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Sustainable material selection for additive manufacturing technologies: A critical analysis of rank reversal approachThe world is moving towards a situation where resource scarcity leads to increased material cost, and the government is bound to dispose of heavy wastes generated by the growing population. Additive Manu... |
= 18.2 (J/cm3)1/2, was obtained from the Polymer Handbook The swelling of Liprol 270-MDI PU in toluene, measured at room temperature is 32%, whereas that of Liprol 320-MDI PU is 35%. Surprisingly, Mc calculated from Eq is only around 200 g/mol for both PU networks when applying the affine model. By comparison with con... |
= (0.03–1.22 g/cm3)). Using the previous equations, the Young’s modulus and the yield stress in compression are respectively: E |
= (1.47–17643.65 MPa) and σC |
= (0.15–173.12 MPa). Furthermore, Keyak et al. For a simple test, let us consider an acceptable value of the ash density for trabecular bone, as: ρα |
= 0.25 g/cm3. According to the model of Keller In this work, the relationship between the yield stress and the Young’s modulus is first generalized to meet the different design requests. Let us present the developed models or equations using some constants. The Young’s modulus and the yield stress against the ash densi... |
= |
nσ/nE is the ratio of exponents. The different studies indicate that the mathematical dependency of bone compressive mechanical properties on composition is closely dependent upon the density and mineral content range examined and, in terms of a single compositional measure, is best predicted by apparent ash density ex... |
= |
nσ/nE using two experiment points: (σCi,Ei) and (σCi+1,Ei+1). Eq. This way the ratio of exponents can be written as follows:In order to get all constants with an optimum fitting curve, an iterative (optimization) method can be used for at least three given experiment points: (σCi,Ei),(σCi+1,Ei+1) and (σCi+2,Ei+2).Let u... |
= 17 GPa and Poisson’s ratio ν |
= 0.3. The corresponding experimental yield stress is: σy |
= 132 MPa where ɛ is the strain tensor and D is the elastic tensor. According to Huiskes et al. , the minimum stress value can be computed as follows:where E is the uniaxial Young’s modulus. To ensure long-term fixation, the minimum stress value in the surrounding bone has to exceed the threshold value σTar. Thus, the ... |
E2) are normally considered distributed. Their mean values are presented in and their standard deviations are proposed proportional to the mean values (10%). shows the reliability indices for three different loading cases when considering 2 parameters.a shows the optimization problem modeling in a physical space wher... |
E2) = 0, however b shows the problem modeling in a normalized space where the limit state functions are presented by H(u1, |
u2) = 0. In the physical space, the mean value is presented by the coordinates (x1, |
x2), the MPP is represented by the coordinates (y1, |
y2) and the reliability levels are presented by ellipses. We model the tension limit states by three limitation curves (continuous lines: GL1T(E1,E2)=0,GL2T(E1,E2)=0 and GL3T(E1,E2)=0) corresponding to the three loading cases and the compression limit states by three limitation curves (intermittent lines: GL1C(E1,E2)=0... |
u2) and the reliability levels are presented by circles according to Eq. . We model the tension limit states by three limitation curves (continuous lines: HL1T(E1,E2)=0,HL2T(E1,E2)=0 and HL3T(E1,E2)=0) corresponding to the three loading cases and the compression limit states by three limitation curves (intermittent lin... |
= 5.93 × 10−6.In this case, the random variables xi corresponding to the Young’s modulus and the Poisson’s ratio of different layers (E1, |
E2, |
E3, |
ν1, |
ν2, |
ν3) are normally considered distributed. Their mean values are presented in and their standard deviations are proposed proportional to the mean values (10%). shows the reliability indices for three different loading cases when considering 6 parameters.For this six parameter optimization process, the most probable fai... |
= 2.16 when considering tension failure case that leads to a reasonable level of probability of failure: Pf=1.54%. The reliability index is bigger when considering compression failure case: βL3C=5.28 that leads to a very small probability of failure: Pf |
= 6.46 × 10−8. shows that the most effective parameter is the Young’s modulus of the cancellous layer. According to the experimental test of Aleixo et al. ). The experimental results are also prone to different errors (testing protocols…). To improve our design, the ratio of RT/C |
≈ 0.7 is considered during the optimization process. Furthermore, the composition of bone materials can be changed according to several factors such as ageing, and disease. It is strongly recommended to integrate the randomness of material behaviors into the prosthesis design strategy. In the literature, several works ... |
h−1) and a photodegradation efficiency (90.5 %), rendering an integrated water purification capability under one sun irradiation. This work presents a feasible and effective route towards develop of MXene-mediated cooperative photochemical and photothermal solar energy conversion for sustainable water purification.Fres... |
h−1, which is about 1.5 times and 6 times of that of MXene membrane and bulk water, respectively. Additionally, the solar-to-vapour conversion efficiency (η) of the MAP hydrogel membrane was calculated based on the following Equation: where ṁ denotes the evaporation rate under illumination, |
hLV |
represents the apparent liquid–vapor phase change enthalpy (including the sensible heat Hs and phase change enthalpy Hv), and |
qi |
is the solar illumination. Like the hydrogel materials, the apparent enthalpy of the hydrogel membrane was evaluated based on the darkness experiment with pure water, which exhibited an evaporation rate of 0.086 and 0.156 kg m−2 |
h−1, respectively (). Therefore, the MAP20 hydrogel membrane exhibited a η value of 73.5%. The outstanding solar evaporation performance is largely attributable to the superior features of the hydrogel membrane, which not only assures efficient photothermal conversion for heat localization, but also provides a stable h... |
h−1 freshwater by evaporation and achieves 10.5 kg m−2 |
h−1 by wastewater purification photodegradation. According to , the color of the treated solution is initially dark pink, which fades gradually during the photocatalysis process, while the water produced by solar evaporation is totally transparent. This efficient photodegradation performance in turn endows the MAP memb... |
h−1 and photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 90.5 %, rendering a high freshwater production capability under one sun irradiation. This work presented a facile and effective route towards the fabrication of high-performance photothermally enabled MXene hydrogel membrane for full solar spectrum driven water purificat... |
s−1. At least three tensile tests were performed for each material at each temperature.The cross sections of powder particles in as-solidified condition show a two-phase dendritic microstructure consisting of Ni3Al (γ′) dendrites and a NiAl (β) phase in the interdendritic regions ((a)). After milling for 20 h the parti... |
K−1 for γ′, β and γ, respectively, and 6.2×10−6 |
K−1 for Cr), dislocations at the interface may appear since the Cr particles are in compression. This assumption agrees with the bright field image of that shows a Cr reinforcement particle located in the γ+γ′ region. The selected area diffraction pattern corresponds to the γ+γ′ region. The high contrast at the Cr/mat... |
+ Mg) = 0.88–0.89), titanite (with up to 1.61 wt% Y2O3) and an REE-rich epidote. REE-poor epidote and zoned garnet (Ca and Fe3+-rich) are metamorphic minerals, while muscovite, carbonates and chlorite are secondary phases. Texture is mylonitic. Two representative samples are classified as granite (from Sierra de Espina... |
= 10) and La Jolla Nd isotope standard yielded an average 143Nd/144Nd of 0.511844 ± 0.00002 (n |
= 10). Errors are quoted throughout as two standard deviations from measured or calculated values (U–Th–Pb zircon dating was performed on the two samples at the Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, using SHRIMP RG (MAZ-6037) and SHRIMP II (ESP-7066). Separated zirc... |
× 0.0001 vs. Nb/Y plot (), ESP-7066 is a rhyolite, i.e., granite, whereas MAZ-12040 plots in the field of rhyodacites/dacites, i.e., granodiorite to tonalite.Relying on HFS elements only, contents of Zr and Y are high in both rocks (603, 891 and 44, 76 ppm, respectively). However, Nb and Ce are not so notably enriched ... |
= 13 and 4, respectively), with REE concentrations close to 100 times chondritic values (B). The Eu anomaly is negative and moderate (0.64) in ESP-7066 and slightly positive (1.09) in MAZ-12040.Both samples plot in the field of within-plate granites close to the field of volcanic-arc granites on discriminant diagrams b... |
+ Fe3+) ratio is 0.10. Plagioclase ranges from An54 to An67 (mineral compositions are obtainable from the Data Repository). Peak metamorphic conditions were: P |
= 7.7 ± 1.2 kbar and T |
= 664 ± 70 °C.A-type magmatism is indicative of largely continental within-plate extensional settings (e.g., ). Thus we infer that the A-type granitoids described here represent a period of extension at ca. 845 Ma (early Cryogenian) affecting the continental crust of the Western Sierras Pampeanas that was already conso... |
= 0.7005–0.7030, ɛNd = +4.1 to +4.9; ), those of Maz and Espinal orthogneisses resulted from the involvement of an isotopically more evolved source. Moreover, depleted-mantle Nd model ages of up to 1.46 Ga and inherited zircon crystals of up to 1.48 Ga in sample ESP-7066 lead us to speculate that the ca. 845 Ma A-type ... |
= 1, 2, 3, ϑ |
= |
W, |
Θ, and κ |
= |
A, |
B, and the three-layered annular finite element as shown in (b) has 12 nodal degrees of freedom corresponding to Uiκ and ϑκ, where i |
= 1, 2, 3, 4, ϑ |
= |
W, |
Θ, and κ |
= |
A, |
B.Express the displacement field of the layer i, i.e., {di} = {uiwi}T, in terms of the in-plane displacements of adjacent layer interfaces and transverse displacement, and we obtain{di}=ui(r,z,t)wi(r,t)=[L1,i(z)]Ui(r,t)Ui+1(r,t)W(r,t),where [L1,i] is the transverse thickness interpolation matrix for the layer i. Furthe... |
= |
a and clamped at the outer radius r |
= |
b. Let the grids of the finite element meshes be equally spaced, and the non-dimensional fundamental natural frequencies are predicted for the stationary circular plates without external load and constrained damping layer treatment where, ξ˜=0.001, Ko |
= 0, Kt |
= 0, ν |
= 0.3. The results are listed in , where (b˜,Eθ,1/Er,1)=(100,0.5), (100, 1), (100, 2), (20, 1), (10, 1), (5, 1), and (4, 1). Let Nr be the number of elements in the r-direction and Nz the number of elements in the z-direction. For each of the aforementioned (b˜,Eθ,1/Er,1) case, the non-dimensional fundamental natural f... |
∗ |
Nz) = (4 ∗ 3),(8 ∗ 3),(16 ∗ 3) and (32 ∗ 3). As shown in , good monotonic convergence is achieved for all cases by the proposed method as the number of elements Nr increases from 4 to 32 while the value of Nz remains the same. Furthermore, results obtained for (Nr |
∗ |
Nz) = (32 ∗ 3) are compared to those published by Woo . Good agreements are observed as revealed by the trivial percentages of disagreement given in the last column of Let the polar orthotropic laminated annular plates be clamped at the inner radius r |
= |
a and free at the outer radius r |
= |
b. Let the number of elements in the r- and z-direction be 32 and 1, respectively, where the grids of the finite element meshes in the r-direction are equally spaced. The non-dimensional fundamental natural frequencies of rotating annular plates without external loads in various rotational speeds are predicted. Results... |
= 0, Kt |
= 0, ν |
= 0.3. (a) contains results for b˜=10, the thick plate case, while (b) does results for b˜=50, the thin plate case. In comparison to published results obtained by Liu using the 3D finite element method also reveals the following tendencies: (1) with the exception of Ω∼=12 and 16, results obtained by the proposed metho... |
= 1 and 0 ⩽ |
Kt |
⩽ 2 are shown in , where the solid line displays present results and the dots are results previously obtained by Chen and Hwang shows hatched dynamic instability regions for varying dynamic in-plane loading Kt, where (a)–(c) displays results obtained for the thicknesses b˜=10 and (a)–(f) contains two sets of results, ... |
= |
Eθ,3/Er,1 |
= |
Eθ/Er |
= 0.5 and the other set for Eθ/Er |
= 2. (a) shows instability regions obtained for Ω∼=0, where it is observed that the primary instability region occurs in the vicinity of twice the value of the flexural natural frequency and the second instability region does in the vicinity of the flexural natural frequency. By comparing results obtained for Eθ/Er |
= 2 and Eθ/Er |
= 0.5, it reveals that the instability regions of Eθ/Er |
= 2 occupy regions of higher Θ∼ values than those of Eθ/Er |
= 0.5 do. In addition, the sizes of instability regions for Eθ/Er |
= 2 are smaller. While (a) shows instability regions obtained for Ω∼=0, (b) does instability regions of Ω∼=1 and (c) of Ω∼=2. It is observed that the instability regions of Eθ/Er |
= 2 still occupy regions of higher Θ∼ values than those of Eθ/Er |
= 0.5 do in (b) and (c), and the sizes of instability regions for Eθ/Er |
= 2 are smaller than those of Eθ/Er |
= 0.5. In addition, it is also observed that increasing the value of Ω∼ makes the instability regions shift toward regions of higher Θ∼ values. Also, the size of instability region shrinks as the value of Ω∼ increases from 0 to 1 and 2. While (a)–(c) displays instability regions obtained for thicknesses b˜=10, (d)–(f) ... |
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