlds are going to miss out on the positive influences of Bob.
Since going left was a relatively arbitrary decision based on the sum of evidence Bob had available, wouldn’t it have been nice if only half of the Bobs created since he first approached the intersection went left, and the other half went right? Then, in case there are any mountain lions or other threats, in at least in half of future child worlds, Bob is still alive.
If going left seemed a good bit more worthy than going right (but not overwhelmingly), perhaps it would be optimal if 80% of Bobs went left, and only 20% went right.
## Ineffective Solutions
If this diversification of future child worlds is optimal, how can Bob coordinate with the other recently created Bobs to diversify outcomes by making different decisions? He can’t just choose to feel very uncertain or subjectively try to feel like doing either one. The human brain is too robust against individual quantum phenomena to ensure Bob reliably makes different choices. Many trillions of quantum operations occur in the brain all the time, yet the brain produces comparatively few high-level decisions, so the brain is robust against most individual quantum phenomena. In most nearby child worlds, Bob probably makes the same decisions, especially when presented with nearly identical sensory stimuli.
Back to how Bob can coordinate with the other ‘copies’ of himself, he cannot even diversify outcomes by flipping a coin, going left if heads and right if tails; in most recently created child worlds, the flip of the coin is too robust against individual quantum operations and lands roughly the same way each time. If he employs the coin method, nearly all the recently made copies of Bob in this scenario will make the same coin flip and then make the same decision.
## My Proposed Solution
The only method that I believe works is to look at individual quantum phenomena that has a particular probability of occurring, such as the radioactive decay of an atom. If Bob has a Geiger counter, he can employ an algorithm that yields a 0 or a 1 bit 50% of the time based off whether the time between 2 consecutive measured radioactive decays is greater than the time between the next two consecutive radioactive decays. If Bob first had the intent to employ this decision procedure as he approached the intersection, nearly all of the Bobs that split off from him also intend to employ this decision procedure.
When it finally comes time for all the copies of him to make a decision, and he happens to feel that going left and right is equally choice-worthy, he can mentally commit to a decision procedure, going left if his true random number is a 0 and right if it is a 1. Then, when he looks to see whether his true-random number generator yields a 0 or a 1, nearly half of the copies of him see a 0 and the other half see a 1. When nearly all the copies of him continue to commit to the decision procedure, 50% of them go right, and 50% go left. Thus, we get a diversity of outcomes, which is intuitively a good thing, although I hope to prove this later.
## Q: What if an agent Charlie is 80% sure that option A is superior to option B?
In that case, Charlie should seek out a random number that is equally likely to be between 1 and 5, inclusive, and go with option A if the generated number is anything but a 5. He can do this by seeking out 3 quantum-generated bits, which create a binary number. As long as the number is between 1 and 5, Charlie can use it. Otherwise, he must discard it. Then, Charlie can base his decision off the first number that qualifies–either 001, 010, 011, 100, or 101. Of note, he only has to discard strictly less than 50% of the numbers with this scheme.
For more precise choice-worthy estimates, one can round one’s subjective probability estimates to arbitrary precision, or employ other encoding schemes.
## Q: But under Many Worlds, we have enough diversity of outcomes that we do not need to worry about deliberately diversifying them, right?
No, I do not think we end up with a proper diversification of outcomes when we apply traditional decision procedures. Not everything that one can imagine happening does happen. I can imagine jumping out the window right now, but it’s entirely possible that in no child worlds, I do this, especially over a finite time period like the next 15 minutes.
Many Worlds doesn’t imply that everything one can imagine happening happens an equal number of times. Rather, Many Worlds implies just that a lot of worlds are created each moment, and that more subjectively probable phenomena, insofar as one is calibrated well, tend to occur in more worlds.
Importantly, “A util is a util” and each instance of suffering and well-being is ethically-relevant, even in a Many-Worlds universe.
## Q: What are the hazards of this decision procedure if Many Worlds isn’t true, or if your conception of Many Worlds is utterly wrong?
I don’t think the hazards are great for the well-calibrated person. If you really would tell only 9 out of 10 copies of yourself to make the same decision, it should not be the end of the world to sometimes be that 10th copy that makes a slightly subjectively suboptimal decision.
For the poorly-calibrated person, you could expect them to make subjectively less optimal decisions more often than they otherwise should. However, I don’t think we need perfect calibration for the Many Worlds to reap the benefits of this decision procedure—slight over-diversification is probably better than none.
## Q: To what sorts of decisions does this decision procedure apply?
I think it should apply to every sort of decision. It would be great for us all to have access to recently-produced, quantum-generated random numbers and employ this procedure to relatively arbitrary and significant phenomena alike. We don’t want you going with the cheesecake and getting food-poising in all future child worlds, nor do we want to see all future child worlds damned to the same outcomes from the decision to retaliate nuclearly.
## Q: What is a practical source of quantum-generated random numbers?
I’m glad you asked! For this procedure, random numbers must be based off quantum phenomena, like radioactive decay or the photoelectric effect, they must be recently generated, and highly preferably, no one else can use them for this decision procedure. HotBits won’t work—I reached out to them—because they send out bits from a pool of entropy which includes random numbers generated from some time ago. The only website that I found that works is hosted by someone at the Australia National University: https://qrng.anu.edu.au/RainBin.php.
If this decision procedure is ever popularized, though, we want a way to make sure different people cannot use the same random numbers for their decision procedures, which would prevent the maximum diversification of child worlds. We would want to use a system like HotBits, which never sends out the same bits twice. We would also want to build and distribute physical quantum random number generators that people could use when they didn’t have internet access.
Thanks for reading! I’m curious what you think of this.
Update : I don’t know why I didn’t parse this post into two questions. 1) Does making decisions based on pre-specified rules and quantum-generated bits actually cause a diversification of worlds, and 2) Is this diversification a risk-neutral good thing, or is it simply the result of risk-aversion?
Frontpage | 2,077 | 9,950 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.03125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | latest | en | 0.964442 |
https://www.shaalaa.com/question-bank-solutions/calculate-skb-for-the-following-set-of-observations-of-yield-of-wheat-in-kg-from-13-plots-46-35-48-51-47-55-47-36-42-35-36-52-measures-of-skewness-bowley-s-coefficient-of-skewness_160470 | 1,708,489,520,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473370.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221034447-20240221064447-00292.warc.gz | 1,035,882,569 | 10,003 | # Calculate Skb for the following set of observations of yield of wheat in kg from 13 plots: 4.6, 3.5, 4.8, 5.1, 4.7, 5.5, 4.7, 3.6, 3.5, 4.2, 3.5, 3.6, 5.2 - Mathematics and Statistics
Sum
Calculate Skb for the following set of observations of yield of wheat in kg from 13 plots:
4.6, 3.5, 4.8, 5.1, 4.7, 5.5, 4.7, 3.6, 3.5, 4.2, 3.5, 3.6, 5.2
#### Solution
The given data can be arranged in ascending order as follows:
4.6, 3.5, 4.8, 5.1, 4.7, 5.5, 4.7, 3.6, 3.5, 4.2, 3.5, 3.6, 5.2
Here, n = 13
Q1 = value of (("n" + 1)/4)^"th" observation
= value of ((13 + 1)/4)^"th" observation
= value of (3.50)th observation
= value of 3rd observation + 0.5 (value of 4th observation – value of 3rd observation)
= 3.5 + 0.50 (3.6 – 3.5)
= 3.5 + 0.50 × 0.1
= 3.5 + 0.05
∴ Q1 = 3.55
Q2 = value of 2(("n" + 1)/4)^"th" observation
= value of 2((13 + 1)/4)^"th" observation
= value of (2 × 3.50)th observation
= value of 7th observation
∴ Q2 = 4.6
Q3 = value of 3(("n" + 1)/4)^"th" observation
= value of 3((13+1)/4)^"th" observation
= value of (3 × 3.50)th observation
= value of (10.50)th observation
= value of 10th observation + 0.5 (value of 11th observation – value of 10th observation)
= 4.8 + 0.50 (5.1 – 4.8)
= 4.8 + 0.50 × 0.3
= 4.8 + 0.15
∴ Q3 = 4.95
∴ Skb = ("Q"_3 + "Q"_1 - 2"Q"_2)/("Q"_3 - "Q"_1)
= (4.95 + 3.55 - 2(4.6))/(4.95 + 3.55)
= (8.5 - 9.2)/(1.4)
= (-0.7)/(1.4)
∴ Skb= – 0.5
Concept: Measures of Skewness - Bowley’s Coefficient of Skewness
Is there an error in this question or solution?
Chapter 3: Skewness - Exercise 3.1 [Page 43]
Share | 755 | 1,584 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.5 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | latest | en | 0.739869 |
http://www.thecodingforums.com/threads/whos-for-chess.281395/ | 1,435,940,916,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096156.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00056-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 787,217,057 | 11,340 | # Who's for chess?
Discussion in 'C++' started by Paul Franklin, Feb 16, 2004.
1. ### Paul FranklinGuest
Hi,
I am writing some C++ code, and the problem is analogous to the
following situation:
Take a Chess Board of 8x8 (nxn) blocks and I have 8 (n) horses. Like
in chess, the horses are placed at a distance of 2 and a half blocks
apart from the preceding horse. For example, Horse B is at a distance
of 2 and a half blocks from horse A, Horse C is at a distance of 2 and
a half blocks from horse B and so on. If one of the horses is moved
to any different block on the board, the other horses should realign
themselves so that the distances between the horse and the preceding
horse should always be 2 and a half blocks.
So, how can I ensure this?
Thanks!
Paul.
Paul Franklin, Feb 16, 2004
2. ### Thomas MatthewsGuest
Paul Franklin wrote:
> Hi,
> I am writing some C++ code, and the problem is analogous to the
> following situation:
>
> Take a Chess Board of 8x8 (nxn) blocks and I have 8 (n) horses. Like
> in chess, the horses are placed at a distance of 2 and a half blocks
> apart from the preceding horse. For example, Horse B is at a distance
> of 2 and a half blocks from horse A, Horse C is at a distance of 2 and
> a half blocks from horse B and so on. If one of the horses is moved
> to any different block on the board, the other horses should realign
> themselves so that the distances between the horse and the preceding
> horse should always be 2 and a half blocks.
>
> So, how can I ensure this?
>
> Thanks!
> Paul.
This is a good discussion issue for news:comp.programming,
where algorithms are discussed. This isn't a C++ language
issue, so I am setting the followups.
--
Thomas Matthews
C++ newsgroup welcome message:
http://www.slack.net/~shiva/welcome.txt
C++ Faq: http://www.parashift.com/c++-faq-lite
C Faq: http://www.eskimo.com/~scs/c-faq/top.html
alt.comp.lang.learn.c-c++ faq:
http://www.raos.demon.uk/acllc-c++/faq.html
Other sites:
http://www.josuttis.com -- C++ STL Library book
http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl -- Standard Template Library
Thomas Matthews, Feb 16, 2004 | 585 | 2,110 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.65625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | longest | en | 0.881704 |
http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1294545666 | 1,498,251,483,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320174.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623202724-20170623222724-00628.warc.gz | 585,326,878 | 3,892 | # Geometry
posted by .
a door that is 6 ft by 6inches tall and 36 inches wide. Can apeice of plywood that is 7 ftby 8 ft be carried through the door?
• Geometry - ,
We need to find the diagonal of the door. Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
a^2 + b^2 = c^2
78^2 + 36^2 = c^2
6,084 + 1,296 = c^2
7,380 = c^2
85.9 = c
If 92 inches is the shortest measurement of the plywood, it won't fit.
• Geometry - ,
it won't fit as you said | 148 | 430 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.71875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | latest | en | 0.925354 |
http://bramcohen.livejournal.com/72957.html?thread=1022461 | 1,488,128,510,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172018.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00508-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 36,418,853 | 47,304 | Or connect using:
## Tue, Mar. 2nd, 2010, 07:04 am A new card game
I came up with a new card game the other day. It's been play-tested a bunch, and is a lot of fun.
The Rules:
There are two players. A standard poker deck is shuffled, and sixteen cards are dealt out face up, eight to each player. Both players get to stare at the cards for a while.
Each player then gathers up their eight cards and sets aside four of the eight cards for the other player. They then exchange the cards they've set aside for each other. Each player then forms the best poker hand they can with any five of the eight cards in their hand, and the one with the better hand wins.
That's the entirety of the rules. What makes play interesting is that if you can guess what cards your opponent will keep there's almost always a set of cards you can set aside which will make you win.
### Tue, Mar. 2nd, 2010 08:37 pm (UTC)stigant
Well, exactly. But then it's not really different from any particular poker variant in that the skill comes in playing the opponent rather than your cards, and that, ultimately, you're still only playing the percentages (ie there's a lot of luck to guessing what your opponent is going to do), which means that you still need to play a large number of hands to let skill rise in importance.
As a side note, I've often wondered why there are so many variants of poker. The mathematics of, say, Texas Hold'em are essentially the same as Omaha are essentially the same as Stud Poker etc (certainly, the odds of particular hands are different, but the process of calculating those odds is the same). The techniques of playing the people around the table are also the same (as far as I can tell). Yet, different people seem to excel at different games. To be sure, many top-level pros are very good at several varieties. But, everybody seems to have a specialty.
### Tue, Mar. 2nd, 2010 09:08 pm (UTC)bramcohen
The big difference between poker variants has to do with how much available information there is to do reads with, and how much variance there is. In hold'em reads are very possible and variance is extremely high. In Omaha reads are very possible but variance is low. Obviously the game-specific math is different enough in some cases for the crossover to be low as well, for example hold'em and lowball. | 533 | 2,327 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.4375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | latest | en | 0.982411 |
https://re.public.polimi.it/handle/11311/1007169 | 1,702,214,039,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102469.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210123756-20231210153756-00387.warc.gz | 523,288,680 | 12,607 | We model the roadway of a suspension bridge as a thin rectangular plate and we study in detail its oscillating modes. The plate is assumed to be hinged on its short edges and free on its long edges. Two different kinds of oscillating modes are found: longitudinal modes and torsional modes. Then we analyze a fourth order hyperbolic-like equation describing the dynamics of the bridge. In order to emphasize the structural behavior we consider an isolated equation with no forcing and damping. Due to the nonlinear behavior of the cables and hangers, a structural instability appears. With a finite dimensional approximation we prove that the system remains stable at low energies while numerical results show that for larger energies the system becomes unstable. We analyze the energy thresholds of instability and we show that the model allows to give answers to several questions left open by the Tacoma collapse in 1940.
### Structural instability of nonlinear plates modelling suspension bridges: Mathematical answers to some long-standing questions
#### Abstract
We model the roadway of a suspension bridge as a thin rectangular plate and we study in detail its oscillating modes. The plate is assumed to be hinged on its short edges and free on its long edges. Two different kinds of oscillating modes are found: longitudinal modes and torsional modes. Then we analyze a fourth order hyperbolic-like equation describing the dynamics of the bridge. In order to emphasize the structural behavior we consider an isolated equation with no forcing and damping. Due to the nonlinear behavior of the cables and hangers, a structural instability appears. With a finite dimensional approximation we prove that the system remains stable at low energies while numerical results show that for larger energies the system becomes unstable. We analyze the energy thresholds of instability and we show that the model allows to give answers to several questions left open by the Tacoma collapse in 1940.
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2016
Boundary value problems; Higher order equations; Nonlinear evolution equations; Analysis; Medicine (all); Engineering (all); Economics, Econometrics and Finance (all)2001 Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous); Computational Mathematics; Applied Mathematics
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: `https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1007169` | 513 | 2,594 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.65625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | latest | en | 0.899437 |
https://www.dailyfinances.site/how-to-calculate-cost-of-living-financially-whats-a-want-and-whats-a-need/ | 1,701,415,537,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100276.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201053039-20231201083039-00004.warc.gz | 788,359,486 | 19,662 | # How to Calculate Cost of Living & Financially, What's a Want and What's a Need?
By Sara
-
Last Updated: June 20, 2022
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Do you know how much money you need to survive for one month?
If you don’t, you are not alone. Many individuals don’t know the approximate or exact amount that they need for their basic cost of living.
Your cost of living is how much you need each month for your basic needs in life. Knowing this number will allow you to save up enough money for an emergency fund, budget the right amount, and prepare for a worst-case scenario.
## What is a Cost of Living Number & How Do You Calculate It?
A cost of living number is the monthly or yearly amount that you need to survive.
This number is the minimum you need to earn each month in order to live. It does not include any wants in life, such as subscriptions, dining out, clothes, and so on.
To find out your cost of living number, the first thing you need to do is track your spending.
Track your spending for one to three months and break down every purchase into categories.
Once you’ve tracked your spending and know how much you spend in every category on average for a month, you need to place each category into a “needs” or “wants” category. Everything that is in the “needs” category will be added up. This is your cost of living number.
Determining “needs” versus “wants” can be very difficult.
Our lifestyle is part of our personality. We may think that going to dinner and movies every week with your friends is a need, but this is a want. Everyone’s needs in life will be different and their cost of number will be different.
If you don’t have a car, then a car payment will not be in your needs category. If you do have a car and you need to go work with that car, then your car payment will be in your needs category. Most people will have housing, electricity, water, food, and transportation as their needs.
## The Importance of a Cost of Living Number & How to Use it
The purpose of a cost of living number is to be prepared for the worst-case scenario.
If you ever lose your job, you can cut back on your “wants” and just focus on paying for the “needs”. You will know exactly how much you will need to earn to cover your housing, transportation, food, and utilities.
That is all you will need to earn to keep the lights on at home and ensure your family has shelter and food on the table.
It’s important to only include your needs in your life for your cost of living to be able to use this number to its potential. Including wants that may seem like needs will increases how much you need each month. This will make it more difficult to save up how much you need in the case of an emergency.
Knowing your cost of living number is not just for extreme scenarios like losing your job.
It can also be helpful for budgeting, starting an emergency fund, and changing careers.
• For an easy budget, you can simply have your salary and subtract your cost of living number.
• The remainder is what you can spend on “wants” and savings.
If you check your checking account every day, you will easily be able to see if you have enough money in your account to cover your bills.
Typically an emergency fund is three to six months of expenses. Your emergency fund could be three to six months of your cost of living number. This will give you more security if you do lose your job to be able to find another job without having to worry about the necessities in life.
If you lose your job, you can use your cost of living number to calculate how much you need to earn each day. You can find a part-time job while looking for a full-time job to replace your lost income.
## Final Thoughts
A cost of living number is the amount of money you need to survive for a month.
It is calculated by tracking your spending. It should only include the necessities in your life such as housing, transportation, utilities, and food. Everyone’s cost of living number will be different and will change as you enter different stages of your life.
It’s important to know how much you need to survive with the bare necessities each month if you lose your job. It also helps with budgeting and calculating an emergency fund.
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10/30/2009 - 4:14 AM
## tcpl_ex-2-3.c
``````/*
* Exercise 2-3. Write a function htoi(s), which converts a string of hexadecimal
* digits (including an optional 0x or 0X) into its equivalent integer value. The
* allowable digits are 0 through 9, a through f, and A through F.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define BASE 16
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
int hexdigit(char c) {
if (c >= '0' && c <= '9' || c >= 'a' && c <= 'f' || c >= 'A' && c <= 'F')
return TRUE;
else
return FALSE;
}
unsigned int converthex(char c) {
if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
return c - '0';
else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')
return c - 'a' + 10;
else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F')
return c - 'A' + 10;
}
unsigned int htoi(const char s[]) {
int i = 0;
unsigned int result = 0;
if ('0' == s[i]) { /* skip optional 0x or 0X */
i++;
if ('x' == s[i] || 'X' == s[i])
i++;
}
while (1) {
if (hexdigit(s[i]))
result = result * BASE + converthex(s[i]);
else
break;
++i;
}
return result;
}
int main(void)
{
char *endp = NULL;
char *test[] =
{
"F00",
"bar",
"0100",
"0x1",
"0XA",
"0X0C0BE",
"abcdef",
"123456",
"0x123456",
"zog_c"
};
unsigned int result;
unsigned int check;
size_t numtests = sizeof(test) / sizeof(test[0]);
size_t thistest;
for (thistest = 0; thistest < numtests; thistest++) {
result = htoi(test[thistest]);
check = (unsigned int)strtoul(test[thistest], &endp, 16);
if ((*endp != '\0' && result == 0) || result == check)
printf("Testing %s. Correct. %u\n", test[thistest], result);
else
printf("Testing %s. Incorrect. %u\n", test[thistest], result);
}
return 0;
}
`````` | 570 | 1,576 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.09375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | latest | en | 0.350273 |
https://www.atqed.com/python-counter | 1,660,449,335,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00113.warc.gz | 576,424,939 | 3,242 | # Python Counter - Count the elements of a list or tuple
You can count the elements in a list or tuple using the Counter class from Python 3.1.
from collections import Counter
a = ['in', 'in', 'of', 'of', 'of', 'with']
c = Counter(a)
print(c) # Counter({'of': 3, 'in': 2, 'with': 1})
print(type(c)) # <class 'collections.Counter'>
The Counter class is a dict subclass and the number of elements are its values.
## Create the Counter object from a tuple
from collections import Counter
t = ('a', 'a', 'b')
c = Counter(t)
print(c)
# Counter({'a': 2, 'b': 1})
## Count Elements
from collections import Counter
s = ['in', 'in', 'of', 'of', 'of', 'with']
c = Counter(s)
of = c['of']
print(of) # 3
In case the counter doesn't contain a given element, the count is zero.
from collections import Counter
s = ['in', 'in', 'of', 'of', 'of', 'with']
c = Counter(s)
the = c['the']
print(the) # 0
## Append and update the Counter object
from collections import Counter
c = Counter(x=3, y=2)
print(c)
# Counter({'x': 3, 'y': 2})
c['z'] = 1
print(c)
# Counter({'x': 3, 'y': 2, 'z': 1})
The above is an example of appending and the following is one of updating.
from collections import Counter
c = Counter(x=3, y=2)
print(c)
# Counter({'x': 3, 'y': 2})
c['x'] = 1
print(c)
# Counter({'y': 2, 'x': 1})
## Get most common elements and counts
from collections import Counter
s = ['a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c']
c = Counter(s)
m = c.most_common()
print(m) # [('a', 3), ('b', 2), ('c', 1)]
m1 = c.most_common(1)
m2 = c.most_common(2)
m3 = c.most_common(3)
m4 = c.most_common(4)
print(m1) # [('a', 3)]
print(m2) # [('a', 3), ('b', 2)]
print(m3) # [('a', 3), ('b', 2), ('c', 1)]
print(m4) # [('a', 3), ('b', 2), ('c', 1)]
The most_common(n) method returns the n pairs of most common elements and their counts. In case of omitting the argument, it returns all the elements and counts.
## Get all the elements
from collections import Counter
c = Counter(a=2, b=1)
elements = c.elements()
print(elements) # <itertools.chain object at 0x10a32b310>
print(type(elements)) # <class 'itertools.chain'>
s = list(elements)
print(s) # ['a', 'a', 'b']
## Appending the original list
from collections import Counter
s = ['a', 'a', 'b']
c = Counter(s)
print(c) # Counter({'a': 2, 'b': 1})
print(c['a']) # 2
s.append('a')
print(c) # Counter({'a': 2, 'b': 1})
print(c['a']) # 2
Appending the list doesn't update the counter. | 816 | 2,463 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.515625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | latest | en | 0.6688 |
http://www.jiskha.com/members/profile/posts.cgi?name=Cyrus | 1,493,277,402,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121893.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00003-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 581,528,145 | 4,869 | # Posts by Cyrus
Total # Posts: 32
math
Dench manufacturing has received a special order from Sands to produce 225 components to be incorporated into Sand's product. The components have a high cost, due to the expertise required for their manufacture. Dench produces the components in batches of 15, and as the ...
math
CC-chem co manufactures a single product, product W, and have provided you with the following information which relates to the period which has just ended. Standard cost per unit of product W Materials: Materials Price per kilo total Kilos \$ \$ F 15 4 60 G 12 3 36 H 8 6 48 35 ...
OHHHH I'm so sorry, havent done this in years, now i understand thank you so very very much!!!
so you are saying the average volume for 1 marble is appr. 1.69cm?
a rectangular tank 28cm long and 18cm wide was filled with water to a dept of 7cm. When 12 marbles were added the level rose to 12cm. Find the average volume of the 12 marbles.
math
find the equation of a circle whose diameter has ends points A=(-4, 3)and B=(5, 7)and it subtends a 90 degree at the circumference.
math
If x and y satisfy x^2+y^2=7, find the maximum value of x^2+2y^2+2x-4
science
1,024 cells result after only ten divisions. (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024). With each division, the number of cells double.
easy geometry
So the perimeter is 70 cm and the area is 125√3 sq.cm?
easy geometry
Can you please show you solution and final answer here. Thanks! 1.Find the altitude,perimeter and area of an isosceles trapezoid whose sides have lengths 10 cm, 20 cm, 10 cm and 30 cm. 2. The formula A=P(a+r)^2 is used to find the amount of money A in an account after P pesos ...
easy geometry
Thanks Mr.Reiny! But I don't understand your solution in number 3. Can you show another, please.
easy geometry
1)If diagonals of a rhombus are 10 cm and 24 cm. find the area and perimeter of the rhombus. 2)A regular hexagon with a perimeter of 24 units is inscribed in a circle. Find the radius of the circle. 3)Find the altitude,perimeter and area of an isosceles trapezoid whose sides ...
geometry
A regular hexagon with a perimeter of 24 units is inscribed in a circle. Find the radius of the circle.
geometry
I got it!The area is 120 sq cm and the perimeter is 52 cm Reiny and others, answer no.1 please!
geometry
1.The perimeter of parallelogram QUAD is 10 more than 5 times AU. If QU =26 cm. find AU 2.If diagonals of a rhombus are 10 cm and 24 cm. find the area and perimeter of the rhombus SOlutions pleaseeeeeee
math
2 pounds of flour per dollar
physics
A projectile is launched with an initial speed of 70 m/s at an angle of 35° above the horizontal on flat ground. Neglect air friction. A)What is the projectile's velocity at the highest point of its trajectory?
Physics
A truck covers 40.0 m in 9.40 s while smoothly slowing down to final speed 2.35 m/s. Find its accelerations
Physics
A uniform solid cylinder of mass M = 6 kg is rolling without slipping along a horizontal surface. The velocity of its center of mass is 27.6 m/s. Calculate its energy
Statistics
I live in Ghana and the lotto here is from 1 to 90 so how can I get the formula for that. thanks Cyrus
physics
-2 is wrong
they share cellular respiration not photosyntesisisisis
English
what r the 4 food groups??
English
calc
a ball with mass 0.15 kg is thrown upward with initial velocity 20 m/sec from the roof of a building 30 m high. there is a force due to air resistance of |v|/30, where velocity v is measured in m/sec. a. find the maximum height above the ground the ball reaches. b. find the ...
math/physics
how would you solve it with differential equations
math/physics
a ball with mass 0.15 kg is thrown upward with initial velocity 20 m/sec from the roof of a building 30 m high. there is a force due to air resistance of |v|/30, where velocity v is measured in m/sec. a. find the maximum height above the ground the ball reaches. b. find the ...
math
find the equation of the line containing the points (2, -3) and has a slope perpendicular to the line 3x-5y+6=0
American History
well..thanks...but I don't really get the "third-party status" term...
American History
thanks...but I still do not really understand...
American History
how did "support of free silver","lack of wealthy backers", "advocating a greater voice in government", and "third-party status" contribute to the end of Populist Party?
1. Pages:
2. 1
Post a New Question | 1,190 | 4,440 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.171875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | latest | en | 0.899577 |
https://www.howtowise.com/how-to-play-chess/ | 1,632,638,995,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057830.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926053229-20210926083229-00023.warc.gz | 820,635,967 | 15,510 | # How to play chess
Historians are not certain of when exactly the game of Chess was invented, but it is definitely one of the oldest and widely-played board games in the world today. A struggle of wits entirely dependant on the strategies employed by the two players, and not at all on luck, the game can be entertaining and challenging for anybody of any age or background. However, getting first started with the game can be a little confusing, especially if one just tries to pick it up by watching other players. This article will cover everything you need to know to start playing right away.
Chess is played on an 8×8 grid of alternating colors known as a chessboard. There are 32 total game pieces, divided into two colors, which are referred to as chessmen or chess pieces. While black and white are the most common colors used and thus give names to the two sides of play, any two colors can be used, given that one is distinguishably lighter than the other. Before the start of a game, the two players decide who will play White and who will play Black, either by a coin toss, or some other method (such as the loser of the last game automatically plays White).
It is important to note here that the board must be aligned so that the right-hand corner of the board on White’s side is a white square. Each player then takes their 16 chessmen and sets them standing up on the board, in a very specific order. The eight smaller pieces are known as Pawns, and all of them are lined up on the second row (called rank in chess) in front of each player.
The remaining chessmen for each player are arranged along the row behind the Pawns, though each player places their King and Queen in a different position, dependent on which color they are playing. The two royal chess pieces will always face each other, and the Queen is always placed on a square that matches her color, the King on a square opposite his. Therefore the order of placement in the back row should be Rook, Knight, Bishop, Queen/King, Bishop, Knight, and then finally the second Rook.
Starting with White, the two opponents take turns making moves. Each move (except for one exception, Castling) consists of moving one of your pieces one or multiple squares along the board, and hopefully capturing an enemy piece in the process. Capturing” an enemy’s chessmen occurs when one of a player’s pieces moves onto a square occupied by an enemy piece, with some exceptions. One a piece has been captured it is taken off the board and cannot be brought back into play. Each piece has its own unique pattern of movement, which are outlined below.
Pawn The Pawn is the most plentiful chess piece, and thus a player is only allowed to move a Pawn one square directly forward (never backwards), unless that square is blocked by one of his own or one of the enemy’s pieces. The exception to this rule is that the first time you move any Pawn, you can choose to move it two squares ahead instead of just one, assuming that the square is not occupied.
The Pawn is the only piece to capture in a different method than it moves. A Pawn may only capture an enemy piece if that unit is on one of the two squares directly diagonally-forward of the Pawn. So if, for example, two enemy Pawns are directly in front of one another, they cannot move any further. However, if an enemy piece is moved to where it is alongside the other enemy piece, the opposing Pawn can capture that piece and then continue moving forward along the board.
Finally, if a Pawn manages to make it to the last square on the board, either by moving forward or by capturing its way onto that square, the Pawn must be promoted to another piece. A Pawn cannot remain a Pawn and can become any of the other pieces except for a King. If there are none of that piece available in the player’s color, either loop a rubber band around the Pawn or use some other method of distinguishing it from a regular Pawn.
Rook The Rook (the piece which resembles a castle’s tower) may only move in a straight line, but they can move as many squares as are not blocked by another piece and may move in any of the cardinal directions. Therefore, a Rook can move from one end of the board to the other in a single move, assuming no other pieces (enemy or one’s own) are in the way. To capture an enemy piece with a Rook, you must be able to move the Rook onto the same square as is occupied by the enemy, and then the Rook may not be moved any further that turn.
The Rook has a special power it may employ in conjunction with the King, which is the only time two moves can technically be made in one turn, which is called Castling. If neither the King nor the castling Rook has been moved from its original position, and there are no pieces in the squares between them, and the King is not currently in check , a player may choose to Castle in hopes of putting their King in a better position.
There are two Castles possible King-side and Queen-side, one for each Rook the player starts with. In the King-side Castle, the two pieces are moved two squares each, ending up so that the King is closer to the edge of the board than the Rook. However, with the Queen-side Castle, the King has moved two spaces towards the Rook, while the Rook is moved three spaces towards the King. Again, the two pieces will end up on the other side of one another, opposite of how they started.
Bishop The Bishop (the taller piece which appears to be wearing a Pope’s hat!) always moves in a diagonal line, for as many squares as are not blocked by any other pieces. Due to this pattern of movement, the Bishop will always be on a square of the same color as the square it originated on. This piece captures if it moves diagonally onto a square occupied by an enemy piece, also forcing it to stop its movement.
Knight The Knight (the piece which looks like a horse’s head) has a very unique way of moving and capturing. It may only move three squares each turn, and MUST move three squares. Furthermore, two of those squares must be in the same direction (forward, backward, or laterally) and one square in a different direction.
For example, a Knight may move two squares forward and one square right, or two squares left and one square backwards, but they may not move three squares forward or three squares diagonally. Think of the Knight as moving in an L-shape. Also, a Knight may jump over any piece, regardless of color, as long as the piece occupying the final square of its move is an enemy piece (unless the square is empty), which is then captured.
Queen The Queen (which is a unique piece, and is usually the second-tallest and wearing a crown upon her head) is the most flexible, and therefore most powerful, a piece on the chessboard. The Queen can move any number of squares in any of the eight directions, as long as no other pieces block her movement in that direction. However, when she moves in one direction she must continue to move in that direction, and may not move in multiple directions in the same turn. She captures in the same way she moves and must stop on the square she captures on.
King The final piece is the most important piece in the game and is the key to Chess. The King is generally the tallest piece and has a cross at the top. This piece can move exactly one square in any direction and captures any enemy piece it happens to land on. However, there is one special feature about the King’s movements a player cannot ever move their King onto a square which would put their King in check, which just means in the line of attack of one of the enemy’s pieces.
In fact, putting your enemy’s King into check is in fact the goal of the game. Any time a player is put in check, they must move their King in such a way that they are no longer at risk of attack from any of the enemy’s pieces. If at anytime a player who is in check cannot get out of check, either by moving their King,
capturing the piece threatening it, or by moving another piece to block the attack, they are in checkmate and have lost the game. You don’t necessarily have to move one of your pieces into an attacking position against the enemy’s King to put them in check; you may instead move one of your pieces out of the way of another, whose line of attack at the King was previously blocked.
This is referred to as a discovered check, and if the piece which you moved out of the way is also able to attack the King when it is finished moving, this is called a double check and is usually a very potent move if you can accomplish it.
It should be noted that not every game of Chess ends in checkmate. If a player is put into the position where their King is currently safe and not in check, but any move they make would put their King in check, a stalemate is declared. Neither player wins in a stalemate; the game is simply a draw since a player cannot pass on their turn in Chess.
Other situations that can create a draw include when two players simply agree to it, if one player is unable to ever force checkmate because he is left without an insufficient advantage in pieces (such as a King and lone Bishop as his remaining pieces against a player with just a King), or if a situation arises where a player can put another player in a constant series of checks and escapes (without being able to checkmate).
Rules aside, here are a few strategies to help Chess beginners out. First and foremost, and perhaps most obvious, is to practice, practice, practice. The best way to get better at Chess is to play a lot of games, although studying recorded matches and analyzing the players moves can also help.
An important tip to remember during a game is to not play too fast and to look carefully at each move you make, as some moves that seem quite good may in turn cause your downfall. Just because you can take your opponent’s Pawn with your Knight, does not mean you should especially if it leads to you losing your Knight from a piece you didn’t notice.
Know how valuable each piece is, and use it to gauge whether you should sacrifice one of your own to capture an enemy’s piece. Generally the pieces are ranked in the following order of ascending value: Pawn, Knight, Bishop, Rook, and Queen. The King is of course the most valuable of your chessmen.
Be careful about exposing your more powerful pieces too early, because losing them in the beginning of the game can leave you painfully disadvantaged later on, when you need them to defend against or create a checkmate. However, your Knights are a good choice for early attacks, because they usually cannot be immediately captured by the piece they are attacking, and can also leap right over your Pawns on the first move.
While it may seem like a lot of very complicated rules, Chess is actually fairly easy to pick up once you sit down and start playing, though it of course can take much, much longer to master the intricate strategies involved in winning the game. However, you should now know enough to start playing some games and developing your own skills and playing style, and hopefully have a lot of fun doing it. | 2,356 | 11,103 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.59375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | latest | en | 0.972424 |
https://brilliant.org/problems/frozen-its-coronation-day/?group=NrQWCdiagava | 1,532,112,099,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591719.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720174340-20180720194340-00094.warc.gz | 597,403,877 | 11,909 | Frozen: It's Coronation Day!
Algebra Level 2
When Anna realises that it is Coronation day she starts singing and fantasising about meeting "the one". Then she starts dancing with a head and accidentally lets go and throws the head across the room onto a cake.
If Anna is at point $$(5,0)$$ on the cartesian co-ordinate plane and the cake is at $$(-3,0)$$, the flight path of the head can be described by the equation:
$y=-2x^2+bx+c$
Find the value of $$b+c$$
× | 125 | 466 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | longest | en | 0.911449 |
http://brane-space.blogspot.com/2010/06/more-on-heisenberg-microscope-in.html | 1,490,708,858,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189771.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00263-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 51,035,393 | 15,780 | ## Monday, June 14, 2010
### More on the Heisenberg Microscope in Quantum Mechanics
Two blogs ago, I showed the Heisenberg microscope which is a theoretical device used to teach basic quantum mechanics. We visit that again, in order to become more clear on what exactly is meant by the "particle" and "wave" observational limits. The same drawing is reproduced, but now for convenience, I also show the momentum vectors, p(x) and p(y).
Particle approach:
Consider a measurement made to determine the instantaneous position of an electron by means of such a microscope. In such a measurement the electron must be illuminated, because it is actually the light quanta (photon) scattered by the electron that the observer sees. The resolving power of the microscope determines the ultimate accuracy with which the electron can be located.
The resolving power is known to be approximately (L/2 sin (theta)) - where L denotes the wavelength or the Greek letter lambda in the diagram. This is the wavelength of the scattered light and is the half angle subtended by the objective lens of the microscope. To be collected by the lens, the photon must be scattered through any angle ranging from (-theta) to theta .
Consequently, the electron’s momentum value values range from (h sin(theta)/L) to (-h sin(theta)/L) . Thus the uncertainty in x-component of the momentum, delta p(x), is given by:
delta(p(x)) = 2 h sin(theta)/ L
Hence: delta(p(x)) * delta (x) = h
in agreement with the Uncertainty principle.
The key in the particle approach, is that any scattered electron (or photon) will be describable by the de Broglie relation:
p = h / mv
where m is the mass of the particle, and v its velocity.
In the wave approach, the end result will simply be consonant with replacing the quantity (mv) by L the wavelength.
Wave approach:
Imagine that the shutter shown (top of diagram with delta (x) ) is open abruptly and then closed again, allowing a single particle to pass through. A wave function whose spatial dependence is of the form
A exp (iK_ox)
arrives from the left as shown (Fig. 2).
Call the associated wave function U(x), then its profile can be described:
U(x) = 0, for x < -l/2 U(x) = A exp (iK_ox) , for -l/2 <> l/2
so, the particle's position is localized between (-l/2) and (l/2). So, delta (x) ~ l.Then, to find the momentum wave function we simply integrate as shown in Fig. 3, leading to the result shown (bottom line) which is again in agreement with the Uncertainty Principle. Thus, the same device can be used to obtain uncertainty principles for particles and waves, in slightly differing limits.
Whether a particle or wave will be visible depends on the scale of delta(k) in relation to delta(x). The wavelength in general will be such that L ~ 1/k. I.e. as k retreats in size, L becomes larger.
Technically, the wave-particle duality is actually a reflection of the Principle of Complementarity in Quantum physics. usually expressed via the Poisson brackets (with non-commuting variables x, p):
[x, p] = -i h = -i h/ 2pi
where h is the Planck constant of action. If two variables a, b commute, then one has:
[a, b] = (a*b - b*a) = 0
if not, then: [a,b] = (a*b - b*a) = -1
and we say a and b are 'non-commuting'. (You may observe one aspect at any one time, but not the other).
In term's of Bohr's (Complementarity) Principle, the variables x (position) and p(momentum) are regarded as "mutually interfering observables". This is why only one can be obtained to precision, while you lose the other.
In another sense, one can think of approaching a particle in such way (or with such apparatus as the Heisenberg microscope) that it suddenly gets 'wavy' (on account of the scale of k in relation to dx). At that stage, as Bohm notes, the particle aspect vanishes and you have a wave. | 924 | 3,822 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.25 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | longest | en | 0.925031 |
https://jax.readthedocs.io/en/stable/_autosummary/jax.ops.index_max.html | 1,620,252,486,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988696.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210505203909-20210505233909-00192.warc.gz | 349,063,415 | 6,152 | jax.ops.index_maxΒΆ
jax.ops.index_max(x, idx, y, indices_are_sorted=False, unique_indices=False)[source]ΒΆ
Pure equivalent of x[idx] = maximum(x[idx], y).
Returns the value of x that would result from the NumPy-style indexed assignment:
x[idx] = maximum(x[idx], y)
Note the index_max operator is pure; x itself is not modified, instead the new value that x would have taken is returned.
Unlike the NumPy code x[idx] = maximum(x[idx], y), if multiple indices refer to the same location the final value will be the overall max. (NumPy would only look at the last update, rather than all of the updates.)
Parameters
• x β an array with the values to be updated.
• idx β a Numpy-style index, consisting of None, integers, slice objects, ellipses, ndarrays with integer dtypes, or a tuple of the above. A convenient syntactic sugar for forming indices is via the jax.ops.index object.
• y β the array of updates. y must be broadcastable to the shape of the array that would be returned by x[idx].
• indices_are_sorted β whether scatter_indices is known to be sorted
• unique_indices β whether scatter_indices is known to be free of duplicates
Returns
An array.
>>> x = jax.numpy.ones((5, 6))
>>> jax.ops.index_max(x, jax.ops.index[2:4, 3:], 6.)
array([[1., 1., 1., 1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1., 1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1., 6., 6., 6.],
[1., 1., 1., 6., 6., 6.],
[1., 1., 1., 1., 1., 1.]], dtype=float32) | 421 | 1,417 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.71875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | latest | en | 0.658148 |
http://binary-try-options-best-platform.pw/binomial-distribution-calculator-ti-84-4195.php | 1,545,072,881,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829115.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217183905-20181217205905-00418.warc.gz | 35,914,146 | 2,641 | # Binomial distribution calculator ti-84
Find the percentage of a minimum outcome. Return to top of page. When looking for and exact value use binopdf on your TI and TI calculator.
What is binomial distribution calculator ti-84 probability that from our sample of 32 a minimum of 3 students fail. Calculate the binomial probability distribution TI or TI given p for a maximum outcome. When looking for and exact value use binopdf on your TI and TI calculator.
What is the probability that out of 14 classmates that exactly 8 use iphones. Calculate the binomial probability distribution TI or TI given p for a maximum outcome. Joestat wants to help you do a Binomial Probability Distribution calculation using your TI or TI to calculate the following examples. What is the probability binomial distribution calculator ti-84 12 of a selecting of 20 have Android devices.
Calculate the binomial probability distribution TI or TI given p for a maximum outcome. With this fact we can use the binomcdf n,p,x to solve the problem. What is the probability that out of 32 students 26 or less pass. Calculate the binomial probability distribution TI binomial distribution calculator ti-84 TI given p for a maximum outcome. Find the chance of an exact outcome.
Joestat wants to help you do a Binomial Probability Distribution calculation using your TI or TI to calculate the following examples. When looking for and exact value use binomial pdf on your TI and TI calculator. What is the probability binomial distribution calculator ti-84 out of 32 students 26 or less pass.
Find the probability of a maximum outcome. Find the percentage of a minimum outcome. What is the probability that out of 32 students 26 or less pass. Return to top of page. Joestat wants to help you do a Binomial Probability Binomial distribution calculator ti-84 calculation using your TI or TI to calculate the following examples. | 395 | 1,901 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.75 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | latest | en | 0.770545 |
https://discuss.educative.io/t/why-do-we-choose-9-bits-to-store-auto-incremented-sequence/11421 | 1,606,261,930,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141177607.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124224124-20201125014124-00579.warc.gz | 277,335,192 | 4,890 | # Why do we choose 9 bits to store auto incremented sequence?
Since on the average, we are expecting 23 new photos per second; we can allocate 9 bits to store auto incremented sequence. So every second we can store (2^9 => 512) new photos.
why do we choose 9 bits instead of 8 or 7 bits as long as it can store more than 23 photos on average and 46 on peek time (assume it’s 46) ? Any ideas?
4 Likes
23 is an average, but I think is possible to have peeks of photo uploads, as for example end of year. If the allocation size didn’t reserve enough bits to allow peeks, at overflow, duplicated IDs would be generated, and fail, so reliability of uploads would break.
1 Like
what happens if there are more than 512 photos uploaded in a particular second?
One of the assumptions we made earlier is that our webserver will support only 500 uploads / connections, hence it is safe to assume that we will not have more than 500 uploads per second. If we are expecting a higher upload or server connections per second, we can increase the number of bits to accommodate the increment number.
The smallest memory we can allocate would be a byte (even that is not possible most of the time). Some languages support bit-size memory allocation, underneath they reserve bytes. This is why we want to estimate based on byte-boundary. We can’t have 1 bit to store 23 photos per second, so we went with 9 bits(1 bit + 1 byte).
We can’t have 1 bit to store 23 photos per second, so we went with 9 bits(1 bit + 1 byte).
I don’t think this answers the original question though:
why do we choose 9 bits instead of 8 or 7 bits as long as it can store more than 23 photos on average and 46 on peek time (assume it’s 46) ? Any ideas?
log2 23 = 4.5, so 1 byte (8 bits) would suffice right? Why choose 1 additional bit for a total of 9?
1 Like
We need 31 bits to encode the epoch time. We only need 5 bits (2^5 = 32) to encode the auto incrementing sequence, which would be a total of 36 bits or 3.5 bytes. But we can’t allocate memory in a fraction of a byte, so we have to add additional bits so we get a value divisible by 8 bits. So we add an additional 4 bits so we get to 40 bits, which evenly divides into 5 bytes. | 555 | 2,208 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.015625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | latest | en | 0.926388 |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/trying-to-figure-out-integral-with-infitnite-limites.350588/ | 1,508,603,853,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824820.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021152723-20171021172616-00024.warc.gz | 987,776,577 | 15,254 | # Trying to figure out integral with infitnite limites
1. Oct 31, 2009
### z00maffect
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
$$\int^{\infty}_{-\infty}(1/(a^{4}+(x-x_{0})^{4}))dx$$
2. Relevant equations
3. The attempt at a solution
i let $$u = (x-x_{0})^{4}$$
but have no idea what to go from there
Last edited: Oct 31, 2009
2. Oct 31, 2009
### Dick
I would use u=(x-x0)/a and factor out the a^4. That gives you 1/(1+u^4). (1+u^4)=(u^2-sqrt(2)u+1)*(u^2+sqrt(2)u+1). Use partial fractions on that. It's not an easy integral, but it can be done.
3. Oct 31, 2009
### z00maffect
awesome thanks! got $$\pi*\sqrt{2}/2$$
4. Oct 31, 2009
### Dick
Good job. Don't forget to put the 'a' factor back in again.
5. Oct 31, 2009
### meanyack
As Dick said, firstly let $$u=\frac{x-x_{0}}{a}$$ then $$du= adx$$ and now integral becomes
$$\frac{1}{a^{5}}\int^{\infty}_{-\infty}\frac{1}{1+u^{4}}du$$
Secondly, by letting $$u=e^{i\theta}$$ and $$du=i*{e}^{i\theta}d\theta$$
you can use "residue theorem". Yet, I forgot how can we apply here. After I remember, I'll post it | 416 | 1,095 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.859375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | longest | en | 0.806745 |
https://community.fabric.microsoft.com/t5/Desktop/AYUDA-MEDIDA-DAX-PROMEDIO/m-p/3170085 | 1,713,641,844,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817674.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420184033-20240420214033-00792.warc.gz | 157,114,695 | 112,881 | cancel
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## AYUDA .. MEDIDA DAX PROMEDIO
Hola , su ayuda por favor , no me muestra el promedio de los importes de los 12 meses .
Que falta en mi medida DAX .
1 ACCEPTED SOLUTION
Community Support
Hi, @JoseLuisC
You can try the following methods.
``````12 month average =
Var _N1=SUMMARIZE(FILTER('Table',[PERIODO]<=MAX('Table'[PERIODO])),'Table'[PERIODO],"Sum",[Measure])
Var _N2=TOPN(12,_N1,[PERIODO],DESC)
Var _Average=DIVIDE(SUMX(_N2,[Sum]),12)
return
_Average``````
Is this the result you expect?
Best Regards,
Community Support Team _Charlotte
If this post helps, then please consider Accept it as the solution to help the other members find it more quickly.
2 REPLIES 2
Community Support
Hi, @JoseLuisC
You can try the following methods.
``````12 month average =
Var _N1=SUMMARIZE(FILTER('Table',[PERIODO]<=MAX('Table'[PERIODO])),'Table'[PERIODO],"Sum",[Measure])
Var _N2=TOPN(12,_N1,[PERIODO],DESC)
Var _Average=DIVIDE(SUMX(_N2,[Sum]),12)
return
_Average``````
Is this the result you expect?
Best Regards,
Community Support Team _Charlotte
If this post helps, then please consider Accept it as the solution to help the other members find it more quickly.
Super User
please show the formula for the Existencias measure.
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Top Solution Authors
Top Kudoed Authors | 522 | 1,840 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.859375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | latest | en | 0.64579 |
http://forum.enjoysudoku.com/on-the-detection-of-hidden-triplets-t38284.html | 1,618,082,389,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038057476.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210410181215-20210410211215-00315.warc.gz | 40,819,875 | 6,320 | ## On the detection of Hidden Triplets
Post the puzzle or solving technique that's causing you trouble and someone will help
### On the detection of Hidden Triplets
Code: Select all
` On the detection of Hidden Triplets By KarybakasHello, Is it possible for a hidden triplet to provide information about its existence and location? If possible, data mining should be based on its characteristics such as the maximum and minimum number of digits in a cell and the maximum number of digits of the triplet. In this post I describe a process which can lead to revelation of a triplet hidden in the region of a row, a column or a box. The process is based on successive removal of candidates. As the number of candidates is reduced in each removal, if a triplet exists, it will appear in the final residue.The following are the basic keys which are used in the steps of the process: Step 1. If there exist a digit in the region that occurs more than 3 times, that set of digits does not belong to a triplet, as the triplet cannot accommodate more than three digits. Therefore that set does not have any relation to a triplet and we ignore the set removing it. Step 2. After the realization of step 1, if a digit appears to be alone in a cell, like 8 in the first cell in (8)(3481)(2148) without having a partner, this digit does not belong to a triplet, because each cell of the triplet must have two or three digits. As a result the 8 and the rest of 8’s in the above cells will not belong to triplet as well. Therefore all 8’s will be removed.Step 3. If there exist a digit in only three cells in a region, this digit must be removed, unless these cells constitute a triplet. The following example is elaborated with details.Example 1Let us take the row (149)(23568)(249)(48)(37)(29)(567)(16)(1689) Each of the digits 6, 9 is displayed 4 times. Removing these digits from all cells, the row reduces to the residue Re1 Re1 (14)(2358)(24)(48)(37)(2)(57)(1)(18) Now, it is seen that 2 and 1 are each alone in the corresponding cell, so 2 and 1 are removed from all cells. This results in the residue Re2 Re2 (4)(358)(4)(48)(37)( )(57)( )(8) The digits 4 and 8 in Re2 appear to be alone. Removing these from all cells, the final residue Re3 results Re3 ( )(35)( )( )(37 )( )(57)( )( )revealing the triplet (35)(37)(57). The numbers 2, 6, 8 in cell2 and 6 in cell7 can be removed from the original row.It is evident from above that it is not always necessary to proceed until to the final residue to see the result i.e. if there exist a triplet, because in each removable the number of candidates reduces, so the existence of the triplet can become apparent early. Example 2Shortly, in the row billow (5’6’’8)(5’9)[4](126’’)[7](236’’)(5’8)(135’9)(6’’9)5’ and 6’’ appear four times. The existence of these digits make 8 and 9 in some cells to be alone. Hence removing 5’, 6’’, 8, and 9 we end up with the triplet (12)(23)(13). Note: The process described above concerning the detection of hidden triplets can be used for finding of hidden quad and hidden pair as well. In order to explore an area for the existence of a hidden quad, a hidden triplet or a hidden pair we start from step1 removing all digits that occurs 4 or more times and proceed until the end. `
karybakas
Posts: 3
Joined: 06 May 2020
### Re: On the detection of Hidden Triplets
What you describe:
Step 1 remove singles first
Step 2 keep removing singles
Step 3 incorrect
Take this example:
(123456) (456) (456789) (456) (456789) (123456) (456789) (123456) (456)
reducing gives you 2x3 hidden triples, or naked sets of size 3 and 2x6
(123) () (789) () (789) (123) (789) (123) ()
You still need a way to find the correct group to form your set.
Most digital solvers here are just doing all combinations which can slow a solver down.
A better way is just the following like my solver, for setsize n:
Locked sets: take cells in region with count <= n, use backtracking on sum digitcount > n to reduce combinations
Hidden sets: take digits in region with count <= n, use backtracking on cell digitcount > n to reduce combinations
creint
Posts: 271
Joined: 20 January 2018 | 1,117 | 4,297 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.8125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | latest | en | 0.837926 |
https://www.convert-measurement-units.com/convert+Stone+to+Microgram.php | 1,726,766,932,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-38/segments/1725700652055.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20240919162032-20240919192032-00882.warc.gz | 647,905,202 | 13,986 | Convert Stone to µg (Stone to Microgram)
Stone into Microgram
numbers in scientific notation
https://www.convert-measurement-units.com/convert+Stone+to+Microgram.php
Convert Stone to µg (Stone to Microgram)
1. Choose the right category from the selection list, in this case 'Mass / Weight'.
2. Next enter the value you want to convert. The basic operations of arithmetic: addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*, x), division (/, :, ÷), exponent (^), square root (√), brackets and π (pi) are all permitted at this point.
3. From the selection list, choose the unit that corresponds to the value you want to convert, in this case 'Stone'.
4. Finally choose the unit you want the value to be converted to, in this case 'Microgram [µg]'.
5. Then, when the result appears, there is still the possibility of rounding it to a specific number of decimal places, whenever it makes sense to do so.
Utilize the full range of performance for this units calculator
With this calculator, it is possible to enter the value to be converted together with the original measurement unit; for example, '874 Stone'. In so doing, either the full name of the unit or its abbreviation can be used Then, the calculator determines the category of the measurement unit of measure that is to be converted, in this case 'Mass / Weight'. After that, it converts the entered value into all of the appropriate units known to it. In the resulting list, you will be sure also to find the conversion you originally sought. Alternatively, the value to be converted can be entered as follows: '73 Stone to µg' or '55 Stone into µg' or '10 Stone -> Microgram' or '46 Stone = µg' or '19 Stone to Microgram' or '91 Stone into Microgram'. For this alternative, the calculator also figures out immediately into which unit the original value is specifically to be converted. Regardless which of these possibilities one uses, it saves one the cumbersome search for the appropriate listing in long selection lists with myriad categories and countless supported units. All of that is taken over for us by the calculator and it gets the job done in a fraction of a second.
Furthermore, the calculator makes it possible to use mathematical expressions. As a result, not only can numbers be reckoned with one another, such as, for example, '(73 * 10) Stone'. But different units of measurement can also be coupled with one another directly in the conversion. That could, for example, look like this: '1 Stone + 37 Microgram' or '46mm x 82cm x 19dm = ? cm^3'. The units of measure combined in this way naturally have to fit together and make sense in the combination in question.
The mathematical functions sin, cos, tan and sqrt can also be used. Example: sin(π/2), cos(pi/2), tan(90°), sin(90) or sqrt(4).
If a check mark has been placed next to 'Numbers in scientific notation', the answer will appear as an exponential. For example, 7.034 567 837 22×1019. For this form of presentation, the number will be segmented into an exponent, here 19, and the actual number, here 7.034 567 837 22. For devices on which the possibilities for displaying numbers are limited, such as for example, pocket calculators, one also finds the way of writing numbers as 7.034 567 837 22E+19. In particular, this makes very large and very small numbers easier to read. If a check mark has not been placed at this spot, then the result is given in the customary way of writing numbers. For the above example, it would then look like this: 70 345 678 372 200 000 000. Independent of the presentation of the results, the maximum precision of this calculator is 14 places. That should be precise enough for most applications. | 844 | 3,676 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.171875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-38 | latest | en | 0.860744 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32248882/complexity-of-len-with-regard-to-sets-and-lists/32249059 | 1,566,176,304,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314353.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818231019-20190819013019-00316.warc.gz | 650,070,901 | 33,523 | # Complexity of len() with regard to sets and lists
The complexity of len() with regards to sets and lists is equally O(1). How come it takes more time to process sets?
~$python -m timeit "a=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10];len(a)" 10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.168 usec per loop ~$ python -m timeit "a={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};len(a)"
1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.375 usec per loop
Is it related to the particular benchmark, as in, it takes more time to build sets than lists and the benchmark takes that into account as well?
If the creation of a set object takes more time compared to creating a list, what would be the underlying reason?
• Your last sentence is quite probably right -- hashing is involved when adding items to a set. – Frédéric Hamidi Aug 27 '15 at 12:05
• You can try to time the block without len() to find out :) – Caramiriel Aug 27 '15 at 12:07
• @Caramiriel or separate to two strings and pass -s option :) – Maroun Aug 27 '15 at 12:25
• Hashing requires special handling to have efficient operations. See for example how set.union changes behaviour depending on the type of argument. (disclaimer: I've asked that question). – Bakuriu Aug 27 '15 at 12:59
• O(1) means time doesn't depends on variables, e.g. it's constant. Both 1 millisecond and 1 year are constant times. – EvgeniyZh Aug 27 '15 at 18:41
Firstly, you have not measured the speed of len(), you have measured the speed of creating a list/set together with the speed of len().
Use the --setup argument of timeit:
$python -m timeit --setup "a=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]" "len(a)" 10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0369 usec per loop$ python -m timeit --setup "a={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}" "len(a)"
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0372 usec per loop
The statements you pass to --setup are run before measuring the speed of len().
Secondly, you should note that len(a) is a pretty quick statement. The process of measuring its speed may be subject to "noise". Consider that the code executed (and measured) by timeit is equivalent to the following:
for i in itertools.repeat(None, number):
len(a)
Because both len(a) and itertools.repeat(...).__next__() are fast operations and their speeds may be similar, the speed of itertools.repeat(...).__next__() may influence the timings.
For this reason, you'd better measure len(a); len(a); ...; len(a) (repeated 100 times or so) so that the body of the for loop takes a considerably higher amount of time than the iterator:
$python -m timeit --setup "a=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]" "$(for i in {0..1000}; do echo "len(a)"; done)"
10000 loops, best of 3: 29.2 usec per loop
$python -m timeit --setup "a={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}" "$(for i in {0..1000}; do echo "len(a)"; done)"
10000 loops, best of 3: 29.3 usec per loop
(The results still says that len() has the same performances on lists and sets, but now you are sure that the result is correct.)
Thirdly, it's true that "complexity" and "speed" are related, but I believe you are making some confusion. The fact that len() has O(1) complexity for lists and sets does not imply that it must run with the same speed on lists and sets.
It means that, on average, no matter how long the list a is, len(a) performs the same asymptotic number of steps. And no matter how long the set b is, len(b) performs the same asymptotic number of steps. But the algorithm for computing the size of lists and sets may be different, resulting in different performances (timeit shows that this is not the case, however this may be a possibility).
Lastly,
If the creation of a set object takes more time compared to creating a list, what would be the underlying reason?
A set, as you know, does not allow repeated elements. Sets in CPython are implemented as hash tables (to ensure average O(1) insertion and lookup): constructing and maintaining a hash table is much more complex than adding elements to a list.
Specifically, when constructing a set, you have to compute hashes, build the hash table, look it up to avoid inserting duplicated events and so on. By contrast, lists in CPython are implemented as a simple array of pointers that is malloc()ed and realloc()ed as required.
• Wow, great dissection and explanation of the perils of performance measurements. Thanks. – Erik Cederstrand Sep 2 '15 at 8:31
The relevant lines are http://svn.python.org/view/python/trunk/Objects/setobject.c?view=markup#l640
640 static Py_ssize_t
641 set_len(PyObject *so)
642 {
643 return ((PySetObject *)so)->used;
644 }
431 static Py_ssize_t
432 list_length(PyListObject *a)
433 {
434 return Py_SIZE(a);
435 }
Both are only a static lookup.
So what is the difference you may ask. You measure the creation of the objects, too. And it is a little more time consuming to create a set than a list.
Use this with the -s flag to timeit without taking into account the first string:
~$python -mtimeit -s "a=range(1000);" "len(a)" 10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0424 usec per loop ↑ ~$ python -mtimeit -s "a={i for i in range(1000)};" "len(a)"
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0423 usec per loop
↑
Now it's only considering only the len function, and the results are pretty much the same since we didn't take into account the creation time of the set/list.
Yes,you are right,it's more because of the different time required for creating the set and list objects by python. As a fairer benchmark you can use timeit module and pass the objects using setup argument:
from timeit import timeit
print '1st: ' ,timeit(stmt="len(a)", number=1000000,setup="a=set([1,2,3]*1000)")
print '2nd : ',timeit(stmt="len(a)", number=1000000,setup="a=[1,2,3]*1000")
result :
1st: 0.04927110672
2nd : 0.0530669689178
And if you want to know that why it's like so, lets go through the python world. Actually set object use a hash table and a hash table uses a hash function for creating the hash values of the items and mapping them to the values and in this deal calling the function and calculating the hash values and some another extra tasks will take much time. While for creating a list python just create a sequence of objects which you can access them with indexing.
You can check the more details on set_lookkey function from Cpython source code.
Also note that if two algorithm had same complexity it does not mean that both algorithms has exactly same run time, or execution speed.1
because big O notation describes the limiting behavior of a function and doesn't show the exact complexity equation. For example the complexity of following equations f(x)=100000x+1 and f(x)=4x+20 is O(1) and it means that both are linear equations bur as you can see the first function has a pretty much larger slope, and for a same input they will gives different result.
Let me compound the excellent answers here: O(1) only tells you about the order of growth with respect to the size of the input.
O(1) in particular only means constant time with respect to the size of input. A method may always take 0.1s, for any input, and another may take 1000 years for any input, and they'd both be O(1)
In this case, while the documentation has some degree of ambiguity, it means that the method takes roughly the same time to process a list of size 1 as it takes to process list of size 1000; similarly, it takes the same time to process a dictionary of size 1 as it takes to process a dictionary of size 1000.
No guarantee is given with respect to different data types.
This is unsurprising since the implementation of len() at some point down the call stack can differ depending on the data type.
Incidentally, this ambiguity is eliminated in statically typed languages where ClassA.size() and ClassB.size() are for all intents and purpouses two different methods.
Remove the len(a) statement. The result is pretty much the same. A set needs to be hashed to retain only distinct items so it's slower.
Many have noted that O(1) is not about performance on different data types, but about performance as a function of different input sizes.
If you're trying to test O(1)-ness, you'd be looking for something more like
~$python -m timeit --setup "a=list(range(1000000))" "len(a)" 10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.198 usec per loop ~$python -m timeit --setup "a=list(range(1))" "len(a)"
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.156 usec per loop
Big data or little data, the time taken is quite similar. Per other posts, this separates setup time from testing time, but doesn't go as far as to reduce noise of len-time vs loop-time. | 2,243 | 8,487 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.6875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | latest | en | 0.86491 |
https://www.imooc.com/wenda/detail/695117 | 1,669,697,798,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710685.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129031912-20221129061912-00493.warc.gz | 889,099,558 | 13,174 | # 如何在opencv中应用三点三角形渐变？
2022-11-24 15:03:32
## 3 回答
TA贡献1679条经验 获得超2个赞
#!/usr/bon/env python
import cv2
import numpy as np
# create black background image
result = np.zeros((500,500,3), dtype=np.uint8)
# Specify (x,y) triangle vertices
a = (250,100)
b = (100,400)
c = (400,400)
# Specify colors
red = np.array([0,0,255])
green = np.array([0,255,0])
blue = np.array([255,0,0])
# Make array of vertices
# ax bx cx
# ay by cy
# 1 1 1
triArr = np.asarray([a[0],b[0],c[0], a[1],b[1],c[1], 1,1,1]).reshape((3, 3))
# Get bounding box of the triangle
xleft = min(a[0], b[0], c[0])
xright = max(a[0], b[0], c[0])
ytop = min(a[1], b[1], c[1])
ybottom = max(a[1], b[1], c[1])
# Build np arrays of coordinates of the bounding box
xs = range(xleft, xright)
ys = range(ytop, ybottom)
xv, yv = np.meshgrid(xs, ys)
xv = xv.flatten()
yv = yv.flatten()
# Compute all least-squares /
p = np.array([xv, yv, [1] * len(xv)])
alphas, betas, gammas = np.linalg.lstsq(triArr, p, rcond=-1)[0]
# Apply mask for pixels within the triangle only
mask = (alphas > 0) & (betas > 0) & (gammas > 0)
def mul(a, b) :
# Multiply two vectors into a matrix
return np.asmatrix(b).T @ np.asmatrix(a)
# Compute and assign colors
colors = mul(red, alphas_m) + mul(green, betas_m) + mul(blue, gammas_m)
result[xv_m, yv_m] = colors
# show results
cv2.imshow('result', result)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
TA贡献1592条经验 获得超5个赞
import cv2
import numpy as np
# References:
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31442826/increasing-efficiency-of-barycentric-coordinate-calculation-in-python
# https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/81178/help-with-cramers-rule-and-barycentric-coordinates
# create black background image
result = np.zeros((500,500,3), dtype=np.uint8)
# Specify (x,y) triangle vertices
a = (250,100)
b = (100,400)
c = (400,400)
# Specify colors
red = (0,0,255)
green = (0,255,0)
blue = (255,0,0)
# Make array of vertices
# ax bx cx
# ay by cy
# 1 1 1
triArr = np.asarray([a[0],b[0],c[0], a[1],b[1],c[1], 1,1,1]).reshape((3, 3))
# Get bounding box of the triangle
xleft = min(a[0], b[0], c[0])
xright = max(a[0], b[0], c[0])
ytop = min(a[1], b[1], c[1])
ybottom = max(a[1], b[1], c[1])
# loop over each pixel, compute barycentric coordinates and interpolate vertex colors
for y in range(ytop, ybottom):
for x in range(xleft, xright):
# Store the current point as a matrix
p = np.array([[x], [y], [1]])
# Solve for least squares solution to get barycentric coordinates
(alpha, beta, gamma) = np.linalg.lstsq(triArr, p, rcond=-1)[0]
# The point is inside the triangle if all the following conditions are met; otherwise outside the triangle
if alpha > 0 and beta > 0 and gamma > 0:
# do barycentric interpolation on colors
color = (red*alpha + green*beta + blue*gamma)
result[y,x] = color
# show results
cv2.imshow('result', result)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
# save results
cv2.imwrite('barycentric_triange.png', result)
TA贡献1586条经验 获得超3个赞
import numpy as np
from wand.image import Image
from wand.color import Color
from wand.drawing import Drawing
from wand.display import display
# define vertices of triangle
p1 = (250, 100)
p2 = (100, 400)
p3 = (400, 400)
# define barycentric colors and vertices
colors = {
Color('RED'): p1,
Color('GREEN1'): p2,
Color('BLUE'): p3
}
# create black image
black = np.zeros([500, 500, 3], dtype=np.uint8)
with Image.from_array(black) as img:
with Drawing() as draw:
points = [p1, p2, p3]
draw.fill_color = Color('white')
draw.polygon(points)
img.sparse_color('barycentric', colors)
img.format = 'png'
img.save(filename='barycentric_image.png')
display(img)
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0/150 | 1,278 | 3,731 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.59375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | latest | en | 0.430068 |
https://www.bris.ac.uk/unit-programme-catalogue/UnitDetails.jsa;jsessionid=E5F091E63CF59D32D57877F4DADF4935?ayrCode=18%2F19&unitCode=PHYS30015 | 1,627,604,138,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729234313-20210730024313-00011.warc.gz | 691,500,987 | 6,842 | # Unit information: Methods of Theoretical Physics 3 in 2018/19
Please note: you are viewing unit and programme information for a past academic year. Please see the current academic year for up to date information.
Unit name Methods of Theoretical Physics 3 PHYS30015 10 H/6 Teaching Block 2 (weeks 13 - 24) Dr. Gradhand Not open Level I/5 Mathematical Physics PHYS23020. None School of Physics Faculty of Science
## Description
This course introduces major mathematical methods of theoretical physics. The unit begins with briefly reviewing and expancing the material from previous maths for physics courses. The main content is the theory of complex functions of a complex variable, their differentiation and integration, including Cauchy's residue theorem and its applications for real integrals. The course describes the important theory of complex functions of complex variables, and then applies them to Green functions for the important partial differential equations of physics, so providing the foundations for advanced mathematical and theoretical physics topics in later years.
This unit is taken as an optional third year physics unit. It is similar to the second year unit PHYS20006 Methods of Theoretical Physics 2, but with some material and exam assessment specific to third year physics students.
## Intended learning outcomes
Students will be able to
• Determine whether a given function of a complex variable is analytic, and calculate and manipulate the Cauchy-Riemann equations
• Perform complex contour integrals and construct Taylor and Laurent series for complex functions
• Locate poles and perform integrals using Cauchy's theorem of residues
• Construct Green functions for simple ODEs, including identifying correct choice of integration contour
• Recognise and manipulate Green functions for the major PDEs of mathematical physics.
## Teaching details
18 lectures, 3 x two hour problems classes, self-study.
## Assessment Details
Formative: problem sheets for self-study throughout course; 3 x 2-hour problems classes.
Summative: 2-hour written exam (100%).
## Reading and References
M R Dennis et al, Mathematical Handbook for Bristol Theoretical Physics
M L Boas, Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences
G B Arfken, H J Weber, F E Harris, Mathematical Methods for Physicists | 467 | 2,328 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.671875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | latest | en | 0.87464 |
https://algebraicjulia.github.io/AlgebraicABMs.jl/dev/generated/game_of_life/ | 1,726,625,116,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-38/segments/1725700651835.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240918000844-20240918030844-00559.warc.gz | 70,399,955 | 19,836 | # Conway's Game of Life
## Set-up
The first step of running a Julia program is to load the external libraries one will be using. We do this with a using statement.
using AlgebraicABMs, Catlab, AlgebraicRewriting, Random, Test
## Schema
Defining an schema is stating what data is required to specify a state of the simulation at some point in time. In AlgebraicJulia, this is done via declaring a Presentation, i.e. a database schema. Objects (Ob, or tables) are types of entities. Homs (Hom, or foreign keys) are functional relationships between the aforementioned entities. AttrTypes are placeholders for Julia types, which are assigned to objects via attributes (Attr).
The schema below extends the schema for symmetric graphs, which consists in two tables (E and V, for edges and vertices), a hom inv which pairs each edge with its symmetric dual edge, and homs (src, tgt) which relate the edges to the vertices. We consider each vertex to be a cell in the Game of Life. This is a generalization of the game, since it is not enforced that every cell has eight neighbors. However the example we run at the end will be a regular grid of vertices.
Everything in the @present presentation below simply adds to the schema of symmetric graphs, indicated by the subtype operator <: SchSymmetricGraph. We need one more piece of information to specify a state of the world in the game of life: which cells are alive? There are a few ways one could distinguish the living cells from the dead ones. Here, we add a new table, Life which can be though of as a set of "life tokens". A function, live, assigns each such token to a cell, designating it to be alive. Thus the subset of living cells is the image of the live function.
To summarize, a state of the world in the Game of Life is a set of cells (i.e. vertices), a set of edges (with src/tgt functions) which encode which cells are near each other, and a distinguished subset of cells given by the live function which marks which cells are alive. This information is summarized in the following graphical depiction of the schema.
@present SchLifeGraph <: SchSymmetricGraph begin
Life::Ob
live::Hom(Life,V)
end
to_graphviz(SchLifeGraph) # visualize the schema
If SchLifeGraph is the piece of data which describes what it means to be a world state, we need a Julia datatype whose values are world staets.
The @acset_type macro takes the specification of a datatype (i.e. a schema), and it generates an efficient Julia datatype, which is essentially the type of in-memory databases which have their schema given by SchLifeGraph.
This line defines LifeState to be this new Julia type, and futhermore it states that it satisfies the AbstractSymmetricGraph interface: Catlab already has a lot of generic code to work with SymmetricGraph-like things, so now we are free to use it with LifeState.
@acset_type LifeState(SchLifeGraph) <: AbstractSymmetricGraph;
Before we start defining the dynamics of our Game of Life, it'll be helpful to visualize states of the world. One thing that SchLifeGraph did not have was (x,y) coordinate information. Because we were representing proximity of vertices by the prescence or absence of an edge connecting them, these coordinates are irrelevant to the model dynamics.
However, the coordinates are useful for visualization, so the below code creates a new schema which extends the previous one to add coordinates.
@present SchLifeCoords <: SchLifeGraph begin
Coords::AttrType
coords::Attr(V, Coords)
end
to_graphviz(SchLifeCoords)
Likewise for this new schema, we need to use @acset_type to turn the description of the required data of a world state (the schema) into an actual Julia datatype. One difference here is that there is now an attribute present, which means we need to indicate what Julia type it should be.
Our new Julia type is LifeStateCoords, and we pick Tuple{Int,Int} as our representation of (x,y) coordinates.
@acset_type LifeStateCoords(SchLifeCoords){Tuple{Int,Int}} <: AbstractSymmetricGraph;
The following (hidden) code visualizes LifeStates and uses coordinates if the input is a LifeStateCoords, but otherwise it places the vertices in an arbitrary location.
function view_life(X::Union{LifeState, LifeStateCoords}, pth=tempname())
This (hidden) helper function creates an ordinary, square grid and initializes cells as alive or dead via a boolean-valued input matrix. Like above, one does not need to understand this in order to understand the Game of Life model - it's just a convenient way to generate some initial states to run the model on.
function make_grid(curr::AbstractMatrix)
Another helper function, which creates a game state on a square n × n grid. If the keyword random is true (which it is, by default), then cells have a 50% chance of being alive.
Note: red color means that a cell is not in the image of the live function.
make_grid(n::Int, random=true) =
make_grid((random ? rand : zeros)(Bool, (n, n)));
view_life(make_grid(3)) # For example, visualize a random 3x3 grid
We've now constructed two schemas and two datatypes. No doubt they are related to each other, and AlgebraicJulia gives us the ability to take advantage of that relationship in order to automatically values of LifeStateCoords into values of LifeState (it does this is the obvious way: it throws away the coordinate information). More interestingly, it gives us a way of converting a LifeState into a LifeStateCoords: we give "generic" coordinates to each of the vertices.
If we call AddCoords on something built out of LifeState instances, it will make the corresponding thing built out of LifeStateCoords instances.
AddCoords = Migrate(SchLifeGraph, LifeState, SchLifeCoords, LifeStateCoords; delta=false);
## Initial state for the model
With our make_grid function, it's easy to create an initial state.
G = make_grid([0 1 0;
1 1 1;
0 1 0])
view_life(G)
We'll use this world-state, called G throughout the model-building process to confirm our model building blocks work the way they're supposed to work.
## Building blocks for the Game of Life model
We are now ready to build our model, which will have three rules: underpopulation, overpopulation, and birth. When we write these rules down, it will be very succinct due to the hard work of this section: laying out the building blocks.
Our first building block is an instance of LifeState. Now, we don't want to think of this as a particular state of the game of life, but rather we want to think of it as a pattern for which we could look for matches inside a real game state.
This pattern is very simple: it consists of a single vertex. A match for this pattern in some world state X is just a choice of a vertex in X. The matched vertex need not be dead just because our pattern vertex is not marked as alive. So the meaning of Cell is "a dead or alive cell", despite the fact that, when we visualize it, it shows up as red (because it hasn't been marked explicitly to be alive).
const Cell = LifeState(1) # this means: a graph with one vertex, nothing else
view_life(Cell) # red color means this cell is not in image of life function.
Let's confirm that this works. Our fancy word for "pattern match" is "homomorphism" ("morphism", for short). To look for morphisms from Cell into G is to ask "find me all the cells!". The Catlab function homomorphisms exhaustively finds all such answers to a query like this. When we run it below, we ought see there are 9 answers to this query, as there are 9 vertices in the 3 × 3 grid.
length(homomorphisms(AddCoords(Cell), G))
9
Our next building block is also a LifeState instance that we think of as a pattern. It is a cell but, furthermore, it is a cell which has been marked as alive. This means it consists in one vertex, one 'life token', and the function live which maps Life₁ to V₁.
const LiveCell = @acset LifeState begin V=1; Life=1; live=1 end
view_life(LiveCell) # green color means this cell is in image of life function
Let's confirm that this works. If we look for morphisms from LiveCell into G, meaning "find me all the live cells!", we will see there are 5 answers to this query
length(homomorphisms(AddCoords(LiveCell), G))
5
Now we will see our first morphism that is not between some pattern and some world state but, rather, is between our the two previous patterns. A morphism from Cell is an answer to the query "give me a Cell!" and there is exactly one possible answer to that query in LiveCell, thus we can use homomorphism, which returns an arbitrary morphism from the set of morphisms computed by homomorphisms.
to_life is an important morphism to understand as it is the fundamental "engine" of the Game of Life. When read 'forwards', it expresses the idea of taking a vertex and adding a Life token to it. When read 'backwards', it expresses the idea of removing a Life token from a vertex. This is all we actually do when simulating the Game of Life: we toggle cells between being marked as alive vs no longer being marked as alive.
const to_life = homomorphism(Cell, LiveCell);
The remaining challenge is to control the circumstances under which we perform this fundamental action of toggling life status. This is done via a technique called "Positive (resp. negative) application conditions". An application condition is a way of embedding a small pattern in a larger pattern (a context) with the assertion that, for a specific match of the small pattern in a world state, that this context is required (resp. forbidden) to hold.
Here the small pattern, the large pattern, and the world state will all be LifeState instances. And the the 'embedding' of the small pattern into the large pattern as well as the match of the small pattern in the world will both be morphisms between LifeState instances.
The following lines of code provide shorthand names for positive and negative applications. The use of the keyword monic can be ignored if this is your first time looking at AlgebraicJulia code. If not, the keyword indicates that the morphism (from the larger context to the world state, used to determine whether the application condition is satisfied) is required to be monic.
PAC(m) = AppCond(m; monic=true) # Positive Application condition
NAC(m) = AppCond(m, false; monic=true); # Negative Application condition
The following line provides a shorthand for constructing the fundamental building block of an ABM, which is an ABMRule. Such a rule requires a name, an instance of a rewrite Rule object from AlgebraicRewriting, as well as a timer which indicates the frequency at which the rule fires. All three of our rules will fire at every tick in time.
TickRule(name, I_L, I_R; ac) = # Rule which fires on 1.0, 2.0, ...
ABMRule(name, Rule(I_L, I_R; ac), DiscreteHazard(1));
The context for determining whether the rules of underpopulation, overpopulation, or birth apply are always framed in terms of "how many living neighbors do you have?". Thus, it is helpful to have function which creates a context of n living neighbors which we can use with various values of n.
Providing a context for a pattern is more than just giving an instance of LifeState; we also have to say how the pattern relates to the context. So our pattern here is either a vertex (if alive=false) or a vertex marked as alive (alive=true, which is the default value). This morphism data is what allows us to pick out the center vertex as the relevant starting point when checking if a particular match (which is a choice of a vertex in the game state) actually exists with that context of n living living neighbors.
When we visualize the result of this function below, we're only visualizing the codomain of the morphism (i.e. what the morphism is pointing to).
function living_neighbors(n::Int; alive=true)::ACSetTransformation
view_life(codom(living_neighbors(3; alive=false)))
## Create model by defining update rules
We now have our building blocks in place and can build the three rules.
A rewrite rule is given by a pair of morphisms, L ← I → R. The first morphism is 'read backwards' (thought of as deletion), and the second one is 'read forwards' (thought of as addition). When one's rule does pure addition, the first morphism is an identity map. Likewise when one's rule does pure deletion, the second morphism is an identity map. So rules underpop and overpop will have their rule given by first to_life and then id(Cell), whereas the rule birth will first have id(Cell) and then to_life. The real interesting part of these constructions then is their application conditions (given via a keyword argument ac).
Let's start with underpopulation: a cell dies due to underpopulation if it has fewer than two living neighbors. So the application condition is a negative application: if we notice a cell has the context of two living neighbors, we should not apply the underpop rule.
underpop =
TickRule(:Underpop, to_life, id(Cell); ac=[NAC(living_neighbors(2))]);
A cell dies due to overpopulation if it has over 3 living neighbors. So here our condition of applying the death rewrite (i.e. reading the morphism to_life backwards) is a positive application condition. We cannot kill a cell unless, furthermore, that cell is in a context where it has (at least) four living neighbors.
overpop =
TickRule(:Overpop, to_life, id(Cell); ac=[PAC(living_neighbors(4))]);
The rule for birth is that one must have a dead cell with exactly three living neighbors. Our pattern here is simple a vertex, which could match any cell in the game state! So we need to use multiple application conditions to make sure the cell has at least three neighbors, fewer than four neighbors, and doesn't already have a life token. These three constraints are respectively the three elements of the list below.
birth = TickRule(:Birth, id(Cell), to_life;
ac=[PAC(living_neighbors(3; alive=false)),
NAC(living_neighbors(4; alive=false)),
NAC(to_life)]); # this rule does NOT apply if cell is alive
We can now create the model: an ABM is constituted by its transition rules
GoL = ABM([underpop, overpop, birth]);
We wrote an ABM for LifeState, but we want to apply it to G as its initial state. G is not a LifeState, but rather a LifeStateCoords! Luckily, we defined AddCoords earlier which knows how to migrate things in the language of LifeState into the language of LifeStateCoords.
GoL_coords = AddCoords(GoL);
## Checking our rules make sense
Let's remind ourselves what G looks like
view_life(G)
This code below counts how many matches a rule has, application conditions considered. It returns the coordinates of those matches.
match_coords(f::ACSetTransformation) = codom(f)[f[:V](1), :coords]
match_coords(rule::ABMRule, X) = match_coords.(get_matches(AddCoords(rule), X));
Let's calculate which cells will die from underpopulation in the first time step:
match_coords(underpop, G)
Any[]
This is right, there are no living cells which have fewer than two living neighbors.
Now, we see that the center cell dies from overpopulation:
match_coords(overpop, G)
1-element Vector{Tuple{Int64, Int64}}:
(2, 2)
Below are the coordinates of the four cells that will come to life:
match_coords(birth, G)
4-element Vector{Tuple{Int64, Int64}}:
(1, 1)
(3, 1)
(1, 3)
(3, 3)
## Running the ABM
This is easy! Pass in our model and our initial state. We optionally could limit the run via some maximum number of steps or time, but this one will achieve steady state within 3 time steps.
res = run!(GoL_coords, G);
@test length(res) == 13
Test Passed
## View results
We use view_life to generate a bunch of images capturing the trajectory.
imgs = view(res, view_life);
The first image is our starting point.
imgs[1]
The next steps (all taking place at t=1.0) are the four births and one overpopulation death.
imgs[2]
imgs[3]
imgs[4]
imgs[5]
imgs[6]
At this point, we move to t=2.0. There are now four cells which are overpopulated.
imgs[7]
imgs[8]
imgs[9]
imgs[10]
In the last step, the remaining four living cells perish due to underpopulation.
imgs[11]
imgs[12]
imgs[13]
imgs[14]
## Bonus: stochastic game of life
Rather than having all cells update in lockstep, we could change the probability of firing from a Dirac delta distribution at t=1 to an exponential distribution, where the expected value is firing at t=1. This means cells will update one at a time, as it is almost impossible for two events to occur at the same time. The change involved for this is simply replacing the DiscreteHazard of TickRule with a ContinuousHazard.
continuous_abm = ABM([ABMRule(r.name, r.rule, ContinuousHazard(1)) for r in GoL_coords.rules])
res = run!(continuous_abm, make_grid(4); maxevent=3)
imgs = view(res, view_life);
┌ Debug: Step 0: Event Underpop | Fired @ t = 0.21 (3 queued)
└ @ AlgebraicABMs.ABMs ~/work/AlgebraicABMs.jl/AlgebraicABMs.jl/src/ABMs.jl:521
┌ Debug: Step 1: Event Underpop | Fired @ t = 0.45 (2 queued)
└ @ AlgebraicABMs.ABMs ~/work/AlgebraicABMs.jl/AlgebraicABMs.jl/src/ABMs.jl:521
┌ Debug: Step 2: Event Underpop | Fired @ t = 1.11 (1 queued)
└ @ AlgebraicABMs.ABMs ~/work/AlgebraicABMs.jl/AlgebraicABMs.jl/src/ABMs.jl:521
Here is our starting point.
imgs[1]
Let's look at the next few steps.
imgs[2]
Then
imgs[3]
Then
imgs[4] | 4,070 | 17,231 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.8125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-38 | latest | en | 0.916241 |
https://www.xwordinfo.com/Thumbs?month=7/2017&comments=Constructor | 1,708,839,203,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00015.warc.gz | 1,109,341,674 | 31,383 | This web browser is not supported. Use Chrome, Edge, Safari, or Firefox for best results.
# Thumbnails
## Puzzles for July, 2017with constructor comments
View these same grids with comments from:
Constructor (27)Jeff Chen (31)Jim Horne (2)Hide comments
S O B A P L A S T I C B A G T H E M L I S T E N H E R E E D N A I T H I N K I C A N R E S T E A R N S A N A M E E A T I T F A T E A M I S O R E A T O M S U T E S S M I T H E R S B R O E N V I E D S E G W A Y C N N M A T I N E E S C H A I M I L A N R A O P O E M C A N T G R O H L R O L E M O D E L S E L S A O P E R A S E R I A H O U R S E N A T E R A C E A G R I T R A S H T A L K S B Y E S
With this themeless, I will admit that overambition might have gotten the better of me—but not by much IMO!
In an effort to go big, I set out to fill a dreaded quad stack and its symmetrical neighbor. If I remember correctly (it's been two years since construction, so give my cortex a break), I think I chose to put these quad stacks in the NE/SW, because, in my constructing experience, I've had the most difficulty filling wide open areas in those sections. In my mind, if I were to force many of the constraints to those sections and come out alive without too many blah entries, I might give myself a fighting chance to cross the finish line and perhaps add some nice entries in the less constrained NW/SE sections.
The central stairstep arrangement of black squares—going diagonally up from left to right—also helped by producing what I call a double coincidence of wants. In this case, those black squares make it so that, for example, the end letter of 6D is also an end letter for 32A, the first letter 37D is also a first letter for 37A, etc.
As for actually filling the grid, I started in the NE by placing I THINK I CAN in the second row, usually the most constrained row in a top stack. The result was bupkis. I then tried it in the third row and got a mostly good fill. EARNS A NAME sounded awkward when compared to the more common "makes a name (for oneself)," but I compromised for the stack. As you can tell from MADERA, CO-SET, and SAES, the other quad stack proved more difficult to fill cleanly. As I predicted before filling, the NW/SE wasn't overly difficult to fill.
At first, the clues looked unfamiliar. "Did Will and the team really rewrite that much?" I thought. In actuality, most of the clues were in my original submission ... except that a lot of the clues in the print version were my second or third picks. "Did I really write a fragrance clue for ARAMIS?! [looks at original submission] Huh! ... apparently, I did."
Overall, I'd rate this puzzle a B+. The grid design proved a bit too ambitious for my skill level at the time. However, I do think I'm getting very close to hitting my personal sweet spot.
N B C T V I G O R S C R I M Z A P A L L I E L A N A S H A M E R I C O Y O U R E A L L Y G O T A H O L D O N M E S O B E R L Y X E R R A N A R A C E S E A L G A L L A N T S A L A A B B A C T A M E H I N T A T D R I N K F E H L A S A N D A L E Y O G I I D O S L I C S E I K O S M A C S E X I L E M T A L E T T A D A V I N Y L Y A P E L O D S T D A N L I E T A V H A N O I E N G E C H O C L E E L A N D P L E A P R E V I N H A H M A I N L U S H I O N I Z E E L E N R A T A X C O C P S N O W D A R T S T E E L G D S H A L F P I P E E A R S C L A M O R E D A L I R I T C H I E G O T T O G E T Y O U I N T O M Y L I F E O A R S E A R L Y S K I S L O Y A L O T S S K I L L T Y P E E T A T S
This started out quite differently, so big thanks to Will and Joel for bringing more cohesion to the theme and solving some of the technical difficulties it presented. I've been a Beatles fan for a long time; I remember putting "I Want to Hold Your Hand" on the mixtape I made for an early crush, and this arrangement of "Blackbird/I Will" is a personal favorite. Hopefully, some of this puzzle's theme answers will leave solvers humming here, there, and everywhere.
For those interested in my other projects, I write a weekly, subscription-based puzzle called "Piece of Cake Crosswords," and I recently announced my upcoming Broadway Puzzlefest, which is an interconnected set of crosswords with a final answer. I also contribute to the American Values Crossword Club and Crosswords With Friends, for those who like lots of pop culture in their puzzles. Of course, nothing compares to the cachet of the New York Times Sunday puzzle. I hope solvers enjoy the ride.
J A P A N S O L O R A N D I R A T E T W I N A L O E L A S E R G U I D E D B O M B T B S F O R E O R A T E S A G E D S N I T F O S B U R Y F L O P S I P A S T I N R O N L A N A I C E D B R I B E A J A R L A N E R O E G I A N T S R O R O A S T T U R K E Y H E A D V A T S S H I E L D R I C H H A S H O L L Y W O O D O R B U S T E L S E A R L O I O N I A D E A N Y E L L E D G A R
Randy Hartman lives in Escondido, California. He has been constructing crossword puzzles since 1994 and is the author of four crossword puzzle books. Randy is a retired civil engineer who managed water projects in Southern California. In his spare time, he teaches engineering and construction management classes at a university. Randy has been ranked as one of the top college wrestling referees in the country for several years. He has officiated the NCAA Division I national championship seven times. During the winter he travels throughout the United States officiating NCAA wrestling matches.
F O I L V A N S A S P C A U P D O E L A L R E L A X J A Y G A T S B Y S A U T E I L L R O O S S E E M S H O E M A N E T Y O U A R E N O T A L O N E T O N E R N A D A L M I R O K A Y S T A I N M A X I M E L E P I C S P U T O N E L L E M A C P H E R S O N F L U M E N O S T O I L S S E A M T N T G O U D A W H Y B O T H E R E G R E T E A R L A R I A M A S S E T H E E J U L Y
MANGESH: I am from India and stay in Mumbai with my wife Rupali, kids Advait and Eva (named after my favorite crossword answer), and my parents. By profession am an investment banker with degrees in mechanical engineering and MBA Finance. I began solving syndicated LA Times crosswords in Times of India in 1997 to improve my GMAT score. After a dozen years of solving, I moved to construction and (after dozens of rejections) had bylines in NYT, WSJ, LA Times and Games magazine.
Inspiration for this special puzzle was two-fold. First, I wanted to use crosswords to bring people closer, to cross-pollinate ideas. My daughter Eva loves the song Fireworks by Katy Perry which has this phrase FOURTH OF JULY as symbol of achievement and victory. I thought what better day than Fourth of July to celebrate the idea of bringing people closer.
In November 2015, I happened to meet Brendan over coffee, and I bounced off this idea with him. He agreed to play ball. So an Indian and an American decided to come together to make a crossword for the US Independence Day. We thought that was one cool crossword friendship.
We quickly put on our thinking hats online (email and WhatsApp chat) — given the 12 hours time zone difference and around 12k kilometers between us. I came up with the idea to use FOURTH OF JULY with the four theme starters (JAY, YOU, ELL, WHY). Brendan quickly smelled, with ELLE, this idea could be sold. Brendan suggested the theme entries. We traded a few grids with theme entries and realized we had to ditch FOURTH OF and live with JULY. I was green at construction and Brendan could have graduated at Brown in construction :) He took the lead in filling up the grid.
My dream came true the day Will sent the acceptance mail. After years of rejection, that YES was something I really had waited for.
The second inspiration for me, personally, is the pride I take in the Make in India campaign launched by our current Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Making this special puzzle in India for the US was my way of contributing in a small way towards the Make in India campaign. Another cute play on the US-India confluence in the puzzle is that TAJ (the symbol of India) joins with JULY (the revealer answer).
For me, this crossword is special in many more ways. NYT is celebrating its 75th anniversary and I cherish the opportunity to contribute in a small way to this cultural heritage of US. I realized how deep crosswords are ingrained in American culture when I briefly contributed to the Pre Shortzian Puzzle Project. Crosswords are truly culture carriers. Studying them gives you a sneak peek into the culture and society that enjoyed those times.
I dedicate this crossword to my father who celebrates his birthday on July 3. He learned to write the English alphabet with me in my kindergarten. He is a proud father today!
BEQ: I've hung with Mangesh at ACPTs before, where we were both judges. Nice guy, and I was happy to help him make this one.
A S C A P S R I U F O S S H O N E O I L S R O B E C A R T R O U B L E B O O N O M N I E N S L O A D E D T U S S A U D A L O N G L I F E O N T H E R U N O P T I N F R I O O N O L E A P T F A M E L U D E E S C F E M A L I P O S G O O N V A C A T I O N S T A R T E N I G M A S H E T E R O C D C E A S Y A L A S F L I G H T R I S K I S N T F I N I A I M E E L A D S D E F N E S T S
FLIGHT RISK was the seed for this here theme of travel,
From which the other entries did finally unravel.
Among the better candidates that never saw the light of day
Are MARINE LIFE, LIFE COACHING, and LIFE FINDS A WAY.
Finding phrases with names of board games is anything but easy;
How many can you think of that use the word Parcheesi?
Thanks to Will and Joel for looking at a couple of revisions. Special thanks to Tom Yuval for the feedback and support.
R S V P S I G H B R A D U P C S O S L O E U R O M A R T I N L A W R E N C E A R R S D Y E D A F T E R B A E T E X T B I P O D S F I T E S P B O N A A S I A N E B A Y T P S B I R D S R I M S T O N E N E O P I B B P Y L O N P A R A O B I E W E B I S T R O K O R N D A M U N T A G G A P E M A N Y S T E P H E N H A W K I N G T R E E T A L L O N C E S O R T A T O M R E E L
I have to shout out two indirect inspirations for this puzzle:
-Elizabeth Gorski, the Crossword Nation auteur: it was in one of her Crosswords with Friends puzzles that I first saw the triple-black corner design that you see in the NW and SE here. I was like, "Wait, you can do that?? The universe won't implode??" It's bailed me out many a time when I've had to fit in almost-but-not-quite-grid-spanning theme answers, and it was indispensable for this puzzle. Also, I think it looks pretty.
-Zhouqin (C.C.) Burnikel, the LeBron James of crossword construction: I'm totally biting her style here with these double-stacked long downs (1&2-Down, 33&34-Down).
Hope you dug it.
N A I L S A L O N S T R A P I N V I O L A T E P O I S E M O O N L I G H T I N S T A E U R O S E W I N G K I T S K Y L A B R O D E U P E R I N R O S E R E D V A G U E B O O K S O L E E D E M A F Y I M A N S E R U T A L L N B A T E A M B E S T B U Y G O Y A R I E N Z I T O P C A T I M I T A T O R S R O L O M A D T V N E I L S I M O N P R O L E E N F O R C I N G S A F E R S E T P I E C E S
I wrote this puzzle the day after I saw MOONLIGHT, which instantly became one of my favorite movies. I submitted the puzzle to Will shortly after the film won the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture — Drama (and Mahershala ALI was nominated for Best Supporting Actor); I guessed that if and when the puzzle were published, both MOONLIGHT and ALI would get Oscar-related clues.
I'm glad some of my favorite clues made it into the puzzle, including [Where to stick a needle] for SEWINGKIT, [Business meeting?] for NETWORKING, and [Dimensions without planes] for NOFLYZONES. Some of my other favorites were deep-sixed, unfortunately: [Maria Bamford, for one] for COMIC, and [One of four in Mississippi] for TITTLE. I liked the new clues for ENFORCING [Putting teeth into] and for BOT [What may have a strong net effect?].
My original clue for TONGUE was [It may be silver or sharp], which I wasn't particularly attached to. I was surprised to see that the new clue for TONGUE included "Mandingo," especially given the negative associations with the word, and that "Mandinka" seems to be the preferred name for the language and still does the punny work of starting with the same letters as "Mandarin."
A S S A L I B I P R O B D E C A D E S O L D R A R E A D A M S A P P L E O P I E P E R P E P A C B E R T R Y S T H E A D S T A N D B C U P S L O T T A C R O W I N G S M A R T E R R E V I L E E Y E L E T A M E N I T Y S L I D E R S F O R E S O D E O N T U R P I T U D E G E N O A S L U R E R R R O M A H A L E C E I L I N G F A N O D E S H O V E R B O A R D W E D S N E M E A T R E
This puzzle has a long story behind it! I was inspired to do a quad stack of 9's after solving this gem from Byron Walden and Brad Wilber in 2013. After tearing my hair out trying to get the lower left to work, I discovered that Byron and Brad made constructing such a themeless look much easier than it actually is: Every stack I was finding had either too many subpar short entries, too few interesting 9-letter entries, or both!
I soon realized that having four top-notch 9-letter entries plus no junk in the surrounding fill was going to be too hard given how unoptimized my word list was at the time, so I decided to shoot for 3/4 top-notch 9-letter entries plus smooth crossers. The magical seed entry turned out to be WINE PRESS, which I picked because a) I think it's a fun entry and b) lots of 4-letter entries end in R, E, and S. If memory serves, this puzzle sat in my "Works in Progress" folder for a long time after I filled the lower left, because I was literally getting nowhere with the upper right.
Fast forward to January 2015. After playing around with the grid for the gazillionth time, I finally found a match for the lower left! I was stoked and quickly sent the puzzle off to Will ... but my hopes were dashed by the rejection email that came a few months later. Will liked the grid and most of the fill but objected to HOTBOXING, a stoner term that roughly translates to "smoking weed in an enclosed space, such as a car."
I saw that getting rid of HOTBOXING would mean completely reworking the upper-right corner, so this puzzle sat around for another year until a random Friday night in college when everyone in my dorm was partying. A bunch of guys were playing beer darts a few doors down, and I remember thinking, "Now there's a killer entry for that upper right!" (You can see why I don't get invited to many parties.) So I threw down BEER DARTS and set to work on the upper right. A few minutes later, the guys down the hall came in, and they were totally pumped that I'd stuck beer darts into a crossword puzzle for The New York Times!
So by the time I was done with the puzzle, I ended up with both an acceptable revision and some serious dorm cred. I hope you enjoy!
A S S U A G E S B E T C H A A M A N A C H I P M U N K F A I L A T S O L E D T O X I C I T Y F R E E Z E A C R O W D S E C D E E T D D A Y F E N N E L H O V E R E R R O R F I N A G L E O N A P A R S P O O F N E E D Y K A R E N C H E A P F R I L L S S A W I R A N B A L E D A C I D B E L A E C C E H O M O S P A C E X O R A L S T R I R E M E R B I A R A R A T B A E F E L O N I O U S M O N K C H E A F R A I D T O M M A D D A S H W I S P S K R O N O S T E E N W O L F D R I P B E A M A B U T S A F A R Y E N M I F F B U S T E R S S N A K E R E L I T N A I V E O R K N E Y D O N E F O R R E N E E F R O Y O I N A F I X N E A R L A R A F B I S E C U R I T Y F R E T L A N D O F O Z C U R E S I S I T M E A N G E L E N O S P E L T M E T H O D S K E W E R E D
Sound change themes are one of the oldest tricks in the book, of course, but I think they can still be great if executed well. When I thought of FELONIOUSMONK, I just had to write this puzzle. I had a devil of a time coming up with a title — anything that seemed like it was making fun of speech impediments would be unseemly, so I figured the title would have to be just another example of the sound change. I submitted "Oaf of Office," not least because of the implied dig at Trump, but I like "First for Knowledge" better.
Back when I wrote this, BAE had never been in the puzzle, so I wondered if Will would go for it — but I see it's been used twice since then, so I guess it's hit the mainstream.
A B E T O U C H P S S T M A C S I O N I A U C L A A L O H A S H I R T P R O S S I C E M T R E E E V E S H A L O M M E I R T O W E R E A R R I O S H R I N E S I S I N O P E A C T E D P A X R O M A N A S O S A D S P I T S A C K A R T S E T T I C S H E M I R S P A C E S T A T I O N P G A T I R E R E S I N R A P T W O R L D P E A C E A M I S A N I T A D I E D S I N K N E E D Y D R Y
P A S S J D A T E A T I T A R T I P I N O N F I N I P E A C H E S A N D C R E A M A N N A G A I O U S W E Y A C H T S A C R E D C O W A S H E A T V N O R A R O M E O H O A R D S P O W E R C O U P L E P E R I L S A P N E A E L O N D U G B A N D A C T E D C O O L E S S I E T H E O A F E O S P E C B A C K G R O U N D C H E C K O P T O P L A C E I C E E G O S S I D L E S P T S D
I tried to remove OPE, but I did not like any of the versions I had in the upper right corner. Quite a few hesitating moments when I filled this grid, including EL CHAPO, who was just recaptured when I made this grid. I did not have circles in my submission.
C H E F C H A F E U N U M L U L L R U B I N N A S A A R M Y U B E R D R I V E R P L O P S C L E E V E R Y A L B A P I M A T H E P A Y P A L D I C K R E D E Y E G U S T E L S E M I R B I G O B O E K I T S H O T M O H A I R H O L I D A Y A I R B N B N O S Y E R L E S I C E M S P A Y A L T A G M O P O P C O R N L E A N T U L L D A N N O L I L T S P A Y A N G S T Y A K S
PATRICK: If you wanted to bottle the enthusiasm and effort Elayne put into this puzzle, you'd need a vat! Although the two of us live about as far apart as two contiguous U.S.ers can (she's in L.A., I'm on the east coast of Florida), we were able to meet up in Orlando midway through our collaboration, after a show of hers at the Dr. Phillips Center.
Her act was as brilliant as it's ever been — smart, quick, topical, friendly, and with a good dose of local flavor thrown in. Alas, the meeting was brief since she was jetting off to another gig soon after. The only opportunity to talk came as she worked a table in the theater lobby immediately after the show. It was to raise funds for her non-profit animal rescue and advocacy organization, Tails of Joy.
ELAYNE: When the NY Times offered me a chance to do a puzzle with Patrick Merrell, I thought with joy, "Crosswords With the Stars!" I only hoped I'd be a little closer to being Amber Riley than Kenny Mayne, since incredibly, they gave me Derek Hough. Needless to say, I really can't dance. But, like Derek, the talented Mr. Merrell was patient, kind, funny, wonderful, and the best partner you could ever hope for. We laughed for months, and we hope that joy made it into our puzzle. We hope you enjoy it.
I M P D O C G A S L I T F A R I N A X A G E O N E S T I F F A R M G U E S T X X O F T E A R A N T A T S A F E E E R I E I K E O U I A N K L E B I T E R D E X I S M S I L O S A L E P H U T A S U T R A A W A S H E S P R I T O U T D A M N E D X A F T N N E B A S I E X I F Y E T A L I I P E N C I L C U R A T E O C E A N M A P U N E V E N T U M S I D A P E D A N T T Y E X O N
One day the phrase "X marks the spot" just came to me; immediately, the crossword angel in my head interrupted to tell me that this could be a puzzle theme with X representing the word "spot". Then the crossword gremlin barked that surely it has been done before. And I looked and I looked, but never found such a puzzle. So I forged ahead.
Will/Joel liked the theme but had me rework several swaths, due to ugly fill. Because of this the puzzle was greatly improved. They kept most of my clues but substituted some excellent ones of their own, like the one for STIFFARM. I was able to balance the Xs in the theme answers, three at the end, three at the beginning, and one in me middle.
That's it from glint to print. May this puzzle bring solvers a hearty aha and some delicious headwork. I hope it hits the spot!
S A D S A C K D I S C U S C L U T C H E S O N T A P E R I G A T O N I A L Y S S A A B U T P O L N E X T T O P I P E S V E S T A A A B E E F E D S N I T H A R B O R M A S T E R S T E N G A L L O N H A T S T U R K E Y D I N N E R S O R E S U N D O E S E T A H O P I T Y P E S T U F F E T N H L S H A W A R T I S T G O O D T O G O G R E A S E S C R E E N E R S O R T E R K E N M O R E
A M A Z E B A L L S D I C K T A X E V A S I O N A N O N T R I L A T E R A L T O R E U C S D I V A N L E N D L A R S E W I S E S T S A D A T R O C I O U S P U R I N A A V E N G E R S A D A M S O K S H A N O I S I G M A C H I C U R S O R R O C K M E L O N E K E S T A L K S A N T S O R C A S B L O C C U L P B A I T P L U T O M A N I A A C N E S E X S C A N D A L D I G S T W E E T S T O R M
I made this puzzle last summer, after watching too much of the Republican National Convention. I don't think I consciously tried to make a Trump-themed puzzle, but let's just say that my seed answers were TAX EVASION up top and TWEETSTORM down below. Given that, I'm especially pleased with the bottom right corner, which turned out very... presidential. 25-Across!
I can only assume that the editors sensed the vibe, because they changed my original clues for 25- and 28-Across and made them both [Deplorable]. I also really like their new clues for TAX EVASION and LIAR. Happy to see that my clues for ARSE and LIRA made it, though I'm still in mourning for my original ROOK clue, which was [Half of a straight couple?].
They also changed some squares in the top right corner, presumably to be able to clue 20- and 21-Across as a full name (my submission had RENDS at 13-Down and TWIST at 14-Down). These changes had the unfortunate and/or humorous effect of juxtaposing 11-Across with the end of 1-Across, not too far from 22-Across.
Overall, I'm excited to be published on a Saturday!
O L A V S P J S N E B S P O S H N A D I R S H A I E R L E A P I A N L I V E I T D O W N W R E N Y E S N O A N A T Y I N A N D Y A N G D R A K E N I N L M A O F R O N D B I A L Y S D E T R A I N W E I R D E A R N A O N E R E I N K K N I T T I N G S E G U E F R A N K B E T O F O E O L E G D O R R S O L A R A D A M N W I S H F U L S H A R O N A C U T E X C O C K T A I L L O U N G E S I N F U N T O W E L E D C O S T N E R W A L T Z A S A D A K N E W M O A N I V E P L A Y R A N A S F O N T S N E D R O R E M C O R O T A L P S E P O S C R U E T I L O S T I T S T I V E S P H O N Y S P A R A N I A I D A N S E E A D O C T O R E R T E I T E M S A T W T U N E D U C A T E D D R A P E L E O I I B N M I S E R Y E L S A E R N A N C O V E R N E
ACME: Back in 2010 I met Pete, and inspired by his Jack in the box puzzle, came up with the idea ORDERSAROUNDOFDRINKS 21 and in six quadrants have a drink name in circles (TOMCOLLINS, VODKATONIC, etc). Pete thought this could work: "DRINKSALLAROUND 15 [Generous patron's offer and a clue to this puzzle's theme] or AROUNDOFDRINKS 14 for a 20x20 ... could get cute and put OLIVE on top of the MARTINI circle etc. ..." and thus started a 50 email exchange, countless grids, almost seven year odyssey towards a Sunday puzzle!
Pete will tell you I finally cornered him at the 2017 ACPT and said next grid you send me, I'm filling it, cluing it and NO MORE IMPROVEMENTS! (He is a multi-talented creative genius and kept thinking he could do better!)
(response from Pete: "Andrea is too kind to mention that after she had clued the grid I sent her, I found something I couldn't live with it and redid it one more time ...so she had to clue it twice!")
Because Pete got the reveal in the puzzle (crossing with COCKTAILLOUNGES!) we also needed to come up with a title, which of course, as a namer, is my favorite part of constructing!
We needed drinks with 4 8 and 12 letters to make it work... It's a little ironic as I have never been a drinker and had never even heard of a TIAMARIA nor PINKLADY, but I love it! Bottoms up! Skoal! CHEERS and all that!
PETE: My last published NY Times puzzle was in 2013, the year after I started doing the MMMM (Muller Monthly Music Meta). Thirteen crosswords a year is right at the limit of what I can create, so I reluctantly had to stop submitting puzzles to other venues.
Andrea had invited me to collaborate with her on this idea seven years ago (!), and I had started in on it but ultimately gave up because I didn't love the fill enough. I guess sometimes I can be overly picky (Andrea liked some of the grids I came up with just fine.) She gently sent regular reminders to me and encouraged me to keep at it. I promised her that I would definitely get to it within a year. That was in 2015.
I studiously avoided Andrea at the 2016 ACPT, but she managed to track me down anyway and extract another promise that I would finish within a year. Only an extra year late, and seven years after we originally started, I took another shot at a collection of theme entries that we liked, and made it a lot better. Andrea did almost all the cluing (I changed a handful of her clues).
Hope you like it!
I do miss having crosswords in the Times and hope to find time to start submitting a puzzle or two per year going forward.
S T R A W C D S H A M S P E E D O D R E W I D O A I R F O R C E O N E T E X I N N S S U M O E C O L I L E S S T R I K E T H R E E R A S L I A M L A T E X G I M M E F I V E A L I T M O V E S I S E E G A M E S E V E N A N S E L E L A N U G G O N C L O U D N I N E R A M B E A S T I O N S J U D O E A R O D D S A N D E N D S Y T D M I N E A U D I T S S O S E N T G E I C O
When constructing a crossword, the more flexibility you have in your theme answers, the easier it is to fill the grid. This means that this puzzle would have been much easier to make if the theme had been loosened up a little bit. For example, allowing any odd numbers (rather than using exactly the set of single-digit odd numbers) would have made construction easier because it would've increased the number of possible theme answers by allowing phrases such as FRESHMANFIFTEEN or FOREVERTWENTYONE.
The puzzle also would've been much easier to make if the numbers were not necessarily presented in order--for me at least, the start of construction usually involves lots of moving theme answers around to find the arrangement that works best, but having them in a fixed order removes a lot of the freedom in theme positioning.
However, I thought it was important to restrict the theme to being exactly the five single-digit odd numbers presented in order because a theme of "phrases ending in odd numbers" didn't seem quite tight enough without these extra features. Luckily, there are enough phrases ending with ONE, THREE, and FIVE to make the theme workable despite these constraints.
As always, thanks to the editing team for making this puzzle much better than the version I submitted!
C H A L L A H L E F T S S A T I A T E B E T R U E I N V E S T S T R I C O R N S T A I R C A S E W I T I T S T O B Y T N N E C O M A C Y F E E A L E B A N K S O R D I D E S C A L A T O R C L A U S E R E U N E S P O R K P E W B T W R E M Y D O E G E E D O R A M A N O N T H E U P A N D U P S A R A L E E C O S P L A Y S T A L L S E V I L E Y E A S Y L A S E C E D E S
Patrick Berry's use of stair-step blocks in his themeless puzzles inspired this puzzle's creation. The large block count forced me to keep the word count lower than a typical early week puzzle, a constraint that challenged the balance between visual appeal and clean fill.
Since the acceptance of this puzzle I have become much more familiar with ESCALATORCLAUSEs, which have so far failed to make a difference in the ultra-competitive Seattle-area real estate market. If you're a crossword fan with a craftsman-style Everett home you'd like to sell, please let me know!
R A C E S A L U D L A T C L A M A L I B I C M O N A P P O I N T E E S H A R E T O Y O U R H E A L T H C A S I N O S L I F E R A L I C E S T I R A M I S U R E M O A R S O N D R I N K D R I N K D R I N K N O N E T E M A C M A R K E T E D G O D I V A I D E A L M O N S T E R D O W N T H E H A T C H S N A P O V E R W E I G H T T A R A S E R I E R O I D I D I P R O S T T O P S
MICKEY: This puzzle is one of a number of collaborations between Pawel Fludzinski and me, both for the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times and other publications. The idea probably arose at dinner one night. Pawel is a wine consumer. In our research, we found two toasts that I really liked, but they did not fit the theme of the puzzle. They are: "As you slide down the banister of life, may the splinters never face the wrong way" and "Everybody should believe in something — I believe I'll have another drink."
It is always a great experience to collaborate with Pawel. Although he is relatively new to the game, his constructions are masterful.
PAWEL: Mickey has been a terrific mentor as I entered the world of crossword construction a few years ago. I could not have gotten started without his help, support and encouragement, and what limited success I have enjoyed to date I owe to him. He is a true friend!
R E B E C C A I N F L A T E E X E D O U T S P O O L E D W A T T S T H E P R O B L E M A C T A T O M S T A S T E R T E S O S U B E R T I E M A R L A M A D A M S O P I A T E S T R E E H O W E S B U S I N E S S S O N S A L B A N I A O N O C A Y T R Y S T C O N T A C A M I S A P S K L E I N E C O L E H O E H U L E T T H E D O G S O U T O L E O O I L E N G R O S S P U G N O S E M A Y I S E E
This theme was inspired by Abbott and Costello's "Who's on First?" routine. The question words who, what, how, why, when, where, which lend themselves to homophones. Since the first three directly correspond to names I came up with three fifteens that could be punned.
Making it a 72 worder with lots of sevens enabled me to have a better fill. (I also got to put my daughter's name in at 1-Across — REBECCA.)
M B A S J I F F G A R T H E R I E C A N A L A D I E U N O M E A N S N O L A T E R I N E E D A M O M E N T N O N E C U T U P S D A N G D R E S S R E M S B E L B I E L T R I V I A A N I M I S T I N A B I N D C A N A P E A D O S T I L K E E L A L L O T R E M Y E N S E A L E A S E B I G G I E S M A L L S A R Y A N M E T A L H E A D J O N Z E I D R I S E L B A A N T E S Z A Y N S K E D
This crossword was born after I noticed something in crossword puzzle forums. Whenever people complain about trivia in crosswords, the first thing they attack is automatically rapper names. Not, like, the 1950's Olympians or bygone opera stars that show up in crosswords from time to time. It seems like it's always, without fail, the names of popular rappers. It doesn't even matter if the artist in question has sold millions of albums, or how many times their songs have been on the charts— rap references always attract ire from some part of the solving public.
My natural response was to make a puzzle seeded by a 12-letter rap artist. If you're a fan of BIGGIE SMALLS, I hope you got something out of seeing his name in the puzzle. If you're unfamiliar with his name, that's fine too. As long as you feel you learned something.
Rant aside, I like the feel of this puzzle. It's not perfect, but the grid definitely has my vibe. I'm a fan of a lot of the debut entries— 59A, 7D, 21D, and especially 35D have been in my list of seed entries for a while. Plus, I love the works referenced in 5D and 42D, and I'm always glad to sneak a Lady Gaga reference (39A) into the Gray Lady.
Playing you off with this!
C L A S S I C A T B A R L A T T E A R T C L A I R E E N T E R N O W L U S T R E A D A P T S I C E M M O B T H I S A S T R O L O G O S O N C R E T E K O J A K E R E E P I C W I N S F R I E N D R E Q U E S T L O O S E T E A U P S E A S E D E L V I S C A P T M E N S P E L T L A M A S H A B A S R A M I R E S L A N C E T T S A A G E N T I N N A T E S I G N H E R E E D E N S C E N T R A L
A C M E H A S O N I B M C N N M O O N S E L O P E O N E A R Y E F L U S H A I L E S O U T A N D O U T M E N U O P T I O N S N T H D E W T R E E S L I T T L E P R I N C E N U K E N E A Y E A A P I A J A X O S E P A Z D R Y I N K E S T H O N O L U L U A B A A N E E W T O O N Y X E S L A H R M L K H E L L W E A L T H D O U G I E P R O L E S I M E P R O B O N O E A R M A P P E R B I T E A T T I N P A N A G E S A J A C P O S E T E R N E D O A F C C N I K E W H A T D I D O E U R A R C T A N A E C M E N O T B N O O R G I T N I H C A S S F I R S T C R U S A D E S E W E D A A A D S O C A N I T R Y S O M E P A N T S U I T S A S A M I L A N E D A I D I P O S R E S I N E R N I E W R Y A N N D R A N G E A R N
This puzzle was inspired by a monthlong hovercruise Elon Musk organized for the most important brand influencers from across all social media platforms. I remember looking philosophically out onto the sea from the balcony of the Nootropics Suite, sipping on my Matcha Soylent and listening to the statistically most thought-provoking sounds according to metadata when the epiphany came to me: what if there were as many singers in a puzzle as there were amazing digital content creators on this very hovership? I immediately got my crossword AI, Pencilton, to crowdsource reactions to that concept. Fun fact: this was actually the last puzzle I created before I started constructing completely in virtual reality.
W A S A B I E N D A S H F O R E M A N V A U N T E D R O N Z O N I E V E N P A R O H O S T O L E A R I D O L E D T O K C A U S E O O D L E S O F N O O D L E S F L O W I N N S P E A A N I S E E D S H E L A I T Y N O V O S H E A A G R A A I D E D L E N S N E T C O S T L E S A B R E E R R O R S P O B O Y S A B B Y C A D A B B Y G A V E R A R E R I G G Y A X E L I S L E T N A P E Y E L L A T O M S G N A T
S P E W A D A P T S R A M A L T I E S C A R P E N O M E A N T T H E W O R L D T O S A L D A N A L E A S E D S M A R T A L E C K A R G O P A D T E R A B A R R E D N A U T I L U S A D A L U C K Y M E T S K F I N A L O U T P E L O S I T O D D J O S A N O N J O B H O P P I N G B A U B L E E N C A S E S S P R E A D T H E G O S P E L I S O I D O I D O S A G A X E R R A W E S T E T S Y
I had wanted to make a puzzle around this theme for some time, so on a tough day in spring 2015, I immediately felt better when I noticed that the phrase "scream at the world" contains the name MATTHEW. I already had some phrases for MARK, LUKE, and JOHN, so I went to work with inspiration from Chuck Deodene's March 31, 2010 puzzle (which had SPREAD THE WEALTH as a revealer). Over the course of several versions, George Barany and his team provided incisive and timely feedback, and Will and Joel further improved the puzzle with their editing touch. My favorite new clue is the one for TANK TOP, and I also enjoyed learning about the BLAIR House.
P A I N E A M C F A K I R A C R E S G A L A L I T O W H O S T H E R E M L L E S S E N T A N Y O N E H O M E S L I T I D A S A V I O R H A G I M I T W R I N G T O B E A L O N E A I R I S R A E L I O D S M A G I C W O R D M E R I T P L O T O D D K A N S A S S L R P E T S I G E T A N A M E N L I E U T A X I D M A N O H A N D S C L I M E O T C O V I N E H A T E S S E E B E T A S
Some bio: I am a newspaper editor in Detroit. I have had some mystery short stories published in Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine, where I was once the managing editor many, many years ago. I recently had my first play, "Clutter," produced at Theatre Nova in Ann Arbor, and I am the artistic director of a small theatre company called Pencilpoint Theatreworks here in Ypsilanti. Ann Arbor constructors James Tuttle and Peter Collins are local celebrities in my mind.
My puzzle went through three revisions over the course of a year. Will was incredibly patient with me as I worked through refining the theme answers and the fill. This was the sixth puzzle I had submitted for Will's consideration so you can see I'm a slow learner. This particular theme came to me as I recalled days when my son was very young, and he went through a period when he was delighted with "Knock Knock" jokes. We would spend time before bed making different ones up. I thought combining knock-knock jokes with a crossword would make an interesting hybrid.
One theme answer that didn't work for Will that I thought was funny was the classic, "Hutch who?" with the response being "gesundheit." He wanted the responses to be complete sentences, which is the better idea, but I shed a few tears letting "gesundheit" go.
M A S C O T S P A S T A E C T O P I C U N S A F E T R A V E L I N G I N C O M F R I V E N F O E O R E O O D E E M I T T E R E R R P R O F U S S A T F L U B E A U F S C A L E O A R R E C T O A I D F U N E H U N T E R M D S O R D E A L T S P R D S B E D P O S T S H E T O A D O U R P E C O S H O L D D O W N T H E F O R T R E A I M S H O T T U N A S Y N G E O R E S T E S
The origin of this theme probably duplicates the thought processes of many crossword constructors. A phrase is noticed or comes to mind, and suddenly the crossword section of the brain lights up, and one thinks "That could be a crossword theme!" This nearly involuntary reaction is both a boon and a bane to the constructor's life as one tries for a balance between normal and crossword-based brain function. "Sure," the brain says, "I might be able to find phrases including FORT, and then both figuratively and literally HOLD DOWN that word by placing it vertically within other words." And then the work begins.
There are only a few short or medium-length words that contain FORT (long words would have created problems with placement within the grid), so that put a constraint on the relevant connecting vertical entries. Their ultimate placement also necessitated the added "cheater squares," whose presence I sought to compensate for using the somewhat low word count.
As I look at the clues for this puzzle — as always, a combination of original submissions and clues created by Will — it seems to me that the overall result is a puzzle that is somewhat easier than usual for a New York Times Thursday crossword. I suppose I will see if that evaluation is accurate when solvers' commentaries start appearing on the crossword blogs. In any event, I hope most people enjoy the puzzle.
B E S T M U S I C A L D J S E T P H O N E H O M E O A T T H R E E I N A R O W I L E T O A S T S T A I C H A T E S T E D U E L S L A P T R O I S I V E S C R O S S O U T P R E E N S H U B C A P S C O U N T O N E N T E R S C O I N T O S S W A R N N O R S E F U E L E L L E T S P S M E S S Y W O E G E T A T O V I M I C R O M A N A G E N E V P L A I N S P O K E N O R E H O R N E T S N E S T
Ok, Jeff, I know what you're going to say: look at that big ugly diagonal thing sitting in the middle of the puzzle. I know, I know— but in my defense I didn't realize it was an issue until you pointed it out in one of my puzzles last December. This grid, and my previous offending grids were already submitted before I knew better. But I assure you that now when I create a puzzle, I have a little invisible Jeff Chen sitting on my shoulder, reminding me to avoid dividing grids in half. I also strive for grids with 14 eight-letter words or more, another strategy I learned from you. Those two guidelines have definitely made my puzzles stronger, and I have you to thank. So… thank you Jeff!
As for commentary on this particular puzzle, not much to say, other than I'm glad I finally snuck BETTE in the grid, which is my mom's name. My mother has been solving the NY Times crossword for more than 60 years, and even though I began solving (and constructing) relatively recently, the Times puzzle has always been part of my world thanks to her. So this one's for you, mama bear!
D U C T S C A N I L I V E I N A W E E A S Y M O N E Y E S S E N C E M A G A Z I N E T A K E S A N A P M E T A L A V E S M Y R R H N I L E R E T T O N O O O G A L T Y D S W E D C U T E L Y K I W I K R I S C R U E T S Y A M L S D P H E W O C T N E G A T E R I G A N O B I G A L I A I C E I N B O U L E V A R D M A N T O M A N D E F E N S E E N C I R C L E S T U N I S D A Y S A I L S S P E N T
Thanks for having me back so soon - I wasn't sure if I'd be allowed back at all after my last puzzle for the Gray Lady, which I hear was raisin' quite the controversy.
Anyway, there's way more "I'm not convinced anyone has ever said this in real life ever" answers than I'd like in this grid: EFTS? CUTELY? VENALLY? DEADEST? TWEEST? Get outta here. Not wild about AVES or MCI, either. Otherwise, I like it. The editing team did a great job dialing up the clues.
"Girls Trip", which takes place at Essence Fest, is currently in theaters, so 16-Across (one of my seed entries for the puzzle) feels timelyish.
J O T T I M I D S N A P I H E A R D A N A O P I N E H U L A S O P H I A M A X W O R K T H E N I G H T S H I F T E D I T S S A U D E O E E L L E S A T E O N P I N S A N D N E E D L E S I R O N L I O N S B R A V A R V E T S E A T S B O A P A R A G O N H I H O S I M C A R D O R E C R E D O F I T T O B E T I E D E D T H A R E M A C R E E N D E S E Z E T U D E J E E P H E A T C H O R E W I N E R I C E L S A R O V E R S O W C U T A N D D R I E D E N E R O U N A L A P O R T E P E E R P S Y C H E S T E S P I L E S T A R O A R C S A T I M E R T H R U S H O O T S F R O M T H E H I P L E S S R E A L R E G A E R O K Y L E S T A K E U P A C O L L E C T I O N I N E A V E R S E H O O K E E R I E N A T S E N S E D E D G Y S P A D E E L S
ISAAC: I've been doing the crossword puzzle in the New York Times since high school (an eternity) and the first time my name was in it my mother called and said: "you've arrived." It's with glee that I accepted the task to work on one in this illustrious year of anniversary.
I started with the idea to create a round grid that looked like a button. I actually measured the puzzle and hand ruled the grid to illustrate my idea. Within a day or two, I was informed that it wouldn't work because the round idea created too many two word answers, even one word answers which I gather are forbidden. Next, I came up with an idea for portmanteau-ish designer / famous names with answers like TOM FORD MADDOX FORD and FRANK STELLA MCCARTNEY which also got sent back for reasons I still don't understand. I guess there's a lot I don't know about puzzle making!
David and I settled on the following puzzle which I think is engrossing and a lot of fun. And I think more than so many other projects I learned about a latent obsession I have with not only doing puzzles but making them and I think my mother was right. With this puzzle, I've definitely "arrived."
DAVID: Working with Isaac on this puzzle was a lot of fun, and I appreciate the fact that he gave me plenty of his time and input. Originally we started throwing around fashion-related themes, thinking the puzzle would run on a Tuesday or Wednesday. For example, we thought about answers where the last word is a fashion item and the first word is changed to a verb (e.g., SHRINK WRAPS, STICK SHIFTS, etc.). Isaac also thought that something called "Designer Mix" (MADONNA KARAN etc.) might work.
We finally decided to do something else: answers, not normally connected to fashion, as they might be clued by a fashionista. The answers we came up with were too long for a daily, so Will gave us the go-ahead for a Sunday puzzle. The main problem was coming up with enough good theme answers that could be clued in a funny fashion-related way. (One answer that didn't make it into the puzzle was SUITS TO A TEE for "Casual Friday alternative?").
Solvers, enjoy!
T R E K W A N N A P E P S Y A L E I N B E D E L I E P I K E P L A C E M A R K E T O N S P E C E L M E R S L A O S B N A I M A C E S T A I S T P A T A S O F P A N D A M U L E G I F T L I T E R E G G S O A F M A R I N E R E A T O N E T O N N A N T E S E U L E R S A T E S W A S T E I S T R O O T S H U H S P A T U L A U R N I D O T I T A N I C N I A Z I P S E A T T L E D O G
I constructed this puzzle a few months ago after reading one of Will Shortz's Cruciverb announcements about his inventory. I saw that he was shortest on Sundays and Thursdays, which was no surprise because those are the hardest ones for me to come up with. But I also noticed he was short on Mondays, which interested me because I'd never given much thought to constructing early-week puzzles. So the next time I sat down to construct something, I decided to target Monday instead of Friday/Saturday.
One of the first things that came to mind for some reason was Seattle. In between long stretches of living in California, I lived in the Seattle area for four years, which is where I first started constructing crosswords (for a fifth-grade project—see photo!). So I thought it would be fitting to pay homage to my "crossword roots."
I knew pretty early on that I wanted the focus of the puzzle to be the Space Needle grid art. Luckily, SPACE NEEDLE was the perfect length to make a grid art design out of, though it took me a few tries to come up with a convincing enough Space Needle. Once I realized that PIKE PLACE MARKET was 15-letters long, I was off and rolling. Noticing that the reveal SEATTLE would fit right between the S and the last E of SPACE NEEDLE was a huge stroke of luck, and I quickly banged out the rest of the grid from there. In fact, I was all set to send a version of the puzzle with RuIN/YuLE in the upper left corner when I noticed I could change RuIN to RAIN. After all, what puzzle about Seattle is complete without mentioning its signature weather? I initially worried that I wouldn't be able to balance RAIN with another theme entry, but fortunately, PIER came to the rescue.
All in all, I had a lot of fun constructing this one, and I hope Seattleites appreciate the shoutout! And who knows, I just might be back with more early-week offerings :).
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XWord Info © 2007-2024, Jim Horne
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/subdividiving-an-icosahedron-determing-spherical-coordinates-for-a-divided-point.155435/ | 1,524,379,838,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945497.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422061121-20180422081121-00308.warc.gz | 862,372,773 | 16,353 | # Subdividiving an icosahedron; determing spherical coordinates for a divided point
1. Feb 9, 2007
### so-crates
What no geometry subforum?
Well, anyway, here is my problem. I am writing some software that uses geodesic grids. Here is a reference to what I am talking about:
http://kiwi.atmos.colostate.edu/BUGS/groupPIX/ross/ross1/ross1.html
The problem I see is that every algorithm says 'Subdivide the icosahedron and project the points outward toward the sphere.' This is straightforward to implement, but the problem is I am planning on generating grids of millions of cells, and am trying to cut down on the storage. Storing 3 32-bit coordinates for each cell would be a big waste of space. So therefore what I need is a closed-form solution to this problem. The cells are ordered such that they are divided into 5 domains like the following:
http://kiwi.atmos.colostate.edu/BUGS/geodesic/text.html
So what I need is a function that does this map(n, i, j) -> (theta, psi), where n is the domain and i and j are indices of the square array, and theta and psi are the spherical coordinates (to simplify things, I assume the radius rho is 1)
If the icosahedron is oriented so that two of its 'opposite' vertices(two vertices that are the furthest they can be from each other) lie on the the north and south poles, then generating the vertices along a "principal edge" emanating from the poles seems to be easy, since either theta or psi will remain unchanged and the other "stepped' by a fundamental angle (72 degrees for theta and ~63 degrees for psi) to get all the vertices that lie on that edge.
Where I encoutner a tough math problem though, is when you have two semi-arbitrary points, say with coordinates (theta_1, psi_1) and (theta_2, psi_2) (omitting rho b/c it is always 1). The point 'in-between' these two points, that lies on the sphere with radius 1, can in theory be obtained by calculate the angle between the two points and dividing it by 2 and projecting it out to a line that contains the point. So the way to do that is to find the magnitude of the vector cross product of the two points, and divide by product of the magnitudes of the two vectors (again 1) which gives you the sin of the angle.
The problem is that when I convert to cartesian coordinates and back to sphereical, I end up with a huge algebraic mess that I can't seem to simplify.
So I guess my problem is two fold
1) Is there a closed-form solution for calculating the points on a repeatedly subdivided geodesic grid?
2) Is there a relatively simple formula for determing the spherical coordinates of the point that lies between (1, theta_1, psi_1) and (1, theta_2, psi_2) on the unit sphere?
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### MATH DUMMY
5X-5/2Y=-55
4X+2Y=-12
USE ADDITION METHOD...HOW I DO THIS PROBLEM THE FRACTIONS THROW ME OFF
ALSO
A VENDOR SELLS HOT DOGS AND BAGS OF CHIPS.A CUSTOMER BUYS 2 HOT DOGS AND 2 BAGS OF CHIPS FOR $7.00.ANOTHER CUSTOMER BUYS 4 HOT DOGS AND 5 BAGS OF CHIPS FOR$15.00.FIND THE COST OF EACH ITEM.
SOLVE:THE ANWSER IS $2.50 HOT DOGS AND CHIPS$1.00.
4x+3y=$12.25 2x+5y=$8.75
IS THAT HOW I SHOULD SET IT UP.THEN WHAT I DO?...SORRY MY NAME GOES PERFECT WITH THIS PROBLEM
2. Nov 13, 2005
You can just solve this by substitution. From the second equation:
4x+2y=-12
4x=-2y-12
2x=-y-6
y=(-2x-6)
So, you substitute that value in for y, and you get:
5x-(5/2)(-2x-6)=-55
5x-(-5x-15)=55
5x+5x+15=55
10x=40
x=4
Then, we replace x with 4, which gives us:
4(4)+2y=-12
16+12+2y=0
2y=-28
y=-14
So, x=4 and y=-14
Correct.
Again, this is called "solving a system of equations". You can use all sorts of methods to solve this, including solvin by substitution (which I used for the first question), elimination (trying to combine the equations, making one variable cancel), and even matricies. I might elaborate in a bit, but I'm getting increasingly sleepy...
Last edited: Nov 13, 2005 | 446 | 1,205 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.1875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | longest | en | 0.798983 |
http://www.gnu.org/software/kawa/api/gnu/math/class-use/Quantity.html | 1,721,777,587,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-30/segments/1720763518130.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20240723224601-20240724014601-00566.warc.gz | 46,591,683 | 3,341 | Uses of Classgnu.math.Quantity
• Packages that use Quantity
Package Description
gnu.kawa.xml
Classes for using XML within Kawa.
gnu.math
Supports various numeric types, including complex numbers, efficient bignums, exact rational numbers, units.
kawa.standard
Primitive Scheme syntax and functions.
• Uses of Quantity in gnu.kawa.xml
Subclasses of Quantity in gnu.kawa.xml
Modifier and Type Class and Description
`class ` `XInteger`
An integer that is an instance of a more specific integer type.
• Uses of Quantity in gnu.math
Subclasses of Quantity in gnu.math
Modifier and Type Class and Description
`class ` `BaseUnit`
A primitive Unit of measurement (such as a meter).
`class ` `CComplex`
General Cartesian Complex number.
`class ` `Complex`
`class ` `CQuantity`
General Cartesian Quaternion quantity.
`class ` `CQuaternion`
General Cartesian Quaternion number (a four-dimensional extension of complex numbers).
`class ` `DateTime`
Represents a date and/or time.
`class ` `DComplex`
A complex number using rectangular (Cartesian) plain double values.
`class ` `DFloNum`
`class ` `DQuantity`
A Quantity represented as the product of a plain double and a Unit.
`class ` `DQuaternion`
A quaternion number using plain double values.
`class ` `Duration`
`class ` `IntFraction`
Implementation of exact rational numbers a ratio of two IntNums.
`class ` `IntNum`
A class for infinite-precision integers.
`class ` `NamedUnit`
A Unit that has a name.
`class ` `Quaternion`
A quaternion is a hypercomplex number of the form w + xi + yj + zk where w, x, y, and k are real, and i, j, and k are imaginary units which satisfy i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = ijk = -1.
`class ` `RatNum`
The abstract class of rational numbers.
`class ` `RealNum`
`class ` `Unit`
Methods in gnu.math that return Quantity
Modifier and Type Method and Description
`static Quantity` Quantity.```add(Quantity x, Quantity y, int k)```
`static Quantity` Quantity.```divide(Quantity x, Quantity y)```
`static Quantity` Quantity.```make(double re, double im, double jm, double km, Unit unit)```
`static Quantity` Quantity.```make(Quaternion x, Unit u)```
`static Quantity` Quantity.```make(RealNum re, RealNum im, RealNum jm, RealNum km, Unit unit)```
`static Quantity` Quantity.```times(Quantity x, Quantity y)```
Methods in gnu.math with parameters of type Quantity
Modifier and Type Method and Description
`static Quantity` Quantity.```add(Quantity x, Quantity y, int k)```
`static int` Quantity.```compare(Quantity x, Quantity y)```
`static Quantity` Quantity.```divide(Quantity x, Quantity y)```
`static NamedUnit` Unit.```make(java.lang.String name, Quantity value)```
`static NamedUnit` NamedUnit.```make(java.lang.String name, Quantity value)```
`static Quantity` Quantity.```times(Quantity x, Quantity y)```
• Uses of Quantity in kawa.standard
Methods in kawa.standard with parameters of type Quantity
Modifier and Type Method and Description
`static void` sleep.`sleep(Quantity q)` | 791 | 2,944 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.8125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-30 | latest | en | 0.524345 |
https://qa.ukessays.com/essays/computer-science/sudoku-puzzle-design-algorithms-computer-science-essay.php | 1,701,298,312,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100146.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129204528-20231129234528-00397.warc.gz | 552,960,318 | 18,403 | Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.
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# Sudoku Puzzle Design Algorithms Computer Science Essay
✅ Paper Type: Free Essay ✅ Subject: Computer Science ✅ Wordcount: 2619 words ✅ Published: 1st Jan 2015
Our project is called generating, rating and solving Sudoku puzzle. The aim of the project is to design and develop Sudoku puzzle solving program by generate the puzzle with five differences difficulty rating level. The program is able to solve the Sudoku puzzle by using some Artificial Intelligent algorithm.
The final year project development period is given two trimester and we divided the development process into two part. The first part is to develop the problem specification, design, generating and study on some Sudoku solving algorithm which to be done by trimester one. Part 2 of the project is developing the complete Sudoku solving program and this part will be done by trimester 2.
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## 1.1 Introduction
Sudoku is logic based number-placement puzzle. It designs with 9×9 grids so that the digits 1-9 appear exactly once in each row, each columns, and each 3×3 sub grids (also called as blocks) that compose the grid. Each Sudoku puzzle created with a unique solution, which typically means that there is only one correct way to fill in the 81 grids.
The aim of the project is to design and develop Sudoku puzzle solving program using the artificial intelligence algorithm. First at all the Sudoku configuration program would be able to generate the puzzle with five differences difficulty rating level, which are very easy, easy, medium, difficult and expert. The program also able to solve the Sudoku puzzle as well as providing the chances of having tips while they achieve the specify condition which could help the player to solved the puzzle when they get stuck.
An interesting Sudoku puzzle is the one with the minimal hints given. The puzzle should be generated with a single solution. So, knowledge for the rules of Sudoku is very important which the digit 1-9 need to be appear exactly once in each rows, each columns, and each 3×3 sub-grid. Then a 9×9 empty grid need to be created and filled in with the digit 1-9 by following the rules to create a complete puzzle.
The next step is to begin removing digits from the completed Sudoku puzzle randomly to create the game. To generate a symmetrical puzzle, we need to randomly remove the singleton from the row, column, or block, following by naked pairs, naked triples, hidden pairs, hidden triples, and pointing pairs accordingly. The techniques used to remove the cells decided the difficulty level of the Sudoku puzzle. Lastly, the program is able to solve the Sudoku game by using the AI algorithm like simulated annealing.
## 1.2 Problem statement
People nowadays always busy for working and cope for the challenges on their life. With the increasing busyness of the life, stress become a common issue that faced by the society. A long term of facing a particular problem will make a people to feel pressure and stress themselves badly. Therefore, they need some break to take their mind off from working materials before they continue to work. Sometimes, a challenges mini game like Sudoku can helps to exercise their brain and reduce stress.
Besides, with the fast growing of the technologies today, most people are able to obtain the advance electronic device like PDA, laptop, and so on. So the Sudoku puzzle game is not the game that is only published in the hardcopy such as newspaper or Sudoku book. Therefore Sudoku game can be installed in their electronic device so that they can bring it anywhere.
## 1.2 Scope
Scope of the project is generating the Sudoku puzzle with different difficulty level and solves the Sudoku game. The scope covers:
Allow user to select the difficulty level of the Sudoku game.
Generate a complete Sudoku puzzle by following the Sudoku rules which are the digits 1-9 appear exactly once in each row, each columns, and each 3×3 sub grids.
Remove cells to create a valid Sudoku games according to the difficulty level that the user selected.
Allow user to input the digit 1-9 into the empty cells of the puzzle.
Highlight the incorrect input of digit with red colour.
Solve the Sudoku games.
## 1.2 Objectives
Understanding the algorithm behind Sudoku puzzle.
Identify an algorithm to generate a complete Sudoku puzzle with the rules that the digit 1-9 appear exactly once in each row, each columns, and each 3×3 sub grids.
Identify the ways of removing cells from the complete Sudoku puzzle to create a valid game.
Generate Sudoku with different difficulty level.
Identify the algorithm to solve the Sudoku puzzle.
## 1.3 Project Schedule
Project Schedule Management – Gantt Chart
Tasks
Activity
Start date
End date
Duration(days)
Task 1
Research and study relevant material
7/6/2010
27/6/2010
21
Task 2
Planning development process
28/6/2010
4/7/2010
7
Task 3
Implement Prototype for Generating
5/7/2010
8/8/2010
35
Task 4
Test Program and Fix error
9/8/2010
14/8/2010
7
Task 5
Amends report and prototype
15/8/2010
29/8/2010
14
Task 6
Validate interim report and Submission
30/8/2010
1/9/2010
1
## 2.1 Nature of the problem
Sudoku puzzle is a famous game among the worldwide. Most of the newspaper has a long history of publishing the Sudoku games such as The Times, Sin Chew Daily, and so on. The games in hardcopy required user to use pen or pencil to finish on the paper and the number of games are limited. So, in this project, a program is created to generate the Sudoku puzzle games. User does not need to use an extra writing material like pen or pencil to complete the Sudoku games. They just need a mouse to interact with the game.
Other than that, the program is able to solve the Sudoku puzzle as well as identify the puzzle is solvable and have a unique solution. User also can enter the Sudoku games that are not generated by the program and solve it by using this program.
## 2.2 Background
The origin of Sudoku is from Switzerland (By a Mathematician Leonhard Euler) and then travels to Japan by way of America. “Su” is the Japanese character with the meaning of number and “doku” means single. In another word, it called single number which means that for each column, each row, and each sub grid, it can only contain the digit 1-9 without repetition.
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In this project, we need to consider some important things like the cost that we need, the purpose of this project, the target user of this program and so on. Cost that we need to use is to complete the project in 24 week period. The purpose of this project is to create a program which can generate the Sudoku games with different difficulty level as well as able to solve the Sudoku games.
Sudoku is a game that suitable for all generation of the people. The program is able to generate the game in 5 different difficulty levels which is very easy, easy, medium, hard, and expert. Level “very easy” and “easy” are suitable for the children, medium is suitable for the adults, hard and expert are suitable for those who are experienced in the Sudoku games.
## 2.3 Literature Review
2.3.1 The Science behind Sudoku
Sudoku is a game of numbers, but it does not have anything to do with mathematics such as addition or multiplication. A Sudoku grid is a special kind of Latin square that named by an 18th century mathematician-Leonhard Euler. Latin square is an n x n matrices that are filled in with n symbols in a way that the same symbols appear exactly once in same row and column.
The number of valid Sudoku grids is 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960 which proved by the use of logic and computers. The minimum numbers of hints that a 9 x 9 Sudoku puzzle can start with and the solution can still remain unique seem to be 17. This mean for any Sudoku which is having the hints that less than 17 will make it cannot guarantee a unique solution.
C:UsersVinZDesktop1.pngC:UsersVinZDesktop2.png
Figure 1.An example of the minimal hints for a Sudoku puzzles and still guarantee with the unique solution.
C:UsersVinZDesktop3.pngC:UsersVinZDesktop4.png
Figure 2.An example of a Sudoku game with 16 hints provided and leads to two solutions.
To solve a Sudoku puzzle, the most common way is backtracking. First, the program places a number “1” in the first empty cell of the Sudoku puzzle. If the number is compatible with the existing hints, it moves to the second empty cell and place a “1” again. When it encounters a conflict or clash with other existing hints, it erases the number which just placed and enters number “2”. If it is invalid again then proceed with 3 or the next legal number. After the legal number placed, it moves to the next cell and start again with number “1”.
If the number that placed and it is still not compatible with the existing hints is “9” (“9” is the largest number in Sudoku puzzle), the program will backtrack and increase the precious cell’s number by one. After that it moves forward until it is clash with other existing hints and backtracks again. Sometimes the program needs to backtrack for several times before it can move forward.
Backtracking technique is good and fast when apply in a program or machine, but a human player need to spend more time to finish the game using this technique. So they used smarter ways for solving Sudoku and generally turn to method “trial and error” method at last of the solving part.
2.3.2 A Pencil-and-Paper Algorithm for Solving Sudoku Puzzle
To solve a Sudoku puzzle, it involve with the widely known concept of matching numbers across cells. In another mathematical point of view, we name it as pre-emptive sets. The most important technique to solve the Sudoku puzzles is based on two things, which are the (i) definition of pre-emptive sets and (ii) the occupancy theorem. A mark up puzzle can help to solve the Sudoku puzzle with more efficiently by writing down the possible number that can be filled into the empty cell.
C:UsersVinZDesktopmarkup.png
Figure 3.Example of a mark-up Sudoku puzzle.
Pre-emptive sets:
A pre-emptive set composed of the digits 1-9 and is a set of size m, where:
2 <= m <=9. There is a property that no numbers other than the m numbers from the list can occupy the m cells. It can be determined easily by using the mark up puzzle. The range of pre-emptive set is a column, row, or sub grid in which all of the cells of the pre-emptive set are located. It can be presented by
{[n1, n2, … , nm], [ c(i1,j1), c(i2,j2), … , c(im, jm) ]}
Where 1=< n <=9, for i, j = 1, 2, ..., 9
C:UsersVinZDesktop852.png
3459
459
23478
## 1
2348
234579
24579
2345
Figure 2.Pre-emptive set
For example, the figure above consist of a pre-emptive set
{[3, 4, 5, 9], [c(7, 1), c(7, 2), c(8, 3), c(9, 3)]} with size 4.
Occupancy theorem
Suppose that x is a number that listed in the pre-emptive set and it lies completely in one column, or row, or a sub grid, so there can be no occurrence of x for the column, or row, or sub grid that outside of the pre-emptive set.
Firstly, the algorithm use method 1 and method 2 to complete the puzzle until it cannot continue further. Method 1 is to figure out the “Force cell” which is the cell that can be determine by eliminate the impossible number (number that already existed in the same column, row and sub grid) that occupy the cell. Method 2 is to figure out the possible number for the empty cell that can be determined by checking the same number which occupies the cells in the column and row of the sub grid.
After that we look for the pre-emptive set from each column, each row, and each sub grid. Try to break it into several smaller pre-emptive set and cross out the number according to the occupancy theorem. For example in Figure 2, the pre-emptive set is {[3, 4, 5, 9], [c(7, 1), c(7, 2), c(8, 3), c(9, 3)]} with size 4, it cross out the number that are not inside the pre-emptive set. In figure 2, digits 8 and 2 in cell c(8, 1) and c(9, 1) can be determined directly after the number had been crossed out. So apply again method 1 and method 2 to figure out other possible number.
Clearly then, repeat again the process untill it cannot find out any pre-emptive tes ot until the sudoku puzzle is solved.if the result seem to be violated, then the sudoku game is a unsolable game.
Metaheuristics can solve Sudoku puzzles
Before the simulated annealing can straightforward, representation, neighbourhood operator and evaluation of candidate solution need to be defined. Representation used to assign each empty cell a value randomly, but every sub gird contain the digit 1-9 exactly once.
During the process, neighbourhood operator choose two different non-fixed cells (the cell which filled in by randomly) in the sub grid and swap them. Two of the non fixed cells to be swap must be in the same sub grid to make sure the criterion of each sub grid contain the digit 1-9 exactly once.
Cost function used to evaluate the candidate solution by looking at each row and column, and then calculate the number of values that are not present. For example in figure 3, 1 and 2 had repeated two times in the first row, so the score of that row is 2. Note that the complete solution of the Sudoku puzzle will have zero of cost.
C:UsersVinZDesktop854.png
Figure 3
Here, simulated annealing start with a candidate solution s and a neighbour s’. s’ is accepted if s’ is better than s (according to cost function) or with the probability:
Exp (-δ/t), which
δ = proposed change in the cost function,
t = control parameter (as known as temperature).
t, temperature is very important to expend the Simulated Annealing and lead to the success. The initial temperature should allow majority if the moves to be accepted, approximately 80% (according to Van Laaehoven Aart (1987)). During the process, temperature is reduced according to the simple geometric cooling schedule. A formula, = use to make sure the temperature decrease according to the cooling rate. Note that “”, so the largest value of is less than 1, such as 0.9999. For example, value of is 0.9999 will cause the temperature drop slowly, and the value of is 0.5 will make it drop faster.
Furthermore, the use of homogenous Simulated Annealing schema takes the form of a sequence of Markov Chains that generated at the fixed value of t. The t is then changed in-between subsequent chains (Van Laarhoven and Aart, 1987). The value of t here is also very important as it decided the time to explore of the search tree and also the run times.
The size of the problem-instance defined by the non-fixed number in the grid where:
ml =
ml = size of the problem-instance.
= the function that indentify the number of cells in the are non-fixed.
By using this formula, the value can allow each pair of the non-fixed cells have a good chance to considered at least once per Markov chain.
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Free resources to assist you with your university studies! | 3,732 | 16,257 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.234375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | latest | en | 0.941266 |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/66854/is-the-following-substitution-legitimate | 1,571,516,073,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986697760.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019191828-20191019215328-00427.warc.gz | 585,764,794 | 32,804 | # Is the following substitution legitimate?
Suppose that $$b_1 = const .f_1(x) \left( b_2 + \frac{a} {f_2(x)} \right)$$ becomes $$b_1 = const. b_2$$ because $f_1(x) \rightarrow 1$ and $f_2(x) \rightarrow \infty$ when $x \rightarrow \infty$. Do you agree that it allows us to write $$const.b_2 = const .f_1(x) \left( b_2 + \frac{a} {f_2(x)} \right) ?$$
• no, because what if $x$ was $5$ (or anything else) then $f_2(x)$ wouldn't be $\infty$ and $f_1(x)$ wouldn't be $1$ and the equality wouldn't hold, but you could write "const.$b_2 = \lim_{x\to\infty}$ const.$f_1(x)(b_2 + \frac{a}{f_2(x)})$" – Deven Ware Sep 23 '11 at 4:16
• If $b_1$, $b_2$, $a$ are constants (independent of $x$), and $f_1$ and $f_2$ are continuous, and the given equation is supposed to hold for all $x$, then it's okay. – Ted Sep 23 '11 at 4:36
• Thanks a bunch, Deven. This appeared to be something akin to the boundary value problems in differential equations. How would you comment the seeming similarity of the above incorrect substitution to the boundary value problems? – ganzewoort Sep 23 '11 at 4:39
• Ted, but the first equation shows that $b_1$ depends on $x$, doesn't it? Therefore, Deven's reply holds. – ganzewoort Sep 23 '11 at 4:42
• @ganzewoort I'm sorry but I don't know exactly what a "boundary value problem" is since I've never studied differential equations but hopefully someone else can help you on that :) – Deven Ware Sep 23 '11 at 4:56 | 484 | 1,436 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.4375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | latest | en | 0.874802 |
https://la.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/cody/problems/1591-find-the-minimum-element-of-the-matrix/solutions/522868 | 1,581,900,022,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141460.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217000519-20200217030519-00404.warc.gz | 468,286,419 | 15,735 | Cody
# Problem 1591. Find the minimum element of the matrix
Solution 522868
Submitted on 6 Nov 2014 by Binbin Qi
This solution is locked. To view this solution, you need to provide a solution of the same size or smaller.
### Test Suite
Test Status Code Input and Output
1 Pass
%% x = [3 6 8 5]; y_correct = 3; assert(isequal(matrix_min(x),y_correct))
2 Pass
%% x = [3 -6; 8 5]; y_correct = -3; assert(isequal(matrix_min(x),y_correct))
3 Pass
%% x = [101; 21; 10000; 510]; y_correct = 21; assert(isequal(your_fcn_name(x),y_correct)) | 177 | 544 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.59375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | latest | en | 0.614808 |
http://www.brighthubpm.com/six-sigma/31009-types-of-control-charts/ | 1,490,779,180,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190236.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00078-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 432,613,367 | 43,516 | ## Types of Control Charts
written by: Heidi Wiesenfelder • edited by: Jean Scheid • updated: 7/4/2011
The most basic type of control chart, the individuals chart, is often used for all types of data. Yet often more specialized types of control charts can provide more valuable information about process performance, data variation, and process changes. Learn the different types and when to use them.
• slide 1 of 1
About control chart types
In addition to the individual charts, a variety of specialty control charts are at your disposal for charting your data, calculating statistical control limits and detecting special causes. Many of these charts can look very similar to individuals charts, but the limits are calculated differently and do a better job of detecting special causes for the specific type of data for which they are designed.
Software programs such as Minitab and QI Macros for Excel can create any type of control chart and provide settings that can be adjusted by advanced users.
P & np charts
For discrete-attribute data, p-charts and np-charts are ideal. Attribute data is for measures that categorize or bucket items, so that a proportion of items in a certain category can be calculated. Thus a p-chart is used when a control chart of these proportions is desired.
An np-chart is appropriate when the number of items used to calculate each proportion is the same. For example, 100 reports may be reviewed each week and categorized as either accurate or inaccurate. The proportion of inaccurate reports could be plotted on a p-chart or the actual number of inaccurate reports could be plotted on an np-chart. If the number of reports reviewed each week varies, then a p-chart must be used.
C & u charts
Discrete-count data differs from attribute data in that the occurrence of a characteristic or event can be counted, but a non-occurrence can not be counted. Thus the data plotted for a c-chart or u-chart is always the count of occurrences. The c-chart is used when the opportunity for occurrences is equal for each data point and the u-chart is required when the opportunities differ.
The u-chart looks different from the individuals chart in that the limits actually vary from point to point, as seen here: Other types of charts
Several other types of control charts are available for advanced Six Sigma practitioners, typically Black Belts and Master Black Belts. These include:
• X-bar, R charts
• EWMA charts
• P charts for data that is not time-ordered
Selecting the correct control chart for your data will allow you to obtain the greatest insight into your process performance and special causes.
#### Types of Control Charts
Control charts are a powerful tool for Six Sigma projects, allowing analysis of special cause and common cause process variation. Learn about the different types and their uses. | 574 | 2,857 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.8125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | longest | en | 0.907372 |
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Unformatted text preview: in Fig. 8-30. What is the minimum height h at which it can start from rest and still make it around the loop? I:. Solution Problem 29 Solution. From the conservation of mechanical energy (no friction) KA +UA == KB+UB,mgYA = !mv~+mgYB, or v~ = 2g(h - 2R). The condition that the block stay on the track is v~ ~ gR (see the solution to Problem 68 below), so 2g(h - 2R) ~ gR or h ~ 5R/2. Problem .30, A runaway truck lane heads uphill at 300 to the i horizontal. H a 16,000-kg truck goes out of control and enters the lane going 110 km/h, how far along the ramp does it go? Neglect friction. A lal I I I I I B _ olution yi/g >we neglect losses in mechanical energy, -AK = Imv~ = AU = mgy = mgsin 300 Therefore, e == 2. . . 2. = (nO m/3.6 s)2/(9.8 m/s ) = 95;3 m. 1.. I FIGURE 8-30 Problem 32 Solution. 130 CHAPTER 8 Ii Ii Problem 33. Show that the rope in Example 8-6 dw remain , taut all the way to the top of its smaller loop only if a ~ ~. (Note thatthe maximum r~lease angle is 90 for the rope to be taut On the way down.) . Solution :1 'I " I! For the rope to be taut at the top of th...
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# Overview of Sound Waves
## by Ron Kurtus (revised 1 December 2009)
Sound is a series of longitudinal or compression waves that move through air or other materials.
Sound does not travel in a vacuum.
Like any waveform, sound has the characteristics of wavelength, frequency, amplitude and speed
or velocity. Sound waves are created by the vibration of some object, like the cone in a radio
loudspeaker. The waves are detected when they cause a detector to vibrate.
Questions you may have include:
## How is sound created and detected?
This lesson will answer those questions. There is a mini-quiz near the end of the lesson.
Useful tools: Metric-English Conversion | Scientific Calculator.
## Sound is a mechanical vibration
Sound is a regular mechanical vibration that travels through matter as a waveform. It consists of
longitudinal or compression waves in matter.
## Travels through matter
Although it is commonly associated in air, sound will readily travel through many materials,
such as water and steel. Some insulating materials absorb much of the sound waves, preventing
the waves from penetrating the material.
Does not travel in vacuum
Because sound is the vibration of matter, it does not travel through a vacuum or in outer space.
When you see movies or TV shows about battles in outer space, you should only be able to see
an explosion but not hear it. The sounds are added for dramatic effect.
However, note that in outer space, there are actually some widely-spaced atoms and molecules
floating around. But since they are so far apart, regular wave motion would not be great enough
to detect.
Sound waves are different than light waves
Light and radio waves are electromagnetic waves. They are completely different than sound,
which is vibration of matter. Electromagnetic waves are related to electrical and magnetic fields
## Sound is a longitudinal wave
The rapid back-and-forth vibration of an object creates the longitudinal or compression waves of
sound. Longitudinal waves are waves that oscillate in the same path that the sound wave is
moving. This is different than the up and down or transverse motion of a water wave.
## Longitudinal or compression wave (sound)
The illustrations above show a comparison of a transverse wavesuch as a water waveand the
compression wave of sound.
Characteristics of sound
A sound wave has the same characteristics as any other type of waveform. It has wavelength,
frequency, velocity and amplitude.
Wavelength
Wavelength is the distance from one crest to another of a wave. Since sound is a compression
wave, the wavelength is the distance between maximum compressions.
Speed or velocity
The sound waveform moves at approximately 344 meters/second, 1130 feet/sec. or 770 miles per
hour at room temperature of 20oC (70oF).
Frequency
The frequency of sound is the rate at which the waves pass a given point. It is also the rate at
which a guitar string or a loudspeaker vibrates.
The relationship between velocity, wavelength and frequency is:
velocity = wavelength x frequency
Amplitude
Since sound is a compression wave, its amplitude corresponds to how much the wave is
compressed, as compared to areas of little compression. Thus, it is sometimes called pressure
amplitude.
## Creating and detecting sounds
Creating and detecting sounds are similar effects, but opposite. They demonstrate the duality of
nature.
Creating sound
Whenever an object in air vibrates, it causes longitudinal or compression waves in the air. These
waves move away from the object as sound. There are many forms of the vibration, some not so
obvious.
The back and forth movement of a loudspeaker cone, guitar string or drum head result in
compression waves of sound. When you speak, your vocal cords also vibrate, creating sound.
Blowing across a bottle top can also create sound. In this case, the air inside the bottle goes in a
circular motion, resulting in sound waves being formed. Wind blowing through trees can also
create sound this indirect way.
Sound can also be created by vibrating an object in a liquid such as water or in a solid such as
iron. A train rolling on a steel railroad track will create a sound wave that travels through the
tracks. They will then vibrate, creating sound in air that you can hear, while the train may be a
great distance away.
Detecting sound
When a sound wave strikes an object, it can cause the object to vibrate. This leads to the method
to detect sound, which requires changing that vibration into some other type of signalusually
electrical.
The main way you detect or sense sounds is through your ears. The sound waves vibrate your ear
drum, which goes to the inner ear and is changed to nerve signals you can sense.
You can also feel sounds. Stand in front of a stereo or hi-fi loudspeaker on at full volume, and
you can feel some of the vibrations from the music.
There are mechanical devices that detect sounds, such as the microphone. The sound vibrates a
membrane, which creates an electric signal that is amplified and recorded. | 1,067 | 5,075 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.96875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | latest | en | 0.936811 |
http://www.algebra.com/algebra/homework/percentage/percentage.faq.question.14248.html | 1,369,526,894,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706472050/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121432-00027-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 306,134,331 | 4,680 | # SOLUTION: if 35% of a school was 8th graders and there are 252 8th graders, what is the total school population? thanks for the help
Algebra -> Algebra -> Percentages: Solvers, Trainers, Word Problems and pie charts -> SOLUTION: if 35% of a school was 8th graders and there are 252 8th graders, what is the total school population? thanks for the help Log On
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Algebra: Percentage and Pie Charts Solvers Lessons Answers archive Quiz In Depth
Question 14248: if 35% of a school was 8th graders and there are 252 8th graders, what is the total school population? thanks for the help Answer by Alwayscheerful(414) (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website!make an equation 35%X = 252 35% = .35 because % = 1/100 The divide 252 by .35 and you should get your answer | 258 | 974 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.53125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | latest | en | 0.937728 |
http://www.ncatlab.org/nlab/show/filtered+(infinity%2C1)-category | 1,394,496,286,000,000,000 | application/xhtml+xml | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011062835/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091742-00079-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 456,523,194 | 7,724 | # nLab filtered (infinity,1)-category
### Context
#### $(\infty,1)$-Category theory
(∞,1)-category theory
# Contents
## Idea
This is the analog of a filtered category in the context of (∞,1)-categories.
The main purpose of considering filtered (∞,1)-categories is to define filtered (∞,1)-colimits, which are the colimits that commute with finite (∞,1)-limits.
## Definition
###### Definition
Let $\kappa$ be a regular cardinal, and let $C\in \sSet$ be an (∞,1)-category, incarnated as a quasicategory.
$C$ is called $\kappa$-filtered if for all $\kappa$-small $K\in\sSet$ and every morphism $f\colon K\to C$ there is a morphism $\hat p\colon \rcone(K)\to C$ extending $f$, where $\rcone(K)$ denotes the (right) cone of the simplicial set $K$. $C$ is called filtered if it is $\omega$-filtered.
## Properties
###### Proposition
An (∞,1)-category $K$ is filtered precisely if (∞,1)-colimits of shape $K$ in ∞ Grpd commute with all finite (∞,1)-limits, hence if
${\lim_\to} : Func(K, \infty Grpd) \to \infty Grpd$
is a left exact (∞,1)-functor.
This is HTT, prop. 5.3.3.3.
###### Proposition
A filtered $(\infty,1)$-category is in particular a sifted (∞,1)-category.
This appears as (Lurie, prop. 5.3.1.20). Since sifted (∞,1)-colimits are precisely those that commute with finite products, this is a direct reflection of the fact that finite products are a special kind of finite (∞,1)-limits.
###### Corollary
For $C$ a filtered $(\infty,1)$-category, the diagonal (∞,1)-functor $\Delta : C \to C \times C$ if a cofinal (∞,1)-functor.
## Reference
Section 5.3.1 of
Revised on May 4, 2012 00:32:53 by Urs Schreiber (89.204.137.201) | 529 | 1,655 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 22, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.796875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | longest | en | 0.811373 |
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Details
MATH 103 - Chapter 12
Vocabulary
26
Mathematics
12/07/2010
Term
variable
Definition
a symbol used to stand for a value from a particular set of values
Term
Definition
a + b = b + a
Term
Definition
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
Term
Definition
zero 0 + a = aa + 0 = a
Term
Definition
for each number, a, there is another number, denoted -a, such that a + (-a) = 0 and -a + a = 0each of a and -a is the additive inverse of the other
Term
commutativity of multiplication
Definition
a x b = b x a
Term
associativity of multiplication
Definition
a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c
Term
identity (multiplication)
Definition
11*a = aa*1 = a
Term
multiplicative inverses
Definition
for each nonzero number, a, there is another number, denoted 1/a, such thata * (1/a) = 1(1/a) * a = 1
Term
Definition
a x (b + c) = (a x b) + (a x c)
Term
polynomial in some variable
Definition
any sum of number multiples of whole number powers of a variable
Term
terms (polynomial)
Definition
the expressions that are added or subtracted in a polynomial
Term
common difference
Definition
in a list of numbers, this is the special number that creates a pattern by adding the special number over and over to generate the list of numbers
Term
arithmetic sequences
Definition
a sequence of numbers that have a common difference
Term
terms (sequence)
Definition
the entries that make up a sequence
Term
arithmetic sequence equation
Definition
an = a1 + (n-1)d
Term
geometric sequence
Definition
a pattern in which each number in a list is obtained by multiplying the number that precedes it by the same factor
Term
common ratio
Definition
the same factor which is multiplied in a geometric sequence
Term
geometric sequence equation
Definition
gn = g1*rn-1
Term
golden ratio
Definition
the sequence that is the ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers converges to this
Term
Fibonacci sequence
Definition
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ...
Term
function
Definition
a correspondence in which each element of the first set is assigned to exactly one element of the second set
Term
function rule
Definition
describes how the correspondence works
Term
inductive reasoning
Definition
arriving at a general assertion by looking at examples
Term
quantity
Definition
anything that can be measured or counted
Term
value of a quantity
Definition
is the measure or the number of items that are counted
Supporting users have an ad free experience! | 635 | 2,455 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2024-26 | latest | en | 0.844288 |
http://www.algebra.com/algebra/homework/Probability-and-statistics/Probability-and-statistics.faq.question.400327.html | 1,368,961,745,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697420704/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094340-00028-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 312,547,345 | 4,591 | # SOLUTION: Please help me solve this problem. How many different arrangements can you make with the letters in the word, Mississippi?
Algebra -> Algebra -> Probability-and-statistics -> SOLUTION: Please help me solve this problem. How many different arrangements can you make with the letters in the word, Mississippi? Log On
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Algebra: Probability and statistics Solvers Lessons Answers archive Quiz In Depth
Question 400327: Please help me solve this problem. How many different arrangements can you make with the letters in the word, Mississippi? Answer by stanbon(57219) (Show Source): You can put this solution on YOUR website!How many different arrangements can you make with the letters in the word, Mississippi? -------------------- Ans: 11!/(4!*4!*2!) = 34650 =============== Cheers, Stan H. | 214 | 997 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.53125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | latest | en | 0.835236 |
http://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/upvalues?sort=votes&pagesize=15 | 1,469,272,250,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257822172.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071022-00087-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 155,735,943 | 25,088 | # Tagged Questions
The tag has no usage guidance.
4answers
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### Do people actually use UpValues?
I know what they are and how to define them. They have to serve some purpose - else why include them? But I never used them and all examples on this site and the docs never show a practical use of <...
2answers
613 views
### Copying one symbol into another
I would like to know how can I completely copy one Symbol to another. When I say copy, a refer to UpValues, DownValues, ...
3answers
1k views
### Emulating R data frame getters with UpValues
What's the best way to emulate R's data frames functionality? This includes the ability to select rows and columns in a 2-dimensional table by the string identifiers positioned typically in the first ...
2answers
361 views
### What does f_[whoCalled]^:=f really mean?
I came across the following post by John Doty in this Google Groups discussion: On Friday, January 11, 2013 8:23:16 PM UTC-7, amzoti wrote: It is clear the Mathematica uses Lisp as one ...
1answer
548 views
### Upvalues, TagSet and UpSet, what's the difference, when should a use each?
Some of the big mysteries of Universe Mathematica for me is the application of UpValues. I know about this question and know the very poor Mathematica documentation on that. I'm very curious to know ...
2answers
266 views
### Why isn't Lookup treated like other symbols?
With Mathematica 10, I wanted to overload Lookup using TagSetDelayed, but it doesn't work. For instance, if I define two objects ...
1answer
128 views
### $\tt AddTo$ regression in v10
As we know we can assign special addition rules to symbols by using UpValues: ...
3answers
423 views
### How can I hold UpValues but evaluate other expressions?
Consider these definitions: own = "OwnValue"; down[_] = "DownValue"; sub[_][_] = "SubValue"; N[n] = 3.14; _[___, up, ___] ^= "UpValue"; The attribute ...
1answer
220 views
### How to deal with bad arguments when a function's UpValues is a pure-function?
In practice, I needs to define the UpValues of a user-defined function. For instance, the operation of function like differential formula , expansion and so on. ...
4answers
588 views
### How to use pattern matching to assign values to Subscript[f,x_]?
I want to define two subscripted functions Subscript[f,1] and Subscript[f,2]. To keep the assignments local, I would like to ...
2answers
353 views
### Using up-values and down-values
I have a problem I'm trying hard to find a solution for, although I don't know if a solution exists. The following rules produce the result e[2].f[] ...
2answers
207 views
### How to define UpValues in a different context from within a package
I'm trying to create a function (in a package) to import a lot of data and create a symbol with UpValues to return specific results about the data. I've got it working fine in a regular notebook, but ...
1answer
91 views
### Strange behavior of UpSetDelayed together with MakeBoxes
In order to answer this question, I just stumbled into the world of UpValues. Though I managed to find a solution for the problem, I'm confused by my own code now 囧,...
2answers
297 views
### Make Sinc'[0] return 0 instead of Indeterminate
I want Sinc'[0] to return 0, but instead it returns Indeterminate. I've tried Unprotect[Sinc] Unprotect[Derivative] Derivative[1][Sinc][0] ^= 0 But it doesn't ...
1answer
106 views
### How to assign up-values for Derivative?
I have defined several custom analytic functions. Here is the simplest example: ln[x_, a_?NumericQ] := Piecewise[{{Log[x], Re[a] > 0}, {-Log[1/x], True}}] ...
2answers
115 views
### How to prevent $\text{Quantity}$ calculations from converting units
I have an accrual calculation that I would like to preserve the units even though they are of the same dimension (e.g. time). For example, I would like the following ...
2answers
249 views
### How to customize derivative behavior via upvalues?
I'm having trouble getting customized derivatives (defined using upvalues) to behave in sane ways. By this I mean that I'd like to define a derivative using an upvalue and then have Mathematica apply ...
1answer
165 views
### Problem overloading D[] using UpValues
First I define an entry of UpValues overloading D[] for expressions with head ftest: ...
3answers
3k views
### How to force 2+2=5
I was looking at this question (writing a program such that 2 + 2 = 5) and tried to write something in Mathematica, but I couldn't get something to work without completely replacing ...
1answer
113 views
### Strange behaviour of UpSet [duplicate]
Can anyone explain what is going on here? I want to modify TensorRank for IdentityMatrix, but it fails on its first attempt: <...
1answer
120 views
### Add options to upvalues
I have some objects that I want to present in TeXForm. Thus, it is easily to do as follows: YoungTableau/:TeXForm[YoungTableau[diagram_]] However, what if I ...
1answer
121 views
### How to create fast functions based on units?
Using units is a good means for rapidly developing code, since it provides some error control. Hovewer, using Mathamatica functions containing units appears to be copmutationally inefficient. ...
2answers
172 views
### Why this upvalue doesn't escape from Sum?
Probably a hard question, but I decide to cry out loud :). This is actually another problem I encountered when answering this question. Consider the following transform rule stored as an upvalue: <...
1answer
214 views
### How to tame the wild MMA?
MMA is a free country. But TOO free sometimes. Just as an example: Clear[a] a[x_] == a[y_] ^:= Round[x] == Round[y] {a[3] == a[3.01], a[3] == a[4]} is {True, ...
1answer
205 views
### Inheritance in Mathematica using pattern matching on UpValues
Edit: I think in my original post, I missed emphasizing the main point. This is mainly a pattern matching question. If you're interested in the 'why' of this question, please read the original post ...
2answers
405 views
### Overloading conjugate operator for a particular function
I trying to modify the behaviour of the built-in Conjugate[] operator on a particular function I have defined, to take into account that some of its variables are ...
1answer
92 views
### Upvalues for Missing do not work with Dataset
Consider the following Dataset: d = Dataset[<| 1 -> Missing[], 2 -> 1.0, 3 -> 4.0 |>] And the following Upvalue for Missing: ...
1answer
206 views
### Access curated or locally stored data with curated data functions?
Say I have a toy package, something like: ...
2answers
76 views
### Local modification of built-in command via UpValue
I have a computationally intense function f that returns a matrix. Sometimes only the diagonal is needed, which is faster to compute, thus there's a syntax for f to ...
3answers
143 views
### UpValues evaluation with Dot operator
I would like to simplify some database notation, and I'm doing some tests with UpValues for that. For example, if I set this Upvalue fot tab1: ...
1answer
127 views
### Why is held expression evaluated?
Context: I'm studying non-linear dynamics. As part of a bigger problem, I'd like to generate lists of the form {{deq, ic1}, {deq, ic2}, ...}, where ...
1answer
35 views
1answer
111 views
### Experiment with TagSetDelayed involving Part
Reading Associating Definitions With Different Symbols, I was intrigued by this: You can think of upvalues as a way to implement certain aspects of object-oriented programming. A symbol like ...
1answer
44 views
### What workarounds are there to TagSetDelayed::tagpos?
My program creates an object based on an Association, with a custom head: g = Gate[<| "key1" -> val1 |>] I have ...
1answer
142 views
### Can a Symbol own OwnValues that don't evaluate when it's the head of an expression?
I believe this a question that most of us have encountered when we were beginners but forgot when we got more familiar with Mathematica. We know the notation $y=y(x)$ for functions, where $y$ here ...
2answers
68 views
### Changing a tag when one function is passed into another using UpValues
I have two complicated functions f[x,y] and g[t]. Before the main evaluation code in g[expr]...
0answers
38 views
### Setting derivative of function equal to 0 at x=0 using UpValues
I'm trying to set the derivative of a function to zero at a specified point. This will act as an initial condition for an algorithm I'm writing: so I'm specifying the value of the function at x=0, and ...
0answers
51 views
### Upvalues and order of interpretation
I'm trying to use UpValues to improve the usability of some code, but I am running into an issue where the order of the UpValues is important, and I am not sure if it is my understanding or a ...
2answers
101 views
### How do I use a passed-in symbol as a tag to define UpValues?
ClearAll@foo; foo[tag_] := ( tag /: tag[i_] := tag[[i]] ); a = {7, 8, 9}; foo[a]; a[2] I wanted the above to output 8, ...
0answers
74 views
### Memoization and upvalues
Can I store an algorithm to one variable and the result as an upvalue to another? With regard to the problematic code below (real algorithm and argument test omitted), I would like to store the ... | 2,224 | 9,183 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.859375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | latest | en | 0.901087 |
https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/204383/how-do-i-determine-parallax-scroll-factor | 1,713,160,524,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816942.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240415045222-20240415075222-00583.warc.gz | 247,506,895 | 36,563 | # How do I determine parallax scroll factor?
Implementing parallax scrolling is easy enough. This question is about improving its presentation.
Hand-tuning some parallax scroll factors on multiple layers works, but parallax scrolling is meant to mimic a property of linear perspective--it has an underlying trigonometric relationship that I'm sure could benefit from the proper math.
Let's suppose my playfield has a parallax scroll factor 1.0, and a camera distance of 1.0. Given any other layer, how can we calculate its scroll factor from its camera distance, or its camera distance from its scroll factor?
There's no universal answer to this. The factor is essentially a function between your camera lens and the actual distance to something being observed.
However, assuming your typical projection would be linear this can be simplified to a rule of three:
factor = movement / distance
This leads to the conclusion that something at focus distance would have a factor of 1.0. Something at half that distance would result in a factor of 2.0, twice the distance a factor of 0.5, etc.
However, considering how this is always an extreme simplification (e.g. typically not using perspective projection/scaling), you should always pick numbers that feel good, not necessarily strict math. For example, more correct values might result in pixel art jumping irregularly due to precision/rounding errors, which might look worse than something moving too fast (by always whole pixels).
• I fully agree with the unknown in your answer. "rule of three", needs a reference, or better explanation.
– user122973
Feb 6, 2023 at 0:40
Parallax is an attempt to project prospective movement onto an orthographic surface. In other words, it attempts to place a perspective vanishing point that moves with the center of the screen.
True projective accuracy is not possible given the differences between orthographic and perspective views. As shown in green in the following image:
Note that the coordinates are relative meaning (0 to 1).
The projection error is zero at the the center of the screen, and increases outward.
It should be apparent from the graph that a setting sinusoidal parallax factor would minimize the projection error. Try arccos.
The same concept applies to the the vertical offset.
The speed becomes the derivative of the new factor's horizontal component + fudge_factor * the projection error.
As stated in another answer; There is no single perfect solution. Pick the values that appear best.
The distance to the vanishing point is completely arbitrary, and must be normalized prior to its use in arccos().
The application of similar triangles and other identities are required for formal geometrical proof, which I feel are unnecessary given the variance of the solutions possible. In this case an example image is worth one proof.
• I welcome any corrections, omissions, and the like.
– user122973
Feb 6, 2023 at 0:15 | 611 | 2,949 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.84375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | latest | en | 0.946201 |
https://sports.answers.com/Q/How_many_games_can_be_played_maximun_in_the_nba_playoff_first_round | 1,713,917,562,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818835.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423223805-20240424013805-00205.warc.gz | 475,182,878 | 49,090 | 0
# How many games can be played maximun in the nba playoff first round?
Updated: 9/28/2023
Wiki User
12y ago
You can calculate this by just adding the number of matches a team has played, to the number of matches yet to be played in the season. Go to the NBA web page, click on the team's 'standing', and you will see how many matches have been played to date. Then go to 'scores and schedules' and figure out for any given team, the number of games left for that team. I was able to calculate this because the season has only 9 days to go. It would be tedious to use this method to calculate your answer in the middle of the season.
For example: As of today April 6, 2009;
Toronto and San Antonio have played 76 matches each, and have 6 more matches to play by the end of the season - April 15. This makes a total of 82 matches. Take Detroit (my team) and the Lakers. Both have played 77 matches, and are left with 5 matches each to to wrap up. Again this makes a total of 82 matches.
Although this reasoning is logical, I stand to be corrected because there are 30 teams in the NBA, which means that each team has to play 29 other teams for 'x' number of games. Since 'x' must be a whole number, (and perhaps an even number for road and home matches) there must be a way of reaching 82 games, which is not clear to me if my deduction of 82 games per season is right.
Wiki User
15y ago
Wiki User
13y ago
depends on how many and usually abt 7 games
Wiki User
12y ago
There can be a maximum of 56 games in the first round of the NBA playoffs. This would only be possible if all eight (8) match-ups went into 7 games.
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Why does it matter he never wins lol! | 664 | 2,710 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.421875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | latest | en | 0.976587 |
http://slideplayer.com/slide/1675872/ | 1,513,390,899,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948581033.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216010725-20171216032725-00056.warc.gz | 253,742,901 | 32,196 | # Robot Navigation Napoleon Reyes, Ph.D. Computer Science, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
## Presentation on theme: "Robot Navigation Napoleon Reyes, Ph.D. Computer Science, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand."— Presentation transcript:
Robot Navigation Napoleon Reyes, Ph.D. Computer Science, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
Topics for Discussion Fuzzy Logic Theory Fuzzy Inference System Hand-simulation of the FIS Robot Navigation: problem definition, geometry & trigonometry of the problem Simulation System Assignment
Topics Fuzzy Logic Theory Review Fuzzy Logic Engine How to compile Structure of the program Angle Calculation – Dot Product Graphics Engine World to Device transformation Alternative Fuzzy System design for robot navigation
Robot Soccer Set-up Colour objects Fluorescent lamps Overhead Camera Exploratory environment is indoor – room totally obstructed from sunlight Multiple monochromatic light sources – fluorescent / fluoride lamps Colour Object Recognition (Recognition speed: < 33ms) *
Research Areas: Navigation Target Pursuit and Obstacle Avoidance Calculation of Optimal path Team cooperation among agents Robot Behaviours: ball dribbling, ball passing, shooting from a stationary position Intelligent Coach: Role Allocation, Role switching Motor Control: take into account coefficient of friction, noise, delay in the communication module
How to steer the robots automatically and smoothly How to adjust the speed of the robot depending on the distance of the target, angle from the target, speed and direction of the target How to discretise the exploration space to allow for A* to work? – fixed grid size, Voronio graphs How to calibrate the navigation rules and fuzzy sets automatically?
Research Areas: Machine Vision Colour Classification: Compensate for the effects due to changing illumination intensities Colour Object Recognition: Shape, combination of colours, size Colour Segmentation (also called labelling) + edge detection Multiple camera colour object recognition
* How does the robot follow the ball? Direction (X r, Y r ) (X c, Y c ) (0,0) Origin
* How does the robot follow the ball? xyDirection θ θ' (X t, Y t ) (X r, Y r ) (X c, Y c ) (0,0) Origin Calculate angle from the ball Calculate distance from the ball Calculate optimum speed to reach the ball Calculate the steering angle to reach the ball Move the robot Loop (we need to do this every few milliseconds)
* Angle of the ball relative to the heading angle of the robot. Direction θ (X r, Y r ) (X c, Y c ) (0,0) Origin We are interested in finding the minimum turn to follow the ball.
* Angle of the ball relative to the heading angle of the robot. Direction θ (X r, Y r ) (X c, Y c ) (0,0) Origin θ'
* Catching the ball is different from just following the ball. Direction (X r, Y r ) (X c, Y c ) (0,0) Origin Home goal You will have to take into account the position of your home goal.
19 Transformation Equations WORLD-to-DEVICE COORDINATES 159.302 1920 x 1080 pixels 100,000,000 miles x 500,000 miles World System of Coordinates Device System of Coordinates +x +y +x +y 0 0 (X world,Y world ) (X Device,Y Device ) We are accustomed to representing objects in terms of their World coordinates.
World System of Coordinates (Device System of Coordinates) Our Physics and Math equations all work in the World System of Coordinates, but our computer screen is using something different (Device System of Coordinates). It is more intuitive to use the World System of Coordinates in the formulation of our Fuzzy Control Systems. Transformation equations allow for easy scaling (zoom-in/zoom-out) of objects in the scene. 1920 x 1080 pixels 100,000,000 miles x 500,000 miles +x +y +x +y 0 0 (X world,Y world ) (X Device,Y Device ) WORLD SYSTEM OF COORDINATES DEVICE SYSTEM OF COORDINATES
21 Boundaries of the Coordinate Systems SETTING THE BOUNDARIES 159.302 Use the upper-left and bottom-right coordinates to set the boundaries +x +y +x +y 0 0 (X world,Y world ) (X Device,Y Device ) Top-left: (x1, y1) Bottom-right: (x2, y2) World System of Coordinates Device System of Coordinates (X 1,y 1 ) (X 2,y 2 )
22 Transformation 159.302 Task: Given a pair of x & y-world coordinates, find the equivalent x & y-device coordinates. +x +y +x +y 0 0 (X world,Y world ) (X Device,Y Device ) World System of Coordinates Device System of Coordinates (X 1,y 1 ) (X 2,y 2 )
23 World-to-Device Coordinates TRANSFORMATION EQUATIONS 159.302 world X-coordinate Device y For calculating Device y, replace all xs with y
Path-Finding With the A* Algorithm * S
* S Complementary Path Finding Systems The Hybrid Fuzzy A* Navigation Algorithm
Fuzzy Inference Process Fuzzification Rule Evaluation Defuzzification e.g. theta e.g. force Fuzzification: Translate input into truth values Rule Evaluation: Compute output truth values Defuzzification: Transfer truth values into output
Fuzzy Rule If (Distance is NEAR) and (obstacle is at the right hand side) and (Angle is SMALL) But how can we define NEAR or Small or Turn Sharp Left numerically? Some solutions to a problem could be described linguistically but only very vaguely. obstacle (obsx, obsy) (x,y) Then Turn Sharp Left. OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE
Fuzzy Rule If (Distance is NEAR) … NEAR: [0, 10.6cm] FAR: (10.6, 20cm] VERY FAR: (20cm, 50cm] obstacle (obsx, obsy) (x,y) OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE NEARFARVERY FAR Typically we would subdivide the space discreetly.
Fuzzy Rule If (Distance is NEAR) … Fuzzy Logic allows (actually encourages) us to define overlapping sub ranges. obstacle (obsx, obsy) (x,y) OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE NEARFARVERY FAR NEAR: [-infinity, 14.5cm] FAR: [10.6, 24cm] VERY FAR: [20cm, +infinity] It provides all the mathematical functions to quantify our terms and use them in our rules. FUZZY SETS
Fuzzy Rule If Distance is NEAR and Angle is SMALL Then Turn Sharply. obstacle (obsx, obsy) (x,y) OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE We could actually take advantage of symmetry and consider only half of the angle space. Fuzzy System distance angle Robot heading direction Steering angle Relative position of the ball (left or right) θ θ
Fuzzy Rule F NEAR (Distance) = degree of membership of the given distance in the Fuzzy Set NEAR If Distance is NEAR and Angle is SMALL Then Turn Sharp Left. F SMALL (Angle) = degree of membership of the given angle in the Fuzzy Set SMALL Could be a constant or another MF More on this later!
Cascade of Fuzzy Systems Adjusted Speed Adjusted Angle Angle and Distance N Y Adjusted Speed Adjusted Angle Fuzzy System 1: Target Pursuit Fuzzy System 2: Speed Control for Target Pursuit Fuzzy System 3: Obstacle Avoidance Fuzzy System 4: Speed Control for Obstacle Avoidance ObstacleDistance < MaxDistanceTolerance and not on the same side as the Target Actuators Position of the Target and Nearest Obstacle Multiple Fuzzy Systems employ the various robot behaviours Multiple Fuzzy Systems employ the various robot behaviours Fuzzy System 1 Fuzzy System 2 Fuzzy System 3 Fuzzy System 4 CentralControl Target Pursuit Obstacle Avoidance Target & Nearest Obstacle (x,y coordinates)
Target Pursuit and Obstacle Avoidance obstacle (obsx, obsy) (x,y) Can you describe how the robot should turn based on the position and angle of the obstacle? Robot Navigation Demonstration Obstacle Avoidance & Target Pursuit
Fuzzy Sets Angles Sub ranges for Small, Medium and Large Angles overlap SMALL MEDIUM LARGE * Small MediumLarge Degree of membership Angle in degrees Membership Functions
Taking advantage of Angle Symmetry Fuzzy Sets for Angles The approach developed takes advantage of the Angle symmetry, and is equivalent to having 6 Fuzzy Sets for the Angles. * SMALL MEDIUM LARGE SMALL MEDIUM LARGE Left Right A simplified approach that reduces the computational cost without sacrificing accuracy.
Fuzzy Sets Distances Sub ranges for Near, Far and Very Far Fuzzy Sets for Distances overlap * Degree of membership Distances in cm. Membership Functions Near Far Very Far NEAR FAR VERY FAR
All Fuzzy Sets Angle and Distance Sub ranges for angles & distances overlap * SMALL MEDIUM LARGE NEAR FAR VERY FAR
Fuzzy Systems for Target Pursuit NEARFARVERY FAR SMALLMild Turn Zero Turn MEDIUMMed TurnMild Turn LARGESharp TurnMed Turn Next Waypoint The A* Algorithm NEARFARVERY FAR SMALLMed SpeedFast SpeedVery Fast MEDIUMSlow SpeedMed SpeedFast Speed LARGEVery SlowSlow Speed e.g. If the Distance from the Target is NEAR and the Angle from the Target is SMALL Then the robot should make a Mild Turn. e.g. If the Distance from the Target is NEAR and the Angle from the Target is SMALL Then the robot should make a Mild Turn. Fuzzy System 1 (Steering) Fuzzy System 1 (Steering) Fuzzy System 2 (Speed Adjustment) e.g. If the Distance from the Target is NEAR and the Angle from the Target is SMALL Then the robot should move at a Medium Speed. e.g. If the Distance from the Target is NEAR and the Angle from the Target is SMALL Then the robot should move at a Medium Speed. Angle Speed
Fuzzy Systems for Obstacle Avoidance NEARFARVERY FAR SMALLVery SharpSharp TurnMed Turn MEDIUMSharp TurnMed TurnMild Turn LARGEMed TurnMild TurnZero Turn Nearest Obstacle (Distance and Angle) NEARFARVERY FAR SMALLVery SlowSlow SpeedFast MEDIUMSlow SpeedFast SpeedVery Fast LARGEFast SpeedVery FastTop Speed e.g. If the Distance from the Obstacle is NEAR and the Angle from the Obstacle is SMALL Then turn Very Sharp. e.g. If the Distance from the Obstacle is NEAR and the Angle from the Obstacle is SMALL Then turn Very Sharp. Fuzzy System 3 (Steering) Fuzzy System 3 (Steering) Fuzzy System 4 (Speed Adjustment) e.g. If the Distance from the Obstacle is NEAR and the Angle from the Obstacle is SMALL Then move Very Slowly. e.g. If the Distance from the Obstacle is NEAR and the Angle from the Obstacle is SMALL Then move Very Slowly. Vision System Angle Speed
ADVANTAGES* In the robot soccer game, there are 11 robots to control at the most. SPEED We are able to demonstrate that our algorithm can control more than 30 robots at twice the required speed of calculation.
ASSIGNMENT
Start-up Codes Lets have a look at the Start-up Codes and a Sample Solution. Inspect the files provided, the classes defined, how to use them, etc.
Path-Finding With the A* Algorithm * S
* S Complementary Path Finding Systems The Hybrid Fuzzy A* Navigation Algorithm
Cascade of Fuzzy Systems Adjusted Speed Adjusted Angle Next Waypoint N Y Adjusted Speed Adjusted Angle Fuzzy System 1: Target Pursuit Fuzzy System 2: Speed Control for Target Pursuit Fuzzy System 3: Obstacle Avoidance Fuzzy System 4: Speed Control for Obstacle Avoidance ObstacleDistance < MaxDistanceTolerance and not on the same side as the Target Actuators Path planning Layer: The A* Algorithm Multiple Fuzzy Systems employ the various robot behaviours Multiple Fuzzy Systems employ the various robot behaviours Fuzzy System 1 Fuzzy System 2 Fuzzy System 3 Fuzzy System 4 Path Planning Layer CentralControl Target Pursuit Obstacle Avoidance
Assignment Use this traditional approach in developing the Fuzzy Systems for the assignment. 7 Fuzzy Sets for the input Angle ZE – Zero NS – Negatively Small NM-Negatively Medium NL – Negatively Large PS – Positively Small PM-Positively Medium PL – Positively Large (x,y) ZE PS NS PM NM PL NL
(x,y) ZE PS NS PM NM PL NL ZE – Zero NS – Negatively Small NM-Negatively Medium NL – Negatively Large PS – Positively Small PM-Positively Medium PL – Positively Large Assignment 7 Fuzzy Sets for the input Angle, 3 Fuzzy Sets for the input Distance NLNMNSPSPMPLZE + - 0 ANGLE FARVERY FAR // + - 0 DISTANCE NEAR
FARVERY_FAR NL NM NS Mild Left ZE PS Mild Right PM PL (x,y) ZE PS NS PM NM PL NL ZE – Zero NS – Negatively Small NM-Negatively Medium NL – Negatively Large PS – Positively Small PM-Positively Medium PL – Positively Large TARGET PURSUIT STEERING ANGLE Fuzzy Logic System #1 - for Calculating the STEERING ANGLE Distance Angle
NEARFARVERY_FAR NL NM NS Very Slow ZE FastVery Fast PS PM PL (x,y) ZE PS NS PM NM PL NL ZE – Zero NS – Negatively Small NM-Negatively Medium NL – Negatively Large PS – Positively Small PM-Positively Medium PL – Positively Large TARGET PURSUIT SPEED Fuzzy Logic System #2 - for Calculating the SPEED Distance Angle
NEARFARVERY_FAR NL NM NS Sharp Right ZE Sharp Right or Left PS Sharp Left PM PL (x,y) ZE PS NS PM NM PL NL ZE – Zero NS – Negatively Small NM-Negatively Medium NL – Negatively Large PS – Positively Small PM-Positively Medium PL – Positively Large OBSTACLE AVOIDACE STEERING ANGLE Fuzzy Logic System #3 - for Calculating the STEERING ANGLE Distance Angle
NEARFARVERY_FAR NL NM NS ZE PS PM PL (x,y) ZE PS NS PM NM PL NL ZE – Zero NS – Negatively Small NM-Negatively Medium NL – Negatively Large PS – Positively Small PM-Positively Medium PL – Positively Large OBSTACLE AVOIDACE SPEED Fuzzy Logic System #4 - for Calculating the SPEED Distance Angle
C/C++ version
// Indices ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// typedef enum {in_angle, in_distance}; //input indices typedef enum {in_small, in_medium, in_large}; //indices of fuzzy sets for angle input typedef enum {in_near, in_far, in_very_far}; //indices of fuzzy sets for distance input //indices for output steering angle typedef enum {out_ze, out_very_mild_turn, out_mild_turn, out_turn,out_sharp_turn, out_very_sharp_turn}; //indices for output speed typedef enum {out_very_slow, out_slow, out_medium, out_fast, out_very_fast, out_wicked_fast}; Enumerated data types – for easy indexing
Trapezoidal Membership Function // Trapezoidal Fuzzy Set ////////////////////////////////////////////// struct trapezoid { trapz_type tp; //type of trapezoid float a, b, c, d, l_slope, r_slope; //parameters }; //Trapezoidal membership function types typedef enum { regular_trapezoid, left_trapezoid, right_trapezoid } trapz_type;
Fuzzy Rule // Fuzzy Rule ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// typedef struct { short inp_index[MAX_NO_OF_INPUTS], //input index inp_fuzzy_set[MAX_NO_OF_INPUTS], //input fuzzy set index out_fuzzy_set; //output index } rule ; If smallVERY_FARThen VERY_FAST If ( angle is small) AND (distance is VERY_FAR) Then output is VERY_FAST. Index: in_angleIndex: in_distance out_fuzzy_set We are storing only the indices of the components of the rule.
Fuzzy System // The complete Fuzzy System ////////////////////////////////////////////////// typedef struct { bool allocated; trapezoid inp_mem_fns [MAX_NO_OF_INPUTS] [MAX_NO_OF_INP_REGIONS]; rule* rules; //note that we need to allocate memory for the rules intno_of_inputs, //number of inputs no_of_inp_regions, //number of fuzzy sets associated with each input no_of_rules, //number of rules no_of_outputs; //number of fuzzy outputs float output_values[MAX_NO_OF_OUTPUT_VALUES]; //the values of the outputs fuzzy_system_rec } fuzzy_system_rec ;
If ANDThen If ( angle is small) AND (distance is VERY_FAR) Then output is VERY_FAST. Defining the Fuzzy Rule Index: in_angleIndex: in_distance out_fuzzy_set fl->rules[0].inp_fuzzy_set[0] = in_small; fl->rules[0].inp_fuzzy_set[1] = in_very_far; fl->rules[0].out_fuzzy_set = out_very_fast; fl->rules[0].inp_index[0] = in_angle; fl->rules[0].inp_index[1] = in_distance; NEARFARVERY FAR SMALLMed SpeedFast SpeedVery Fast MEDIUMSlow SpeedMed SpeedFast Speed LARGEVery SlowSlow Speed FAMM We are only storing the indices in the rule.
If ( angle is small) AND (distance is VERY_FAR) Then output is VERY_FAST. Membership Function Index: in_angleIndex: in_distance out_fuzzy_set fl->rules[0].inp_fuzzy_set[0] = in_small; fl->rules[0].inp_fuzzy_set[1] = in_very_far; fl->rules[0].out_fuzzy_set = out_very_fast; fl->rules[i].inp_index[0] = in_angle; fl->rules[i].inp_index[1] = in_distance; NEARFARVERY FAR SMALLMed SpeedFast SpeedVery Fast MEDIUMSlow SpeedMed SpeedFast Speed LARGEVery SlowSlow Speed inp_mem_fns fz->inp_mem_fns[variable_index][fuzzy_set]
Membership Function data structure inp_mem_fns fz->inp_mem_fns[variable_index][fuzzy_set] fl->rules[0].inp_fuzzy_set[0] = in_small; fl->rules[0].inp_fuzzy_set[1] = in_very_far; fl->rules[0].out_fuzzy_set = out_very_fast; fl->rules[i].inp_index[0] = in_angle; fl->rules[i].inp_index[1] = in_distance; inp_mem_fns inp_mem_fns is a structure containing all the parameters of a membership function. trapezoid inp_mem_fns [MAX_NO_OF_INPUTS] [MAX_NO_OF_INP_REGIONS];
Membership Function Initialisation inp_mem_fns= fl->inp_mem_fns[in_angle][in_small] = init_trapz init_trapz(14.0f, 20.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, left_trapezoid); fl->rules[0].inp_fuzzy_set[0] = in_small; fl->rules[0].inp_fuzzy_set[1] = in_very_far; fl->rules[0].out_fuzzy_set = out_very_fast; fl->rules[i].inp_index[0] = in_angle; fl->rules[i].inp_index[1] = in_distance; init_trapz() inp_mem_fns The init_trapz() function is used to initialize inp_mem_fns. inp_mem_fns inp_mem_fns is a structure containing all the parameters of a membership function.
Calculation of degree of Membership trapz trapz( inputs [ variable_index ],fz. inp_mem_fns [ variable_index ][ fuzzy_set ]) fl->rules[0].inp_fuzzy_set[0] = in_small; fl->rules[0].inp_fuzzy_set[1] = in_very_far; fl->rules[0].out_fuzzy_set = out_very_fast; fl->rules[i].inp_index[0] = in_angle; fl->rules[i].inp_index[1] = in_distance; inp_mem_fns inp_mem_fns is a structure containing all the parameters of a membership function. trapzactual degree of membership The trapz function calculates the actual degree of membership of a given input value in a fuzzy set. which inputwhich membership function
float fuzzy_system ( float inputs[ ], fuzzy_system_rec fz) { int i, j; short variable_index, fuzzy_set; float sum1 = 0.0f, sum2 = 0.0f, weight; float m_values[MAX_NO_OF_INPUTS]; for (i = 0; i < fz.no_of_rules; i++) { for (j = 0; j < fz.no_of_inputs; j++) { variable_index = fz.rules[i].inp_index[j]; fuzzy_set = fz.rules[i].inp_fuzzy_set[j]; m_values[j] = trapz(inputs[variable_index], fz.inp_mem_fns[variable_index][fuzzy_set]); } /* end j */ weight = min_of (m_values, fz.no_of_inputs); sum1 += weight * fz.output_values[ fz.rules[i].out_fuzzy_set ]; sum2 += weight; } /* end i */ if (fabs(sum2) < TOO_SMALL) { // TOO_SMALL = 1e-6 cout << "\r\nFLPRCS Error: sum2 in fuzzy_system is 0." << endl; exit(1); return 0.0; } return (sum1/sum2); } Fuzzy System – from fuzzification to defuzzification which input which fuzzy set File: fuzzylogic.cpp
How to use the Fuzzy Logic Engine?
fuzzy_system_rec fuzzy_system_rec g_fuzzy_system_pursuit_speed; Fuzzy System Development File: MyProg.cpp 1. Declare a global variable for the fuzzy system. #define MAX_NO_OF_INP_REGIONS 7 File: fuzzylogic.h 7 e.g. 7 Maximum Number of Fuzzy Sets allowed Define the maximum number of Fuzzy Sets to be used.
fl void initFuzzySystemTargetPursuitSpeed (fuzzy_system_rec* fl) { fl->no_of_inputs = 2; //inputs are handled 2 at a time only fl->no_of_inp_regions = 3; //number of fuzzy sets per input fl->no_of_rules = 9; //number of rules fl->no_of_outputs = 6; //the pre-defined constant outputs //---- fl->output_values [out_very_slow] = 0.15f; fl->output_values [out_slow] = 0.39f; //… and so on…... fl->rules = new rule [fl->no_of_rules]; //allocate memory for the rules initFuzzyRulesTargetPursuitSpeed(fl); //initialise the rules initMembershipFunctionsTargetPursuitSpeed(fl); //initialise the membership //functions } Fuzzy System Development 2. Initialise the fuzzy system. File: fuzzylogic.cpp
void initFuzzyRulesTargetPursuitSpeed(fuzzy_system_rec* fl) { int i; for (i = 0;i no_of_rules;i++) { //(*fl).rules[i].inp_index[0] = in_angle; //alternatively fl->rules[i].inp_index[0] = in_angle; fl->rules[i].inp_index[1] = in_distance; } fl->rules[0].inp_fuzzy_set[0] = in_small; fl->rules[0].inp_fuzzy_set[1] = in_very_far; fl->rules[0].out_fuzzy_set = out_wicked_fast; fl->rules[1].inp_fuzzy_set[0] = in_medium; //... //and so on... } Fuzzy System Development 3. Initialise fuzzy rules. File: fuzzylogic.cpp Rule #0
void initMembershipFunctionsTargetPursuitSpeed( fuzzy_system_rec* fl ) { //angle in_angle fl->inp_mem_fns[in_angle][in_small] = init_trapz( 14.0f,20.0f,0.0f,0.0f, left_trapezoid); in_angle fl->inp_mem_fns[in_angle][in_medium] = init_trapz( 14.0f,20.0f,34.0f,40.0f, regular_trapezoid); in_angle fl->inp_mem_fns[in_angle][in_large] = init_trapz ( 34.0f, 40.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, right_trapezoid); //distance //... //and so on... } Fuzzy System Development 4. Initialise membership functions. File: fuzzylogic.cpp which fuzzy set
void runGame() { //... g_fuzzy_system_pursuit_speed initFuzzySystemTargetPursuitSpeed(&g_fuzzy_system_pursuit_speed); // keep running the program until the ESC key is pressed while((GetAsyncKeyState(VK_ESCAPE)) == 0 ) { //... inputValuesPursuitSpeed inputValuesPursuitSpeed[ in_angle ] = angleFromTarget; inputValuesPursuitSpeed inputValuesPursuitSpeed[ in_distance ] = distanceFromTarget; fuzzyPursuitSpeedinputValuesPursuitSpeed g_fuzzy_system_pursuit_speed fuzzyPursuitSpeed = fuzzy_system(inputValuesPursuitSpeed, g_fuzzy_system_pursuit_speed); fuzzyPursuitSpeed robot.setSpeed(fuzzyPursuitSpeed); } //... g_fuzzy_system_pursuit_speed free_fuzzy_rules(&g_fuzzy_system_pursuit_speed); //and so on... } Fuzzy System Development 4. Modify runGame(). File: MyProg.cpp
void runGame() { //... // Target pursuit fuzzyAngle = fuzzy_system(inputValues, g_fuzzy_system); //Use only if you are using the unorthodox approach RIGHT_SIDE if(targetPosition == RIGHT_SIDE){ //target to pursue is at the right hand-side -fuzzyAngle fuzzyAngle = -fuzzyAngle; //negate the angle } //... newAngle = robot.getAngle() + fuzzyAngle; //adjust robots angle //and so on... robot.setAngle(newAngle); //update robots angle //and so on... } Fuzzy System Development 4. Modify runGame(). File: MyProg.cpp
Fuzzy System Development 5. Calibrate the fuzzy membership functions, fuzzy rules and output fuzzy sets. If the robot runs in circles, then make the fuzzy outputs smaller. Check also if the robot is hitting the obstacles. Adjust the parameters until the robot avoids them at different speeds and angles. File: fuzzylogic.cpp
Randomisation Some Extras...
75 Element of Surprise srand() 159.234 Seed for random-number generation Seed the random-number generator with current time so that the numbers will be different every time we run. srand( (unsigned)time( NULL ) ); srand( (unsigned)time( NULL ) ); /* Display 10 numbers. */ for( i = 0; i < 10;i++ ) printf( " %6d\n", rand() );
76 Element of Surprise rand() 159.234 generates a pseudorandom number - returns int int randomVal(int min, int max) { rand() return (min + (rand() % ((max-min)+1) )); } rand() rand() returns a pseudo-random integral number in the range (0 to RAND_MAX-1)
77 Element of Surprise rand() 159.234 float randomVal(float min, float max) { float r; rand() r = (float)rand()/RAND_MAX; r = min + (r*(max-min)); return r; } rand() rand() returns a pseudo-random integral number in the range (0 to RAND_MAX)-1
78 Time elapsed, wait…clock() 159.234 void wait ( int seconds ) { clock_t clock_t endwait; endwait = clock () + seconds * CLOCKS_PER_SEC ; while (clock() < endwait) {} } clock_t clock_t startTime, elapsedTime; startTime = clock(); …... elapsedTime = (clock() - startTime) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
Keyboard Handling Function keys, arrow keys, Control and Shift keys, combination of keys
80 Keyboard Handling GetAsyncKeyState 159.234 The GetAsyncKeyState function determines whether a key is up or down at the time the function is called, and whether the key was pressed after a previous call to GetAsyncKeyState. To find other pre-defined constants: google Using google, type the following keywords: msdn vk_shift Virtual-key code e.g. vk_shift vk_control SHORT GetAsyncKeyState( int vKey ); // vKey - virtual-key code http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms645540(VS.85).aspx
81 Keyboard Handling GetAsyncKeyState 159.234 void moveSprite() { if(GetAsyncKeyState(VK_UP) < 0) { SpriteY = SpriteY + 2; //up outtext("UP"); } if(GetAsyncKeyState(VK_DOWN) < 0) { SpriteY = SpriteY - 2; //down outtext("DOWN"); …. To find other pre-defined constants: Using google, type the following keywords: msdn virtual key codes http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms645540(VS.85).aspx
82 Keyboard Handling GetAsyncKeyState 159.234 //general key press event if(GetAsyncKeyState(VK_SPACE) < 0) {... } //key down event if((GetAsyncKeyState(VK_SPACE) & 0X0001) ==0X0001){... } //key up event if((GetAsyncKeyState(VK_SPACE) & 0X8000) ==0X8000){... }
83 Keyboard Handling Control Shift keys Monitoring the Control and Shift keys : if(GetAsyncKeyState(VK_CONTROL)<0) { ControlFlag =! ControlFlag; } bool ControlFlag, ShiftFlag; if(GetAsyncKeyState(VK_SHIFT)<0) { ShiftFlag =! ShiftFlag; } For the Tank to Jump to the Right: Control + Shift + Right Arrow key For the Tank to Jump to the Left: Control + Shift + Left Arrow key
84 Keyboard Handling Possible approach in monitoring key combinations : if(GetAsyncKeyState(VK_RIGHT)<0) { XDir=RIGHT; if(ShiftFlag) { outtext("SHIFT + RIGHT"); ShiftFlag=!ShiftFlag; } if(ControlFlag) { outtext("CTRL + RIGHT"); if (TankX < getmaxx()-W) TankX += 2; Angle=Angle-5; RaiseWheelFlag=TRUE; ControlFlag=!ControlFlag; } …
Visual Basic version
FL(1).Init "TARGET: Angle and Distance", IN_TARGET_ANGLE, IN_TARGET_DISTANCE, 2, 3, 7 FL(1).LoadOutputVariable OUT_REVERSETURN, 50 FL(1).LoadOutputVariable OUT_VERYSHARPTURN, 40 FL(1).LoadOutputVariable OUT_SHARPTURN, 30 FL(1).LoadOutputVariable OUT_TURN, 20 FL(1).LoadOutputVariable OUT_MILDTURN, 10 FL(1).LoadOutputVariable OUT_VERYMILDTURN, 3 FL(1).LoadOutputVariable OUT_ZE, 0 Fuzzy Outputs for Target Pursuit FUZZY OUTPUTS FOR STEERING STEERING
Fuzzy Sets for Target Pursuit FL(1).LoadInputMemFcn IN_TARGET_ANGLE, IN_SMALL, 16, 22, 0, 0, LeftTrapezoid FL(1).LoadInputMemFcn IN_TARGET_ANGLE, IN_MEDIUM, 16, 24.58, 30.57, 38, RegularTrapezoid FL(1).LoadInputMemFcn IN_TARGET_ANGLE, IN_LARGE, 30, 38, 0, 0, RightTrapezoid FL(1).LoadInputMemFcn IN_TARGET_DISTANCE, IN_NEAR, 9.66, 15.33, 0, 0, LeftTrapezoid FL(1).LoadInputMemFcn IN_TARGET_DISTANCE, IN_FAR, 9.66, 15.33, 16.86, 20.19, RegularTrapezoid FL(1).LoadInputMemFcn IN_TARGET_DISTANCE, IN_VERYFAR, 16.86, 20.19, 0, 0, RightTrapezoid DISTANCE ANGLE STEERING
Fuzzy Sets for Target Pursuit FL(2).LoadInputMemFcn IN_DISTANCE, IN_NEAR, 8.09, 11.57, 0, 0, LeftTrapezoid FL(2).LoadInputMemFcn IN_DISTANCE, IN_FAR, 9.25, 13.88, 17.35, 25.8, RegularTrapezoid FL(2).LoadInputMemFcn IN_DISTANCE, IN_VERYFAR, 17.35, 25.8, 34.71, 0, RightTrapezoid FL(2).LoadInputMemFcn IN_ANGLE, IN_SMALL, 18.18, 36.8, 0, 0, LeftTrapezoid FL(2).LoadInputMemFcn IN_ANGLE, IN_MEDIUM, 20, 38.73, 40, 69, RegularTrapezoid FL(2).LoadInputMemFcn IN_ANGLE, IN_LARGE, 44, 64, 180, 0, RightTrapezoid DISTANCE ANGLE SPEED ADJUSTMENT
FL(0).Init "OBSTACLE: Angle and Distance", IN_ANGLE, IN_DISTANCE, 2, 3, 7 FL(0).LoadOutputVariable OUT_REVERSETURN, 80 FL(0).LoadOutputVariable OUT_VERYSHARPTURN, 60 '45 FL(0).LoadOutputVariable OUT_SHARPTURN, 35 FL(0).LoadOutputVariable OUT_TURN, 25 FL(0).LoadOutputVariable OUT_MILDTURN, 10 FL(0).LoadOutputVariable OUT_VERYMILDTURN, 3 FL(0).LoadOutputVariable OUT_ZE, 0 Fuzzy Outputs for Obstacle Avoidance FUZZY OUTPUTS FOR STEERING STEERING
Fuzzy Sets for Obstacle Avoidance FL(0).LoadInputMemFcn IN_ANGLE, IN_SMALL, 19.81, 32, 0, 0, LeftTrapezoid FL(0).LoadInputMemFcn IN_ANGLE, IN_MEDIUM, 19, 30, 34, 45, RegularTrapezoid FL(0).LoadInputMemFcn IN_ANGLE, IN_LARGE, 36, 48, 76, 112, RightTrapezoid FL(0).LoadInputMemFcn IN_DISTANCE, IN_NEAR, 15.84, 17.39, 0, 0, LeftTrapezoid FL(0).LoadInputMemFcn IN_DISTANCE, IN_FAR, 14.67, 17.05, 20.81, 22.76, RegularTrapezoid FL(0).LoadInputMemFcn IN_DISTANCE, IN_VERYFAR, 20.51, 22.76, 0, 0, RightTrapezoid DISTANCE ANGLE STEERING
Fuzzy Sets for Obstacle Avoidance FL(3).LoadInputMemFcn IN_DISTANCE, IN_NEAR, 8.09, 11.57, 0, 0, LeftTrapezoid FL(3).LoadInputMemFcn IN_DISTANCE, IN_FAR, 9.25, 13.88, 17.35, 25.8, RegularTrapezoid FL(3).LoadInputMemFcn IN_DISTANCE, IN_VERYFAR, 17.35, 25.8, 34.71, 0, RightTrapezoid FL(3).LoadInputMemFcn IN_ANGLE, IN_SMALL, 18.18, 36.8, 0, 0, LeftTrapezoid FL(3).LoadInputMemFcn IN_ANGLE, IN_MEDIUM, 20, 38.73, 40, 69, RegularTrapezoid FL(3).LoadInputMemFcn IN_ANGLE, IN_LARGE, 44, 64, 180, 0, RightTrapezoid DISTANCE ANGLE SPEED ADJUSTMENT
INPUTS: FuzzyTargetInputs(IN_TARGET_ANGLE) = ThetaAdjustmentToHitTarget FuzzyTargetInputs(IN_TARGET_DISTANCE) = DistanceFromTarget FUZZY OUTPUT: FuzzyTargetAngleTurn = FL(1).Fuzzy_System(FuzzyTargetInputs) Taking advantage of Symmetry TARGET SEEKING
'Determine correct direction of turn to hit target If (TargetPosition = RIGHT_SIDE) Then LblTargetPosition.BackColor = vbBlue LblTargetPosition.ForeColor = vbWhite LblTargetPosition.Caption = "FOLLOW TARGET @RIGHT SIDE ElseIf (TargetPosition = LEFT_SIDE) Then LblTargetPosition.ForeColor = vbWhite LblTargetPosition.BackColor = vbRed LblTargetPosition.Caption = "FOLLOW TARGET @LEFT SIDE FuzzyTargetAngleTurn = -1 * FuzzyTargetAngleTurn FuzzyTargetAngleTurn = -1 * FuzzyTargetAngleTurn End If Taking advantage of Symmetry Angle = Angle + FuzzyTargetAngleTurn Angle = Angle + FuzzyTargetAngleTurn TARGET SEEKING
Sub MoveObject() Dim A As Single Dim NewX As Single, NewY As Single A = Deg2Rad(Angle) NewX = Obj.x + (Speed * Cos(A)) NewY = Obj.y + (Speed * Sin(A)) Moving the Robot
FL(1).Init "TARGET: Angle and Distance", IN_TARGET_ANGLE, IN_TARGET_DISTANCE, 2, 3, 7 FL(1).LoadOutputVariable OUT_REVERSETURN, 50 FL(1).LoadOutputVariable OUT_VERYSHARPTURN, 40 FL(1).LoadOutputVariable OUT_SHARPTURN, 30 FL(1).LoadOutputVariable OUT_TURN, 20 FL(1).LoadOutputVariable OUT_MILDTURN, 10 FL(1).LoadOutputVariable OUT_VERYMILDTURN, 3 FL(1).LoadOutputVariable OUT_ZE, 0 Fuzzy Outputs for Target Pursuit FUZZY OUTPUTS FOR STEERING STEERING
End of Presentation Let me answer some of your questions… Thanks for listening! * | 8,178 | 29,804 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.53125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | latest | en | 0.792142 |
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# Test4Solutions - Math 107 — Test 4 — Chapter 12 8 13...
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Unformatted text preview: Math 107 — Test 4 — Chapter 12 8:: 13 Printed Name: a GRADE Calculators are allowed on this test...neighbors are not! Round answers (where appropriate) to 4 places after the decimal. of 100 Which of the following expressions are polynomials? . . . . . . . - . . . . . . u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . .. Evaluate the polynomial function p(:1:) = 3:122 + 59: — 2 at p(1 + 11). Put 'in standard form! p(l+3l= 20w lsmj) a 7, c 2( H-Zj’rjll +5 +53'2 : 3+63+331 +5+gj’2 : 3j2+llj +6 332“le Consider the polynomial (2:1: — 3X42: + 5)(3:1: — 1)(:t + 1)5. Find the leading term and constant coefficient. I don’t recommend expanding this expression! (2mm mm‘ = 2m" LEADING TERM 27x8 C }) (Sufi) ('3‘ '= I S CONSTANT COEFFICIENT 15 Consider the polynomials p(w) = m3 -— 5:1: + 2 and q(:z:) = —933 + 3:1: —- 5. What is the maximum number of possible zeros of p(:1:) - q(:1:)? 5U“ poll-«b (x) c e e Dr Flmmnrt. Fall ‘2010 T of TH Points Earned of 40 Math 107 — Test 4 — Chapter 12 86 13 Please pick the graph which best fits the information: Zero Repeated FIGURE -2 Yes: 2 Times 0 Yes: 3 Times '3 Figure A Figure B Solve the following equations. (2—4)3=—<z—4)2 MM? H14“) :0 (MVmWHD : 0 («AQHX 33 z 0 RH :0 as “-350 X;LI UV!- 3or LI . . . . . o o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - o . - . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0:32.15954;4 x+ Edwin" ten-10X:th 0(5 “H pninf: Earned nf 9R TI mc TTT DIX Emmert Fall 2010 Math 107 — Test 4 — Chapter 12 & 13 Determine a polynomial, 12(3)), that fits the picture. Note that p(0) = 8. Use the smallest degree possible. Leave in factored form! used 3 O\(%~(~z\3I (N‘Hfi (291]). fix] : q('1(+l)1(’7k‘l"3(1‘l) Hal 2-8 Mn‘mw < “(a 0v D/.,| : 1 2 — 4 Graph the rational function 7‘(:1;) 2 cum—234i), MY}: *Lfliiz ,, («~3ll’x‘0 ? °< (r?) z2+4x—5 —.I z2+4w+4 fany Find the domain, zeros, holes, and vertical asymptotes of the rational function 7‘(:z:) = such feature is not present, please state “NONE.” N ‘ fili‘lX‘g ._, ( ’K '1’ SVX- ‘) DOMAIN : W ,. .. Y «1 W H («m1 An N {KM/Ft ’X “ Z HOLE(s) VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE(S) x='Z NON: nr Rmmnrf pull Onln TTT n? TIT Dninfu F‘QTHDI" l AF Q9 ...
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## This note was uploaded on 01/16/2012 for the course MATH 107 taught by Professor Teuge during the Fall '05 term at Tarleton.
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Test4Solutions - Math 107 — Test 4 — Chapter 12 8 13...
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Ask a homework question - tutors are online | 1,236 | 3,150 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.3125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | longest | en | 0.447566 |
https://www.fatiando.org/choclo/v0.0.1/api/generated/choclo.prism.magnetic_n.html | 1,721,790,345,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-30/segments/1720763518154.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20240724014956-20240724044956-00759.warc.gz | 654,636,208 | 6,247 | # choclo.prism.magnetic_n#
choclo.prism.magnetic_n(easting, northing, upward, prism, magnetization)[source]#
Northing component of the magnetic field due to a prism
Returns the northing component of the magnetic field due to a single rectangular prism on a single computation point.
Parameters
• easting (float) – Easting coordinate of the observation point. Must be in meters.
• northing (float) – Northing coordinate of the observation point. Must be in meters.
• upward (float) – Upward coordinate of the observation point. Must be in meters.
• prism (1d-array) – One dimensional array containing the coordinates of the prism in the following order: west, east, south, north, bottom, top in a Cartesian coordinate system. All coordinates should be in meters.
• magnetization (1d-array) – Magnetization vector of the prism. It should have three components in the following order: magnetization_easting, magnetization_northing, magnetization_upward. Should be in $$A m^{-1}$$.
Returns
b_n (float) – Northing component of the magnetic field generated by the prism on the observation point in $$\text{T}$$.
Notes
Computes the northing component of the magnetic field $$\mathbf{B}(\mathbf{p})$$ generated by a rectangular prism $$R$$ with a magnetization vector $$M$$ on the observation point $$\mathbf{p}$$ as follows:
$B_y(\mathbf{p}) = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \left( M_x u_{xy} + M_y u_{yy} + M_z u_{yz} \right)$
Where $$u_{ij}$$ are:
$u_{ij} = \frac{\partial}{\partial i} \frac{\partial}{\partial j} \int\limits_R \frac{1}{\lVert \mathbf{p} - \mathbf{q} \rVert} dv$
with $$i,j \in \{x, y, z\}$$. Solutions of the second derivatives of these integrals are given by [Nagy2000]:
$\begin{split}u_{xy} &= \Bigg\lvert\Bigg\lvert\Bigg\lvert \ln (z + r) \Bigg\rvert_{X_1}^{X_2} \Bigg\rvert_{Y_1}^{Y_2} \Bigg\rvert_{Z_1}^{Z_2} \\ u_{yy} &= \Bigg\lvert\Bigg\lvert\Bigg\lvert - \arctan \left( \frac{xz}{yr} \right) \Bigg\rvert_{X_1}^{X_2} \Bigg\rvert_{Y_1}^{Y_2} \Bigg\rvert_{Z_1}^{Z_2} \\ u_{yz} &= \Bigg\lvert\Bigg\lvert\Bigg\lvert \ln (x + r) \Bigg\rvert_{X_1}^{X_2} \Bigg\rvert_{Y_1}^{Y_2} \Bigg\rvert_{Z_1}^{Z_2}\end{split}$
References | 712 | 2,144 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.203125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-30 | latest | en | 0.643595 |
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