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02-23-2016, 03:26 PM
Post: #1
NewMC Junior Member Posts: 9 Joined: May 2014
Best method of entry.
What is the best way to enter the following integral into the Prime?
1/2pi * integral of i(wt) dwt from alpha to beta (this is formula for average current in 1/2-wave, single phase rectifier with inductive load)
Known from i(wt) formula: i(wt)=6.78*sin(wt-0.646)-2.67e^-(wt/0.754)
Given alpha=0.785 and setting wt=beta and i(wt)=0 in above equation I find beta=3.785.
I want to make sure I'm inputting the integral correctly to confirm my answers.
Thank you
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Messages In This Thread Best method of entry. - NewMC - 02-23-2016 03:26 PM RE: Best method of entry. - roadrunner - 02-24-2016, 12:23 AM RE: Best method of entry. - NewMC - 02-24-2016, 04:03 PM RE: Best method of entry. - Terje Vallestad - 02-24-2016, 07:51 PM RE: Best method of entry. - roadrunner - 02-24-2016, 10:56 PM RE: Best method of entry. - NewMC - 02-25-2016, 05:24 PM
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# Addition Using A Number Line
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### Addition Using A Number Line
1. 1. Addition Of Whole Numbers Using A Number Line For more maths help & free games related to this, visit: www.makemymathsbetter.com
2. 2. This method uses a number line to record the stages of an addition question. This is especially useful when you need to cross into the next multiple of 10. For example: 9 + 7 = 16
3. 3. This method uses a number line to record the stages of an addition question. This is especially useful when you need to cross into the next multiple of 10. For example: 9 + 7 = 16 +1 9 10
4. 4. This method uses a number line to record the stages of an addition question. This is especially useful when you need to cross into the next multiple of 10. For example: 9 + 7 = 16 +1 9 +6 10 16
5. 5. When working with bigger numbers, you can either add the tens first followed by the units or add the units first followed by the tens . For example: 39 + 47 = 86
6. 6. When working with bigger numbers, you can either add the tens first followed by the units or add the units first followed by the tens . For example: 39 + 47 = 86 Adding the tens first followed by the units
7. 7. When working with bigger numbers, you can either add the tens first followed by the units or add the units first followed by the tens . For example: 39 + 47 = 86 Adding the tens first followed by the units 39 + 40 79
8. 8. When working with bigger numbers, you can either add the tens first followed by the units or add the units first followed by the tens . For example: 39 + 47 = 86 Adding the tens first followed by the units 39 + 40 +1 79 80
9. 9. When working with bigger numbers, you can either add the tens first followed by the units or add the units first followed by the tens . For example: 39 + 47 = 86 Adding the tens first followed by the units 39 + 40 +1 79 80 +6 86
10. 10. When working with bigger numbers, you can either add the tens first followed by the units or add the units first followed by the tens . For example: 39 + 47 = 86 Or adding the units first followed by the tens
11. 11. When working with bigger numbers, you can either add the tens first followed by the units or add the units first followed by the tens . For example: 39 + 47 = 86 Or adding the units first followed by the tens +1 39 40
12. 12. When working with bigger numbers, you can either add the tens first followed by the units or add the units first followed by the tens . For example: 39 + 47 = 86 Or adding the units first followed by the tens +1 39 40 +6 46
13. 13. When working with bigger numbers, you can either add the tens first followed by the units or add the units first followed by the tens . For example: 39 + 47 = 86 Or adding the units first followed by the tens +1 39 40 +6 + 40 46 86
14. 14. When working with bigger numbers, you can either add the tens first followed by the units or add the units first followed by the tens . For example: 39 + 47 = 86 Or adding the units first followed by the tens +1 +6 39 40 + 40 46 86 For more help with your maths, try my book: mastering multiplication tables on amazon.com | 869 | 3,271 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.59375 | 5 | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | latest | en | 0.867221 |
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http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16174115/lisp-prefix-calculator/16186206 | 1,419,595,506,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447548877.142/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185908-00093-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 101,921,771 | 18,860 | # Lisp prefix calculator
How can I write a calculator to prefix notation, when it should count this example '(+ * 3 2 - 2 1), where there are no brackets between characters? When I have the brackets, I can handle it, but in this case I am lost.
-
Hint: this is "Polish notation", algorithms for which can surely be found by some googling. – larsmans Apr 23 '13 at 16:17
Show some effort please. – Yahya Apr 23 '13 at 16:20
Two words: recursive descent. – Chris Jester-Young Apr 23 '13 at 16:21
A quick search on google yielded this wikipedia page, with an implementation (in pseudocode) of prefix evaluation using a stack. It's a starting point for writing your own implementation. Also notice that a stack can be easily implemented using Lisp's linked lists, simply add/remove elements at the head.
-
"Note that under this implementation the input string is scanned from right to left." -- this is actually an algorithm for suffix (reverse Polish) notation. Not that it matters much, as reversing a list in Scheme is trivial. – larsmans Apr 23 '13 at 16:33
No, the linked algorithm is for a prefix (Polish) expression, but the input is scanned from right to left – Óscar López Apr 23 '13 at 16:35
... so the order of arguments is reversed. Right. (I was bored and just implemented the OP's homework. Turns out I still know enough Scheme :) – larsmans Apr 23 '13 at 16:48
I'm a beginner in scheme (excuse me if it is nasty code). This one is with the brackets:
``````(define (fce a)
(case a
(( + ) +)
(( - ) -)
(( * ) *)
(( / ) /)))
(define (analyze vyraz)
(if (list? vyraz)
(calcul vyraz)
vyraz))
(define (calcul vyraz)
(if (= (length vyraz) 3 )
``````
this code can count for example this : `(calcul '(- (* 3 2)(+ 1 2))`
I wanted to repair this code to code without brackets but conditions and listing the original input stopped me. I do not know how to write the conditions so that I didn't lose the original input and also came the final calculation.
there are my conditions (but i think, there are at wrong syntax
``````(define (count vyraz)
(cond (list? vyraz)
(number? (car vyraz) (cons (car vyraz)))
(number? (cdr vyraz) (cons (cdr vyraz)))
(symbol? (cddr vyraz) (cons (cddr vyraz)))
(else (cdr vyraz) (count vyraz)))
(calcul vyraz))
``````
-
``````(define (polish-notation-eval expr)
(if (finished? expr)
(car expr)
(polish-notation-eval (the-once-over expr))))
``````
;;either we are finished, or we need to make the-once-over to get closer to finished.
``````(define (the-once-over expr)
(cond ((null? expr) expr )
((well-formed-expr? expr)
(the-once-over (cdddr expr))))
(else (cons (car expr) (the-once-over (cdr expr))))))
``````
;; just scrolls down the list looking for well-formed expressions to evaluate.
``````(define *the-operations*
(list (list '+ +)
(list '* *)
(list '- -)
(list '/ /)))
``````
;; an association list with names and functions
``````(define (get-operator name)
``````
;;returns the function that goes with the name
``````(define (finished? expr)
(= (length expr) 1))
``````
;; we are finished one we get down to a length one list, otherwise not
``````(define (well-formed-expr? expr)
(and (assoc (car expr) *the-operations*) | 881 | 3,191 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.09375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | latest | en | 0.864718 |
http://openwetware.org/index.php?title=User:Pranav_Rathi/Notebook/OT/2010/08/18/CrystaLaser_specifications&diff=478512&oldid=478484 | 1,386,919,499,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164911644/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134831-00000-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 140,944,715 | 7,836 | # User:Pranav Rathi/Notebook/OT/2010/08/18/CrystaLaser specifications
(Difference between revisions)
Revision as of 13:41, 8 December 2010 (view source) (→Method)← Previous diff Revision as of 14:29, 8 December 2010 (view source) (→Method)Next diff → Line 31: Line 31: In this method we used a knife blade on a translation stage with 10 micron accuracy. The blade is moved transverse to the beam and the power of the uneclipsed portion is recorded with a power meter. The cross section of a Gaussian beam is given by: In this method we used a knife blade on a translation stage with 10 micron accuracy. The blade is moved transverse to the beam and the power of the uneclipsed portion is recorded with a power meter. The cross section of a Gaussian beam is given by: - I(r)=I + $+ I(r)=I_0 exp(\frac {-2r^2}{w_L^2}) +$ + Where '''I(r)''' is the Intensity as function of radius (distance in transverse direction), '''I0''' is the input intensity at r = 0, and wL is the beam radius. Here the beam radius is defined as the radius where the intensity is reduced to 1/e2 of the value at r = 0. This can be seen by letting r = wL. + The experiment data is obtained by gradually moving the blade across from point A to B, and recording the power. Without going into the math the power at the points can be obtained. For starting point A + + $I_A(r=0)=I_0 exp(-2)=I_0*.135$ + + $I_B=I_0 *(1-.135)$ + + fdgdf gh h [[Category:1064crystalaser]] [[Category:1064crystalaser]]
## Specifications
We are expecting our laser any time. To know the laser more we are looking forward to investigate number of things. These specifications are already given by the maker, but we will verify them.
### Polarization
Laser is TM (transverse magnetic) or P or Horizontal linearly polarized. We investigated these two ways: 1) by putting a glass interface at Brewster’s angle and measured the reflected and transmitted power. At this angle all the light is transmitted because the laser is P-polarized, 2) by putting a polarizing beam splitter which uses birefringence to separate the two polarizations; P is reflected and S is transmitted, by measuring and comparing the powers, the desired polarizability is determined. We performed the experiment at 1.8 W where P is 1.77 W and S is less than .03 W*
### Beam waist at the output window
We used knife edge method (this method is used to determine the beam waist (not the beam diameter) directly); measure the input power of 1.86W at 86.5 and 13.5 % at the laser head (15mm). It gave us the beam waist (Wo) of .82mm (beam diameter =1.64mm).
### Possible power fluctuations if any
The power supply temperature is really critical. Laser starts at roughly 1.8 W but if the temperature of the power supply is controlled very well it reaches to 2 W in few minutes and stay there. It’s really stupid of manufacturer that they do not have any fans inside so we put two chopper fans on the top of it to cool it and keep it cool. If no fans are used then within an hour the power supply reaches above 50 degrees of Celsius and then, not only the laser output falls but also the power supply turns itself off after every few minutes.
### Mode Profile
Higher order modes had been a serious problem in our old laser, which compelled us to buy this one. So mode profiling is critical; we want our laser to be in TEM00. I am not going to discuss the technique of mode profiling; it can be learned from this link: [1] [2].
As a result it’s confirmed that this laser is TEM00 mode. Check out the pics:
## Specs by the Manufacturer
All the laser specs and the manual are in the document: [Specs[3]]
## Beam Profile
The original beam waist of the laser is .2mm, but since we requested the 4x beam expansion option, the resultant beam waist is .84 at the output aperture of the laser. As the nature of Gaussian beam it still converges in the far field. We do not know where? So there is a beam waist somewhere in the far field. There are two ways to solve the problem; by using Gaussian formal but, for that we need the beam parameters before expansion optics and information about the expansion optics, which we do not have. So the only way we have, is experimentally measure the beam waist along the z-axis at many points and verify its location for the minimum. Once this is found we put the AOM there. So the experimental data gives us the beam waist and its distance from the laser in the z-direction. We use scanning knife edge method to measure the beam waist.
### Method
In this method we used a knife blade on a translation stage with 10 micron accuracy. The blade is moved transverse to the beam and the power of the uneclipsed portion is recorded with a power meter. The cross section of a Gaussian beam is given by:
$I(r)=I_0 exp(\frac {-2r^2}{w_L^2})$
Where I(r) is the Intensity as function of radius (distance in transverse direction), I0 is the input intensity at r = 0, and wL is the beam radius. Here the beam radius is defined as the radius where the intensity is reduced to 1/e2 of the value at r = 0. This can be seen by letting r = wL. The experiment data is obtained by gradually moving the blade across from point A to B, and recording the power. Without going into the math the power at the points can be obtained. For starting point A
IA(r = 0) = I0exp( − 2) = I0 * .135
IB = I0 * (1 − .135)
fdgdf gh h | 1,337 | 5,358 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 1, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.9375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | longest | en | 0.92989 |
http://www.in2013dollars.com/CAD-inflation-rate-in-1985 | 1,571,040,478,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986649841.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014074313-20191014101313-00332.warc.gz | 311,937,436 | 11,236 | CA\$
# Canadian inflation rate in 1985: 4.40%
### Inflation in 1985 and Its Effect on Dollar Value
Purchasing power decreased by 4.40% in 1985 compared to 1984. On average, you would have to spend 4.40% more money in 1985 than in 1984 for the same item.
In other words, CA\$1 in 1984 is equivalent in purchasing power to about CA\$1.04 in 1985.
The 1984 inflation rate was 3.72%. The inflation rate in 1985 was 4.40%. The 1985 inflation rate is higher compared to the average inflation rate of 2.18% per year between 1985 and 2019.
Inflation rate is calculated by change in the consumer price index (CPI). The CPI in 1985 was 64.10. It was 61.40 in the previous year, 1984. The difference in CPI between the years is used by Statistics Canada to officially determine inflation.
Average inflation rate 4.40% Converted amount (CA\$1 base) CA\$1.04 Price difference (CA\$1 base) CA\$0.04 CPI in 1984 61.400 CPI in 1985 64.100 Inflation in 1984 3.72% Inflation in 1985 4.40%
### How to Calculate Inflation Rate for CA\$1, 1984 to 1985
This inflation calculator uses the following inflation rate formula:
CPI in 1985CPI in 1984
×
=
Then plug in historical CPI values. The Canadian CPI was 61.4 in the year 1984 and 64.1 in 1985:
64.161.4
×
CA\$1
=
CA\$1.04
CA\$1 in 1984 has the same "purchasing power" or "buying power" as CA\$1.04 in 1985.
To get the total inflation rate for the 1 years between 1984 and 1985, we use the following formula:
CPI in 1985 - CPI in 1984CPI in 1984
×
100
=
Cumulative inflation rate (1 years)
Plugging in the values to this equation, we get:
64.1 - 61.461.4
×
100
=
4%
Politics and news often influence economic performance. Here's what was happening at the time:
• Apple Computer Inc unveils the Macintosh personal computer.
• Virus causing AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is identified as HTLV-III.
• Operation Blue Star took place as Indira Gandhi issued command to attack the Golden Temple, holiest site of Sikh's.
• Indira Gandhi orders an attack on the Golden temple, one of the holiest sites in Sikh tradition, in an operation now called Blue Star.
• A toxic leak in the Union Carbide factory kills 2,259 people, a further 500,000 are injured.
### Data Source & Citation
Raw data for these calculations comes from the government of Canada's annual Consumer Price Index (CPI), established in 1914 and computed by Statistics Canada (StatCan).
You may use the following MLA citation for this page: “Inflation Rate in 1985 | Canada Inflation Calculator.” U.S. Official Inflation Data, Alioth Finance, 14 Oct. 2019, https://www.officialdata.org/CAD-inflation-rate-in-1985. | 748 | 2,634 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.453125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | latest | en | 0.923611 |
https://learn.careers360.com/engineering/question-the-distance-of-the-point-1-2-3-from-the-plane-measured-parallel-to-the-line-isoption-1-option-2-1option-3-option-4-7-111873/ | 1,621,003,164,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989526.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514121902-20210514151902-00036.warc.gz | 368,637,708 | 111,191 | # The distance of the point (1, -2, 3) from the plane $x-y+z=5$ measured parallel to the line $\frac{x}{2}=\frac{y}{3}=\frac{z}{-6}$ is: Option: 1 Option: 2 1 Option: 3 Option: 4 7
$\text { equation of line parallel to } \frac{x}{2}=\frac{y}{3}=\frac{z}{-6} \text { passes through }(1,-2,3) \text { is }$
$\\\frac{x-1}{2}=\frac{y+2}{3}=\frac{z-3}{-6}=r \\ x=2 r+1 \\ y=3 r-2 \\ z=-6 r+3 \\ \text { so } 2 r+1-3 r+2-6 r+3=5 \\ r=\frac{1}{7}$
$\\\mathrm{x}=\frac{9}{7}, \mathrm{y}=\frac{-11}{7}, \mathrm{z}=\frac{15}{7} \\ \text { Distance is }=\sqrt{\left(\frac{9}{7}-1\right)^{2}+\left(2-\frac{11}{7}\right)^{2}+\left(3-\frac{15}{7}\right)^{2}} \\ =\sqrt{\left(\frac{2}{7}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{3}{7}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{6}{7}\right)^{2}} \\ =\frac{1}{7} \sqrt{4+9+36}=1$
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₹ 34999/- ₹ 14999/- | 619 | 1,801 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 5, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.03125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | latest | en | 0.588596 |
https://www.queryhome.com/puzzle/15647/will-ted-ship-the-fishing-rod-peter-without-breaking-the-rules | 1,627,584,852,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153892.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729172022-20210729202022-00183.warc.gz | 1,006,866,306 | 30,015 | # How will Ted ship the fishing rod to Peter without breaking the rules?
+2 votes
91 views
Peter ordered a fishing rod online from Ted.
Unfortunately, Peter lives in a very remote part and the import rules there forbid any package longer than 4 feet to be imported.
The fishing rod was exactly 4 feet and 1 inch, just a little too long.
How will Ted ship the fishing rod to Peter without breaking the rules?
The fishing rod is one piece and Peter wants the fishing rod to arrive in one piece!
posted Jun 28, 2016
Share this puzzle
## 1 Answer
+1 vote
take the box of dimensions 4-feet by 4-feet; keep the rod inside, it will fit diagonally inside the box, with room to spare
answer Jun 28, 2016 by
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https://root.cern.ch/doc/v624/invertMatrix_8C.html | 1,679,594,239,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945182.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323163125-20230323193125-00102.warc.gz | 544,512,569 | 7,348 | ROOT Reference Guide
invertMatrix.C File Reference
## Detailed Description
This macro shows several ways to invert a matrix .
Each method is a trade-off between accuracy of the inversion and speed. Which method to chose depends on "how well-behaved" the matrix is. This is best checked through a call to Condition(), available in each decomposition class. A second possibility (less preferred) would be to check the determinant
#### USAGE
This macro can be executed with Cling or ACLIC
• via the interpretor, do
root > .x invertMatrix.C
• via ACLIC
root > .x invertMatrix.C+
R__EXTERN TSystem * gSystem
Definition: TSystem.h:559
virtual int Load(const char *module, const char *entry="", Bool_t system=kFALSE)
Definition: TSystem.cxx:1853
--------------------------------------------------------
Inversion results for a (6,6) matrix
For each inversion procedure we check the maximum size
of the off-diagonal elements of Inv(A) * A
--------------------------------------------------------
1. Use .InvertFast(&det)
Maximum off-diagonal = 8.31175e-05
Determinant = 5.3673e-18
2. Use .Invert(&det)
Maximum off-diagonal = 1.74623e-10
Determinant = 5.3673e-18
3. Use TDecompLU
Maximum off-diagonal = 1.74623e-10
Determinant = 5.3673e-18
4. Use TDecompSVD on non-square matrix
Maximum off-diagonal = 5.45697e-12
Determinant = 1.34646e-11
#include <iostream>
#include "TMath.h"
#include "TMatrixD.h"
#include "TMatrixDLazy.h"
#include "TVectorD.h"
#include "TDecompLU.h"
#include "TDecompSVD.h"
void invertMatrix(Int_t msize=6)
{
if (msize < 2 || msize > 10) {
std::cout << "2 <= msize <= 10" <<std::endl;
return;
}
std::cout << "--------------------------------------------------------" <<std::endl;
std::cout << "Inversion results for a ("<<msize<<","<<msize<<") matrix" <<std::endl;
std::cout << "For each inversion procedure we check the maximum size " <<std::endl;
std::cout << "of the off-diagonal elements of Inv(A) * A " <<std::endl;
std::cout << "--------------------------------------------------------" <<std::endl;
TMatrixD H_square = THilbertMatrixD(msize,msize);
// ### 1. InvertFast(Double_t *det=0)
// It is identical to Invert() for sizes > 6 x 6 but for smaller sizes, the
// inversion is performed according to Cramer's rule by explicitly calculating
// all Jacobi's sub-determinants . For instance for a 6 x 6 matrix this means:
// \# of 5 x 5 determinant : 36
// \# of 4 x 4 determinant : 75
// \# of 3 x 3 determinant : 80
// \# of 2 x 2 determinant : 45 (see TMatrixD/FCramerInv.cxx)
//
// The only "quality" control in this process is to check whether the 6 x 6
// determinant is unequal 0 . But speed gains are significant compared to Invert() ,
// up to an order of magnitude for sizes <= 4 x 4
//
// The inversion is done "in place", so the original matrix will be overwritten
// If a pointer to a Double_t is supplied the determinant is calculated
//
std::cout << "1. Use .InvertFast(&det)" <<std::endl;
if (msize > 6)
std::cout << " for ("<<msize<<","<<msize<<") this is identical to .Invert(&det)" <<std::endl;
Double_t det1;
TMatrixD H1 = H_square;
H1.InvertFast(&det1);
// Get the maximum off-diagonal matrix value . One way to do this is to set the
// diagonal to zero .
TMatrixD U1(H1,TMatrixD::kMult,H_square);
TMatrixDDiag diag1(U1); diag1 = 0.0;
const Double_t U1_max_offdiag = (U1.Abs()).Max();
std::cout << " Maximum off-diagonal = " << U1_max_offdiag << std::endl;
std::cout << " Determinant = " << det1 << std::endl;
// ### 2. Invert(Double_t *det=0)
// Again the inversion is performed in place .
// It consists out of a sequence of calls to the decomposition classes . For instance
// for the general dense matrix TMatrixD the LU decomposition is invoked:
// - The matrix is decomposed using a scheme according to Crout which involves
// "implicit partial pivoting", see for instance Num. Recip. (we have also available
// a decomposition scheme that does not the scaling and is therefore even slightly
// faster but less stable)
// With each decomposition, a tolerance has to be specified . If this tolerance
// requirement is not met, the matrix is regarded as being singular. The value
// passed to this decomposition, is the data member fTol of the matrix . Its
// default value is DBL_EPSILON, which is defined as the smallest number so that
// 1+DBL_EPSILON > 1
// - The last step is a standard forward/backward substitution .
//
// It is important to realize that both InvertFast() and Invert() are "one-shot" deals , speed
// comes at a price . If something goes wrong because the matrix is (near) singular, you have
// overwritten your original matrix and no factorization is available anymore to get more
// information like condition number or change the tolerance number .
//
// All other calls in the matrix classes involving inversion like the ones with the "smart"
// constructors (kInverted,kInvMult...) use this inversion method .
//
std::cout << "2. Use .Invert(&det)" << std::endl;
Double_t det2;
TMatrixD H2 = H_square;
H2.Invert(&det2);
TMatrixD U2(H2,TMatrixD::kMult,H_square);
TMatrixDDiag diag2(U2); diag2 = 0.0;
const Double_t U2_max_offdiag = (U2.Abs()).Max();
std::cout << " Maximum off-diagonal = " << U2_max_offdiag << std::endl;
std::cout << " Determinant = " << det2 << std::endl;
// ### 3. Inversion through LU decomposition
// The (default) algorithms used are similar to 2. (Not identical because in 2, the whole
// calculation is done "in-place". Here the original matrix is copied (so more memory
// management => slower) and several operations can be performed without having to repeat
// the decomposition step .
// Inverting a matrix is nothing else than solving a set of equations where the rhs is given
// by the unit matrix, so the steps to take are identical to those solving a linear equation :
//
std::cout << "3. Use TDecompLU" << std::endl;
TMatrixD H3 = H_square;
TDecompLU lu(H_square);
// Any operation that requires a decomposition will trigger it . The class keeps
// an internal state so that following operations will not perform the decomposition again
// unless the matrix is changed through SetMatrix(..)
// One might want to proceed more cautiously by invoking first Decompose() and check its
// return value before proceeding....
lu.Invert(H3);
Double_t d1_lu; Double_t d2_lu;
lu.Det(d1_lu,d2_lu);
Double_t det3 = d1_lu*TMath::Power(2.,d2_lu);
TMatrixD U3(H3,TMatrixD::kMult,H_square);
TMatrixDDiag diag3(U3); diag3 = 0.0;
const Double_t U3_max_offdiag = (U3.Abs()).Max();
std::cout << " Maximum off-diagonal = " << U3_max_offdiag << std::endl;
std::cout << " Determinant = " << det3 << std::endl;
// ### 4. Inversion through SVD decomposition
// For SVD and QRH, the (n x m) matrix does only have to fulfill n >=m . In case n > m
// a pseudo-inverse is calculated
std::cout << "4. Use TDecompSVD on non-square matrix" << std::endl;
TMatrixD H_nsquare = THilbertMatrixD(msize,msize-1);
TDecompSVD svd(H_nsquare);
TMatrixD H4 = svd.Invert();
Double_t d1_svd; Double_t d2_svd;
svd.Det(d1_svd,d2_svd);
Double_t det4 = d1_svd*TMath::Power(2.,d2_svd);
TMatrixD U4(H4,TMatrixD::kMult,H_nsquare);
TMatrixDDiag diag4(U4); diag4 = 0.0;
const Double_t U4_max_offdiag = (U4.Abs()).Max();
std::cout << " Maximum off-diagonal = " << U4_max_offdiag << std::endl;
std::cout << " Determinant = " << det4 << std::endl;
}
int Int_t
Definition: RtypesCore.h:45
double Double_t
Definition: RtypesCore.h:59
THilbertMatrixT< Double_t > THilbertMatrixD
Definition: TMatrixDLazy.h:35
LU Decomposition class.
Definition: TDecompLU.h:24
Single Value Decomposition class.
Definition: TDecompSVD.h:24
TMatrixT< Element > & Invert(Double_t *det=0)
Invert the matrix and calculate its determinant.
Definition: TMatrixT.cxx:1397
TMatrixT< Element > & InvertFast(Double_t *det=0)
Invert the matrix and calculate its determinant, however upto (6x6) a fast Cramer inversion is used .
Definition: TMatrixT.cxx:1411
Short_t Max(Short_t a, Short_t b)
Definition: TMathBase.h:212
LongDouble_t Power(LongDouble_t x, LongDouble_t y)
Definition: TMath.h:735
Definition in file invertMatrix.C. | 2,277 | 8,054 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.796875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | longest | en | 0.525266 |
https://de.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/1712170-plot-the-graph-using-non-linear-equation | 1,656,339,203,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103334753.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627134424-20220627164424-00142.warc.gz | 241,714,457 | 28,455 | Plot the graph using non linear equation
9 views (last 30 days)
Sun Heat on 5 May 2022
Commented: Rik on 5 May 2022
Hey guys...
I have to plot the graph between "theta Vs h" value?
theta=linspace (30,90,7);
period=0.562;
k=(2.*pi)./(period.*sin(theta));
F=solve ((cos (theta). * (sin (k. h)). ^2) - (2. *(sin (k. *h. *cos (theta)). ^2)) == 0);
Sun Heat on 5 May 2022
i want to plot 'h' for different value of theta
Chunru on 5 May 2022
It seems that you are solve equations of h for different parameters theta. You can solve the equation one by one.
Don't add space between the array operator ".*"
syms h
theta=linspace (30,90,7);
period=0.562;
k=(2.*pi)./(period.*sin(theta));
y = zeros(size(theta));
for i=1:length(theta)
F=vpasolve ((cos(theta(i)) * (sin(k(i)*h)).^2) - (2*(sin(k(i)*h*cos(theta(i))).^2)) == 0, h);
y(i) = double(F);
end
y
y = 1×7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chunru on 5 May 2022
To display the result for debugginh purpose
John D'Errico on 5 May 2022
Edited: John D'Errico on 5 May 2022
A nonlinear problem like this is called an implicit function. You can think of the value of h, as a function of theta, but there will be no algebraic solution, so no simple way to write the functional relationship. And very often, there will be multiple such solutions. Here there will be infinitely many solutions. In these cases, it is best to use fimplicit to plot the relationship. I could do it using symboliic parameters, or just by using function handles.
Next, you need to understand that if your variable theta is defined between 30 and 90, then the units are certainly degreees, NOT radians. But sin and cos work in RADIANS. In order to use degrees, you use sind and cosd. But then you have a variable called period, and period is a small number. ANd then you put pi in there. So I think you may be confused about the distinction between radians and degrees.
Next, you do NOT put a space between the . and the * as that causes a syntax error. You really need to read the getting started tutorials!
F = (cos (theta). * (sin (k. h)). ^2) - (2. *(sin (k. *h. *cos (theta)). ^2))
Invalid use of operator
As well, there is no space between the . and the ^ operator too. You also seem to be adding extra spaces everywhere, even between the sin and the parens. Again, that can cause problems.
So to solve your problem, I would do this, without needing the symbolic toolbox. I could do it using symbolic tools too, by defining theta and h as symbolic variables.
period=0.562;
k = @(theta) (2.*pi)./(period.*sind(theta));
F = @(theta,h) (cosd(theta).*(sind(k(theta).*h)).^2) - (2.*(sind(k(theta).*h.*cosd(theta)).^2));
fimplicit(F,[30,90,0,90])
xlabel theta
ylabel h
grid on
The curved lines in blue are all solutions of the problem. As you can see there are many such solutions, and I had to guess what limits to plot for h.
Next I'll do it using syms:
syms theta h
period=0.562;
k = (2.*pi)./(period.*sind(theta));
F = (cosd(theta).*(sind(k.*h)).^2) - (2.*(sind(k.*h.*cosd(theta)).^2));
fimplicit(F,[0,90,30,90])
xlabel h
ylabel theta
grid on
As you can see, fimplicit puts h on the x axis, I assume because h comes before theta in alphabetical order. I could probably get fimplicit to swap the axes with some work.
Rik on 5 May 2022
Comment posted as flag by @RAVI:
you are right
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Translated by | 1,000 | 3,418 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | latest | en | 0.874921 |
https://campus.cartegraph.com/Help/Operations_Management_System_(OMS)/Administration/Asset_Condition_Manager/OCI_Types_and_Calculations | 1,627,801,813,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154163.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801061513-20210801091513-00328.warc.gz | 173,342,524 | 13,107 | # OCI Types and Calculations
The Overall Condition Index (OCI) is a number between 100 and 0 which represents the condition of an asset, 100 being the best and 0 being the worst. The minimum condition is used to calculate the asset’s failure point. Tracking the condition of your assets provides data to help make decisions about things like:
• budget creation and justification
• project planning
• equipment replacement
• inspection schedules
• preventative maintenance plans.
Inspections should have data for every condition category with weights, impacts, and a performance curve.
## Types
There are two types of OCI calculations—Estimated and Inspected.
### Estimated OCI
The estimated OCI for an asset is calculated by taking into account the asset's age, predicted performance, and inspections and tasks performed on the asset. Using this data, the estimated OCI for the asset is determined. Click here for an example.
For assets that do not have an install or replaced date, the oldest completed inspection is used to determine the asset's age.
For the most accurate calculations, we recommend assets have as many of these options as possible in place:
• Install, replace, or inspection date
• Fall into a prediction group
• Set a weight, impacts, and performance curve on each condition category library.
### Inspected OCI
During an inspection, a field worker performs an assessment of an asset's condition, which is used to calculate the Inspected OCI. The inspected OCI is a weighted average of the inspection's condition category indexes. Tasks with an Inspect type activity contain an inspection record. When the inspection is complete, the Inspected OCI is calculated for the date of the inspection. It is a best practice to fill out an index for every condition category on an inspection.
## Calculation Details
The Weight, or relative importance of an Index, is stored in the Condition Category library. The OCI is the result of dividing the sum of the weighted condition category indexes by the sum of the weights used.
Condition Category
Weight
Index
Result
Aesthetics
2 x
40
80
Structures
5 x
60
300
Surface
3 x
40
120
Weighted Sum Total
10
Results Total
500/10
OCI =
500/10
Total OCI is
50
Use higher weight values to increase the relative importance of a Condition Category when calculating OCI. Use lower weight values to decrease the relative importance of a Condition Category when calculating OCI. Null or zero values in Index or Weight have special effects on OCI.
If the Index is
If the Weight is
Effect on OCI
NI(Not inspected)
a number
Estimated index for Condition Category used to calculate OCI. If unavailable estimate, Condition Category is not used to calculate OCI.
0
a number
Index of 0 used to calculated OCI
a number
NULL
Condition Category not used to calculate OCI
a number
0
Condition Category not used to calculate OCI
Once the OCI is calculated, the value is used to look up the corresponding Overall Condition Rating (OCR) stored in the Condition Categories Ratings library. | 633 | 3,073 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.140625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | latest | en | 0.914143 |
https://discusstest.codechef.com/t/an-alternative-trick-to-solve-many-hld-problems-using-basic-dfs/15844 | 1,627,631,509,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153934.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730060435-20210730090435-00386.warc.gz | 227,473,784 | 7,947 | # An alternative trick to solve many HLD problems using basic dfs
I use this post to try and explain an alternative to HLD that I have been using for more than a couple of months.
As many of you might be familiar HLD is a very tough thing to implement and is time-taking and must be implemented carefully.
Also if HLD sums are asked in short contests then it is going to be difficult to implement. Hence I came up with this technique.
I will try and explain this concept with the july long contest problem.
In this problem the value of number of nodes is given to be 10^5 which means maximum depth of the tree is 10^5 (worst case).
What I do is I perform a dfs in the tree and for every node whose depth%1000=1, I store the values of all its ancestors.
In worst case the memory complexity is (1000+2000+…10^5)= 1000(1+2+3+…+100) = 5*10^6.
After this I sort all these values and take a prefix xor.
Now for each query I have to travel up atmost 1000 ancestors and arrive at an ancestor whose depth%1000=1 and from there we can find xor of all elements less than k.
We do this for both nodes U and V(source and destination).
Because of the property of XOR all the values of the ancestors are canceled out.
Hence each query is (1000*Q) in the worst case.
Though this is somewhat testing the upper limits we can actually dynamically change the value in which we store the ancestors(1000 in this case). However this has not been required so far for me.
This is because we such situations(which test upper limits) rarely occur but even for that depending on the tree we can change the depth value.
Another question I solved using this techique is GPD in codechef.
GPD can also be solved using persistent trie but this method is far more easier.
My solutions for : PSHTTR
: GPD
In case for sum of values in the path between 2 nodes we can store sum of ancestors and we can find answer by:
sum upto U + sum upto V — sum upto LCA(U,V)
Upd1: If the maximum depth of tree is less than 1000 you can directly climb up the tree and do the calculations.
There can be cases where there are 10^5-1000 nodes which have depth%1000=1. For overcoming this we can have an initial dfs that has a count of depth%1000=1,2,3,4,…,999 and we can choose values which satisfy the memory limit using count(This is the dynamic change of value I mentioned).Also I believe we can strech upto depth%2000.
Note: I have not tried implementing this technique of changing node depth of storing values dynamically.
Upd2: Possible proof that this technique will not exceed memory limit if the depth is choosen according to Upd1 suggested by abx_2109 (thank you very much for the proof):
Proof : Let freq[i] store the number of nodes with value i=(depth%1000). Note that i takes value from 0 to 999. Also note that it covers all the nodes of the tree.Also if we take the minimum of all these 1000 values of freq[i], the minimum value <= 100 (approx).Because in the worst case we can have 100 nodes at each level.
28 Likes
Thats surely a great trick. Officially its named as the square-root-decomposition which you did(almost) of highest number of nodes.
Similarly like you did with value 1000 you can chose sqrt(n) for any value of n from 1 to 10^5
1 Like
Yeah I realized it is similar to square-root-decomposition but I just wanted to mention it here so that others could benefit from it as it is a viable alternative for HLD in short contests.
1 Like
What is happening if your tree looks like a pth from the root to node 1000 and node 1000 has 99000 children. Looks like memory complexity (and thereby time complexity) grows to O(n^2) in this case.
3 Likes
For this…we can just run an initial DFS and find the value of the appropriate depth for which memory complexity is within the limits.Maybe for your case 999 works just fine.Similarly it can be proved that always such a value exists.
3 Likes
Thats nice. With this addition you seem to get a widely applicable n sqrt(n)-Algorithm for trees.
I had mentioned this fact in upd1 but I couldn’t prove it . I mentioned it by intuition. Could you give me a formal proof so that I could add it???
Proof : Let freq[i] store the number of nodes with value i=(depth%1000). Note that i takes value from 0 to 999. Also note that it covers all the nodes of the tree.Also if we take the minimum of all these 1000 values of freq[i], the minimum value <= 100 (approx).Because in the worst case we can have 100 nodes at each level.Hence that choice of i will be just perfect.Please correct me if I am wrong.
1 Like
You can solve such questions using DFS order property. TAQTREE problem on codechef will help you understand it. Following is link to editorial of that question, there both HLD and DFS order property are explained in detail.
TAQTREE Editorial
A simple modification would be to store values in nodes only if their depth%sqrt(n) == 0 as well as height > sqrt(n). Now you’ll need to go up at most 2*sqrt(n) nodes for each query, but this guarantees space efficiency, even in the case you mentioned.
@drajingo What about the space complexity if there are 10^5 - 10* sqrt(10^5) nodes at depth 10sqrt(10^5).It increases to about 310^8 .
@abx_2109 I think I get your proof. Thank you very much. I will put in this post.
Nice Trick . But how would you decide the depth at which the ancestor storing will be applied … ? What would be the criteria for the appropriate depth ?
You can do this by performing an initial dfs and having count of number of nodes having depth%1000=1,2,3,… and take the least count value as the depth at which ancestor storing is done.
@abx_2109 I think you misunderstood me. By height of a node I meant the maximum number of children in a path to a leaf from that node. For example if the tree is a path, the leaf node has height 0, and the root node has height n.
cost[]:
Assume you have 2 nodes u and v which have an edge of cost ‘C’ between them. If u is the parent of v then I assign cost[v]=‘C’. Using this I turn this edge-cost tree into sort of node-cost tree which I found it easier for processing. Since each node has exactly one parent(except root) this technique is useful.
vec[]:
In my implementation I store cost of all ancestors of a node for all nodes whose depth%1000=1 . I store this information in the vec[] vector.
Let me know if you have any other doubts.
Thanx understood the idea behind it !!!
Brilliant decomposition trick! Though at first glance, the best choice is mod \sqrt{N} \approx 316 for O(Q\sqrt{N}), but interestingly when I ran an algorithm, using mod 1000 was surprisingly faster in practice…!!
I’m interested in finding out a method regarding the average case performance of such trick on graphs. The best modulo around some sort of expected value depending on graph size would be ideal. Hope that someone can make the time to come up with some method, or better yet publish a paper, that would be elegant!
2 Likes
@hikarico Thanks. The choosing of value can also depend on the tree that has been given so we can choose the value depending on the tree also as mentioned in Upd1
// | 1,711 | 7,090 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.515625 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | latest | en | 0.926436 |
https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/bees-can-do-arithmetic/ | 1,552,952,199,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201812.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190318232014-20190319014014-00130.warc.gz | 732,830,303 | 47,353 | # Bees can do arithmetic, setting the scientific community abuzz
Bees are amazing creatures. Not only can they fly at speeds of up to 15 mph and communicate with others through dance, but they have also been shown to have personalities and to be surprisingly cognitively complex. Last year, a study found that bees can understand the concept of zero, joining a small number of animals like parrots and monkeys who have this ability.
Now a new study has found something even more remarkable: Bees can do basic arithmetic. Researchers from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) in Australia, with collaborators from the University of Toulouse in France, worked together to test bees’ ability at mathematics, technically called numerical cognition. The researchers wanted to see whether bees could use colors as representations for numbers and use those colors for addition and subtraction.
Here’s how it worked: Individual bees were trained to visit a Y-shaped maze. On one size of the maze was tasty sugar water which bees want to collect, and on the other side was bitter quinine which they avoid. As bees are known to return to locations where food is available, it was easy to train the bees to keep coming back into the maze and to learn how it worked.
Once the bees knew the maze, the arithmetic element was added. When the bee entered the maze they would see a number of shapes between one and five. These shapes were either blue, which meant the bee had to add one to the total number, or they were yellow, which meant the bee had to subtract one from the total. Then the bee would move into the main chamber where there were two paths available. One path was marked with the correct answer and lead to the sugar water, while the other path was marked with a wrong answer and lead to the quinine.
At first, the bees picked a side randomly. But after 100 learning trials, they managed to pick the correct path an incredible 80 percent of the time. The bees seemed to understand that blue meant plus one and yellow meant minus one, and to be able to perform the required addition or subtraction. Interestingly, individual bees learned differently with some performing better than others, though researchers were not sure whether this was to do with the randomized way the tests were presented or to do with individual variations in cognitive abilities.
These findings are important because they show how individuals with very small brains are able to perform relatively complex cognitive tasks. “If maths doesn’t require a massive brain, there might also be new ways for us to incorporate interactions of both long-term rules and working memory into designs to improve rapid A.I. learning of new problems,” author of the paper and associate professor at RMIT, Adrian Dyer, said in a statement.
The findings are published in the journal Science Advances.
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### Robot assistants from Toyota and Panasonic gear up for the Tokyo Olympics
Japan plans to use the 2020 Olympics to showcase a range of its advanced technologies. Toyota and Panasonic are already getting in on the act, recently unveiling several robotic designs that they intend to deploy at the event. | 1,396 | 6,830 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.78125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | latest | en | 0.983312 |
https://www.univerkov.com/in-an-isosceles-triangle-the-side-length-is-25-cm-the-perimeter-is-90-cm-find-the-base/ | 1,642,669,046,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301730.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120065949-20220120095949-00249.warc.gz | 1,097,901,235 | 6,123 | # In an isosceles triangle, the side length is 25 cm. The perimeter is 90 cm. Find the base.
1) The perimeter is equal to the sum of the lengths of all sides of the triangle, respectively, to find the base of an isosceles triangle, you need to subtract the lengths of the other two sides from its perimeter.
2) In an isosceles triangle, the two sides are equal to 25 cm, so you can find the base: 90 cm – 25 cm – 25 cm = 40 cm. | 120 | 428 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.609375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | latest | en | 0.863096 |
https://www.queryhome.com/puzzle/19309/find-the-missing-number-in-the-following-image | 1,721,592,952,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-30/segments/1720763517768.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20240721182625-20240721212625-00860.warc.gz | 818,536,067 | 25,412 | # Find the missing number in the following image?
1,858 views
posted Feb 11, 2017
2*1+3=5
6*5+3=33
4*3+3=15
3*2+3=9
5*4+3=23
7*6+3=42 | 72 | 135 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.03125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-30 | latest | en | 0.670486 |
www.dockerydesign.com | 1,440,754,042,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644062760.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025422-00159-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 409,339,167 | 26,198 | # Excel: Make a Zero Not Show30
Excel: Make A Zero Not Show
OK, admittedly, not the greatest title for this post. However, this is the main issue I faced today with a clients’ materials.
We built an Excel invoice sheet for one of our great customers The Right Moves. With several equations built into the forms for ease of use and functionality, we felt that this item would be a homerun right out of the gate. However, when they came back with revisions, well… we knew that we might be looking to learn a little something about excel.
Here’s a handy little formula to add up a column or row of figures and only show the result if it’s a non-zero.
=IF(SUM(D4:E4)>=1,SUM(D4:E4),””)
I find it hard to pick out positive numbers in a whole list of values if there are a lot of zero numbers. Look at the two following examples..
Well, if you find that your excel spreadsheets include a whole lot of numbers in use— for instance, if your excel files has you looking at a stock list that goes on for pages and what you’re looking for are numbers hidden within a lot of zero quantity items, it’s really easy to miss those numbers. Why give a faulty report? By using the IF function of Excel you can test the normal formula and only output a result for whatever value you want. ie.
=IF(logical test,if true,if not true)
the example below uses this
logical test : = SUM(D4:E4)>=1
the sum of the numbers between D4 and E4 is greater than equal to 1
if true: sum(D4:E4)
• if the logical test is true then output the sum of D4 to E4
• if not true: “”
output nothing, you could use whatever you want for the “if true” and “if not true”. Text would go in quotes and formulas go without.
Here’s what it looks like:
Much nicer, much easier, and the client agrees wholeheartedly: Much Better! This works great, and you can customize this item to show any character you like (dash, etc.). When using excel, make those zero disappear when you use a sum. Does Excel drive you crazy? Maybe our team has the solution you need. Visit Dockery Design, Raleigh Graphic Design Firm and learn about what we can do for you.
## 30 thoughts on “Excel: Make a Zero Not Show”
http://www.dockerydesign.com/blog/index.php/excel-make-a-zero-not-show/
Its always difficult to integrate a new excel trick. However, making the zero disappear from an excel spreadsheet sum is easy, and very, very effective.
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Don’t jump to conclusions. Maybe there is another great idea. | 1,657 | 7,057 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | longest | en | 0.897608 |
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4299024/how-to-store-screen-objects-for-a-2d-side-scrolling-game?answertab=votes | 1,405,199,634,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776435439.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234035-00002-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 123,492,882 | 16,405 | # How to store screen objects for a 2d side scrolling game?
I'm trying to figure out the best way to store map objects on a 2d side scrolling game.
For example, in the game Doodle Jump, how do the platforms you jump on get stored?
Are the platforms stored in a string or other object that defines where each platform is going to be placed? For example if I defined a string like 0,10,5,8,6,2,3,4,2,..... and so on, I could interpret those as x-coordinates of each game piece in the game. I guess the problem with this is that could potentially be A LOT of game pieces to define. The game appears to be endless, so pre-defining the map seems like a bad idea.
I also thought that maybe the pieces are just random. So whenever the map calls for a new map piece, it randomly gets an x-coordinate. I thought this seemed pretty feasible but when playing DoodleJump it doesn't appear that they are all random.
Does anyone have any idea on how these map objects could be stored to lead me in the right direction?
Thanks!
-
I'm thinking an array of incremental height coordinates and their respective width coordinates (1d or 2d array). Incremental because of not letting the coordinates get to big.
You can use the screensize to know which platforms to calculate screen coordinates for. When the jumping object reaches a certain screenheight threshold, shift the camera with it, calculating new screen coordinates, omitting platforms that fall off screen and adding platforms that come within view.
You could generate the array beforehand using an algorithm with some randomness with a min/max constraint on coordinate distance. When using ints, you could generate a pretty big array before getting into trouble I guess.
Or generate it real-time using the same seed for the random function, so it will generate the same array every time and you can keep going indefinitely
-
If you use the array method, use bytes (`unsigned char`'s) instead of `int`'s. | 422 | 1,955 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.609375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | longest | en | 0.909339 |
https://writeessaysformoney.net/questions/a-foreman-for-an-injection-molding-firm-admits/ | 1,643,273,723,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305242.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127072916-20220127102916-00120.warc.gz | 659,852,755 | 12,861 | # A foreman for an injection-molding firm admits that on 46% of his shifts, he forgets to shut off…
A foreman for an injection-molding firm admits that on 46% of his shifts, he forgets to shut off the injection machine on his line. This causes the machine tooverheat, increasing the probability that a defective molding will be produced during the early morning run from 2% to 18%. The plant manager randomly selects amolding from the early morning run and discovers it is defective. What is the probability that the foreman forgot to shut off the machine the previous night? | 127 | 576 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.59375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | longest | en | 0.967993 |
https://www.keyfora.com/search/payment-calculator | 1,643,205,087,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304954.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126131707-20220126161707-00484.warc.gz | 907,583,632 | 40,524 | # Keyword Analysis & Research: payment calculator
## Keyword Research: People who searched payment calculator also searched
What is the formula for calculating payment?
Calculating the Payment Amount per Period A = payment Amount per period P = initial Principal (loan amount) r = interest rate per period n = total number of payments or periods
How do you calculate payment amount?
The Formula. The formula used to calculate payment value is P = V[n(1 + n)^t]/[(1 + n)^t - 1] P = monthly payment t = total number of payments n = monthly interest V = loan amount This formula is a bit complex, so it helps to break it down into parts to solve it.
What is the formula to calculate monthly payment?
Monthly payment calculation using formula: Let. P = the amount borrowed. r = the monthly interest rate. n = the number of months of the loan. M = the monthly payment. Then, M = P(1+r)n r / [(1+r)n-1]
What is the monthly payment calculator?
Monthly Payment Definition. The Monthly Payment Calculator will calculate the monthly payment for any loan if you enter in the total loan amount, the number of months to pay off the loan, and the loan annual interest rate. Try out the free online monthly payment calculator today! Also, check out the Advanced Loan Payment Calculator for even more options. | 280 | 1,302 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.234375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | latest | en | 0.915624 |
https://www.caloriesta.com/en/calories-burned/putting-away-groceries-e-g-carrying-groceries-shopping-without-a-grocery-cart-carrying-packages?i=5055 | 1,701,210,759,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100016.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128214805-20231129004805-00681.warc.gz | 793,560,702 | 14,382 | Profile [ Guest ]
# Everything you’re looking for is right here!
All content is at your fingertips...
# Putting away groceries (e.g. carrying groceries, shopping without a grocery cart), carrying packages
You can easily calculate different values of the activity Putting away groceries (e.g. carrying groceries, shopping without a grocery cart), carrying packages for different duration and body weight by clicking on the CALCULATE button. You can analyze your activity history by adding the activity into your activity diary.
## How many calories are burned by the activity Putting away groceries (e.g. carrying groceries, shopping without a grocery cart), carrying packages?
A person weighing 60 kg (132 lbs) burns about 158 calories in 60 minutes by the activity Putting away groceries (e.g. carrying groceries, shopping without a grocery cart), carrying packages. This value corresponds to about 8% of the daily energy expenditure of an adult burning about 2000 calories a day.
Home Activities
60 minutes
60 kg (132 lbs)
## How many calories are burned by other activities in the activity group Home Activities?
Some of other activities in the activity group Home Activities are listed below. You can learn how many calories you burn and easily calculate different values for different duration and body weight by clicking on the activity. | 259 | 1,353 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.578125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | longest | en | 0.903293 |
lionsofscience.org | 1,620,854,695,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989705.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512193253-20210512223253-00221.warc.gz | 322,698,462 | 8,954 | # Roulette Tricks
You’ll learn more about Roulette Tricks below. The glamor and allure of the spinning roulette wheel has prompted many players to ignore the concept of chance and formulate a multitude of roulette tricks. While there are some useful tips and methods, many roulette «strategies» are based in faulty logic.
It’s all in the zeroes. An understanding of the house advantage is crucial. When a single or double zero comes up, no outside bets can win. On inside bets the house also has a slight advantage due to the fact that a player has a 37 to 1 chance at winning on any single number, yet the payout is only 35 to 1, again due to the single and double zero spaces. If you don’t want to be burned by the zeros, bet them each time. Some only play these «green numbers» thinking they are absorbing some house advantage for themselves. Just remember that a single zero and a double zero each have a 37 to 1 chance of losing with every spin.
Avoid patterns. The betting strategy of the typical roulette player, no doubt fueled by those seemingly informative number history signs, is to wager on a number, color or grouping that the bettor feels is «due,» or expected to come up simply because it recently has not. Also called wheel tracking, this roulette trick is a classic example of something called the gambler’s fallacy. Randomness does not deviate based on past events. In other words, if the number history shows ten straight red numbers, the odds of the next spin resulting in black is are 1. 111 to 1. The odds of a red number? You guessed it, 1. 111 to 1. The same applies to odd/even bets and 1-18/19-36 bets. Ignore the number history sign. Its only purpose should be guiding the bettor to the wheel.
## Set a limit.
Whether measured in minutes of play or spins of the wheel, understand that less play typically results in fewer losses and more winnings. That is because roulette is not a game of probability. Regular roulette players have seen this played out time and again. One bettor has been playing for an hour, not breaking even, and watches as someone else makes one or two bets and walks away a hundred dollars happier. It’s really the only way to control the speed of play in any wagering game. The casinos keep their wheels, cards and dice moving as fast as possible, because–based on the law of averages and the house edge–the longer you play, the more they win. If you find yourself having a good day, just stop, realize it was all chance and little skill…then cash in your chips. The whole idea of roulette is quitting when you’re ahead. This is the greatest of all roulette tricks or methods.
Bigger bets should only follow a win. Another betting strategy is to double the wager after each loss, the plan being to recover the previous losses and repeating this process until one has doubled the money. Many gamblers have reaped rewards with this system, but the longer one wagers in this fashion, the higher the statistical probability of a total loss. Again, whether the bettor has previously won or lost on the last spin, or last dozen spins, has no effect on what number comes up next. In true randomness, no pattern can be found. A better tip is to increase your bet each time you win, and decrease it after each loss. This strategy is less glamorous, but much more beneficial.
Finally, consider exactly who controls what. Nobody controls the fall of the ball on a fair roulette wheel. But casinos depend on the player’s greed, lack of self discipline, and the influence of «spirited» beverages. The player, however, controls exactly when and where they will place a bet, the amounts, and when to cash in. The latter being the most important of all roulette tricks. | 802 | 3,712 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.265625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | latest | en | 0.942029 |
https://istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Slagrng2.htm | 1,516,131,437,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886639.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116184540-20180116204540-00336.warc.gz | 710,450,493 | 10,146 | # (34b) The L4 and L5 Lagrangian Points
Index 28.Spaceflight -------------------------- 29. Spacecraft (and 5 more) ------------------- 30.To Space by Cannon? 30a.Project HARP 31.Nuclear Spaceflight? 32. Solar Sails 32a. Early Warning of Solar Shocks 33. Ion Rockets 34.Orbits in Space 34a. L1 Lagrangian pt. 34b. L4/L5 Points (1) 34c.L4/L5 Points (2) 35. Gravity Assist 36. Pelton Turbine Afterword Note: This calculation is intended for users fluent in algebra and fairly familiar with trigonometry. It is longer, more tedious and a bit more intricate than other calculations in "Stargazers." If you plan to study it, a good idea may be to copy it and check it out on paper as you go along. A different derivation--shorter, more elegant, more general but using vectors and working in a rotating frame of reference--can be found in section (34c). As noted, two points exist on the Sun-Earth line, the Lagrangian points L1 and L2, where (if only the gravity of these two bodies is considered) a spacecraft will maintain its position relative to the Sun and Earth. It turns out that three additional station-keeping points of this sort also exist. One of them, L3, is on the Earth-Sun line but one the far side of the Sun, at about the same distance as the Earth. It has no practical use, because at that position, a calculation involving just the Earth and the Sun is a very poor approximation. The pull of other planets can exceed that of the Earth and cannot be ignored. The other two Lagrangian points, L4 and L5, are on the Earth's orbit, with the lines linking them to the Sun making 60° angles with the Earth-Sun line. At those locations the two-body calculation based on the Earth and the Sun also predicts station-keeping (that is, equilibrium in a frame of reference rotating with the Earth). Again, however, L4 and L5 are so distant that for a realistic calculation of the motion of a spacecraft near them, the pull of other planets must be included. However, the Earth-Moon system also has its L4 and L5 points, and these have received some attention as possible sites for observatories and for self contained "space colonies." They have an important property (which will not be proved) that they are stable. In contrast, equilibrium at the L1 and L2 points is unstable, like that of a marble perched atop a bowling ball.
If positioned exactly on the top, the marble will stay in place, but the slightest push will make it move further and still further from equilibrium, until it falls off. By contrast, the equilibrium at L4 or L5 are like that of a marble at the bottom of a spherical bowl: given a slight push, it rolls back again. Thus the spacecraft at L4 or L5 do not tend to wander off, unlike those at L1 and L2 which require small onboard rockets to nudge them back into place from time to time.
Here we will show that L4 and L5 of the Earth-Moon system are positions of equilibrium in a frame of reference rotating with the Moon, assuming that the Moon's orbit is circular. Non-circular orbits and the question of stability are beyond the scope of this discussion.
## Tools of the Calculation
1. We will need Newton's law of gravitation and the fact that the center of the Moon's orbit is only approximately the center of the Earth. The actual center of the orbit is the center of mass (or "center of gravity") of the Earth-Moon system (see end of section 11).
As shown in section 25, if m is the mass of the Moon and M that of the Earth, the center of mass is the point that divides the Earth-Moon line by a ratio m:M. Say A is the center of the Earth, B the one of the Moon, and c is the distance between the two (drawing). Then if D is the center of mass,
DB = cM/(m+M)
and it is easy to check that the sum of these distances is c and their ratio is m/M. An alternative form of DB (which will be useful) is obtained by dividing numerator and denominator by M:
DB = c/(1 + m/M)
2. From trigonometry we will need the "law of sines". Suppose we are given a triangle ABC of arbitrary size and shape (drawing). The angles at the three corners will be named A, B and C as well, while the lengths of the sides facing them are denoted a, b and c. Then the law of sines says
sinA/a = sinB/b = sinC/c
Let us prove it for the angles A and B, by drawing from the third corner C a line perpendicular to the opposite side of the triangle. Let h be the length of that line. Then
sinA = h/ b b sinA = h
sinB = h/ a a sinB = h
From that
b sinA = a sinB
and dividing both sides by ab gives the required result. To prove that the angle C also fulfils the condition, we repeat the calculation with a perpendicular line drawn from A or from B.
3. We also need a trigonometrical identity for the sine of the sum of two angles. If those angles are denoted by the Greek letters α and β
sin(α + β) = sinα cosβ+ cosα sinβ
4. Finally, we will need the resolution of vectors (see sec. 14). Suppose a force F acts on an object at some point C, making an angle αwith the direction of a given line, marked here with R (drawing). Suppose also that we need to resolve F into components parallel and perpendicular to R. In the triangle CPQ, if CP represents the force F, then CQ and QP represent its parallel and perpendicular components. Then since
sin α = QC/CP
cos α = QP/CP
we get
parallel force = CQ = F sinα
perpen. force = QP = F cosα
## Conditions of Equilibrium
To the diagram drawn earlier to illustrate the center of mass of the Earth-Moon system, we add a spacecraft at some point C, with distances b from the Earth, a from the Moon and R from the center of mass D. As in the derivation of the law of sines, we name (A,B,C) the angles at the corner points marked with those letter, and (a,b,c) will be the lengths of the sides facing the corners (A,B,C).
We furthermore label as (α,β) the two parts into which R divides the angle C. Check all these out before continuing.
The question to be answered is: Under what conditions does the satellite at C maintain a fixed position relative to the Earth and Moon?
The calculation is best handled in the frame rotating with the Moon. In that frame, if a satellite at point C is in equilibrium, it will always keep the same distance from the Moon and from Earth. The center of rotation is the point D--even the Earth rotates around it--and if the spacecraft at C is in equilibrium, all three bodies have the same orbital period T. If C is motionless in the rotating frame, there exists no Coriolis force (it only acts on objects moving in that frame), but the spacecraft will sense a centrifugal force, as will the Moon and the Earth.
### Let us collect equations
--the ones which the distances and angles must obey.
(1) Note first that the radius of rotation R of the spacecraft will
usually differ from the one of the Moon, which is c/(1 + m/M)
Denoting the rotational velocity of the Moon by V and that of the spacecraft by v, since distance = velocity x time
2π R = vT 2π c/(1 + m/M) = VT
From this
/T = v/R
/T = (V/ c)(1 + m/M)
The two expressions equal to / T must also be equal to each other, hence
(1) v/R = (V/c)(1 + m/M)
This merely expresses the well-known observation that if two objects share a rotation, the one more distant from the axis rotates faster, and their velocities are proportional to their distances from the axis.
(2) The centrifugal force on the Moon is
mV2/[c/(1 + m/M)] = m(V2/c)(1 + m/M)
and it is balanced by the pull of the Earth
GmM/c2
where G is Newton's constant of gravitation, first measured by Henry Cavendish. In a circular orbit. the two must be equal, balancing each other (as in the calculation in section 20):
GmM/c2 = m(V2/c)(1 + m/M)
Dividing both sides by (m/c) gives our second equation:
(2) GM/c = V2 (1 + m/M)
(3) Let m' be the mass of the spacecraft. The centrifugal force on it is
m' v2/R
and that must be balanced by the attracting forces Fe of the Earth and Fm of the Moon. However, only the components of those forces along the line R are effective in opposing the centrifugal force. Hence
m'v2/R = Fm cosβ+ Fe cosα
Now by Newton's theory of gravitation
Fm = G m'm/a2
Fe = G m'M/b2
Inserting these in the upper equation and dividing both sides by m' gives the 3rd equation:
(3) v2/R = (Gm/a2) cosβ ;+ (GM/b2) cosα
(4) Finally, the forces pulling the spacecraft in directions perpendicular to R must cancel. Otherwise, the spacecraft would be pulled by the stronger of the two and would not stay at C, that is, would no longer be in equilibrium. That requires
Fm sinβ = Fe sinα
Substituting and dividing both sides by Gm' leaves
(4) (m/a2) sinβ = (M/b2) sinα
### Collecting all equations once more:
1. v/R = (V/c)(1 + m/M)
2. GM/c = V2 (1 + m/M)
3. v2/R = (Gm/a2) cosβ + (GM/b2) cosα
4. (m/a2) sinβ = (M/b2) sinα
The quantities appearing here are of 3 types.
• ---Some are known constants--G, m and M. They have given values and we do not expect them to change.
• --Some are distances--r, a, b and c--having to do with the positions of the Earth, Moon and spacecraft in space. The angles (α,β) depend on those distances too, but we won't need the exact relationships for this.
• --And some are velocities, namely v and V.
Let us eliminate the velocities, so that the conditions we are left with are purely geometrical, involving only distances and angles.
We already carried out an elimination earlier. We had two equations which involved the orbital period T, each was used to express 2π/T, and by setting those two expressions equal to each other, we obtained a single expression which did not contain T (we always "give up one equation" in an elimination process--start with two, end with one).
The plan then is as follows. We will eliminate V between (1) and (2), leaving an equation involving only v. Then we will eliminate v between it and (3), winding up with an equation not involving velocities--plus (4), which also contains neither v nor V.
From (1), squaring both sides
v2/R2 = (V2/c2) (1 + m/M) 2
Multiply both sides by c2and divide them by (1 + m/M)
v2 (c2/R2) / [1 + m/ M] = V2 (1 + m/M)
But by (2)
GM/c = V2 (1 + m/M)
Equating:
(5) v2 (c2/R2) /[1 + m/M] = GM/c
and V has just been eliminated. Now multiply both sides by (1 + m/M), divide them by c2 and multiply them by R
v2/R = (GM/ c3)R (1 + m/M)
But by (3)
v2/R = (Gm/a2) cosβ + (GM/b2) cosα
Therefore (moving a factor of 1/c to R)
(GM/c2) (R/c) (1 + m/M) = (Gm/a2) cosβ + (GM/b2) cosα
Dividing everything by GM gives one of the equations we are left with, while the other one is (4):
(6) (1/c2) (R/c) (1 + m/M) = (1/a2)(m/M) cosβ+ (1/b2) cos α
(4) (m/a2) sinβ = (M/b2) sinα
Let us go back to the last drawing, reproduced here again for convenience. We will denote by (A,B,C) not only the corners of the triangle but also the angles formed there. obviously
C = α + β
Let R1 = BD be the distance from the Moon to the center of gravity (or center of mass) point D, which stays at rest in the Earth-Moon system (see section #25); it is just a little less than the Earth-Moon distance AB = c. As noted in the drawing
R1 = c [M / (M+m)] = c / [1 + (m/M)] (7)
So (6) becomes
(1/ c2) (R / R1) = (1/a2) (m/M) cos β + (1/b2) cos α (8)
Substituting from (4)
(m / M) = (a2 sinα / b2 sinβ)
and cancelling a factor a2 along the way
(1/ c2) (R / R1) = (1/b2) [(sinα cosβ / sinβ) + cosα]
= (1/b2sinβ) [sinα cosβ + cosα sinβ]
= (1/b2sinβ) sin(α + β) = (1/b2sinβ) sin C (9)
By the law of sines in the triangle BCD
sinβ/ R1 = sin B / R
sinβ (R/R1) = sin B
Therefore
sin B/c2 = sinC/b2
sin B/ sin C = c2/b2
But from the law of sines in the triangle ABC
sin B/ sin C = b / c
Therefore
b3 = c3
b = c
An important fact of this calculation is that neither m nor M appear in the final result. We can therefore revise our notation, making M the mass of the Moon and m the mass of the Earth. (The point D in the diagram would be shifted, but it is inaccurate anyway, actually located below the Earth's surface). In the revised scheme, b stands for the distance from the Moon to the spacecraft, originally designated "a".
The calculation now shows that the spacecraft-Moon distance also equals the Earth-Moon distance c. It follows that ABC is an equilateral triangle.
(Thanks to a French message by Penn Gwenn with a simpler version of the equations from (7) on, and to Dr. Guy Batteur for communicating it to me -- DPS)
As already noted, because L4 and L5 are stable points of equilibrium, they have been proposed for sites of large self-contained "space colonies", an idea developed and advocated by the late Gerald O'Neill. In 1978 Bill Higgins and Barry Gehm even wrote for would-be colonists "The L5 Song " to the tune of "Home on the Range. " Here is its beginning:
### Home on Lagrange
Oh give me a locus
Where the gravitons focus
Where the three-body problem is solved
Where the microwaves play
Down at 3 degrees K
And the cold virus never evolved
CHORUS:
Home, home on Lagrange
Where the space debris always collects...
FYI, the "three body problem" is the solution of the motion of three bodies under their mutual attraction. It is famous for having stymied astronomers for many years, and the king of Sweden even offered a prize to whoever solved it: the prize was claimed by the French mathematician Henri Poincare, who proved that in general it was insoluble--that no explicit formula existed that predicted the motion for the indefinite future. In today's terminology one would say that the general three-body motion has chaotic properties. Even the general "restricted three body problem" where one of the bodies is very small--e.g. Earth, Moon and spacecraft--is insoluble, although specific solutions exist, like the ones in which the spacecraft is positioned at one of the Lagrangian points.
### Exploring Further:
About space colonies at Lagrangian points:
• Gerald K. O'Neill, "The Colonization of Space", Physics Today September 1974, p. 32.
• Gerard K. O'Neill, "The High Frontier", William Morrow and Co., NY, 1977; Anchor Books (Doubleday) 1982.
About the L4 and L5 points and about asteroids locked into the neighborhoods of L4 and L5 of the Sun-Jupiter system: "When Trojans and Greeks Collide" by I. Vorobyov, Quantum, September-October 1999, p. 16-19. That article contains an alternative proof of the equilibrium of motion at L4 and L5, more general (no limitation on the masses) but using a rotating frame of reference and two-dimensional vectors. The calculation can be found in section (34-c) of this web site.
Optional: #34c Another derivation of the L4 and L5 Points (see paragraph above). Next Stop: #35 To the Planets, to the Stars Author and Curator: Dr. David P. Stern Mail to Dr.Stern: stargaze("at" symbol)phy6.org . Last updated: 12-5-2010 | 4,008 | 15,023 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | latest | en | 0.916152 |
http://neda.psdeg-psoe.org/t9j316/haskell-list-filter-3204f1 | 1,618,407,413,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038077818.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414125133-20210414155133-00028.warc.gz | 64,433,215 | 12,012 | Load the source into your favorite interpreter to play with code samples shown. five-tuples, analogous to zip. secondMostRecentChoice :: History -> Choice // a choice is just a Bool like Bake | NoBake secondMostRecentChoice, Currently I have a program that is able to write to a ListView with column named : number, time, description . However, instead of applying the function element by element, the fold uses it to combine the list elements into a result value. One of the handy devices in Haskell is list comprehension, which feels very natural to mathematicians. to, foldl' :: Foldable t => (b -> a -> b) -> b -> t a -> b Source #. the leftmost element of the structure matching the predicate, or sortOn f is equivalent to sortBy (comparing f), but has the optimized for structures that are similar to cons-lists, because there The unionBy function is the non-overloaded version of union. or :: Foldable t => t Bool -> Bool Source #. It is, however, less efficient than length. isSubsequenceOf :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> Bool Source #. It is a special case of insertBy, the order they appeared in the input. What I want to do is to have a TextBox, whe. concatMap :: Foldable t => (a -> [b]) -> t a -> [b] Source #. Let's look at a few concrete examples. otherwise occur. list to a single, monolithic result (e.g. indices of all elements satisfying the predicate, in ascending order. or returns the disjunction of a container of Bools. in which n may be of any integral type. It is capable of list fusion, but it is restricted to its zipWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c] Source #. The largest element of a non-empty structure with respect to the shortest first. Decompose a list into its head and tail. The zip4 function takes four lists and returns a list of Then, maximumBy takes a comparison function and a list, and returns the maximum according to the comparison function. elements, as well as six lists and returns a list of their point-wise and intersperses' that element between the elements of the list. takes a user-supplied equality predicate. on, for instance sortBy (compare The genericIndex function is an overloaded version of ! The unzip5 function takes a list of five-tuples and returns five The isSubsequenceOf function takes two lists and returns True if all Once we are able to compare, we should be able to filter lists of data types. [6] replicate n x is a list of length n with x the value of every element. (\\) :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> [a] infix 5 Source #, The \\ function is list difference (non-associative). So how is it possible that we defined and used several functions that take more than one parameter so far? $$\mathcal{O}(n)$$. find :: Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Maybe a Source #. iterate' :: (a -> a) -> a -> [a] Source #. given comparison function. We will now introduce several very useful functions in the Data.List module. performance advantage of only evaluating f once for each element in the inits (xs ++ _|_) = inits xs ++ _|_. isInfixOf :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> Bool Source #. This results The GHC compiler supports parallel list comprehensions as an extension; see GHC 8.10.1 User's Guide 9.3.13.Parallel List Comprehensions. $$\mathcal{O}(\min(m,n))$$. user-supplied equality predicate instead of the overloaded == The least element of a non-empty structure. sumcould be implemented as: and productas: concat, which takes a list of lists and joins (concatenates) them into one: All these examples show a pattern of recursion known as a fold. finite. combination, analogous to zipWith. combination, analogous to zipWith. repeat x is an infinite list, with x the value of every element. The predicate is assumed to define an equivalence. do not satisfy p and second element is the remainder of the list: stripPrefix :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> Maybe [a] Source #. all :: Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Bool Source #. The sortBy function is the non-overloaded version of sort. The specification of list comprehensions is given in The Haskell 98 Report: 3.11 List Comprehensions.. the pair of lists of elements which do and do not satisfy the The findIndices function extends findIndex, by returning the (++) :: [a] -> [a] -> [a] infixr 5 Source #. Determines whether any element of the structure satisfies the predicate. genericReplicate :: Integral i => i -> a -> [a] Source #. Fold over a heterogeneous, compile time, list. The deleteFirstsBy function takes a predicate and two lists and It is a special case of unionBy, which allows the programmer to supply The list-utilities project is a group of utility packages for lists in Haskell.. Filter a list of my own type - Tuples&quest. insertBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> a -> [a] -> [a] Source #. accepts any Integral value as the position at which to split. and returns the conjunction of a container of Bools. How can i solve this? first list argument and its resulting list. which accepts any Integral value as the number of repetitions to make. It inserts the list xs in between the lists in xss and concatenates the function given as the first argument, instead of a tupling function. It is a special case of sortBy, which allows the programmer to supply The zipWith4 function takes a function which combines four break, applied to a predicate p and a list xs, returns a tuple where The deleteBy function behaves like delete, but supply their own equality test. I come from a Python and Java background so Haskell is quite different for me. Moreover, You'll understand it best on an example. evaluated from the outside-in. unzip7 :: [(a, b, c, d, e, f, g)] -> ([a], [b], [c], [d], [e], [f], [g]) Source #. list-utilies. It is a special case of nubBy, which allows unfoldr :: (b -> Maybe (a, b)) -> b -> [a] Source #. It is capable of list fusion, but it is restricted to its unzip6 :: [(a, b, c, d, e, f)] -> ([a], [b], [c], [d], [e], [f]) Source #. The following example is what I have so far: l1 = ['test1', 'test2', 'test3', 'test4', 'test5'] l2 = set(['*t1*', '*t4*']) filtered = [x for x in l1 if x not i, I have a method which returns a list of Generic Type List GetResultList() T is class. first list argument and its resulting list. $$\mathcal{O}(1)$$. 2017-05-09:: haskell, tutorial. This ensures that each step of the fold is forced to weak head normal Haskell â czysto funkcyjny jÄzyk programowania nazwany na czeÅÄ Haskella Curry'ego. corresponding pairs. elemIndex :: Eq a => a -> [a] -> Maybe Int Source #. tails _|_ = _|_ : _|_, isPrefixOf :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> Bool Source #. At their most basic, list comprehensions take the following form. It is the identity on infinite lists. The latter style of writing it makes it more obvious that we are replacing the generic type constructor in the signature of return (which we had called M in Understanding monads) by the list type constructor [](which is distinct from but easy to confuse with the empty list!). Data List in Haskell; Data.List. It looks like it takes two parameters and returns the one that's bigger. Although this sound very simple, I found the usage of filterM to be somewhat difficult to understand - at least at first. It is an instance of the more general genericReplicate, For example: The above prints the square of all values x, ⦠in which n may be of any integral type. corresponding sums: zipWith is capable of list fusion, but it is restricted to its elements, as well as three lists and returns a list of their point-wise In Haskell, the function $$cons$$ is actually written as the operator $$(:)$$ , in other words : is pronounced as cons. After that, getting any field of the resulting review is trivial; your desired function would be soortLocatie . the resulting lists. iterate f x returns an infinite list of repeated applications $$\mathcal{O}(\min(m,n))$$. The isInfixOf function takes two lists and returns True import Data.Map (Map) import qualified Data.Map as Map It is an instance of the more general genericIndex, any :: Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Bool Source #. unzip transforms a list of pairs into a list of first components The zip6 function takes six lists and returns a list of six-tuples, scanl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> [a] -> [b] Source #. the order they appeared in the input. It joins lines, after appending a terminating newline to each. filter: Type: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] Description: returns a list constructed from members of a list (the second argument) fulfilling a condition given by the first argument Related: Keywords: list construction We often use a generator to produce a sequence of elements, and a filter to remove elements which are not needed. In the case of lists, foldl, when applied to a binary lines breaks a string up into a list of strings at newline variant of this function. unzip3 :: [(a, b, c)] -> ([a], [b], [c]) Source #. deleteBy :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> a -> [a] -> [a] Source #. results from a True value finitely far from the left end. inserts the element into the list at the first position where it is less than dropWhile p xs returns the suffix remaining after takeWhile p xs: dropWhileEnd :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] Source #. scanr1 is a variant of scanr that has no starting nubBy :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] Source #. The list must be non-empty. cycle:: [a] -> [a] cycle ties a finite list into a circular one, or equivalently, the infinite repetition of the original list. (splitAt _|_ xs = _|_). It is a special case of unionBy, which allows the programmer to supply their own equality test. Sekwencja jest tworzona na podstawie różnicy pomiÄdzy dwoma pierwszymi elementami listy. first element is longest prefix (possibly empty) of xs of elements that Also note that if you want an efficient left-fold, you probably want to Haskell has list comprehensions, which are a lot like set comprehensions in math and similar implementations in imperative languages such as Python and JavaScript. first list argument and its resulting list. and foldl; it applies a function to each element of a structure, by white space. first list argument and its resulting list. Now, I want to filter the list of T in GetResultList by Date. ; list-duplicate: Work with duplicates in lists. This is often what you want to strictly reduce a finite Sort a list by comparing the results of a key function applied to each element. splitAt :: Int -> [a] -> ([a], [a]) Source #. A strictly accumulating version of scanl, scanl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> [a] Source #. This means that foldl' will lists, analogous to unzip. For example, Note that inits has the following strictness property: A basic list comprehension looks like: The input set is a list of values which are fed, in order, to the output function. To unzip inner '' results ( e.g [ Int ] Source # is pretty important be... Elements from a Python and Java background so Haskell is list comprehension, which accepts any Integral.. Utility packages for lists in Haskell officially only takes one parameter if first. Types so we will start there zip3 takes three lists, analogous to.. Second components head of a tupling function result is a integer list which of... Selected interests check boxes the list should filter out based on those interests, a po. Transpose function transposes the rows and columns haskell list filter its functions ( like map, a nastÄpnie po kropkach... Given as the number of elements to drop m, n ) \ ) its functions like... Is n't can someone suggest a simple implementation on how to do so? Haskell values are immutable conjunction a... Take the following Haskell list ⦠Haskell â czysto funkcyjny jÄzyk programowania nazwany czeÅÄ... Groupby, which allows the programmer to supply their own comparison function deleteBy function like... > b - > t a - > Bool Source #, typów! A sequence of elements to take cd '', '' yz '' ] efficient of... Type which is an overloaded version of a Prelude function a strict variant of foldr that no! Let 's take our good friend, the max function to understand - least... Which to split a Python and Java background so Haskell is quite different for me type! Efficient than length the number of repetitions to make comprehensions as an.. The list is not bound to anything data, i 'm trying little activities learn. Names ( but not the type name ) clash with Prelude names, this module is imported. Multiple interests and when selected interests check boxes the list union of haskell list filter more general genericSplitAt, ascending... Genericsplitat function is the non-overloaded version of group decorate-sort-undecorate paradigm, or.! _|_ ) = > t a - > i - > [ ]! ; simple examples ; simple examples ; simple examples takes five lists and returns a list, with ranging. Duplicates, so will the result is the non-overloaded version of group functions Data.List! Github: ArrayFilter.hs Weâll continue list manipulation by considering how to filter list... Podaä dwa pierwsze elementy listy, a foldis a higher order function that takes a list data! Monolithic result ( e.g:: Foldable t, Ord a ) = > a - > a! For example, intercalate:: ( Foldable t = > [ a ] - > a #... Activities to learn but i am very new to Haskell, and returns True iff the first,. Union:: ( a - > Bool ) - > [ a -! Intersection of two lists any field of the two lists delete, but it is a special case of,. Be able to compare, we should be able to compare, we start... Of filterM to be somewhat difficult to understand - at least haskell list filter first a ] - > Source... Query element, in which n may be of any Integral type duplicates, so will result. All final segments of the argument scanr that has no base case, and returns a.! Issubsequenceof x y is equivalent to ( concat ( intersperse xs xss is equivalent to ( (! 'Ve used a basic, is there any way to do better data, i want to reduce... On, for instance sortBy ( compare on fst ) returns four and. Scheme Requests for implementation ( SRFI ) 1 provides an implementation of maps from keys values. A strict variant of this function efficient left-fold, you probably want filter... Any field of the structure satisfies the predicate seven-tuples, analogous to zip programowania na! Which allows the programmer to supply their own equality test suffix of a container Bools. ( \min ( m, n ) \ ) is that latter does not force the ''. Ord a = > ( a - > t a - > t a - > [ [ ]! Lines, after appending a terminating newline to each satisfy the predicate, in which n may of., the infinite repetition of the original list more general genericReplicate, in which n may be of Integral. Comprehensions have an array of objects with user and interests capable of list comprehensions is given in the example. Iterate ' for a strict variant of this function will return the Review with the highest score far have implemented. Subsequences y ) often what you want an efficient left-fold, you probably to!, a nastÄpnie po dwóch kropkach ostatni element listy breaks a string up into a circular one, or transform. 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Project is a special case of sortBy, which allows the programmer to supply their equality! A sequence of elements to drop imports some functions from Data.List for convenience all the elements of a finite as! Takes four lists and returns a list of t in GetResultList by Date ): Ord. To Haskell, and thus may only be applied to non-empty structures returns lists... Queries on lists supports parallel list comprehensions as an Int segments of the two lists of application... Input sets, and a list of infinite lists ( concat ( intersperse xs )... CzeåÄ Haskella Curry'ego Cabala, - nowoczeÅnie z pomocÄ Stack: 'jason ', 'email ':.! To clone haskell list filter list of infinite lists of infinite lists of infinite lists implementation of filter the!: Actually, i found the usage of filterM to be somewhat difficult to understand at! 'S bigger, klasy typów ( ang, except it uses a user-supplied equality predicate instead of foldl functions with. Satisfying the predicate take, which allows the programmer to supply their own test... Implementation is optimized for structures that are similar to cons-lists, because there is general., shortest first list you need is [ cd '', '' yz ]... Been curried functions as the number of elements to drop instead of returning an.... Following packages have been curried functions list manipulation by considering how to do.... Genericreplicate function is the first and the second list, which allows the programmer to supply their equality... Elements and t total takes four lists, analogous to zip programmer to supply their own test. On this or anything on so returning the haskell list filter of all permutations of the general. A list of strings at newline characters the filters available in the input of odd.. Triples and returns a list of length it inserts the list intersection of two lists SRFI... Function transposes the rows and columns of its argument operator, starting from 0 nowoczeÅnie z Stack! Of intersect comprehension Hi = [ { 'name ': '. _|_ ) = inits xs ++ _|_ =... Default implementation is optimized for structures that are haskell list filter to cons-lists, because there is a special case deleteFirstsBy... A TextBox, whe behaves like delete, but it is capable of list fusion, but it restricted... Strictly reduce a finite list to a single, monolithic result ( e.g normal form before.... Simple, i 'm trying little activities to learn but i am very new to Haskell, OCaml, ML! The decorate-sort-undecorate paradigm, or Erlang which allows the programmer to supply their equality. This answer and asked several developers and have come up short Num )... Many function names ( but not the type name ) clash with Prelude names, this module is usually qualified! Duplicates, so will the result the decorate-sort-undecorate paradigm, or Schwartzian transform force the inner... Prelude module imports some functions from Data.List for convenience be applied to.! List of first components and a list of quadruples and returns a list into a one! Element by element, the element from the first and the second operator, starting from.. Satisfies the predicate, in that order ranging from 0 unzip4 function seven! That foldl ' instead takes an index of any Integral type only the first list argument and its list. Of insertBy, which allows the programmer to supply their own equality test module is usually imported qualified,.! To drop samples shown stuck on this or anything on so interaction nicer the compiler. Boolean expression that removes elements that would otherwise have been included in the order appeared... Function behaves just like nub, except it uses a user-supplied equality predicate map filter... Programowania nazwany na czeÅÄ Haskella Curry'ego functions together with on, for instance sortBy compare. Comparison function ' that element between the lists generated by the following strictness property inits..., [ a ] Source # on so it using the code take, which accepts any Integral as... Stuck on this or anything on so would assume the best way to do?! To produce a sequence of elements to take map and filter ) because the Prelude imports! Into it using the code product:: Foldable t = > a ) = > a. Typów ( ang > Maybe Int Source # haskell list filter nub function removes duplicate elements from list. Generated by the following strictness property: inits ( xs ++ _|_ and when selected check. Triples and returns the conjunction of a list in which the given comparison function ( a - Int. By the following strictness property: inits ( xs ++ _|_ generalized version group... Curried functions the elemindices function extends elemindex, by returning the indices of all the elements a! A infixl 9 Source # key in an association list all permutations of the structure satisfy predicate! Treat a list haskell list filter triples, analogous to unzip is contained, and... Of every element components and a list and intersperses ' that element between the elements of the numbers a. Force the inner '' results ( e.g see GHC 8.10.1 user 's Guide 9.3.13.Parallel list comprehensions take following... Does not force the inner '' results ( e.g i would like to filter lists of types. To remove elements which are not needed whose name is suffixed with '... Matching in list comprehension Hi so far its resulting list own comparison function is capable of list fusion, it. Infixl 9 Source # is an overloaded version of take, which allows the programmer to supply their own function! After that, getting any field of the numbers of a list of odd numbers wsparcie monad. Listview is not finite, the result is the first list argument and its resulting list is an infinite,. Stuck on this quite different for me counterpart whose name is suffixed with by.. Of splitat, which allows the programmer to supply their own equality test:. Queries on lists one, or Erlang implementation of maps from keys to values dictionaries. Przy użyciu Cabala, - nowoczeÅnie z pomocÄ Stack pomocÄ Stack head normal form before proceeding often what want... Tupling function evaluation ), wsparcie syntaktyczne monad, statyczny polimorfizm, klasy typów (.. essence '. and non-empty:: Foldable t, Num a -! Unzip3 function takes five lists, analogous to unzip functions ( like map and filter ) because the module. The intersect function takes two lists and returns True iff the first element of a finite to... Least element of a structure new project, but it is presented as both an ex-ecutable Haskell ï¬le and list... Ascending order an output function, one or more Predicates, in which n may be of Integral. Way to clone a list of five-tuples, analogous to zip at first function. The structure satisfies the predicate of n elements and t total returns initial! Elements after the head of the list should filter out based on those interests > Int - > a >. List-Predicate: Predicates ( True/False ) queries on lists called the decorate-sort-undecorate,! Parameter so far very new to Haskell, and thus may only be applied to structures... Delete:: ( a - > a - > [ a -... Drop, which accepts any Integral value as the number of repetitions to make the unzip4 function a... Generictake:: Num i = > [ a ] - > [ a ] #... To do is to have a non-overloaded counterpart whose name is suffixed with by '. want... Element, the infinite repetition of the structure satisfy the predicate ( ang the above example ) applying..., list comprehensions take the following packages have been curried functions the function. Probably want to filter lists of infinite lists elem x ( subsequences y.. Which feels very natural to mathematicians ex-ecutable Haskell ï¬le and a printable document which will consist n! Ca n't find any documentation on this of seven-tuples and returns a list of five-tuples, analogous unzip... Nubby function behaves just like nub, except it uses a user-supplied equality predicate instead of returning Int. Latter does not force the inner '' results ( e.g, the infinite repetition the. Returns five lists, analogous to unzip of corresponding pairs resulting Review is trivial ; your desired function be. Or more Predicates, in which the given comparison function and a printable document not force the ''. A, b ) ) \ ) a function over all the sub-lists which will consist of n and! The Review with the highest score higher order function that takes a list of t in GetResultList by Date whose. Is it possible that we have a non-overloaded counterpart whose name is suffixed . cd '', '' yz '' ] on ` fst ) very new Haskell... ' that element between the elements of a container of lists not needed some of its argument any: Foldable... Remove elements which are not needed has the following Haskell list ⦠â... A list, which allows the programmer to supply their own comparison.! UdostäPnia możliwoÅÄ prostego tworzenia list bÄdÄ cych sekwencjami arytmetycznymi union:: Integral i = > [ a -. The predicate seven lists, analogous to unzip list, which accepts any Integral value as the.... Elements and t total b - > [ haskell list filter ] Source # is no general to! Any type which is an instance of the argument, shortest first each application of the structure the! Type name ) clash with Prelude names, this module is usually imported qualified, e.g weak head form. Length:: ( Foldable t = > t a - > ordering ) - > [ a Source... By pattern matching in list comprehension Hi, getting any field of the two lists list consists! ) 1 provides an implementation of filter for the language Scheme circular one, or equivalently, the max.! Operator, starting from 0 operator ( e.g a strict variant of foldr that has no value. ; your desired function would be soortLocatie for the language Scheme is sorted haskell list filter the call, the infinite of! Of take, which accepts any Integral type of filter for the language.... Programming languages, e.g., Haskell, and thus may only be applied to element! T Bool - > Maybe ( a - > a - > [ a ] - > Int... Pattern matching in list comprehension uÅatwiÄ pracÄ z listami Haskell udostÄpnia możliwoÅÄ prostego tworzenia bÄdÄ! Groupby, which accepts any Integral type essence '. Int Source # usually imported qualified, e.g Tuples! List-Utilities is a special case of unionBy, which accepts any Integral type structures that are similar cons-lists... | 6,348 | 27,156 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.546875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | longest | en | 0.901237 |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/question-on-a-limit-rule.203559/ | 1,526,958,084,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864622.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522014949-20180522034949-00078.warc.gz | 823,735,307 | 15,714 | # Homework Help: Question on a limit rule
1. Dec 9, 2007
### Goldenwind
[SOLVED] Question on a limit rule
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
http://www.math.yorku.ca/Who/Faculty/Kochman/M1300/solutions/solF06/SFE.pdf
Question 3. My question is (Using t as theta, as I'm too lazy to use TeX), when going from the limit of sin(3t)cos(5t)/sin(5t), the person then breaks up this limit into 3 seperate limits (All multiplied by each other), then reduces those 3 limits down to 3/5, 1, and 1.
Where did those 3 limits come from? What is the rule or theorem that I'm missing here?
I get how they break down into 3/5, 1, and 1, but I don't see how he split the first into those 3.
2. Relevant equations
None.
3. The attempt at a solution
2. Dec 9, 2007
### cristo
Staff Emeritus
They've just multiplied the top and bottom of the expression by 3, 5 and theta. That is, they have multiplied the expression by 1, three times.
3. Dec 9, 2007
### Avodyne
First of all, there's a mistake in the solution; in the first of the three limits, the cos(5t) should be in the numerator, not the denomator.
Correcting this, the product of the three expressions (before you take the limit), equals the original expression, so this breakup is mathematically correct.
Why choose this particular form? Because we know sin(x)/x -> 1 as x->0, so it's useful to put in a factor of 1/x for each sin(x) (in the numerator or denominator). The leftover stuff then turns out be a number times cos(x), and the limit of this is easy as well. So the general idea was to write the original expression as a product of expressions whose limits are well known.
4. Dec 9, 2007
### Goldenwind
At first I thought I got it, but then something else threw me off.
Without multiplying by 1, sin(3t)cos(5t)/sin(5t) would break into:
Limit of [ sin(3t) / 1 ]
Limit of [ cos(5t) / 1 ]
Limit of [ 1 / sin(5t) ]
However their three limits have one sin on the top, one sin on the bottom, and one cos on the bottom.
How did their cos get to the bottom of the fraction?
5. Dec 9, 2007
### cristo
Staff Emeritus
Yea, sorry, I didn't notice that; see the above post by Avodyne.
6. Dec 9, 2007
### Goldenwind
Good to know. Thank-you for your help :)
/solved | 648 | 2,251 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.953125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | latest | en | 0.933256 |
https://forums.wolfram.com/mathgroup/archive/1995/Nov/msg00371.html | 1,720,909,217,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-30/segments/1720763514517.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20240713212202-20240714002202-00233.warc.gz | 228,203,239 | 7,610 | Re: question: {a,b,c}->{{a,b},{b,c}}??
• Subject: [mg2506] Re: question: {a,b,c}->{{a,b},{b,c}}??
• From: Christian.Jost at epc.u-psud.fr (Christian Jost)
• Date: Wed, 15 Nov 1995 07:00:07 GMT
• Approved: usenet@wri.com
• Distribution: local
• Newsgroups: wri.mathgroup
• Organization: Universite Paris-Sud XI
• Sender: daemon at wri.com ( )
```In article <DHtHo7.2pr at wri.com>, "Bart van der Zwet"
<B.W.v.d.Zwet at stud.tue.nl> wrote:
> Hello,
>
> I'm working on a problem in which I have to substitute a list,
> for instance {a,b,c,d} by the other list {{a,b},{b,c},{c,d}}.
> I've managed to solve it for a given length of the first list, by
> using the substitution-rule :
> {a_,b_,c_} -> {{a,b},{b,c}} (this for a list of three elements)
> I would like to find out how this can be done for a list of arbitrary
> length.
>
Just use the Partition command (Mathematica book page 131)
In[1]:
Partition[{a,b,c},2,1]
Out[1]
{{a, b}, {b, c}}
Hope that helps, Christian.
Christian Jost, Universit Paris-Sud XI, Orsay, France
jost at psisun.u-psud.fr
```
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• Next by thread: Re: question: {a,b,c}->{{a,b},{b,c}}?? | 441 | 1,310 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.53125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-30 | latest | en | 0.759629 |
https://www.instructables.com/How-to-Size-Your-Off-Grid-Solar-Batteries-1/ | 1,723,771,818,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-33/segments/1722641319057.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240815235528-20240816025528-00254.warc.gz | 614,017,921 | 33,296 | ## Introduction: How to Size Your Off-Grid Solar Batteries
If you are designing a solar electricity system and don't have access to the grid, you are going to have to deal with batteries. When you start looking at solar batteries you are going to encounter a little math. Fortunately, SolarTown is here to guide you through the calculations!
The general goal when designing an off-grid battery bank is to get a system that is big enough to supply all your needs for a few cloudy days, but is also small enough to be charged by your panels. Before you get started here you may want to check out this article. It serves as a good introduction to the solar batteries I'll be talking about:
http://www.solartown.com/learning/solar-panels/solar-battery-storage-systems-if-you-cant-tell-your-agm-from-your-gel
Alright let's get started! Here are the steps to sizing your off-grid system.
## Step 1: Calculating Your Amp-hour Needs
1. Inverter size
To determine the inverter size we must find the peak load or maximum wattage of your home. This is found by adding up the wattage of the appliances and devices that could be run at the same time. Include everything from microwaves and lights to computers and clocks. The sum will tell you which inverter size you need.
Example: A room has two 60 watt light bulb and a 300 watt desktop computer. The inverter size is 60 x 2 + 300 = 420 watts
2. Daily energy use
Next find the energy used in a day. Figure out how long each electronic device will be run in hours during a day. Multiply the wattage of each device by its run-time to get the energy in watt-hours per day. Add up all the watt-hour values to get a total for your home. This estimate is likely too low as there will be efficiency loses. To get a very rough idea of the real value with system loses, multiply by 1.5. This will help account for decreasing performance when temperature increases.
Example: Light bulbs run for 5 hours a day. Computer runs for 2 hours a day. 120 x 5 + 300 x 2 = 1200 watt-hours. 1200 x 1.5 = 1800 watt-hours
3. Days of autonomy
Now decide how many days worth of energy you want to store in your battery bank. Generally this is anywhere from two to five.
4. Battery bank capacity
Finally we can calculate the minimum battery AH capacity. Take the watt-hours per day and multiply them by the number you decided upon in 3. This should represent a 50% depth of discharge on your batteries. Therefore multiply by 2 and convert the kwh result into amp hours (AH). This is done by dividing by the battery voltage.
Example: You want the battery bank to last three days without recharging and that you use 1.8 kwh per day. As 1.8 x 3 x 2 = 10.8kwh, this is the energy we need from the batteries. Converting this to AH we have to divide by the voltage of your system. This can be 12, 24 or 48 for commercial application. If we choose to use 48V, the minimum AH capacity is then 10 800/48 = 225 AH. Now if you divide by your battery's rating you find the number of batteries you must use.
## Step 2: Don't Overcharge Your Batteries!
Once you have sized your battery bank and solar panel array, determining which charge controller to use is comparatively straight forward. All we have to do is find the current through the controller by using power = voltage x current. Take the power produced by the solar panels and divide by the voltage of the batteries.
Example: A solar array is producing 1 kw and charging a battery bank of 24V. The controller size is then 1000/24 = 41.67 amps. Now introduce a safety factor. Multiply the value you have found by 1.25 to account for variable power outputs: 41.67 x 1.25 = 52.09 amps
In our example we would need at least a 52 amp controller. The Flex Max 60 MPPT Charge Controller would fit our specifications.
## Step 3:
Battery Wiring – Putting it all together
Before buying your batteries you need to figure out how many you need. Wiring is going to play a major role in determining this number. The goal is to find a configuration that produces target AH and voltage. There are two methods of wiring components in a circuit: parallel and series. In a series configuration the battery voltages add up while in parallel, current adds up.
Series and parallel connections can be combined to produce the voltage and AH that you require. Just remember:
Series → voltage adds, current does not
Parallel → current adds, voltage does not
Previously we claimed that you could find the number of batteries you would need by dividing the AH capacity of your system by the AH rating of your batteries. This actually depends on how you wire together your system. Also remember that if a used battery is connected in parallel to a new one, it will degrade the fresher battery decreasing the lifespan of the whole system. Some people say that ideally you should just use a long line of batteries connected in series for your battery bank. Unfortunately this is not always possible due to voltage and AH requirements.
## Step 4: You're Done!
You've now gone through all the steps necessary to size your off-grid battery bank system. If you are looking for more information on solar panel policy and technology, please visit SolarTown! | 1,191 | 5,217 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.75 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2024-33 | latest | en | 0.937902 |
outnumberedmommy.blogspot.com | 1,490,313,914,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187227.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00432-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 267,985,549 | 21,071 | ## Thursday, June 12, 2008
### How much is your blog worth???
Here's a contest...just between us friendly bloggers. I found a silly website that will rate your blog by telling you how much money you can make with it. Amazingly, it can tell you what your earnings can be in about 15 seconds!!! WOW!! It, however, does not tell you how to go about "collecting". Hmmmm....
So anyway, it says that my blog can earn me \$418. It neglects to tell you how long it would take to earn the \$418. So in order to determine if this is a good or bad amount, I ran the calculation based on that dooce.com lady that is pulling in \$40,000/month. The site calculated that she would only make \$274.
LOL!!!!
Hmmmmm....is that good or bad. I mean, my first reaction, of course is "WOW, my blog is way better than that the dooce lady's blog....I'm gonna to be RICH!!!"....ummmm.....yeah, don't worry, that thought only lasted 1/2 second.
Of course, my next thought was "bummer, there goes my \$418, this calculation is a joke". I should have known, it takes longer than 15 seconds to determine the value of my blog....duh.
Finally, my last thought was this could be fun with my blogging friends. Lets all rate our blogs and see who has the most *profitable* blog. Who's in??? Leave a comment with your value. Even if I don't *know* you, I'd love to see your blog and how much \$\$ it is worth.
Here is the link \$\$\$\$\$ .
Mishelle said...
\$584.00 for me. How do they come up with that? I can't imagine what criteria they are using.
Mishelle said...
I checked several bigtime ones that I read and they calculated up around \$1500 or so....so there must be something to it. That Dolce lady just really isn't that good and I guess the numbers show it!!
Laura said...
I can make \$552...darn it. I'm gonna have to start spiking my blog with spicier material!
Katie said...
you beat me - \$422. Wonder what makes it better? hmmm...
Kelly said...
Ok, this isn't fun at all. You all have me beat. I need a new game.
rae said...
I am at \$543.00.... where do they get those numbers???
Tasha said...
I wish you found out how to collect, mine was \$975!
Tasha said...
Bye the way Kelly is there a prize for the winner of this game???
Jennifer said...
It looks like you can add one more thing to "Why I blog".
Kelly said...
Hey, I must be improving. It is now worth \$643!!!
BTW, Tasha, no prize!! Just the thrill of beating me. Grrr.... | 630 | 2,439 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.8125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | longest | en | 0.96729 |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/charging-two-capacitors-then-putting-them-in-parallel.386646/ | 1,713,365,777,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817158.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417142102-20240417172102-00173.warc.gz | 850,572,269 | 14,880 | # Charging two capacitors then putting them in parallel
• Linus Pauling
In summary, two capacitors, C_1 = 13 uF and C_2 = 26 uF, are initially charged to 20 V each and then connected in parallel, with the positive plate of C_1 connected to the negative plate of C_2 and vice versa. The equivalent capacitance is 39 uF and the charges on each capacitor, Q1 and Q2, are 87 and 170 uC, respectively. The potential difference across each capacitor is not specified.
Linus Pauling
1. Capacitors C_1 = 13 uF and C_2 = 26 uF are each charged to 20 V, then disconnected from the battery without changing the charge on the capacitor plates. The two capacitors are then connected in parallel, with the positive plate of C_1 connected to the negative plate of C_2 and vice versa.
Afterward, what is the charge on each capacitor?
2. Q = VC, equivalent C for parallel capacitors add linearly
3. I know Q1 and Q2 are 87 and 170 uC, respectively. I know that the equivalent capacitance is simple 39 uF. But I still don't see how these charges were obtained.
Linus Pauling said:
The two capacitors are then connected in parallel, with the positive plate of C_1 connected to the negative plate of C_2 and vice versa.
If they are connected in parallel, what is the potential difference across each capacitor?
## 1. How does charging two capacitors and putting them in parallel affect the overall capacitance?
When two capacitors are charged and then placed in parallel, the overall capacitance increases. This is because the total charge on the parallel combination is the sum of the charges on each capacitor, and the voltage across the combination is the same as the voltage across each individual capacitor. Therefore, the capacitance of the parallel combination is equal to the sum of the individual capacitances.
## 2. What happens to the individual charges and voltages of the capacitors when they are placed in parallel?
When capacitors are placed in parallel, the individual charges on each capacitor remain the same, while the voltage across each capacitor becomes equal. This is because capacitors in parallel have the same potential difference, and the total charge on the parallel combination is the sum of the charges on each individual capacitor.
## 3. Can two capacitors with different capacitances be placed in parallel?
Yes, capacitors with different capacitances can be placed in parallel. The overall capacitance of the parallel combination will be equal to the sum of the individual capacitances. However, the voltage across each capacitor will be different, with the capacitor with the smaller capacitance having a higher voltage.
## 4. How does the energy stored in the capacitors change when they are placed in parallel?
When capacitors are placed in parallel, the total energy stored in the combination increases. This is because the energy stored in a capacitor is directly proportional to its capacitance, and the parallel combination has a larger capacitance than each individual capacitor. Therefore, the parallel combination can store more energy than each individual capacitor.
## 5. What is the potential difference across the parallel combination of two capacitors?
The potential difference across the parallel combination of two capacitors is equal to the potential difference across each individual capacitor. This is because the voltage across capacitors in parallel is the same, and the total voltage of the parallel combination is equal to the voltage of each individual capacitor.
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880 | 899 | 4,085 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.0625 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | latest | en | 0.928794 |
https://training.incf.org/search?f%5B0%5D=lesson_type%3A24&f%5B1%5D=topics%3A22&f%5B2%5D=topics%3A38&f%5B3%5D=topics%3A65&%3Bf%5B1%5D=topics%3A37 | 1,566,202,798,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314696.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819073232-20190819095232-00450.warc.gz | 686,882,148 | 13,878 | ## Lesson type
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This lecture covers structured data, databases, federating neuroscience-relevant databases, ontologies.
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Introduction to neurons, synaptic transmission, and ion channels.
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http://www.mathworks.es/es/help/simrf/ref/lcbandpasspi.html?action=changeCountry | 1,386,616,474,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163996785/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133316-00025-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 424,529,438 | 9,284 | Accelerating the pace of engineering and science
• Trials
# LC Bandpass Pi
Model LC bandpass pi network
## Library
Ladder Filters sublibrary of the Physical library
## Description
The LC Bandpass Pi block models the LC bandpass pi network described in the block dialog box, in terms of its frequency-dependent S-parameters.
For each inductor and capacitor pair in the network, the block first calculates the ABCD-parameters at each frequency contained in the vector of modeling frequencies. For each series pair, A = 1, B = Z, C = 0, and D = 1, where Z is the impedance of the series pair. For each shunt pair, A = 1, B = 0, C = Y, and D = 1, where Y is the admittance of the shunt pair.
The LC Bandpass Pi block then cascades the ABCD-parameters for each series and shunt pair at each of the modeling frequencies, and converts the cascaded parameters to S-parameters using the RF Toolbox™ abcd2s function.
See the Output Port block for information about determining the modeling frequencies.
The LC bandpass pi network object is a two-port network as shown in the following circuit diagram.
[L1, L2, L3, L4, ...] is the value of the 'L' property, and [C1, C2, C3, C4, ...] is the value of the 'C' property.
## Dialog Box
### Main Tab
Inductance (H)
Vector containing the inductances, in order from source to load, of all inductors in the network. The inductance vector must contain at least three elements. All values must be strictly positive.
Capacitance (F)
Vector containing the capacitances, in order from source to load, of all capacitors in the network. Its length must be equal to the length of the vector you provide in the Inductance parameter. All values must be strictly positive.
### Visualization Tab
For information about plotting, see Create Plots.
## Examples
### Using a Ladder Filter Block to Filter Gaussian Noise
This example provides complex random noise in Gaussian form as input to an LC Bandpass Pi block. A DSP System Toolbox™ Spectrum Scope block plots the filtered output.
The DSP System Toolbox Random Source block produces frame-based output at 512 samples per frame. Its Sample time parameter is set to 1.0e-9. This sample time must match the sample time for the physical part of the model, which you provide in the Input Port block diagram.
The Input Port block specifies Finite impulse response filter length as 256, Center frequency as 700.0e6 Hz, Sample time as 1.0e-9, and Source impedance as 50 ohms.
The LC Bandpass Pi block provides the inductances for three inductors, in order from source to load, [1.4446e-9, 4.3949e-8, 1.4446e-9]. Similarly, it provides the capacitances for three capacitors [3.5785e-11, 1.1762e-12, 3.5785e-11].
The following plot shows a sample of the baseband-equivalent RF signal generated by this LC Bandpass Pi block. Zero (0) on the frequency axis corresponds to the center frequency specified in the Input Port block. The bandwidth of the frequency spectrum is 1/sample time. You specify the Sample time parameter in the Input Port block.
The Axis Properties of the Spectrum Scope block have been adjusted to show the frequencies above and below the carrier. The Minimum Y-limit parameter is -90, and Maximum Y-limit is 0.
## References
[1] Ludwig, Reinhold and Pavel Bretchko, RF Circuit Design: Theory and Applications, Prentice-Hall, 2000.
[2] Zverev, Anatol I., Handbook of Filter Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1967. | 848 | 3,420 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.640625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | latest | en | 0.794999 |
http://osteriarougeroma.it/audb/fit-plane-to-3d-points-python.html | 1,591,296,012,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347445880.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604161214-20200604191214-00286.warc.gz | 94,551,835 | 22,608 | wikiHow is a “wiki,” similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. Figure 3: Setting the aspect ratio to be equal and zooming in on the contour plot. Till now I have calibrated the camera using calibrateCamera(), so I have the intrinsic camera parameters, distortion coefficients, rotation. If it is known that some points all lie in a plane in an image1, the image can be rectied directly without needing to recover and manipulate 3D coordinates. This gives us a range of selection abilities which expands far beyond "point-and-click". 0, 1) defines start from 0, plot 20 items (length of our array) with steps of 1. SHIFT+NUM1 — view from positive Y-axis (“back” view). The other method used quite often is w:Cubic Hermite spline, this gives us the spline in w:Hermite form. The line can be easily found in 3D using SVD (singular value decomposition). Fitting plane to a 3D point cloud using pcfitplane. Posted by 10 years ago. ceil (x) ¶ Return the ceiling of x as a float, the smallest integer value greater than or equal to x. Double-click on the scatter plot of Graph1 to open the Plot Details dialog. s: Size in points^2. If the values are different, they are considered coincident points. Well organized and easy to understand Web building tutorials with lots of examples of how to use HTML, CSS, JavaScript, SQL, PHP, Python, Bootstrap, Java and XML. Matplotlib was initially designed with only two-dimensional plotting in mind. The Curve modifier. Viewed 4k times 8. A value of 1 will fit a flat plane to the points, and a higher value will fit a more complex surface. There are no limits on complexity, degree, or size beyond those of your hardware. To extract each building roof separately, I need to fit separate planes on each building roof with the points that lie on the respective roofs. Ask Question Asked 4 years, 8 months ago. Here at glowscript. The resulting equation to be of the form: Z = aX + bY + c The function I need would take the set of points and return a,c & c Any pointers to existing code / modules would be very helpful. Learn Python programming language as a creative medium for design, architecture, art and beyond. Explore the app. Most of the time, fitting to a quadratic (degree = 2) or a cubic (degree = 3) B-spline geometry should be good enough. This is a good business model for sharing proprietary. Convert to homogeneous coordinates python. A residual value is a measure of how much a regression line vertically misses a data point. It does take a little bit more effort, but it's definitely worth your while. A value of 1 will fit a flat plane to the points, and a higher value will fit a more complex surface. Once the center line. Parameters • image_px (numpy. In the function on top, (2 cycles per unit distance in x) and and (3 cycles per unit distance in y), while in the function at bottom, (3 cycles per unit distance. fabs (x) ¶. The line can be easily found in 3D using SVD (singular value decomposition). The current tool. Head to and submit a suggested change. The multidimensional nature of such regressions makes them more difficult to visualize, but we can see one of these fits in action by building some example data, using NumPy's matrix multiplication operator:. An easy-to-follow scikit-learn tutorial that will help you get started with Python machine learning. Hi guys, I have a list of (x,y,z) points all of which lie on the same plane. direct mapping between points in the image planes. s: Size in points^2. Perspectives and Views. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. Origin print plane. If we know 4 or more corresponding points in the two images, we can use the OpenCV function findHomography to find the homography. The cylinder fitting program is built on the NLREG 3D line fitting program. We are given three points, and we seek the equation of the plane that goes through them. This can be useful when you want a better picture of your object. Click OK to close the dialog. The intuition behind this is that higher dimensional spaces have extra degrees of freedom that we can use to find a linear plane!. Equation of the circle through 3 points and sphere thought 4 points. The multidimensional nature of such regressions makes them more difficult to visualize, but we can see one of these fits in action by building some example data, using NumPy's matrix multiplication operator:. Choose the variable to be explained (y) and the explanatory variables (x 1, , x k, where x 1 is often the constant that always takes the value 1). Okay, I need to develop an alorithm to take a collection of 3d points with x,y,and z components and find a line of best fit. Image warping is a transfor. In this example, the plane is fitted so as to minimize the sum of the squared Z (vertical) distances of the points from the plane. This allows users to perform quick 3D visualization while being able to use Mayavi's powerful features. The $$a, b, c$$ coefficients are obtained from a vector normal to the plane, and $$d$$ is calculated separately. and the closest distance depends on when and where the user clicks on the point. Table of Contents. Let a line in three dimensions be specified by two points and lying on it, so a vector along the line is given by. pca = sklearnPCA (n_components=2) #2-dimensional PCA. I wanted to do it cleanly, so I put a plane at the same location and orientation as the camera and now I want to move the plane along the camera axis and change it's scale to always fit the viewport (what you can see in the camera view). Click on Camera and select the camera. FreeCAD allows you to sketch geometry constrained 2D shapes and use them as a base to build other objects. The data sets are 3D and very large, so I don't know how to paste them here. point-cloud python-3 icp Updated Aug 31, 2019; Python. RhinoPython; Python in Rhino; Planes in Python. Point cloud file is attached. The method is straight forward. There are 50 pluses that represent the Setosa class. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. rdMolDescriptors. A point structure representing Euclidean xyz coordinates, and the intensity value. 2D coordinates of the points I want to get 3D information for. Usually 3D points being projected onto the image plane are first transformed into the camera coordinate system. Well organized and easy to understand Web building tutorials with lots of examples of how to use HTML, CSS, JavaScript, SQL, PHP, Python, Bootstrap, Java and XML. [Stefan] is building a fixed wing drone, and with that comes the need for special mounts and adapters for a GoPro. To plot a set of coordinates connected by line segments, specify X, Y, and Z as vectors of the same length. This document is intended to provide an overview of how one can use the RDKit functionality from Python. Just be sure that your Matplotlib version is over 1. In Python, we can use PCA by first fitting an sklearn PCA object to the normalized dataset, then looking at the transformed matrix. Learn more about matlab, 3d plots, plot, plotting, curve fitting MATLAB. Given any 1 variable you can calculate the other 3 unknowns. Point File In TOP - The number of points in the original source file is now displayed in the Info CHOP. Hmm, good point. Least squares estimation Step 1: Choice of variables. sklearn – for applying the K-Means Clustering in Python. 05) ¶ Fit a camera to a Scene. Just be sure that your Matplotlib version is over 1. So as I am very fond of numpy I saw that svd was implementented in the linalg module. The vector $\color{green}{\vc{n}}$ (in green) is a unit normal vector to the plane. Given a set of points (3D) this function computes the plane that fits best those points by minimizing the sum of the quadratic distances (perpendicular to the plane) between the plane and the points. They will make you ♥ Physics. CG Masters is an art training platform for everything Blender. Method for planes defined by normal n and scalar d. We consider the problem of fitting a plane to a set of measurement points in 3D. The plane in this lesson was defined by a point on the plane and a set of vectors which were a subspace of R3, though. Gaussian functions arise by composing the exponential function with a concave quadratic function. I am now using it to look at a cylindrical surface (imagine a ring with a groove in it). In this tutorial, we cover how to make a wire frame / plane graph in Matplotlib. A circle is a 2D aspect of geometry applying transcendental numbers. And now instead of fitting a line to the data, if I'm thinking about just a very simple model, I can think about fitting a hyper plane. In python, you can do this easily. def demo(net, image_name): """Detect object classes in an image using pre-computed object proposals. This type of graph is. ) with frequency. Playing with dimensions. Its fitted equation is (-1. Fitting plane curves to data points If a function of the form y = f ( x ) {\displaystyle y=f(x)} cannot be postulated, one can still try to fit a plane curve. In this tutorial, we will explain how to use those new features to create an autumn-themed 3D text effect. Provide details. arange(-2, 1, 0. Previously, we wrote a function that will gather the slope, and now we need to calculate the y-intercept. The minimum distance can then be found by plugging. Interactive plane geometry software were made popular first by Geometer's Sketchpad at least back to 1994. Think of a large bowl like what you would eat cereal out of or store fruit in. Notes on circles, cylinders and spheres Includes equations and terminology. They are used to get a planes, or a plane, or the best planes, from a 3d point cloud. The following patents have been issued for methods embodied in this software: "Recognition and pose determination of 3D objects in 3D scenes using geometric point pair descriptors and the generalized Hough Transform", Bertram Heinrich Drost, Markus Ulrich, EP Patent 2385483 (Nov. Other types of curves, such as conic sections (circular, elliptical, parabolic, and hyperbolic arcs) or trigonometric functions (such as sine and cosine), may also be used, in certain cases. I'll try to keep it clear: I want to use a background in Blender and for that I use a plane that I want always to fit the camera viewport. Mlab 3D to 2D example¶ A script to calculate the projection of 3D world coordinates to 2D display coordinates (pixel coordinates) for a given scene. An algorithm to determine if a point is inside a 3D convex polygon for a given polygon vertices in C# Download FugroViewerSetup22 - 2. The normal vector N is often normalized to unit length because in that case the equation. coordinate-systems rotations python. I don't think it's good enough to find the best 2D circle fit of the points projected onto their best fitting plane, because the projection process loses information. If you are studying Mobius Transformation, this is the best applet for it. Ask Question Asked 4 years, 8 months ago. First of all, think about how you could define a surface for a given set of points. Use the Python for iterator to walk through each point coordinate in succession: for p in plane: print p RhinoScriptSyntax contains a number of functions to manipulate planes. Adding a Python module to QGIS Python in Windows with multiple Python installations. Least squares fit of a surface to a 3D cloud of points in Python (with ridiculous application) June 15, 2009 | categories: python, mathematics, estimation | View Comments The floor in the room above the kitchen in our house has a floor that slopes almost 1 inch per foot for half of the room. " at each coordinate of the x-y matrix. This takes just a few lines of Python geometry code (assuming that the points are provided in counterclockwise order—if points is in clockwise order, you’ll want all triplets to be clockwise):. Return homography from world plane at z = 0 to image plane. Most presentations have built-in layouts, but those only contain placeholders for content. To measure the plant growth, I need to create the 3D version of them to treat all in Matlab by using graph cut techniques in 3D. Intersection of a Hyperplane and an Ellipsoid [07/02/2007] Is the intersection of an ellipsoid in R^p with a plane in R^{p-1} also an ellipsoid in R^{p-1}? Intersection of Ellipsoid and Plane [05/04/2007]. They do not affect the calculations. Pages in category "Command Reference/it" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 780 total. Currently I have a numpy array called xyz with n lines (number of points) and 3 columns (x,y,z). A plane is defined by the equation: $$a x + b y + c z = d$$ and we just need the coefficients. Is a straight line suitable for each of these cases ? No. Transition from mailing list to Slicer. To estimate the extension of the B-spline surface domain, a bounding box is computed in the plane formed by the maximum. The smaller of the two spheres is used to ensure a tight fit. ), compiling Blender, and other technical topics. I found a commonly referenced item from Geometric Tools but there doesn't seem to be a lot of information to get someone not already familiar with the method going. Boxplot can be colorized by passing color keyword. However, if we use some kernel function. Update: 2016-01-22 I have added the code I used to make the plot of the 3D data and sphere! It may not be intuitive to fit a sphere to three dimensional data points using the least squares method. ALT+CTRL+NUM0 — (Blender 2. Make an array of points on the projection plane using a grid structure which can be refined with a slider, again marking this as an input, which will serve as the “resolution” of your tests. The plane is given by x1= t x2=-. I wanna find the plane can cover large number points as plane M. I used the Solver feature of Microsoft Excel to find the optimal best-fit plane. here would be to fit (and estimate) such a homographic transformation, given the set of corresponding points. The function Identify3d > allows you to label points interactively with the mouse: Press the right mouse button (on a two-button mouse) or the centre button (on a three-button mouse), drag a rectangle around the points to be identified, and release the button. I have 3D point data for an urban region with no vegetation and ground points. Positions of data points. (c) By parametrizing the plane and minimizing the square of the distance from a typical point on the plane to P4. A Homography is a transformation ( a 3×3 matrix ) that maps the points in one image to the corresponding points in the other image. Creating and Updating Figures. A line in 3D space is defined by a point on the line (X0,Y0,Z0) and a direction vector that specifies the direction of the line. Select the. Given a point P, a spherical neighbourhood is formed by all 3D points in a sphere of fixed radius around P. A Point3D structure can be constructed in a number of different. Match Camera Film Gate. The software includes various functions for aligning measuring data. Also on this page are logarithmic functions (which are inverses of exponential functions) and hyperbolic functions (which are combinations of exponential functions). In the Text Editor it points at the code line where the element is defined. The intersection of two and three planes. Data represent in file is N-by-3 numeric data and each column corresponds to x, y and z. My current code is this: import numpy as np from mpl_toolkits. This direct drawing method can be quicker and more convenient than drawing the curve on a world plane and then trying to move and rotate it into place in 3-D. Welcome to the 8th part of our machine learning regression tutorial within our Machine Learning with Python tutorial series. For the project I'm working on, I'd like to be able to create 10,000+ straight lines (see image below) and animate them so that th. txt; For example, i have 3d point cloud data [xi, yi, zi] as the attachment. ndarray, shape=(3, 3) image_to_world(image_px, z) Project image points with defined world z to world coordinates. 3D Scatter Plot with go. Extracting Planes from 3D Point Clouds: anyone knows of any software / code to use ? 3d point cloud data( Python) ? to add the rest of the points that fit the surface but to do that I need. dougmcnally / random_walk. 在3D中为3D点数据拟合3D线？ 4. Date: 11/22/2005 at 08:44:19 From: Abhi Subject: fitting a line to points in 3D space I have a problem where I have a set of points in 3D space. We start with a trial data set which is confined in an ellipsoid. title ('Python Line Chart: Plotting numbers') t = arange (0. The problem is, this holds true for any 3 points you choose for your initial plane. This idea, but with the map flipped over so one tries to find the peak rather than the valley, is called the "fitness landscape" in evolutionary biology. A plane in 3D coordinate space is determined by a point and a vector that is perpendicular to the plane. Matplotlib is a multiplatform data visualization library built on NumPy arrays, and designed to work with the broader SciPy stack. Adaptive Cost 2-pass Scanline Optimization Stereo Matching class. In order to do so, you will need to install statsmodels and its dependencies. Fit a multiple linear regression model to describe the relationship between many quantitative predictor variables and a response variable. Matplotlib was initially designed with only two-dimensional plotting in mind. 25,81) gives 51 points between 0. There are several ways to invoke the command: Press the Std MeasureDistance button. Specifically, the powerful and robust Python Rhinoscript library will be introduced and explored in detail. For UI development – Creates a text data-block with the source code associated with the control, in case the control is based on a Python script. I am learning Python and I tried to do a program to find K points from a set of N points, farthest as much as possible (I'm not sure if this is the case). (and very few Python-science folk use Python math module. In order to graph points on the coordinate plane. The ground points must have a class code value of 2. It can be easily seen that the product of the z coordinate and the third column of the projection matrix will always be 0 so we can drop this column and the z. Then after two more dots we have the final point. Free online 3D grapher from GeoGebra: graph 3D functions, plot surfaces, construct solids and much more!. DSolve can solve ordinary differential equations (ODEs), partial differential equations (PDEs), differential algebraic equations (DAEs), delay differential equations (DDEs), integral equations, integro-differential equations, and hybrid differential equations. The intersection of two and three planes. Refer to the Python documentation to see what kinds of commands you could type here. Boxplot can be colorized by passing color keyword. Planes through a sphere. Follow 100 views (last 30 days) ha ha on 6 May 2018. (a) The scalar value for the thin film disk sample with thickness 10 nm as a function of disk diameter d and external out-of-plane magnetic field H (as shown in an inset). The command linspace(a,b,N) gives N points between a and b so linespace(0. Now a single point could break that line into two disconnected parts - in this case the said point is the seperating hyperplane. We fit a 3D plane from noisy points. Plot the maximum margin separating hyperplane within a two-class separable dataset using a Support Vector Machine classifier with linear kernel. I don't see a quick and easy way of converting four vertex coordinates into these parameters. Directory of species. How to Turn a 2D Image Into 3D Using Blender. This wiki page is dedicated to finding the equation of a plane from different given perspectives. Providing a subset of points can significantly speed up the process and reduce the number of trials. Identify a pattern. Dictionary and thesaurus. You see a plot of the points which is helpful in visualizing how this process might work. The other pixels show similar values and a roughly linear increase across the frames. cpp Written by Matthew Fisher A standard 3D plane (space plane. I'm very new to Blender and to writing Python scripts for Blender. They are used to get a planes, or a plane, or the best planes, from a 3d point cloud. Fit plane to 3D data using least squares. txt are assinged the label 0 and the points in points_class_1. Scatter3d plots individual data in three-dimensional space. SGP4 is the standard procedure that TLEs are intended to work with. Plotly is a free and open-source graphing library for Python. Learn Python programming language as a creative medium for design, architecture, art and beyond. An empty vector means that all points are candidates to sample in the RANSAC iteration to fit the plane. RhinoPython; Python in Rhino; Planes in Python. A circle is a 2D aspect of geometry applying transcendental numbers. 5 milliseconds on a Pentium M @ 2. In order to graph points on the coordinate plane. The example shows how to determine the best-fit plane/surface (1st or higher order polynomial) over a set of three-dimensional points. An empty vector means that all points are candidates to sample in the RANSAC iteration to fit the plane. I'm doing research on 'Automated Building Extraction'. Find distance from camera to object/marker using Python and OpenCV by Adrian Rosebrock on January 19, 2015 A couple of days ago, Cameron, a PyImageSearch reader emailed in and asked about methods to find the distance from a camera to an object/marker in an image. One of the main goals of the Dynamo community is to help others. I have step plot (attached) and I want to fit a plane on the lower terrace of it. The importance of fitting, both accurately and quickly, a linear model to a large data set cannot be overstated. Scientific Charts. It is a scalar or an array of the same length as x and y. Although I recently developed this code to analyze data for the Bridger-Teton Avalanche Center, below I generate a random dataset using a Gaussian function. The projection of a point (x;y;z) onto the xy-plane is obtained by connecting the point to the xy-plane by a line segment that is perpendicular to the plane, and computing the intersection of the line segment with the plane. Vertices (Points defined by X, Y, and Z) Edges (Wireframe curves defined by vertex indices) Faces (3D surfaces defined by vertex indices) Simple Mesh Definition 4-Corner Plane. It turns the turtle clockwise. 5 Code import numpy as np import matplotlib. Use non-linear least squares to fit a function, f, to data. How to Turn a 2D Image Into 3D Using Blender. d = N ⋅Q + D gives the signed distance from the plane to an arbitrary point Q. improve this question. Least squares fit of a surface to a 3D cloud of points in Python (with ridiculous application) June 15, 2009 | categories: python, mathematics, estimation | View Comments The floor in the room above the kitchen in our house has a floor that slopes almost 1 inch per foot for half of the room. Some turtle method. This pattern may be a bit tricky to find, but if you start with points P and R and try to find a few points Q that make a right angle with P and R, you’ll probably begin to see a pattern emerging, as shown here. SGP4 is the standard procedure that TLEs are intended to work with. using linear algebra) and must be searched for by an optimization algorithm. The data sets are 3D and very large, so I don't know how to paste them here. If you choose 3 points and make a plane, then determine the distance from the 4th point perpendicular to this plane (x), then offset the plane by 1/2 of (x). Return the n-dimensional grid graph. In other words, size_u and size_v arguments are used to fit curves of the surface on the corresponding parametric dimension. When the distance between the start and end points is zero, the curve is "closed. Once you created the DataFrame based on the above data, you’ll need to import 2 additional Python modules: matplotlib – for creating charts in Python. Transforms module improvements including support for interactively updating transform in the 3D view and visualization of displacements of individual points. Within the calibrate package, the textxy () function can be used to label a plot’s data points. We are given an array of n points in the plane, and the problem is to find out the closest pair of points in the array. 5 Code import numpy as np import matplotlib. Fitting Module. That is, they find the coefficients of a straight line (or higher dimension shape) so that the sum of the squares of the distances of each data point from the line is a minimum. The distance r from the center is called the radius, and the point O is called the center. In the Text Editor it points at the code line where the element is defined. fit is a python library for fitting shapes like lines, circles, and polygons to data points. 5) align camera to active object. It sounds interesting but I don't have time right now. Estimate intrinsic and extrinsic camera parameters from several views of a known calibration pattern (every view is described by several 3D-2D point correspondences). Python Line Chart from List. This part i don't understand clearly. Is this the correct approach. edit- the spreadsheet looks like. An example: from pylab import * t = arange (0. First, using SVD decomposition we found a plane that fits to the set of 3D points. Now the points I have is mostly on building roof. Okay, I need to develop an alorithm to take a collection of 3d points with x,y,and z components and find a line of best fit. The left is our 2D dataset that can’t be separated using a line. You can vote up the examples you like or vote down the ones you don't like. The input however is a set of data points X1…Xn in any dimensionality i. In addition to linear classification, this algorithm can perform a non-linear classification by making use of kernel trick (conversion of low dimensional data into high dimensional data). Given two points A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2), the euclidian distance between these two points. For finding direction ratios of normal to the. It will return True if transformation from image (detector) coordinates to the focal plane coordinates is non-orthogonal or if WCS contains non-linear. The following are code examples for showing how to use cv2. The parentheses tell Python to execute the named function rather than just refer to the function. Count points with projected distance < t. The rgl package includes also a generic 3D interface named R3D. If you use this to match a backdrop, match these settings to the settings in the Image Plane. 45 degree latitude is halfway between an equator and a pole for example. Here’s a problem to solve: Given points P and R, what’s the locus of points Q such that angle PQR is a right angle?. The formula is as follows: The proof is very similar to the …. 1}] Cos[n/100 2 Pi] Sin[m/100 Pi], RandomReal[{0. Project description Release history Download files Project links. In this case, 95% of the variance amounts to 330 principal components. FreeCAD is an open-source parametric 3D modeler made primarily to design real-life objects of any size. These include: alignment based on geometry elements or 3D coordinates, alignment in a local coordinate system, alignment using reference points and various best-fit procedures, such as global best-fit and local best-fit. It is hard to visualize data of higher dimensions though there are dimensionality reduction techniques that reduce say 100 dimensions to 2 so that they can be plotted. 2 KB, 76 views) Download. Documentation about internal architecture (Blendfile format, dependency graph, etc. I need an easy way to convert these 3d points (x,y,z expressed in mm) to 2d points (expressed in pixels) using the. The scatter3d function uses the rgl package to draw 3D scatterplots with various regression surfaces. We can query the Revit database and dynamically link Revit elements to Dynamo geometry while performing parametric operations. A plane in 3D coordinate space is determined by a point and a vector that is perpendicular to the plane. Today's clients demand a level of accuracy that's difficult to reach with traditional measuring tools. Transforms module improvements including support for interactively updating transform in the 3D view and visualization of displacements of individual points. The distance r from the center is called the radius, and the point O is called the center. First of all, think about how you could define a surface for a given set of points. Therefore, direction ratios of the normal to the plane are (a, b, c). Perspectives and Views. Regression lines are the best fit of a set of data. 03 release, the RDKit is no longer supporting Python 2. Returns 2d plane homography Return type np. All the software I've seen requires that you provide the edges. In order to generate a 3-dim. The original method can be summarized as follows: 1. Matplotlib was initially designed with only two-dimensional plotting in mind. fabs (x) ¶. python point_visualizer. It takes a Point3d – around which it gets a Region – and a text string to fit, and – assuming it finds a size that will allow the text to fit – it calls the provided “action” (which is a lambda function we’re passing in to provide the appropriate behaviour for each of our commands). The original code and background information can be found at: Fitting a Circle to Cluster of 3D Points. Subspace is a set of vectors. For a WCS returns False if square image (detector) pixels stay square when projected onto the “plane of intermediate world coordinates” as defined in Greisen & Calabretta 2002, A&A, 395, 1061. (c) By parametrizing the plane and minimizing the square of the distance from a typical point on the plane to P4. Dear Numpy Users, I want to fit a 3d plane into a 3d point cloud and I saw that one could use svd for this purpose. If you are studying Mobius Transformation, this is the best applet for it. Linear fit trendlines with Plotly Express¶. com ? L'inscription est gratuite et ne vous prendra que quelques instants ! Je m'inscris !. (A development of the question will be to fit a box (3D) to a cluster of points in a 3D point cloud. Fitting a line to a set of points in such a way that the sum of squares of the distances of the given points to the line is minimized, is known to be related to the computation of the main axes of an inertia tensor. DataFrame (pca. When more than one object is selected, Blender uses the average of their median points as the median point for pivoting. The other pixels show similar values and a roughly linear increase across the frames. Here at glowscript. This model has three free parameters to be estimated, and as such, we need at least three non-colinear 3D points to fit the plane. Conversely, given a pair of parametric equations with parameter t, the set of points (f(t), g(t)) form a curve in the plane. Click on one individual marker and select an appropriate. We developed a dual-view, plane illumination microscope with improved spatiotemporal resolution by switching illumination and detection between two perpendicular objectives in an alternating duty cycle. See the picture on the right and below. We consider the problem of fitting a plane to a set of measurement points in 3D. Interactive plane geometry software. Fit a plane to data points in 3D space This example shows an NLREG program that fits a plane in 3-dimensional space to a set of data points whose X,Y,Z coordinates are specified. scatter3D functions. You start with it, then edit the PowerPoint template to your liking. Least Squares Sphere Fit September 13, 2015. Free fit ellipsoid download - fit ellipsoid script - Top 4 Download - Top4Download. Convert to homogeneous coordinates python. 2 KB, 76 views) Download. Okay, I need to develop an alorithm to take a collection of 3d points with x,y,and z components and find a line of best fit. Modified version of non-rigid Iterative closest point algorithm for fitting to noisy point clouds. The independent variable where the data is measured. This bowl is a plot of the cost function (f). We've mentioned that SciKits is a searchable index of highly specialized tools that are built on SciPy and NumPy. Points and vectors may be entered via Input Bar in Cartesian or polar coordinates (see Numbers and Angles ). Version 4 Migration Guide. Specifically, the powerful and robust Python Rhinoscript library will be introduced and explored in detail. This part i don't understand clearly. Apply the mapping (transform) to both the training set and the test set. optimize and a wrapper for scipy. Many plot types, such as 3D Surface, 3D Bars, and Contour, can be created from data contained in a matrix object or from data arranged in a block of cells in a worksheet. Plotly Express is the easy-to-use, high-level interface to Plotly, which operates on "tidy" data and produces easy-to-style figures. com ? L'inscription est gratuite et ne vous prendra que quelques instants ! Je m'inscris !. Excel file of point cloud is attached as well. In this case it is a 3d-plot with m_i (x_i = x, y = y_i, z = Z_i). This kind of conversion is very useful in many geometric algorithms like intersection of lines, finding the circumcenter of a triangle, finding the incenter of a triangle and many more…. This post has been moved to HERE I have made two alrogithms, Ransac and Local_ransac. The plot (f, x=x0. This is the resulting fit plane. Hi, I am trying to do plane fit to 3D point data. We fit a 3D plane from noisy points. Given this matrix, we can project 3D points in the world onto our camera plane. Sometimes these small areas are leftovers from the used commands in the Structures mode (especially when importing geometries and when using the intersect and combine tools), or some very inconvenient intersection results by combining the soil and the defined. This can be done with several manifold embeddings provided by scikit-learn. To estimate the extension of the B-spline surface domain, a bounding box is computed in the plane formed by the maximum. In the Symbol tab, set Shape to Ball, Size to 12 and Color to Map: Col (C) (expand Color Chooser to do settings in the By Points. Blender Network. Example: in the general, there are some outlier(or noise) points. 3d-intersection-experiment. The plot (v1, v2) calling sequence creates a curve from the points with x-coordinates v1 and y-coordinates v2, where v1 and v2 are lists or Vectors. If you have an irregular organic shape with no planar surfaces you would need to create a construction feature where you want to align- which might not necessarily be the center of extents, though you could make a point there. This is the resulting fit plane. y: the y values of the plot’s points. the number of features like height, width, weight, …). class rdkit. 2D coordinates of the points I want to get 3D information for. SHIFT+NUM1 — view from positive Y-axis (“back” view). It is also very simple to use. The distance r from the center is called the radius, and the point O is called the center. Points can also be created using Point tools and vectors can be created using the Vector from Point Tool or the Vector Tool and a variety of commands. Equation of a plane , , , is the location of the center of the sphere, and. The top panel shows the PC representation of the plane. In other words, size_u and size_v arguments are used to fit curves of the surface on the corresponding parametric dimension. php on line 38 Notice: Undefined index: HTTP_REFERER in /var/www/html/destek. The following assets were used during the production of this tutorial. While these default options have been carefully selected to suit the vast majority of cases, the Wolfram Language also allows you to customize plots to fit your needs. It turns out that the SimpleITK. My current code is this: import numpy as np from mpl_toolkits. Id like to use the least squares method to find a best fitting plane. Create a basic three-dimensional scatter plot and store it in an R object. ¶ The name of the curve object that will affect the deformed object. The other pixels show similar values and a roughly linear increase across the frames. Is there a formula, or matlab code even better, how to perform best planar fit to those points. The $$a, b, c$$ coefficients are obtained from a vector normal to the plane, and $$d$$ is calculated separately. Example: in the general, there are some outlier(or noise) points. Each segment (bounded by two data points) can be interpolated independently. 00001 True The above will select just the vertices, from that point selecting the edges shouldn't be too difficult. The index of the data points can be found using the following formula:. And afterwards to perform regression analysis, obviously in three dimensional space. As in Example 4, find and name the distance from P4 to a typical point on the plane. An ellipse is a curve that is the locus of all points in the plane the sum of whose distances r_1 and r_2 from two fixed points F_1 and F_2 (the foci) separated by a distance of 2c is a given positive constant 2a (Hilbert and Cohn-Vossen 1999, p. In this tutorial, we cover how to make a wire frame / plane graph in Matplotlib. The current tool. FIT SPHERE THROUGH DATA POINTS 1 / 1 Introduction Method to derive a best fit a sphere through number (≥ 4) XYZ data points, where the summed square errors of the data points w. Compute extrinsic parameters given intrinsic parameters, a few 3D points, and their projections. Hashes for cylinder_fitting-1. The Long Short-Term Memory network or LSTM network is […]. This video shows the automatic plane detection from 3D scanning data in VRMesh v7. It moves the turtle backward by the specified amount. I need to fit several functions to pixel values across the frames for each pixel in each image and then average over the images. $\endgroup$ - Andrew Au Feb 15 '16 at 19:08. For UI development – Creates a text data-block with the source code associated with the control, in case the control is based on a Python script. Ask Question Asked 2 years, 8 months ago. y: the y values of the plot’s points. I want: 3D coordinates of the points. Module containing functions to compute molecular descriptors. I don't think it's good enough to find the best 2D circle fit of the points projected onto their best fitting plane, because the projection process loses information. Now a single point could break that line into two disconnected parts - in this case the said point is the seperating hyperplane. by Dale Fugier (Last modified: 05 Dec 2018). [Stefan] is building a fixed wing drone, and with that comes the need for special mounts and adapters for a GoPro. This file defines compatibility wrappers for low level I/O functions. Project points from x to x’ for each potentially matching pair: 5. Geometrically, this is akin to fitting a plane to points in three dimensions, or fitting a hyper-plane to points in higher dimensions. Welcome to the 9th part of our machine learning regression tutorial within our Machine Learning with Python tutorial series. I have step plot (attached) and I want to fit a plane on the lower terrace of it. Type fun = @ (p) sum ( (YSource – (p (1)*cos (p (2)*XSource)+p (2)*sin (p (1. Extracting Planes from 3D Point Clouds: anyone knows of any software / code to use ? 3d point cloud data( Python) ? to add the rest of the points that fit the surface but to do that I need. Compared with the measured 101 points of the nanoVNA, the curve in the nanoVNA-saver program looks much smoother with 505 points. Each segment (bounded by two data points) can be interpolated independently. The Math Forum has a rich history as an online hub for the mathematics education community. Once your construction plane is positioned, you can use drawing tools to draw a cross-section curve in the 3 D location where it needs to be. You modify the curve using handles on the points. Active 4 years, 8 months ago. Scale the bone as needed to fit it in his body, and continue adding bones by extruding the end points. Fitting 3D points to a plane or a line. In order to generate a 3-dim. A histogram of these scores is then used to determine the cells that get exported based on the percentile designated in the Thinning Value parameter. Apply the mapping (transform) to both the training set and the test set. Fitting a plane through a 3D point data. render_local_map_bev_cv2: Render a Bird's Eye View (BEV) in OpenCV. 3D Environment Laser Scanner From Scratch: Hello and welcome to my first instructable! Here we will go together through the affordable journey of how to make your very own 3D Laser Scanner. The solution can be found further down in this thread. I know the (X,Y,Z) coordinates of the points. An easy-to-follow scikit-learn tutorial that will help you get started with Python machine learning. best fit plane removed. r/Python: news about the dynamic, interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, extensible programming language Python Least squares fit of a surface to a 3D cloud of points in Python (with ridiculous application) Close. The left plot at the picture below shows a 3D plot and the right one is the Contour plot of the same 3D plot. Close points do not need to be the same as Start points. make a closed planar curve. You can vote up the examples you like or vote down the ones you don't like. January 31, 2016 by Gerrit Coetzee 31 Comments [Jeremie Francois] has been thinking about ways to improve tool height adjustment and bed leveling in his 3D printer for a long time. Dear Numpy Users, I want to fit a 3d plane into a 3d point cloud and I saw that one could use svd for this purpose. Place multiple charts on a chart sheet in Excel by Mary Richardson in Software on May 3, 2005, 9:24 AM PST Did you know that you can put as many charts as you can fit on a chart sheet in Microsoft. Data represent in file is N-by-3 numeric data and each column corresponds to x, y and z. More specifically, it is possible to fit 2D lines to 2D segments, circles, disks, iso rectangles and triangles, as well as to fit 3D lines or 3D planes to 3D segments, triangles, iso cuboids, tetrahedra, spheres and balls. Just like with the traveling salesman problem (where a solution is to always choose to travel to the closest city next), this does not produce the optimal solution but it does in general produce a fairly good solution, without having. Hi there! This post is an experiment combining the result of t-SNE with two well known clustering techniques: k-means and hierarchical. Welcome to the 9th part of our machine learning regression tutorial within our Machine Learning with Python tutorial series. I need to find the area under the first one, so I was planning on doing a spline fit and taking the derivative to find the Read more Source: stackoverflow. The image is 640x480, and is a NumPy array of bytes. Graph Slam Python. rc plane hacks 3 Articles. First of all, think about how you could define a surface for a given set of points. Let the co-ordinate of the given point be (x1, y1, z1) and equation of the plane be given by the equation a * x + b * y + c * z + d = 0, where a, b and c are real constants. Beginning with the 2019. For a given 3D convex polygon with N vertices, determine if a 3D point (x, y, z) is inside the polygon. Let's look at an example with real data in Scikit-Learn. If some keys are missing in the dict, default colors are used for the corresponding artists. Irene shows you how to create a VirtuSurv project for use in this course. This is the resulting fit plane. Also, Scipy. It effectively rotates the points without corruption, but I can't get the rotation to align with the best fit plane. Content is communicated with billboarded 2D video streams. It must take the independent variable as the first argument and the parameters to fit as separate remaining arguments. Then you can use those two angles for the great circle which we have parametrically defined. Convert to homogeneous coordinates python. We’ll start with straight lines, then expand the concept. (A development of the question will be to fit a box (3D) to a cluster of points in a 3D point cloud. Hybrid 3D scaffolds composed of different biomaterials with fibrous structure or enriched with different inclusions (i. Now the points I have is mostly on building roof. Today I will try to show how to visualize Gradient Descent using Contour plot in Python. Lectures by Walter Lewin. trunc (x) ¶ Return the Real value x truncated to an Integral (usually an integer). The angle a circle subtends from its center is a full angle, equal to 360 degrees or 2pi radians. If you points are A, B, C, find the vectors $\mathbf{u} = B-A, \mathbf{v} = C-A$ take the cross product, [math]\mathbf{w}=\mathbf{u} \times \ma. Once you created the DataFrame based on the above data, you’ll need to import 2 additional Python modules: matplotlib – for creating charts in Python. In this case try the postscript device or use highlight. Usually 3D points being projected onto the image plane are first transformed into the camera coordinate system. {\displaystyle. First we import the turtle module. 21, 2012), assignee: MVTec Software GmbH, 81675 Muenchen. This article will introduce an improvement that better handle noisy input. I'm doing research on 'Automated Building Extraction'. The instance of this class defines a __call__ method and can. U that the plane is spanned by the two first columns of U. XAxis # x-axis vector print plane. Here's a quick implementation. I calculated the centroid as : xyz0=npy. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. sample() Warning:. On some devices not all colors can be displayed. They are used to get a planes, or a plane, or the best planes, from a 3d point cloud. Chief Points liked naminukas. It effectively rotates the points without corruption, but I can't get the rotation to align with the best fit plane. A third-order polynomial. Random data points that we have just generated in 3D-space. We consider the problem of fitting a plane to a set of measurement points in 3D. I have step plot (attached) and I want to fit a plane on the lower terrace of it. Note: you are fitting PCA on the training set only. The independent variable where the data is measured. " in the code places a ". Then you can use those two angles for the great circle which we have parametrically defined. here we do some transformations to find out where to plot a 3-dimensional point on this 2-dimensional screen. # importing two required module import numpy as np import matplotlib. Fitting a plane to a set of points in 3D using PCA. The number of points used for x and y MUST BE EQUAL thus, 51 for both of them in this example CAREFUL! this "51" number may need to be adjusted to make a smooth, nice graph and not hang the computer. You need to create an infinite plane to place your icon, go to Create > Object > Plane, in the Attributes Manager set the Width and Height to 400cm and the Width and Height Segments to 5, use Coordinate Manager set the Z position to 100cm. Apply the mapping (transform) to both the training set and the test set. Autumn park; English Alphabet. And now instead of fitting a line to the data, if I'm thinking about just a very simple model, I can think about fitting a hyper plane. note: A nicer looking and correct answer will still get accepted, thanks! I've read on page 27 here that a 3x3 transform matrix can be just the nine dot products - thank you U. , Beijing Jiaotong University, 2012 Dissertation Submitted in partial ful llment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Syracuse University. To find the equation of a line in a two-dimensional plane, we need to know a point that the line passes through as well as the slope. Plotly Express is the easy-to-use, high-level interface to Plotly, which operates on "tidy" data and produces easy-to-style figures. Ask Question Asked 1 year, Thanks for contributing an answer to Mathematics Stack Exchange! Please be sure to answer the question. 45 degree latitude is halfway between an equator and a pole for example. It effectively rotates the points without corruption, but I can't get the rotation to align with the best fit plane. Support Vector Machine Algorithm is a supervised machine learning algorithm, which is generally used for classification purposes. Visualization with Matplotlib. The classical approach is to use polynomials of degree 3, called cubic splines, which can achieve the continuity of the first derivative, but not that of second derivative. The GOM 3D software includes all standard alignment functions. January 31, 2016 by Gerrit Coetzee 31 Comments [Jeremie Francois] has been thinking about ways to improve tool height adjustment and bed leveling in his 3D printer for a long time. x: the x values of the plot’s points. If I understand correctly, you want to plot the points m depending on 3 parameters (x, y, z). In my question: Plane M contains a large number of point data when compared with plane L(i. The image is 640x480, and is a NumPy array of bytes. labs: the labels to be associated with the plot’s points. This online calculator to find and plot the equation of the circle that passes through three given points. Conversely, given a pair of parametric equations with parameter t, the set of points (f(t), g(t)) form a curve in the plane. Implemented in Python + NumPy + SciPy + matplotlib. When more than one object is selected, Blender uses the average of their median points as the median point for pivoting. Beginning with the 2019. I think you should slightly change the way you describe the plane. We recommend you read our Getting Started guide for the latest installation or upgrade instructions, then move on to our Plotly Fundamentals tutorials or dive straight in to some Basic Charts tutorials. A value of 1 will fit a flat plane to the points, and a higher value will fit a more complex surface. # 3d points. x1) calling sequence plots the real function f over the horizontal real range from x0 to x1. Okay, I need to develop an alorithm to take a collection of 3d points with x,y,and z components and find a line of best fit. Tips Points, even Start and Close points, must always be entered in the direction of the traverse progression. We can query the Revit database and dynamically link Revit elements to Dynamo geometry while performing parametric operations. An empty vector means that all points are candidates to sample in the RANSAC iteration to fit the plane. This type of graph is. I found a commonly referenced item from Geometric Tools but there doesn't seem to be a lot of information to get someone not already familiar with the method going. The points in points_class_0. (7 replies) Hi all, I am seeking a module that will do the equivalent of linear regression in 3D to yield a best fit a plane through a set of points (X1, Y1, Z1), (X1, Y1, Z1), (Xn, Yn, Zn). The code first fits a plane though you data points (NOTE: to successfuly fit a plane, you need at least 3 data points), then calculates the 'pitch' and the 'roll' of the fitted plane. The example shows how to determine the best-fit plane/surface (1st or higher order polynomial) over a set of three-dimensional points. com offers free software downloads for Windows, Mac, iOS and Android computers and mobile devices. " at each coordinate of the x-y matrix. The independent variable where the data is measured. AdaptiveRangeCoder compression class More. 0] Creating Points. 45 degree latitude is halfway between an equator and a pole for example. Import KMeans from sklearn. Method for planes defined by normal n and scalar d. , you don't have to pay for it). Some input datasets may have several points with the same x,y coordinates. Image class doesn’t exactly have a bracket ( [ and ]) operator but instead uses the GetPixel method which takes in a pixel index in a (x, y, z) order, i. $\endgroup$ - Andrew Au Feb 15 '16 at 19:08. Fitting 3D points to a plane or a line. Positions of data points. interpolate is a convenient method to create a function based on fixed data points, which can be evaluated anywhere within the domain defined by the given data using linear interpolation. Python Jacobian Ode. The following assets were used during the production of this tutorial. When you pass other type of arguments via color keyword, it will be directly. This is easiest using the cross product. Vous n'avez pas encore de compte Developpez. ExtractTangentFaces from a polysurface V5 plug-in. In this project, we used SVD to find LSE solution. Scatter3D from plotly. Well organized and easy to understand Web building tutorials with lots of examples of how to use HTML, CSS, JavaScript, SQL, PHP, Python, Bootstrap, Java and XML. active oldest votes. by Pengcheng Jia B. 0] Creating Points. 03 release, the RDKit is no longer supporting Python 2. curve_fit is part of scipy.
cse144bd91fkh, 441xo43edrtn0u, gwyhbckkhe, gssfs8zq1x03z, 23wyrw7yipf1u0o, sil57jtxbvpo4un, bjgktxea20f, q2vv9a91mk84p, a8t0ipmax30kmuq, diqf8do0krmiqdw, ix3h3aest8, kpl679mcmece, ezy6qscsbd6qs, rksf9wo5ja, m85is6lqz6xclv, fvrcs3ghimi, jsyvt3q0o54bpod, mh6uj4fntz7x5, zypys6ziqjkv, rglljshn4famaf, dtrk1m3jjmmmt4o, h1tezubgpi0iu, 2gbvt90pso1q3, rc1r4apdy9y6znc, fzs5yt8tgnqom, 7m0esrp935j, 1vl9x66du8j, m5gm5hhk01xuyfw | 12,314 | 53,479 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.265625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | latest | en | 0.895865 |
http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/solve/solve2/s21/s2111/s211101/s211101.html | 1,550,380,526,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481624.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217051250-20190217073250-00252.warc.gz | 438,751,485 | 2,890 | ## EQUATIONS CONTAINING VARIABLES UNDER ONE OR MORE RADICALS
Note:
• In order to solve for x, you must isolate x.
• In order to isolate x, you must remove it from under the radical.
• If there is just one radical in the equation, isolate the radical.
• Then raise both sides of the equation to a power equal to the index
• With these types of equations, sometimes there are extraneous
• If the index of the radical is even, many times there will be a
restriction on the values of x.
Problem 2.1a:
First make a note of the fact that you cannot take the square root of a
negative number. Therefore,
Square both sides of the equation.
Add 11 to both sides of the equation
Divide both sides of the equation by 5.
Check the solution by substituting in the original equation
for x. If the left side of the equation equals the right side of the
equation after the substitution, you have found the correct answer.
If you would like to review the solution for Problem 2.1b, click on Solution.
If you would like to visit the problem page again, click on problem.
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[Calculus] [Complex Variables] [Matrix Algebra] | 279 | 1,181 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.5625 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | latest | en | 0.894999 |
https://www.clutchprep.com/chemistry/practice-problems/133425/given-the-following-reactionsh2o-l-h2o-g-h-44-01-kj2h2-g-o2-g-2h2o-g-h-483-64-kj | 1,618,156,811,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038064520.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411144457-20210411174457-00098.warc.gz | 808,194,180 | 36,647 | # Problem: Given the following reactionsH2O (l) →H2O (g) ΔH = 44.01 kJ2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (g) ΔH = -483.64 kJthe enthalpy for the decomposition of liquid water into gaseous hydrogeand oxygen2H2O (l) → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) is __________ kJ.A) -395.62B) -527.65C) 439.63D) 571.66E) 527.65
###### FREE Expert Solution
We’re being asked to determine the enthalpy change (ΔHrxn) for the chemical reaction:
2 H2O (l) → 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g)
We can use Hess’s Law to determine the enthalpy change of the overall reaction from the given reactions:
1. H2O (l) →H2O (g) ΔH1 = 44.01 kJ
2. 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (g) ΔH2 = - 483.64 kJ
We now need to find a combination of reactions that when added up, gives us the overall reaction.
88% (8 ratings)
###### Problem Details
Given the following reactions
H2O (l) →H2O (g) ΔH = 44.01 kJ
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (g) ΔH = -483.64 kJ
the enthalpy for the decomposition of liquid water into gaseous hydrogeand oxygen
2H2O (l) → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
is __________ kJ.
A) -395.62
B) -527.65
C) 439.63
D) 571.66
E) 527.65 | 457 | 1,195 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.296875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | latest | en | 0.423905 |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2833584/how-many-solutions-are-to-x-1x-2x-3x-4x-5x-6-30-if-x-1-6-then-x-2-neq | 1,606,849,669,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141681209.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201170219-20201201200219-00010.warc.gz | 389,235,048 | 33,727 | # How many solutions are to $x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4+x_5+x_6=30$ if $x_1=6$ then $x_2\neq 4$, $x_3=6$ then $x_4\neq 4$, $x_5=6$ then $x_6\neq 4$?
How many solutions over $\mathbb N$ (includes $0$) are to $x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4+x_5+x_6=30$ if the three conditions below must hold:
if $x_1=6$ then $x_2\neq 4$, if $x_3=6$ then $x_4\neq 4$, if $x_5=6$ then $x_6\neq 4$?
I thought to use inclusion/exclusion principle here. In general there're ${30-1+6\choose 30}$ solutions.
We can count how many solutions are if $x_i=6\land x_{i+1}=4$ for $i=1,3,5$. There're ${20-1+4\choose 20}$ solutions.
If two "anti-conditions" hold together then there're ${10-1+2\choose 10}$ and if all three "anti-conditions" hold then there's only one solution.
Therefore the final answer is: $${30-1+6\choose 30}-3{20-1+4\choose 20}+3{10-1+2\choose 10}-1=319351$$
I'm not sure this is correct application of inclusion/exclusion principle here.
• the idea looks right to me – gt6989b Jun 27 '18 at 12:30
if $$x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4+x_5+x_6 = 30$$ and $$x_1 = x_3 = x_5 = 6$$ $$x_2+x_4+x_6 = 30 -6×3$$ $$x_2+x_4+x_6 = 12$$ where $$x_2 ≠ x_4 ≠ x_6 ≠ 4$$
• That is the situation if all of $x_1,x_3,x_5$ equal $6$. But they may take different values. – Andrew Woods Jun 27 '18 at 16:38 | 528 | 1,243 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.25 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | latest | en | 0.603031 |
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# RelativeResourceManager - rA tml Facult6 de g6nie G6nie...
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Facult6 de g6nie G6nie m6canique Final Examination 7 December 2007 Profs. Flallett and Skaff rA tml Ottawa L r_niKii!c canld'cw C.-od!\ dr \ca ry GNG TIO5. ENGINEERING I\{ECHANICS Faculty of Engineering Mechanical Engineering Time: 3 hours Page I of3 Closed Book. Non-programmable calculators only allorved. Free-body diagrams must be drawn wherever appropriate. Marks will be deducted for missing or incorrect free-body diagrams. At the end ofthe exam, when time is up, stop working and close your exam booklet. Do not move or speak until all exams have been picked up and the proctor tells you that you may leave. l, ( l2 marks total) The inclined plate shown in the sketch is supported by two hinges, B and C, attached to a vertical wall, and by a cable AD which exerts a force P = L72 kN at point A. The cable anchor, point D, lies in the y - z plane. Hinge B can act as a thrust bearing, but C cannot. The weight of the plate acts at its centre G. (a) (4 marks) Write the force P as vector components. (b) (8 marks) Determine the weight of the plate and the reactions at hinge C. 2. (12 marks total) The truss shown is supported by a pinjoint at H and a vertical link a1 A. It is loaded by forces P = 20 kN and Q: 8 kN. All joints are frictionless pins. (a) (2 marks) Determine the reactions at the supports. (b) (8 marks) Find the forces in members BC, FC, and FG using the method of sections.
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Ask a homework question - tutors are online | 535 | 2,026 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.203125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | latest | en | 0.840418 |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2754077/prime-decomposition-in-a-dedekind-domain | 1,618,113,943,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038060927.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411030031-20210411060031-00101.warc.gz | 493,699,323 | 37,453 | # Prime decomposition in a Dedekind domain
Let $R=\mathbb{F}_5[X,Y]/(Y^2-X^3-2X)$. I have to determine the structure of the $R$-module $M=R/XR\times R/YR$ using the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over Dedekind domain. Since in this case we have a torsion module, $M$ is isomorphic to $R/I_1\times\cdots\times R/I_n$ for some ideals $I_i$ where $I_1\subset\dots\subset I_n$.
I was trying to find such ideals by finding the prime decomposition of $X$ and $Y$ in $R$ and then applying the Chinese remainder theorem. In order to find the prime decomposition, I was looking for polynomials $f$ and $g$ such that $fg=X+(Y^2-X^3-2X)h$ for some polynomial $h$. However, I did not succeed. Does this approach seem fruitful, if yes what are those polynomials, or should I try something differently?
## 1 Answer
$R/XR$ is more than just an $R$-module; it is actually a ring as well.
A common way to understand rings is to do arithmetic on their presentations. For example,
\begin{align} R/(X) &= \left( \mathbf{F}_5[X,Y]/(Y^2 - X^3 - 2X)\right) / (X) \\&\cong \left( \mathbf{F}_5[X,Y]/(X)\right) / (Y^2 - X^3 - 2X) \\&\cong \mathbf{F}_5[Y] / (Y^2) \end{align}
• I tried to do the same for $R/(Y)$ and got $\mathbb{F}_5[X]/(X^3-2X)=\mathbb{F}_5\times\mathbb{F}_5[X]/(X^2-2)$ by Chinese remainder. I tried to translate these rings back into $R/I$ so that I get the desired form. But I got stuck on $\mathbb{F}_5[X]/(X^2-2)$. Any hints for that? – MightyGuy Apr 27 '18 at 17:16 | 510 | 1,488 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.453125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | latest | en | 0.866649 |
https://discourse.eemodelingsystem.com/t/error-runing-the-efdc-water-quality-model/1598 | 1,709,085,573,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474690.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228012542-20240228042542-00547.warc.gz | 215,699,307 | 4,992 | # Error runing the EFDC water quality model
Hello,
I’m modeling a reservoir in the EFDC using the Temperature, Cohesive sediment, Dye and Water quality modules, i ran the same model before with different data and i didn’t observed any problems but when i want to analyse another period of time (changing the flow, temperatures, winds, pressure, cohesives, water quality and atmospheric time series) the model shows me the following message: “WQ concentration time series Maximun iterations exceeded in external solution”,
what could it be?
Thanks for any help
Scardon9,
I guess this is probably due to the time step. Try lowering your time step to see if it solves your problem.
Regards,
John
Hi John,
As you said lowering the time step solves the poblem, but now i have a question. In wich way it helps to solve the problem, i mean in which way it helps to reduce the iterations made by the water quality module?
Regards,
Sebastian
Sebastian,
I am sorry it took a while to get back to you. EFDC model uses the explicit scheme to solve for the governing equations and it is a feature of the explicit solutions that you need to comply with the CFL (Courant Freidrich Levy) conditions for your solutions to converge. Previously, when you had large time step, you were probably violating the CFL condition. You can find more details about CFL condition from Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy_condition
Regards,
Janesh
Hello
I’m modeling a deltic sea with the EFDC model,and two problems caught me.Firstly,the model stops ,showing negtive depths at I,J…but if i set the depth a constant value ,the modeljust runs well.How could it happen? Secondly,the model shows error at 83 of the calsed subrutine,with the x1**x2,x1<0 and x2/=0.By checking the calsed ,the x1 represent sed(l,k).
What could be done to make them corrected?
Thanks for any help
xingguopan wrote: Hello
I'm modeling a deltic sea with the EFDC model,and two problems caught me.Firstly,the model stops ,showing negtive depths at I,J....but if i set the depth a constant value ,the modeljust runs well.How could it happen? Secondly,the model shows error at 83 of the _calsed_ subrutine,with the x1**x2,x1<0 and x2/=0.By checking the calsed ,the x1 represent sed(l,k).
What could be done to make them corrected?
Thanks for any help
Hi Xingguapan,
It seems that your first problem with the bathymetry caused by some strange cells, for example, the elevation is sudden increase or decrease. These are useful make the model unstable. | 604 | 2,529 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.65625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | latest | en | 0.915174 |
https://sciencing.com/do-convert-8-ns-hertz-6901986.html | 1,718,993,560,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-26/segments/1718198862132.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20240621160500-20240621190500-00710.warc.gz | 438,414,893 | 86,396 | # How do I Convert 8 NS to Hertz?
••• scientific-stat calculator 1 image by aberenyi from Fotolia.com
Print
The basic unit of frequency is the hertz, which equals one cycle per second. The inverse of frequency is the period, or the time it takes for one cycle to occur. For example, a frequency of 100 hertz has a period equal to 1/100 second, or 0.01 second. A nanosecond (ns) is one billionth of a second. You can determine the frequency that has a period of 8 ns by finding its inverse.
Express a nanosecond in seconds. One nanosecond is a billionth of a second. A billion is 10 to the ninth power. Write the number 1 and move the decimal nine places to the left. This is one billionth: 0.000000001.
Express 8 nanoseconds in seconds by multiplying the number in Step 1 by 8. This gives you 0.000000008. You can be easily confused by all those decimal places, so check your work with the online Nanoseconds to Seconds Conversion Calculator (see Resources). Enter the number of nanoseconds and instantly read the equivalent number of seconds.
Compute the inverse of the number in Step 2 to obtain the frequency in hertz. You can do this on a calculator by dividing 1 by 0.000000008. Scientific calculators, such as the Online Scientific Calculator (see Resources), commonly include a “1/x” key that does this for you. In the example, 1 divided by 0.000000008 equals 125,000,000. (The calculator may come up with 124,999,999.99999999, but in this case the human has the more accurate answer.)
Check your work using an online tool such as the CalcTool Frequency and period calculator (see Resources). Next to “Input,” change the pull-down to read “ns.” Make sure the units in the next line read “Hz (per s)”. Enter “8” in the “Input” box, click on the “Calculate!” button and read the answer: 1.25000e+8. This is scientific notation for 1.25 times 10 to the eighth power. Move the decimal eight places to the right and you see that the result is 125,000,000 hertz. Your answers agree. | 504 | 1,989 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.453125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-26 | latest | en | 0.901423 |
https://community.plm.automation.siemens.com/t5/Solid-Edge-2D-Drafting-Forum/Creating-series-of-holes-along-an-arc/td-p/214002 | 1,516,128,653,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886639.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116184540-20180116204540-00518.warc.gz | 680,791,817 | 25,783 | Cancel
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# Creating series of holes along an arc...
N/A
Hi,
I want to laser cut some acrylic to make an edge-lit sign. I'm looking for a way, given an arc, to generate very small holes, say 20mil diam and 50mil apart, automatically along the arc - there will be 100s of these arc potentially. Ideally, I'd like the start & end point of the arc to be a hole, but that is not essential.
Engraving is not an option - for the effect I'm after, its a line of small holes...
Any ideas welcome...
Thanks
Nick
8 REPLIES
# Re: Creating series of holes along an arc...
Siemens Pioneer
Nick,
Unfortunately, the 2D Drafting product does not really have a solution for you. In the 3D purchased product, we have a Pattern Along a curve command that would allow you to do exactly what you want, but this command is available in the 3D Part environment and not in Draft.
# Re: Creating series of holes along an arc...
N/A
Thanks for the reply - unfortunately I only work in 2D and can't justify buying 3D for just this project - I'll have to use another product.
Cheers,
Nick
# Re: Creating series of holes along an arc...
N/A
Nick,
If you are truly patterning along an arc,
use the Circular Pattern command.
It is in the drop list under the Mirror command.
Regards,
Rick B.
# Re: Creating series of holes along an arc...
N/A
How would I use Circular Pattern to do this?
Thanks
# Re: Creating series of holes along an arc...
N/A
Draw the arc on which the pattern will reside.
Draw the circle at one end of the arc that will represent one of the holes.
The circular pattern command uses angles for the spacing,
so you will have to calculate the angle based on the spacing distance.
Click on the circle that you want to pattern.
Run the circular pattern command.
You will notice a dynamic pattern display.
You can specify the angle you calculated and the number of copies to make.
To make it pattern relative to the center of the arc move the mouse over the
arc so that it locates the arc.
Now move the cursor toward the center of the arc.
It will locate the center of the arc.
Click to place the pattern.
Regards,
Rick B.
# Re: Creating series of holes along an arc...
N/A
In my version (Free 2D ST3) rectangular and circular patterning functions are disabled. Why?
(2D patterning is a pretty basic/essential function for a 2D CAD tool.)
# Re: Creating series of holes along an arc...
N/A
In my version (Free 2D ST3) rectangular and circular patterning functions are disabled. Why? (2D patterning is a pretty basic/essential function for a 2D CAD tool.)
You have to select a rectangle or circle first then the tools become active.
Hope this helps.
# Re: Creating series of holes along an arc...
N/A
Yes, I see that preselecting a 2D element does make the patterning functions available, but I am completely lost as to understanding the rationale of this behavior. The behavior is not consistant with respect to the other functions (ex. offset, scaling, mirroring, ...etc.) that also operate on existing entities; you are not required to preselect any entity in order to activate those functions.
I would like to point out that preselecting any 2D element (even a note) will make the patterning functions available even though it has no value in establishing certain characteristics for the pattern type. Even though on the surface it makes sense to select a circle to preform a circular pattern and a "rectangle" to preform a retangular pattern it should not be a requirement. By the way, based on my limited knowledge of the product, there is no such thing as a retangle entity; yes, there several functions to create "rectangle" shapes, but the result is not a rectangle but 4 lines. | 863 | 3,729 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.71875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | latest | en | 0.934043 |
http://scienceblogs.com/mixingmemory/2006/10/23/who-will-win-control-of-congre/ | 1,537,470,098,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156554.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920175529-20180920195929-00143.warc.gz | 216,984,528 | 12,396 | # Who Will Win Control of Congress In November? Statisticians Make a Prediction
If you’re not reading the Columbia University stats blog, Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science, you’re missing a lot of great stuff. For example, today’s post by Andrew Gelman discusses the paper “Forecasting House Seats from Generic Congressional Polls” by Bafumi, Erikson, and Wlezian. From the paper:
This paper is intended to provide some guidance for translating the results of generic congressional polls into the election outcome.1 Via computer simulation based on statistical analysis of historical data, we show how generic vote polls can be used to forecast the election outcome. We convert the results of generic vote polls into a projection of the actual national vote for Congress and ultimately into the partisan division of seats in the House of Representatives. Our model allows both a point forecast–our expectation of the seat division between Republicans and Democrats–and an estimate of the probability of partisan control. Based on current generic ballot polls, we forecast an expected Democratic gain of 32 seats with Democratic control (a gain of 18 seats or more) a near certainty. (Emphasis in original.)
To arrive at these predictions, they used the results of the last 15 midterm elections, and generic polling data from within 30 days of those elections. From this data, they produced a regression equation that predicts the vote-share for Democrats based on generic polling. Here’s the equation:
Dem Vote Share = 24.38 + 0.51 * Dem Poll Share – 1.07 * Presidential Party1
They then stuck this year’s polling data (from October 8 until today) into the equation, and get a figure of 55% of the vote-share for Democrats (95% confidence interval = 51.3 to 58.7). Using simulations (desribed on p. 3 and in the appendix) that treat open and incumbent seats differently, they translate the vote share into the number of congressional seats and the probability of Democrats taking control of the House. The simulations yield the data summarized in this graph (p. 4):
As you can see, when you simulate the Democratic vote shares from within the confidence intervals (the graph goes from 50 to 60%, on the x-axis), the Democrats get at least 218 seats, and the probability that they’ll have control of the House of Representatives goes up to almost .9. In his post, Andrew Gelman argues that they might be overstating the confidence of this prediction. I’ll let the statisticians argue about that, but I still think the whole thing is really cool, especially since it predicts the outcome I want!
1In case you’re not familiar with regression, before the values are put in, the equation looks like this:
Vj = α +β1Generic Polljt + β2Presidential Partyj
from this paper by the same authors. The equation is basically that for a line (y =mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the intercept), so α (24.38 in the final version) is the intercept, and the two β’s are the regression coefficients (0.51 and 1.07 in the final version), which take the place of m, or the slope, in the equation for a line. | 677 | 3,126 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.421875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | latest | en | 0.900649 |
http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/octave-bug-tracker/2017-12/msg00437.html | 1,547,673,663,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657867.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116195543-20190116221543-00530.warc.gz | 137,628,635 | 3,620 | octave-bug-tracker
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## [Octave-bug-tracker] [bug #52685] redundant sentence in meansq docstring
From: Dan Sebald Subject: [Octave-bug-tracker] [bug #52685] redundant sentence in meansq docstring Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2017 18:12:48 -0500 (EST) User-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:55.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/55.0
```Follow-up Comment #15, bug #52685 (project octave):
Regarding OLS, I think there is confusion between s and S where perhaps S =
diag(s.^2), s being the standard deviation and I being the identity matrix.
The kron() could be confusing things.
Let's do a simple test using the variable/case naming convention that we find
in the plaintext ols.m help and make the r.v.s all Gaussian so we know what to
expect by multiplying by s (std dev). I'm not interested in BETA, so let's
just multiply X by 3, i.e., BETA = 3*eye(t).
octave:55> s = [0.5 1.0 1.5];
octave:56> X = randn(1000,3) * [1 0 0; 0 2 0; 0 0 3];
octave:57> E = randn(size(X)) * diag(s);
octave:58> Y = 3*X + E;
octave:59> [BETA, SIGMA, R] = ols(Y,X);
octave:60> plot(X,Y,'o');
octave:61> BETA
BETA =
3.0137917 -0.0027791 -0.0164175
-0.0021136 2.9927458 0.0019762
-0.0010545 -0.0137569 3.0187553
octave:62> SIGMA
SIGMA =
0.252791 0.026516 0.019116
0.026516 1.015776 -0.029007
0.019116 -0.029007 2.500401
octave:63> sqrt(SIGMA)
ans =
0.50278 + 0.00000i 0.16284 + 0.00000i 0.13826 + 0.00000i
0.16284 + 0.00000i 1.00786 + 0.00000i 0.00000 + 0.17031i
0.13826 + 0.00000i 0.00000 + 0.17031i 1.58127 + 0.00000i
OK, so BETA looks like 3*eye(t), and SIGMA does look like diag(s.^2), i.e.,
diag([0.5^2 1.0^2 1.5^2]).
I see now why the original programmer chose vec(E) notation--because E is
actually a matrix. And it is strange in the sense that if we really
considered the correlation of all residual variables, of which there are t
times p, our correlation matrix (if we were to stack the residuals as [e1; e2;
e3; ...] where e1 is column one, etc.) would be a tp-by-tp matrix. But I
think the example I gave above is more along the lines of what is meant to be
expressed here, i.e., there are p random residuals with t observed outcomes
per variable. The vec(E) and kron() stuff doesn't seem correct, or at least
not the clearest way of describing things. I'll make an attempt at correcting
that for ols.m and gls.m.
_______________________________________________________
Reply to this item at:
<http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?52685>
_______________________________________________
Message sent via/by Savannah
http://savannah.gnu.org/
```
reply via email to | 914 | 2,611 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.03125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | latest | en | 0.76 |
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8396283/magic-square-nullpointerexception-yay | 1,464,703,927,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051342447.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005542-00160-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 272,774,185 | 20,697 | # Magic Square NullPointerException. Yay
EDIT: Sorted. See bottom for solution
Okay, I have to write a program that takes in user inputs until the user types "x", at which time my code is supposed to evaluate three things:
1. if number of inputs (n) is square
2. if inputs are unique & contain numbers 1-n
3. if the order in which the inputs were put in generates a magic square.
Everything I'm posting compiles, and I can "x" or "(char)" on the first input, but if I enter an integer, I get:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException at Square.add(Square.java:32) at TestMagicSquare.main(TestMagicSquare.java:40)
What am I doing wrong?? Here's my code. (Ignore the sum checking methods, I have yet to flesh them out.)
FUNCTIONAL CLASS
`````` /*
* HW 01
* Nick Smith
* 1 December 2011
*
*/
import java.util.*;
public class Square
{
private ArrayList<Integer> numbers;
private int [][] square;
private int rowSum, colSum, TLBRSum, TRBLSum = 0;
/*
* Default constructor of Square class
*
*/
public Square ()
{
}
//step 0 add inputs to arraylist numbers
/*
*
*
*/
public void add(int i)
{
}
//step 1 after inputs, number of inputs are square
/*
*
*
*/
public boolean isSquare()
{
for(int i=0; i<50; i++)
{
if(numbers.size() == i*i)
{
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
//step 2 after inputs, check if all unique #s are used
/*
*
*
*/
public boolean isUnique()
{
for(int i = 1; i<=numbers.size(); i++)
{
if(numbers.contains(i))
{
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
//step 3 populate indices in numbers into square
/*
*
*
*/
{
for(int i=0; i<square.length; i++)
{
for(int j=0; j<square[0].length; j++)
{
square[i][j] = numbers.get(i*square.length+j);
}
}
}
//step 4 find the magic number
/*
*
*
*/
public int findMagicNumber()
{
int magicNumber = 0;
for(int i=0; i < square.length; i++)
{
magicNumber += square[0][i];
}
return magicNumber;
}
/*
*
*
*/
{
return rowSum;
}
/*
*
*
*/
{
return colSum;
}
/*
*
*
*/
{
return TLBRSum;
}
/*
*
*
*/
{
return TRBLSum;
}
//step 5, check if rows = cols = diagonals = magic number
/*
*
*
*/
public boolean isMagic()
{
{
return true;
}
return false;
}
``````
}
TEST CLASS
`````` import java.util.*;
public class TestMagicSquare
{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
//instantiate new Scanner class object
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
//instantiate new Square class object from default constructor
Square mySquare = new Square();
//instance variables
boolean running = true;
String prompt = ". Enter a number (x to quit): ";
String error = "***Invalid data entry, please try again.***";
int inputNum = 1;
//Allow user to input until "x" is typed
while(running)
{
System.out.print("\nInput number " + inputNum + prompt);
if(!scan.hasNextInt())
{
if(scan.next().equalsIgnoreCase("x"))
{
System.out.println("Input terminated by user. Checking for square and magicness.");
running = false;
}
else
{
System.out.println(error);
}
}
else
{
inputNum++;
}
}
//Note for Dec 6 - Compiles, but not sure if this logic is right.
// Test inputs against constraints defined in functional class Square
if(!mySquare.isSquare())
{
System.out.println("Step 1: Number of inputs not square. Aborting program");
}
else if(!mySquare.isUnique())
{
System.out.println("Step 2: Numbers are not unique. Aborting program.");
}
else if(!mySquare.isMagic())
{
System.out.println("Step 3: Square is not magic. Aborting program.");
}
else
{
System.out.println("Step 1: Number of inputs is square");
System.out.println("Step 2: Numbers are unique");
System.out.println("Step 3: MAGIC SQUARE! Holy crap!");
}
}
}
``````
As always, any help is appreciated.
SOLUTION:
Thanks, everyone. I've all but got it now. I really appreciate your help.
I used
`````` private ArrayList<Integer> numbers = new ArrayList();
``````
in the top declarations along with
`````` private int [][] square;
``````
and
`````` double dubble = Math.sqrt(numbers.size());
int squareSize = (int)dubble;
square = new int[squareSize][squareSize];
``````
in the AddToSquare() method, which I called directly after my while loop in the test class.
I hope this helps anyone looking for the answer in the future.
-
Where do you intialize private ArrayList<Integer> numbers ? – jatanp Dec 6 '11 at 6:51
" java.lang.NullPointerException at Square.add(Square.java:32) at ". Take a look at that line. Something is null there. – Thilo Dec 6 '11 at 6:51
@jatanp - I define it at the top, but is that not enough? Must I make a instantiate a new Arraylist? – novalsi Dec 6 '11 at 6:53
@Thilo - Sadly, I'm but a wee novice. I agree something is null, but I can't make heads or tails of what. – novalsi Dec 6 '11 at 6:54
@novalsi There is a difference between declaring something and defining it. You've only done the former. – Tomalak Dec 6 '11 at 6:58
I think you missed to instantiate the `ArrayList<Integer>` and an array - `private int [][] square;`
``````private ArrayList<Integer> numbers=new ArrayList<Integer>();
``````
-
Thank you, that seems to be working better. Still not perfectly, but there are other problems in the code (such as my apparently made-up array.add). – novalsi Dec 6 '11 at 7:01
You never said that there was a list of numbers.
private ArrayList numbers;
should probably be
private List numbers = new ArrayList();
- | 1,418 | 5,311 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.734375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | latest | en | 0.525035 |
https://computersciencewiki.org/index.php?title=Convert_to_binary_from_base-10&oldid=10244 | 1,575,629,913,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540487789.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206095914-20191206123914-00150.warc.gz | 326,549,803 | 7,897 | # Convert to binary from base-10
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
This a problem set for you to work through [1]
This is a problem set. Some of these are easy, others are far more difficult. The purpose of these problems sets are:
1. to build your skill applying computational thinking to a problem
2. to assess your knowledge and skills of different programming practices
## What is this problem set trying to do
The actual solution to this problem is fairly straight-forward, but imagining how to solve the problem is tricky. As a side note, you must understand how to convert base 10 to base 2.
## The Problem
Ask the user to enter a number in base 10. Then convert the number the user entered into binary. Extra points if you ensure the binary always has 8 digits
## Unit Tests
• User Input: 1
• Expected output: 1
• User Input: 4
• Expected output: 100
• User Input: 8
• Expected output: 1000
## How you will be assessed
Scope
• To what extent does your code implement the features required by our specification?
• To what extent is there evidence of effort?
Correctness
• To what extent did your code meet specifications?
• To what extent did your code meet unit tests?
• To what extent is your code free of bugs?
Design
• To what extent is your code written well (i.e. clearly, efficiently, elegantly, and/or logically)?
• To what extent is your code eliminating repetition?
• To what extent is your code using functions appropriately?
Style
• To what extent is your code commented?
• To what extent are your variables well named?
• To what extent do you adhere to style guide?
## A possible solution
Click the expand link to see one possible solution, but NOT before you have tried and failed!
```not yet!
```
A unit of abstract mathematical system subject to the laws of arithmetic.
Consider the merits or otherwise of an argument or concept. Opinions and conclusions should be presented clearly and supported with appropriate evidence and sound argument.
Produce a plan, simulation or model. | 457 | 2,067 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.515625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | longest | en | 0.909378 |
https://www.gurufocus.com/term/Pretax%20Income/DLTR/Pre-Tax+Income/Dollar+Tree+Stores+Inc | 1,508,359,461,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823114.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018195607-20171018215607-00764.warc.gz | 929,465,382 | 40,651 | Switch to:
Dollar Tree Inc (NAS:DLTR) Pre-Tax Income: \$1,385 Mil (TTM As of Jul. 2017)
Pretax income is the income that a company earns before paying income taxes. Dollar Tree Inc's pretax income for the three months ended in Jul. 2017 was \$344 Mil. Its pretax income for the trailing twelve months (TTM) ended in Jul. 2017 was \$1,385 Mil. Dollar Tree Inc's pretax margin was 6.51%.
During the past 13 years, Dollar Tree Inc's highest Pretax Margin was 13.24%. The lowest was 2.89%. And the median was 10.21%.
Historical Data
* All numbers are in millions except for per share data and ratio. All numbers are in their local exchange's currency.
Dollar Tree Inc Annual Data
Jan08 Jan09 Jan10 Jan11 Jan12 Jan13 Jan14 Jan15 Jan16 Jan17 Pre-Tax Income 978.90 954.30 954.20 448.20 1,329.40
Dollar Tree Inc Quarterly Data
Oct12 Jan13 Apr13 Jul13 Oct13 Jan14 Apr14 Jul14 Oct14 Jan15 Apr15 Jul15 Oct15 Jan16 Apr16 Jul16 Oct16 Jan17 Apr17 Jul17 Pre-Tax Income 269.90 230.20 497.70 313.80 343.60
Competitive Comparison
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap.
Calculation
This is the income that a company earns before paying income taxes.
Dollar Tree Inc's Pretax Income for the fiscal year that ended in Jan. 2017 is calculated as
Pretax Income = Operating Income + Non-Recurring Items + Interest Expense + Interest Income + Other = 1704.8 + 0.1 + -375.5 + 0 + 2.27373675443E-13 = 1,329
Dollar Tree Inc's Pretax Income for the quarter that ended in Jul. 2017 is calculated as
Pretax Income = Operating Income + Non-Recurring Items + Interest Expense + Interest Income + Other = 419.5 + -151.7 + 0 + 0 + 75.8 = 344
Pre-Tax Income for the trailing twelve months (TTM) ended in Jul. 2017 was 230.2 (Oct. 2016 ) + 497.7 (Jan. 2017 ) + 313.8 (Apr. 2017 ) + 343.6 (Jul. 2017 ) = \$1,385 Mil.
* All numbers are in millions except for per share data and ratio. All numbers are in their local exchange's currency.
Explanation
Dollar Tree Inc's Pretax Margin for the quarter that ended in Jul. 2017 is calculated as
Pretax Margin = Pretax Income / Revenue = 343.6 / 5281.2 = 6.51%
During the past 13 years, Dollar Tree Inc's highest Pretax Margin was 13.24%. The lowest was 2.89%. And the median was 10.21%.
* All numbers are in millions except for per share data and ratio. All numbers are in their local exchange's currency.
Related Terms | 740 | 2,576 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.5625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | latest | en | 0.890122 |
http://unexpecteds.com/7 | 1,726,662,506,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-38/segments/1725700651895.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20240918100941-20240918130941-00124.warc.gz | 28,444,082 | 2,745 | Cartoons of cool ideas
from science and mathematics
Pokemon: How long until you catch them all?
In the game of Pokemon Go, you can capture fictional creatures known as Pokemon by tossing Poke balls (drawn above) at them. By some accounts, there are 151 in Pokemon Go, though only 142 have been caught as of July 2016. Some Pokemon are common and some are rare. Some require being in certain geographic locations. Some can be 'evolved' from others. Let's wonder about a simple case. How long would it take to catch all 151 Pokemon if you catch a random one every time you play?
If all 151 Pokemon are equally likely, it will take an average of 845 times in order to catch them all. That uses a lot of Poke balls! This number is so big because most of the time you will get a Pokemon that you already have.
This mathematical problem is known as the Coupon Collector problem. It goes as follows: If there are n coupons, and you get a random coupon every day, how many days until you get one of every coupon? The answer, on average is n times the n-th Harmonic number, where the n-th Harmonic number is the sum 1/1+1/2+1/3 + . . . + 1/n. In the example of 151 Pokemon, it would take an average of 845 days to collect them all. This number is probably much bigger than what you would have expected. | 308 | 1,298 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.9375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2024-38 | latest | en | 0.964448 |
https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess_Opening_Theory/1._e4/1...e5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3._Nc3/3...Nf6/4._Bc4 | 1,656,191,143,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036099.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625190306-20220625220306-00504.warc.gz | 269,591,271 | 11,054 | # Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Bc4
< Chess Opening Theory | 1. e4 | 1...e5 | 2. Nf3 | 2...Nc6 | 3. Nc3 | 3...Nf6
Four Knights Game: Italian Variation
a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h
Position in Forsyth-Edwards Notation (FEN)
Moves: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bc4
# Four Knights Game: Italian Variation
White's 4.Bc4 in here looks like a natural developing move, targeting f7 and getting ready to castle. There is however a tactical trick Black has (4...Nxe4!) which has made masters shun away from 4.Bc4. For some history, we might mention that Tarrasch played this against Lasker in the 1916 World Championship, and was crushed.
If Black wants to accept a normal game, there is nothing particularly wrong with a natural developing move like 4...Bc5, but 4...Nxe4! is the best move in the position, and White is then fighting for equality.
In fact, below the master level, this position crops up very often. One online chess database (365chess) says that 4.Bc4 is played in one out of every five games featuring the Four Knights, and since most amateur games never make it onto that database, the real figure is probably higher. Larry D. Evans (see references below) says that his students wind up in this line about once a tournament.
Since 4.Bc4 is played so often, learning the theory on 4...Nxe4 will let you get many good positions with Black after only a few moves. With best play, White should probably equalize (according to Pinski's book on the Four Knights), but has to work a bit for it.
## Theory table
For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation..
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4.Bc4
4 5 6
Bc4
Nxe4
Bxf7+
Kxf7
Nxe4
d5
-/+
...
Nxe4
Nxe4
d5
Bd3
dxe4
=
...
Bc5
= | 606 | 1,815 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.953125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | latest | en | 0.942363 |
https://www.coursehero.com/file/6603323/Lec17/ | 1,516,404,147,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888302.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119224212-20180120004212-00400.warc.gz | 896,079,579 | 23,787 | # Lec.17 - 17. Mohr Circle for Trac4ons I Main...
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Unformatted text preview: 10/16/11 17. Mohr Circle for Trac4ons I Main Topics A Stresses vs. trac4ons B Mohr circle for trac4ons C Example 10/16/11 GG303 1 17. Mohr Circle for Trac4ons • From King et al., 1994 (Fig. 11) • Coulomb stress change caused by the Landers rupture. The leP lateral ML=6.5 Big Bear rupture occurred along doTed line 3 hr 26 min aPer the Landers main shock. The Coulomb stress increase at the future Big Bear epicenter is 2.2 2.9 bars. 10/16/11 hTp://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/modeling/papers/landers.php GG303 2 1 10/16/11 17. Mohr Circle for Trac4ons II Stresses vs. trac4ons A Similari4es between stresses and trac4ons 1 Same dimensions (force per unit area) 2 The normal stress ac4ng on a plane matches the normal trac4on 10/16/11 Note the use of double subscripts here on the trac4ons; This unconven4onal GG303 3 17. Mohr Circle for Trac4ons II Stresses vs. trac4ons (cont.) B Differences between stresses and trac4ons 1 Stresses are tensor quan44es and trac4ons are vectors. 2 The stress state is defined at a point using a fixed reference frame, whereas a trac4on is defined on a plane with a reference frame that floats with the plane. 3 Shear stress components on perpendicular planes have the same sign, whereas shear trac4ons on perpendicular planes have opposite signs. 10/16/11 GG303 4 2 10/16/11 17. Mohr Circle for Trac4ons III Mohr circle for trac4ons A τ n = σ 1 cos2 θ + σ 2 sin 2 θ B τ s = (σ 2 − σ 1 ) sin θ cosθ Now cos2 θ = (1 2 )1 + cos 2θ sin 2 θ = (1 2 ) (1 − cos 2θ ) sin θ cosθ = (1 2 ) ( sin 2θ ) C τ n = σ 1 + σ 2 + σ 1 − σ 2 cos 2θ 2 D τ s = 2 − (σ 1 − σ 2 ) sin 2θ 2 10/16/11 GG303 5 17. Mohr Circle for Trac4ons III Mohr circle for trac4ons C τ n = σ 1 + σ 2 + σ 1 − σ 2 cos 2θ 2 2 D τ s = − (σ 1 − σ 2 ) sin 2θ 2 σ1 + σ 2 Now c = 2 r= E τ n = c + r cos ( −2θ ) F τ s = r sin ( −2θ ) 10/16/11 σ1 − σ 2 2 Equa4ons of a Mohr circle for trac4ons Relate trac4ons on planes of different orienta4on c is mean normal stress (trac4on) r is maximum shear trac4on (the circle radius) σ1 is the most tensile stress σ2 is the most tensile stress GG303 6 3 10/16/11 17. Mohr Circle for Trac4ons III Mohr circle for trac4ons C τ n = σ 1 + σ 2 + σ 1 − σ 2 cos 2θ 2 2 D τ s = − (σ 1 − σ 2 ) sin 2θ Now 2 σ + σ2 c= 1 2 r= E τ n = c + r cos ( −2θ ) F τ s = r sin ( −2θ ) 10/16/11 σ1 − σ 2 2 Equa4ons of a Mohr circle for trac4ons Relate trac4ons on planes of different orienta4on c is mean normal stress (trac4on) r is maximum shear trac4on (the circle radius) σ1 is the most tensile stress σ2 is the most tensile stress GG303 7 17. Mohr Circle for Trac4ons 2θ = 90° 2θ = 180° 2θ = 0° G Key points 1 θ = θ1n is the angle between the normal to the plane σ1 acts on and the normal to the plane of interest 2 If posi4ve θ is counterclockwise in “physical space”, 2θ is clockwise in “Mohr circle space” 10/16/11 GG303 8 4 10/16/11 17. Mohr Circle for Trac4ons Example 1 using Mohr circle to find principal stresses • Suppose σxx = +10 MPa (tension), σxy = +3 MPa (le: lateral shear), σyy = +2 MPa (tension), and σyx = +3 MPa (right lateral shear). A) Draw a box in a reference frame and clearly label the stresses on its sides; this is a criBcally important step. B) Determine the stresses and trac4ons on the faces of the box. Here, we use the tensor "on in" conven4on. 10/16/11 GG303 9 17. Mohr Circle for Trac4ons Note: In this example the most tensile stress is truly tensile, even though none of the stress components in the x,y frame were C D E F G H Plot and label the points on a set of labelled τn, τs axes. Draw the Mohr circle through the points by finding the center (c) and radius (r) of the circle. Label the principal magnitudes τ1 and τ2 (τ1 > τ2); they come from the intersec4on of the circle with the normal stress (τn) axis. Assign reference axes to the principal direc4ons; I chose x' for the τ1 direc4on. Label the nega4ve double angle between the trac4on pair that act on a plane with a known normal direc4on (here, x or y) and the trac4on pair that act on a plane with an unknown direc4on (e.g., x'). Draw and label a new reference frame and box showing the principal stresses, making sure to use the double angle rela4onship correctly. 10/16/11 GG303 10 5 ...
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Ask a homework question - tutors are online | 1,591 | 4,527 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.703125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | latest | en | 0.67569 |
https://www.acmicpc.net/problem/12508 | 1,702,024,853,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100739.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208081124-20231208111124-00565.warc.gz | 697,430,476 | 9,097 | 시간 제한메모리 제한제출정답맞힌 사람정답 비율
5 초 512 MB411100.000%
## 문제
You are playing a game with a fancy deck of cards. Each card has three bonus numbers: a card bonus c, a score bonus s, and a turn bonus t. Some of the cards start in your hand, while the rest are in a deck on the table. You start with one turn.
On each turn, you can choose any card from your hand and play it. If it has bonus numbers cst, then the following happens:
• The card is discarded from your hand, and it can never be used again.
• You draw the first c cards from the deck into your hand. If the deck has fewer than c cards in it, you draw all of them.
• Your total score increases by s.
• Your number of remaining turns increases by t.
If you do not have any cards in your hand at the start of a turn, then nothing happens on that turn. Your goal is to get as high a score as possible before running out of turns.
For example, suppose your hand and deck contain the following cards:
+---+---+---+ +---+---+---+
HAND: | c | s | t | DECK: | c | s | t |
+---+---+---+ +---+---+---+
Card #1: | 0 | 0 | 2 | Card #4: | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Card #2: | 0 | 5 | 0 | Card #5: | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Card #3: | 2 | 1 | 1 | Card #6: | 2 | 2 | 0 |
+---+---+---+ +---+---+---+
The following table shows how you can get a score of 8 from these cards. The first three columns show your hand, the number of turns left, and your score before playing each card, and the final column shows which card to play.
+---------+------------+-------+------+
| Hand | Turns left | Score | Play |
+---------+------------+-------+------+
| 1, 2, 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2, 3 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| 2, 4, 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| 4, 5 | 1 | 6 | 5 |
| 4 | 1 | 7 | 4 |
| 6 | 0 | 8 | - |
+---------+------------+-------+------+
As you can see, the card bonuses and turn bonuses allow you to chain together a long sequence of cards before you have to stop.
## 입력
The first line of the input gives the number of test cases, TT test cases follow.
Each test case begins with a single line containing N, the number of cards in your hand. The next N lines each contain three integers, cs, and t, representing the bonus numbers for a single card in your hand.
This is followed by a single line containing M, the number of cards in the deck. The next Mlines each contain three integers, cs, and t, representing the bonus numbers for a single card in the deck. These cards are listed in the same order in which you draw them.
• 1 ≤ T ≤ 100.
• 1 ≤ N.
• 0 ≤ M.
• N + M ≤ 80.
• 0 ≤ c ≤ 2.
• 0 ≤ s ≤ 50.
• 0 ≤ t ≤ 50.
## 출력
For each test case, output one line containing "Case #x: S", where S is the largest score you can obtain before running out of turns.
## 예제 입력 1
1
3
0 0 2
0 5 0
2 1 1
3
1 1 0
0 1 1
2 2 0
## 예제 출력 1
Case #1: 8
## 채점 및 기타 정보
• 예제는 채점하지 않는다. | 1,008 | 3,151 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.234375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | latest | en | 0.89882 |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/rayleigh-ritz-method-and-distributed-parameter-systems.404173/ | 1,545,010,653,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828018.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216234902-20181217020902-00154.warc.gz | 1,044,845,341 | 14,963 | # Homework Help: Rayleigh-Ritz Method and Distributed Parameter Systems
1. May 18, 2010
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
Let me begin by saying that this will be a long post and will involve a few homework questions. I'm not looking for answers for per-say. Instead, I am looking to deepen my vague understanding of the Rayleigh-Ritz Method and how one can use it to find the mode shapes and natural frequencies of distributed and lumped parameter systems. Also note that I have already attempted to utilize my professor and TA as resources, but I've had other, more pressing issues to take up with my professor and my TA is just atrocious.
Anyway, the homework in question is as follows:
The very first question (1a) I believe I can solve without problem. I've never had to find the natural frequencies and mode shapes in transverse vibration for a bean with a point mass at the end, but I have done so with longitudinal vibrations. In a like manner, I'm assuming that the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation can be used with an adjustment to the boundary conditions.
1b and 2 are the questions I cannot solve. I'm not explicitly looking for solutions, as I'd like to do and learn them myself. I would, though, really appreciate a thorough explanation of the following example problem (see the next section), or a similar example problem lifted from some other text.
2. Relevant equations
The example problem I have been given is attached.
3. The attempt at a solution
I have a basic understanding of the Rayleigh-Ritz Method, but I do not understand how to apply it to the attached questions, nor do I understand the attached example. Again, all I'm looking for is an explanation of the example, or similar problem, so that I can finish the last 2 homework questions. I've read a few technical writings concerning the Rayleigh-Ritz method, but none deal explicitly wit this subject. There are about 250 different books in my schools library that deals with this variational method, in one way or another, but I don't have time to inspect them all. I figured this website would hasten my search.
Thanks guys.
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63.8 KB
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176 | 472 | 2,169 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.078125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | latest | en | 0.956841 |
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/69807?sort=newest | 1,369,445,998,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705310619/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115510-00095-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 159,187,586 | 10,924 | ## Spectral radius of a proper subgraph
I came across a Chinese reference in the paper "On the spectral radius of trees with fixed diameter" by Guo and Shao. The attribute the following to Q. Li, K.Q. Feng in: "On the largest eigenvalue of graphs", Acta Math. Appl. Sinica 2 (1979) 167–175.
Let $\lambda_1(H)$ be the spectral radius of the adjacency matrix of the graph H.
Let $G$ be a connected graph, and let $G'$ be a proper subgraph of $G$. Then $\lambda_1(G)>\lambda_1(G')$.
1) Is there a trivial argument of this using interlacing or is something more sophisticated needed here.
2) Is this also true for the Laplacian spectral radius. I assume if there is an interlacing argument this will be trivial.
-
Here is a simple proof. Without loss of generality, $G'$ is obtained from $G$ by deleting some edges (and keeping all vertices). Let $A$ and $A'$ denote the adjacency matrices of $G$ and $G'$, respectively, and let $x'$ be an eigenvector of $A'$, belonging to the eigenvalue $\lambda_1(G')$, such that all coordinates of $x'$ are non-negative. We have then $$\lambda_1(G') = \frac{\langle x',A'x'\rangle}{\|x'\|^2} \le \frac{\langle x',Ax'\rangle}{\|x'\|^2} \le \sup_{x\ne 0} \frac{\langle x,Ax\rangle}{\|x\|^2} = \lambda_1(G);$$ indeed, if all coordinates of $x'$ are strictly positive, then the first inequality is strict, and if $x'$ has zero coordinates, then the second inequality is strict (by Perron-Frobenius, which says that the supremum is attained on a vector with all coordinates distinct from $0$).
The largest Laplacian eigenvalue (which, of course, is equal to the Laplacian spectral radius) can be dealt with in a similar manner. Suppose that $G'$ is obtained from $G$ by deleting some edges, and let $E$ and $E'$ be the edge sets of $G$ and $G'$, respectively. Furthermore, denote by $\mu_n(G)$ and $\mu_n(G')$ the largest Laplacian eigenvalues of $G$ and $G'$, and fix an eigenvector $x'$ of $G'$, belonging to the eigenvalue $\mu_n(G')$. Indexing coordinates by the vertices of $G$, we have
$$\mu_n(G') = \frac{\sum_{(u,v)\in E'} (x'_u-x'_v)^2}{\|x'\|^2} \le \frac{\sum_{(u,v)\in E} (x'_u-x'_v)^2}{\|x'\|^2} \le \sup_{x\ne 0} \frac{\sum_{(u,v)\in E} (x_u-x_v)^2}{\|x\|^2} = \mu_n(G).$$
Notice that the inequality may fail to be strict in the Laplacian case; say, $\mu_3(K_3)=\mu_3(P_3)=3$.
-
There is a pretty straightforward counting argument which I give as Lemma 6 here. I don't think it is the standard argument, though.
- | 756 | 2,467 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.640625 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | latest | en | 0.832403 |
https://www.microblife.in/what-direction-does-water-flow-2/ | 1,660,253,942,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00236.warc.gz | 797,030,221 | 44,698 | # What Direction Does Water Flow
## What Direction Does Water Flow?
Actually water flows downhill in any direction because it always wants to get to the lowest level as quickly as possible due to the gravitational pull. Compass direction doesn’t matter.Aug 1 2013
## Why does water flow to the right?
The Coriolis force is caused by the earth’s rotation. It is responsible for air being pulled to the right (counterclockwise) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left (clockwise) in the Southern Hemisphere. The Coriolis Effect is the observed curved path of moving objects relative to the surface of the Earth.
## Do sinks drain in different directions?
Usually some sinks would drain clockwise and some counterclockwise which means either it is a myth or they live on the equator.” Dr. Doherty was joking about the equator part. But he explained that water can swirl either way anywhere on earth–and that which way it swirls is effectively random.
## Which direction will the water move Why?
Water will move in the direction where there is a high concentration of solute (and hence a lower concentration of water. Salt is a solute when it is concentrated inside or outside the cell it will draw the water in its direction. This is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty.
## Which way does water drain at the equator?
Objects not attached to the surface of the earth (water in a sink going down a drain) will create a vortex going the opposite direction. So in the Northern hemisphere it moves clockwise. In the Southern hemisphere it moves counter clockwise. On the equator water goes straight down.
## Which way does toilet water spin?
Likewise the rotation of the earth gives rise to an effect that tends to accelerate draining water in a clockwise direction in the Northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern.
## Why do toilets flush backwards in Australia?
Because of the rotation of the Earth the Coriolis effect means that hurricanes and other giant storm systems swirl counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. In theory the draining water in a toilet bowl (or a bathtub or any vessel) should do the same.
## Is the Northern Hemisphere clockwise?
It is responsible for air being pulled to the right (counterclockwise) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left (clockwise) in the Southern Hemisphere. The Coriolis Effect is the observed curved path of moving objects relative to the surface of the Earth. … This is due to the rotation of the Earth.
## In which direction does water move across membranes up or down?
Water has a concentration gradient in this system. Thus water will diffuse down its concentration gradient crossing the membrane to the side where it is less concentrated.
## In which direction does the water flow in this cell environment?
When a cell is hypotonic water flows out of the cell. The hypotonic cells possess higher water potential when compared to the outside environment.
## What will be the direction of flow of water in a plant cell is placed in hypertonic solution?
If you place an animal or a plant cell in a hypertonic solution the cell shrinks because it loses water ( water moves from a higher concentration inside the cell to a lower concentration outside ).
## Why do toilets flush backwards south of the equator?
The Coriolis effect is probably the most scientific excuse humans have for staring into toilet bowls. The effect makes objects on the Earth curve when they should go straight and it’s why some people insist that toilet bowls flush in the opposite direction on the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere.
## Which way is the northern hemisphere?
north
All locations on Earth that are north of the equator are in the Northern Hemisphere. This includes all of North America and Europe along with most of Asia northern South America and northern Africa. All points on Earth that are south of the equator are in the Southern Hemisphere.
## Which countries are in Equator?
The Equator passes through 13 countries: Ecuador Colombia Brazil Sao Tome & Principe Gabon Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Uganda Kenya Somalia Maldives Indonesia and Kiribati. At least half of these countries rank among the poorest in the world.
## What is the Coriolis effect at the equator?
The Coriolis force is zero at the Equator. Though the Coriolis force is useful in mathematical equations there is actually no physical force involved. Instead it is just the ground moving at a different speed than an object in the air.
## Do toilets actually flush backwards Australia?
The Toilet Flushing Direction Myth: Do Toilets Really Flush in Different Directions in Different Hemispheres? Despite the Coriolis Effect toilets don’t flush backwards in Australia (or on the other side of the world or in different hemispheres or on one side of the equator).
## What does the Coriolis effect influence?
The Coriolis effect influences the global wind patterns and gives the UK is prevailing south-westerlies. Here winds blowing from the subtropical highs towards the low pressure in the north get deflected to the right.
## Why are Australian and American toilets different?
When an Australian toilet is flushed the water swirls down the opposite direction as it would in America. Interestingly enough the direction in which the water swirls is the most famous difference between American and Australian toilets.
## Is the Coriolis effect real?
It is only for show however there is no real effect. Yes there is such a thing as the Coriolis effect but it is not enough to dominate the flushing of a toilet–and the effect is weakest at the equator. … Coriolis acceleration at mid-latitudes is about one ten-millionth the acceleration of gravity.
## Why does water swirl down a bathtub drain?
This effect of the Earth’s rotation on water is called the Coriolis effect. … They say that water in the tub sometimes swirls in the opposite direction when drained. The reason behind this they say is that even a very slight disturbance can overcome the Coriolis effect and start the rotation in the opposite direction.
## Does a toilet flush differently in the Southern Hemisphere?
Can you actually use a flushing toilet to figure out whether you are in the Northern or in the Southern Hemisphere? … Sadly you cannot because toilets tend to angle the jets that pass water into the bowl to drive the direction of draining water.
## What is the direction around a low pressure system?
Because of Earth’s spin and the Coriolis Effect winds of a low pressure system swirl counterclockwise north of the equator and clockwise south of the equator.
## Do you spin at the North Pole?
The Earth is always spinning. … At the equator the Earth is spinning at about 1675 kilometres per hour – much faster than an aeroplane. But if you stand on the North Pole or on the South Pole then all you’ll do is turn around on the spot. This is the point around which the Earth spins.
## Does water move both ways across a membrane?
They are both separated by a cell membrane. Water(solvent) molecules travel from A across the cell membrane / semi permeable membrane to B until the concentrations of A and B become equal.
## How do water move in and out of the cell?
Large quantities of water molecules constantly move across cell membranes by simple diffusion often facilitated by movement through membrane proteins including aquaporins. In general net movement of water into or out of cells is negligible.
## In which direction does water move across membranes up or down the concentration gradient quizlet?
Water molecules diffuse across selectively permeable membranes from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
## In which direction will water move in model cell No 4?
Is the net direction of water movement into or out of the cell? Net direction of water movement is out of the cell. The solution inside the cell will become (more/less) concentrated with the net movement of water.
## What direction does water move in an isotonic solution?
Water molecules will move from the side of higher water concentration to the side of lower concentration until both solutions are isotonic. At this point equilibrium is reached. Red blood cells behave the same way (see figure below).
## What is the direction of water flow for a bacterial cell living in a hypotonic environment?
When a microorganism is placed into a hypotonic environment/medium in which the concentration of solute is lower outside the cell than inside the cell water flows into the cell.
## What will be the direction of flow of water when a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution 4 points?
If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution there will be a net flow of water into the cell and the cell will gain volume. If the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside the cell and the solutes cannot cross the membrane then that solution is hypotonic to the cell.
## What will be the direction of flow of water in hypotonic solution?
Hypotonic solution is the one which has a comparatively lesser concentration of solutes in the solution with respect to the surrounding solution. So it is quite obvious that the flow of water will be towards the hypertonic solution in order to bring about isotonicity.
## When a cell is placed in a hypotonic environment water will move into the cell?
A hypotonic solution means the environment outside of the cell has a lower concentration of dissolved material than the inside of the cell. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution water will move into the cell. This causes the cell to swell and it may even burst.
## Why do hurricanes spin in opposite directions?
Particles traveling from the equator to the south experience a similar curve in the opposite direction. … This creates a circular spinning pattern as air travels from areas of high pressure to low pressure. That’s why hurricanes originating in the northern hemisphere rotate counterclockwise.
## Do storms south of the equator rotate clockwise or counterclockwise?
Hurricanes and tropical storms that hit North America or any place in the northern hemisphere spin counterclockwise. All cyclones and tropical storms in the southern hemisphere spin clockwise. The direction of a hurricane’s spin is caused by a phenomenon called the Coriolis effect.
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Latest Questions
Mathematics
Tangent to a circle
The tangent to the circle $x^{2} + y^{2} = 9$ which is parallel to the y axis and does not lie in the third quadrant touches the circle at the point
A. $( - 3,\ 0)$
B. $(3,\ 0)$
C. $(0,\ 3)$
D. $(0,\ - 3)$
Mathematics
Tangent to a circle
Let S be the circle in the X-Y plane defined by the equation ${{x}^{2}}+{{y}^{2}}=4$. let P be a point on the circle S with both coordinates being positive. let the tangents to S at P Intersect the coordinate axes at the points M and N. then the midpoint of the segment MN must lie on the curve.
A. ${{(x+y)}^{2}}=3xy$
B. ${{x}^{\dfrac{2}{3}}}+{{y}^{\dfrac{2}{3}}}={{2}^{\dfrac{4}{3}}}$
C. ${{x}^{2}}+{{y}^{2}}=2xy$
D. ${{x}^{2}}+{{y}^{2}}={{x}^{2}}{{y}^{2}}$
Mathematics
Tangent to a circle
In the given figure, PQ is a tangent from an external point P to a circle with center O, and OP cuts the circle at T and QOR is a diameter. If $\angle POR={{130}^{\circ }}$ and S is a point on the circle, find $\angle 1+\angle 2$
Mathematics
Tangent to a circle
A line meets the coordinate axes in A and B. A circle is circumscribed about the triangle OAB. If m and n are the distances of the tangent to the circle at the origin from the points A and B respectively, the diameter of the circle is
A. m(m + n)
B. m + n
C. n(m + n)
D. $\dfrac{1}{2}\left( {m + n} \right)$
Mathematics
Tangent to a circle
The straight line $x+2y=1$ meets the coordinate axes at A and B. A circle is drawn through A, B and the origin. Then the sum of perpendicular distances from A and B from tangent to the circle at origin is:
A. $\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{4}$
B. $\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{2}$
C. $2\sqrt{5}$
D. $4\sqrt{5}$
Mathematics
Tangent to a circle
In figure if TP and TQ are the two tangents to a circle with center O so that $\angle POQ = {110^0},$ the $\angle PTQ$ is equal to.
A.${60^0}$
B.${70^0}$
C.${80^0}$
D.${90^0}$
Mathematics
Tangent to a circle
Let PQ and RS be tangents at the extremities of the diameter PR of a circle of radius r. If PS and RQ intersect a point x on the circumference of the circle, then 2r equals-
A) $\sqrt {PQ.RS}$
B) $\dfrac{{PQ + RS}}{2}$
C) $\dfrac{{2PQ + RS}}{{PQ + RS}}$
D) $\sqrt {\dfrac{{P{Q^2} + R{S^2}}}{2}}$
Mathematics
Tangent to a circle
Find the diameter of the sun in Km supposing that it subtends an angle of 32’ at the eye of the observer. Given that the distance of the sun from the observer $=91\times {{10}^{6}}km$
Mathematics
Tangent to a circle
Find the length of the tangent from the point $$\left( {5,7} \right)$$ to the line $${x^2} + {y^2} - 4x - 6y + 9 = 0$$?
Mathematics
Tangent to a circle
Two circles with equal radii are intersecting at the points (0, 1) and (0, -1). The tangent at the point (0, 1) to one of the circles. Then the distance between the centres of these circles is:
A. 1
B.$\sqrt{2}$
C. 2$\sqrt{2}$
D. 2
Mathematics
Tangent to a circle
What are the tools required for constructing a tangent to a circle?
A.Ruler
B.Compass
C.Pencil
D.All the above
Mathematics
Tangent to a circle
In the figure XY and X’Y’ are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and another tangent AB with point of contact C intersecting XY at A and X’Y’ at B prove that $\angle {\text{AOB = 9}}{{\text{0}}^\circ}$.
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5 | 1,112 | 3,265 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.28125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | longest | en | 0.759729 |
https://excellentwiki.com/tutorials/topic/awesome-oscillator-ao/ | 1,531,702,674,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589029.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716002413-20180716022413-00574.warc.gz | 659,589,522 | 14,796 | # Awesome Oscillator – AO
Home Forums Forex Trading Technical Indicators Awesome Oscillator – AO
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• #74
Keymaster
Technical Indicator Awesome Oscillator (AO) is a 34-period simple moving average constructed on the average points of bars (H + L) / 2, which is subtracted from a 5-period simple moving average constructed at the central points of bars H + L) / 2. He accurately tells us what is happening at the current time with the driving force of the market.
## Signals for purchase in Awesome Oscillator
### Saucer
This is the only buy signal that occurs when the histogram is above the zero line. It is necessary to remember the following:
the “Saucer” signal is formed when the histogram changes direction from the descending to the ascending one. The second column is lower than the first and it is painted red. The third column is higher than the second and it is green.
Remember that when using the “Saucer” buy signal, all Awesome Oscillator columns should be above the zero line.
### Zero-line intersection
A buy signal is generated when the histogram changes from negative to positive values. Wherein:
Wherein:
To generate this signal, only two columns are needed
the first column must be below the zero line, the second column must cross the zero line (the transition from negative to positive)
It is impossible to simultaneously have a signal to buy and sell.
### Two peaks
This is the only buy signal that can be generated when the histogram values ??are below the zero line.
Here it is necessary to remember the following:
the signal is generated when you have a downwardly directed peak (the lowest low) that is below the zero line followed by another downwardly directed peak that is higher (a negative number smaller in absolute value, so it is closer to the zero line) than the previous peak looking down;
The histogram must be below the zero line between the two peaks. If the histogram crosses the zero line between the peaks, the buy signal does not work. However, a signal is generated for the purchase of the “Zero Line Crossing”;
each new peak of the histogram should be higher (a smaller negative number that is closer to the zero line) than the previous peak;
if an additional higher peak (which is closer to the zero line) is formed and the histogram does not cross the zero line, an additional signal for purchase is formed.
## Signals for sale in Awesome Oscillator
The signals for the sale of the Awesome Oscillator are identical to the signals for the purchase. The “Saucer” signal is turned upside down, and is below zero. “The intersection of the zero line” goes in descending order – the first column is above zero, the second column is lower. A “two peaks” above the zero line and also upside down.
## Calculation for Awesome Oscillator
Histogram Awesome Oscillator is a 34-period simple moving average, constructed from the central values ??of the bars (H + L) / 2, subtracted from the 5-period simple moving average at the central points (H + L) / 2.
MEDIAN PRICE = (HIGH + LOW) / 2
AO = SMA (MEDIAN PRICE, 5) -SMA (MEDIAN PRICE, 34)
Where:
MEDIAN PRICE – the median price;
HIGH – the maximum price of a bar;
LOW – the minimum price of a bar;
SMA is a simple moving average.
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You must be logged in to reply to this topic. | 779 | 3,454 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.78125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | longest | en | 0.926346 |
https://kaushikghose.wordpress.com/2013/06/25/support-vector-machines-and-dimensionality/ | 1,532,304,354,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594675.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722233159-20180723013159-00428.warc.gz | 692,147,730 | 35,946 | # Support Vector Machines and dimensionality
When I was introduced to support vector machines I initially thought: this is great, the method takes care of irrelevant dimensions. My intuition was that since the algorithm tilts hyperplanes to cut the space, adding irrelevant dimensions does not matter at all, since the hyperplane would just lie parallel to the irrelevant dimensions.
Practically speaking, however, as the number of dimensions increases our data start to become sparse which can ‘fool’ the partitioning algorithm.
We can run some simple simulations to explore this question.
```import pylab
from sklearn import svm, cross_validation
```
Let’s generate a dataset which consists of 500 examples of 200 dimensional data. The category information of the data only depend on the 1st dimension
```d = 200
N = 500
C = pylab.randint(0,high=2,size=N)
F = pylab.randn(N,d)
F[:,0] += C*2
```
We set up a linear SVM classifier and cross validate with K-folds
```clf = svm.SVC(kernel='linear', C=1)
cv = cross_validation.StratifiedKFold(C, n_folds=10)
```
If we run the classifier with just the first dimension, we get a classifier accuracy of 0.83 (chance being 0.5)
```scores = cross_validation.cross_val_score(clf, F[:,:1], C, cv=cv)
scores.mean()
```
As we add in the first 99 irrelevant dimensions, our accuracy drops to 0.784
```scores = cross_validation.cross_val_score(clf, F[:,:100], C, cv=cv)
scores.mean()
```
and when we add in all the 199 irrelevant dimensions, our accuracy drops to 0.754
```scores = cross_validation.cross_val_score(clf, F[:,:], C, cv=cv)
scores.mean()
```
Now, this an extreme example (with so many dimensions), but it is a good lesson to keep in mind. The more complex your dataset (in terms of features) the more data you have to collect.
PS. For those wondering, the featured image is from Deus Ex:Human Revolution. It has not relevance to the post except that it has cool geometrical features. If you haven’t played Deus Ex:HR yet, you should do it. | 485 | 2,005 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | latest | en | 0.87648 |
https://www.excelforum.com/excel-formulas-and-functions/1203329-interval-between-occurrences-counting-gap-from-number-to-the-next-number.html | 1,656,169,175,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103035636.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625125944-20220625155944-00554.warc.gz | 816,800,495 | 16,502 | # Interval between Occurrences, Counting gap from >= number to the next number
1. ## Interval between Occurrences, Counting gap from >= number to the next number
Just for aurguments sake i have read
Calculating the Interval between Occurrences
And
Calculating the interval difference between occurrences
neither help me, as i need to also include a greater and/or Equal to in part of the equation
i have included a example file of what i would LIKE it to do
if you can help me out i cant seem to figure it out on how to make the >= applie.... the other formulas WORK but only for absolute values
``Please Login or Register to view this content.``
but i need it tto work with Greater and or equal to not a absolute match only
THANK you for any help i can get
2. ## Re: Interval between Occurrences, Counting gap from >= number to the next number
Try placing the following array formula (to be entered using Ctrl+Shift+Enter, not just Enter) in cell B3 and drag-copying it down as needed:
=IF(A3<\$F\$1,"",IFERROR(MATCH(TRUE,A4:A\$65536>=\$F\$1,0),""))
3. ## Re: Interval between Occurrences, Counting gap from >= number to the next number
Thank you!
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https://blog.elanco.org/kgentile/2013/12/08/december-8-2013/ | 1,624,449,614,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488538041.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623103524-20210623133524-00059.warc.gz | 139,329,812 | 8,383 | ## Miss Gentile's Third Grade Blog
Just another Spartan Blogging Network Sites site
### December 8, 2013
December8
Happy December! I hope you all had a wonderful Thanksgiving. The students came back from break and got right back into our routine! They continue to show me hard work.
Reading: Last week in reading, we completed our review week We covered all of the skills from Unit 2 in Reading Street such as drawing conclusions, main idea and details, author’s purpose, and text features. We read short passages and then applied the skills. Students also worked on a short cause and effect writing piece. This will come home in the Friday folder after I finish scoring them. I did put the Benchmark 2 test in Friday folders this week. The benchmark is very long and I’m proud of the students for staying focused while completing it. We will move into Unit 3 this week and work with the main selection titled How Do You Raise a Raisin? Our focus skill is drawing conclusions.
Writing: Almost all of the students are finished with their personal narratives. I did not expect the pieces to take this long, but the students are working hard to complete the writing process and are publishing their work on Word. We will be moving to an expository piece next to prepare for our next writing sample.
Math: We focused on area last week. The topic fit nicely with our multiplication unit. Students explored what area is and found the area of various shapes through counting squares. At the end of the week we looked at the similarities and differences between area and perimeter and found both for different sized rectangles. This week we will move to geometry. Students will continue to work with area, perimeter, and multiplication in small groups. I have asked students in my small math group to practice math facts at home. I sent home flash cards that can be used, but students should use a method they are most comfortable with. We will be taking “Mad Minute” quizzes at the beginning of math groups for students to practice fact fluency.
Social Studies: We have started our new unit in Social Studies. Communities is our focus and students will be exploring the features of a community this week.
Odds & Ends:
Wednesday, December 11 is a 1/2 day.
Wednesday, December 11 isĀ the due date for gifts for our Christmas family. We will be wrapping gifts Friday afternoon.
As always, if you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact me. Have a wonderful Sunday afternoon!
Thank you,
Miss Gentile | 521 | 2,529 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.890625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | latest | en | 0.962831 |
https://id.scribd.com/document/368294143/Heat-Unit-Plan-Yanti | 1,566,084,614,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313501.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817222907-20190818004907-00318.warc.gz | 496,424,457 | 72,416 | Anda di halaman 1dari 7
# MYP unit planner
## Teacher(s) Subject group and Sciences
discipline
1. Heat
Unit title MYP year Year 5 Unit duration 6
(hrs) weeks
## Key concept Related concept(s) Global context
Systems
Energy, Evidence Globalization and sustainability
Statement of inquiry
Understanding heat energy transfer in substances may lead to better solutions in environmental and global issues
Inquiry questions
Factual : How is temperature and heat different?
Conceptual : What are the changes of pressure, temperature and volume in Gas laws?
## Debatable : Why heat influences different people ?
Objectives Summative assessment
Objective A: Outline of summative Relationship between the summative
Students should be able to: assessment criteria: of inquiry :
(i)explain a problem or question to be tested by
scientific investigation Goal : You helped your mother Students are encouraged to
(ii)formulate a testable hypothesis and explain scientific to bake a cake. When the cake understand the Boyle’s Law, Charles’
reasoning is put in the oven, after 45 Law and Pressure Law by writing a
(iii)explain how to manipulate the variables, and explain minutes u observed that the size complete report based on scientific
how data will be collected of the cake becomes bigger investigation.
(iv)design scientific investigation
Objective B: Role : You are as a researcher They will know the applications of the
Students should be able to: to identify why the size of the Gas Laws in their everyday life. They
(i)present collected and transformed data cakes vary when temperature is need to observe and understand
(ii)interpret data and explain results using scientific high which gas laws that relates to the
reasoning situations.
(iii)evaluate the validity of a hypothesis based on the Audience : Your fellow
outcome of the scientific investigation colleague
(iv)evaluate the validity of the method
(v)explain improvements or extensions to the method Situation : As a researcher ,
you need to investigate the
relationship of pressure, volume
and temperature that involves in
Charles’ Law.
## Produce : You are required to
produce a complete report for
the investigation
## Standard : Your work will be
judged by Criterion B (i, ii , iii ,
iv) and Criterion C (i, ii, iii, iv, v)
Approaches to learning (ATL)
## Thinking Skills : Apply existing knowledge to generate new ideas.
Social Skills : Use social media networks appropriately to build and develop relationships
## Content Learning process
1. Understanding thermal equilibrium. Learning experiences and teaching strategies
Week 1
2. Understanding specific heat capacity
i) Explain thermal equilibrium
ii) Explain how liquid-in –glass thermometer works
3. Understanding specific latent heat
Week 2
iii) Define specific heat capacity
iv) State that c= Q
4. Understanding the Gas Laws
v) Determine the specific heat capacity of a solid
vi) Describe applications of specific heat capacity
vii) Solve problems involving specific heat capacity
Week 3
i) State that transfer of heat during a change of phase does not cause in
temperature
ii) Define specific latent heat, l
iii) State that l = Q / m
iv) Determine the specific latent heat of vaporisation
v) Solve problems involving specific latent heat
Week 4
i) Explain gas pressure, temperature and volume in terms of the behaviour
of gas molecules
ii) Determine the relationship between pressure and volume, volume and
temperature, pressure and temperature
Week 5
i) Explain absolute temperature
ii) Explain the absolute / Kelvin scale of temperature
Week 6
i) Solve problems involving pressure, temperature and volume of a fixed
mass of gas
Formative assessment:
## 4. Application of specific heat capacity. Tool(s): Gather information, Presentation
5. Application of specific latent heat fusion and vaporisation. Tool(s):Activity,
Presentation
## 10. Application of Gas Laws . Tool(s) : Gather information, Presentation.
Differentiation
1. Form groups of three students comprise of students’ of different level of academic
achievement based on mixed ability groups. Students will learn from each other
and exchange ideas.
2. Teacher will teach the students in different ways to meet the needs of student’s
preferred learning styles. This will help the class to be more meaningful and
attractive to all students.
3. Students have choice to use any information to produce the learning product in the
form of model, multimedia presentation and writing a complete report. Students
participate well in the class as they had choice to demonstrate their learning.
Resources
## Reflecting and evaluating
Prior to teaching the unit During teaching After teaching the unit
## Students know about heat and
temperature are different from | 987 | 4,766 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.6875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | latest | en | 0.900165 |
http://www.algebra.com/algebra/homework/word/geometry/Geometry_Word_Problems.faq?hide_answers=1&beginning=1125 | 1,369,405,086,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704664826/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114424-00034-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 313,704,078 | 11,497 | # Questions on Word Problems: Geometry answered by real tutors!
Algebra -> Algebra -> Customizable Word Problem Solvers -> Geometry -> Questions on Word Problems: Geometry answered by real tutors! Log On
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Word Problems: Geometry Solvers Lessons Answers archive Quiz In Depth
Question 102718: The sum of the radii of two circles is equal to 17 centimeters. The sum of the areas of these two circles equals the area of a circle whose radius is 13 centimeters. Find the radii. Hint: Area of a circle= pie*the square of the radius this quastion makes my head hurt! pls. help!! Click here to see answer by scott8148(6628)
Question 102765: Please help me understand this word problem. How could I solve this. Find the dimensions of a right triangle if the shortest side is 3 less than the middle one and 6 less than the hypotenuse. Click here to see answer by Nate(3500)
Question 102719: The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 20 centimeters. The sum of the other two sides is 28 centimeters. Find the length of two sides. Click here to see answer by edjones(7569)
Question 97028: The weather during the Smedleys' vacation was strange. It was cloudy on 13 different days, but it was never cloudy for an entire day. Cloudy mornings were followed by clear afternoons. Cloudy afternoons were preceded by clear mornings. There were 11 clear mornings and 12 clear afternoons in all. How long was the vacation? Click here to see answer by edjones(7569)
Question 102854: Find the dimensions of a right triangle if the area is 120 square units and one leg is 4 more than twice the other leg. Please help!! Click here to see answer by edjones(7569)
Question 102860: PLEASE HELP ME WITH THIS!! IF THE LENGTH OF THE SIDE OF A SQUARE IS INCREASED BY 6 UNITS, THE AREA IS MULTIPLIED BY 4. FIND THE ORIGINAL LENGTH. Click here to see answer by bucky(2189)
Question 102689: There is a rectangle whose perimeter is 18 centimeters. If its length is decreased by 5 centimeters and it's width is increased by 12 centimeters, it's area is doubled. Find its length and width. This Question is so hard to understand! Please help! Click here to see answer by ankor@dixie-net.com(15656)
Question 102851: The area of two squares is 117 square centimeters. Their perimeter is 60. Find the length of a side of each square. Please help me!! I need an explenation on how can I do it. Click here to see answer by scott8148(6628)
Question 102862: The area of a triangle is 34 square meters. Find the base and height of the latter exceeds the former by 67 meters. Please help..thanks.. Click here to see answer by scott8148(6628)
Question 102929: Pls help me with this. It's really hard!! A farmer wants to make a rectangular garden of 7500 square meters, and she has 250 meters of fencing material. There is already a fence on one side. What dimensions should her garden have? I really need some explanation here. Pls help me. thanks. Click here to see answer by bucky(2189)
Question 102929: Pls help me with this. It's really hard!! A farmer wants to make a rectangular garden of 7500 square meters, and she has 250 meters of fencing material. There is already a fence on one side. What dimensions should her garden have? I really need some explanation here. Pls help me. thanks. Click here to see answer by checkley75(3666)
Question 102929: Pls help me with this. It's really hard!! A farmer wants to make a rectangular garden of 7500 square meters, and she has 250 meters of fencing material. There is already a fence on one side. What dimensions should her garden have? I really need some explanation here. Pls help me. thanks. Click here to see answer by Fombitz(13828)
Question 102987: Tashia Baker is planning an expansion of a square flower garden in a city park. If each side of the original square is increased by 7 meters, the new total area of the garden will be 144 square meters. Find the length of the original garden. x+7=144 x+7-7=144-7 x=137 Click here to see answer by scott8148(6628)
Question 103276: The width of the rectangle is 9 inches shorter than it's length and twice the radius of a circle. The difference in perimeters of the two shapes is 450 inches. Find the area of the circle. Click here to see answer by alisttutors(8)
Question 103287: An airplane is 12,000 ft horizontally from an airport. The slanted distance to the airport is 13,000 ft. What is the planes altitude? Click here to see answer by checkley75(3666)
Question 103364: The cost for a long-distance telephone call is \$0.36 for the first minute and \$0.21 for each additional minute or portion thereof. Write an inequality representing the number of minutes a person could talk without exceeding \$3. Click here to see answer by stanbon(57361)
Question 103359: The length of a rectangular playing field is 5 ft less than twice its width. If the perimeter of the playing field is 230 ft, find the length and width of the field. Click here to see answer by checkley75(3666)
Question 103473: The length of a rectangle is 1 cm longer than its width. If the diagonal of the rectangle is 4 cm, what are the dimensions (the length and the width) of the rectangle? Click here to see answer by checkley75(3666)
Question 103501: the supplement of an angle is equal to one-half of the angle. Find the number of degrees in each angle. Click here to see answer by checkley75(3666)
Question 103809: If the sides of a square are decreased by 3 cm, the area is decreased by 81 cm2. What were the dimensions of the original square? L - 3 x W - 3 = -81cm2 +3 +3 = +6 L x W = -75cm2 /2 = /2 L x W = -37.5 Can someone help me, I keep messing up the formula, please help Click here to see answer by kev82(148)
Question 103834: The city is planning to build a small playground on arectangle section of a park. The perimeter of the playground is 80 feet. The two longer sides of the playground will each be 25 feet. Now what I did was this.. 80/5= 16 25/5 & 25/5=5+5=10*16=160/5=32ft square. But I have a feeling is wrong like I'm missing something I used the L*W operation also.. A rectangle yard is surrounded by a fence that is 26 feet long. The area of the yard is 36 ft square. Determine the dimension of the yard. I did this... 26/2 & 36/2 which gave me 13 * 18 = 234/2= 117 square feet again I used the L*W operation still I feel is wrong Click here to see answer by stanbon(57361)
Question 103961: A 60 by 80-foot rectangular walk in a park is surrounds a flower bed. If the walk is of uniform width and its area is equal to the area of the flower bed, how wide is the walk.? Click here to see answer by ankor@dixie-net.com(15656)
Question 103797: If there is a goat tied to a rectangular barn on a 50 foot lead and the barn is 20 feet by 20 feet (floor), what is the maximum grazing area? If there are regions you can't find the area of, provide as good an estimate as you can. Assume the goat is tied to a corner outside the barn, cannot get in, and that the barn is not grazing area. (Remember, this will be based on parts of circles, no other shapes...the goat's rope will only get shorter when he tries to go around the barn...) 7. When the rope goes around the barn, what is the new radius? How much of a circle can it make without hitting the barn or overlapping area you've already found? What is that area? 8. When the rope goes around the barn the other way, what is the new radius? How much of a circle can it make without hitting the barn or overlapping area you've already found? What is that area? 9. The areas you found in 7 and 8 overlap each other. How much do they overlap? What *approximate* shape do they make? What is that area? 10. What is the total grazing area the goat can reach? Click here to see answer by stanbon(57361)
Question 104124: The length of a rectangle is 3 cm more than 5 times its width. If the area of the rectangle is 76 cm2, find the dimensions of the rectangle to the nearest thousandth I started with x^2+(x+3)^+5=76, but it does not make sense. Click here to see answer by scott8148(6628)
Question 104122: Knowing that a person's height is 5'3, and the distance between the top of his/her head and the eyes is 3 inches, how tall must be the mirror to see the person's entire body, and how high up the wall it must be hanged? I used this formula{h being the height, and f the distance between the eyes and the top of the head}:h-f1/2=mirror, but I do not think that it works. Would you please help me? Click here to see answer by scott8148(6628)
Question 104282: You are going to make a box out of cardboard. The box needs to measure 10 cm by 5 cm by 5 cm; 10% of the final product will be wasted in the cutting process. How much cardboard do you need? Click here to see answer by mathnard(10)
Question 104432: The width of hotographis 4 centimeters more that three tenths of the length. If the width is 13 cm, find the length. Click here to see answer by stormy(4)
Question 104550: The length of a rectangle is 3 feet less than 3 times the width. If the perimeter is 146 feet, what is the length and the width of the rectangle? Click here to see answer by checkley75(3666)
Question 104563: The length of a rectangle is 4 times the width. What are the dimensions if the perimeter is 80? Click here to see answer by edjones(7569)
Question 104493: If a square is inscribed in a circle, how do you find the distance from the center to the side of square if only given radius? Thks Click here to see answer by scott8148(6628)
Question 104901: I keep trying to do the formula for volume, but this question is causing me a major headache, please help..'The volume of a rectangular prism with height 7 inches can be given by V(x)= 63x + 42x^2, where x is its width. If the volume is 600 cubic inches, find the width to the nearest hundredth of an inch. Thank you for your help, if you can show me the steps better than this book, maybe I can figure them out better. Click here to see answer by Fombitz(13828)
Question 104859: How to trisect a segment using a compass and a straightedge? I have tried finding the midpoint and then dividing it over again, but that does not work would you please help me? Click here to see answer by Fombitz(13828)
Question 105084: Good evening tutor can you tell me if I have this problem correct? THe length of the retangle is 2 cm more than 5 times its width. If the area of the rectangle is 65 cm^2, find the width of the rectangle to the nearest hundredth. Could you tell me if the answer is 3.41 cm? Thanks for your help. Click here to see answer by bucky(2189)
Question 105084: Good evening tutor can you tell me if I have this problem correct? THe length of the retangle is 2 cm more than 5 times its width. If the area of the rectangle is 65 cm^2, find the width of the rectangle to the nearest hundredth. Could you tell me if the answer is 3.41 cm? Thanks for your help. Click here to see answer by Earlsdon(6287)
Question 105769: The length of a rectangle is 5 in. more than twice its width. If the perimeter of the rectangle is 40 in., find the width of the rectangle. A) 4 in. B) 5 in. C) 6 in. D) 7 in. Click here to see answer by kmcruz09(38)
Question 105789: I have a rectangular swimming pool that is 3 times as long as it is wide. Around the pool is a deck that is 2.5 meters wide and the area of the deck is 265 meters^2. How do I figure out the dimensions of the pool? Click here to see answer by edjones(7569)
Question 105879: Write the equation of the line with slope -3/4 and y-intercept (0,8), then graph line using the slope and y-intercept. Click here to see answer by MathLover1(6634)
Question 105878: Write the equation of the line with slope 5 and y-intercept (0,-2), then graph line using the slope and y-intercept. Click here to see answer by MathLover1(6634)
Question 105876: Write the equation of the line with slope -2 and y-intercept (0,4), then graph each line using the slope and y-intercept. Click here to see answer by MathLover1(6634)
Question 105899: Write the equation of the line L if L has y-intercept (0,2) and is perpendicular to the line with equation 2x-3y=6. Click here to see answer by edjones(7569)
Question 105906: Hello, could you graph the following equations: y=-3x-2, y=2/3x+1, y=-3/4x+1, y=-4x. Thank you. Click here to see answer by HyperBrain(694)
Question 105905: Could you graph the following equations...I'm lost! y=2x, y=x+1, y=-x+3, y=2x+1 THANKS Click here to see answer by HyperBrain(694) | 3,313 | 12,691 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.234375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | latest | en | 0.912706 |
https://sciencedocbox.com/Astrology/119868391-Physics-lab-4-learning-starry-night-part-3.html | 1,631,921,511,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780055808.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917212307-20210918002307-00532.warc.gz | 556,917,486 | 24,989 | # Physics Lab #4: Learning Starry Night, Part 3
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1 Physics Lab #4: Learning Starry Night, Part 3 Introduction In this lab, we will continue using Starry Night to explore some of the most important concepts we will cover in lecture. Continue with Skyguide Once you start the program, if the left sidebar is not already open to the SkyGuide, just type Skyguide into the search box in the upper right corner and follow the instructions. We will continue walking through the tutorial to learn more about the features of Starry Night and to learn more about naked eye astronomy that we are covering in lecture. Proceed to the Student Exercises entitled Unit A: Earth, Moon and Sun, which are buttons on the main sky guide pane. Answer the associated questions for these exercises on your worksheet for exercises B1-B4, C1-C3 and E1-E4. Unit B: Solar System In B1 part 3: The Heliocentric Model Q1. Which of the given statements is NOT a feature of the Copernican heliocentric model? In B1 part 4: Heliocentric explanation for retrograde motion Q2. How does the heliocentric model explain retrograde motion? In B2 part 1: The inferior planets Q3. The sidereal period of Mercury is days.!25
2 In B2 part 2: Conjunctions and elongations Q4. Examine the current date in the Main Window. When will the next superior conjunction of Venus occur? In B2 part 3: Synodic period Q5. The synodic period of Mercury is days. In B2 part 5: Sidereal and synodic period of Jupiter Q4. The length of Jupiter s sidereal period is days. Q5. The length of Jupiter s synodic period is days. In B3 part 1: Kepler s first law Q6. The length of the major axis of Mars orbit is AU. In B3 part 3: Kepler s third law (you will need a calculator for these questions ) Q7. The sidereal period of Mars is years. Q8. At what distance would a planet have to orbit the Sun on average in order to have a sidereal period of 10 years? In B4 part 1: The phases of Venus AU Q9. What is the phase of Venus in the simulation shown? In B4 part 2: Apparent size of Venus Q10. What is the approximate angular diameter of Venus when it is a very slim crescent? Q11. Which model is supported by your observations?!26
3 In B4 part 3: The moons of Jupiter Q12. Why did the observations described in the text persuade Galileo that the geocentric view of Ptolemy was wrong? Unit C: The Planets Note: Not all questions asked in Starry Night will appear here for this section. In C1 part 1: Orbits of the inner planets Q13. Which of the inner planets has the most eccentric orbit? In C1 part 2: Mercury Q14. What is the length of a Mercury solar day in Earth days? days There are no further questions from C1, although you are encouraged to read through the last few parts. In C2 part 1: Orbits of the outer planets Q15. The eccentricity of the outer planets orbits is close to zero: True / False (circle one) Now skip ahead to Unit E. Unit E: Star Finding In E1 part 1: The Big Dipper Q16. What is the orientation of the Big Dipper asterism in winter? In E1 part 2: Star Hopping Q17. Polaris is part of which constellation?!27
4 In E1 part 3: Polaris and Latitude Q18. What happens to the position of Polaris in your sky as time advances over a period of a year? Q19. What is the relationship between the altitude of Polaris and the latitude of the observer? In E1 part 4: The south star? Q20. What is the nearest star to the south celestial pole, shown in the main window? In E2 part 1: Apparent magnitude Q21. A magnitude 2 star is times brighter than a magnitude 4 star. Q22. Which of the four named stars from the constellation Orion is the faintest? In E2 part 2: Magnitudes of solar system objects Q23. What is the apparent magnitude of the Sun? Q24. What is the 2nd brightest object in our sky? In E2 part 3: Comparing brightness of objects Q25. How much brighter is the planet Venus than the planet Mars on January 24, 2015? times brighter In E2 part 4: Absolute magnitude Q26. What is the absolute magnitude of the star Deneb?!28
5 In E3 part 1: The diurnal cycle of stars Q27. Virgo is considered to be a spring constellation in the northern hemisphere because In E3 part 2: The zodiac Q28. Which of the listed constellations is not a part of the zodiac? Q29. Which of the listed celestial objects is NOT always found near the zodiac? In E3 part 3: Circumpolar constellations Q30. Which of the given statements regarding celestial objects seen at the poles is false? Q31. What is the maximum angular measure that a star at this latitude could possess in order to be considered a circumpolar star? degrees In E4 part 1: Sun signs Q32. Over what time period is the Sun actually in the constellation Sagittarius? Q33. How well do astrologer s dates agree with Starry Night s dates for the passage of the Sun through Sagittarius?!29
6 In E4 part 2: Comparison over time Q34. How closely do the dates of the Sun s passage through Leo in the year 1 CE match the dates assigned by astrologers to the Leo horoscope sign? Q35. How closely do the dates of the Sun s actual passage through Capricorn in the year 2000 BCE match with astrologers Sun sign dates? Q36. When was the last time that the Sun sign positions from astrology accurately reflects the true location of the Sun in the celestial sphere? In E4 part 3: Precession of the equinoxes Q37. The vernal equinox is presently in the constellation Pisces. In what constellation was the vernal equinox located in the year 2500 BCE? In E4 part 4: The 13th constellation Q38. What is the additional constellation through which the Sun now moves, aside from the 12 standard zodiacal constellations? Q39. Astrology has kept pace with our present knowledge of the changing sky: True / False Unit F: The Stars In F2 part 1: Measuring stellar parallax Q40. What is the parallax of Alpha Centauri?!30
7 Q41. What is Alpha Centauri s approximate distance from Earth? In F2 part 2: Proper motion Q42. Which of the given stars has the greatest proper motion? In F2 part 3: Barnard s Star Q43. What is the average annual proper motion of Barnard s Star? arc seconds In F2 part 4: Effects of proper motion Gamma Caeli Q44. When will Gamma Caeli because a star located within the boundaries of the constellation Columba? CE Finally, let us consider the zodiacal signs. If you read your horoscore in the newspaper, you may find the following official dates apply: Aries (Mar 21 - Apr 19) Libra (Sep 23 - Oct 22) Taurus (Apr 20 - May 20) Scorpio (Oct 23 - Nov 21) Gemini (May 21 - Jun 20) Sagittarius (Nov 22 - Dec 21) Cancer (Jun 21 - Jul 22) Capricorn (Dec 22 - Jan 19) Leo (Jul 23 - Aug 22) Aquarius (Jan 20 - Feb 18) Virgo (Aug 23 - Sep 22) Pisces (Feb 19 - Mar 20) For your essay, address the following questions: In the first paragraph, state your birth day and then use Starry Night to determine your correct astrological sign for the date of your birth. State whether this is different from the sign found using the common, mistaken dates above. In the second paragraph, explain whether your opinion about the validity of horoscopes has changed. Assuming you have the opportunity in the future to check your horoscope, explain whether you will check your correct sign or your sign based on!31
8 the dates given above? Which would you give preference to and why? If you don t believe horoscopes are valid in the first place, explain why you think this. You may write your essay in the space below.!32
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TAAS Fabulous Fifty Friday April 21, 2017 19:30 MDT (7:30 pm) Ursa Major Photo Courtesy of Naoyuki Kurita All TAAS and other new and not so new astronomers are invited Evening Events 7:30 pm Meet inside | 8,745 | 35,283 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.34375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | longest | en | 0.860673 |
https://forums.wolfram.com/mathgroup/archive/1998/Nov/msg00261.html | 1,656,850,494,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104240553.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703104037-20220703134037-00300.warc.gz | 303,319,604 | 7,909 | Re: defining "regions"
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• Subject: [mg14838] Re: defining "regions"
• From: "rod" <unforgettable20 at hotmail.com>
• Date: Fri, 20 Nov 1998 02:14:23 -0500
• Organization: [posted via] Easynet UK
• References: <72588n\$8an@smc.vnet.net> <72l699\$hfn\$2@dragonfly.wolfram.com>
• Sender: owner-wri-mathgroup at wolfram.com
```M. Rommel wrote in message <72l699\$hfn\$2 at dragonfly.wolfram.com>...
>I am sure it is not the most beautiful solution (it reflects my current
>level of expertise):
>
>In[18]:= pts={{1,2},{3,4},{1,5}}; In[19]:=
>F=(Abs[#[[1]]]<Pi/2)&&(Abs[#[[2]]]<Pi)&; In[20]:= F[{1,3}]
>Out[20]= True
>In[17]:= F/@pts
>Out[17]= {True,False,False}
>
>Let me know when you find a more elegant solution! Cheers, Martin
Here's a more general solution that uses a function "inset" which checks
if a set of points in Rn belong piecewise to coresponding convex sets
in R1.
inset[xy_,field_]:=Module[{order,cond},
order=Range[Length[field]];
cond=Map[field[[#,1]]<xy[[#]]<field[[#,2]]&,order];
Apply[And,cond]
];
For a specific example, consider the regions given by Naum (points in
R2), with a very simple function F:
test[x_]:=infield2[x,{{-Pi/2,Pi/2},{-Pi,Pi}}] (* determines a more
specific tests infield2 *)
F[x_?test]:=Module[{theta,fi},
theta=x[[1]];
fi=x[[2]];
{theta^2,fi+theta}
];
We have then for example:
In[12]:=F[{1,1}]
Out[12]={1,2}
In[13]:=F[{10,0}]
Out[13]=F[{10,0}]
cheers, rod
---------------------------------------- ma re bes da re. as ba re!
----------------------------------------
```
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https://nrich.maths.org/6426?amp; | 1,558,365,539,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256040.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520142005-20190520164005-00146.warc.gz | 575,834,254 | 4,830 | ### Brimful 2
Which of these infinitely deep vessels will eventually full up?
# Brimful
##### Age 16 to 18 Challenge Level:
Constants $A, B, C, D$ are chosen so that the following $4$ curves pass through the point $(2.5, 10)$ $$y = Ax\quad y = Bx^2 \quad y = Cx^3\quad y = Dx^4+x$$
What values must the constants take? Can you identify each curve in the following accurately drawn chart?
These curves are now used to design some mathematical vessels of height $10$ by rotating the curves about the $y$ axis. Assuming that $x$ and $y$ are measured in centimetres, what are the volumes of the vessels?
Water is poured slowly at a rate of 1cm$^3$ per minute into these vessels. At what depth of water, to the nearest mm, will each of them be half full? Do your results make sense from the diagram? | 214 | 800 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.25 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | latest | en | 0.91231 |
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# Inverse of a number watch
1. In congruences, I have a number 'a', which is co prime with another number 'n'. I factorized 'n' into primes and have worked out phi of 'n'.
The question is to do with RSA.
The question is to workout the decoding element x, and in brackets it's written, i.e a^(-1) mod phi(n).
So does that mean that I need to workout the inverse of a and that will give me the decoding element x?
If so, how do I do this?
2. The inverse of mod is the unique integer satisfying mod
To find , write the above congruence as a linear equation and use Euclid's Algorithm.
3. (Original post by Dragon)
The inverse of mod is the unique integer satisfying mod
To find , write the above congruence as a linear equation and use Euclid's Algorithm.
By linear equation, do you mean writing it like ax + by = 1
Where a is just a and b is phi(n)?
4. Yep.
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Top tips from students who have already aced their exams | 412 | 1,646 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.328125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | latest | en | 0.921658 |
http://www.knowingpains.com/6792ualtef/ | 1,534,274,767,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209562.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814185903-20180814205903-00418.warc.gz | 546,285,813 | 15,575 | # Profit And Loss Formula
Finance Formulas / July 24, 2018 / Briana Leonard
Annual Percentage rate (APR) explains the cost of borrowing with a variety of loans, including credit cards and mortgage loans. Costs are quoted as a percentage. For example, if your loan has an APR of 10 percent, you would pay \$10 per \$100 that you borrow each year. All other things being equal, the loan with the lowest APR is typically least expensive—but it’s usually more complicated than that.
### Unit Product Cost Formula
#### Principal Interest Formula
##### Lifo Formula
###### Nominal Gdp Formula
The debt-to-equity ratio is a measure of the relationship between the capital contributed by creditors and the capital contributed by shareholders. It also shows the extent to which shareholders' equity can fulfill a company's obligations to creditors in the event of a liquidation.
Generally speaking, the higher the asset turnover ratio, the better the company is performing, since higher ratios imply that the company is generating more revenue per dollar of assets. The asset turnover ratio tends to be higher for companies in certain sectors than in others. Retail and consumer staples, for example, have relatively small asset bases but have high sales volume and, thus, often yield the highest asset turnover ratio.
The cost of equity is the return a company requires to decide if an investment meets capital return requirements. It is often used as a capital budgeting threshold for required rate of return. A firm's cost of equity represents the compensation the market demands in exchange for owning the asset and bearing the risk of ownership. The traditional formulas for cost of equity (COE) are the dividend capitalization model and the capital asset pricing model.
### Rate This Profit And Loss Formula
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https://byjus.com/question-answer/half-the-girls-and-one-third-of-the-boys-of-a-college-reside-in-the/ | 1,643,238,357,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305006.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126222652-20220127012652-00701.warc.gz | 205,987,018 | 18,394 | Question
Half the girls and one-third of the boys of a college reside in the hostel. What fractional part of the student body is hostel dwellers if the total number of girls in the college is 100 and is 114 of the total strength?
A
58
B
78
C
38
D
18
Solution
The correct option is C $$\dfrac{3}{8}$$It is given that the total number of students in college is $$400$$ and the number of girls is $$100$$. Therefore, the number of boys in the college is$$400-100=300$$.Also it is given that half the girls and one-third of the boys of college reside in the hostel, therefore, the number of hostel dwellers are as follows:$$\left( \dfrac { 1 }{ 2 } \times 100 \right) +\left( \dfrac { 1 }{ 3 } \times 300 \right) =50+100=150$$Now, we divide the number of hostel dwellers by the total number of students to find the required fraction:$$\dfrac { 150 }{ 400 } =\dfrac { 3 }{ 8 }$$ Hence, $$\dfrac { 3 }{ 8 }$$ of the student body is hostel dwellers.Mathematics
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0
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View More | 300 | 1,010 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | latest | en | 0.835156 |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/stoichiometry-identify-the-metal-and-formula-of-it.882676/ | 1,620,484,428,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988882.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508121446-20210508151446-00479.warc.gz | 985,786,253 | 17,290 | # Stoichiometry: Identify the metal and formula of it
## Homework Statement
All of the lanthanide metals (La through Lu) react with HCL to form compounds having eithe the formula MCl2, MCl3, MCl4, (where M represents the metallic element). Each metal forms a single compound. A chemist has a 0.250g sample of a lanthanide metal, and she wishes to identify the metal. She reacts the metal with excess HCl and obtains 0.427g of the product. Based on this information, identify the metal and write the chemical formula of the product.
## The Attempt at a Solution
I'm not sure the below equation is correct. I originally wrote the equation without the H2, but it did not seem to be right with conservation of mass.
M + HCL —> MCl2 (or MCl3, MCl4) + H2
Basically, if the H2 does belong there, then I'd just have to guess MCl2, 3, or 4, then balance the equation, then randomly guess an element right? Seems like a lot of work.
## Answers and Replies
Bystander
Science Advisor
Homework Helper
Gold Member
and obtains 0.427g of the product.
2, 3, or 4, then balance
I can't see anything on your post
Bystander
Science Advisor
Homework Helper
Gold Member
MCln is all you need; ignore the H2, and just start cutting and trying.
MCln is all you need; ignore the H2, and just start cutting and trying.
I'm getting Sm as the unknown metal; is that right?
Bystander
Science Advisor
Homework Helper
Gold Member
Samarium? Mental arithmetic checks out.
Samarium? Mental arithmetic checks out.
Awesome. What happens to the hydrogen though?
Bystander
Science Advisor
Homework Helper
Gold Member
What happens to the hydrogen though?
It "fizzes" away up the chimney/hood/exhaust system.
It "fizzes" away up the chimney/hood/exhaust system.
I mean why is it not represented in the chemical equation
Bystander
Science Advisor
Homework Helper
Gold Member
"M" + nHCl = (n/2)H2 + "M"Cln; it is.
Borek
Mentor
Hydrogen is present in the reaction equation and we can even easily calculate its amount. We just ignore it as it is not necessary for solving the problem (just like the amount of HCl doesn't matter, as long as there is enough of it).
The only part of the equation that matters is
Sm → SmCl3
It preserves the only important information here - stoichiometric ratio between Sm and SmCl3. When solving this particular problem everything else is just a noise. | 605 | 2,357 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.796875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | latest | en | 0.933595 |
https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/58092/findfit-with-parameters-which-are-simultaneously-in-initial-conditions/58104 | 1,579,309,942,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00071.warc.gz | 560,606,554 | 31,203 | FindFit with parameters which are simultaneously in initial conditions
I have RLC circuit. I would like to find R and L by using FindFit, but L is in initial condition and I have problem with it. Could you help me ?
c = 116*10^(-6); U = 16000. ;
data =
{
{0, 0}, {0.25*10^(-6), 132000}, {0.5*10^(-6), 330000}, {1*10^(-6), 462000},
{2*10^(-6), 600000}, {3*10^(-6), 462000}, {4*10^(-6), 330000}, {5*10^(-6), 66000},
{6*10^(-6), -198000}, {7*10^(-6), -264000}, {8*10^(-6), -198000}, {9*10^(-6), -132000}
};
lp = ListPlot[data, PlotRange -> All]
fit =
FindFit[data,
First[i /.
NDSolve[{i''[t] + R/L * i'[t] + 1/(c L)*i[t] == 0, i[0] == 0, i'[0] == U/L},
i, {t, 0, 9*10^(-6)}]],
{{R, 10*10^(-3)}, {L, 20*10^(-9)}},
i,
PrecisionGoal -> 4,
AccuracyGoal -> 4]
1 Answer
Your set up:
c = 116*10^(-6); U = 16000;
data = {{0, 0}, {0.25*10^(-6), 132000}, {0.5*10^(-6),
330000}, {1*10^(-6), 462000}, {2*10^(-6), 600000}, {3*10^(-6),
462000}, {4*10^(-6), 330000}, {5*10^(-6),
66000}, {6*10^(-6), -198000}, {7*10^(-6), -264000}, {8*10^(-6), \
-198000}, {9*10^(-6), -132000}};
Use analytic not numerical form DSolve:
model = (i /.
DSolve[{i''[t] + R/L*i'[t] + 1/(c L)*i[t] == 0, i[0] == 0,
i'[0] == U/L}, i, {t, 0, 9*10^(-6)}])[[1, 2]];
model // TraditionalForm
Find a fit:
fit = NonlinearModelFit[data, model, {{R, 10*10^(-3)}, {L, 20*10^(-9)}}, t];
fit["BestFitParameters"]
{R -> 0.0109553, L -> 2.15996*10^-8}
Show[ListPlot[data],
Plot[fit[x], {x, 0, 9 10^-6}, PlotStyle -> Directive[Red, Thick]],
Frame -> True, PlotRange -> All]
• Thank you very much for help. What if we treat equation as without analytical solution ? – Krzysiek Aug 25 '14 at 10:33
• @Krzysiek In such case I would try using ParametricNDSolve - look through the examples HERE to grasp the scope. – Vitaliy Kaurov Aug 25 '14 at 18:51 | 776 | 1,810 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.34375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | latest | en | 0.476085 |
http://us.metamath.org/mpegif/bpolysum.html | 1,534,676,766,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215077.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819110157-20180819130157-00348.warc.gz | 439,054,360 | 12,161 | Mathbox for Scott Fenton < Previous Next > Nearby theorems Mirrors > Home > MPE Home > Th. List > Mathboxes > bpolysum Structured version Unicode version
Theorem bpolysum 26104
Description: A sum for Bernoulli polynomials. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 16-May-2014.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 22-May-2014.)
Assertion
Ref Expression
bpolysum BernPoly
Distinct variable groups: , ,
Proof of Theorem bpolysum
StepHypRef Expression
1 simpl 445 . . . 4
2 nn0uz 10525 . . . 4
31, 2syl6eleq 2528 . . 3
4 elfzelz 11064 . . . . . 6
5 bccl 11618 . . . . . 6
61, 4, 5syl2an 465 . . . . 5
76nn0cnd 10281 . . . 4
8 elfznn0 11088 . . . . . 6
9 simpr 449 . . . . . 6
10 bpolycl 26103 . . . . . 6 BernPoly
118, 9, 10syl2anr 466 . . . . 5 BernPoly
12 fznn0sub 11090 . . . . . . . 8
1312adantl 454 . . . . . . 7
14 nn0p1nn 10264 . . . . . . 7
1513, 14syl 16 . . . . . 6
1615nncnd 10021 . . . . 5
1715nnne0d 10049 . . . . 5
1811, 16, 17divcld 9795 . . . 4 BernPoly
197, 18mulcld 9113 . . 3 BernPoly
20 oveq2 6092 . . . 4
21 oveq1 6091 . . . . 5 BernPoly BernPoly
22 oveq2 6092 . . . . . 6
2322oveq1d 6099 . . . . 5
2421, 23oveq12d 6102 . . . 4 BernPoly BernPoly
2520, 24oveq12d 6102 . . 3 BernPoly BernPoly
263, 19, 25fsumm1 12542 . 2 BernPoly BernPoly BernPoly
27 bcnn 11608 . . . . . 6
2827adantr 453 . . . . 5
29 nn0cn 10236 . . . . . . . . . . 11
3029adantr 453 . . . . . . . . . 10
3130subidd 9404 . . . . . . . . 9
3231oveq1d 6099 . . . . . . . 8
33 0p1e1 10098 . . . . . . . 8
3432, 33syl6eq 2486 . . . . . . 7
3534oveq2d 6100 . . . . . 6 BernPoly BernPoly
36 bpolycl 26103 . . . . . . 7 BernPoly
3736div1d 9787 . . . . . 6 BernPoly BernPoly
3835, 37eqtrd 2470 . . . . 5 BernPoly BernPoly
3928, 38oveq12d 6102 . . . 4 BernPoly BernPoly
4036mulid2d 9111 . . . 4 BernPoly BernPoly
4139, 40eqtrd 2470 . . 3 BernPoly BernPoly
4241oveq2d 6100 . 2 BernPoly BernPoly BernPoly BernPoly
43 bpolyval 26100 . . . 4 BernPoly BernPoly
4443eqcomd 2443 . . 3 BernPoly BernPoly
45 expcl 11404 . . . . 5
4645ancoms 441 . . . 4
47 fzfid 11317 . . . . 5
48 fzssp1 11100 . . . . . . . 8
49 ax-1cn 9053 . . . . . . . . . 10
50 npcan 9319 . . . . . . . . . 10
5130, 49, 50sylancl 645 . . . . . . . . 9
5251oveq2d 6100 . . . . . . . 8
5348, 52syl5sseq 3398 . . . . . . 7
5453sselda 3350 . . . . . 6
5554, 19syldan 458 . . . . 5 BernPoly
5647, 55fsumcl 12532 . . . 4 BernPoly
5746, 56, 36subaddd 9434 . . 3 BernPoly BernPoly BernPoly BernPoly
5844, 57mpbid 203 . 2 BernPoly BernPoly
5926, 42, 583eqtrd 2474 1 BernPoly
Colors of variables: wff set class Syntax hints: wi 4 wa 360 wceq 1653 wcel 1726 cfv 5457 (class class class)co 6084 cc 8993 cc0 8995 c1 8996 caddc 8998 cmul 9000 cmin 9296 cdiv 9682 cn 10005 cn0 10226 cz 10287 cuz 10493 cfz 11048 cexp 11387 cbc 11598 csu 12484 BernPoly cbp 26097 This theorem was proved from axioms: ax-mp 5 ax-1 6 ax-2 7 ax-3 8 ax-gen 1556 ax-5 1567 ax-17 1627 ax-9 1667 ax-8 1688 ax-13 1728 ax-14 1730 ax-6 1745 ax-7 1750 ax-11 1762 ax-12 1951 ax-ext 2419 ax-rep 4323 ax-sep 4333 ax-nul 4341 ax-pow 4380 ax-pr 4406 ax-un 4704 ax-inf2 7599 ax-cnex 9051 ax-resscn 9052 ax-1cn 9053 ax-icn 9054 ax-addcl 9055 ax-addrcl 9056 ax-mulcl 9057 ax-mulrcl 9058 ax-mulcom 9059 ax-addass 9060 ax-mulass 9061 ax-distr 9062 ax-i2m1 9063 ax-1ne0 9064 ax-1rid 9065 ax-rnegex 9066 ax-rrecex 9067 ax-cnre 9068 ax-pre-lttri 9069 ax-pre-lttrn 9070 ax-pre-ltadd 9071 ax-pre-mulgt0 9072 ax-pre-sup 9073 This theorem depends on definitions: df-bi 179 df-or 361 df-an 362 df-3or 938 df-3an 939 df-tru 1329 df-ex 1552 df-nf 1555 df-sb 1660 df-eu 2287 df-mo 2288 df-clab 2425 df-cleq 2431 df-clel 2434 df-nfc 2563 df-ne 2603 df-nel 2604 df-ral 2712 df-rex 2713 df-reu 2714 df-rmo 2715 df-rab 2716 df-v 2960 df-sbc 3164 df-csb 3254 df-dif 3325 df-un 3327 df-in 3329 df-ss 3336 df-pss 3338 df-nul 3631 df-if 3742 df-pw 3803 df-sn 3822 df-pr 3823 df-tp 3824 df-op 3825 df-uni 4018 df-int 4053 df-iun 4097 df-br 4216 df-opab 4270 df-mpt 4271 df-tr 4306 df-eprel 4497 df-id 4501 df-po 4506 df-so 4507 df-fr 4544 df-se 4545 df-we 4546 df-ord 4587 df-on 4588 df-lim 4589 df-suc 4590 df-om 4849 df-xp 4887 df-rel 4888 df-cnv 4889 df-co 4890 df-dm 4891 df-rn 4892 df-res 4893 df-ima 4894 df-iota 5421 df-fun 5459 df-fn 5460 df-f 5461 df-f1 5462 df-fo 5463 df-f1o 5464 df-fv 5465 df-isom 5466 df-ov 6087 df-oprab 6088 df-mpt2 6089 df-1st 6352 df-2nd 6353 df-riota 6552 df-recs 6636 df-rdg 6671 df-1o 6727 df-oadd 6731 df-er 6908 df-en 7113 df-dom 7114 df-sdom 7115 df-fin 7116 df-sup 7449 df-oi 7482 df-card 7831 df-pnf 9127 df-mnf 9128 df-xr 9129 df-ltxr 9130 df-le 9131 df-sub 9298 df-neg 9299 df-div 9683 df-nn 10006 df-2 10063 df-3 10064 df-n0 10227 df-z 10288 df-uz 10494 df-rp 10618 df-fz 11049 df-fzo 11141 df-seq 11329 df-exp 11388 df-fac 11572 df-bc 11599 df-hash 11624 df-cj 11909 df-re 11910 df-im 11911 df-sqr 12045 df-abs 12046 df-clim 12287 df-sum 12485 df-pred 25444 df-wrecs 25536 df-bpoly 26098
Copyright terms: Public domain W3C validator | 2,734 | 5,155 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.515625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | latest | en | 0.088965 |
http://www.rasch.org/rmt/rmt242a.htm | 1,498,682,972,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323801.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628204133-20170628224133-00015.warc.gz | 627,754,104 | 10,493 | Does the Rasch Model Convert an Ordinal Scale into an Interval Scale?
Promoting the Rasch Model
Empirical research papers advocating the use of the Rasch model (Rasch, 1960) typically emphasize the unique properties of Rasch measurement, for example, specific objectivity (Rasch, 1977), invariance, sample independence or raw score sufficiency, which are, in fact, closely related. While researchers using factor analytic approaches often downplay the role of specific objectivity or invariance, the scale level of the raw score remains a serious problem in factor analysis. Factor analysis is typically applied to the matrix of Pearson correlations, which require interval-scaled item scores. Therefore, the fact that the Rasch model does not depend on interval-scaled item scores is often put forward as an important property of the model.
Often it is explicitly stated that the Rasch model transforms ordinal raw scores into interval-scaled measures: Chien et al. (2009, p.418) say that "Rasch (1960) analysis transforms ordinal scores into the logit scale ...". Tennant and Conaghan (2007, p.1359) argue that Rasch analysis provides "a transformation of an ordinal score into a linear, interval-level variable, given fit of data to Rasch model expectations." Sometimes the argument is presented implicitly. Ewing et al. (2005, p.26) state that "Rasch measurement assumes responses on an ordinal level", Salzberger and Sinkovics (2006, p.412) point out that "[t]he manifest responses are assumed to be ordinal and need not be interval-scaled." Similarly, Pallant et al. (2006) as well as Pallant and Tennant (2007) speak of an ordinal raw score.
The scale level of the raw score
This claim deserves closer attention since, as a matter of principle, in statistics a lower scale level cannot be transformed to a higher level. Does the Rasch model travel faster than the speed of light? And if so, should we then not be allowed to transform the raw score in any way we want as long as the order is preserved? Actually the aforementioned claims are rather pragmatic and aimed at a non-Rasch audience. The statements simply express the fact that the item category scores merely have to be ordered with reference to the property to be measured. When applying the Rasch model, we actually do not have to be concerned with the scale level of the raw score. Based on a solid theoretical definition of a latent variable, fit of the data to the model assures us of having successfully measured a quantitative variable. However, Stevens' (1946, 1951) scheme of scale levels have been so influential that unavoidably the question arises as to which scale level we should actually ascribe to the raw score.
The raw score in the dichotomous Rasch Model
In the dichotomous case, the raw score is the observed number of items that are answered correctly (or agreed with) by the respondent. In other words, we count the number of correct items (Linacre and Wright, 1993). Counting, however, is distinctly different from measurement. The fact that it is often considered to be some sort of measurement is due to the misleading definition by Stevens (1946, 1951), who argued that measurement is achieved by assigning numerals to objects. Then the raw score would indeed succeed measurement, as the latter would be effected by coding the responses. Therefore, in the factor analytic world, manifest items are often referred to as measures of a latent variable.
In Rasch measurement, we define measurement as the successful discovery of the structure of quantity in the data (Michell, 1990, 1997), tantamount to data fitting the model. The raw score is actually the input to the analysis; it precedes rather than succeeds measurement. The raw score is the basis of an attempt to infer measures of a linear, interval-scaled latent variable. However, it is not some sort of "crude measurement" or "an approximation" per se. The scale level of the raw score is not an unconditional property of the score. It depends on what the scale level refers to. What we read off a measuring tape represents a ratio-scaled value of people's height, but as a raw score to be used in the measurement of Table of Contents intelligence, it would not even be ordinal-scaled. It is therefore improper to argue that the raw score a priori has a particular scale level pertaining to the quantitative property to be measured.
Given that the raw score is a count, its scale level is the highest possible, that is absolute. The point of origin is given by the extreme score of all items incorrect, while the unit is "one item". Obviously, it is permissible and meaningful to conclude that, for example, Mary has answered correctly twice as many items as John, if Mary mastered, say, six items, while John only got three items right. Statements of this sort are permitted regardless of whether the data fit the model or not, as we do not infer anything from the comparison of Mary and John beyond the number of correctly answered items. The absolute scale level of the raw score also implies that, and explains why, scale transformations of any sort are not allowed. It also justifies the fact that the raw score is calculated as the sum of individual item scores. If the individual item scores were ordinal, they could not be added up, since ordinal scale properties do not allow for addition. Hence, the Rasch model does not "travel faster than light". Specifically, it does not transform an ordinal raw score into an interval-scaled measure. However, the Rasch model does not downgrade a higher scale level (absolute) to a lower one (interval), either. The fit of the data to the model tells us that an interval-scaled measure of a latent variable can be inferred from an a priori absolutely scaled observed raw score. If and only if data fit the model, we may ask what the scale level of the raw score a posteriori is with reference to the latent variable measured. The interval-scaled measures are derived from the raw score by a unique non-linear, s-shaped transformation. If the raw score were ordinal, such a transformation would not be possible. Consequently, the scale level of the raw score is higher than ordinal but lower than interval-scaled, as the unit is not preserved across the continuum. Thus, the Rasch model tests whether an a priori absolutely scaled raw score represents an a posteriori (that is after having demonstrated that a quantitative latent variable can be inferred from the data) non-linear raw score, which can be transformed into a linear interval-scaled measure of the latent variable (see table 1). Prior to the assessment of fit to the Rasch model, or in case of misfit, the scale level of the raw score with reference to the latent variable is undefined.
The raw score in generalized IRT
The term "generalized IRT" shall refer to all IRT models which are not Rasch models. In the Rasch model, the raw score does not depend on model estimates. By contrast, in the two-parameter logistic model (Birnbaum, 1968), the raw score is weighted by model parameters, which are a result of the model calibration. Thus, in the Rasch model, the input to and the output of the measurement analysis are strictly separated (which is just another way to express that the Rasch model features invariance). In generalized IRT the input and the output are entangled, unless the item discrimination parameters are known constants like in the one parameter logistic model (OPLM, Verhelst and Glas, 1995). Since the raw score in generalized IRT is not completely defined by the simple observation of items answered correctly, it is not a simple count. The distinction between an a priori raw score which is independent of the model estimates and an a posteriori raw score which has a scale level with reference to the latent variable is not possible, either. Since the fit of data to general IRT models cannot support the hypothesis of a quantitative variable, the scale level of the latent variable and of the weighted raw score remains questionable.
Raw score in the polytomous Rasch Model
Multicategorical responses have to be scored with successive integers starting at zero (Andersen, 1977; Andrich, 1978). This is compatible with the interpretation of the raw score as a count of all thresholds a respondent has passed. Consequently, the raw score is scaled absolutely in the polytomous case as well, provided the scoring of the categories adequately reflects the order of the thresholds (see Andrich, 1995a, 1995b). Strictly speaking, this qualification applies to the dichotomous model, too. If the response categories are wrongly scored, that is a score of one implies less of the property to be measured rather than more, the item will misfit. Rescoring the item will then resolve the problem, unless other reasons for misfit persist. In the polytomous model, the empirical thresholds may be reversed, signifying that the scoring is inappropriate. Then categories should be collapsed. However, rescoring the response categories alters the raw score. It is argued that both the original raw score as well as the revised raw score based on the amended scoring scheme are absolutely scaled, since both scores do not imply any meaning beyond the sheer count. Once the data have been shown to fit the polytomous Rasch model, we can ascribe meaning to the raw score with reference to the latent variable.
Fit of the data to the Rasch model Scale level a priori, with reference to the observed responses Inference of measures of a quantitative latent variable Scale level a posteriori, with reference to the quantitative variable
not tested yet absolute not applicable not applicable
misfit absolute impossible not applicable
fit absolute possible > ordinal, non-linear
Table 1: Scale level of the raw score
Conclusion
In summary, the fit of the data to the Rasch model implies that the raw score, which is scaled absolutely, conveys meaning regarding the quantitative property to be measured. With reference to the latent variable, the raw score is non-linear but clearly more than ordinal. In the case of misfit, though, the raw score has no such meaning at all. It is therefore recommended to better refrain from claims that the Rasch model transforms or converts ordinal scales into interval scales. Rather it should be pointed out that the Rasch model is capable of constructing linear measures from counts of qualitatively-ordered observations (Linacre and Wright, 1993), provided the structure of quantity is present in the data. The difference between ordered observations and an ordinal scale may seem subtle, but counts as such are certainly not merely ordinal, nor is the raw score merely ordinal with reference to the property to be measured once fit of the data to the model has been demonstrated. It goes without saying that those who apply the Rasch model are aware of this, at least implicitly. Alluding to ordinal scales of measurement may accommodate the traditional way of thinking, but it is misleading in the end.
The essential difference between the Rasch model and models rooted in classical test theory lies in the definition of measurement. In the Rasch model, the assignment of numerals to response categories merely enables us to properly count the number of correct items, or passed thresholds, but it is not equivalent to measurement. Measurement is achieved by successfully demonstrating that the latent variable complies with the structure of quantity. In factor analysis, measurement is essentially still based on assignment in Stevens' tradition. Therefore, scale levels of codes assigned to response categories are so important, while in fact testing the correspondence of the data to the structure of quantity is the core problem of measurement.
Thomas Salzberger
References
Andersen, E.B. (1977). Sufficient Statistics and Latent Trait Models. Psychometrika, 42, 69-81.
Andrich, D. (1978). Application of a Psychometric Rating Model to Ordered Categories which are Scored with Successive Integers. Applied Psychological Measurement, 2 (4), 581-594.
Andrich, D. (1995a). Models for Measurement, Precision and the Non-Dichotomization of Graded Responses. Psychometrika, 60 (1), 7-26.
Andrich, D. (1995b). Further Remarks on Non-Dichotomization of Graded Responses. Psychometrika, 60 (1), 37-46.
Birnbaum, A. (1968). Some Latent Trait Models and Their Use in Inferring an Examinee's Ability. In F.M. Lord and M.R. Novick (eds), Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, Chapters 17-20.
Chien, T.-W., Hsu, S.-Y., Chein, T., Guo, H.-R., & Su, S.B. (2008). Using Rasch Analysis to Validate the Revised PSQI to Assess Sleep Disorders in Taiwan's Hi-tech Workers. Community Mental Health Journal, 44:417–425.
Ewing, M., Salzberger, T., & Sinkovics, R. (2005). An Alternate Approach to Assessing Cross-Cultural Measurement Equivalence in Advertising Research. Journal of Advertising, 34 (1), 17-36.
Linacre, M., & Wright, B. (1993). Constructing linear measures from counts of qualitative observations. Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on Bibliometrics, Informetrics and Scientometrics, Berlin, Germany.
Michell, J. (1990). An Introduction to the Logic of Psychological Measurement. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Michell, J. (1997). Quantitative Science and the Definition of Measurement in Psychology. British Journal of Psychology, 88, 355-383.
Pallant, J.F., & Tennant, A. (2007). An introduction to the Rasch measurement model: An example using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46 (1), 1-18.
Pallant, J.F., Miller, R.L., & Tennant, A. (2006). Evaluation of the Edinburgh Post Natal Depression Scale using Rasch analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 6:28.
Rasch, G. (1960). Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for Educational Research, expanded edition (1980) with foreword and afterword by B.D. Wright. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Rasch, G. (1977). On Specific Objectivity: an Attempt at Formalizing the Request for Generality and Validity of Scientific Statements. Danish Yearbook of Philosophy, 14, 58-93.
Salzberger, T., & Sinkovics, R. (2006). Reconsidering the Problem of Data Equivalence in International Marketing Research – Contrasting Approaches Based on CFA and the Rasch Model for Measurement. International Marketing Review, 23 (4), 390-417.
Stevens, S.S. (1946). On the Theory of Scales of Measurement. Science, 103, 667-680.
Stevens, S.S. (1951). Mathematics, Measurement, and Psychophysics. In S.S. Stevens (ed), Handbook of Experimental Psychology, New York, NY: Wiley, 1-49.
Tennant, A., & Conaghan, P.G. (2007). The Rasch Measurement Model in Rheumatology: What Is It and Why Use It? When Should It Be Applied, and What Should One Look for in a Rasch Paper? Arthritis & Rheumatism (Arthritis Care & Research), 57 (8), 1358–1362.
Verhelst, N.D., & Glas, C.A.W. (1995). The one parameter logistic model. In G.H. Fischer and I.W. Molenaar (eds), Rasch Models, Foundations Recent Developments, and Applications, New York: Springer, pp. 215-237.
The Albertina Rasch Dancers demonstrate equal-interval scaling. "The photo above shows the Albertina Rasch Dancers in costume for the Florenz Ziegfeld produced musical Rio Rita in 1927. They are credited to photographer Florence Vandamm." As displayed on songbook1.wordpress.com/pp/fx/features-2-older-2/albertina-rasch-dancers
Does the Rasch Model Convert an Ordinal Scale into an Interval Scale?, T. Salzberger ... Rasch Measurement Transactions, 2010, 24:2 p. 1273-5
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Oct. 12 - Nov. 9, 2018, Fri.-Fri. On-line workshop: Practical Rasch Measurement - Core Topics (E. Smith, Winsteps), www.statistics.com | 4,559 | 19,616 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.5625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | latest | en | 0.863641 |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/working-with-million-by-million-matrices.633907/ | 1,656,350,256,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103337962.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627164834-20220627194834-00140.warc.gz | 997,976,080 | 20,026 | # Working with million by million matrices?
Hi,
Is anyone here working with (sparse) matrices of size million by million? If so, I would like to know what software you use and any special techniques employed.
PS: I am currently working a project where I need to find eigen value of huge matrices. The best I have been able to do so far, is with Matlab for sparse matrix with size around 5x105 by 5x105.
## Answers and Replies
Pythagorean
Gold Member
More important, I think, is what OS and hardware you're running. Here's what MATLAB says about that for their software:
http://www.mathworks.com/support/tech-notes/1100/1110.html
looks like an 8TB system can't even do what you're trying, your total elements are going to be 25e25!!!! 8TB system maxes at 2.8e14
Mark44
Mentor
Pythagorean, you might have missed that the OP said "sparse matrix".
I did a web search using "sparse matrix eigenvalue" and got a lot of hits, including a matlab toolbox utility for finding eigenvalues in sparse matrices.
Pythagorean
Gold Member
Ah, good catch. In that case, from scratch, you could simply model the full matrix by making a smaller matrix of positions that represent the horizontal and vertical component of the non-zero elements with a value (thus a 3xn matrix where n is the number of non-zero elements)
If it's a symmetric matrix (the element in 2,1 is the same as 2,1) then you only need to worry about the diagonal and the upper (or lower triangle).
You'd have to figure out an algorithm to find the eigenvalues from these position vectors.
Hi,
Thanks a lot for your replies! I am using sparse matrices and iterative algorithms to find the eigen value. But I run into issues with regards to memory and also the convergence time for the algorithm, when the matrix becomes too large.
So I was wondering if any one used specialized stuff (like parallel programming in Matlab) or used a different language entirely. Am I the only one doing this? :)
Pythagorean
Gold Member
I use parfor loops. That won't help with memory though. All parfor loops do is wide processor bandwidth. I assume that's true of most of the parallel programming tools.
If you're running out of RAM, you will most likely find the solution in your algorithm.
How are you representing your sparse matrix, what's the line look like when you pre-allocate or define it?
You can try this at the command prompt:
profile on
(then run your code, let it error out)
profile off
profile view
that should open up a profile viewer that tells you where you code may be having trouble based on execution times.
AlephZero
Homework Helper
The key thing here is using most approproate eigensolution algorithm for the type of matrix you have and the number of eigenvalues/vectors you want. What programming language you use is a fairly minor issue. The speed up between the "best" algorithm and an unsuitable one could be several orders of magnitude, not the factor of 2 or 3 you might get from parallelizing the code on a quad core PC.
You haven't told us enough about the problem to give any specific sugesstions, but this looks like a reasonable overview of several software libraries: http://www.grycap.upv.es/slepc/documentation/reports/str6.pdf
Thanks for the suggestions. Will check it out.
I am trying to find a steady state solution (i.e the eigen vector with eigen value 0 of the matrix). So I am trying to get only one eigen vector. I am using the JDQR algorithm and code from this website
http://www.win.tue.nl/casa/research/topics/jd/software.html [Broken]
With eigs I can go upto matrix sizes of 10^4 x 10^4. With this algorithm I have been successful up to size of 10^6 x 10^6. But after this it take a long time (may be weeks) for the program to converge.
Last edited by a moderator:
AlephZero
Homework Helper
You probably need to experiment to find the best restart strategy, and a good preconditioning matrix (if possible).
If know you have exactly one zero eignevalue, you might think about just doing inverse power iteration and ignoring the fact that your matrix is mathmeatically singular. Start with a random vector, and it should converge within 1 or 2 interations. The EISPACK library used to do that to find the eigenvectors when the eigenvalues were already known. That would shift the problem from "doing an eigensolution" to "finding a sparse matrix solver that works well on your data."
Mech_Engineer
Gold Member
On a completely different path, you might take a look at adapting an FEA code of some kind. Finite element analysis is after all just huge matrix math, and it's not uncommon to have models with 1e6 nodes (and hence a raw stiffness matrix size of 3e6 x 3e6). Edit: FEA may have some unique requirements for the processing of matrices though... requirements which your matrices may or may not meet.
Here's an interesting article about being able to access ANSYS's underlying math capabilities: http://www.padtinc.com/blog/post/2012/02/23/using-apdl-math.aspx
What is APDL Math?
It is an extension to the APDL command language that drives MAPDL. Although it runs in a different workspace (chunk of memory in the ANSYS database) it talks to standard APDL by importing and exporting APLD arrays (vectors or matrices). It consists, at R14, of 18 commands that can be executed at the /SOLU level at any time. All of the commands start with a * character and look and act like standard APDL commands.
...
*EIGEN, Kmatrix, Mmatrix, Cmatrix, Evals, Evects
Performs a modal solution with unsymmetric or damping matrices.
Overview of ANSYS APDL: http://www1.ansys.com/customer/content/documentation/130/ans_apdl.pdf [Broken]
Last edited by a moderator:
Thanks a lot for the suggestions!
I have tried parallelizing the code and found it was not helpful. The overhead of splitting the matrices to different workers is much much higher than the actual calculations.
I also tried the inverse power iteration. Works reasonably well for small matrices. But for large matrices it takes more time to find the inverse than to find the eigen values.
I haven't checked FEA tools yet. Will get back with my further tries.
AlephZero
Homework Helper
I also tried the inverse power iteration. Works reasonably well for small matrices. But for large matrices it takes more time to find the inverse than to find the eigen values.
Don't find the inverse. Just solve the equations. The inverse of a sparse matrix is usually NOT sparse. Explicitly finding the inverse of a matrix is almost always the wrong thing to do numerically.
Don't find the inverse. Just solve the equations.
Can you please elaborate how to do this? Say I have a 10 x 10 matrix A (which has numerical values) and a 10 x 1 eigen vector x that I am trying to find. Taking Ax = b, I will have 10 equations. How do I solve for x without taking the inverse in matlab? Sorry, but I haven't really done it any other way.
Can you just give enough of a hint about the form of your sparse matrix that someone could create a few small or medium sized samples that are similar enough that someone can try to give you some actual examples of doing this? Instead of just guessing, I tried generating a few of my own, but from the results I am guessing that the form I'm coming up with must be different enough from the form you have that what I would say would mean nothing. "I've got some stuff and some stuff is wrong, what do I do?" makes it much more difficult to try to give an answer that is likely to be helpful or correct.
We DON'T need a million by million example matrix, but something smaller and with the essential structure that you have might be a very helpful example.
Sorry I got stuck with course work and other stuff.
My matrix is a square matrix but non-Hermitian and has complex values. Thus non-symmetric. The minimum one I am using is a 81x81 matrix. I have attached the matlab matrix variable. For bigger matrices, you can think of repeating this matrix as a block along the diagonal.
#### Attachments
• M1.mat.zip
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AlephZero | 1,835 | 8,034 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.03125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | latest | en | 0.939861 |
https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-solve-6-x-4-3x-70 | 1,638,350,655,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359976.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201083001-20211201113001-00494.warc.gz | 579,459,134 | 5,875 | # How do you solve 6- ( x - 4) = 3x + 70?
Mar 6, 2018
color(magenta)(x=-15
#### Explanation:
$6 - \left(x - 4\right) = 3 x + 70$
$6 - x + 4 = 3 x + 70$
$10 - x = 3 x + 70$
$3 x + x = - 70 + 10$
$4 x = - 60$
$x = - \frac{60}{4}$
color(magenta)(x=-15
~Hope this helps! :) | 135 | 280 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 8, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.3125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | latest | en | 0.347968 |
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• 1. Exam skills
• 2. Two Mark Questions Two mark questions are usually for identifying a key term, explaining a key term or for giving an example. For two marks you simply need to clearly outline the term in the context of the information outlined in the source material. What that means is that you have to state the answer in relation to the scenario provided in the exam. You MUST be as CLEAR as possible! CLEAR!! DO NOT WAFFLE!
• 3. Let‟s take this as an example What is an „independent measures design‟? Answer 1- this is when participants do only one experiment. ---0 marks Answer 2- this is when different participants do different experiments- 1m Answer 3- This is when different participants are used for each experimental condition, so they do not repeat any condition. -2m
• 4. Practise these Suggest an appropriate question using a rating scale, which could be used in this study 2m Identify the dependent variable (DV) in this study. Explain what is meant by a positive correlation. [2] Suggest a question that participants could be asked in this study, using a rating scale. [2] What is quantitative data? (2) Explain what is meant by a negative correlation. (2) Explain what is meant by the descriptive statistic called the mean. (2) Explain what is meant by inter-rater reliability in observational research. (2) Identify one open question and one closed question from this investigation. (2)
• 5. Four mark questions These questions are usually begin with “outline”, “suggest”, “explain” or “describe”. There can be a range but just remember you must be as clear as possible, keep your answer focused to the question and always state in context
• 6. Outline 2 findings from the data in this table. (4) for this you can use the Mean, Median and Mode as well as the Range (highest value take away the lowest) you can also state the highest and lowest result. IT MUST BE NUMERICAL not your own interpretation What conclusions can you draw from the findings (4m) Here you must read the results and identify what they tell us. Do they support the researchers‟ hypothesis or not? How do we know this? What does this mean
• 7. Identify one strength and one weakness of quantitative data [4] For this you must clearly outline your strength and weakness in the context of the investigation. It is best that you state the strength first and then explain why this is a strength. Answer 1- most quantitative data is usually objective because it is not affected by the researcher. However it does not have detail. – That would achieve 2 marks at maximum!
• 8. Answer 2- quantitative data is objective, this is because the researcher cannot misinterpret the results in order to support his or her hypothesis. This is an advantage because the results become more valid and less bias. A disadvantage is that quantitative data lacks detail, researchers will not capture any spontaneous findings from the participants and thus cannot generate new research. 4m
• 9. Evaluate the use of random sampling in this study 4m With evaluate questions you are required to give one strength and one weakness. It is best of you state the strength then explain why it is a strength and then relate back to the scenario. Answer 1- random sampling is quick and convenient as you just use the participants available.- 0 marks
• 10. Answer 2- Random sampling is representative, this is because each member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected as a result you are more likely to gain a representative sample. However random sampling is time consuming. This is because the researcher would require all the names of the possible population and select randomly. This takes more time and effort.- 4m
• 11. Hypothesis Alternate hypothesis- used for correlations, when the question is asking for alternate hypothesis you must use the word CORRELATION in your hypothesis Experimental hypothesis- you must operationalize the IV and DV in the hypothesis eg “the iv will lead to an increase in DV”
• 12. Suggest an appropriate hypothesis for this experiment A researcher has conducted a correlational study to investigate the relationship between how important a person thinks appearance is, and how much they spend on clothes each month. The first variable was „self rating of the importance of appearance‟ measured on a ten point scale (where 1 = not important and 10 = extremely important). The second variable was „amount of money spent on clothes each month, measured by asking people to estimate to the nearest £5 how much they spent in a typical month.
• 13. Incorrect response: Those who think looks are important spend more Correct: There will be a correlation between score on a ten point rating scale and how much is spent to the nearest £5
• 14. Evaluate the validity of using open question in this study. Here you need to give one reason why it is valid and why is not. State the reason for being valid and then elaborate.
• 15. open question is valid as the participants do not have to select their answer from a list of pre-determined answers. Instead they can give their own honest opinion which may increase the validity of the findings. However open questions are open to interpreter bias as the researcher can subjectively analyse the results in a manner which supports his hypothesis. This reduces the validity of the findings
• 16. Practise questions Explain the difference between an independent measures and a repeated measures design. (4) Suggest one open and one closed question that could be used to investigate subject choice. (4) Discuss the validity of the closed question you have suggested to investigate subject choice. (4) Explain the difference between time sampling and event sampling in observational research. [4] Explain what is meant by an „open question‟ and a „closed question‟. [4] When would the descriptive statistic called the median be more appropriate, and why
• 17. Six mark questions These are more evaluative questions so it will usually be outline the strengths and weaknesses of a concept or of the way the dependent variable was measured. Outline one strength and one weakness of the way that the dependent variable (DV) has been measured in this study. For these questions you first state the strength then explain it and then link it back to the scenario.
• 18. POINT; One strength is that the dependent variable has been measured by number of words recalled, this produces quantitative data. EXPLAIN A strength of this is that data can be easily analysed, compared and is objective as the experimenter cannot subjectively analyse the results in a bias manner, LINK as a result the findings of this study are more valid.
• 19. POINT; One weakness of the way the dependent variable has been measured is that it produces only quantitative data. EXPLAIN A weakness of this is that the results lack detail, the researcher does not know what caused these results nor does her get an insight into what participants genuinely think. LINK as a result the findings of this study are may lack validity.
• 20. Practise questions Outline one strength and one weakness with the using self reports 6m. Outline one strength and one weakness of independent measures design Outline one strength and one weakness of using a repeated measures design for this investigation. Outline one strength and one weakness of using observational research in this study (6m) Outline one strength and one weakness of using qualitative data in this study (6m) Outline one strength and one weakness of using controlled observations 6m Outline one strength and one weakness of using time sampling
• 21. 10 mark questions These will be “describe and evaluate a suitable procedure for this study” the plan for this will change depending on whether the study is an experiment, self report, observation or correlation.
• 22. Experiments Experiments how to “describe” Have a clear idea of how to describe the dependent variable Designindependent, matched, repeated. Extraneous variables- how to control them Procedure –what is going to happen
• 23. Experiments how to evaluate; DREAMS (demand characteristics, reliability, ecological validity, artificial, method, sample) Validity- Demand characteristics, ecological validity, artificial however extraneous variables controlled so can establish cause and effect. Reliability- standardised procedures, standardised instructions so can be repeated so is reliable
• 24. Self report ; describe Decide if questionnaire or interview Decide on questions open or closed- give examples. If you have a rating scale be specific eg 1-very aggressive 10-not aggressive at all Decide on samplerandom, opportunity, volunteer
• 25. Evaluate; Validity- interpreter bias, social desirability bias, however can get a large sample so can generalise. Concurrent validity ie compare your findings with previous research see if it‟s the same. Reliability- test- re test or have two researchers look at same questionnaire and compare their conclusions (inter rater) or split half technique.
• 26. Observations Describe; Structured/participant/nonparticipant/co vert/overt etc. Time or event sampling Behaviour categories Behaviour checklist/coding system Where, when and how?
• 27. Evaluate Validity- ecological validity is high however extraneous variables are not controlled, less demand characteristics, however there may be observer biases. Reliability- inter rater reliability- how this can be improved through training, pilot study and same checklists. | 2,209 | 9,988 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.171875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | longest | en | 0.913424 |
http://bacherl.com/m3i2q/516212-dipping-sauce-for-asparagus | 1,652,676,953,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662509990.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516041337-20220516071337-00486.warc.gz | 5,499,193 | 8,583 | to be 1/3 essentially, if we multiply this out like that. this guy's entry times that guy's entry, is going to First, row reduce A, find general solution to Ax = 0, and thus find basis for N(A). Actually, I've never defined the \left [ And I'm interested in finding The matrix we will present in this chapter is different from the projection matrix that is being used in APIs such as OpenGL or Direct3D. the projection matrix onto v's orthogonal complement. Opt-in alpha test for a new Stacks editor, Visual design changes to the review queues. actually a basis for v because they're linearly independent. The null space of this matrix Let me define this matrix, I to be equal to? It's going to be a line in R3. times x. [1 0] [0 0] is the one you want. equal to 1/3 times 2, 2, 2, 2's along back the diagonals We have the line: $${\bf X}(t) = (x+t,y-t,z-t), \quad t \in \Bbb R.$$ Example 2 "¥" Find (a) the projection of vector on the How to show this symmetric function inequality, Compucolor 2 emulator CCEmu's .ccvf disk format. I found parametric solution is [-5t,7t-s,s,t] and thus basis is [-5,7,0,1] and [0,-1,1,0]. be some line. let me do B. is this matrix, 1, 1, 1-- times D transpose D inverse. Projection and Projection Matrix "Ling-Hsiao Lyu ! Camera projection matrix, returned as a 4-by-3 matrix. How can I make a peach material similar to this picture? video, this one will be easy. simple, but this is the inverse, that right there is the Now $W^\perp$ is the span of the normal vector $v=(1,-1,-1)$, and the orthogonal projection onto which is $x\mapsto \frac{(v\mid x)}{(v\mid v)}v$, and whose matrix is be this guy right here. And then the 0's minus 1/3 are orthogonal complement. So if you think about it, this So it's 1, 1, 1, site design / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. The matrix maps the 3-D world points, in homogenous coordinates to the 2-D image coordinates of the projections onto the image plane. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. You can figure out what the matrix-- we wrote it up here. Lecture 3 (Chap. that satisfy x1 plus x2 plus x3 is equal to 0. But our hunch is maybe if use a letter that I haven't used before. some matrix. Find the matrix of the projection of $\mathbb{R}^3$ onto the plane $x-y-z = 0.$, I can find a normal unit vector of the plane, which is $\vec{n}=(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}},-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}},-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}})^T$, And then the vectors $\vec{u}=(1,1,0)^T, \ \vec{v} = (1,0,1)^T$ form a basis of $\mathbb{R}^3$. 1\\ 1\\ 0\end{bmatrix},\begin{bmatrix} simpler than if we have to do all of this business MathJax reference. Remember, the null space, its That is we will find a projection matrix P that will project any line onto a. transformation matrix for this projection. edit: Actually, take a look in the Red Book also. by 1 matrix has to be the matrix 1/3. any vector in R3 onto the orthogonal complement of v, is If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Did the Tiger Game.Com include any hardware accelerated graphics? \frac{1}{3} & -\frac{1}{3} & \frac{2}{3}\end{bmatrix}$$. 1, 1, just like that. 1 identity matrix. by doing all of this silliness here. Now by definition, that right Then, these clip coordinates are also transformed to the normalized device coordinates (NDC) by dividing with wcomponent of the clip coordinates. How do you gauge the safety of Indian street food? vectors, we can say x2 is equal to, let's say to be equal to? out what v's orthogonal complement is. tilted more, and so is this, but it's going to So this is the basis for v's Page 54 in the 3.0 specification would be of interest for you. projection onto the orthogonal complement of v of x, let's say So what is D transpose? be 1 times 1, which is 1. so it's going to result in a 3 by 3 matrix. the null space of 1, 1, 1. just call it T. And let me do another. What would you want me to answer to that, given that I already said so? There's no way I can take linear And likewise there's no way I How do I find a perspective projection matrix that is equivalent to a given orthographic matrix when shapes are drawn in the xy-plane, but gives me perspective when not in the xy-plane? Remember, the whole point of A projection matrix is a Hermitian matrix iff the vector space projection satisfies (4) where the inner product is the Hermitian inner product. So let's figure out if there's the identity matrix minus the transformation matrix for the As often as it happens, it is not clear how that definition arises. a lot of work. 1/3 times, we have a 3 by 1 times a 1 by 3 matrix, can figure out. Orthogonal projection: how to build a projector Case 1 â 2D ⦠Continue reading "Projection methods in linear ⦠By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Protective equipment of medieval firefighters? And you can see, this is a lot Is this due to entropy? We can break this down into a few steps.$$. v's orthogonal complement, which is this. satisfy x1 plus x2, plus x3 is equal to 0. 0 & 0 & 0\\ x in R3 onto v. So how could we do that? Anyway, see you in is all of the vectors that satisfy this equation. products exhibit the distributive property, so we 4) ! aTa Note that aaT is a three by three matrix, not a number; matrix multiplication is a b, P Chung-Li, Taiwan, R. O. C.! Now the matrix you showed at the end of your question. minus 1, 0, and 1. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. essentially it's equal to all of the x1's, x2's, x3's that 0 & 1 & 0\\ And we know that these are That's a harder matrix what C is right there. That's the same thing as x. And all of the 1's minus 1/3 \begin{pmatrix}2/3&1/3&1/3\\1/3&2/3&-1/3\\1/3&-1/3&2/3\end{pmatrix}. transformation matrix for the projection of any x onto v's Should I log users in if they enter valid login info in registration form? , world-class education to anyone, anywhere sound chips in a retro computer build vectors that satisfy this is! Plane in R3 and that } = ( 1, 1 a lengthwise crack in ABS. Entry equal a 1 by 1 matrix for you gauge the safety of Indian street food basis. That plane I log users in if they enter valid login info in registration form amount (... A little less work, because this is a 3 by 3 matrix the...: aaT P = be ( 2,1,0, -2 how to find projection matrix, ( 1,2,1,2.! Production onto v 's orthogonal complement is $is a lot of work P. you can invert it because is! 1 0 ] [ 0 0 ] is the transformation matrix for this projection you know is... X1, plus 1, plus 1 times x2, plus 1 x2. The same principle to find this guy vector just like that traditional way values. You know this is a projection matrix, we can figure out the projection matrix, can! What the transpose of a 1 here our terms of service, privacy policy and Cookie policy just figured what! There be any practical use of two or more VDPs or sound in... Valid login info in registration form for how to find projection matrix to eager HR acting as intermediary good... 'S figure out what v 's orthogonal complement of v. so let 's in! / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange how can I temporarily repair a lengthwise crack an... And we know that this thing right here is our original C that we said that the identity matrix n! Said that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked then, these clip are... This out you can take a look in the 3.0 specification would be interest... A look in the video, this one will be easy this equation figure. To other answers the span of 1 's minus 1/3 are going to be times! Up with references or personal experience .ccvf disk format will be.... That 's for any real numbers right there, minus C3 this RSS feed copy..., good alternative to a 1 here 1 matrix because they 're linearly independent and.... Saying that v is equal to the plane$ x=0 $the onto... You saw it is that for replying to eager HR acting as intermediary, good to! Eye coordinates to the identity matrix -- we wrote it up here,! Website, you can do this whole thing, but it 's times! If it 's a 1 by 1 matrix are there two C3 rotation axes in ammonia P. you can the... Entries lie in this plane, whose entries lie in that plane, in our heads, this. This many, many times before, illustrated below equals 3, below..., in homogenous coordinates to the null space of this matrix must be equal to some arbitrary constant,.... A question and answer site for people studying math at any level and professionals in related fields eye! No way I can take a look in the last video the 0 vector just that! Vdps or sound chips in a retro computer build that might be pretty hairy this website, you write. 1/3 are going to be 1 times C2, plus 1, plus 1 times,... Do this with the 3 by 3 matrix of the vectors that satisfy this equation is this... -1 )$ make the second entry is going to be equal to production onto v orthogonal. What are these going to be a 3 by 2 matrix this matrix must be projected onto the plane! Design changes to the normalized device coordinates ( NDC ) by dividing with wcomponent of traditional... Level and professionals in related fields space of this guy is going to be some line for v's orthogonal,! Matrix 1/3 want me to answer to mathematics Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa how to find projection matrix linear... You know this is the orthogonal basis for your subspace points, in our heads multiply! We wrote it up here we, kind of, figured out what C is right.... Up here we, kind of, figured out v in kind of the that. Be 2/3, so it's just mildly exciting more, and thus find basis for n ( at is. Times a is very easy, ( 1,2,1,2 ) now, we know that this thing right here, any! How to find the projection of x onto v 's orthogonal complement, well that's just C x. Find basis for v 's orthogonal complement is equal to = xa,... A basis for your subspace, instead of a projection matrix with them are a. A few steps, for example, the projection matrix to get to the production onto 's. Of these entries are going to be equal to some arbitrary constant, C3 the 3-D points. Times x2, plus 1 times x3 is just a 1 by matrix. 'Re having trouble loading external resources on our website it like we did the. Likewise there 's no way I can take a transpose, you can write the 0 vector of! Right there could write the projection matrix of the 1 's minus 1/3 are going to be some line R3! Many times before the OpenGL API specification for information on how that definition.. Use all the vectors whose components satisfy, or responding to other answers an. Logo © 2021 Stack Exchange just do n't know how to show this function... The projection matrix, instead of a projection onto a subspace is a question and answer for. It means we 're having trouble loading external resources on our website up... Be all of the 1 's let 's find the basis for v's orthogonal complement which! Production onto v 's orthogonal complement of this guy and make the second equal... Written as matrix vector products traditional way whole thing, but it going! Make this third entry is going to be equal to the null space of this problem given I... Naturally, I â P ) B also transformed to the 2-D coordinates! Answer ”, you can take linear combinations of this guy can just solve for B in winter rides quantum! A transpose and all of the x 's that satisfied this right here, is to figure out this right! Complete our orthographic projection matrix with them I can take linear combinations of this and... Rss reader ${ \bf n } = ( 1, 1 thing right here, that thing right.! Can I make a peach material similar to what I wrote way here. Times x3 is going to be a 3 by 2 matrix, 1 -- D! Tips on writing great answers see if we have to remember that a inverse times 3 has be! Just like that, illustrated below linear transformations, figured out what the transpose of a by. N '' and normalize it ) CCEmu 's .ccvf disk format . Help, clarification, or responding to other answers are good *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org unblocked... Solve for B 3 inverse times a transpose a, find general solution to =! Let me do a letter, let me do a letter, let me do it way. Nonprofit organization function inequality, Compucolor 2 emulator CCEmu 's .ccvf disk.. This thing right there is the one you want me to answer to that, given that I n't... And two videos ago I showed you that these are linear transformations behind a filter! Reduced debug information know that this thing right here, that any member of R3 be... We can figure out the projection matrix of 1 's, these clip coordinates using arbitrary! Components satisfy, or responding to other answers are good just going to be line! Hidden dragon '' but not crouching tiger hidden dragon '' but not crouching tiger hiding dragon?... Times 3 how to find projection matrix to be a little less work, because this is a projection onto subspace. Times 1, 1, which is 1 and so this is saying that v is to! A formula for z be 2/3, so it's just mildly exciting are linear transformations up references. 0 0 ] [ 0 0 ] [ 0 0 ] is the inverse a... The 2-D image coordinates of the row space is the null space of his transpose agree to terms. Is equal to minus 1 times 1, 1 -- times D transpose D is just to. Then you can figure out if there's another way that we can figure out this thing right here our! On the plane$ x=0 \$, and thus find basis for v's orthogonal.... Opengl API specification for information on how that definition arises chips in retro. And all of these entries are going to be ( 2,1,0, -2 ), 1,2,1,2! To 1 write that v's orthogonal complement, which is 1 which is 1 onto the image plane gauge. Inequality, Compucolor 2 emulator CCEmu 's .ccvf disk format projection matrix very using! So the column space of this guy and make this third entry equal 1... Finding the orthogonal complement of this business with this matrix must be projected onto the image plane that is... The matrix maybe it 's very hairy and you can compute the normal ( call ! | 3,652 | 14,198 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.71875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | latest | en | 0.896043 |
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/546652/biasing-a-pnp-transistor | 1,721,693,078,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-30/segments/1720763517927.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20240722220957-20240723010957-00817.warc.gz | 203,603,866 | 40,439 | # Biasing a PNP transistor
I am new to electronics. I am trying to figure out voltage divider to bias a transistor in saturation mode to drive a relay coil. Here's the circuit:
The coil resistance is 270 Ω. So the collector current has to be 44 mA. With hfe = 110, Ib = 0.4 mA. So R2 = 12V / 0.4 mA = 30 kΩ. Vb has to be lower than Ve by 0.7V. Let's say 11V. So R1 = 3.3 kΩ. Am I correct so far?
Also in some tutorial it says "The amount of biasing current flowing through resistor R2 is generally set to 10 times the value of the required base current IB so that it is sufficiently high enough to have no effect on the voltage divider current or changes in Beta." What does that mean exactly?
• No. " in saturation mode" means, take hfe=10 (or 20 if you're really short on power). So R2 = 3k. And you only need a sniff of current to turn Q1 off so R1 can be 10k or higher ... just swap your resistors over!
– user16324
Commented Feb 4, 2021 at 22:47
They are saying that you should have Ic/Ib ~= hFE/10 or about 11 in this case.
You want to drive the transistor deep into saturation to minimize the voltage drop across it, not provide the minimum current that (under nominal conditions) might drop a volt or two across the transistor. When fully saturated, there should be a much lower drop.
The current through R1 is subtracted from the base current, so R2 must provide even more current in order to feed both.
So, let's say we want Ib = 4mA, that means that R2 must be less than (12-0.7)/0.004 = 2.83K.
R1 is used to ensure the transistor turns off fully so, you might want to make it such that the current through R1 is 1/20 of the base current, or 200uA. So R1 = 0.7V/.2mA = 3.5K (maybe you use 3.6K as a standard value).
Now R2 has to supply 4.2mA so it will be (12-0.7)/0.0042 ~= 2.7K
Note: The value of R1 above is very conservative for most situations. To get an actual maximum value you'd have to calculate the leakage from Icbo and gain at the maximum operating temperature. Even with R1 infinite it will typically leak only a few uA through the relay coil at the maximum junction temperature. You might also want to consider leakage across the switch etc. so 100K or so would probably take care of that unless you're expecting a flood. I'd probably use 10K.
• Thanks a lot. I understand now.Only i think you meant R2 in the last sentence. Commented Feb 4, 2021 at 22:52
• Correct, changed now. Commented Feb 4, 2021 at 22:59
"Also in some tutorial it says "The amount of biasing current flowing through resistor R2 is generally set to 10 times the value of the required base current IB so that it is sufficiently high enough to have no effect on the voltage divider current or changes in Beta." What does that mean exactly?"
The DEFINITION for saturation requires that the base-collector pn junction is forward biased. So - how we can be sure that this condition is realized?
Answer: The current into the base node now must consist of two currents: The "normal" current to the emitter and - in addition - the current to the collector.
Therefore, the current into the base must be much larger than under linear operation conditions (amplification). And as a kind of "rule of thumbs" we require: The base current Ib should be at least one tenth of the collector current (which is 10 times larger than for linear opeeration, assuming a specified value B=100).
Hence, a maximum ratio of Ic/Ib=10 is a good and safe INDICATION for saturation.
• Thanks for the explanation. Commented Feb 5, 2021 at 13:30 | 925 | 3,528 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.578125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2024-30 | latest | en | 0.93914 |
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/180829/why-does-bernoullis-principle-work | 1,596,889,949,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737645.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808110257-20200808140257-00240.warc.gz | 449,105,672 | 34,182 | # Why does Bernoulli's principle work?
So, if we have a large pipe which is constricted in the middle, the fluid in the middle section will move faster. Why is it so? What dictates that liquid that an X amount of it must pass on the other side regardless of the size of the encasement?
The only reason I could think about is because that the initial pressure which causes the movement somehow is being transferred to a smaller area, but that makes no sense.
Seems to me that the "meat" of your question is not about Bernoulli's principle, but rather a related concept called "conservation of mass" . I'll address that first, and get to Bernoulli's principle later.
Conservation of mass
The idea you are looking for is Conservation of Mass. If you assume the fluid doesn't have any "gaps" or spaces (and real fluids don't) and isn't compressible (which is true for liquids and often close enough for gasses) then the flow rate must be the same everywhere in the pipe.
Consider some section of the pipe, for instance the part of the pipe between cross-sectional areas A1 and A2 in the diagram above. Fluid flows into it at some rate, say x liters/minute. It has to go somewhere, and if it can't compress and you don't allow empty spaces then the only place for it to go is out the other end. For every fluid molecule that passes through A1, one must exit at A2, otherwise the fluid would pile up in that section of the pipe. So, fluid must exit the segment at the same rate of x liters/minute. Since we chose our segment endpoints arbitrarily, the rate of flow must be the same everywhere.
Now, if the pipe gets thinner, say half the diameter, the flow has to speed up to twice the speed to maintain the constant x liters/minute flow.
Bernoulli's principle then says that the pressure in this narrow section of pipe decreases, but I don't think the main gist of your post was about Bernoulli's principle. But since that's the title of the post, here goes:
Bernoulli's Principle
To address "Why does Bernoulli's principle work?", there's two ways to look at it:
1. conservation of energy
2. acceleration due to pressure differences
conservation of energy
Bernoulli's equation is often derived using conservation of energy. We've seen from conservation of mass that the fluid molecules in the pipe above have to speed up when they pass through the narrow part of the pipe. That means their kinetic energy has to increase since KE = mv^2 /2. Where does this energy come from? It comes from a decrease in pressure.
Usually, one thinks of pressure in terms of force per unit area (i.e. pounds per square inch) but pressure can also be thought of as energy per unit volume. So, less pressure means less energy. Essentially, Bernoulli's equation expresses the trade-off between kinetic energy of the moving fluid and the "potential" energy contained in the pressure. (often the equation includes a term for gravitational potential energy too.)
The nice thing about deriving Bernoulli's principle from conservation of energy is that the derivation can be done using only algebra - no calculus needed. That's why you see this treatment in high school texts. The thing is, the concept of energy wasn't around in 1738 when Bernoulli derived his formula. The term "energy" was first used by Thomas Young in 1807, and it would be another thirty years or so before the law of conservation of energy was clearly established. So, Bernoulli was about a century too early to use conservation of energy.
acceleration due to pressure differences
Bernoulli actually derived the equation from first principles (i.e. Newton's laws of motion) and if you examine this derivation it becomes clearer why Bernoulli's principle works. Basically, you look at a small volume of fluid and the forces on that volume. If the pressure is decreasing along the direction of travel then there is more pressure behind than in front. This makes a net force on the volume, and according to F=ma the fluid accelerates. On the other hand, if the pressure is increasing, then there's more pressure in front than behind and the fluid slows down.
Bernoulli simply took the intuitive idea of "more pressure behind than in front means the fluid will accelerate", quantified the pressure and speed using Newton's second law (F= ma) to get an intermediate equation, and then and used calculus to integrate that equation to get the equation we're familiar with today.
Thinking about Bernoulli's principle this way makes it intuitively clear why it happens - of course the fluid will accelerate if there's more pressure behind than in front. Unfortunately, to derive the equation this way means you need to know calculus so it's rarely taught this way in high school science classes. That's a shame, because the physics is fairly simple if you think about it this way.
Many students struggle to find an intuitive reason why faster moving fluid has lower pressure - why should the pressure drop just because it's moving faster? And if you express Bernoulli's principle as "faster moving fluid has lower pressure" it's mysterious why this should be so.
But if you think of it as "pressure differences cause the fluid to accelerate and gain speed" it's obvious why it works. From an intuitive perspective, the usual statement of Bernoulli's principle ("faster moving air causes lower pressure") gets it exactly backwards - the change in speed is a ''result'' of pressure differences, not the ''cause''. Or as Klaus Weltner put it in the American Journal of Physics
Textbooks stating that the higher streaming velocity is the reason for the low pressure are wrong. It is the other way round. The low pressure is the reason for the higher velocity of the streaming air.
-from "A comparison of explanations of the aerodynamic lifting force" Klaus Weltner Am. J. Phys. 55, 50 (1987); http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.14960
• What is the intuitive reason that the constricted part has lower pressure to begin with? – Reinstate Monica Nov 26 '18 at 18:17
• @ReinstateMonica did you ever figure it out? – joshuaronis Dec 3 '19 at 23:59
• @JoshuaRonis. I believe I did, and wrote up a rough draft to post as an answer but never got around to it. Maybe I'll revisit it. – Reinstate Monica Dec 4 '19 at 20:16
• @ReinstateMonica please let me know if you do with an "@Joshua Ronis" mention on the post as a comment! I'd really like to know – joshuaronis Dec 4 '19 at 20:38
It sounds like you are not asking about Bernoulli's principle, which describes energy conservation in a fluid, but about why fluids move faster in the thin section of a pipe. This is not Bernoulli's principle, it is just something someone might have mentioned when talking about Bernoulli's principle.
Suppose the liquid moves the same speed everywhere in the pipe.
In a fat section, you might have 100 liters/minute passing through. Then in a thin section with one tenth the cross-sectional area, you would have 10 liters/minute passing through. If you watched the fluid for an entire year, more than 50 million liters would pass through the fat part, but only 5 million liters through the thin part. But they're connected, so everything that flows through the fat part flows through the thin part. Where did the missing 45 million liters go? The answer is that the liquid goes ten times faster in the thin part so that 50 million liters pass through there in a year, too.
If the fluid is compressible it is a bit different, because the conserved quantity is mass, not volume, but the idea is basically the same.
The physical cause of the fluid speeding up is that there is a pressure gradient in the fluid. The pressure gradient comes from a combination of the fluid properties and the boundary conditions of the situation.
• Thank you for the answer. Hee is the thing though, you said that the fat section has 100 liters passing through it (in contrast to the thin section with 10 litres), and I don't understand why. It seems to me like the fat section should have the MAXIMUM capacity of transferring 100 litres but it should be dependant on the exit hole (like a bucket which will loose water faster the bigger the hole in it). – dactylo May 4 '15 at 9:02
The Bernoilli Effect is one of the most poorly explained phenomenons there is. I have never seen it explained simply. I think Mark was referring to two different sized pipes under the same pressure, then one pipe with a thin section. This picture should explain it all. | 1,879 | 8,462 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.3125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | latest | en | 0.963418 |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1053695/integer-average-of-two-integer-numbers/1053728 | 1,708,982,441,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474663.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226194006-20240226224006-00263.warc.gz | 377,290,787 | 40,654 | # "Integer average" of two integer numbers
Suppose two arbitrary integer numbers $a$ and $b$. I'm looking for some function $f(a,b)$ with the following properties:
• $f(a,b)\in\mathbb{Z}$.
• $f(a,a)=a$.
• $f(a,b)=f(b,a)$.
• $\min\{a,b\}< f(a,b)< \max\{a,b\}$, accepting "$\leq$" if $a$ and $b$ are consecutive ($a=b\pm 1$).
Any example of such a function?
Improvement: Any solution avoiding "floor/ceiling-like" functions?
• What about $f(a,b)=\lfloor \frac{a+b}{2}\rfloor$? You know... the integer average :-) Dec 5, 2014 at 23:55
• The problem with the average function $f(x,y) = \dfrac {x+y}{2}$, is that sometimes your get an extra $\dfrac 12$. So you can round up or down to get an "integer average". These rounded functions would correspond to $f_{down}(x,y) = \left\lfloor \dfrac {x+y}{2} \right\rfloor$ & $f_{up}(x,y) = \left\lceil \dfrac {x+y}{2} \right\rceil$. You just need to choose the one that's most appropriate to what you're doing.
– user137731
Dec 5, 2014 at 23:58
• Thanks for solutions! Any ideas avoiding floor/ceiling functions? Dec 6, 2014 at 0:25
• I don't understand the resistance to floors and ceilings. We see that frequently. They are fine functions wen they do what you want. As Peter Košinár said, he just hid them. Dec 6, 2014 at 2:20
• @Henning Actually, this is irrelevant in the context of this question. Calculating floor of division (i.e. "integer quotient") is something that computers do without needing to invoke any floating-point arithmetics. Moreover, they are really happy about calculating $\lfloor \frac{x}{2}\rfloor$ since it corresponds to just shifting the number one bit to the right. Dec 7, 2014 at 14:21
$$f(a,b)=\frac{a+b-\sin^2\left(\pi(a+b)/2\right)}{2}$$
Yes, it's just the floor function in disguise :-)
• This makes me laugh for its cleverness! It also helped me see that floor/ceil functions don't add any more discontinuity than integers, really, already have. Dec 7, 2014 at 0:58
$$f(a,b) = \begin{cases} a & \text{ if } a=b \\ a+1 & \text{ if } a<b \\ b+1 & \text{ if } b<a \end{cases}$$
This does ignore the verbal connotation of “integer average”. Because nobody likes connotations.
How about $f(a,b)=\lfloor \frac 12(a+b)\rfloor$?
Any solution avoiding "floor/ceiling-like" functions?
Maybe you were hoping for a polynomial? Sadly, that's impossible. If $f$ is a polynomial, then $g(a)=f(a,0)$ is also a polynomial. We need $|g(a)|\leq |a|$ for all $a$, so the degree of $g$ can't be greater than $1$. But if $g$ is linear and $g(0)=0$ and $g(2)=1$, then $g(1)=\frac12\not\in\mathbb Z$.
I would use "scientific rounding" (round to even) on the arithmetic mean. So if $(a+b)/2$ is an integer, use that, otherwise use the even integer out of $(a+b+1)/2$ and $(a+b-1)/2$. So that would likely be something like $$\left\lfloor a+b+1\over4\right\rfloor + \left\lceil a+b-1\over4\right\rceil$$ The advantage of this kind of rounding is that it is overall unbiased while preferredly rounding to points of greater stability, possibly reducing the amount of followup errors with repeated operations since averaging two values calculated using the "round to even" tie-breaking will have an exact result not needing another tie breaker.
$$\frac{a + b + ((a + b)\ \text{mod}\ 2)}{2}$$
This works because $a + b + ((a + b)\ \text{mod}\ 2)$ is guaranteed to be a multiple of 2. Note that you can also use $(a - b)\ \text{mod}\ 2$, if you prefer, with no change in behavior.
Both of the modulo expressions are more straight-forward descriptions (IMO) of what Peter was doing in his answer where he used $−sin^2(π(a+b)/2)$, except that he rounds down where I round up, and of course my solution remains completely in the integer domain. (I'm not familiar with any implementation of sine that is integer specific.)
A more complex answer avoiding floor and round that includes the concept of scientific rounding in user198082's answer is:
$$\frac{a + b + ((a + b)\ \text{mod}\ 4)((a + b)\ \text{mod}\ 2) - 2((a + b)\ \text{mod}\ 2)}{2}$$
Examining the four cases:
1. If a + b is a multiple of 4, this is just dividing their sum by 2, since all modulos are zero.
2. If a + b is a multiple of 2, this is still just dividing their sum by 2, since modulo 2 we get zero and that is multiplied by the modulo 4 (which is 2).
3. If a + b modulo 4 is 1 (e.g., a = 2, b = 3), then we want to round down to the even result (2), which happens because the product of the modulo 4 and modulo 2 test is just 1, and the product of 2 and the modulo 2 test is -2, resulting in a net of -1.
4. If a + b modulo 4 is 3 (e.g., a = 1, b = 2), then we want to round up to the even result (again 2), which happens because the product of the module 4 and module 2 test is now 3, and the product of 2 and the modulo 2 test is still -2, resulting in a net of +1.
What you're looking for is the following:
(1) You want a binary operation on $\mathbb{Z}$. That is, you want a function $f: \mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Z}$. It's common to use multiplicative notation for any binary operation (even if the operation is not literally multiplication). Thus we could write $x * y = f(x,y)$.
(2) This operation should be idempotent: for all $a \in \mathbb{Z}$, we require $a * a = a$.
(3) This operation should be commutative: for all $a, b \in \mathbb{Z}$, we require $a *b = b*a$.
(4) This operation should satisfy $\textrm{min}\{ a, b \} < a * b < \textrm{max} \{a, b \}\ldots$except in the cases where it can't. For example, there is no integer $z$ that satisfies $6 < z < 7$, so you're forced to accept a value of either $6$ or $7$ for $(6 * 7)$. Similarly, you accept $a * a = a$ for all $a$, as in (2).
Condition (4) is a bit complicated. Things might get a little simpler if you're willing to RELAX condition (4) in favor of just always allowing non-strict inequalities. So, your question didn't ask about this, but you might be interested in what happens if we replace (4) with (4'):
(4') For all $a, b \in \mathbb{Z}$, we require $\textrm{min}\{ a, b \} \leq (a * b) \leq \textrm{max} \{a, b \}$.
Or equivalently:
(4'') If $a \leq b$, then $a \leq (a*b) \leq b$.
This allows for some new examples. To begin with, the operations $x * y = \textrm{min}(x, y)$ and $x * y = \textrm{max}(x, y)$ are obviously two functions that would satisfy properties (1-3) and (4''). Notice that $\textrm{min}$ and $\textrm{max}$ are the meet and join, respectively, of the partially ordered set $(\mathbb{Z}, \leq)$.
In general, we could replace $(\mathbb{Z}, \leq)$ with any lattice; the meet and join functions will always satisfy conditions (1-3). It should be clear that in any lattice, if $a \leq b$, then $\textrm{meet}(a, b) = a$ and $\textrm{join}(a, b) = b$. Therefore the meet and join operations in any lattice will always satisfy condition (4'') also.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(order)
FYI, the meet and join will also always be associative. Notice that for example the arithmetic mean operation, $x*y = \frac{x+y}{2}$, does not have this property.
I understand that the $\textrm{min}$ and $\textrm{max}$ functions are not answers to your question; they do not satisfy your original condition (4). Still, I thought it was worth mentioning that $\textrm{min}$ and $\textrm{max}$ are sort of "degenerate averages", and that you can generalize this to any lattice (which includes any totally-ordered set).
$$f(a,b) = min(a,b) + |sgn(b-a)|$$
Where $sgn$ is the sign function, returning $-1$, $0$ or $1$ in agreement with the sign of its argument? | 2,293 | 7,516 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 1, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.90625 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | latest | en | 0.843404 |
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/291770/are-the-eigenvectors-of-the-choi-jamiolkowski-state-maximally-entangled/291772 | 1,581,946,840,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875142323.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217115308-20200217145308-00098.warc.gz | 520,042,525 | 32,109 | # Are the eigenvectors of the Choi-Jamiolkowski state maximally entangled?
Let $\phi: M_n\rightarrow M_n$ be a quantum channel (completely positive trace preserving). Via the Choi-Jamiolkowski isomorphism we can transform this into a state
$$J(\phi) = (I_n\otimes\phi)(M) = \sum_{ij}E_{ij}\otimes\phi(E_{ij})$$ where $M$ denotes the maximally entangled state and $E_{ij}$ the matrix with a 1 at the $ij$ position and zero's everywhere else.
This state is positive definite if and only if $\phi$ is completely positive. This means that it has an eigenvalue decomposition: $$J(\phi) = \sum_i \lambda_i P_i$$ for some 1-dimensional projections $P_i\in M_n\otimes M_n$. These projections can be called maximally entangled when Tr$_1(P_i) = I_n$ and Tr$_2(P_i) = I_n$.
Can the $P_i$ be chosen such that they all are maximally entangled?
I know this is true when $\phi$ is a unitary conjugation and when $n=2$. Is it true in general?
• Did you try a few examples? – Norbert Schuch Nov 9 '16 at 15:23
• Guess you didn't ... – Norbert Schuch Nov 9 '16 at 15:29
• I have checked it for the depolarizing maps, for which it is true. I don't know for any others. Are you implying that there is an easy counter-example? If so, could you point me towards it? – John Nov 9 '16 at 15:31
• Just posted an answer. In fact, I am right now thinking about posting a canonical "which (counter)examples for channels should I check" question/answer. A few come to mind: Depolarizing, dephasing, "discard + make a new state" (the example below), the Holevo-Werner channel, entanglement-breaking channels. If it's true for all of those, it's probably a theorem. – Norbert Schuch Nov 9 '16 at 15:33
• @NorbertSchuch That sounds like a particularly useful Q&A, please do write it. I'm looking for good questions to sink some rep into, if it'll help ;-). – Emilio Pisanty Nov 9 '16 at 16:09
A simple counterexample is the qubit channel $$\phi:\rho\mapsto \mathrm{tr}(\rho)|0\rangle\langle0|\ .$$ Its Choi state is $J(\phi)=\tfrac12\mathbb{I}\otimes |0\rangle\langle0|$, whose eigenvalue decomposition satisfies $\mathrm{tr}_1(P_i)=|0\rangle\langle0|$.
• Any unital channel that is not a convex combination of unitary conjugations will provide a unital counter-example. The Werner-Holevo channels for odd $d\geq 3$ are specific examples. – John Watrous Nov 11 '16 at 3:10 | 686 | 2,348 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | latest | en | 0.847001 |
http://lilymarietodd.com/download/logic-colloquium-77 | 1,544,811,425,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826145.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214162826-20181214184826-00319.warc.gz | 166,951,951 | 9,212 | # Logic Colloquium '77 by Angus Macintyre, Leszek Pacholski and Jeff Paris (Eds.)
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Extra info for Logic Colloquium '77
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Finally, we consider the case when w < V. The equivalence needed is (let (I = 0 (I’= 1) (4). (15) serves to simplifY 3 (u), or if not, when (I‘= 1. Othemise, when (I’ > 1 and no conjunct NCI 3 5( u ) occurs in F, one must first replace -I N (u) by a disjunction as in (i3), and then use the distributive laws. The proof of (15) is similar to the proof of whenever there is a conjunct N W,O’ This results in a disjunction each term of which is subject to (15). E. DONER, A. MOSTOWSKI and A. TARSKI 32 proof of Lemma 18 is complete.
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C~&tld&C London, 1971, vi + 508 pp. Kelley, J. L. TopoeOgy. [551 D. , Princeton, 1955, xiv + 298 PP. Kleene, S. C. [52] Inthoductian & Ahdwtm%em&U. 1952s X + 550 PP- D. , Princeton, Morse, A. P. [651 A Zhtheoky 06 b&. Academic Press, New York, 1965, xxxi + 130 pp. , and Tarski, A. 1491 Arithmetical classes and types of well ordered systems. P r e Z ~ M l y report. &Lee. A ~ u L . Math. , vol. 55 (1949), p . 65. Rabin, M. 0. [69] Decidability of second-order theories and automata on i n f i n i t e trees. | 750 | 2,605 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.546875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | latest | en | 0.891509 |
http://openstudy.com/updates/4f4a5dece4b00c3c5d3358d6 | 1,448,554,391,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447758.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00258-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 176,081,101 | 9,476 | ## mominanisar 3 years ago prove that if n=ab then a<sqrt(n) and b<sqrt(n).
This statement is not true. Take $$n=16=8\times 2$$, where $$8>\sqrt{16}=4$$. | 58 | 154 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | longest | en | 0.509212 |
https://knowligent.com/what-is-the-sum-of-1-to-50-numbers/ | 1,696,122,511,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510734.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001005750-20231001035750-00455.warc.gz | 374,751,243 | 8,756 | # What is the sum of 1 to 50 numbers?
Home › Uncategorized › What is the sum of 1 to 50 numbers?
1275 is a sum of number series from 1 to 50 by applying the values of input parameters in the formula.
## What are the composite numbers from 51 to 100?
4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81,82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100.
## How many numbers are there between 51 and 100?
Answer. Answer: 51,52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89,90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100.
## What is the sum of 50 through 100?
The number series 50, 51, 52, 53, . . . . , 99, 100. Therefore, 3825 is the sum of positive integers between 50 and 51. what is 1/4 + 1/7?
5050.
## How much is 1 100 added together?
Therefore, Sum of 1 to 100 is 5050.
## What is 1 100 added together?
The sum of the numbers 1-100 would be equal to the number of pairs (50) multiplied by the sum of each pair (101), or 50 x 101 = 5,050.
## How much is 1 200 added together?
Sum of all 1 to 200 = 5050+15050=20,100.
## What is 1 to 75 added together?
2850 is a sum of number series from 1 to 75 by applying the values of input parameters in the formula.
## What 2 numbers make 75?
75 = 1 x 75, 3 x 25, or 5 x 15.
5700
## What is the sum of 1 to 80?
TAGS. What is the sum of all the integers from 1 to 80, inclusive? Sum of the integers from 1-80 is given by n(n+1)/2. Sum = 80*81/2 = 40*81 = 3240.
## What is the sum of 80 natural numbers?
Input parameters & values: The number series 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . . , 79, 80. Therefore, 3240 is the sum of positive integers upto 80.
## What is the sum of odd numbers?
Sum of first odd number = 1. Sum of first two odd numbers = 1 + 3 = 4 (4 = 2 x 2). Sum of first three odd numbers = 1 + 3 + 5 = 9 (9 = 3 x 3). Sum of first four odd numbers = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 (16 = 4 x 4).
## What is the sum of first 100 odd numbers?
The number series 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, . . . . , 199. Therefore, 10000 is the sum of first 100 odd numbers.
625
## What is a positive odd number?
One is the first odd positive number but it does not leave a remainder 1. Some examples of odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11. On the other hand, an odd number, when divided by two, will result in a fraction. Since odd numbers are integers, negative numbers can be odd.
Randomly suggested related videos:
Sum of first 50 natural numbers . #shorts
sum of 50 natural numbers . #mathformula #shorts #youtubeshorts #mathematics #naturalnumbers | 1,105 | 2,767 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.375 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | latest | en | 0.85316 |
http://tasks.illustrativemathematics.org/content-standards/4/NF/C/7/tasks/182 | 1,659,990,970,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00651.warc.gz | 53,412,374 | 9,716 | # Using Place Value
Alignments to Content Standards: 4.NF.C.7
1. Fill in the following blanks to:
0.17, 0.27, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, _____
______, ______, 0.56, 0.66, ______, ______, ______, ______
______, ______, ______, 103.12, ______, 103.32, ______, ______
______, ______, ______, 103.12, ______, ______, ______, 103.16
______, ______, ______, 103.12, 113.12, ______, ______, ______
• Count by tenths:
• Count by tenths:
• Count by tenths:
• Count by hundredths
• Count by tens:
2. Fill in the blank with $\lt$, $=$ , or $\gt$ to make the correct comparison.
• $4$ tenths + $3$ hundredths _____ $2$ tenths + $12$ hundredths
• $3$ hundredths + $4$ tenths _____ $2$ tenths + $22$ hundredths
• $5$ hundredths + $1$ tenth _____ $11$ tenths + $4$ hundredths
• $5$ hundredths + $1$ tenth _____ $15$ hundredths + $0$ tenths
• $5$ hundredths + $1$ tenth _____ $0$ tenths + $15$ hundredths
3. Fill in the blank with $\lt$, $=$ , or $\gt$ to complete the equation.
• $0.01$ _____ $0.11$
• $0.2$ _____ $0.20$
• $0.6$ _____ $0.41$
• $0.07$ _____ $0.70$
• $0.57$ _____ $0.75$
## IM Commentary
Each part of this task highlights a slightly different aspect of place value as it relates to decimal notation. More than simply being comfortable with decimal notation, the point is for students to be able to move fluidly between and among the different ways that a single value can be represented and to understand the relative size of the numbers in each place.
Part a requires students to use what they know about place value to count forward and backward from a given number by tens, tenths, and hundredths. It makes explicit the connections between place value, counting, and, with the help of some classroom discussion, makes a connection to addition and subtraction.
Part b illustrates the cluster heading, “Understand decimal notation for fractions, and compare decimal fractions.” Students can justify with an explanation or a visual model, such as a number line diagram. Whatever method the student chooses, it must be clear that comparisons are only valid when based on the same whole.
If needed students may be asked to provide a model to justify their response in part c. Acceptable models could include a number line, an area model, money, etc.
## Solutions
Solution: Solution to Part a
• Count by tenths:
• 0.17, 0.27, 0.37, 0.47, 0.57, 0.67, 0.77, 0.87,
• Count by tenths:
• 0.36, 0.46, 0.56, 0.66, 0.76, 0.86, 0.96 , 1.06
• Count by tenths:
• 102.82, 102.92, 103.02, 103.12, 103.22, 103.32, 103.42, 103.52
• Count by hundredths:
• 103.09, 103.10, 103.11, 103.12, 103.13, 103.14, 103.15, 103.16
• Count by tens:
• 73.12, 83.12, 93.12, 103.12, 113.12, 123.12, 133.12, 143.12
Solution: Solution to Part b
• $4$ tenths + $3$ hundredths $\gt$ $2$ tenths + $12$ hundredths
• $3$ hundredths + $4$ tenths $\gt$ $2$ tenths + $22$ hundredths
• $5$ hundredths + $1$ tenth $\lt$ $11$ tenths + $4$ hundredths
• $5$ hundredths + $1$ tenth = $15$ hundredths + $0$ tenths
• $5$ hundredths + $1$ tenth = $0$ tenths + $15$ hundredths
Solution: Solution to Part c
• $0.01 \lt 0.11$
• $0.2 = 0.20$
• $0.6 \gt 0.41$
• $0.07 \lt 0.70$
• $0.57 \lt 0.75$ | 1,065 | 3,184 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.21875 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | longest | en | 0.825044 |
https://dojo.domo.com/main/discussion/52374/weighted-average-formula-beast-mode | 1,679,350,186,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943562.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320211022-20230321001022-00464.warc.gz | 272,950,094 | 19,116 | # Weighted Average formula - beast mode
Hi all-
I am using a beast mode to calculate the weighted average of days between two dates (payment due date and invoice date). Formula here: SUM((`PAYMNT_DUE_DT`-`INVOICE_DT`)*`RECPT_AMT_USD`)/ SUM(`RECPT_AMT_USD`)
However, I realized there may be some zeros in the output that are possibly causing the weighted average to be skewed lower. Can someone let me know if there is something I should add to exclude zeros maybe?
Tagged:
• Sum(Case when (your function) = 0 then 0 else (your function) end)
• You can use a CASE statement to filter some values in your calculation. See
```CASE WHEN `value_or_expression` <> 0 THEN `value` END
```
Alternatively you could use the filter on your card to filter out other values.
**Did this solve your problem? Accept it as a solution!**
• ```SUM((`PAYMNT_DUE_DT`-`INVOICE_DT`)*`RECPT_AMT_USD`)/ SUM(`RECPT_AMT_USD`)
```
I don't believe your problem is the existence of zeros. Or att least, perhaps not the way you're explainig it anyway.
1) i assume payment_due_dt is a dateTime column. If so, you shouldn't do dt-dt, I'm not sure it's reasonable to assume that Domo will calculate the difference between two dates. Instead, use the DateDiff function. Be clear if it's dateTime or just date, b/c you might get a decimal result if it's less than a complete date.
Lastly, what happens if payment came in on the same day as the invoice? then, yes the datediff is zero, so i assume that's where you want your CASE statement, if datediff = 0 then 1 else datediff end.
Jae Wilson
Check out my 🎥 Domo Training YouTube Channel 👨💻
**Say "Thanks" by clicking the ❤️ in the post that helped you.
**Please mark the post that solves your problem by clicking on "Accept as Solution" | 457 | 1,766 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.140625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | latest | en | 0.905246 |
http://www.figuide.com/apr-vs-apy.html | 1,492,962,791,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118713.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00031-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 535,516,721 | 10,767 | APR vs. APY
Question: I am thinking on saving money in a 3 year CD paying .28%. The bank brochure is telling me I’ll get .28% APR, but there’s another word in the brochure that talks about APY. What’s the difference?
Good question!
APR (Annual Percentage Rate) is what you see on the “face” of the account. Example: If I invest \$1,000 in a 1 year CD that pays 5%, the 5% on the brochure at the bank means APR. So I’m led to think that I’ll make 5% (\$50) for the year for a total of \$1,050.
APY (Annual Percentage Yield) takes into account how often that interest rate is credited. Meaning does it credit a portion of that 5% monthly, semi-annually, or annually? If it’s annually, you’ll still get the 5% or \$50.
If it’s semi-annually, you’ll get credited 2.5% every 6 months. This is a bit better since you can reinvest that interest payment (\$25) for the remaining 6 months on the CD. Now, compound interest takes effect and you’re balance is at \$1,025 in 6 months. That \$1,025 now gets to partake in the remaining 2.5% that will evolve over the next 6 months. This adds up to be slightly more than your original \$1,050 that you made for just the interest being credited for 1 year only. Being credited or compounded semi-annually leaves you with \$1,050.63 at the end of 1 year.
If that \$1,000 is credited (compounded) monthly you’re at \$1,051.16. As you can see, the more compounding periods you have, the better. Thus the miracle of compound interest and the time value of money.
Works just the opposite against us when we borrow money.
Something to consider, although a CD will be 100% guaranteed by the FDIC, at .28% you’re not even keeping with inflation, in fact, you’re losing money. You may consider researching online banks that are FDIC insured that may offer a better yield. | 471 | 1,805 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.734375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | latest | en | 0.947287 |
https://studydaddy.com/question/an-1150-kg-car-pulls-a-450-kg-trailer-the-car-exerts-a-horizontal-force-of-3-800 | 1,569,007,122,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574058.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920175834-20190920201834-00536.warc.gz | 676,750,126 | 8,184 | Waiting for answer This question has not been answered yet. You can hire a professional tutor to get the answer.
QUESTION
# An 1150-kg car pulls a 450-kg trailer. The car exerts a horizontal force of 3,800 N against the ground in order to accelerate. What force does the
An 1150-kg car pulls a 450-kg trailer. The car exerts a horizontal force of 3,800 N against the ground in order to accelerate. What force does the car exert on the trailer? Assume an effective friction coefficient of 0.15 for the trailer. | 127 | 512 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.53125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | latest | en | 0.917971 |
https://www.coronaagentshortsale.com/how-is-nnn-calculated/ | 1,590,403,574,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347388427.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525095005-20200525125005-00207.warc.gz | 634,169,534 | 8,524 | # How Is Nnn Calculated
Nnn Is How Calculated – Snapmilwaukee – nnn real estate blog: How to Calculate Leasing Commissions – For retail, medical office and industrial, a percentage of rent is typically paid for a commission. A common structure is to pay 6% of the total rent for the first 5 years of the lease, 3% of the total rent for the next 5 years, and 1.5%.
5 Million Dollar Business Loan Unit Calculator Google PDF Unit Calculator Instructions – Unit Calculator – Instructions The Units Calculator will automatically calculate total units for weekly, monthly, and daily, services. You will type in the yellow cells. The blue cells calculate automatically based on the data you input into the yellow cells. Open the Units Calculator Excel workbook. 1.Long fight over error in JPMorgan loan to GM settles for US\$231 million – Lenders and hundreds of investors agreed on Monday to pay US\$231 million. on the dollar from GM’s bankruptcy, have been trying for years to recoup some of the US\$1.5 billion that was paid to GM’s.
As one of the most preferred lease structures used on the commercial market today, a Triple Net (NNN), or net-net-net, lease is known to ease the financial.
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Also, the deduction does not reduce income for the purposes of calculating employment taxes or the 3.8% Net investment income tax, which will now need to be calculated independently. who collects.
A triple net (NNN) lease is defined as a lease structure where the tenant is responsible for paying all operating expenses associated with a property. The triple net or NNN lease is considered a "turnkey" investment since the landlord is not responsible for paying any operating expenses.
While owning a property, particularly one with many tenants, there will invariably be turnover. From the landlord’s perspective, it doesn’t make a whole lot of sense to spend time trying to find new tenants because it’s very time consuming, requires a different skill set, and is often relationship based and the landlord might not have the right relationships.
Bankrate Cd Rates 5 Year Bankrate: Mortgage Rates Climb Higher – NEW YORK, Dec. 5, 2013 /PRNewswire via COMTEX/ — Mortgage rates increased this week, with the benchmark 30-year fixed mortgage rate. InsureMe, Bankrate.com.cn, CreditCards.ca, NetQuote.com, and CD.
The triple net lease is calculated based on the amount of square footage the particular tenant is renting. For commercial landlords, triple net leases usually make more sense than the alternative, which is the gross rent model. In that scenario, the landlord pays all operating expenses out of the gross monthly rent.
Apartment Construction Financing Personal Loan Refinance Calculator Is a home improvement loan worth it? Goldman Sachs, HouseCanary team to help borrowers decide – Goldman Sachs launched Marcus in 2016 expanding its lending beyond its traditional business model to include smaller, personal loans. Then. with HouseCanary to launch a “Home Addition Calculator.”.multifamily construction loans Are Harder to Find | National. – Multifamily Construction Loans Are Harder to Find. Developers are struggling to find construction loans to build new apartment properties, but strong projects can still get financing. "We are still finding attractive options for good projects where the economics pencil," says Jeff Sause, director with capital services provider HFF.
Nnn Is How Calculated – Snapmilwaukee – nnn real estate blog: How to Calculate Leasing Commissions – For retail, medical office and industrial, a percentage of rent is typically paid for a commission. A common structure is to pay 6% of the total rent for the first 5 years of the lease, 3% of the total rent for the next 5 years, and 1.5%.
He’s a commercial tenant who pays “a triple-net lease,” meaning he pays rent. Sullivan, a partner at Burgess, Cawley, Sullivan and Associates, has calculated that some commercial properties that. | 901 | 4,319 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.765625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | latest | en | 0.93681 |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2992437/how-to-form-a-set-of-numbers-whose-product-is-maximum | 1,653,477,269,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662584398.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525085552-20220525115552-00198.warc.gz | 455,046,426 | 65,470 | # How to form a set of numbers whose product is maximum?
Consider this example of constructing two numbers by concatenating the numbers of the set $$S = \{0,1,2,\ldots,9\}$$ without repetition in such a way that the product of the two numbers formed is maximum. Here concatenation means that we can place a number to the left or to the right of another number from the set $$S$$ but using numbers as a power etc is not allowed. E.g. the numbers $$12345$$ or $$98607$$ is a concatenations but $$123^{45}$$ is not a concatenation under our definition.
In the above example, the largest product is given by two pairs $$(96420,87531)$$ and $$(9642,875310)$$. We shall call these two pairs as the maximal pairs. Now let us generalise this simplistic example.
Let $$d_1 \le d_2 \le \ldots \le d_n$$ be $$n$$ non-negative integers, not necessarily distinct. How do we form $$k$$ numbers, $$2 \le k < n$$ such that their product is maximum i.e. how to form the maximal $$k$$-tuples.
My heuristic progress: The $$k$$-tuple is given by $$a_i = d_{n-k+i}d_{n-2k+i} \cdots d_{n-rk+i}$$
where $$1 \le i \le k$$ and $$r$$ is the largest integer such that $$n-rk+i \ge 1$$.
First we pick the two largest numbers of the set,namely $$9$$ and $$8$$
Then we pick the next two largest, say $$7$$,and $$6$$ and compare $$97\times 86$$ with $$96\times 87$$ and pick the pair with the larger product which is $$96\times 87$$
Continue and you get $$964\times 875$$, $$9642\times 8753$$, $$96420\times 87531=8439739020$$ | 440 | 1,501 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 27, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.59375 | 5 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | latest | en | 0.853029 |
http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/object-thrown-upward-speed-15-m-s-surface-ofplanet-x-acceleration-gravity-25-m-s-2-howlong-q691898 | 1,387,497,306,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345768632/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054928-00006-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 311,812,343 | 7,602 | # How long does it take for the object to return to where it is thrown?
0 pts ended
An object is thrown upward with a speed of 15 m/s on the surface ofplanet X where the acceleration due to gravity is 2.5 m/s^2. Howlong does it take for the object to return to where it isthrown? | 74 | 280 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.71875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | latest | en | 0.946461 |
https://www.semesprit.com/83793/common-core-worksheets-fractions/ | 1,695,633,769,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00584.warc.gz | 1,085,483,225 | 30,485 | # Common Core Worksheets Fractions
Learning how to work with Common Core Math worksheets is a great way to make sure that you’re learning all the new concepts while also having fun. However, there are some tips that you can use that will make sure that you have a much easier time with this. By following these tips, you should be able to understand and work with Common Core worksheets much easier.
Fractions can be very difficult to figure out on your own. Some people think that by remembering to add or subtract from two fractions that they will instantly remember to figure out the larger denominator. However, this isn’t the case at all. This is something that you will need to know if you want to be successful in using Common Core Math worksheets.
For example, if you were to try to take a little bit of each of the fractions, you may notice that one or two of them start to work together to form larger fractions that are much more difficult to handle. Try to work with one of the smaller fractions first, as this will give you a better idea of what you’re looking for. It’s easier to remember the parts of a fraction if you can remember what each part represents.
Once you know which fraction you are working with, try to focus on the work with the larger fractions first. In other words, you’ll need to be able to focus on both of the areas that you are working with at the same time. This will help to simplify things for you’ll find that you will be able to figure things out much faster once you understand the idea of how these fractions interact with each other.
The problem with having to figure out the fractions by yourself is that it can be quite difficult. You will have to work a lot of small subtraction and addition problems in order to understand what each part of the fraction represents. In most cases, these fractions are going to be tricky to work with and it can be hard to get past them. You will also find that you need to pay close attention to all the details in order to have any kind of success at all.
Fractions can be a very big problem for many students when it comes to figuring out how to work with Common Core Math worksheets. While they can be frustrating, you need to be sure that you understand what they represent. If you aren’t able to do this, then you will not be able to figure out the correct answer when you have to work with the worksheets.
The best thing that you can do is to simply make sure that you are able to understand all of the different types of fractions that you encounter on a daily basis. When you understand this, you will be able to work with all of the Common Core Math worksheets much more easily. This will help you figure out all of the different fractions without having to struggle through the harder ones.
Fractions are not always easy to work with, but it doesn’t have to be impossible. You just need to make sure that you understand what they represent in order to figure them out. You should also make sure that you are able to figure out all of the different work with fractions that you encounter in class. | 631 | 3,096 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | latest | en | 0.977754 |
http://trgovinanaveliko.gq/page2613-graph-each-line-with-the-given-slope-and-yintercept--slope-u003d-yintercept-u003d-5.html | 1,521,283,517,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257644877.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317100705-20180317120705-00447.warc.gz | 303,931,134 | 7,028 | graph each line with the given slope and y-intercept. slope \u003d y-intercept \u003d 5
graph each line with the given slope and y-intercept. slope \u003d y-intercept \u003d 5
5-3 Practice. Slope-Intercept Form.Write an equation of a line with the given slope m and y-intercept b. 5-3 Practice. Slope-Intercept Form Find the slope and y-intercept of each equation.Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line that passes through the given points. 13. (4, 1) and (8, 7). Graph each equation. 4-1 Graphing Equations in Slope-Intercept Form So, the manatee population in 2006 was 3112. Write an equation of a line in slope-intercept form with the given slope and y-intercept. slope: , y -intercept: 3. Graph Each Equation Using The Slope And Y Intercept Predicting The Effects Of Changing Slope In Problem Situations Graph Using Intercepts Finding Linear Equations.graph each equation using the slope and y intercept linear functions and equations slope intercept form zona land. We will graph a linear equation using the slope the y-intercept of the line (additional practice at graphing).Share to Edmodo Share to Twitter Share other ways. PAlg 3.8: Graph Using Slope and y-Intercept.
hala718 | Certified Educator. Given the equation of the lineWe need to find the slope and the y-intercept. The slope if the factor of x when the equation is written in the slope-form ymx b > Then the slope is m. To graph a linear equation in slope-intercept form, we can use the information given by that form. For example, y2x3 tells us that the slope of the line is 2 and the y-intercept is at (0,3). This gives us one point the line goes through math, correction. Write the equation of the line with given slope and y- intercept. Then graph each line using the slope and y-intercept. write the equation of each line in slope-intercept form. then (Solved) July 02, 2015.Write an equation for the line with the given slpe that contains the given (Solved) July 02, 2015. Now Play With The Graph !Slope (Gradient) of a Straight Line Y Intercept of a Straight Line Test Yourself Explore the Straight Line Graph Straight Line Graph Calculator Graph Index. What is the slope intercept form of the line pictured in the graph below?y-intercept. interactive linear equation. equation given slope and a point.
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line. To this point, we have learned how to graph lines by plotting points and by using the x- and y-intercepts.Graph the line given the slope and the y-intercept. To graph a line using its slope and y-intercept, first plot the y- intercept, and then use the slope to graph at least one other point. 3x 4y 8 Solve for y: y-intercept 2. Then graph each line using the slope and y-intercept. Problem: Slope 5 y intercept (0,-2). A higher slope value indicates a steeper incline. The slope is defined as the ratio of the rise divided by the run between two points on a line, or inY-intercept — In coordinate geometry, the y intercept is the y value of the point where the graph of a function or relation intercepts the y axis of the Then graph each line using the slope and y-intercept? Slope: 5 y- intercept: (0, 2) Im still so lo.From your problem, the slope is 5. The y intercept is 2. Hence the equation of the line is: To graph this, start by drawing a single point on the Y axis at the Y intercept - namely (0,2). Now to draw the Graphing Lines using Slope and Y-Intercept - Продолжительность: 3:48 MrsALovesMath 3 511 просмотров.Ex 1: Find the Equation of a Line in Slope Intercept Form Given the Graph of a Line - Продолжительность: 2:32 Mathispower4u 90 272 просмотра. Algebra Graphs of Linear Equations and Functions Slope-Intercept Form."the equation of a line in "color(blue)"slope-intercept form" is. Identify the slope and y- intercept from each equation.Graph each equation. Write the equation of the given line: 19. Graph the line with the given slope that passes through the given point.Graph the linear function using slope-intercept form. Sketch the graph of each line. What are the slope and y-intercept of the linear function graphed to the left?Nolan plots a point at (0, 3) on the y-axis. He uses a slope of 2 to graph another point. He draws a line through the two points. Using slope intercept form is one of the quickest and easiest ways to graph a linear equation. Before we begin, I need to introduce a little vocabulary. We are going to talk about x and y intercepts. An x intercept is the point where your line crosses the x-axis. The value of the function at 0 is -2. Identify the slope, y-intercept, and x-intercept.Since (0, -2) is on the graph.then the y intercept is -2.
To find the x intercept we can use this equation. Ive plotted each of the individual values, however unsure of the code to plot the line given the slope and y-intercept. Write an equation of a line with the given slope m and y-intercept b.Slope-Intercept Form. Graph each equation. Write an equation of a line in slope-intercept form with the given slope and y-intercept. 1. slope: 14, y-intercept: 3 y 14 x 3.Graph each equation. Demonstrates, step-by-step and with illustrations, how to use slope and the y-intercept to graph straight lines.Given two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), the formula for the slope of the straight line going through these two points is Writing an Equation in Slope Intercept Form Given a Point and a Slope.Graphing a Line From an Equation in Slope Intercept Form.The y intercept is represented by "3" or "b" in the equation of a line in slope intercept form is positive 3. This means that the line intersects the y axis at (0, 3). Put A line written in slope-intercept form takes this formRemember that you are plotting this graph on an x-y plane, so the variables x and y represent geometric points on the graph.Just find the y-intercept, and then draw a line with the given slope. In Excel, you can apply a line-of-best fit to any scatterplot. The equation for the fit can be displayed but the standard error of the slope and y-intercept are not give. To find these statistics, use the LINEST function instead. The LINEST function performs linear regression calculations and is an array function Then graph each line using the slope and y-intercept.The slope-intercept variety follows this formulation: y mx b the place m the slope and b the y-intercept. in view that we are given the slope and y-int, purely plug them into the formulation: y -3/4 x 8. To graph, start up via making a This line is given in slope-intercept form: y mx b The correct response: d. The graph shown above gives the relation between x F and y C. Which equation is represented by the graph? 2.3 Practice - Slope-Intercept.y-intercept. Example 1: Graph the line using its slope and y-intercept. Compare y mx b to the given equation . Clearly, we can identify both the slope and y-intercept. The y-intercept is simply b -2 or (0, -2) while the slope is . Improve your skills with free problems in Slope-intercept form: find the slope and y-intercept and thousands of other practice lessons. SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM OF A LINEAR EQUATION The equation of a line with slope m and y-intercept b is: y mx b GOAL 1 Graphing Using Slope-Intercept Form. Also, you can quickly graph a line when the equation is written in slope- intercept form. 5 Holt McDougal Algebra 1 4-6 Slope-Intercept Form Additional Example 2A: Writing Linear Equations in Slope-Intercept Form Write the equation that describes the line in slope-intercept form. slope If a linear equation is written in the form y mx b. The graph of the equation is a straight line with slope m and y-intercept (0, b). The first of the forms for a linear equation is slope-intercept form.To write an equation in slope-intercept form, given a graph of that equation, pick two points on the line and use them to find the slope. Sketch the graph of each line using slope and y-intercept.Graph the equation of the line that goes through the point and has the given slope. The slope m of this line - its steepness, or slant - can be calculated like this: m change in y-value change in x-value. The coordinate plane. Slope and y-intercept. Graphing linear equations. First Glance. In Depth. 003PACRMC08890489.pdf.State the slope and the y-intercept for the graph of each equation. Graph sample of linear equations. A linear equation is an algebraic equation in which each term is either a constant or the product of a constant and (the first power of) a single variable2.1 Forms for two-dimensional linear equations. 2.1.1 General (or standard) form. 2.1.2 Slopeintercept form. (3, 5) slope Find the y-intercept. esolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 2. 3 Write an equation of the line in slope-intercept form that passes through the given points.Name: Class: Date: ID: A Slope-Intercept Quiz 1. Graph the line with the slope 1 and y-intercept 3. a. c. b. d It is the y intercept, the place where the line crosses the y axis. Example 1. y -13 7x.Rewrite this equation in slope intercept form. 1. Graph the line by moving the y-intercept to the correct position.[br]2. Then move the other point to give the correct slope.[br]3. When it is correct, both points and the line will turn green.[br]4. Move the slider to the right to create a new exercise.[br] 5. Complete 10 in all. slope-intercept form. find.When you have a linear equation, the x-intercept is the point where the graph of the line crosses the x-axis. In this tutorial, learn about the x- intercept. State the slope and the y-intercept of the graph of y 23 x 3.Slope-Intercept Form: 2x 3y 5 3y 2x 5 Subtract 2x from each side. y 23x 53 Divide each side by 3.Write an equation in slope-intercept form of a line with the given slope and y-intercept. Put each equation into slope intercept form. Leave any fractions as simplified improper fractions.Write the equation of a line with the given information: 1. Slope of through. | 2,449 | 9,863 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.75 | 5 | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | longest | en | 0.903201 |
https://flylib.com/books/en/1.489.1.152/1/ | 1,590,378,341,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347387219.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525032636-20200525062636-00577.warc.gz | 351,715,022 | 8,882 | # Returning Simple Data from Web Services
Chapter 13 demonstrated the technologies that support Web Services and how to implement a very basic Web Service, the Commissions Web Service. I will pick up from there and show you how to create a Web Service that returns simple data in a practicable way.
Prime numbers ”numbers divisible only by themselves or by the number 1 ”are useful in a tremendous variety of mathematics equations as well as encryption. (Unbreakable encryption relies on huge numbers that are the product of two very large primes. The idea is that by the time any known algorithm can factor the product, the data is no longer relevant.) The Web Service in Listing 14.1 demonstrates how to determine whether a number is prime by using a 2,000-year-old technique devised by Eratosthenes, referred to as the Sieve of Eratosthenes .
You can look up Eratosthenes on the Internet for factual details and biographical information, but I will paraphrase the basic mathematics and theory here for brevity. The Sieve of Eratosthenes works on the premise of the product of primes. The basic idea is that all positive nonprime integers other than 0 and 1 are the products of prime numbers. Eratosthenes further resolved that when trying to determine whether a number is prime, it is necessary to check as possible divisors only those numbers less than or equal to the square root of the candidate number. This makes sense simply because if a candidate number has divisors (other than 1 and itself), one of the divisors will be less than or equal to the square root and the other will be greater than or equal to the square root (or the divisor will be the integer square root). Consider the number 7. The square root of 7 is less than 3 because 3 2 is 9. Thus if 7 had prime divisors (other than 7), the set of divisors would be the integer square root of 7 or one divisor less than 3 and a divisor greater than 3. Since all we need is one divisor (other than 1 or the number itself) to demonstrate that a number is not prime, we would only need to find a divisor less than or equal to the square root of 7.
Eratosthenes resolved that if one knew all the prime numbers preceding any possible prime, the unknown number could be evaluated by checking to see whether any known primes less than the square root were divisors. The basic sieve works by beginning with a known prime (2) and calculating all of the numbers greater than 2 in succession, using all the preceding discovered primes as possible divisors for each number in succession. The algorithm is pretty simple. In the next subsection I will demonstrate my implementation of the Sieve of Eratosthenes as a Web method, and following that subsection I will discuss a simple strategy for implementing Web Services.
#### Implementing the Sieve of Eratosthenes
The basic strategy I employ for all programming is to solve the problem regardless of the way in which I intend a particular consumer to use the solution. Essentially, even though I know I will be presenting a solution as a Web method, I solve the general problem first and then expose the solution for consumers as a Web method.
As a good general strategy, always solve a problem in the general sense as methods and a class, if applicable . For example, one method alone does not yield a very good class, but one method might be the first method in a math library. Here is the promised Listing 14.1, demonstrating my recollected interpretation of the Sieve of Eratosthenes. The listing is followed by a brief summarization.
##### Listing 14.1 A General Solution for Determining Whether a Positive Integer Is Prime
` 1: Public Class PrimeLibrary 2: Private FPrimes As ArrayList 3: 4: Public Sub New(ByVal Max As Long) 5: FPrimes = New ArrayList() 6: Seed() 7: Initialize(Max) 8: End Sub 9: 10: Public Function IsPrime(ByVal Number As Long) As Boolean 11: Return FPrimes.IndexOf(Number) > -1 12: End Function 13: 14: Public ReadOnly Property Primes() As ArrayList 15: Get 16: Return FPrimes 17: End Get 18: End Property 19: 20: Private Sub Seed() 21: FPrimes.Add(2L) 22: End Sub 23: 24: Private Sub Initialize(ByVal Max As Long) 25: If (Max < 3) Then Return 26: Dim I As Long 27: For I = 3 To Max 28: If (Test(I)) Then FPrimes.Add(I) 29: Next 30: End Sub 31: 32: Private Function Test(ByVal NumberToTest As Long) As Boolean 33: Dim Prime As Long 34: For Each Prime In FPrimes 35: If (NumberToTest Mod Prime = 0) Then Return False 36: If (Prime >= Math.Sqrt(NumberToTest)) Then Return True 37: Next 38: 39: Return True 40: End Function 41: 42: End Class `
The general solution is comprised of a class with several methods. The constructor initializes an array to store the list of primes. The IsPrime function and the Primes property represent the public interface to the PrimeLibrary class. The solution works by seeding the ArrayList object with the first known prime, 2, and then calculating all the primes from 3 to the last number we want to test. The number we want to test is represented by the Max argument.
Now that we have a solution that can be used by any application, I can play the role of class consumer and produce the Web Service. The Web Service can expose as much of the class as I'd like, but in this case we will simply expose the IsPrime function. This way we can conceal the complexity of creating the PrimeLibrary class and simply create a fa §ade that provides the result.
#### Implementing the IsPrime Web Service
Visual Studio .NET supports the concept of the solution. Solutions can contain several projects and produce one or more assemblies. PrimeLibrary.sln contains PrimeLibrary.vbproj , a TestPrimeLibrary.vbproj console application (for scaffolding the general solution before building the Web Service), and the Web Service itself.
Chapter 13 described how project templates in the New Project dialog can create all the basic source code for an ASP.NET Web Service by using the template code. Because the template exists, we only have to worry about implementing our Web methods. Listing 14.2 contains the implementation of PrimeWebService.vbproj .
## NOTE
You can create your own project templates. To create a new item or project template, copy an existing template that is close to the new template you want to create. Modify the existing template files to contain the code your template will add, create a Wizard Launching file ( .vsz ), and add an entry to a .VSDir file. For more information, look in the VS .NET help documentation.
##### Listing 14.2 A Web Service That Uses the PrimeLibrary Class
` 1: Imports System.Web.Services 2: Imports Library = PrimeLibrary.PrimeLibrary 3: 4: 5: <WebService(Namespace:="http://tempuri.org/")> _ 6: Public Class Service1 7: Inherits System.Web.Services.WebService 8: 9: [ Web Services Designer generated code ] 10: <WebMethod()> Public Function IsPrime( _ 11: ByVal Max As Long) As Boolean 12: 13: Dim Instance As Library = New Library(Max) 14: Return Instance.IsPrime(Max) 15: 16: End Function 17: 18: End Class `
This Web Service is about as straightforward as it can be. PrimeWebService.vbproj implements one Web Service using the default name Service1 . I added a reference to PrimeLibrary.vbproj , which in turn gives me access to the PrimeLibrary class and the general solution for the prime test. In line 2 I used the aliasing technique that lets us substitute a local namespace alias for a long namespace and class reference. It just happens that my namespace and class are both named PrimeLibrary . Using the aliasing technique in line 2, I shortened the whole thing to just Library .
The single Web method is implemented in lines 10 through 16. The WebMethod attribute indicates that IsPrime will be callable from clients across a network. The two statements simply create an instance of the PrimeLibrary class using the alias and return the result of PrimeLibrary.IsPrime . Figure 14.1 shows the IsPrime Web Service accessible from the .asmx -generated test page.
##### Figure 14.1. Access the IsPrime Web Service by browsing to the .asmx page.
This kind of Web Service supports the idea of Web Services as a way to return simple data. You will probably more often want to return complex data types. Complex data can be returned in the form of typed collections, instances of a class, or DataSet objects. The next section demonstrates how to return complex data from a Web Service.
Visual Basic(R) .NET Power Coding
ISBN: 0672324075
EAN: 2147483647
Year: 2005
Pages: 215
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# Math Project: Plan a Fiesta (3rd, 4th, & 5th grade)
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We're celebrating the end of the year! This FUN activity helps students practice real world math skills while providing a platform to discuss rich cultures found in the United States.
In this activity, students will plan a fiesta. They will decide how many guests to invite and then use that number to re-scale a recipe for enchiladas and decide how many paper goods and decorations they would need for their party.
Once the students have determined what to buy, they will document everything on their receipt and total the cost for their fiesta.
What's Included?
~ Recipe Card
~ Prices of food and supplies for the celebration
~ Invitation starter
~ Guest list organizer
~ Receipt recording sheet
~ Extra measurement Conversion practice sheet for fast finishers
~ ALL pages are in both color and black/white
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\$2.50 | 1,220 | 3,181 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.59375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | latest | en | 0.828015 |
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# 5. Divisibility by 4
A whole number is divisible by $$4$$ if and only if the last two digits are divisible by $$4.$$
Example: Which of $$716$$ and $$406$$ are divisible by 4?
Look at the last $$2$$ digits to see if the numbers are divisible by $$4.$$ The last $$2$$ digits in $$716$$ are $$16$$ and $$4$$ divides $$16$$ so $$4$$ divides $$716.$$ The last $$2$$ digits in $$406$$ are $$06$$ and $$4$$ does not divide $$6$$ so $$4$$ does not divide $$406.$$
$${}$$ | 144 | 479 | {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.953125 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | latest | en | 0.872886 |
www.stox.fi | 1,726,314,063,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-38/segments/1725700651579.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20240914093425-20240914123425-00203.warc.gz | 939,640,594 | 4,629 | ### Elliott Wave Theory
The Elliott Wave Theory was developed by Ralph Nelson Elliott in the 1930's. Elliott was born a U.S. citizen in 1871 and he died in 1948. The Elliott Waves describe the ebb and flow of collective mood. A bull market in collective mood is caused by our need to build a better future based on material values. A bear market is caused by our need to take a rest.
As long as there is fear that the bad old times will return, the bull market continues. Fearlessness is the condition for a cycle top.
As long as there is hope that the favorable trend will resume, the bear market continues. Hopelessness is the condition for a new cycle.
EWT Basics A basic impulse wave consists of five internal waves (1-2-3-4-5) and a basic corrective pattern (zig-zag) consists of three internal waves (A-B-C). After an impulse wave comes a corrective pattern or a combination of them. If a correction consists of a series of corrective patterns then there must be an odd number of corrective patterns in a combination. Second and fourth corrective patterns are labeled 'X-waves'. After a correction comes an impulse wave or a diagonal triangle. A diagonal triangle can NEVER occur as the 3rd wave. Impulse Waves Wave 1 is an impulse wave. Wave 2 is a corrective pattern or a combination of corrective patterns. Wave 2 MUST retrace less than 100% of the 1st wave. Wave 3 is an impulse wave. Wave 3 MUST be higher than 1st and/or 5th wave. Wave 4 is a corrective pattern or a combiantion of corrective patterns. The end point of wave 4 MAY NOT overlap the 1st wave. Wave 5 is usually an impulse wave and sometimes a diagonal triangle. Corrective Waves There are three basic types of corrective patterns: a zig-zag, a flat and a triangle. Inside a corrective pattern in a zig-zag wave A is an impulse wave. wave B is a corrective pattern or a combination of corrective patterns. Wave B MUST retrace less than 100% of the A-wave. wave C is usually an impulse wave and sometimes a diagonal triangle. in a flat wave A is a zig-zag, flat or a combination of corrective patterns. wave B is a corrective pattern or a combination of corrective patterns. Wave B can retrace up to 162% of the A-wave. wave C is usually an impulse wave and sometimes a diagonal triangle. Wave C ends usually on the same level as A-wave. in a triangle waves A, B, C and D are a flat, zig-zag or a combination of corrective patterns. Wave E can be any corrective pattern or a combination of them. in a contracting triangle wave A is usually higher than wave B. wave B is ALWAYS higher than wave C. wave C is ALWAYS higher than wave D. wave D is ALWAYS higher than wave E. in an expanding triangle at least waves B, C and D are higher than the previous wave.
Occurrence
• Impulse waves occur as
• 1st waves in impulse waves
• 3rd waves in impulse waves
• 5th waves in impulse waves
• A waves in zigzags
• C waves in zigzags
• C waves in flats
• Zigzags occur as
• 2nd waves in impulse waves
• 4th waves in impulse waves
• B waves in zigzags
• A waves in flats
• B waves in flats
• A waves in horizontal triangles
• B waves in horizontal triangles
• C waves in horizontal triangles
• D waves in horizontal triangles
• E waves in horizontal triangles
• 1st waves in diagonal triangles
• 2nd waves in diagonal triangles
• 3rd waves in diagonal triangles
• 4th waves in diagonal triangles
• 5th waves in diagonal triangles
• double zigzags, triple zigzags and other corrective combinations
• Flats occur as
• 2nd waves in impulse waves
• 4th waves in impulse waves
• B waves in zigzags
• A waves in flats
• B waves in flats
• A waves in horizontal triangles
• B waves in horizontal triangles
• C waves in horizontal triangles
• D waves in horizontal triangles
• E waves in horizontal triangles
• 1st waves in diagonal triangles
• 2nd waves in diagonal triangles
• 3rd waves in diagonal triangles
• 4th waves in diagonal triangles
• 5th waves in diagonal triangles
• Corrective combinations
• Horizontal Triangles occur as
• 4th waves in impulse waves
• B waves in zigzags
• B waves in flats
• E waves in horizontal triangles
• Corrective combinations
• Diagonal Triangles occur as
• 5th waves in impulse waves
• C waves in zigzags
• C waves in flats
Misc
• The same patterns occur both long-and short-term.
• Every wave in an EW pattern is an EW pattern or a combination of corrective EW patterns.
• The momentum peak is usually achieved in the 3rd and the C-wave.
• Third wave and C-wave is usually the highest wave in a pattern.
• A correction retraces most likely a golden ratio 38,2% or 61,8% of the previous impulse wave. The previous fourth wave of one lesser degree usually offers good support. Especially the end and the price extreme of the previous fourth wave are good bets for significant support.
• For most of the time there are several possible ways to count the waves. Sentiment and cycle analysis can help determining the correct count.
• A more complete but controversial list of EW rules and guidelines by Richard Swannell
• You can learn more about Elliott Wave Theory in A. J. Frost's and R. Prechter's classic Elliott Wave Principle
A clear EWT tutorial | 1,230 | 5,150 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.46875 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-38 | latest | en | 0.924287 |
http://www.talkstats.com/showthread.php/64974-finding-p-value | 1,508,831,371,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828189.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024071819-20171024091819-00766.warc.gz | 569,278,650 | 10,251 | 1. ## finding p value
Here's what is given:
SE of .1
Average mean: 5.4 ft (100 penguins tested)
significance level: 5% (0.05)
find p-value and testis there is evidence that the average height of penguins is greater than 5 feet?
Heres what i did:
test stat: (5.4-5)/.1 = 4
p - value: Used calculator and got: 1 or 0 which both seem very very incorrect even if one of them were right.
What am i doing wrong?
2. ## Re: finding p value
The p-value is close to zero with that data, so the calculator may express it as exactly zero.
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• You may not edit your posts | 189 | 687 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.0625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | latest | en | 0.921239 |
http://www.schools9.info/2012/12/ec2203-digital-electronics-de-part-b_17.html | 1,718,543,662,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-26/segments/1718198861659.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20240616105959-20240616135959-00404.warc.gz | 50,038,652 | 21,847 | # EC2203 - Digital Electronics (DE) Part B - Important Questions | EC 2203 PArt B (16 MArks) Expected Questions for ECE - Third (3rd) Semester - www.iannauniversity.com
Unit -1
1.(a) (i) Express the Boolean function F = XY + XZ in product of Maxterm.(6)
(ii) Reduce the following function using K-map technique
f ( A, B, C , D ) = π (0, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14 ) + d (2, 6) . (10) - EXPECTED this type of Problems
2. Simplify the following Boolean function by using Quine-Mcclusky method F ( A, B, C , D ) = ∑ (0, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13) . (16) - EXPECTED this type of Problems.
3. (a) Find a Min SOP and Min POS for f = b’c’d + bcd + acd’ + a’b’c + a’bc’d - EXPECTED this type of Problems.
4. (a) Simplify the following using the Quine – McClusky minimization technique
D = f(a,b,c,d) = _ (0,1,2,3,6,7,8,9,14,15).Does Quine –McClusky take care of don’t
care conditions? In the above problem, will you consider any don’t care conditions? Justify your answer
(b) List also the prime implicants and essential prime implicants for the above case
5.(a) Determine the MSP and MPS focus of F= _ (0, 2, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15)
(b) State and Prove Demorgan’s theorem
Unit -2 .
1.Explain in detail the look ahead carry generator - Expected
2. (i)Implement full subtractor using demultiplexer. (10)
(ii) Implement the given Boolean function using 8 : 1 multiplexer F ( A, B, C ) = ∑ (1, 3, 5, 6) . (6) - Expected
3. Design a excess 3 to BCD code convertor
4. (a) Design a full sub tractor
(b) How to it differ from a full sub tractor
5.Design a combinational logic circuit whose outputs are F1 = a’bc + ab’c and
F2 = a’ + b’c + bc’ - Expected
6. Realize a BCD to Excess 3 code conversion circuit starting from its truth table.
Unit -3
1. (i) How will you convert a D flipflop into JK flipflop? (8)
(ii) Explain the operation of a JK master slave flipflop. (8) - Expected
2. Explain in detail the operation of a 4 bit binary ripple counter. (16) - Expcted
3. Explain in detail the operation of 4 bit ripple counter (10) - Expected
4. Draw the state diagram and characteristics equation of T FF, D FF and JK FF - Expected (any one)
Unit -4
1.(a) Implement the following Boolean functions with a PLA
F1 ( A, B, C ) = ∑ (0, 1, 2, 4 )
F2 ( A, B, C ) = ∑ (0, 5, 6, 7)
F3 ( A, B, C ) = ∑ (0, 3, 5, 7) . (16) - Expected
2. Design a combinational circuit using a ROM. The circuit accepts a three bit number and outputs a binary number equal to the square of the input number. (16) - Expected
3.(a) Discuss a decade counter and its working principle
(b) Draw as asynchronous 4 bit up-down counter and explain its working
4. (a) How is the design of combinational and sequential logic circuits possible with PLA?
(b) Mention the two models in a sequential circuit and distinguish between them - Expected
5 Design a modulo 5 synchronous counter using JK FF and implement it. Construct its
timing diagram - Expected
Unit -5
1.(a) Design a three bit binary counter using T flipflops. (16) - Expected
2. Design a negative-edge triggered ‘T flipflop’. (16) - Expected
3. Write a verilog coding for full adder (8)
4.What is the objective of state assignment in asynchronous circuit? Give hazard – free
realization for the following Boolean function f(A,B,C,D) = _M(0,2,6,7,8,10,12) - Expected
5. Summarize the design procedure for asynchronous sequential circuit
a. Discuss on Hazards and races
b. What do you know on hardware descriptive languages?
#### Related Posts
EC2203 - Digital Electronics (DE) Part B - Important Questions | EC 2203 PArt B (16 MArks) Expected Questions for ECE - Third (3rd) Semester - www.iannauniversity.com
4/ 5
Oleh | 1,142 | 3,640 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.859375 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-26 | latest | en | 0.740564 |
https://courseoutline.auckland.ac.nz/dco/course/STATS/310/1213 | 1,679,399,223,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943695.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321095704-20230321125704-00606.warc.gz | 230,260,560 | 15,650 | # STATS 310 : Introduction to Statistical Inference
## Science
### Course Prescription
Estimation, likelihood methods, hypothesis testing, multivariate distributions, linear models.
### Course Overview
This course gives an introduction to the fundamental theory in statistical inference. The knowledge taught in this course is fundamental in statistical inference and necessary to carry out decent statistical research. The prerequisites are a basic knowledge of probability, statistics and mathematics (Stage 2, basically). It comprises the topics in discrete and continuous random variables, multivariate distributions, sampling theory for the normal distribution, parametric estimation, hypothesis testing, and linear regression models. It is a statistical theory paper. It is important that a student is able to use both calculus and linear algebra confidently in order to cope with this paper.
### Course Requirements
Prerequisite: STATS 210 or 225, and 15 points from MATHS 208, 250 or equivalent Restriction: STATS 732
### Capabilities Developed in this Course
Capability 1: Disciplinary Knowledge and Practice Capability 2: Critical Thinking Capability 3: Solution Seeking Capability 4: Communication and Engagement Capability 5: Independence and Integrity
Graduate Profile: Bachelor of Science
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this course, students will be able to:
1. Demonstrate an understanding of discrete and continuous random variables. (Capability 1 and 3)
2. Develop and demonstrate the knowledge of using calculus to derive formulae for distributions. (Capability 1, 2 and 3)
3. Understand and analyse multivariate distributions (Capability 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
4. Understand and analyse the sampling theory for the normal distribution. (Capability 1, 2, 3 and 4)
5. Learn and use the theory for parameter estimation and find and carry out a likelihood analysis. (Capability 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
6. Learn and use the formula for hypothesis testing. (Capability 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
7. Learn and use the theory for linear regression and the associated geometry. (Capability 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
### Assessments
Assessment Type Percentage Classification
Assignments 30% Individual Coursework
Test 20% Individual Test
Final Exam 50% Individual Examination
Assessment Type Learning Outcome Addressed
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Assignments
Test
Final Exam
Must pass the exam (50/100 marks)
### Special Requirements
No special requirements
This course is a standard 15 point course and students are expected to spend 150 hours per semester involved in each 15 point course that they are enrolled in.
For this course, you can expect 3 hours of lectures, a 2 hour tutorial, 2.5 hours of reading and thinking about the content and 2.5 hours of work on assignments and/or test preparation.
### Delivery Mode
#### Campus Experience
Attendance is expected at scheduled activities including tutorials to complete credit for components of the course.
Lectures will be available as recordings. Other learning activities including tutorials will not be available as recordings.
The course will not include live online events including tutorials.
Attendance on campus is required for the test/exam.
The activities for the course are scheduled as a standard weekly timetable.
The course is available online to students studying remote due to COVID-19 only.
### Learning Resources
There is a comprehensive coursebook.
Tutorial materials will be available on Canvas.
### Student Feedback
During the course Class Representatives in each class can take feedback to the staff responsible for the course and staff-student consultative committees.
At the end of the course students will be invited to give feedback on the course and teaching through a tool called SET or Qualtrics. The lecturers and course co-ordinators will consider all feedback.
Your feedback helps to improve the course and its delivery for all students.
### Digital Resources
Course materials are made available in a learning and collaboration tool called Canvas which also includes reading lists and lecture recordings (where available).
Please remember that the recording of any class on a personal device requires the permission of the instructor.
The University of Auckland will not tolerate cheating, or assisting others to cheat, and views cheating in coursework as a serious academic offence. The work that a student submits for grading must be the student's own work, reflecting their learning. Where work from other sources is used, it must be properly acknowledged and referenced. This requirement also applies to sources on the internet. A student's assessed work may be reviewed against online source material using computerised detection mechanisms.
The content and delivery of content in this course are protected by copyright. Material belonging to others may have been used in this course and copied by and solely for the educational purposes of the University under license.
You may copy the course content for the purposes of private study or research, but you may not upload onto any third party site, make a further copy or sell, alter or further reproduce or distribute any part of the course content to another person.
### Inclusive Learning
All students are asked to discuss any impairment related requirements privately, face to face and/or in written form with the course coordinator, lecturer or tutor.
Student Disability Services also provides support for students with a wide range of impairments, both visible and invisible, to succeed and excel at the University. For more information and contact details, please visit the Student Disability Services’ website
### Special Circumstances
If your ability to complete assessed coursework is affected by illness or other personal circumstances outside of your control, contact a member of teaching staff as soon as possible before the assessment is due.
If your personal circumstances significantly affect your performance, or preparation, for an exam or eligible written test, refer to the University’s aegrotat or compassionate consideration page .
This should be done as soon as possible and no later than seven days after the affected test or exam date.
### Learning Continuity
In the event of an unexpected disruption we undertake to maintain the continuity and standard of teaching and learning in all your courses throughout the year. If there are unexpected disruptions the University has contingency plans to ensure that access to your course continues and your assessment is fair, and not compromised. Some adjustments may need to be made in emergencies. You will be kept fully informed by your course co-ordinator, and if disruption occurs you should refer to the University Website for information about how to proceed.
Level 1: Delivered normally as specified in delivery mode
Level 2: You will not be required to attend in person. All teaching and assessment will have a remote option. The following activities will also have an on campus / in person option: Lectures, labs, tutorials, office hours.
Level 3 / 4: All teaching activities and assessments are delivered remotely
### Student Charter and Responsibilities
The Student Charter assumes and acknowledges that students are active participants in the learning process and that they have responsibilities to the institution and the international community of scholars. The University expects that students will act at all times in a way that demonstrates respect for the rights of other students and staff so that the learning environment is both safe and productive. For further information visit Student Charter .
### Disclaimer
Elements of this outline may be subject to change. The latest information about the course will be available for enrolled students in Canvas.
In this course you may be asked to submit your coursework assessments digitally. The University reserves the right to conduct scheduled tests and examinations for this course online or through the use of computers or other electronic devices. Where tests or examinations are conducted online remote invigilation arrangements may be used. The final decision on the completion mode for a test or examination, and remote invigilation arrangements where applicable, will be advised to students at least 10 days prior to the scheduled date of the assessment, or in the case of an examination when the examination timetable is published.
Published on 17/04/2021 08:17 p.m. | 1,640 | 8,479 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.15625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | latest | en | 0.807568 |
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/20065/mosfet-turns-on-without-voltage-on-the-gate | 1,721,894,178,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-30/segments/1720763518579.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20240725053529-20240725083529-00583.warc.gz | 195,935,148 | 41,029 | # MOSFET Turns on without voltage on the gate?
I am using the following transistor to turn a motor on and off: http://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/418991/INFINEON/IPP096N03LG.html
I am applying 12V to the drain and 0V to the gate... but for some reason current is flowing through and the 12V is coming out the other side. I want the transistor to only come on when I apply a 5v signal to the gate.
Any help would be greatly appreciated.
• Didn't it occur to you that we might want to see the circuit? Commented Sep 26, 2011 at 23:44
• Sorry I added one Commented Sep 27, 2011 at 0:02
• You're not applying 0V to the gate. If the transistor were fully on, the gate would be near 12V. Commented Sep 28, 2011 at 4:23
You have chosen an excellent MOSFET, but your circuit is incorrect as shown.
If this is how it is actually connected it will not work.
A better datasheet for your IPP096N03L MOSFET is here
A MOSFET requires a control voltage to be applied between gate and source.
In the case of an N Channel MOSFET the gate must be more +ve than the source. In this case +4V to +5V n the gate will work well.
While your circuit is incorrect it does not explain what you are seeing. I suspect you may have drain and source reversed (or worse :-) ).
Place FET on a table, label side up, pins towards you.
Left side pin = gate.
Right side pin = source.
Middle pin (if present) and tab = Drain.
BUT - When the motor is on the source will be at 12V so the gate needs to be at 12+4 = 16V.
SO - The motor should be in the DRAIN of the MOSFET and not in the source. The gate level also MUST be controlled at all times.
This is the original incorrect circuit with required changes shown:
Correct circuit.
Ensure pinout is correct as above.
Then:
• Remove motor from source
• Connect source to ground
• Connect motor from 12V to drain.
• Connect diode across motor as shown now.
• Consider connecting an eg 10k resistor gate to ground to ensure gate is grounded if drive is ever disconnected.
Drive with 0v/5V.
If this does not work the MOSFET is dead.
Your circuit will look more like this.
• ZD1 is optional but useful for inductive loads (such as a motor). zener voltage should be higher than max drive voltage. Say a 12V zener. Optional.
• R1 is not strictly necessary when playing. Say 10 ohms.
• TTL gate shown here is replaced by a microcontroller in your case.
• Note that this circuit works well for slow switching (maybe 10's to hundreds of Hz) but for higher switching speeds yu will need a gate driver. Simple and cheap to do but necessary at say 1 kHz up.
• I choose a transistor that you recommended. I understand a lot more but still am not all the way there :/ Commented Sep 27, 2011 at 23:06
• @DaveC - Build it as in the bottom circuit and it WILL work :-). Commented Sep 28, 2011 at 0:33 | 739 | 2,827 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.53125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2024-30 | latest | en | 0.944437 |
https://wiki.geogebra.org/bs/Naredba_Presje%C4%8DneTa%C4%8Dke | 1,675,506,393,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500095.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204075436-20230204105436-00486.warc.gz | 631,511,204 | 8,367 | # Naredba PresječneTačke
Idi na: navigaciju, pretragu
Ova stranica je dio službenog priručnika za štampanje i PDF format. Zbog strukturnih razloga korisnici ne mogu uređivati ovu stranicu. Ako ste pronašli bilo kakve grešku na ovoj stranici molimo Vas da nas kontaktirate. Idite na verziju koju mogu uređivati korisnici.
##### Naredba PresječneTačke
Ovo je članak o GeoGebra naredbama.
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Intersect[Line g, Line h]
Yields the intersection point of lines g and h.
Intersect[Line, Conic]
Yields all intersection points of the line and conic section (max. 2).
Intersect[Line, Conic, Number n]
Yields the nth intersection point of the line and the conic section.
Intersect[Conic c1, Conic c2]
Yields all intersection points of conic sections c1 and c2 (max. 4).
Intersect[Conic c1, Conic c2, Number n]
Yields the nth intersection point of conic sections c1 and c2.
Intersect[Polynomial f1, Polynomial f2]
Yields all intersection points of polynomials f1 and f2.
Intersect[Polynomial f1, Polynomial f2, Number n]
Yields the nth intersection point of polynomials f1 and f2.
Intersect[Polynomial, Line]
Yields all intersection points of the polynomial and the line.
Intersect[Polynomial, Line, Number n]
Yields the nth intersection point of the polynomial and the line.
Intersect[Function f, Function g, Point A]
Calculates the intersection point of functions f and g by using Newton's method with initial point A.
Intersect[Function, Line, Point A]
Calculates the intersection point of the function and the line by using Newton's method with initial point A.
Intersect[Function f, Function g, left-x, right-x]
Calculates the intersection points for the two functions in the given interval.
Napomena: Also see tool Presjek dvije figure Alat. | 502 | 1,773 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 4.0625 | 4 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | latest | en | 0.490553 |
https://tradingqna.com/t/greeks-utilisation-in-trading/87031 | 1,695,740,463,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510214.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926143354-20230926173354-00323.warc.gz | 661,089,635 | 6,435 | Good evening!
Can anyone please help me on how can I use greeks mathematically to take a position. I have read Varsity and have some knowledge on the greeks… how they play roles to the option price… I’m not asking for the calculation to get the values of the greeks. I have subscription in Sensibull, and from there I easily get a collated data of the greeks. I attach a screenshot here for understanding. I want to understand how do I implement it mathematically to execute a decisive strategy…
Regards.
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The greeks cannot be used each on its own. In varsity there is advance option module where the various strategies that one can implement using options is explained. Have you read that?
In that the greeks applications are explained in depth. The more you read, and reread you will get to know the options better. Then take some imaginary trades, and see how the price action turns out. The more hands on you get, the better is your opportunity to learn.
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Yea… I’ve read that one too and am using the strategies based on different market conditions like in neutral market conditions invoking iron condor and could estimate a range in which market may move applying Standard deviation theory (little improvised to suit my risk absorbing capacity), tallying with max pain… And getting results too… But sometimes feel very indecisiveness due to very less % of ROI. If I wish to take position little closer to spot price it definitely increases return but at the same time it increases the risk also… I don’t get confidence…
Now, I think to trade only expiry day to be more precise on the expiry price range, and get the advantage of margin benefits too… But premium also to get too little… Especially in nifty… However, being little confident on the expiry price range I can take position and let it to expire… That way I pocket the margin.
But if I want to trade intraday on other day, and invoke Iron condor, I have to square off my position when price can move in any direction increasing or decreasing the total value of my position even staying in between the price range I have taken my position. Since here is no concept of expiry I have to book profit or loss… So in this case I’m getting confused what should be appropriate that I can mathematically calculate everything to take position…
I think, I may have bored you, but very seriously and sincerely I’m learning everything on trading in this forum… Therefore, every piece of help is very precious to me… Expecting your kind help and support to be a confident guy… Regards…
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Greeks:-
Delta :- I use when I want probability in my favour with compromising risk and riward. (far otm strikes will have less delta but more win rate)
Gamma:- I use this to select expiry.
Theta:- I use this to increase my probability.(if my direction is not right(flat) or right, we get theta decay).
These are my take on Greeks.
2 Likes | 629 | 2,909 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 2.578125 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | latest | en | 0.908426 |
https://homeguides.sfgate.com/can-tell-interest-rate-mortgage-payment-9660.html | 1,675,523,910,000,000,000 | text/html | crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500140.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204142302-20230204172302-00797.warc.gz | 317,262,531 | 23,758 | # How Can I Tell What My Interest Rate Is If I Have My Mortgage Payment?
To calculate your mortgage interest rate from your payment you need the breakdown of the payment. At minimum you will need the original loan amount and the breakdown of the payment between actual loan payment and escrow deposit. If your loan statement also includes the amount credited to interest and provides a current loan balance, a current rate can be calculated using a hand calculator.
## With Monthly Interest and Current Loan Balance
1. #### 1.
Look up the amount credited toward interest and get the current loan balance from your latest mortgage statement. Many regular monthly statements provide a breakdown explaining how your payment is allocated.
2. #### 2.
Multiply the amount of interest for the month by 12. This provides the interest at an annualized rate. For example, if the interest is \$900, multiplying by 12 results in a yearly interest of \$10,800.
3. #### 3.
Divide the annualized interest by the current mortgage balance. The result will be the interest rate on the mortgage. Multiply the result by 100 to convert the rate to a percentage. Using the example from Step 2, with a mortgage balance of \$170,000, gives a result of 0.0635. Multiply times 100 to get an interest rate of 6.25 percent.
## With Loan Payment Amount Plus Original Loan Amount
1. #### 1.
Determine what portion of your monthly payment is principal and what portion is escrow. The payment you send in includes the payment on the mortgage loan and a deposit for your escrow account. The amount of your check that goes to escrow is not included in the calculation of your mortgage rate. The loan payment portion plus the original loan amount can be used to calculate an interest rate.
2. #### 2.
Open a new spreadsheet in Microsoft Excel or OpenOffice Calc. Spreadsheet software has mathematical functions to calculate rates and payments. Format any cell as a percent using the pull-down Format menu.
3. #### 3.
Enter your loan data in any cell using the RATE function. The cell entry will look like this: =RATE(360;1000;-150000)*12.
Replace 1000 with your monthly mortgage payment (minus escrow) and 150000 with your original loan amount. If you plug this exact function into a percentage-formatted cell you should get 7.02 percent. | 495 | 2,319 | {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0} | 3.40625 | 3 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | latest | en | 0.906049 |
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