question stringlengths 14 399 ⌀ | choices listlengths 4 4 ⌀ | answer stringclasses 4
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Systems are in thermal equilibrium when they have the same of what measurement? | [
"density",
"oxygen",
"mass",
"temperature"
] | D | T ºF = 9 T ºC + 32 5 5 T ºC = ⎛⎝T ºF − 32⎞⎠ 9 T K = T ºC + 273.15 T ºC = T K − 273.15 • Systems are in thermal equilibrium when they have the same temperature. • Thermal equilibrium occurs when two bodies are in contact with each other and can freely exchange energy. • The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that when ... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What needs to be increased to change a solid into a liquid or gas? | [
"oxygen",
"volume",
"temperature",
"pressure"
] | C | In the last lesson, we studied the characteristics of liquids and solids at a macroscopic level and at the molecular level. Increasing the temperature of a solid transforms the particles from a rigid arrangement to a fluid (a liquid or gas). Conversely, decreasing the temperature of a liquid or gas slows the particles ... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Minerals that are not compounds consist of a single what? | [
"gas",
"proton",
"element",
"electron"
] | C | Minerals that are not just a single element are made of chemical compounds. For example, the mineral quartz is made of the compound silicon dioxide, or SiO 2 . This compound has one atom of the element silicon for every two atoms of the element oxygen. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What globular protein is used in the construction of the hollow tube? | [
"cyclin",
"keratin",
"tubulin",
"actin"
] | C | train | sciq | mcqa | null | |
Two important types of energy that can be converted to one another include potential and what? | [
"kinetic",
"physical",
"magnetic",
"thermal"
] | A | Give examples of energy conversions between potential and kinetic energy. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane according to the concentration gradient of water across the membrane | [
"osmosis",
"Gravity",
"nutrients",
"mirrors"
] | A | Osmosis Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane according to the concentration gradient of water across the membrane. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in th... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What are the key cells of an immune response? | [
"lymphocytes",
"keratinocytes",
"erythrocytes",
"histiocytes"
] | A | Courtesy of Dr. Triche and the National Cancer Institute. Lymphocytes are the key cells of an immune response . Public Domain. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Darwin found that, since all species are related to each other and some of them evolve together, so they develop similar what? | [
"adaptations",
"language",
"appearance",
"systems"
] | A | It's rare for a biologist to predict the discovery of a new species. For his prediction, Kavanaugh drew inspiration from Darwin's own 1862 prediction. When Darwin observed an orchid from Madagascar with a foot-long nectar, he predicted that a pollinator would be found with a tongue long enough to reach the nectar insid... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Newly formed what aggregates into threads that form the framework of the clot? | [
"plasma",
"collagen",
"fibrin",
"blood"
] | C | train | sciq | mcqa | null | |
The general term peptide refers to an amino acid chain of what? | [
"large length",
"unspecified length",
"small length",
"incomplete length"
] | B | The general term peptide refers to an amino acid chain of unspecified length. However, chains of about 50 amino acids or more are usually called proteins or polypeptides. In its physiologically active form, a protein may be composed of one or more polypeptide chains. For peptides and proteins to be physiologically acti... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Average global temperature has been doing what for the past several decades? | [
"fluctuating",
"falling",
"stabilizing",
"rising"
] | D | Average global temperature has been rising for the past several decades. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What disease is caused when the oomycete plasmopara viticola parasitizes grape plants? | [
"alkaline mildew",
"downy mildew",
"dainty mildew",
"toxic mildew"
] | B | Plant Parasites Protist parasites of terrestrial plants include agents that destroy food crops. The oomycete Plasmopara viticola parasitizes grape plants, causing a disease called downy mildew (Figure 23.33). Grape plants infected with P. viticola appear stunted and have discolored, withered leaves. The spread of downy... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What is the diploid number for fruit flies? | [
"9",
"8",
"10",
"7"
] | B | train | sciq | mcqa | null | |
An example of irreversible denaturation of what substance occurs to the liquid albumin when an egg is fried? | [
"acids",
"liquid",
"protein",
"bacterial"
] | C | Denaturation and Protein Folding Each protein has its own unique sequence and shape that are held together by chemical interactions. If the protein is subject to changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals, the protein structure may change, losing its shape without losing its primary sequence in what is known ... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
In an environment, symbiosis, competition, and relying on other organisms for food are examples of what? | [
"collaboration",
"adaptation",
"interaction",
"commensalism"
] | C | All living things depend on their environment to supply them with what they need, including food, water, and shelter. Their environment consists of physical factors—such as soil, air, and temperature—and also of other organisms. An organism is an individual living thing. Many living things interact with other organisms... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What is another term for ghost sharks? | [
"litoria",
"chimaera",
"aurea",
"anascea"
] | B | The 1,000 or so species of cartilaginous fish are subdivided into two subclasses: the first includes sharks, rays, and skates; the second includes chimaera, sometimes called ghost sharks. Fish from this group range in size from the dwarf lanternshark, at 6.3 inches, to the over 50-foot whale shark. Sharks obviously hav... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What makes the realized niche of chthamalus much smaller than its fundamental niche? | [
"interspecific competition",
"asexual competition",
"instantaneous competition",
"microscopic competition"
] | A | train | sciq | mcqa | null | |
Red stars are the coolest; which are the hottest? | [
"blue",
"yellow",
"giant",
"white"
] | A | Stars are classified by color, which correlates with temperature. Red stars are the coolest and blue are the hottest. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Which type of muscle is most common in the human body? | [
"digestive",
"skeletal",
"hormonal",
"smooth"
] | B | Skeletal muscle is attached to the bones of the skeleton. It is striated like cardiac muscle because its muscle fibers are arranged in bundles. Contractions of skeletal muscle are voluntary. This means that they are under conscious control. Whether you are doing pushups or pushing a pencil, you are using skeletal muscl... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What is the name for a combination of elements that acts as a different substance? | [
"contrast",
"solution",
"compound",
"mixture"
] | C | An element is a fundamental chemical part of a substance; there are about 115 known elements. A compound is a combination of elements that acts as a different substance; there are over 50 million known substances. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Volcanoes can be active, dormant, or what else? | [
"extinct",
"remnant",
"burgeoning",
"still"
] | A | Volcanoes can be active, dormant, or extinct. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Vesicular transport includes exocytosis and what? | [
"meiosis",
"metastasis",
"phagocytosis",
"endocytosis"
] | D | There are four main ways that molecules can pass through a phospholipid membrane. The first way requires no energy input by the cell and is called simple diffusion. This type of transport includes passive diffusion and osmosis. No assistance by a transport is necessary in simple diffusion. Facilitated diffusion, does i... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What supports the scapula, transmits the weight and forces from the upper limb to the body trunk, and protects the underlying nerves and blood vessels? | [
"clavicle",
"bladder",
"pelvis",
"cranium"
] | A | end is also anchored to the first rib by the costoclavicular ligament. The acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint. This end is also anchored to the coracoid process of the scapula by the coracoclavicular ligament, which provides indirect support for the ... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What are the three fundamental phases of matter? | [
"solid, liquid, and gas",
"fast, slow, normal",
"big, small. and medium",
"air, water, and land"
] | A | is the phase (or state) of matter. The three fundamental phases of matter are solid, liquid, and gas (see Figure 1.1 "The Phases of Matter"). Chemical properties are characteristics of matter that describe how matter changes form in the presence of other matter. Does a sample of matter burn? Burning is a chemical prope... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What system in the human body makes white blood cells that protect the body from diseases? | [
"reproductive system",
"lymphatic system",
"cardiovascular system",
"renal system"
] | B | The lymphatic system also plays an important role in the immune system. For example, the lymphatic system makes white blood cells that protect the body from diseases. Cells of the lymphatic system produce two types of white blood cells, T cells and B cells, that are involved in fighting specific pathogens. Lymph nodes,... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Which process or force pulls rocks apart? | [
"composition stress",
"tension stress",
"tactile stress",
"friction stress"
] | B | Tension stress pulls rocks apart. Tension causes rocks to lengthen or break apart. Tension is the major type of stress found at divergent plate boundaries. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What rigid layer surrounds the cell membrane of a plant cell? | [
"cuticle",
"cell wall",
"epidermis",
"bark"
] | B | The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane of a plant cell. It’s made mainly of the complex carbohydrate called cellulose. The cell wall supports and protects the cell. The cell wall isn’t solid like a brick wall. It has tiny holes in it called pores. The pores let water, nutrients, and other subst... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
When does internal reflection occur? | [
"when light goes from a slow medium to another slow medium",
"when light goes from a fast medium to a slow",
"when light goes from a fast medium to another fast medium",
"when light goes from a slow medium to a fast"
] | D | Total internal reflection occurs when light goes from a slow (high index of refraction) medium to a fast (low index of refraction) medium. With total internal reflection, light refracts so much it actually refracts back into the first medium. This is how fiber optic cables work: no light leaves the wire. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What is the fourth planet from the sun? | [
"Saturn",
"Pluto",
"mars",
"Mercury"
] | C | Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. It has two small, irregular moons. Mars is red because of rust in its soil. Mars has the largest mountain and the largest canyon in the solar system. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Which region of dna consists of one or more genes that encode the proteins needed for a specific function? | [
"antigen",
"chromosome",
"mRNA",
"operon"
] | D | Regulation of transcription in prokaryotes typically involves operons. An operon is a region of DNA that consists of one or more genes that encode the proteins needed for a specific function. The operon also includes a promoter and an operator. The operator is a region of the operon where regulatory proteins bind. It i... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Members of the genus trypanosoma are flagellate protozoa that cause what? | [
"mutations",
"cancer",
"hypertension",
"sleeping sickness"
] | D | Members of the genus Trypanosoma are flagellate protozoa that cause sleeping sickness , which is common in Africa. They also cause Chagas disease , which is common in South America. The parasites are spread by insect vectors. The vector for Chagas disease is shown in Figure below . Trypanosoma parasites enter a person’... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
The major salivary enzyme is called? | [
"amylase",
"sucrase",
"mucosa",
"synthase"
] | A | The mouth is the first digestive organ that food enters. The sight, smell, or taste of food stimulates the release of digestive enzymes by salivary glands inside the mouth. The major salivary enzyme is amylase. It begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates by breaking down starch into sugar. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Who first discovered the moons of jupiter in 1610? | [
"Socrates",
"Newton",
"galileo",
"darwin"
] | C | Jupiter has lots of moons. As of 2011, we have discovered over 60 natural satellites of Jupiter. Four are big enough and bright enough to be seen from Earth using a pair of binoculars. These four moons were first discovered by Galileo in 1610. They are called the Galilean moons . Figure below shows the four Galilean mo... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Fossil records show that what process may occur in "fits and starts"? | [
"generation",
"isolation",
"variation",
"evolution"
] | D | Millions of fossils have been found since Darwin’s time. They show that evolution may occur in fits and starts. Long period of little or gradual change may be interrupted by bursts of rapid change. The rate of evolution is influenced by how the environment is changing. Today, Earth’s climate is changing rapidly. How do... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What part of the ear is often described as a bony labyrinth? | [
"outer ear",
"inner ear",
"embedded ear",
"solid ear"
] | B | The inner ear is often described as a bony labyrinth, as it is composed of a series of canals embedded within the temporal bone. It has two separate regions, the cochlea and the vestibule, which are responsible for hearing and balance, respectively. The neural signals from these two regions are relayed to the brain ste... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Enzymes speed up the rate of a specific chemical reaction and is therefore known as what? | [
"biochemical catalysts",
"genetic catalysts",
"characteristic catalysts",
"protein catalysts"
] | A | Enzymes are biochemical catalysts, which means that they speed up the rate of a specific chemical reaction. A process that might take weeks in the absence of an enzyme can occur in milliseconds if the proper enzyme is present. A generic enzyme-catalyzed reaction could be represented as follows:. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What is required to break bonds in reactants? | [
"food",
"gas",
"energy",
"protein"
] | C | Why is activation energy needed? A reaction won’t occur unless atoms or molecules of reactants come together. This happens only if the particles are moving, and movement takes energy. Often, reactants have to overcome forces that push them apart. This takes energy as well. Still more energy is needed to start breaking ... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Organs are made up of two or more types of what? | [
"muscles",
"tissues",
"bones",
"fluids"
] | B | Bones come in many different shapes and sizes, but they are all made of the same materials. Bones are organs, and recall that organs are made up of two or more types of tissues. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
During what type of reproduction do two haploid gametes join in the process of fertilization to produce a diploid zygote? | [
"asexual reproduction",
"essential reproduction",
"sexual reproduction",
"internal reproduction"
] | C | During sexual reproduction, two haploid gametes join in the process of fertilization to produce a diploid zygote. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What does the ground tissue consist mostly of in the stems of both monocots and eudicots? | [
"hinterrhein cells",
"eudiocotic cells",
"parenchyma cells",
"epenthesis cells"
] | C | train | sciq | mcqa | null | |
What type of wave is visible light? | [
"acoustic",
"radio",
"electromagnetic",
"static"
] | C | Many kinds of waves exist, such as sound waves and water waves. Visible light is also a wave. It is a specific type of a more general phenomenon called an electromagnetic wave. All waves can be described in terms of the basic physical properties frequency and wavelength . These two properties are related to the speed o... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What catalyzes the hydrolysis of amino acids from the n-terminal end of a protein? | [
"aminopeptidase",
"nucleic acid",
"testosterone",
"synthase"
] | A | Pepsinogen is an inactive form of pepsin; pepsin is the active form of the enzyme. Both enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Chymotrypsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds following aromatic amino acids, while trypsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds following lysine and arginine. Aminopep... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Which group of species is defined as having moist skin without scales? | [
"reptiles",
"fish",
"mammals",
"amphibians"
] | D | Amphibians have moist skin without scales. The skin is kept moist by mucus, which is secreted by mucous glands. In some species, the mucous glands also secrete toxins that make the animal poisonous to predators. The blue poison-dart frogs in Figure below are a good example. The toxin in their mucus is used by native pe... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Where are integral proteins embedded? | [
"cytoplasm",
"libid bilayer",
"mitochondria",
"hemoglobin"
] | B | train | sciq | mcqa | null | |
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by what? | [
"enzymes",
"tendons",
"veins",
"plasma"
] | B | Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
The duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum are the main regions of which organ? | [
"small intestine",
"large intestine",
"lungs",
"heart"
] | A | 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines The three main regions of the small intestine are the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The small intestine is where digestion is completed and virtually all absorption occurs. These two activities are facilitated by structural adaptations that increase the mucosal surface area b... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Temperature and pressure affect changes in phases or states of what? | [
"energy",
"matter",
"decay",
"homeostasis"
] | B | Most substances have three distinct phases: gas, liquid, and solid. Phase changes among the various phases of matter depend on temperature and pressure. The existence of the three phases with respect to pressure and temperature can be described in a phase diagram. Two phases coexist (i. , they are in thermal equilibriu... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
The water in some springs are hot because they're heated by what? | [
"gravity",
"fires",
"hot magma",
"the sun"
] | C | Some springs have water that contains minerals. Groundwater dissolves minerals out of the rock as it seeps through the pores. The water in some springs is hot because it is heated by hot magma. Many hot springs are also mineral springs. That’s because hot water can dissolve more minerals than cold water. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What consists of all the living things and nonliving things interacting in the same area? | [
"biodiversity",
"habitat",
"ecosystem",
"biome"
] | C | An ecosystem consists of all the living things and nonliving things interacting in the same area. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
How much can the bacteria in your gut weigh? | [
"2.2 pounds",
"2 kilograms",
"2 pounds",
"2.15 pounds"
] | C | Lastly, keep in mind the small size of bacteria. Together, all the bacteria in your gut may weight just about 2 pounds. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
As a myotube is formed from many different myoblast cells, it contains many nuclei, but has a continuous what? | [
"cerebellum",
"mucus",
"cytoplasm",
"nucleus"
] | C | or myotube. As a myotube is formed from many different myoblast cells, it contains many nuclei, but has a continuous cytoplasm. This is why skeletal muscle cells are multinucleate, as the nucleus of each contributing myoblast remains intact in the mature skeletal muscle cell. However, cardiac and smooth muscle cells ar... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
When thinking of the rate at which two gases mix, it is inverse proportional to the density of what? | [
"gas",
"dioxide",
"matter",
"the container"
] | A | The rate at which two gases mix. Inversely proportional to the density of the gas. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What serious sti can damage the heart, brain and other organs or even cause death, if untreated? | [
"cirrhosis",
"herpes",
"chlamydia",
"syphilis"
] | D | Syphilis is a very serious STI. Luckily, it is less common than chlamydia or gonorrhea. Syphilis usually begins with a small sore on the genitals. This is followed a few months later by a rash and flu-like symptoms. If syphilis is not treated, it may damage the heart, brain, and other organs. It can even cause death. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
When a seed is produced by apomixis, the embryo develops without what? | [
"infection",
"infection",
"stimulation",
"fertilization"
] | D | train | sciq | mcqa | null | |
When an oxidation number of an atom is decreased in the course of a redox reaction, that atom is being what? | [
"increased",
"reduced",
"replaced",
"destroyed"
] | B | All redox reactions occur with a simultaneous change in the oxidation numbers of some atoms. At least two elements must change their oxidation numbers. When an oxidation number of an atom is increased in the course of a redox reaction, that atom is being oxidized. When an oxidation number of an atom is decreased in the... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
A venule is an extremely small vein, generally 8–100 micrometers in diameter. postcapillary venules join multiple capillaries exiting from a capillary bed. multiple venules join to form what? | [
"arteries",
"clots",
"glands",
"veins"
] | D | Venules A venule is an extremely small vein, generally 8–100 micrometers in diameter. Postcapillary venules join multiple capillaries exiting from a capillary bed. Multiple venules join to form veins. The walls of venules consist of endothelium, a thin middle layer with a few muscle cells and elastic fibers, plus an ou... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
The active site can only bind certain what? | [
"substrates",
"electrons",
"membranes",
"proteins"
] | A | The active site is specific for the reactants of the biochemical reaction the enzyme catalyzes. Similar to puzzle pieces fitting together, the active site can only bind certain substrates. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
In a food chain, what group of organisms breaks down animal remains and wastes to get energy? | [
"producers",
"primary consumers",
"detritivores",
"decomposers"
] | D | Decomposers break down animal remains and wastes to get energy. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What is the term for organisms that have adaptations to both salty and basic conditions? | [
"haloalkaliphiles",
"salinophytes",
"sporozoans",
"heterophiles"
] | A | Alkaliphiles are organisms that "love" bases. Bases are like the opposite of acids. Basic environments where archaeans are found include Mono Lake in California, pictured in Figure below . Mono Lake is the oldest lake in North America. The water is not only unusually basic. It's also saltier than the ocean. So archaean... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What organism is the most disruptive towards the diversity of other species? | [
"humans",
"insects",
"bacteria",
"reptiles"
] | A | train | sciq | mcqa | null | |
Migration and hibernation are examples of behaviors that occur on what temporal basis? | [
"weekly",
"daily",
"annual",
"nocturnal"
] | C | Many animal behaviors occur in repeated cycles. Migration and hibernation are examples of behaviors with annual cycles. Sleeping and waking are examples of behaviors with daily cycles. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What are all of the living or once-living aspects of the environment called? | [
"biotic factors",
"abiotic factors",
"photic factors",
"fossils"
] | A | Biotic factors are all of the living or once-living aspects of the environment. They include all the organisms that live there as well as the remains of dead organisms. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Temporal and spatial summation at the axon hillock determines whether a neuron generates what? | [
"hidden potential",
"action potential",
"false potential",
"change potential"
] | B | train | sciq | mcqa | null | |
What two systems are the lungs part of? | [
"respiratory and excretory",
"stomach and nervous",
"heart and excretory",
"stomach and excretory"
] | A | The organs of the excretory system are also parts of other organ systems. For example, your lungs are part of the respiratory system. Your lungs remove carbon dioxide from your body, so they are also part of the excretory system. More organs of the excretory system are listed below ( Table below ). | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What occurs in a formerly inhabited area that was disturbed? | [
"secondary succession",
"mass extinction",
"natural selection",
"spontaneous mutation"
] | A | Secondary succession occurs in a formerly inhabited area that was disturbed. Soil is already in place, so pioneer species include small plants such as grasses. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What can demonstrate the decrease in energy, biomass or numbers within an ecosystem? | [
"biomes",
"ecological pyramids",
"spontaneous mutation",
"food chains"
] | B | Ecological pyramids can demonstrate the decrease in energy, biomass or numbers within an ecosystem. Energy pyramids are discussed at http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=8T2nEMzk6_E (1:44). | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What evolutionary concept characterizes a species by body shape and other structural features? | [
"geologic species concept",
"primary speciation",
"morphological species concept",
"spontaneous evolution theory"
] | C | train | sciq | mcqa | null | |
What determines the unique sequence for every protein? | [
"form encoding",
"space encoding",
"gene encoding",
"variation encoding"
] | C | The unique sequence for every protein is ultimately determined by the gene encoding the protein. A change in nucleotide sequence of the gene’s coding region may lead to a different amino acid being added to the growing polypeptide chain, causing a change in protein structure and function. In sickle cell anemia, the hem... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
By breaking down organic matter, roundworms play an important role in which cycle? | [
"circadian cycle",
"carbon cycle",
"water cycle",
"metamorphic cycle"
] | B | Roundworms may be free-living or parasitic organisms. Free-living worms are found mainly in freshwater habitats. Some live in moist soil. They generally feed on bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or decaying organic matter. By breaking down organic matter, they play an important role in the carbon cycle. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
In the lungs, oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli and into where? | [
"blood",
"neurons",
"cillia",
"capillaries"
] | D | In the lungs, oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli and into the capillaries surrounding the alveoli. Oxygen (about 98 percent) binds reversibly to the respiratory pigment hemoglobin found in red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs carry oxygen to the tissues where oxygen dissociates from the hemoglobin and diffuses into the cells o... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What term is used to describe animals that excrete ammonia? | [
"xerophyte",
"spirogyra",
"ammonstand",
"ammonotelic"
] | D | 41.4 | Nitrogenous Wastes By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Compare and contrast the way in which aquatic animals and terrestrial animals can eliminate toxic ammonia from their systems • Compare the major byproduct of ammonia metabolism in vertebrate animals to that of birds, insects, and reptiles Of t... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
The numbers and types of species in most ecosystems change to some degree through time and this is called? | [
"environmental succession",
"continuous succession",
"physiological succession",
"ecological succession"
] | D | Imagine walking in the forest in Figure below . The towering trees have been growing here for hundreds of years. It may seem as though the forest has been there forever. But no ecosystem is truly static. The numbers and types of species in most ecosystems change to some degree through time. This is called ecological su... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
The enormous number of species is due to the tremendous variety of what? | [
"tissues",
"measurements",
"sounds",
"environments"
] | D | The enormous number of species is due to the tremendous variety of environments in which they can live. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What is the energy needed to start a reaction between catalysts and reactants called? | [
"conductivity energy",
"decomposition energy",
"activation energy",
"reaction energy"
] | C | Catalysts interact with reactants so the reaction can occur by an alternate pathway that has a lower activation energy. Activation energy is the energy needed to start a reaction. When activation energy is lower, more reactant particles have enough energy to react so the reaction goes faster. Many catalysts work like t... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Which proteins bind to the surfaces of microorganisms and are particularly attracted to pathogens that are already tagged by the adaptive immune system? | [
"complement proteins",
"attractive proteins",
"whereby proteins",
"mobilize proteins"
] | A | Complement An array of approximately 20 types of proteins, called a complement system, is also activated by infection or the activity of the cells of the adaptive immune system and functions to destroy extracellular pathogens. Liver cells and macrophages synthesize inactive forms of complement proteins continuously; th... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What type of competition occurs between members of the same species? | [
"intraspecific",
"exospecies",
"interspecies",
"interspecific"
] | A | Intraspecific competition occurs between members of the same species. For example, two male deer may compete for mates by clashing their antlers together. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Alternation of generations is characteristic of the life cycle of all what? | [
"animals",
"organs",
"plants",
"cells"
] | C | All plants have a characteristic life cycle that includes alternation of generations. Asexual reproduction with spores produces a haploid gametophyte generation. Sexual reproduction with gametes and fertilization produces a diploid sporophyte generation. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What carries the instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm? | [
"concept rna",
"anderson rna",
"dirscriptor rna",
"messenger rna"
] | D | Messenger RNA ( mRNA ) carries the instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. mRNA is produced in the nucleus, as are all RNAs. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What is measured using units pascal, bar, atmosphere or mmhg? | [
"push",
"fuel",
"pressure",
"Muscle"
] | C | strong enough to keep the particles of substance together but not in place. Thus, the particles are free to move over each other but still remain in contact. In gases, the intermolecular interactions are weak enough that the individual particles are separated from each other in space. The kinetic theory of gases is a c... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What is a disease that can be spread from animals to humans called? | [
"Anthroponosis",
"proteolysis",
"parasite",
"zoonosis"
] | D | Often, new diseases result from the spread of an existing disease from animals to humans. A disease that can be spread from animals to humans is called a zoonosis . When a disease breaks out, scientists called epidemiologists investigate the outbreak, looking for its cause. Epidemiologists are like detectives trying to... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Where does most of the mass for an atom reside? | [
"protons",
"nucleus",
"electrons",
"neutrons"
] | B | Electrons have virtually no mass, but protons and neutrons have a lot of mass for their size. As a result, the nucleus has virtually all the mass of an atom. Given its great mass and tiny size, the nucleus is very dense. If an object the size of a penny had the same density as the nucleus of an atom, its mass would be ... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
When electric current flows through a wire, it creates what type of field that surrounds the wire in circles? | [
"magnetic",
"kinetic",
"gravitational",
"thermal"
] | A | Electromagnetism is magnetism produced by an electric current. When electric current flows through a wire, it creates a magnetic field that surrounds the wire in circles. You can see this in the diagram below. Note that electric current is conventionally shown moving from positive to negative electric potential, as in ... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What is the outermost layer of the skin? | [
"dermis",
"epidermis",
"callus",
"nexus"
] | B | The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface. Although the top layer of epidermis is only about as thick as a sheet of paper, it is made up of 25 to 30 layers of cells. The epidermis also contains cells that produce melanin. Melanin is the brownish p... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What is it called when waves spread out as they travel around obstacles or through openings in obstacles? | [
"absorption",
"destruction",
"diffraction",
"diffusion"
] | C | Diffraction occurs when waves spread out as they travel around obstacles or through openings in obstacles. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What is the process of oxidized iron that has been exposed to air and water? | [
"bark",
"rust",
"crust",
"crystallization"
] | B | After the ball of cells reaches the uterus, it fixes itself to the side of the uterus. This is called implantation . It usually happens about a week after fertilization. Now the implanted ball of cells is ready to continue its development into a baby boy or girl. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What consists of one or two closed loops through which current can flow? | [
"thermal reaction",
"electric circuit",
"cooling circuit",
"magnetic poles"
] | B | An electric circuit consists of one or two closed loops through which current can flow. It has a voltage source and a conductor and may have other devices such as lights and switches. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What muscle is imperative to breathing in helping the air move in and out of the lungs? | [
"spleen",
"kidneys",
"uterus",
"diaphragm"
] | D | Breathing is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs. It depends on the muscle called the diaphragm. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What third property is different if two boxes have the same volume but one has greater mass? | [
"output",
"oxygen",
"density",
"diameter"
] | C | A: Both boxes have the same volume because they are the same size. However, the books have greater mass than the feathers. Therefore, the box of books has greater density. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What occurs when two opposite charges are separated by some amount of distance? | [
"radioactivity",
"dipole",
"diffusion",
"particle"
] | B | A dipole occurs when two opposite charges are separated by some amount of distance. We have already seen dipoles in the form of polar bonds. For example, each O-H bond in water is an example of a dipole; the partial positive charge on hydrogen is separated from the partial negative charge on oxygen by the length of the... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What is the term for the span in the life of an organism from one generation to the next? | [
"time consumption",
"era",
"life cycle",
"life span"
] | C | Eukaryotes have three different versions of the sexual life cycle : a haploid life cycle, a diploid life cycle, and a life cycle known as the alternation of generations ( Figure below ). A life cycle is the span in the life of an organism from one generation to the next. All species that reproduce sexually follow a bas... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Deposition also occurs when a stream or river empties into a large body of what? | [
"even water",
"still water",
"calm water",
"homogeneous water"
] | B | Deposition also occurs when a stream or river empties into a large body of still water. In this case, a delta forms. A delta is shaped like a triangle. It spreads out into the body of water. An example is pictured below ( Figure above ). | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What is the process called in which nutrients pass into the bloodstream? | [
"absorption",
"accumulation",
"accumulation",
"incorporation"
] | A | After food is digested, the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Absorption is the process in which substances pass into the bloodstream, where they can circulate throughout the body. Absorption of nutrients occurs mainly in the small intestine. Any remaining matter from food that cannot be digested and absorbed passes in... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
The colloquial term "ribbon worm" refers to the mostly marine species of what phylum? | [
"gnathifera",
"nematoida",
"nemertea",
"lophophorata"
] | C | Phylum Nemertea The Nemertea are colloquially known as ribbon worms. Most species of phylum Nemertea are marine, predominantly benthic or bottom dwellers, with an estimated 900 species known. However, nemertini have been recorded in freshwater and terrestrial habitats as well. Most nemerteans are carnivores, feeding on... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
The number, size, shape, and banding pattern of chromosomes make them easily identifiable in a karyogram and allow for the assessment of many chromosomal | [
"beliefs",
"nutrients",
"abnormalities",
"processes"
] | C | 7.3 Errors in Meiosis The number, size, shape, and banding pattern of chromosomes make them easily identifiable in a karyogram and allow for the assessment of many chromosomal abnormalities. Disorders in chromosome number, or aneuploidies, are typically lethal to the embryo, although a few trisomic genotypes are viable... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
The logistics of carrying out cellular metabolism sets limits on what physical property of the cell? | [
"composition",
"surface",
"size",
"layer"
] | C | train | sciq | mcqa | null | |
What large dwarf planet in our solar system was only discovered in 2005? | [
"artemis",
"Cerus",
"zeus",
"eris"
] | D | Eris is the largest known dwarf planet in the solar system. It is 27 percent larger than Pluto ( Figure above ). Like Pluto and Makemake, Eris is in the Kuiper belt. But Eris is about three times farther from the Sun than Pluto. Because of its distance, Eris was not discovered until 2005. Early on, it was thought that ... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Covalent bond energies can be used to estimate the enthalpy changes of what? | [
"chemical reactions",
"Pressure reactions",
"crystals reactions",
"liquid reactions"
] | A | Covalent bond energies can be used to estimate the enthalpy changes of chemical reactions. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
What type of waste is eliminated from the body through the anus? | [
"solid",
"liquid",
"carbon dioxide",
"urine"
] | A | solid waste that remains after food is digested and is eliminated from the body through the anus. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
Fungi cause three different types of human illness: poisonings, parasitic infections, and what? | [
"diarrhea",
"allergies",
"diabetes",
"heart disease"
] | B | Fungi cause three different types of human illness: poisonings, parasitic infections, and allergies. Many poisonous mushrooms are eaten by mistake because they look like edible mushrooms. Parasitic yeasts cause candidiasis, ringworm, and athlete’s foot. Mold allergies are very common. | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
If you find dna floating in a cell's cytoplasm, what kind of organism is it? | [
"prokaryotic",
"xerophytic",
"eurocratic",
"unicellular"
] | A | Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Gene Expression To understand how gene expression is regulated, we must first understand how a gene codes for a functional protein in a cell. The process occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, just in slightly different manners. Prokaryotic organisms are single-celled organisms t... | train | sciq | mcqa | null |
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