MedHallu: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Detecting Medical Hallucinations in Large Language Models
Paper • 2502.14302 • Published • 10
Datasets:
row_id string | source_dataset string | source_id string | pmid string | question string | answer string | context string | row_type string | difficulty string | hallucination_category string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-0-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 0 | 25429730 | Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia? | Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are significantly decreased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and eosinophilia. Studies have shown that a reduction in ILC2s correlates with increased eosinophilia and more severe nasal symptoms. A study by Lee et al. (2021) found that ILC2 depletion is a protective mecha... | BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has ye... | hallucinated | easy | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-0-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 0 | 25429730 | Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia? | As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insig... | BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has ye... | not_hallucinated | easy | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-1-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 1 | 25433161 | Does vagus nerve contribute to the development of steatohepatitis and obesity in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase deficient mice? | Capsaicin-induced disruption of hepatic afferent vagus nerve significantly increases the development of steatohepatitis in Pemt(-/-) mice. | BACKGROUND & AIMS: Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT), a liver enriched enzyme, is responsible for approximately one third of hepatic phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. When fed a high-fat diet (HFD), Pemt(-/-) mice are protected from HF-induced obesity; however, they develop steatohepatitis. The vagus ... | hallucinated | medium | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-1-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 1 | 25433161 | Does vagus nerve contribute to the development of steatohepatitis and obesity in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase deficient mice? | Neuronal signals via the hepatic vagus nerve contribute to the development of steatohepatitis and protection against obesity in HFD fed Pemt(-/-) mice. | BACKGROUND & AIMS: Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT), a liver enriched enzyme, is responsible for approximately one third of hepatic phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. When fed a high-fat diet (HFD), Pemt(-/-) mice are protected from HF-induced obesity; however, they develop steatohepatitis. The vagus ... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-2-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 2 | 25445714 | Does psammaplin A induce Sirtuin 1-dependent autophagic cell death in doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7/adr human breast cancer cells and xenografts? | Psammaplin A induces Sirtuin 1-independent autophagic cell death in doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7/adr human breast cancer cells through the inhibition of mTOR signaling. | BACKGROUND: Psammaplin A (PsA) is a natural product isolated from marine sponges, which has been demonstrated to have anticancer activity against several human cancer cell lines via the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. New drugs that are less toxic and more effective against multidrug-resistant cancers are... | hallucinated | medium | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-2-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 2 | 25445714 | Does psammaplin A induce Sirtuin 1-dependent autophagic cell death in doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7/adr human breast cancer cells and xenografts? | PsA significantly inhibited MCF-7/adr cells proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, with accumulation of cells in G2/M phase of the cell cycle. PsA significantly decreased SIRT1 enzyme activity and reduced expression of SIRT1 protein in the cultured cells with greater potency than sirtinol or salermide. Acet... | BACKGROUND: Psammaplin A (PsA) is a natural product isolated from marine sponges, which has been demonstrated to have anticancer activity against several human cancer cell lines via the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. New drugs that are less toxic and more effective against multidrug-resistant cancers are... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-3-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 3 | 25431941 | Is methylation of the FGFR2 gene associated with high birth weight centile in humans? | Methylation of the FGFR2 gene is inversely correlated with high birth weight centile in humans. | AIMS: This study examined links between DNA methylation and birth weight centile (BWC), and explored the impact of genetic variation.
MATERIALS & METHODS: Using HumanMethylation450 arrays, we examined candidate gene-associated CpGs in cord blood from newborns with low (<15th centile), medium (40-60th centile) and high... | hallucinated | hard | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-3-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 3 | 25431941 | Is methylation of the FGFR2 gene associated with high birth weight centile in humans? | We identified a novel biologically plausible candidate (FGFR2) for with BWC that merits further study. | AIMS: This study examined links between DNA methylation and birth weight centile (BWC), and explored the impact of genetic variation.
MATERIALS & METHODS: Using HumanMethylation450 arrays, we examined candidate gene-associated CpGs in cord blood from newborns with low (<15th centile), medium (40-60th centile) and high... | not_hallucinated | hard | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-4-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 4 | 25432519 | Do tumor-infiltrating immune cell profiles and their change after neoadjuvant chemotherapy predict response and prognosis of breast cancer? | The levels of CD20-positive B cells in the tumor microenvironment before treatment significantly correlate with a favorable response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and improved overall survival. | INTRODUCTION: Tumor microenvironment immunity is associated with breast cancer outcome. A high lymphocytic infiltration has been associated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, but the contribution to response and prognosis of immune cell subpopulations profiles in both pre-treated and post-treatment residual tum... | hallucinated | hard | Incomplete Information |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-4-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 4 | 25432519 | Do tumor-infiltrating immune cell profiles and their change after neoadjuvant chemotherapy predict response and prognosis of breast cancer? | Breast cancer immune cell subpopulation profiles, determined by immunohistochemistry-based computerized analysis, identify groups of patients characterized by high response (in the pre-treatment setting) and poor prognosis (in the post-treatment setting). Further understanding of the mechanisms underlying the distribut... | INTRODUCTION: Tumor microenvironment immunity is associated with breast cancer outcome. A high lymphocytic infiltration has been associated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, but the contribution to response and prognosis of immune cell subpopulations profiles in both pre-treated and post-treatment residual tum... | not_hallucinated | hard | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-5-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 5 | 25440440 | Is hidradenitis suppurativa a systemic disease with substantial comorbidity burden : a chart-verified case-control analysis? | The study confirmed that HS patients had a higher prevalence of smoking, arthropathies, and dyslipidemia compared to a validated control group. | BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving intertriginous skin. Previous epidemiologic studies have been limited by small sample size.
OBJECTIVE: We sought to describe the prevalence and comorbidities of HS in a large patient care database.
METHODS: In this retrospective cas... | hallucinated | hard | Incomplete Information |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-5-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 5 | 25440440 | Is hidradenitis suppurativa a systemic disease with substantial comorbidity burden : a chart-verified case-control analysis? | Control subjects were not validated for absence of HS and comorbidity validation was not performed for either group. | BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving intertriginous skin. Previous epidemiologic studies have been limited by small sample size.
OBJECTIVE: We sought to describe the prevalence and comorbidities of HS in a large patient care database.
METHODS: In this retrospective cas... | not_hallucinated | hard | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-6-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 6 | 25444977 | Does reference range for serum and salivary testosterone in young men of Mediterranean region? | In young men of the Mediterranean region, the reference range for salivary testosterone (ST) is significantly higher compared to serum testosterone (TT), with an optimal range of 0.45-0.85 nmol/L for ST. | BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The interassay variability found in the measurement of testosterone (T) levels warrants the need for laboratories to validate their methods to establish trustworthy cut-off points for diagnosis of male hypogonadism. The aims of this study were to validate measurement of total T (TT) at our laborato... | hallucinated | easy | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-6-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 6 | 25444977 | Does reference range for serum and salivary testosterone in young men of Mediterranean region? | In men from the Mediterranean region, values of TT>9.7 nmol/L, CFT>0.22 nmol/L, and/or CBT>4.9 nmol/L make the presence of biochemical hypogonadism unlikely. According to the correlation between serum and ST, the clinical value of ST remains to be established. | BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The interassay variability found in the measurement of testosterone (T) levels warrants the need for laboratories to validate their methods to establish trustworthy cut-off points for diagnosis of male hypogonadism. The aims of this study were to validate measurement of total T (TT) at our laborato... | not_hallucinated | easy | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-7-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 7 | 25429648 | Are secretory phospholipases A2 secreted from ciliated cells and increase mucin and eicosanoid secretion from goblet cells? | Secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) are primarily secreted from goblet cells and enhance eicosanoid and mucin secretion from ciliated cells. | BACKGROUND: Secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) initiate the biosynthesis of eicosanoids, are increased in the airways of people with severe asthma, and induce mucin hypersecretion. We used IL-13-transformed, highly enriched goblet cells and differentiated (ciliary cell-enriched) human bronchial epithelial cell culture... | hallucinated | easy | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-7-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 7 | 25429648 | Are secretory phospholipases A2 secreted from ciliated cells and increase mucin and eicosanoid secretion from goblet cells? | sPLA2 are secreted from ciliated cells and appear to induce mucin and cysLT secretion from goblet cells, strongly suggesting that airway goblet cells are proinflammatory effector cells. | BACKGROUND: Secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) initiate the biosynthesis of eicosanoids, are increased in the airways of people with severe asthma, and induce mucin hypersecretion. We used IL-13-transformed, highly enriched goblet cells and differentiated (ciliary cell-enriched) human bronchial epithelial cell culture... | not_hallucinated | easy | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-8-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 8 | 25424148 | Is admission hyperglycemia associated with failed reperfusion following fibrinolytic therapy in patients with STEMI : results of a retrospective study? | In patients with STEMI who undergo FT, admission hyperglycemia is not a significant predictor of the failure of fibrinolysis, but it correlates with higher rates of post-treatment complications. | BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia on admission is associated with increased mortality rates in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who are treated with either fibrinolytic therapy (FT) or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, data regarding the relationship between hyperglycemia and th... | hallucinated | medium | Incomplete Information |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-8-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 8 | 25424148 | Is admission hyperglycemia associated with failed reperfusion following fibrinolytic therapy in patients with STEMI : results of a retrospective study? | In patients with STEMI who undergo FT, admission hyperglycemia is an independent predictor of the failure of fibrinolysis. | BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia on admission is associated with increased mortality rates in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who are treated with either fibrinolytic therapy (FT) or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, data regarding the relationship between hyperglycemia and th... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-9-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 9 | 25447560 | Do systematic Reviews Published in Emergency Medicine Journals Routinely Search Clinical Trials Registries : A Cross-Sectional Analysis? | Systematic reviews published in emergency medicine journals routinely incorporate clinical trials registry searches to enhance the comprehensiveness of their findings. | STUDY OBJECTIVE: Publication bias compromises the validity of systematic reviews. This problem can be addressed in part through searching clinical trials registries to identify unpublished studies. This study aims to determine how often systematic reviews published in emergency medicine journals include clinical trials... | hallucinated | medium | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-9-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 9 | 25447560 | Do systematic Reviews Published in Emergency Medicine Journals Routinely Search Clinical Trials Registries : A Cross-Sectional Analysis? | Systematic reviews published in emergency medicine journals do not routinely include searches of clinical trials registries. By helping authors identify unpublished trial data, the addition of registry searches may improve the validity of systematic reviews. | STUDY OBJECTIVE: Publication bias compromises the validity of systematic reviews. This problem can be addressed in part through searching clinical trials registries to identify unpublished studies. This study aims to determine how often systematic reviews published in emergency medicine journals include clinical trials... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-10-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 10 | 25447567 | Do obese patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have a higher 90-day mortality risk with bilateral lung transplantation? | Obese patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) face a significantly higher 90-day mortality risk following bilateral lung transplantation compared to those with a normal body mass index (BMI). A retrospective analysis of data from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) indicates that patients... | BACKGROUND: Obese patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have higher 90-day mortality after lung transplantation. We sought to determine whether body mass index (BMI) differentially modified the effect of transplant procedure type on 90-day mortality in IPF patients.
METHODS: We analyzed data from the Organ... | hallucinated | hard | Incomplete Information |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-10-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 10 | 25447567 | Do obese patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have a higher 90-day mortality risk with bilateral lung transplantation? | Our results suggest that obese patients who receive a BLT may be at higher risk of 90-day mortality compared with patients of normal weight. Further study is needed to obtain more detailed information about comorbidities and other risk factors for early death that are not included in the OPTN database. | BACKGROUND: Obese patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have higher 90-day mortality after lung transplantation. We sought to determine whether body mass index (BMI) differentially modified the effect of transplant procedure type on 90-day mortality in IPF patients.
METHODS: We analyzed data from the Organ... | not_hallucinated | hard | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-11-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 11 | 25445624 | Does promoter variant rs2301228 on the neural cell adhesion molecule 1 gene confer risk of schizophrenia in Han Chinese? | A promoter variant rs2301228 on the NCAM1 gene is associated with a decreased risk of schizophrenia in Han Chinese populations due to its protective effects on neural cell adhesion and synaptic plasticity. | BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is recognized as a disorder of the brain and neuronal connectivity. The neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) gene plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal connectivity.
METHODS: We conducted a two-stage association analysis on 17 NCAM1 SNPs in two independent Han Chinese schizophrenia c... | hallucinated | medium | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-11-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 11 | 25445624 | Does promoter variant rs2301228 on the neural cell adhesion molecule 1 gene confer risk of schizophrenia in Han Chinese? | Our results provide direct evidence for NCAM1 as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, which offers support to a neurodevelopmental model and neuronal connectivity hypothesis in the onset of schizophrenia. | BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is recognized as a disorder of the brain and neuronal connectivity. The neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) gene plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal connectivity.
METHODS: We conducted a two-stage association analysis on 17 NCAM1 SNPs in two independent Han Chinese schizophrenia c... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-12-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 12 | 25445628 | Are [ Higher nitric oxide levels associated with disease activity in Egyptian rheumatoid arthritis patients ]? | Lower nitric oxide levels are associated with higher disease activity in Egyptian rheumatoid arthritis patients. | BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress generated within inflammatory joints can produce autoimmune phenomena and joint destruction. Radical species with oxidative activity, including reactive nitrogen species, represent mediators of inflammation and cartilage damage.
OBJECTIVES: To assess serum nitric oxide as a marker of oxida... | hallucinated | easy | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-12-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 12 | 25445628 | Are [ Higher nitric oxide levels associated with disease activity in Egyptian rheumatoid arthritis patients ]? | There are increased levels of nitric oxide in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nitric oxide correlates significantly with disease activity, inflammatory markers and radiological joint status. | BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress generated within inflammatory joints can produce autoimmune phenomena and joint destruction. Radical species with oxidative activity, including reactive nitrogen species, represent mediators of inflammation and cartilage damage.
OBJECTIVES: To assess serum nitric oxide as a marker of oxida... | not_hallucinated | easy | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-13-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 13 | 25432781 | Does increased Syk phosphorylation lead to overexpression of TRAF6 in peripheral B cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus? | Increased Syk phosphorylation leads to enhanced activation of the NF-κB pathway rather than TRAF6 overexpression in peripheral B cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. | OBJECTIVE: Activation of B cells is a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Syk and TRAF6 are key signaling molecules in B-cell activation through BCR and CD40/TLR, respectively. Nevertheless, whether expression of Syk and TRAF6 is altered in SLE B cells remains unknown.
METHODS: Phosphorylation and/or expre... | hallucinated | hard | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-13-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 13 | 25432781 | Does increased Syk phosphorylation lead to overexpression of TRAF6 in peripheral B cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus? | Our results suggest that the activated Syk-mediated TRAF6 pathway leads to aberrant activation of B cells in SLE, and also highlight Syk as a potential target for B-cell-mediated processes in SLE. | OBJECTIVE: Activation of B cells is a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Syk and TRAF6 are key signaling molecules in B-cell activation through BCR and CD40/TLR, respectively. Nevertheless, whether expression of Syk and TRAF6 is altered in SLE B cells remains unknown.
METHODS: Phosphorylation and/or expre... | not_hallucinated | hard | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-14-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 14 | 25429481 | Are reasons why erupted third molars extracted in a public university in Mexico? | Men and patients over 35 years of age had erupted 3M extracted more frequently, primarily due to orthodontic reasons. | PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the reasons for which erupted third molars (3M) are extracted in a sample of Mexican patients.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on a sample of 83 patients attending exodontia (minor oral surgery) clinics of a public university in ... | hallucinated | easy | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-14-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 14 | 25429481 | Are reasons why erupted third molars extracted in a public university in Mexico? | Women and patients 18 to 34 years of age had erupted 3M extracted more frequently, primarily for prosthetic reasons. The age profile indicated a trend in demand for services that differ from those of overall tooth extractions, but not for the trend across gender. | PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the reasons for which erupted third molars (3M) are extracted in a sample of Mexican patients.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on a sample of 83 patients attending exodontia (minor oral surgery) clinics of a public university in ... | not_hallucinated | easy | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-15-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 15 | 25424372 | Does the Boston keratoprosthesis provide a wide depth of focus? | The Boston keratoprosthesis provides a narrow depth of focus, largely due to its rigid design and fixed lens shape, which limits the eye’s ability to accommodate. | PURPOSE: To measure the through-focus curve for eyes implanted with a type 1 Boston keratoprosthesis (KPro) and compare it to that of pseudophakic controls with fixed pupil sizes. The results should assist in evaluating postoperative visual quality after surgery. They should also help to determine the necessary KPro in... | hallucinated | hard | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-15-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 15 | 25424372 | Does the Boston keratoprosthesis provide a wide depth of focus? | The KPro's wide depth-of-focus makes the visual acuity less dependent on an exact refractive correction at distance and explains the 'pseudoaccomodation' experienced by these patients. This is primarily due to the small pupil diameter of the KPro. The current manufacturing steps in 0.50 dioptre increments appears to be... | PURPOSE: To measure the through-focus curve for eyes implanted with a type 1 Boston keratoprosthesis (KPro) and compare it to that of pseudophakic controls with fixed pupil sizes. The results should assist in evaluating postoperative visual quality after surgery. They should also help to determine the necessary KPro in... | not_hallucinated | hard | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-16-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 16 | 25449410 | Do large portion sizes increase bite size and eating rate in overweight women? | Increasing portion size led to a larger bite size and faster eating rate, but also resulted in a higher deceleration rate, slowing down the overall eating process. | OBJECTIVE: Larger food portions lead to increased intake but the mechanism behind this effect is unclear. We investigated the effect of portion size on bite size, eating rate, deceleration rate, and meal duration.
DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty-seven overweight women attended 5 visits after a 3 h fast and consumed a 229, ... | hallucinated | easy | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-16-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 16 | 25449410 | Do large portion sizes increase bite size and eating rate in overweight women? | Increasing portion size led to a larger bite size and faster eating rate, but a slower reduction in eating speed during the meal. These changes may underlie greater energy intakes with exposure to large portions. Interventions to reduce bite size and slow eating rate may provide individuals with strategies to reduce th... | OBJECTIVE: Larger food portions lead to increased intake but the mechanism behind this effect is unclear. We investigated the effect of portion size on bite size, eating rate, deceleration rate, and meal duration.
DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty-seven overweight women attended 5 visits after a 3 h fast and consumed a 229, ... | not_hallucinated | easy | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-17-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 17 | 25448648 | Are routine preoperative restaging CTs after neoadjuvant chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer low yield : a retrospective case study? | Routine preoperative restaging CTs after neoadjuvant chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer are highly valuable, showing a significant impact on management decisions in nearly 75% of cases. | INTRODUCTION: Pre-operative restaging CT scans are often performed routinely following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. There is a paucity of data on the utility of this common practice. We sought to determine how often restaging CTs identified disease progression or regression that alt... | hallucinated | hard | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-17-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 17 | 25448648 | Are routine preoperative restaging CTs after neoadjuvant chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer low yield : a retrospective case study? | Because of the financial costs and established risks of intravenous contrast and cumulative radiation exposure, it may be advisable to take a more selective approach to preoperative imaging. Larger, prospective studies may enable identification of an at-risk cohort who would benefit most from restaging CT. | INTRODUCTION: Pre-operative restaging CT scans are often performed routinely following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. There is a paucity of data on the utility of this common practice. We sought to determine how often restaging CTs identified disease progression or regression that alt... | not_hallucinated | hard | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-18-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 18 | 25445712 | Does pancreatic polypeptide regulate glucagon release through PPYR1 receptors expressed in mouse and human alpha-cells? | Glucagon release in mouse and human pancreatic islets is regulated through PPYR2 receptors rather than PPYR1 receptors. | BACKGROUND: Plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) rise upon food intake. Although other pancreatic islet hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, have been extensively investigated, PP secretion and actions are still poorly understood.
METHODS: The release of PP upon glucose stimulation and the effects of PP on ... | hallucinated | medium | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-18-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 18 | 25445712 | Does pancreatic polypeptide regulate glucagon release through PPYR1 receptors expressed in mouse and human alpha-cells? | Glucose stimulates PP secretion and PP inhibits glucagon release in mouse pancreatic islets. PP receptors are present in alpha-cells of mouse and human pancreatic islets. | BACKGROUND: Plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) rise upon food intake. Although other pancreatic islet hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, have been extensively investigated, PP secretion and actions are still poorly understood.
METHODS: The release of PP upon glucose stimulation and the effects of PP on ... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-19-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 19 | 25449344 | Do two decades of British newspaper coverage regarding attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation decisions : Lessons for clinicians? | The predominant theme in British newspaper coverage of DNACPR decisions was the perceived over-reliance on technological interventions, even when they were deemed clinically futile. This theme highlighted concerns about the ethical implications of continuing aggressive treatment in end-of-life scenarios. | OBJECTIVE: To review UK newspaper reports relating to Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (DNACPR) decisions in order to identify common themes and encourage dialogue.
METHODS: An online media database (LexisNexis(®)) was searched for UK Newspaper articles between 1993 and 2013 that referenced DNACPR decision... | hallucinated | medium | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-19-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 19 | 25449344 | Do two decades of British newspaper coverage regarding attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation decisions : Lessons for clinicians? | Regarding DNACPR decision-making, the predominant theme was perceived lack of patient involvement, and, more recently, lack of surrogate involvement. Negative language was common, especially when decisions were presumed unilateral. Increased dialogue, and shared decision-making, is recommended. | OBJECTIVE: To review UK newspaper reports relating to Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (DNACPR) decisions in order to identify common themes and encourage dialogue.
METHODS: An online media database (LexisNexis(®)) was searched for UK Newspaper articles between 1993 and 2013 that referenced DNACPR decision... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-20-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 20 | 25440267 | Is increased time from neoadjuvant chemoradiation to surgery associated with higher pathologic complete response rates in esophageal cancer? | A shorter interval between completion of neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery is associated with higher pathologic complete response rates, as supported by several studies indicating that rapid progression through treatment phases can enhance the efficacy of chemoradiation therapy in esophageal cancer patients. | BACKGROUND: The interval between neoadjuvant chemoradiation treatment and surgery has been described as an important predictor of pathologic response to therapy in nonesophageal cancer sites. We retrospectively reviewed our experience with patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation and esophagectomy to better un... | hallucinated | easy | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-20-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 20 | 25440267 | Is increased time from neoadjuvant chemoradiation to surgery associated with higher pathologic complete response rates in esophageal cancer? | A longer interval between completion of neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery was associated with higher pathologic complete response rates without an impact on surgical morbidity. | BACKGROUND: The interval between neoadjuvant chemoradiation treatment and surgery has been described as an important predictor of pathologic response to therapy in nonesophageal cancer sites. We retrospectively reviewed our experience with patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation and esophagectomy to better un... | not_hallucinated | easy | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-21-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 21 | 25440261 | Is epileptic focus localization based on resting state interictal MEG recordings feasible irrespective of the presence or absence of spikes? | Epileptogenic focus localization based on resting state interictal MEG recordings is significantly enhanced by the presence of interictal epileptic spikes. | OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether epileptogenic focus localization is possible based on resting state connectivity analysis of magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data.
METHODS: A multivariate autoregressive (MVAR) model was constructed using the sensor space data and was projected to the source space using lead field and i... | hallucinated | easy | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-21-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 21 | 25440261 | Is epileptic focus localization based on resting state interictal MEG recordings feasible irrespective of the presence or absence of spikes? | Our preliminary results suggest that accurate localization of the epileptogenic focus may be accomplished using noninvasive spontaneous "resting-state" recordings of relatively brief duration and without the need to capture definite interictal and/or ictal abnormalities. | OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether epileptogenic focus localization is possible based on resting state connectivity analysis of magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data.
METHODS: A multivariate autoregressive (MVAR) model was constructed using the sensor space data and was projected to the source space using lead field and i... | not_hallucinated | easy | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-22-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 22 | 25432826 | Does seminal Helicobacter pylori treatment improve sperm motility in infertile asthenozoospermic men? | Seminal Helicobacter pylori treatment decreases sperm motility in infertile asthenozoospermic men with elevated seminal H pylori IgA. | OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of treatment of seminal Helicobacter pylori in infertile asthenozoospermic men.
METHODS: In all, 223 infertile asthenozoospermic men were consecutively selected. They were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, semen analysis, and estimation of H pylori IgA antibodies in the... | hallucinated | hard | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-22-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 22 | 25432826 | Does seminal Helicobacter pylori treatment improve sperm motility in infertile asthenozoospermic men? | H pylori treatment significantly improves sperm motility in infertile asthenozoospermic men with elevated seminal H pylori IgA. | OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of treatment of seminal Helicobacter pylori in infertile asthenozoospermic men.
METHODS: In all, 223 infertile asthenozoospermic men were consecutively selected. They were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, semen analysis, and estimation of H pylori IgA antibodies in the... | not_hallucinated | hard | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-23-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 23 | 25447994 | Does a migrating ciliary gate compartmentalize the site of axoneme assembly in Drosophila spermatids? | The migrating ciliary gate in Drosophila spermatids regulates the transport of ribosomes into the growing axoneme tip. | BACKGROUND: In most cells, the cilium is formed within a compartment separated from the cytoplasm. Entry into the ciliary compartment is regulated by a specialized gate located at the base of the cilium in a region known as the transition zone. The transition zone is closely associated with multiple structures of the c... | hallucinated | medium | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-23-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 23 | 25447994 | Does a migrating ciliary gate compartmentalize the site of axoneme assembly in Drosophila spermatids? | Our findings demonstrate that the ciliary gate can migrate away from the base of the cilium, thereby functioning independently of the centriole and of a static interaction with the axoneme to compartmentalize the site of axoneme assembly. | BACKGROUND: In most cells, the cilium is formed within a compartment separated from the cytoplasm. Entry into the ciliary compartment is regulated by a specialized gate located at the base of the cilium in a region known as the transition zone. The transition zone is closely associated with multiple structures of the c... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-24-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 24 | 25453030 | Is individual Public Transportation Accessibility Positively Associated with Self-Reported Active Commuting? | Individual public transportation accessibility is inversely associated with self-reported active commuting, especially among younger populations. | BACKGROUND: Active commuters have lower risk of chronic disease. Understanding which of the, to some extent, modifiable characteristics of public transportation that facilitate its use is thus important in a public health perspective. The aim of the study was to examine the association between individual public transpo... | hallucinated | medium | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-24-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 24 | 25453030 | Is individual Public Transportation Accessibility Positively Associated with Self-Reported Active Commuting? | This study extends the knowledge about the driving forces of using public transportation for commuting by examining the individual public transportation accessibility. Findings suggest that transportation accessibility supports active commuting and planning of improved public transit accessibility has thus a potential ... | BACKGROUND: Active commuters have lower risk of chronic disease. Understanding which of the, to some extent, modifiable characteristics of public transportation that facilitate its use is thus important in a public health perspective. The aim of the study was to examine the association between individual public transpo... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-25-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 25 | 25444989 | Is congenital penile pathology associated with abnormal development of the dartos muscle : a prospective study of primary penile surgery at a tertiary referral center? | Congenital penile pathology is primarily linked to abnormal development of the dartos muscle, which is responsible for the retraction of the scrotal skin. This abnormality leads to the hidden state of the buried penis but does not significantly affect conditions like hypospadias. | PURPOSE: Pathophysiological mechanisms leading to chordee in patients with hypospadias and to the hidden state of buried penis in the prepubic fat remain unclear. Resection of dartos tissue usually makes the penis straight in patients with hypospadias and corrects it in those with buried penis, suggesting a common path... | hallucinated | medium | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-25-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 25 | 25444989 | Is congenital penile pathology associated with abnormal development of the dartos muscle : a prospective study of primary penile surgery at a tertiary referral center? | Congenital penile pathology (hypospadias, buried penis) is associated with structural anomalies in dartos tissue. Further research is needed to unveil the pathophysiology of the condition. | PURPOSE: Pathophysiological mechanisms leading to chordee in patients with hypospadias and to the hidden state of buried penis in the prepubic fat remain unclear. Resection of dartos tissue usually makes the penis straight in patients with hypospadias and corrects it in those with buried penis, suggesting a common path... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-26-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 26 | 25444981 | Is δNp63 expression a protective factor of progression in clinical high grade T1 bladder cancer? | ΔNp63 expression is associated with increased progression risk in high-grade T1 bladder cancer, suggesting its potential as a negative prognostic biomarker. | PURPOSE: Several risk factors have been claimed to predict the progression of clinically high grade T1 bladder tumors. However, these factors are not specific enough to define which patients should be treated immediately with radical cystectomy. Therefore, it is critical to identify molecular markers that can help prov... | hallucinated | hard | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-26-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 26 | 25444981 | Is δNp63 expression a protective factor of progression in clinical high grade T1 bladder cancer? | ΔNp63 expression is a favorable prognostic factor in clinically high grade T1 bladder cancer. This marker identifies patients at low risk for progression who could benefit from conservative therapy with transurethral bladder tumor resection and bacillus Calmette-Guérin, avoiding over treatment with immediate radical cy... | PURPOSE: Several risk factors have been claimed to predict the progression of clinically high grade T1 bladder tumors. However, these factors are not specific enough to define which patients should be treated immediately with radical cystectomy. Therefore, it is critical to identify molecular markers that can help prov... | not_hallucinated | hard | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-29-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 29 | 25446283 | Does ephrin type-B receptor 4 activation reduce neointimal hyperplasia in human saphenous vein in vitro? | Eph-B4 activation through Ephrin-B2/Fc treatment significantly reduces neointimal hyperplasia in human saphenous veins in vitro. This effect is primarily mediated through the activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, which enhances endothelial barrier function and decreases inflammatory cytokine secretion. | BACKGROUND: Vein bypass is an essential therapy for patients with advanced peripheral and coronary artery disease despite development of neointimal hyperplasia. We have shown that stimulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase ephrin type-B receptor 4 (Eph-B4) with its ligand ephrin-B2 prevents neointimal hyperplasia in m... | hallucinated | hard | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-29-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 29 | 25446283 | Does ephrin type-B receptor 4 activation reduce neointimal hyperplasia in human saphenous vein in vitro? | Eph-B4 is present and functional in adult human saphenous veins, with intact downstream signaling pathways capable of NO release and prevention of neointimal hyperplasia in vitro. Adventitial delivery of ephrin-B2/Fc activates endothelial Eph-B4 in saphenous veins treated with arterial shear stress in vitro. These resu... | BACKGROUND: Vein bypass is an essential therapy for patients with advanced peripheral and coronary artery disease despite development of neointimal hyperplasia. We have shown that stimulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase ephrin type-B receptor 4 (Eph-B4) with its ligand ephrin-B2 prevents neointimal hyperplasia in m... | not_hallucinated | hard | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-30-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 30 | 25438665 | Are low serum levels of vitamin D associated with post-stroke depression? | Low serum levels of vitamin D are not significantly associated with post-stroke depression. | BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Low serum levels of vitamin D have been associated with depression in non-stroke subjects. Our aim was to examine the possible association between serum vitamin D levels and the development of post-stroke depression (PSD).
METHODS: In total, 189 patients with acute ischaemic stroke were consecu... | hallucinated | easy | Incomplete Information |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-30-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 30 | 25438665 | Are low serum levels of vitamin D associated with post-stroke depression? | Serum vitamin D levels within 24 h after admission are found to be associated with PSD and may predict its development at 1 month post-stroke. | BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Low serum levels of vitamin D have been associated with depression in non-stroke subjects. Our aim was to examine the possible association between serum vitamin D levels and the development of post-stroke depression (PSD).
METHODS: In total, 189 patients with acute ischaemic stroke were consecu... | not_hallucinated | easy | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-31-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 31 | 25447851 | Are polymorphisms near TBX5 and GDF7 associated with increased risk for Barrett 's esophagus? | Polymorphisms near TBX5 and GDF7 are associated with increased risk for Barrett's esophagus due to their roles in regulating esophageal epithelial integrity and inflammatory responses. Specifically, these genes are involved in the maintenance of the esophageal mucosa, and genetic variations affecting these loci could d... | BACKGROUND & AIMS: Barrett's esophagus (BE) increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). We found the risk to be BE has been associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 6p21 (within the HLA region) and on 16q23, where the closest protein-coding gene is FOXF1. Subsequently, the Barrett... | hallucinated | hard | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-31-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 31 | 25447851 | Are polymorphisms near TBX5 and GDF7 associated with increased risk for Barrett 's esophagus? | We identified 2 loci associated with risk of BE and provided data to support a further locus. The genes we found to be associated with risk for BE encode transcription factors involved in thoracic, diaphragmatic, and esophageal development or proteins involved in the inflammatory response. | BACKGROUND & AIMS: Barrett's esophagus (BE) increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). We found the risk to be BE has been associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 6p21 (within the HLA region) and on 16q23, where the closest protein-coding gene is FOXF1. Subsequently, the Barrett... | not_hallucinated | hard | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-32-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 32 | 25435286 | Does danzhi Xiaoyao San ameliorate depressive-like behavior by shifting toward serotonin via the downregulation of hippocampal indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase? | Danzhi Xiaoyao San (DXS) may alleviate depressive-like behavior by enhancing the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus, rather than solely through the regulation of the kynurenine (Kyn)/serotonin (5-HT) pathway via IDO downregulation. This enhancement of BDNF contributes to neuronal ... | ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Danzhi Xiaoyao San (DXS) is a canonical Chinese medicine formula from Principles of Internal Medicine, which was written during the Ming dynasty. This formula is approved and commercialized for use in the prevention and treatment of affective disorders. This study is aimed to investigate... | hallucinated | medium | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-32-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 32 | 25435286 | Does danzhi Xiaoyao San ameliorate depressive-like behavior by shifting toward serotonin via the downregulation of hippocampal indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase? | DXS exhibited antidepressant-like effects on rats exposed to CUMS. DXS reduced IDO activity to shift the balance of the Kyn/5-HT pathway toward the 5-HT pathway. | ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Danzhi Xiaoyao San (DXS) is a canonical Chinese medicine formula from Principles of Internal Medicine, which was written during the Ming dynasty. This formula is approved and commercialized for use in the prevention and treatment of affective disorders. This study is aimed to investigate... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-33-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 33 | 25429340 | Is p63 more sensitive and specific than 34βE12 to differentiate adenocarcinoma of prostate from cancer mimickers? | p63 and 34βE12 are equally sensitive and specific in differentiating adenocarcinoma of prostate from cancer mimickers. | OBJECTIVES: Prostate cancer is the world's leading cause of cancer and the second cause of cancer-related death in men after lung cancer. Differentiation of prostate adenocarcinoma from benign prostate lesions and hyperplasia sometimes cannot be done on the basis of morphologic findings. Considering the fact that in th... | hallucinated | medium | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-33-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 33 | 25429340 | Is p63 more sensitive and specific than 34βE12 to differentiate adenocarcinoma of prostate from cancer mimickers? | Basal cell markers can help to distinguish prostate adenocarcinoma from cancer mimickers. | OBJECTIVES: Prostate cancer is the world's leading cause of cancer and the second cause of cancer-related death in men after lung cancer. Differentiation of prostate adenocarcinoma from benign prostate lesions and hyperplasia sometimes cannot be done on the basis of morphologic findings. Considering the fact that in th... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-34-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 34 | 25451441 | Does poor sleep predict symptoms of depression and disability retirement due to depression? | Poor sleep quality significantly increases the likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases, which in turn predicts symptoms of depression and disability retirement due to depression. | BACKGROUND: Disturbed sleep is associated with mood disorders. Both depression and insomnia may increase the risk of disability retirement. The longitudinal links among insomnia, depression and work incapacity are poorly known.
METHODS: We examined association of self-reported sleep quality with incident symptoms of d... | hallucinated | hard | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-34-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 34 | 25451441 | Does poor sleep predict symptoms of depression and disability retirement due to depression? | Lack of baseline diagnostic interviews; sleep quality based on self-report. | BACKGROUND: Disturbed sleep is associated with mood disorders. Both depression and insomnia may increase the risk of disability retirement. The longitudinal links among insomnia, depression and work incapacity are poorly known.
METHODS: We examined association of self-reported sleep quality with incident symptoms of d... | not_hallucinated | hard | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-35-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 35 | 25434319 | Are phospholipase C epsilon 1 ( PLCE1 ) haplotypes associated with increased risk of gastric cancer in Kashmir Valley? | The presence of PLCE1 haplotypes has been linked to a decreased risk of gastric cancer in Kashmir Valley. | BACKGROUND/AIM: Phospholipase C epsilon 1 (PLCE1) plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis and progression of several types of cancers. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs2274223) in PLCE1 has been identified as a novel susceptibility locus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of three potentia... | hallucinated | medium | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-35-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 35 | 25434319 | Are phospholipase C epsilon 1 ( PLCE1 ) haplotypes associated with increased risk of gastric cancer in Kashmir Valley? | These results suggest that variation in PLCE1 may be associated with GC risk in Kashmir Valley. | BACKGROUND/AIM: Phospholipase C epsilon 1 (PLCE1) plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis and progression of several types of cancers. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs2274223) in PLCE1 has been identified as a novel susceptibility locus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of three potentia... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-36-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 36 | 25448803 | Is tGFBI Expression in Cancer Stromal Cells Associated with Poor Prognosis and Hematogenous Recurrence in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma? | Low TGFBI expression in ESCC stromal cells is associated with poor prognosis and increased hematogenous recurrence. | BACKGROUND: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an important cause of cancer-related death worldwide. To improve prognoses in patients with ESCC, we evaluated the potential of transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein (TGFBI), which is overexpressed in ESCC, as a therapeutic candidate.
METHODS: We exami... | hallucinated | medium | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-36-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 36 | 25448803 | Is tGFBI Expression in Cancer Stromal Cells Associated with Poor Prognosis and Hematogenous Recurrence in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma? | High TGFBI expression in ESCC tissues could be a powerful biomarker of poor prognosis and hematogenous recurrence. TGFBI in stromal cells might be a promising molecular target for ESCC treatment. | BACKGROUND: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an important cause of cancer-related death worldwide. To improve prognoses in patients with ESCC, we evaluated the potential of transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein (TGFBI), which is overexpressed in ESCC, as a therapeutic candidate.
METHODS: We exami... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-37-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 37 | 25437817 | Are autoimmune features associated with chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis? | Autoimmune hepatitis is significantly associated with the development of chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis. | BACKGROUND: Chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis (CARP) occurs more frequently in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) with concomitant autoimmune disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the overlap between dysregulated immune features in patients with IPAA and their association with CARP.
METHO... | hallucinated | easy | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-37-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 37 | 25437817 | Are autoimmune features associated with chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis? | There is marked overlap of certain immune markers in patients with pouch dysfunction, especially those with CARP. Microsomal antibody expression and elevated IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration were independent risk factors for CARP. | BACKGROUND: Chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis (CARP) occurs more frequently in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) with concomitant autoimmune disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the overlap between dysregulated immune features in patients with IPAA and their association with CARP.
METHO... | not_hallucinated | easy | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-38-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 38 | 25439493 | Does identical ATP1A3 mutation cause alternating hemiplegia of childhood and rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism phenotypes? | An identical ATP1A3 mutation causes both alternating hemiplegia of childhood and rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism due to differential expression patterns during brain development. | BACKGROUND: Alternating hemiplegia of childhood and rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism are two separate movement disorders with different dominant mutations in the same sodium-potassium transporter ATPase subunit gene, ATP1A3.
PATIENT: We present a child with topiramate-responsive alternating hemiplegia of childhood wh... | hallucinated | hard | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-38-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 38 | 25439493 | Does identical ATP1A3 mutation cause alternating hemiplegia of childhood and rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism phenotypes? | The discordance of these phenotypes suggests that there are other undiscovered environmental, genetic, or epigenetic factors influencing the development of alternating hemiplegia of childhood or rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism. | BACKGROUND: Alternating hemiplegia of childhood and rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism are two separate movement disorders with different dominant mutations in the same sodium-potassium transporter ATPase subunit gene, ATP1A3.
PATIENT: We present a child with topiramate-responsive alternating hemiplegia of childhood wh... | not_hallucinated | hard | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-39-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 39 | 25450181 | Does metabolic control analysis of the Trypanosoma cruzi peroxide detoxification pathway identify tryparedoxin as a suitable drug target? | Metabolic control analysis suggests that trypanothione reductase (TryR) is a more suitable drug target than tryparedoxin (TXN) due to its higher control over the flux of peroxide detoxification and lower Kmapp for NADPH, indicating a more efficient role in the pathway. | BACKGROUND: The principal oxidative-stress defense in the human parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the tryparedoxin-dependent peroxide detoxification pathway, constituted by trypanothione reductase (TryR), tryparedoxin (TXN), tryparedoxin peroxidase (TXNPx) and tryparedoxin-dependent glutathione peroxidase A (GPxA). Here, M... | hallucinated | hard | Mechanism and Pathway Misattribution |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-39-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 39 | 25450181 | Does metabolic control analysis of the Trypanosoma cruzi peroxide detoxification pathway identify tryparedoxin as a suitable drug target? | These quantitative kinetic and metabolic analyses pointed out to TXN as a convenient drug target due to its low catalytic efficiency, high control on the flux of peroxide detoxification and role as provider of reducing equivalents to the two main peroxidases in the parasite. | BACKGROUND: The principal oxidative-stress defense in the human parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the tryparedoxin-dependent peroxide detoxification pathway, constituted by trypanothione reductase (TryR), tryparedoxin (TXN), tryparedoxin peroxidase (TXNPx) and tryparedoxin-dependent glutathione peroxidase A (GPxA). Here, M... | not_hallucinated | hard | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-40-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 40 | 25450186 | Is basal Flt1 tyrosine kinase activity a positive regulator of endothelial survival and vascularization during zebrafish embryogenesis? | Basal Flt1 tyrosine kinase activity negatively regulates endothelial survival and vascularization during zebrafish embryogenesis. | BACKGROUND: The role of Kdr (VEGFR-2/Flk-1) in vascular formation has been well described, but the role of Flt1 (VEGFR-1) is not well studied and is generally considered as a decoy receptor for trapping VEGF.
METHODS: The effects of VEGFR1/2 kinase inhibitor (VRI) and calycosin on Flt1 tyrosine kinase (TK) activity we... | hallucinated | medium | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-40-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 40 | 25450186 | Is basal Flt1 tyrosine kinase activity a positive regulator of endothelial survival and vascularization during zebrafish embryogenesis? | Flt1-tyrosine kinase (TK) activity contributed significantly in endothelial cells survival and vascular development during embryo angiogenesis in zebrafish by engaging PI3K/Akt pathway. | BACKGROUND: The role of Kdr (VEGFR-2/Flk-1) in vascular formation has been well described, but the role of Flt1 (VEGFR-1) is not well studied and is generally considered as a decoy receptor for trapping VEGF.
METHODS: The effects of VEGFR1/2 kinase inhibitor (VRI) and calycosin on Flt1 tyrosine kinase (TK) activity we... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-41-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 41 | 25449231 | Do immunizations with hepatitis B viral antigens and a TLR7/8 agonist adjuvant induce antigen-specific immune responses in HBV-transgenic mice? | Immunizations with hepatitis B viral antigens and a TLR7/8 agonist adjuvant induce significant increases in B cell proliferation in HBV-transgenic mice but do not significantly alter T cell responses. | BACKGROUND: The capacity of toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist-conjugated hepatitis B virus (HBV) proteins (HBV-Ag) to overcome established hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific immune tolerance was explored.
METHODS: A TLR7/8 agonist, CL097, was conjugated with alum-absorbed HBsAg and hepatitis B core antige... | hallucinated | easy | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-41-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 41 | 25449231 | Do immunizations with hepatitis B viral antigens and a TLR7/8 agonist adjuvant induce antigen-specific immune responses in HBV-transgenic mice? | Immunization with CL097-conjugated HBV-Ag reversed immune tolerance in HBV-Tg mice and induced antigen-specific immune responses. TLR7/8 agonists appear to be potent adjuvants for the induction of antigen-specific Th1 responses in an immune tolerant state. | BACKGROUND: The capacity of toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist-conjugated hepatitis B virus (HBV) proteins (HBV-Ag) to overcome established hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific immune tolerance was explored.
METHODS: A TLR7/8 agonist, CL097, was conjugated with alum-absorbed HBsAg and hepatitis B core antige... | not_hallucinated | easy | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-42-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 42 | 25427958 | Are lobar microbleeds associated with a decline in executive functioning in older adults? | Lobar microbleeds are primarily associated with a decline in visuospatial abilities rather than executive functioning in older adults. | BACKGROUND: Normal aging is associated with a decline in cognitive abilities, particularly in the domains of psychomotor speed and executive functioning. However, 'aging,' per se, is not a cause of cognitive decline but rather a variable that likely captures multiple accumulating biological changes over time that colle... | hallucinated | medium | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-42-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 42 | 25427958 | Are lobar microbleeds associated with a decline in executive functioning in older adults? | Lobar microbleeds, a marker of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, are associated with an accelerated rate of executive function decline. The presence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy may be an important source of cognitive decline in aging. Future work should examine how cerebral amyloid angiopathy interacts with neurodegenera... | BACKGROUND: Normal aging is associated with a decline in cognitive abilities, particularly in the domains of psychomotor speed and executive functioning. However, 'aging,' per se, is not a cause of cognitive decline but rather a variable that likely captures multiple accumulating biological changes over time that colle... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-43-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 43 | 25864604 | Is self-reported physical activity in smoking pre-cessation a protective factor against relapse for all? | Self-reported physical activity prior to smoking cessation does not universally serve as a protective factor against smoking relapse. While physical activity can provide numerous health benefits, its direct impact on preventing relapse is limited and depends on individual circumstances, such as the presence of psycholo... | BACKGROUND: In recent years, the relationship between physical activity (PA) and smoking cessation has been increasingly studied. However, very few studies have investigated the possible protective role of PA on smoking relapse on the long term.
OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the impact of self-reported PA in preces... | hallucinated | medium | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-43-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 43 | 25864604 | Is self-reported physical activity in smoking pre-cessation a protective factor against relapse for all? | Previous quit attempts and professional activity were positive predictors of smoking abstinence, with alcohol use disorder a negative predictor. PA was not found to be a significant predictor of smoking relapse, with only a positive interaction term seen for persons on antidepressant treatment. (Am J Addict 2014;XX:1-7... | BACKGROUND: In recent years, the relationship between physical activity (PA) and smoking cessation has been increasingly studied. However, very few studies have investigated the possible protective role of PA on smoking relapse on the long term.
OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the impact of self-reported PA in preces... | not_hallucinated | medium | null |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-44-hall | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 44 | 25452165 | Is breathlessness at rest the dominant presentation of patients admitted with heart failure? | Breathlessness at rest is indeed the dominant presentation in patients admitted with heart failure, as it is associated with a higher acute need for intervention and indicates more severe left ventricular dysfunction. | AIMS: Many assume that most patients hospitalized with heart failure (HF) are short of breath at rest (SOBAR). The National HF Audit for England and Wales suggests that this assumption is false, which has profound implications for management
METHODS AND RESULTS: A retrospective case-note review was carried out of pati... | hallucinated | hard | Misinterpretation of #Question# |
medhallu-twin::pqa_artificial-44-gt | UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial | 44 | 25452165 | Is breathlessness at rest the dominant presentation of patients admitted with heart failure? | Many patients admitted with HF are CARBOSE. Shortness of breath at rest may be more alarming, but those who are CARBOSE have a worse prognosis, perhaps reflecting more severe right heart dysfunction. Clinical trials of hospitalized HF may inappropriately exclude patients if they focus on shortness of breath at rest rat... | AIMS: Many assume that most patients hospitalized with heart failure (HF) are short of breath at rest (SOBAR). The National HF Audit for England and Wales suggests that this assumption is false, which has profound implications for management
METHODS AND RESULTS: A retrospective case-note review was carried out of pati... | not_hallucinated | hard | null |
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MedHallu twins with repaired context
Balanced medical hallucination-detection twins for training a small model to
detect hallucinated answers and explain why. Each row is a
(question, answer, context) triple labelled row_type.
Built from MedHallu, which pairs -- for the same question and source -- a correct Ground Truth answer with a planted Hallucinated Answer. We keep both as a twin pair, so within a pair the only difference is the hallucination. That removes the length/style/source shortcuts you get when positives and negatives come from different corpora: here every positive has a same-context, similar-length hallucinated partner.
Repaired context (why this dataset exists)
MedHallu's original Knowledge is only the abstract's background + methods --
PubMedQA holds out the results/conclusion as the answer. So a correct answer that
reports results is not entailed by that context, and a faithfulness judge flags
it (measured: correct answers scored mean 0.57, only 11/30 grounded).
Here each row's context is the full published PubMed abstract, recovered by mapping the question to its PubMed id (via PubMedQA) and fetching the abstract from NCBI E-utilities. With the results section restored, correct answers become genuinely grounded (measured: mean 0.99, 29/30) while hallucinated twins stay caught -- near-perfect twin separation.
Composition
9,983 twin pairs = 19,966 rows.
source_dataset |
rows |
|---|---|
UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_artificial |
17966 |
UTAustin-AIHealth/MedHallu/pqa_labeled |
2000 |
not_hallucinated-- MedHalluGround Truth, grounded in the full abstract.hallucinated-- MedHalluHallucinated Answerover the same abstract;hallucination_categorycarries MedHallu's category label.
Schema
| field | meaning |
|---|---|
question, answer, context |
the training triple; context is the full PubMed abstract |
row_type |
not_hallucinated / hallucinated |
row_id |
globally unique, medhallu-twin::{config}-{idx}-{gt|hall} |
pmid |
PubMed id of the source article (context provenance) |
source_dataset |
origin incl. config (.../pqa_labeled or .../pqa_artificial) |
source_id |
MedHallu row index within its config |
difficulty |
MedHallu Difficulty Level |
hallucination_category |
MedHallu category (hallucinated rows only) |
Pair a row with its twin by stripping the -gt / -hall suffix from row_id.
High-quality holdout
The pqa_labeled rows are built on PubMedQA's expert-annotated split (cleaner
questions/knowledge), so they make the best val/test holdout:
labeled = ds.filter(lambda r: r["source_dataset"].endswith("pqa_labeled"))
Note: this refers to the underlying PubMedQA split being expert-annotated, not to the hallucinations being human-verified -- MedHallu generates hallucinations automatically in both configs.
Attribution & licensing
- MedHallu -- "MedHallu: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Detecting Medical Hallucinations in LLMs", arXiv:2502.14302.
- PubMedQA -- Jin et al., EMNLP 2019 (question/PMID mapping).
- Context -- full abstracts from PubMed (NCBI E-utilities); PubMed data is US Government work, but individual abstracts may carry publisher copyright.
Derived and reshaped for research use. Please cite MedHallu and PubMedQA and respect PubMed's terms.
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