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A Critique of Political Economy Capital
Book One: The Process of Production of Capital
First published: in German in 1867, English edition first published in 1887; Source: First English edition of 1887 (4th German edition changes included as indicated) with some modernisation of spelling; Publisher: Progress Publishers, Moscow, USSR; Translated: Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, edited by Frederick Engels; Transcribed: Zodiac, Hinrich Kuhls, Allan Thurrott, Bill McDorman, Bert Schultz and Martha Gimenez (); Proofed: by Andy Blunden and Chris Clayton , Mark Harris , Dave Allinson .
Preface to the First German Edition (Marx, 1867) ...................................................................... 5
Preface to the French Edition (Marx, 1872) ................................................................................ 8
Afterword to the Second German Edition ........................................................................ 9
Afterword to the French Edition .................................................................................... 15
Preface to the Third German Edition ............................................................................. 16
Preface to the English Edition (Engels, 1886) ........................................................................... 18
Preface to the Fourth German Edition (Engels, 1890) .............................................................. 21
Part 1: Commodities and Money ............................................................................................... 25
Chapter 1: Commodities ............................................................................................................ 26
Section 1: The Two Factors of a Commodity: Use-Value and Value (The Substance of Value
and the Magnitude of Value) ................................................................................................. 26
Section 2: The Two-fold Character of the Labour Embodied in Commodities..................... 29
Section 3: The Form of Value or Exchange-Value ............................................................... 32
Section 4: The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof ....................................... 46
Chapter 2: Exchange .................................................................................................................. 59
Chapter 3: Money, Or the Circulation of Commodities ............................................................ 66
Section 1: The Measure of Values ......................................................................................... 66
Section 2: The Medium of Circulation .................................................................................. 70
Section 3: Money ................................................................................................................... 83
Part 2: Transformation of Money into Capital....................................................................... 102
Chapter 4: The General Formula for Capital ........................................................................... 103
Chapter 5: Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital ................................................. 110
Chapter 6: The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power ............................................................. 118
Part 3: The Production of Absolute Surplus-Value ............................................................... 125
Chapter 7: The Labour-Process and the Process of Producing Surplus-Value ........................ 126
Section 1: The Labour-Process or the Production of Use-Values ....................................... 126
Section 2: The Production of Surplus-Value ....................................................................... 130
Chapter 8: Constant Capital and Variable Capital ................................................................... 141
Chapter 9: The Rate of Surplus-Value .................................................................................... 149
Section 1: The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power .................................................... 149
Section 2: The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product by
Corresponding Proportional Parts of the Product Itself ....................................................... 153
Section 3: Senior's "Last Hour" .......................................................................................... 155
Section 4: Surplus-Produce ................................................................................................. 158
Chapter 10: The Working Day ................................................................................................ 161
Section 1: The Limits of the Working Day ......................................................................... 161
Section 2: The Greed for Surplus-Labour. Manufacturer and Boyard ................................ 163
Section 3: Branches of English Industry Without Legal Limits to Exploitation ................. 167
Section 4: Day and Night Work. The Relay System ........................................................... 174
Section 5: The Struggle for a Normal Working Day. Compulsory Laws for the Extension of
the Working Day from the Middle of the 14th to the End of the 17th Century ................. 177
Section 6: The Struggle for a Normal Working Day. Compulsory Limitation by Law of the
Working-Time. English Factory Acts, 1833 ...................................................................... 183
Section 7: The Struggle for a Normal Working Day. Reaction of the English Factory Acts
on Other Countries .............................................................................................................. 193
Chapter 11: Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value ......................................................................... 212
Part 4: Production of Relative Surplus-Value ........................................................................ 218
Chapter 12: The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value .............................................................. 219
Chapter 13: Cooperation ........................................................................................................ 226
Chapter 14: Division of Labour and Manufacture ................................................................... 236
Section 1: Two-Fold Origin of Manufacture ....................................................................... 236
Section 2: The Detail Labourer and his Implements ........................................................... 237
Section 3: The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture: Heterogeneous Manufacture,
Section 4: Division of Labour in Manufacture, and Division of Labour in Society ............ 243
Section 5: The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture ........................................................ 247
Chapter 15: Machinery and Modern Industry ......................................................................... 259
Section 1 : The Development of Machinery ........................................................................ 259
Section 2: The Value Transferred by Machinery to the Product ........................................ 266
Section 3: The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman ..................................... 269
Section 4: The Factory......................................................................................................... 282
Section 5: The Strife Between Workman and Machine ...................................................... 285
Section 6: The Theory of Compensation as Regards the Workpeople Displaced by
Section 7: Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by the Factory System. Crises in the
Section 8: Revolution Effected in Manufacture, Handicrafts, and Domestic Industry by
Section 9: The Factory Acts. Sanitary and Educational Clauses of the same. Their General
Extension in England ........................................................................................................... 313
Section 10: Modern Industry and Agriculture ..................................................................... 327
Part 5: Production of Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value ................................................. 355
Chapter 16: Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value .................................................................. 356
Chapter 17: Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value ....... 364
Section 1: Length of the Working day and Intensity of Labour Constant. Productiveness of
Section 2: Working day Constant. Productiveness of Labour Constant. Intensity of Labour
Section 3: Productiveness and Intensity of Labour Constant. Length of the Working day
Section 4: Simultaneous Variations in the Duration, Productiveness, and Intensity of Labour
Chapter 18: Various Formula for the Rate of Surplus-Value .................................................. 372
Part 6: Wages ............................................................................................................................. 375
Chapter 19: The Transformation of the Value (and Respective Price) of Labour-Power into
Chapter 20: Time-Wages ......................................................................................................... 381
Chapter 21: Piece Wages ......................................................................................................... 387
Chapter 22: National Differences of Wages ............................................................................ 393
Part 7: The Accumulation of Capital ....................................................................................... 397
Chapter 23: Simple Reproduction ........................................................................................... 398
Chapter 24: Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital ........................................................... 407
Section 1: Capitalist Production on a Progressively Increasing Scale. Transition of the Laws
of Property that Characterise Production of Commodities into Laws of Capitalist
Section 2: Erroneous Conception, by Political Economy, of Reproduction on a Progressively
Section 3: Separation of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue. The Abstinence Theory
Section 4: Circumstances that, Independently of the Proportional Division of Surplus-Value
into Capital and Revenue, Determine the Amount of Accumulation. Degree of Exploitation
of Labour-Power. Productivity of Labour. Growing Difference in Amount Between Capital
Employed and Capital Consumed. Magnitude of Capital Advanced .................................. 418
Section 5: The So-Called Labour Fund ............................................................................... 423
Chapter 25: The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation ..................................................... 431
Section 1: The Increased Demand for labour power that Accompanies Accumulation, the
Composition of Capital Remaining the same ...................................................................... 431
Section 2: Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital Simultaneously with the
Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration that Accompanies it .......................... 435

A Critique of Political Economy Capital

Book One: The Process of Production of Capital

First published: in German in 1867, English edition first published in 1887; Source: First English edition of 1887 (4th German edition changes included as indicated) with some modernisation of spelling; Publisher: Progress Publishers, Moscow, USSR; Translated: Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, edited by Frederick Engels; Transcribed: Zodiac, Hinrich Kuhls, Allan Thurrott, Bill McDorman, Bert Schultz and Martha Gimenez (); Proofed: by Andy Blunden and Chris Clayton , Mark Harris , Dave Allinson .

Preface to the First German Edition (Marx, 1867) ...................................................................... 5

Preface to the French Edition (Marx, 1872) ................................................................................ 8

Afterword to the Second German Edition ........................................................................ 9

Afterword to the French Edition .................................................................................... 15

Preface to the Third German Edition ............................................................................. 16

Preface to the English Edition (Engels, 1886) ........................................................................... 18

Preface to the Fourth German Edition (Engels, 1890) .............................................................. 21

Part 1: Commodities and Money ............................................................................................... 25

Chapter 1: Commodities ............................................................................................................ 26

Section 1: The Two Factors of a Commodity: Use-Value and Value (The Substance of Value

and the Magnitude of Value) ................................................................................................. 26

Section 2: The Two-fold Character of the Labour Embodied in Commodities..................... 29

Section 3: The Form of Value or Exchange-Value ............................................................... 32

Section 4: The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof ....................................... 46

Chapter 2: Exchange .................................................................................................................. 59

Chapter 3: Money, Or the Circulation of Commodities ............................................................ 66

Section 1: The Measure of Values ......................................................................................... 66

Section 2: The Medium of Circulation .................................................................................. 70

Section 3: Money ................................................................................................................... 83

Part 2: Transformation of Money into Capital....................................................................... 102

Chapter 4: The General Formula for Capital ........................................................................... 103

Chapter 5: Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital ................................................. 110

Chapter 6: The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power ............................................................. 118

Part 3: The Production of Absolute Surplus-Value ............................................................... 125

Chapter 7: The Labour-Process and the Process of Producing Surplus-Value ........................ 126

Section 1: The Labour-Process or the Production of Use-Values ....................................... 126

Section 2: The Production of Surplus-Value ....................................................................... 130

Chapter 8: Constant Capital and Variable Capital ................................................................... 141

Chapter 9: The Rate of Surplus-Value .................................................................................... 149

Section 1: The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power .................................................... 149

Section 2: The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product by

Corresponding Proportional Parts of the Product Itself ....................................................... 153

Section 3: Senior's "Last Hour" .......................................................................................... 155

Section 4: Surplus-Produce ................................................................................................. 158

Chapter 10: The Working Day ................................................................................................ 161

Section 1: The Limits of the Working Day ......................................................................... 161

Section 2: The Greed for Surplus-Labour. Manufacturer and Boyard ................................ 163

Section 3: Branches of English Industry Without Legal Limits to Exploitation ................. 167

Section 4: Day and Night Work. The Relay System ........................................................... 174

Section 5: The Struggle for a Normal Working Day. Compulsory Laws for the Extension of

the Working Day from the Middle of the 14th to the End of the 17th Century ................. 177

Section 6: The Struggle for a Normal Working Day. Compulsory Limitation by Law of the

Working-Time. English Factory Acts, 1833 ...................................................................... 183

Section 7: The Struggle for a Normal Working Day. Reaction of the English Factory Acts

on Other Countries .............................................................................................................. 193

Chapter 11: Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value ......................................................................... 212

Part 4: Production of Relative Surplus-Value ........................................................................ 218

Chapter 12: The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value .............................................................. 219

Chapter 13: Cooperation ........................................................................................................ 226

Chapter 14: Division of Labour and Manufacture ................................................................... 236

Section 1: Two-Fold Origin of Manufacture ....................................................................... 236

Section 2: The Detail Labourer and his Implements ........................................................... 237

Section 3: The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture: Heterogeneous Manufacture,

Section 4: Division of Labour in Manufacture, and Division of Labour in Society ............ 243

Section 5: The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture ........................................................ 247

Chapter 15: Machinery and Modern Industry ......................................................................... 259

Section 1 : The Development of Machinery ........................................................................ 259

Section 2: The Value Transferred by Machinery to the Product ........................................ 266

Section 3: The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman ..................................... 269

Section 4: The Factory......................................................................................................... 282

Section 5: The Strife Between Workman and Machine ...................................................... 285

Section 6: The Theory of Compensation as Regards the Workpeople Displaced by

Section 7: Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by the Factory System. Crises in the

Section 8: Revolution Effected in Manufacture, Handicrafts, and Domestic Industry by

Section 9: The Factory Acts. Sanitary and Educational Clauses of the same. Their General

Extension in England ........................................................................................................... 313

Section 10: Modern Industry and Agriculture ..................................................................... 327

Part 5: Production of Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value ................................................. 355

Chapter 16: Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value .................................................................. 356

Chapter 17: Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value ....... 364

Section 1: Length of the Working day and Intensity of Labour Constant. Productiveness of

Section 2: Working day Constant. Productiveness of Labour Constant. Intensity of Labour

Section 3: Productiveness and Intensity of Labour Constant. Length of the Working day

Section 4: Simultaneous Variations in the Duration, Productiveness, and Intensity of Labour

Chapter 18: Various Formula for the Rate of Surplus-Value .................................................. 372

Part 6: Wages ............................................................................................................................. 375

Chapter 19: The Transformation of the Value (and Respective Price) of Labour-Power into

Chapter 20: Time-Wages ......................................................................................................... 381

Chapter 21: Piece Wages ......................................................................................................... 387

Chapter 22: National Differences of Wages ............................................................................ 393

Part 7: The Accumulation of Capital ....................................................................................... 397

Chapter 23: Simple Reproduction ........................................................................................... 398

Chapter 24: Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital ........................................................... 407

Section 1: Capitalist Production on a Progressively Increasing Scale. Transition of the Laws

of Property that Characterise Production of Commodities into Laws of Capitalist

Section 2: Erroneous Conception, by Political Economy, of Reproduction on a Progressively

Section 3: Separation of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue. The Abstinence Theory

Section 4: Circumstances that, Independently of the Proportional Division of Surplus-Value

into Capital and Revenue, Determine the Amount of Accumulation. Degree of Exploitation

of Labour-Power. Productivity of Labour. Growing Difference in Amount Between Capital

Employed and Capital Consumed. Magnitude of Capital Advanced .................................. 418

Section 5: The So-Called Labour Fund ............................................................................... 423

Chapter 25: The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation ..................................................... 431

Section 1: The Increased Demand for labour power that Accompanies Accumulation, the

Composition of Capital Remaining the same ...................................................................... 431

Section 2: Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital Simultaneously with the

Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration that Accompanies it .......................... 435