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59:1.8 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | 380,000,000 years ago Asia was subsiding, and all other continents were experiencing a short-lived emergence. But as this epoch progressed, the newly appearing Atlantic Ocean made extensive inroads on all adjacent coast lines. The northern Atlantic or Arctic seas were then connected with the southern Gulf waters. When ... |
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"Paper": 59,
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} | The sedimentary deposits of these ages are of four sorts: |
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"Paper": 59,
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} | 1. Conglomerates—matter deposited near the shore lines. |
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} | 2. Sandstones—deposits made in shallow water but where the waves were sufficient to prevent mud settling. |
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} | 3. Shales—deposits made in the deeper and more quiet water. |
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} | 4. Limestone—including the deposits of trilobite shells in deep water. |
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} | The trilobite fossils of these times present certain basic uniformities coupled with certain well-marked variations. The early animals developing from the three original life implantations were characteristic; those appearing in the Western Hemisphere were slightly different from those of the Eurasian group and from th... |
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"Paper": 59,
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} | 370,000,000 years ago the great and almost total submergence of North and South America occurred, followed by the sinking of Africa and Australia. Only certain parts of North America remained above these shallow Cambrian seas. Five million years later the seas were retreating before the rising land. And all of these ph... |
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} | The trilobite fossil-bearing strata of this epoch outcrop here and there throughout all the continents except in central Asia. In many regions these rocks are horizontal, but in the mountains they are tilted and distorted because of pressure and folding. And such pressure has, in many places, changed the original chara... |
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"Paper": 59,
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} | 360,000,000 years ago the land was still rising. North and South America were well up. Western Europe and the British Isles were emerging, except parts of Wales, which were deeply submerged. There were no great ice sheets during these ages. The supposed glacial deposits appearing in connection with these strata in Euro... |
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} | The marine life was much alike the world over and consisted of the seaweeds, one-celled organisms, simple sponges, trilobites, and other crustaceans—shrimps, crabs, and lobsters. Three thousand varieties of brachiopods appeared at the close of this period, only two hundred of which have survived. These animals represen... |
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} | But the trilobites were the dominant living creatures. They were sexed animals and existed in many forms; being poor swimmers, they sluggishly floated in the water or crawled along the sea bottoms, curling up in self-protection when attacked by their later appearing enemies. They grew in length from two inches to one f... |
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"Paper": 59,
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} | This was the biogeologic picture of Urantia at the end of that long period of the world’s history, embracing fifty million years, designated by your geologists as the Cambrian. |
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"Paper": 59,
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} | The periodic phenomena of land elevation and land sinking characteristic of these times were all gradual and nonspectacular, being accompanied by little or no volcanic action. Throughout all of these successive land elevations and depressions the Asiatic mother continent did not fully share the history of the other lan... |
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"Paper": 59,
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} | 350,000,000 years ago saw the beginning of the great flood period of all the continents except central Asia. The land masses were repeatedly covered with water; only the coastal highlands remained above these shallow but widespread oscillatory inland seas. Three major inundations characterized this period, but before i... |
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"Paper": 59,
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} | 340,000,000 years ago there occurred another extensive land sinking except in Asia and Australia. The waters of the world’s oceans were generally commingled. This was a great limestone age, much of its stone being laid down by lime-secreting algae. |
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} | A few million years later large portions of the American continents and Europe began to emerge from the water. In the Western Hemisphere only an arm of the Pacific Ocean remained over Mexico and the present Rocky Mountain regions, but near the close of this epoch the Atlantic and Pacific coasts again began to sink. |
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"Paper": 59,
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} | 330,000,000 years ago marks the beginning of a time sector of comparative quiet all over the world, with much land again above water. The only exception to this reign of terrestrial quiet was the eruption of the great North American volcano of eastern Kentucky, one of the greatest single volcanic activities the world h... |
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"Paper": 59,
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} | 320,000,000 years ago the third major flood of this period occurred. The waters of this inundation covered all the land submerged by the preceding deluge, while extending farther in many directions all over the Americas and Europe. Eastern North America and western Europe were from 10,000 to 15,000 feet under water. |
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"Paper": 59,
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} | 310,000,000 years ago the land masses of the world were again well up excepting the southern parts of North America. Mexico emerged, thus creating the Gulf Sea, which has ever since maintained its identity. |
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} | The life of this period continues to evolve. The world is once again quiet and relatively peaceful; the climate remains mild and equable; the land plants are migrating farther and farther from the seashores. The life patterns are well developed, although few plant fossils of these times are to be found. |
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} | This was the great age of individual animal organismal evolution, though many of the basic changes, such as the transition from plant to animal, had previously occurred. The marine fauna developed to the point where every type of life below the vertebrate scale was represented in the fossils of those rocks which were l... |
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} | The trilobites were still prominent. These little animals existed in tens of thousands of patterns and were the predecessors of modern crustaceans. Some of the trilobites had from twenty-five to four thousand tiny eyelets; others had aborted eyes. As this period closed, the trilobites shared domination of the seas with... |
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} | Lime-secreting algae were widespread. There existed thousands of species of the early ancestors of the corals. Sea worms were abundant, and there were many varieties of jellyfish which have since become extinct. Corals and the later types of sponges evolved. The cephalopods were well developed, and they have survived a... |
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} | There were many varieties of shell animals, but their shells were not then so much needed for defensive purposes as in subsequent ages. The gastropods were present in the waters of the ancient seas, and they included single-shelled drills, periwinkles, and snails. The bivalve gastropods have come on down through the in... |
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} | So ends the evolutionary story of the second great period of marine life, which is known to your geologists as the Ordovician. |
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"Paper": 59,
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} | 300,000,000 years ago another great period of land submergence began. The southward and northward encroachment of the ancient Silurian seas made ready to engulf most of Europe and North America. The land was not elevated far above the sea so that not much deposition occurred about the shore lines. The seas teemed with ... |
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"Paper": 59,
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} | No fire rocks or lava are found in the stone layers of this period except those of the great volcanoes of southern Europe and eastern Maine and the lava flows of Quebec. Volcanic action was largely past. This was the height of great water deposition; there was little or no mountain building. |
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"Paper": 59,
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} | 290,000,000 years ago the sea had largely withdrawn from the continents, and the bottoms of the surrounding oceans were sinking. The land masses were little changed until they were again submerged. The early mountain movements of all the continents were beginning, and the greatest of these crustal upheavals were the Hi... |
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"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 4,
"Section": 3,
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} | It is in the deposits of this age that much of the gas, oil, zinc, and lead are found, the gas and oil being derived from the enormous collections of vegetable and animal matter carried down at the time of the previous land submergence, while the mineral deposits represent the sedimentation of sluggish bodies of water.... |
59:3.5 | [
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"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 5,
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} | The trilobites rapidly declined, and the center of the stage was occupied by the larger mollusks, or cephalopods. These animals grew to be fifteen feet long and one foot in diameter and became masters of the seas. This species of animal appeared suddenly and assumed dominance of sea life. |
59:3.6 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 6,
"Section": 3,
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} | The great volcanic activity of this age was in the European sector. Not in millions upon millions of years had such violent and extensive volcanic eruptions occurred as now took place around the Mediterranean trough and especially in the neighborhood of the British Isles. This lava flow over the British Isles region to... |
59:3.7 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | The oceanic climate remained mild and uniform, and the warm seas bathed the shores of the polar lands. Brachiopod and other marine-life fossils may be found in these deposits right up to the North Pole. Gastropods, brachiopods, sponges, and reef-making corals continued to increase. |
59:3.8 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | The close of this epoch witnesses the second advance of the Silurian seas with another commingling of the waters of the southern and northern oceans. The cephalopods dominate marine life, while associated forms of life progressively develop and differentiate. |
59:3.9 | [
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"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 9,
"Section": 3,
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} | 280,000,000 years ago the continents had largely emerged from the second Silurian inundation. The rock deposits of this submergence are known in North America as Niagara limestone because this is the stratum of rock over which Niagara Falls now flows. This layer of rock extends from the eastern mountains to the Mississ... |
59:3.10 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
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} | The climate is even and mild, and marine fossils are laid down in the arctic regions. But by the end of this epoch the seas are so excessively salty that little life survives. |
59:3.11 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | Toward the close of the final Silurian submergence there is a great increase in the echinoderms—the stone lilies—as is evidenced by the crinoid limestone deposits. The trilobites have nearly disappeared, and the mollusks continue monarchs of the seas; coral-reef formation increases greatly. During this age, in the more... |
59:3.12 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | These developments terminate the third marine-life period, covering twenty-five million years and known to your researchers as the Silurian. |
59:4.1 | [
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"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 1,
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} | In the agelong struggle between land and water, for long periods the sea has been comparatively victorious, but times of land victory are just ahead. And the continental drifts have not proceeded so far but that, at times, practically all of the land of the world is connected by slender isthmuses and narrow land bridge... |
59:4.2 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
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} | As the land emerges from the last Silurian inundation, an important period in world development and life evolution comes to an end. It is the dawn of a new age on earth. The naked and unattractive landscape of former times is becoming clothed with luxuriant verdure, and the first magnificent forests will soon appear. |
59:4.3 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
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} | The marine life of this age was very diverse due to the early species segregation, but later on there was free commingling and association of all these different types. The brachiopods early reached their climax, being succeeded by the arthropods, and barnacles made their first appearance. But the greatest event of all... |
59:4.4 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
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} | 270,000,000 years ago the continents were all above water. In millions upon millions of years not so much land had been above water at one time; it was one of the greatest land-emergence epochs in all world history. |
59:4.5 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | Five million years later the land areas of North and South America, Europe, Africa, northern Asia, and Australia were briefly inundated, in North America the submergence at one time or another being almost complete; and the resulting limestone layers run from 500 to 5,000 feet in thickness. These various Devonian seas ... |
59:4.6 | [
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0... | {
"Paper": 59,
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} | 260,000,000 years ago, toward the end of this land-depression epoch, North America was partially overspread by seas having simultaneous connection with the Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, and Gulf waters. The deposits of these later stages of the first Devonian flood average about one thousand feet in thickness. The coral r... |
59:4.7 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | Following these submergences, many of the shore lines were considerably elevated so that the earlier deposits were covered by mud or shale. There is also a red sandstone stratum which characterizes one of the Devonian sedimentations, and this red layer extends over much of the earth’s surface, being found in North and ... |
59:4.8 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | Throughout all of this period the land southeast of the Cincinnati Island remained well above water. But very much of western Europe, including the British Isles, was submerged. In Wales, Germany, and other places in Europe the Devonian rocks are 20,000 feet thick. |
59:4.9 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | 250,000,000 years ago witnessed the appearance of the fish family, the vertebrates, one of the most important steps in all prehuman evolution. |
59:4.10 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
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"Section": 4,
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} | The arthropods, or crustaceans, were the ancestors of the first vertebrates. The forerunners of the fish family were two modified arthropod ancestors; one had a long body connecting a head and tail, while the other was a backboneless, jawless prefish. But these preliminary types were quickly destroyed when the fishes, ... |
59:4.11 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
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} | Many of the largest true fish belong to this age, some of the teeth-bearing varieties being twenty-five to thirty feet long; the present-day sharks are the survivors of these ancient fishes. The lung and armored fishes reached their evolutionary apex, and before this epoch had ended, fishes had adapted to both fresh an... |
59:4.12 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
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} | Veritable bone beds of fish teeth and skeletons may be found in the deposits laid down toward the close of this period, and rich fossil beds are situated along the coast of California since many sheltered bays of the Pacific Ocean extended into the land of that region. |
59:4.13 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
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} | The earth was being rapidly overrun by the new orders of land vegetation. Heretofore few plants grew on land except about the water’s edge. Now, and suddenly, the prolific fern family appeared and quickly spread over the face of the rapidly rising land in all parts of the world. Tree types, two feet thick and forty fee... |
59:4.14 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | As the land rose, North America became connected with Europe by land bridges extending to Greenland. And today Greenland holds the remains of these early land plants beneath its mantle of ice. |
59:4.15 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | 240,000,000 years ago the land over parts of both Europe and North and South America began to sink. This subsidence marked the appearance of the last and least extensive of the Devonian floods. The arctic seas again moved southward over much of North America, the Atlantic inundated a large part of Europe and western As... |
59:4.16 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
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} | 230,000,000 years ago the seas were continuing their retreat. Much of North America was above water, and great volcanic activity occurred in the St. Lawrence region. Mount Royal, at Montreal, is the eroded neck of one of these volcanoes. The deposits of this entire epoch are well shown in the Appalachian Mountains of N... |
59:4.17 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | The elevation of the continents proceeded, and the atmosphere was becoming enriched with oxygen. The earth was overspread by vast forests of ferns one hundred feet high and by the peculiar trees of those days, silent forests; not a sound was heard, not even the rustle of a leaf, for such trees had no leaves. |
59:4.18 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
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} | And thus drew to a close one of the longest periods of marine-life evolution, the age of fishes. This period of the world’s history lasted almost fifty million years; it has become known to your researchers as the Devonian. |
59:5.1 | [
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"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 1,
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} | The appearance of fish during the preceding period marks the apex of marine-life evolution. From this point onward the evolution of land life becomes increasingly important. And this period opens with the stage almost ideally set for the appearance of the first land animals. |
59:5.2 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | 220,000,000 years ago many of the continental land areas, including most of North America, were above water. The land was overrun by luxurious vegetation; this was indeed the age of ferns. Carbon dioxide was still present in the atmosphere but in lessening degree. |
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 3,
"Section": 5,
"Standard Reference": "59:5.3"
} | Shortly thereafter the central portion of North America was inundated, creating two great inland seas. Both the Atlantic and Pacific coastal highlands were situated just beyond the present shore lines. These two seas presently united, commingling their different forms of life, and the union of these marine fauna marked... |
59:5.4 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 4,
"Section": 5,
"Standard Reference": "59:5.4"
} | 210,000,000 years ago the warm-water arctic seas covered most of North America and Europe. The south polar waters inundated South America and Australia, while both Africa and Asia were highly elevated. |
59:5.5 | [
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"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 5,
"Section": 5,
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} | When the seas were at their height, a new evolutionary development suddenly occurred. Abruptly, the first of the land animals appeared. There were numerous species of these animals that were able to live on land or in water. These air-breathing amphibians developed from the arthropods, whose swim bladders had evolved i... |
59:5.6 | [
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"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 6,
"Section": 5,
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} | From the briny waters of the seas there crawled out upon the land snails, scorpions, and frogs. Today frogs still lay their eggs in water, and their young first exist as little fishes, tadpoles. This period could well be known as the age of frogs. |
59:5.7 | [
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"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 7,
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} | Very soon thereafter the insects first appeared and, together with spiders, scorpions, cockroaches, crickets, and locusts, soon overspread the continents of the world. Dragon flies measured thirty inches across. One thousand species of cockroaches developed, and some grew to be four inches long. |
59:5.8 | [
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"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 8,
"Section": 5,
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} | Two groups of echinoderms became especially well developed, and they are in reality the guide fossils of this epoch. The large shell-feeding sharks were also highly evolved, and for more than five million years they dominated the oceans. The climate was still mild and equable; the marine life was little changed. Fresh-... |
59:5.9 | [
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"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 9,
"Section": 5,
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} | The waters of many of the inland seas were so heavily charged with lime and other minerals as greatly to interfere with the progress and development of many marine species. Eventually the seas cleared up as the result of an extensive stone deposit, in some places containing zinc and lead. |
59:5.10 | [
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"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 10,
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} | The deposits of this early Carboniferous age are from 500 to 2,000 feet thick, consisting of sandstone, shale, and limestone. The oldest strata yield the fossils of both land and marine animals and plants, along with much gravel and basin sediments. Little workable coal is found in these older strata. These depositions... |
59:5.11 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
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} | Toward the close of this epoch the land of North America began to rise. There was a short interruption, and the sea returned to cover about half of its previous beds. This was a short inundation, and most of the land was soon well above water. South America was still connected with Europe by way of Africa. |
59:5.12 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 12,
"Section": 5,
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} | This epoch witnessed the beginning of the Vosges, Black Forest, and Ural mountains. Stumps of other and older mountains are to be found all over Great Britain and Europe. |
59:5.13 | [
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"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 13,
"Section": 5,
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} | 200,000,000 years ago the really active stages of the Carboniferous period began. For twenty million years prior to this time the earlier coal deposits were being laid down, but now the more extensive coal-formation activities were in process. The length of the actual coal-deposition epoch was a little over twenty-five... |
59:5.14 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | The land was periodically going up and down due to the shifting sea level occasioned by activities on the ocean bottoms. This crustal uneasiness—the settling and rising of the land—in connection with the prolific vegetation of the coastal swamps, contributed to the production of extensive coal deposits, which have caus... |
59:5.15 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 15,
"Section": 5,
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} | The coal layers alternate with shale, stone, and conglomerate. These coal beds over central and eastern United States vary in thickness from forty to fifty feet. But many of these deposits were washed away during subsequent land elevations. In some parts of North America and Europe the coal-bearing strata are 18,000 fe... |
59:5.16 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 16,
"Section": 5,
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} | The presence of roots of trees as they grew in the clay underlying the present coal beds demonstrates that coal was formed exactly where it is now found. Coal is the water-preserved and pressure-modified remains of the rank vegetation growing in the bogs and on the swamp shores of this faraway age. Coal layers often ho... |
59:5.17 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | In North America the layers of coal in the various beds, which indicate the number of times the land fell and rose, vary from ten in Illinois, twenty in Pennsylvania, thirty-five in Alabama, to seventy-five in Canada. Both fresh- and salt-water fossils are found in the coal beds. |
59:5.18 | [
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"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 18,
"Section": 5,
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} | Throughout this epoch the mountains of North and South America were active, both the Andes and the southern ancestral Rocky Mountains rising. The great Atlantic and Pacific high coastal regions began to sink, eventually becoming so eroded and submerged that the coast lines of both oceans withdrew to approximately their... |
59:5.19 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 19,
"Section": 5,
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} | 190,000,000 years ago witnessed a westward extension of the North American Carboniferous sea over the present Rocky Mountain region, with an outlet to the Pacific Ocean through northern California. Coal continued to be laid down throughout the Americas and Europe, layer upon layer, as the coastlands rose and fell durin... |
59:5.20 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 20,
"Section": 5,
"Standard Reference": "59:5.20"
} | 180,000,000 years ago brought the close of the Carboniferous period, during which coal had been formed all over the world—in Europe, India, China, North Africa, and the Americas. At the close of the coal-formation period North America east of the Mississippi valley rose, and most of this section has ever since remained... |
59:5.21 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | Land elevation began to modify the marine climate of the preceding ages and to substitute therefor the beginnings of the less mild and more variable continental climate. |
59:5.22 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | The plants of these times were spore bearing, and the wind was able to spread them far and wide. The trunks of the Carboniferous trees were commonly seven feet in diameter and often one hundred and twenty-five feet high. The modern ferns are truly relics of these bygone ages. |
59:5.23 | [
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"Paper": 59,
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} | In general, these were the epochs of development for fresh-water organisms; little change occurred in the previous marine life. But the important characteristic of this period was the sudden appearance of the frogs and their many cousins. The life features of the coal age were ferns and frogs. |
59:6.1 | [
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"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 1,
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} | This period marks the end of pivotal evolutionary development in marine life and the opening of the transition period leading to the subsequent ages of land animals. |
59:6.2 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 2,
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} | This age was one of great life impoverishment. Thousands of marine species perished, and life was hardly yet established on land. This was a time of biologic tribulation, the age when life nearly vanished from the face of the earth and from the depths of the oceans. Toward the close of the long marine-life era there we... |
59:6.3 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
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} | The peculiarities of this new period were not due so much to the cooling of the earth’s crust or to the long absence of volcanic action as to an unusual combination of commonplace and pre-existing influences—restrictions of the seas and increasing elevation of enormous land masses. The mild marine climate of former tim... |
59:6.4 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 4,
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} | 170,000,000 years ago great evolutionary changes and adjustments were taking place over the entire face of the earth. Land was rising all over the world as the ocean beds were sinking. Isolated mountain ridges appeared. The eastern part of North America was high above the sea; the west was slowly rising. The continents... |
59:6.5 | [
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"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 5,
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} | The earth’s crust folded extensively during these land elevations. This was a time of continental emergence except for the disappearance of certain land bridges, including the continents which had so long connected South America with Africa and North America with Europe. |
59:6.6 | [
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0... | {
"Paper": 59,
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} | Gradually the inland lakes and seas were drying up all over the world. Isolated mountain and regional glaciers began to appear, especially over the Southern Hemisphere, and in many regions the glacial deposit of these local ice formations may be found even among some of the upper and later coal deposits. Two new climat... |
59:6.7 | [
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"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 7,
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} | Throughout these times of climatic change, great variations also occurred in the land plants. The seed plants first appeared, and they afforded a better food supply for the subsequently increased land-animal life. The insects underwent a radical change. The resting stages evolved to meet the demands of suspended animat... |
59:6.8 | [
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
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} | Among the land animals the frogs reached their climax in the preceding age and rapidly declined, but they survived because they could long live even in the drying-up pools and ponds of these far-distant and extremely trying times. During this declining frog age, in Africa, the first step in the evolution of the frog in... |
59:6.9 | [
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0.020427821204066277,
0.020852847024798393,
0.03679133206605911,
... | {
"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 9,
"Section": 6,
"Standard Reference": "59:6.9"
} | The gradual cooling of the ocean waters contributed much to the destruction of oceanic life. The marine animals of those ages took temporary refuge in three favorable retreats: the present Gulf of Mexico region, the Ganges Bay of India, and the Sicilian Bay of the Mediterranean basin. And it was from these three region... |
59:6.10 | [
0.014873194508254528,
-0.00764006981626153,
-0.00654394319280982,
-0.012339632026851177,
-0.01525388564914465,
0.002582790097221732,
-0.02864369936287403,
-0.009149705991148949,
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0.0029667625203728676,
0.022093191742897034,
0.013416067697107792,
... | {
"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 10,
"Section": 6,
"Standard Reference": "59:6.10"
} | 160,000,000 years ago the land was largely covered with vegetation adapted to support land-animal life, and the atmosphere had become ideal for animal respiration. Thus ends the period of marine-life curtailment and those testing times of biologic adversity which eliminated all forms of life except such as had survival... |
59:6.11 | [
0.0191761814057827,
-0.004723966121673584,
0.026222312822937965,
-0.01446177065372467,
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0.006498240865767002,
0.028337426483631134,
0.0010599459055811167,
-... | {
"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 11,
"Section": 6,
"Standard Reference": "59:6.11"
} | The ending of this period of biologic tribulation, known to your students as the Permian, also marks the end of the long Paleozoic era, which covers one quarter of the planetary history, two hundred and fifty million years. |
59:6.12 | [
0.039649613201618195,
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0.002479757182300091,
0.016525089740753174,
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0.024701496586203575,
... | {
"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 12,
"Section": 6,
"Standard Reference": "59:6.12"
} | The vast oceanic nursery of life on Urantia has served its purpose. During the long ages when the land was unsuited to support life, before the atmosphere contained sufficient oxygen to sustain the higher land animals, the sea mothered and nurtured the early life of the realm. Now the biologic importance of the sea pro... |
59:6.13 | [
0.01955811306834221,
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0.0032687652856111526,
0.008682657964527607,
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... | {
"Paper": 59,
"Paragraph": 13,
"Section": 6,
"Standard Reference": "59:6.13"
} | [Presented by a Life Carrier of Nebadon, one of the original corps assigned to Urantia.] |
60:0.1 | [
0.007462598849087954,
-0.021922612562775612,
0.029195206239819527,
-0.041067223995923996,
-0.012278235517442226,
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0.01043715514242649,
0.014610706828534603,
... | {
"Paper": 60,
"Paragraph": 1,
"Section": 0,
"Standard Reference": "60:0.1"
} | THE era of exclusive marine life has ended. Land elevation, cooling crust and cooling oceans, sea restriction and consequent deepening, together with a great increase of land in northern latitudes, all conspired greatly to change the world’s climate in all regions far removed from the equatorial zone. |
60:0.2 | [
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0.0018439247505739331,
0.005331017542630434,
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0.040083855390548706,
0.010108688846230507,
... | {
"Paper": 60,
"Paragraph": 2,
"Section": 0,
"Standard Reference": "60:0.2"
} | The closing epochs of the preceding era were indeed the age of frogs, but these ancestors of the land vertebrates were no longer dominant, having survived in greatly reduced numbers. Very few types outlived the rigorous trials of the preceding period of biologic tribulation. Even the spore-bearing plants were nearly ex... |
60:1.1 | [
0.015191832557320595,
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0.018180815503001213,
-0.03103344328701496,
0.009818159975111485,
0.029733886942267418,
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0.006611501332372427,
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0.01494491659104824,
0.0237819105386734,
0.01893455907702446,
0.014... | {
"Paper": 60,
"Paragraph": 1,
"Section": 1,
"Standard Reference": "60:1.1"
} | The erosion deposits of this period were mostly conglomerates, shale, and sandstone. The gypsum and red layers throughout these sedimentations over both America and Europe indicate that the climate of these continents was arid. These arid districts were subjected to great erosion from the violent and periodic cloudburs... |
60:1.2 | [
0.005955628119409084,
-0.0014970299089327455,
0.011254935525357723,
-0.027214588597416878,
0.005328549072146416,
0.006342272739857435,
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0.005669706035405397,
0.003986664582043886,
0.026720723137259483,
0.036416083574295044,
0.024355368688702583,
-0... | {
"Paper": 60,
"Paragraph": 2,
"Section": 1,
"Standard Reference": "60:1.2"
} | Few fossils are to be found in these layers, but numerous sandstone footprints of the land reptiles may be observed. In many regions the one thousand feet of red sandstone deposit of this period contains no fossils. The life of land animals was continuous only in certain parts of Africa. |
60:1.3 | [
0.008679084479808807,
0.002176401438191533,
0.042115770280361176,
-0.014639738947153091,
-0.014785606414079666,
0.018922923132777214,
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0.008387350477278233,
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0.014440829865634441,
0.0006601309287361801,
... | {
"Paper": 60,
"Paragraph": 3,
"Section": 1,
"Standard Reference": "60:1.3"
} | These deposits vary in thickness from 3,000 to 10,000 feet, even being 18,000 on the Pacific coast. Lava was later forced in between many of these layers. The Palisades of the Hudson River were formed by the extrusion of basalt lava between these Triassic strata. Volcanic action was extensive in different parts of the ... |
60:1.4 | [
0.01634194329380989,
0.010093944147229195,
0.03257742524147034,
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0.02456614561378956,
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-0.009794519282877445,
0.004068851005285978,
0.017340026795864105,
0.007685238029807806,
0... | {
"Paper": 60,
"Paragraph": 4,
"Section": 1,
"Standard Reference": "60:1.4"
} | Over Europe, especially Germany and Russia, may be found deposits of this period. In England the New Red Sandstone belongs to this epoch. Limestone was laid down in the southern Alps as the result of a sea invasion and may now be seen as the peculiar dolomite limestone walls, peaks, and pillars of those regions. This l... |
60:1.5 | [
0.016105351969599724,
-0.017515672370791435,
-0.001986410701647401,
-0.018485266715288162,
-0.008839685469865799,
-0.0076497276313602924,
-0.01434245239943266,
0.011465147137641907,
-0.005619244184345007,
-0.0036454256623983383,
0.00702012050896883,
0.03780161589384079,
-0.010256301611661911... | {
"Paper": 60,
"Paragraph": 5,
"Section": 1,
"Standard Reference": "60:1.5"
} | 150,000,000 years ago the early land-life periods of the world’s history began. Life, in general, did not fare well but did better than at the strenuous and hostile close of the marine-life era. |
60:1.6 | [
0.016605043783783913,
-0.01576182059943676,
0.01582668349146843,
-0.019381200894713402,
-0.005980410613119602,
0.01391969807446003,
-0.03487059473991394,
0.005176103673875332,
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0.026114027947187424,
-0.020055780187249184,
-... | {
"Paper": 60,
"Paragraph": 6,
"Section": 1,
"Standard Reference": "60:1.6"
} | As this era opens, the eastern and central parts of North America, the northern half of South America, most of Europe, and all of Asia are well above water. North America for the first time is geographically isolated, but not for long as the Bering Strait land bridge soon again emerges, connecting the continent with As... |
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