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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the causes of Hemophilia?
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When a person bleeds, the body typically pools blood cells together to form a clot to stop the bleeding. Clotting factors are proteins in the blood that work with cells known as platelets to form clots. Hemophilia occurs when a clotting factor is missing or levels of the clotting factor are low.
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What are the risk factors of Hemophilia?
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The biggest risk factor for hemophilia is to have family members who also have the disorder. Males are much more likely to have hemophilia than are females.
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What are the complications of Hemophilia?
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Complications of hemophilia can include:
• Deep internal bleeding.Bleeding that occurs in deep muscle can cause the limbs to swell. The swelling can press on nerves and lead to numbness or pain. Depending on where the bleeding occurs, it could be life-threatening.
• Bleeding into the throat or neck.This can affect a person's ability to breathe.
• Damage to joints.Internal bleeding can put pressure on the joints, causing severe pain. Left untreated, frequent internal bleeding can cause arthritis or destruction of the joint.
• Infection.If the clotting factors used to treat hemophilia come from human blood, there's an increased risk of viral infections such as hepatitis C. Because of donor screening techniques, the risk is low.
• Adverse reaction to clotting factor treatment.In some people with severe hemophilia, the immune system has a negative reaction to the clotting factors used to treat bleeding. When this happens, the immune system develops proteins that keep the clotting factors from working, making treatment less effective.
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What are the Overview of Hemorrhoids?
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Hemorrhoids (HEM-uh-roids), also called piles, are swollen veins in the anus and lower rectum. Hemorrhoids are similar to varicose veins. Hemorrhoids can develop inside the rectum, called internal hemorrhoids. They also can develop under the skin around the anus, called external hemorrhoids.
There are several options available to treat hemorrhoids. Many people get relief with home treatments and lifestyle changes.
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What are the symptoms of Hemorrhoids?
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Symptoms of hemorrhoids usually depend on the type of hemorrhoid.
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What are the causes of Hemorrhoids?
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The veins around the anus tend to stretch under pressure and may bulge or swell. Hemorrhoids can develop from increased pressure in the lower rectum due to:
• Straining during bowel movements.
• Sitting for long periods of time, especially on the toilet.
• Having chronic diarrhea or constipation.
• Being obese.
• Being pregnant.
• Having anal intercourse.
• Eating a low-fiber diet.
• Regularly lifting heavy items.
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What are the risk factors of Hemorrhoids?
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As people age, the risk of hemorrhoids increases. That's because the tissues that support the veins in the rectum and anus can weaken and stretch. This also can happen during pregnancy because the baby's weight puts pressure on the anal region.
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What are the complications of Hemorrhoids?
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Complications of hemorrhoids are rare but may include:
• Anemia.Rarely, ongoing blood loss from hemorrhoids may cause anemia. Anemia is when there aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the body's cells.
• Strangulated hemorrhoid.When the blood supply to an internal hemorrhoid is cut off, the hemorrhoid is called strangulated. Strangulated hemorrhoids can cause extreme pain.
• Blood clot.Sometimes a clot can form in a hemorrhoid. This is called a thrombosed hemorrhoid. Although not dangerous, it can be extremely painful and sometimes needs to be drained.
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What is the prevention of Hemorrhoids?
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The best way to prevent hemorrhoids is to keep your stools soft so they pass easily. To prevent hemorrhoids and reduce symptoms of hemorrhoids, follow these tips:
• Eat high-fiber foods.Eat more fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Doing so softens the stool and increases its bulk. This will help you avoid the straining that can cause hemorrhoids. Add fiber to your diet slowly to avoid problems with gas.
• Drink plenty of fluids.Drink 6 to 8 glasses of water and other liquids each day to help keep stools soft. Avoiding alcohol also may help.
• Consider fiber supplements.Most people don't get enough fiber in their diets. Studies have shown that nonprescription fiber supplements, such as psyllium (Metamucil, Konsyl, others) or methylcellulose (Citrucel), can lessen symptoms and bleeding from hemorrhoids.If you use fiber supplements, be sure to drink at least eight glasses of water or other fluids every day. Otherwise, the supplements can cause constipation or make it worse.
• Don't strain.Straining and holding your breath when trying to pass stool create greater pressure in the veins in the lower rectum.
• Exercise.Stay active to help prevent constipation and reduce pressure on veins. Exercise also can help you lose excess weight that might be causing your hemorrhoids or making them worse.
• Avoid long periods of sitting.Sitting too long, especially on the toilet, can increase the pressure on the veins in the anus.
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What are the Overview of Hepatic encephalopathy?
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Hepatic encephalopathy (huh-PAT-ik en-sef-uh-LOP-uh-thee) is a serious condition that occurs when the liver is unable to filter toxins from the blood, including ammonia from the intestines. A buildup of toxins affects the brain's ability to function. If left untreated or not treated successfully, hepatic encephalopathy can lead to unresponsiveness, coma or death.
Hepatic encephalopathy may be caused by injury to the liver, cancer or a chronic liver disease that results in liver failure, such as cirrhosis. Hepatic encephalopathy occurs in 30% to 40% of people who have cirrhosis. Alcohol use, infections, use of some medicines and blood clots in the veins also may cause hepatic encephalopathy.
Prompt treatment is needed for hepatic encephalopathy to prevent death. Call 911 or emergency medical help if you think you or a loved one might have hepatic encephalopathy.
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What are the symptoms of Hepatic encephalopathy?
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Common symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy include:
• Trouble focusing or paying attention.
• Not knowing where you are.
• Sleepiness during the day or trouble sleeping at night.
• Memory loss or confusion.
• Flapping tremor in the limbs.
• Personality or mood changes.
• Slurred speech or movement.
• Falling into acoma.
Over time, the symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy can lead to a lower quality of life and ability to function. Having other chronic conditions besides hepatic encephalopathy may make daily life even harder.
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What are the causes of Hepatic encephalopathy?
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Hepatic encephalopathy is caused by a buildup of toxins, especially ammonia, when the liver can't filter waste from the blood. This buildup may result from:
• Alcohol use and conditions that arise from it, such as cirrhosis.
• Imbalances of electrolytes in the body, such as a low potassium or low sodium level.
• Infections.
• Bleeding in the digestive tract.
• Complications from a liver transplant.
• Surgery placing shunts in the liver to improve blood flow.
Other factors that may cause hepatic encephalopathy include:
• Certain medicines, such as diuretics, opioids and sedatives.
• Dehydrationarising from vomiting, diarrhea or other causes.
• Constipation.
• Older age.
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What are the risk factors of Hepatic encephalopathy?
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You're more likely to develop hepatic encephalopathy if you have:
• Diabetes.
• Advanced liver disease, such as cirrhosis.
• Kidney disease.
• Epilepsy.
• Low muscle mass, sometimes called sarcopenia.
• Large portosystemic shunts in your liver.
• Low sodium or high ammonia levels in your blood.
• Certain genetic risk factors.
You're also at higher risk of hepatic encephalopathy if you:
• Are an older adult.
• Drink alcohol.
• Have poor eating habits.
• Take diuretics, proton-pump inhibitors, opioids or benzodiazepine medicines.
• Have a history of hepatic encephalopathy.
Your healthcare professional may tell you about other risk factors based on your health or lifestyle.
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What are the complications of Hepatic encephalopathy?
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Some complications from hepatic encephalopathy may be very serious. Common complications include:
• Trouble with daily life or work.
• Falls and injuries.
• Lasting memory and attention problems.
• Trouble driving a car.
• Sleep disturbances.
• Hospitalizations.
• Coma.
• Death.
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What is the prevention of Hepatic encephalopathy?
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It's possible to reduce your chances of getting hepatic encephalopathy by taking care of your health. Some ways to prevent hepatic encephalopathy include:
• Take prescription medicines as prescribed.
• Eat protein from plants and dairy.
• Avoid alcohol and sedating medicines.
• Avoid opioids.
• Stay hydrated.
• Prevent constipation.
• Treat infections as soon as they appear.
• Get regular checkups for liver disease.
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What are the Overview of Hepatitis A?
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Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is one of several types of hepatitis viruses that cause liver inflammation and affect your liver's ability to function.
You're most likely to get hepatitis A from contaminated food or water or from close contact with a person or object that's infected. Mild cases of hepatitis A don't require treatment. Most people who are infected recover completely with no permanent liver damage.
Practicing good hygiene, including washing hands frequently, can prevent the spread of the virus. The hepatitis A vaccine can protect against hepatitis A.
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What are the symptoms of Hepatitis A?
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Hepatitis A symptoms typically appear a few weeks after you've had the virus. But not everyone with hepatitis A develops symptoms. If you do, symptoms can include:
• Unusual tiredness and weakness
• Sudden nausea and vomiting and diarrhea
• Abdominal pain or discomfort, especially on the upper right side beneath your lower ribs, which is over your liver
• Clay- or gray-colored stool
• Loss of appetite
• Low-grade fever
• Dark urine
• Joint pain
• Yellowing of the skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
• Intense itching
These symptoms may be relatively mild and go away in a few weeks. Sometimes, however, hepatitis A results in a severe illness that lasts several months.
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What are the causes of Hepatitis A?
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Hepatitis A is caused by a virus that infects liver cells and causes inflammation. The inflammation can affect how your liver works and cause other symptoms of hepatitis A.
The virus spreads when infected stool, even just tiny amounts, enters the mouth of another person (fecal-oral transmission). You may get hepatitis A when you eat or drink something contaminated with infected stool. You may also get the infection through close contact with a person who has hepatitis A. The virus can live on surfaces for a few months. The virus does not spread through casual contact or by sneezing or coughing.
Here are some of the specific ways the hepatitis A virus can spread:
• Eating food handled by someone with the virus who doesn't thoroughly wash hands after using the toilet
• Drinking contaminated water
• Eating food washed in contaminated water
• Eating raw shellfish from water polluted with sewage
• Being in close contact with a person who has the virus — even if that person has no symptoms
• Having sexual contact with someone who has the virus
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What are the risk factors of Hepatitis A?
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You're at increased risk of hepatitis A if you:
• Travel or work in areas of the world where hepatitis A is common
• Live with another person who has hepatitis A
• Are a man who has sexual contact with other men
• Have any type of sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis A
• AreHIVpositive
• Are homeless
• Use any type of recreational drugs, not just those that are injected
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What are the complications of Hepatitis A?
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Unlike other types of viral hepatitis, hepatitis A does not cause long-term liver damage, and it doesn't become an ongoing (chronic) infection.
In rare cases, hepatitis A can cause a sudden (acute) loss of liver function, especially in older adults or people with chronic liver diseases. Acute liver failure requires a stay in the hospital for monitoring and treatment. Some people with acute liver failure may need a liver transplant.
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What is the prevention of Hepatitis A?
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The hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection with the virus. The vaccine is typically given in two shots. The first shot is followed by a booster shot six months later. The hepatitis A vaccine can be given in a combination that includes the hepatitis B vaccine. This vaccine combination is given in three shots over six months.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the hepatitis A vaccine for the following people:
• All children at age 1 year, or older children who didn't receive the childhood vaccine
• Anyone age 1 year or older who is homeless
• Infants ages 6 to 11 months traveling to parts of the world where hepatitis A is common
• Family and caregivers of adoptees from countries where hepatitis A is common
• People in direct contact with others who have hepatitis A
• Laboratory workers who may come into contact with hepatitis A
• Men who have sex with men
• People who work or travel in parts of the world where hepatitis A is common
• People who use any type of recreational drugs, not just injected ones
• People with chronic liver disease, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C
• Anyone wishing to obtain protection (immunity)
If you're concerned about your risk of hepatitis A, ask your health care provider if you should be vaccinated.
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What are the Overview of Hepatitis B?
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Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). For most people, hepatitis B is short term, also called acute. Acute hepatitis B lasts less than six months. But for others, the infection lasts more than six months and is called chronic. Chronic hepatitis B raises the risk of liver failure, liver cancer and serious scarring of the liver called cirrhosis.
Most adults with hepatitis B recover fully, even if their symptoms are bad. Infants and children are more likely to develop a chronic, long-lasting hepatitis B virus infection.
A vaccine can prevent infection with the hepatitis B virus. For those who get infected, treatment depends on whether the infection is acute or chronic. Some people need medicine. Others with serious liver damage from a chronic infection need a liver transplant. If you're infected, taking certain safety measures can help prevent spreading the virus to others.
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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the symptoms of Hepatitis B?
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Symptoms of acute hepatitis B range from mild to serious. The symptoms usually start about 1 to 4 months after you've been infected withHBV. But you could notice them as early as two weeks after you're infected. Some people with acute or chronic hepatitis B may not have any symptoms, especially young children.
Hepatitis B symptoms may include:
• Pain in the stomach area, also called the abdomen.
• Dark urine.
• Fever.
• Joint pain.
• Loss of appetite.
• Upset stomach and vomiting.
• Weakness and extreme tiredness.
• Jaundice, which is a yellowing of the whites of the eyes and the skin. Depending on skin color, this change may be harder or easier to see.
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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the causes of Hepatitis B?
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Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus passes from person to person through blood, semen or other body fluids. It does not spread by sneezing or coughing.
Common ways thatHBVcan spread are:
• Sexual contact.You may get hepatitis B if you have sex with someone who is infected and you don't use a condom. The virus can pass to you if the person's blood, saliva, semen or vaginal fluids enter your body.
• Sharing of needles.HBVeasily spreads through needles and syringes that are tainted with infected blood. Sharing equipment used to inject illicit drugs puts you at high risk of hepatitis B.
• Accidental needlesticks.Hepatitis B is a concern for healthcare workers and anyone else who comes in contact with human blood.
• Pregnant person to newborn.Pregnant people infected withHBVcan pass the virus to their babies during childbirth. But the newborn can be vaccinated to prevent getting infected in almost all cases. Talk with your healthcare professional about being tested for hepatitis B if you are pregnant or want to become pregnant.
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What are the risk factors of Hepatitis B?
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The hepatitis B virus spreads through contact with blood, semen or other body fluids from an infected person. Your risk ofHBVinfection rises if you:
• Have sex without a condom with multiple sex partners or with someone who's infected withHBV.
• Share needles during the use of drugs injected into a vein.
• Are born male and have sex with men.
• Live with someone who has a chronicHBVinfection.
• Are an infant who was born to an infected pregnant person.
• Have a job that exposes you to human blood.
• Have hepatitis C orHIV.
• Receive dialysis treatment.
• Are or have been in prison.
• Need to take medicine that can weaken the immune system, such as chemotherapy.
• Travel to regions with high infection rates ofHBV, such as Asia, the Pacific Islands, Africa and Eastern Europe.
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What are the complications of Hepatitis B?
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Having a chronicHBVinfection can lead to serious health conditions called complications. These include:
• Scarring of the liver, also called cirrhosis.Swelling called inflammation is linked with hepatitis B. The inflammation can lead to cirrhosis that may prevent the liver from working as it should.
• Liver cancer.People with chronic hepatitis B have a higher risk of liver cancer.
• Liver failure.Acute liver failure is a condition in which the vital functions of the liver shut down. When that happens, a liver transplant is needed to stay alive.
• Sudden increase in the level of hepatitis B virus.In some people with chronic hepatitis B, levels of the virus are low or haven't yet been found by tests. If the virus starts to quickly make copies of itself, tests may spot this rise or find the virus. This is called reactivation of the virus. It can lead to liver damage or even liver failure.Reactivation tends to affect people who have weakened immune systems, also called suppressed immune systems. This includes people on medicines that weakens the immune system, such as high-dose corticosteroids or chemotherapy. Before taking these medicines, you should be tested for hepatitis B. If testing shows that you have hepatitis B, see a liver specialist called a hepatologist before you start these medicines.
• Other conditions.People with chronic hepatitis B may develop kidney disease or inflammation of blood vessels.
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What is the prevention of Hepatitis B?
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The hepatitis B vaccine is the main way to prevent infection withHBV. The vaccine is given as two shots one month apart, or three or four shots over six months. How many shots you get depends on the type of hepatitis B vaccine that you're given. You can't get hepatitis B from the vaccine.
In the United States, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that infants get their first shot of the vaccine after they're born. If you didn't get vaccinated as a baby or child, the committee still recommends the vaccine for everyone through age 59. If you're age 60 or older and haven't gotten vaccinated, get the vaccine if you're at risk of being exposed to the hepatitis B virus. People 60 and over who haven't been vaccinated and are not at high risk also can choose to get the vaccine.
The hepatitis B vaccine is strongly recommended for:
• Newborns.
• Children and adolescents not vaccinated at birth.
• Those who work or live in centers for people who have developmental disabilities.
• People who live with someone who has hepatitis B.
• Healthcare workers, emergency workers and other people who come into contact with blood.
• Anyone who has a sexually transmitted infection, includingHIV.
• People born male who have sex with men.
• People who have multiple sexual partners.
• Sexual partners of someone who has hepatitis B.
• People who inject street drugs or share needles and syringes.
• People with chronic liver disease.
• People with end-stage kidney disease.
• Travelers planning to go to an area of the world with a highHBVinfection rate.
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What are the Overview of Hepatitis C?
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Hepatitis C is a viral infection that causes liver swelling, called inflammation. Hepatitis C can lead to serious liver damage. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) spreads through contact with blood that has the virus in it.
Newer antiviral medicines are the treatment of choice for most people with the ongoing, called chronic, hepatitis C infection. These medicines often can cure chronic hepatitis C.
But many people with hepatitis C don't know they have it. That's mainly because symptoms can take decades to appear. So, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that all adults ages 18 to 79 years be screened for hepatitis C.
Screening is for everyone, even those who don't have symptoms or known liver disease.
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What are the symptoms of Hepatitis C?
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Every long-term hepatitis C infection starts with what's called an acute phase. Acute hepatitis C usually isn't diagnosed because it rarely causes symptoms. When there are symptoms in this phase, they may include jaundice, fatigue, nausea, fever and muscle aches.
Long-term infection with the hepatitis C virus is called chronic hepatitis C. Chronic hepatitis C usually has no symptoms for many years. Symptoms appear only after the virus damages the liver enough to cause them.
Symptoms can include:
• Bleeding easily.
• Bruising easily.
• Fatigue.
• Not wanting to eat.
• Yellowing of the skin, called jaundice. This might show up more in white people. Also, yellowing of the whites of the eyes in white, Black and brown people.
• Dark-colored urine.
• Itchy skin.
• Fluid buildup in the stomach area, called ascites.
• Swelling in the legs.
• Weight loss.
• Confusion, drowsiness and slurred speech, called hepatic encephalopathy.
• Spiderlike blood vessels on the skin, called spider angiomas.
Acute hepatitis C infection doesn't always become chronic. Some people clear the infection from their bodies after the acute phase. This is called spontaneous viral clearance. Antiviral therapy also helps clear acute hepatitis C.
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What are the causes of Hepatitis C?
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Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The infection spreads when blood that has the virus enters the bloodstream of a person who isn't affected.
Around the world, hepatitis C infection exists in several forms, called genotypes. There are seven genotypes and 67 subtypes. The most common hepatitis C genotype in the United States is type 1.
Chronic hepatitis C follows the same course no matter what the genotype of the infecting virus. But treatment can vary depending on viral genotype. However, newer antiviral drugs can treat many genotypes.
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What are the complications of Hepatitis C?
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Hepatitis C infection that continues over many years can cause serious complications, such as:
• Scarring of the liver, called cirrhosis.Scarring can occur after decades of hepatitis C infection. Liver scarring makes it hard for the liver to work.
• Liver cancer.A small number of people with hepatitis C infection get liver cancer.
• Liver failure.A lot of scarring can cause the liver to stop working.
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What is the prevention of Hepatitis C?
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The following might protect from hepatitis C infection:
• Stop using illegal drugs.If you use illegal drugs, seek help.
• Be careful about body piercing and tattooing.For piercing or tattooing, look for a shop that's known to be clean. Ask questions about how the equipment is cleaned. Make sure the employees use sterile needles. If employees won't answer questions, look for another shop.
• Practice safer sex.Don't have sex without protection with any partner whose health status you don't know. Don't have sex with more than one partner. The risk of couples who only have sex with each other getting hepatitis C through sex is low.
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What are the Liver cancer of Hepatocellular carcinoma?
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• Symptoms&causes
• Diagnosis&treatment
• Doctors&departments
• Care atMayoClinic
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What are the Overview of Hepatopulmonary syndrome?
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Hepatopulmonary (hep-uh-toe-POOL-moe-nar-e) syndrome is caused by blood vessels in the lungs expanding, also called dilating, and increasing in number. This condition affects the lungs of people who have advanced liver disease.
These changes in the lungs make it hard for red blood cells to take in oxygen. Then the lungs can't send enough oxygen to the body. This leads to low oxygen levels in the blood, also called hypoxemia.
How liver disease is linked to the lung condition isn't yet known. Aliver transplantis the only cure for hepatopulmonary syndrome.
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What are the symptoms of Hepatopulmonary syndrome?
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Often, there are no symptoms of hepatopulmonary syndrome. If there are symptoms, they can include:
• Shortness of breath that's worse when sitting or standing and gets better when lying down.
• Clubbing of the fingers, in which the fingertips spread out and become rounder than usual.
• Broken blood vessels under the skin, called spider angioma.
• Bluish tinge of the lips and skin in white people. In Black and brown people, the lips or tongue might look light gray. This change in color is called cyanosis.
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What are the causes of Hepatopulmonary syndrome?
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Hepatopulmonary syndrome is caused when blood vessels in and around the lungs widen, also called dilate. This affects the amount of oxygen that moves from the lungs into the bloodstream.
What causes this is not clear. And it's not known why some people with liver disease develop hepatopulmonary syndrome while others do not.
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What are the Overview of Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia?
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Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (tuh-lan-jee-uk-TAY-zhuh) is a condition that's passed through families, called inherited. It causes atypical links between arteries and veins called arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). The most common sites AVMs affect are the skin, nose, digestive system, lungs, brain and liver.
AVMs may get larger over time. They can bleed or burst. This can result in serious complications, including death.
Nosebleeds that happen for no known reason are the most common symptom. Nosebleeds can happen every day. Ongoing bleeding from the nose and the intestinal tract can result in serious iron deficiency anemia and poor quality of life.
Also called Osler-Weber-Rendu disease and HHT, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia passes from parents to children. How bad it is can vary greatly from person to person, even within the same family.
If you have HHT and have children, you may want to have them checked for the condition. HHT can affect them even if they don't have symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia?
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Symptoms of HHT include:
• Nosebleeds. These can happen every day. They often start in childhood.
• Lacy red vessels or tiny red spots, mostly on the lips, face, fingertips, tongue and inside the mouth. These are called telangiectasias.
• Iron deficiency anemia due to bleeding from the nose or intestinal tract.
• Shortness of breath.
• Headaches.
• Seizures.
• Pus-filled swelling in the brain, called a brain abscess, and strokes.
• Infection in a bone, called osteomyelitis.
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What are the causes of Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia?
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HHT is a condition of gene changes, called genetic, that you get from your parents. It is an autosomal dominant disorder. That means if one of your parents has HHT, you have a 50% chance of getting it. If you have HHT, each of your children has a 50% chance of getting it from you.
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What are the risk factors of Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia?
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The major risk factor for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is having a parent with the condition.
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What are the Overview of Herniated disk?
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A herniated disk refers to a problem with one of the rubbery cushions, called disks, that sit between the bones that stack to make the spine. These bones are called vertebrae.
A spinal disk has a soft, jellylike center called a nucleus. The nucleus is encased in a tougher, rubbery exterior, known as the annulus. A herniated disk occurs when some of the nucleus pushes out through a tear in the annulus. A herniated disk is sometimes called a slipped disk or a ruptured disk.
A herniated disk, which can occur in any part of the spine, most often occurs in the lower back. Depending on where the herniated disk is, it can result in pain, numbness or weakness in an arm or a leg.
Many people have no symptoms from a herniated disk. For people who do have symptoms, the symptoms tend to improve over time. Surgery is usually not needed to relieve the problem.
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What are the symptoms of Herniated disk?
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Most herniated disks occur in the lower back, but they also can occur in the neck. Symptoms depend on where the disk is sitting and whether the disk is pressing on a nerve. Herniated disks often affect one side of the body.
• Arm or leg pain.If your herniated disk is in your lower back, you'll typically feel pain in your lower back, buttocks, thigh and calf. You might have pain in part of your foot as well.For a herniated disk in your neck, you'll typically feel the most pain in your shoulder and arm. This pain might shoot into your arm or leg when you cough, sneeze or move into certain positions. Pain is often described as sharp or burning.
• Numbness or tingling.People who have herniated disks often have radiating numbness or tingling in the body part served by the affected nerves.
• Weakness.Muscles served by the affected nerves tend to weaken. This can cause you to stumble or affect your ability to lift or hold items.
You can have a herniated disk without symptoms. You might not know you have it unless it shows up on a spinal image.
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What are the causes of Herniated disk?
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Disk herniation is most often the result of a gradual, aging-related wear and tear called disk degeneration. As people age, the disks become less flexible and more prone to tearing or rupturing with even a minor strain or twist.
Most people can't pinpoint the cause of their herniated disk. Sometimes, using the back muscles instead of the leg and thigh muscles to lift heavy objects can lead to a herniated disk. Twisting and turning while lifting also can cause a herniated disk. Rarely, a traumatic event such as a fall or a blow to the back is the cause.
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What are the risk factors of Herniated disk?
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Factors that can increase the risk of a herniated disk include:
• Weight.Excess body weight causes extra stress on the disks in the lower back.
• Occupation.People with physically demanding jobs have a greater risk of back problems. Repetitive lifting, pulling, pushing, bending sideways and twisting also can increase the risk of a herniated disk.
• Genetics.Some people inherit a predisposition to developing a herniated disk.
• Smoking.It's thought that smoking lessens the oxygen supply to disks, causing them to break down more quickly.
• Frequent driving.Being seated for long periods combined with the vibration from a motor vehicle engine can put pressure on the spine.
• Being sedentary.Regular exercise can help prevent a herniated disk.
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What are the complications of Herniated disk?
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Just above your waist, your spinal cord ends. What continues through the spinal canal is a group of long nerve roots that resembles a horse's tail, called the cauda equina.
Rarely, disk herniation can compress the entire spinal canal, including all the nerves of the cauda equina. In rare instances, emergency surgery might be needed to avoid permanent weakness or paralysis.
Seek emergency medical attention if you have:
• Worsening symptoms.Pain, numbness or weakness can increase to the point that they hamper your daily activities.
• Bladder or bowel dysfunction.Cauda equina syndrome can cause incontinence or trouble urinating even with a full bladder.
• Saddle anesthesia.This progressive loss of sensation affects the areas that would touch a saddle — the inner thighs, the backs of the legs and the area around the rectum.
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What is the prevention of Herniated disk?
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To help prevent a herniated disk, do the following:
• Exercise.Strengthening the trunk muscles stabilizes and supports the spine.
• Maintain good posture.This reduces pressure on your spine and disks. Keep your back straight and aligned, particularly when sitting for long periods. Lift heavy objects properly, making your legs — not your back — do most of the work.
• Maintain a healthy weight.Excess weight puts more pressure on the spine and disks, making them more susceptible to herniation.
• Quit smoking.Avoid the use of any tobacco products.
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What are the symptoms of Hiatal hernia?
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Most small hiatal hernias cause no symptoms. But larger hiatal hernias can cause:
• Heartburn.
• Backward flow of swallowed food or liquids into the mouth, called regurgitation.
• Backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, called acid reflux.
• Trouble swallowing.
• Chest or abdominal pain.
• Feeling full soon after you eat.
• Shortness of breath.
• Vomiting of blood or passing of black stools, which could mean bleeding in the digestive tract.
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What are the causes of Hiatal hernia?
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A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It's not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by:
• Age-related changes in your diaphragm.
• Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery.
• Being born with a very large hiatus.
• Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.
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What are the risk factors of Hiatal hernia?
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Hiatal hernias are most common in people who are:
• Age 50 or older.
• Obese.
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What are the Overview of Hiccups?
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Hiccups are repeated spasms or sudden movements of the diaphragm that you can't control. The diaphragm is the muscle that separates your chest from your stomach area and plays an important role in breathing. A spasm in your diaphragm causes your vocal cords to suddenly close, producing a "hic" sound.
Eating a large meal, drinking alcoholic or carbonated beverages, or getting excited suddenly may cause hiccups. In some cases, hiccups may be a sign of an underlying medical issue. For most people, hiccups usually last only a few minutes. Rarely, hiccups may continue for months. When they last that long, they can result in weight loss and extreme tiredness.
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What are the symptoms of Hiccups?
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Symptoms include uncontrolled spasms in your diaphragm and a "hic" sound. Sometimes you may feel a slight tightening sensation in your chest, stomach area or throat.
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What are the causes of Hiccups?
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The most common triggers for hiccups that last less than 48 hours include:
• Drinking carbonated beverages.
• Drinking too much alcohol.
• Eating too much.
• Being excited or under emotional stress.
• Experiencing sudden temperature changes.
• Swallowing air, such as when chewing gum or smoking.
Issues that may cause hiccups to last more than 48 hours include nerve damage or irritation, central nervous system disorders, metabolic issues, and certain drug and alcohol problems.
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What are the risk factors of Hiccups?
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Males are much more likely to develop long-term hiccups than females. Other factors that may increase your risk of hiccups include:
• Mental or emotional issues.Anxiety, stress and excitement have been linked with some cases of hiccups.
• Surgery.Some people develop hiccups after general anesthesia or procedures that involve organs in the stomach area.
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What are the complications of Hiccups?
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Ongoing hiccups may interfere with eating, drinking, sleeping and speaking. Hiccups also can worsen pain.
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What are the Overview of High cholesterol?
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Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in the blood. The body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells. But high levels of cholesterol can raise the risk of heart disease.
With high cholesterol, fats and other substances can build up in blood vessels called arteries. This buildup is called plaque. As more plaque forms over time, the arteries can become narrowed or clogged. That makes it hard for enough blood to flow through the arteries. Sometimes a piece of plaque can break loose and form a blood clot. The clot may cause a heart attack or stroke.
High cholesterol can be inherited. That means it can pass from parents to children through genes. But high cholesterol often is the result of lifestyle choices such as not getting enough exercise, not eating a balanced diet or consuming large amounts of saturated fat. You can make changes to help prevent it. And if you have high cholesterol, you can help lower it with a healthy diet, regular exercise and sometimes medicine.
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What are the symptoms of High cholesterol?
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High cholesterol has no symptoms. A blood test is the only way to find out if you have it.
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What are the causes of High cholesterol?
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Lifestyle factors that may be within your control are the most common cause of high cholesterol. These factors include eating a diet high in saturated and trans fats and not getting enough exercise.
Sometimes factors that aren't within your control can lead to high cholesterol. These include gene changes that pass from parents to children, some health conditions, and some medicines.
Conditions that can cause high cholesterol include:
• Familial hypercholesterolemia.
• Chronic kidney disease.
• Chronic liver disease.
• Diabetes.
• HIV/AIDS.
• Hypothyroidism.
• Lupus.
• Overweight and obesity.
• Sleep apnea.
Some types of medicines taken for other health conditions also can make cholesterol levels worse. These include treatments for:
• Acne.
• Cancer.
• High blood pressure.
• HIV/AIDS.
• Irregular heartbeats.
• Organ transplants.
Cholesterol travels through the blood, attached to proteins. This mix of proteins and cholesterol is called a lipoprotein. There are various types of cholesterol. The types are based on what the lipoprotein carries. They are:
• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.This is known as the "bad" cholesterol. LDL carries cholesterol particles throughout the body. "Bad" cholesterol builds up in the walls of arteries. This makes the arteries hard and narrow.When a gene change causes high cholesterol, the body has trouble removing LDL cholesterol from the blood. Or the body has trouble breaking down LDL cholesterol in the liver.
• High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.This is known as the "good" cholesterol. HDL picks up extra cholesterol and takes it back to the liver.
Most often, a blood test to check cholesterol levels also measures a type of fat in the blood that is not a type of cholesterol, called triglycerides. Having a high triglyceride level also can raise the risk of heart disease. Lifestyle factors that you may be able to control play a role in triglyceride levels.
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What are the risk factors of High cholesterol?
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Risk factors for high cholesterol levels include:
• Eating habits.Eating too much saturated fat or trans fats can lead to high cholesterol. Saturated fats are found in fatty cuts of meat and full-fat dairy products. Sometimes trans fats are found in packaged snacks or desserts.
• Obesity.This complex disease involves having too much body fat.
• Lack of exercise.Exercise helps boost the body's "good" HDL cholesterol.
• Smoking.Cigarette smoking may lower the level of HDL.
• Alcohol.Drinking lots of alcohol can raise total cholesterol. Try to limit alcohol to up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
• Age.Even young children can have high cholesterol. But it's much more common in people over 40. As you age, your liver becomes less able to remove "bad" LDL cholesterol.
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What are the complications of High cholesterol?
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High cholesterol can lead to other health conditions called complications. With high cholesterol, a dangerous amount of plaque can build up on the walls of arteries. This is called atherosclerosis. Over time, the plaque buildup can cause arteries to narrow and block blood flow. Less blood flow through the arteries can cause complications such as:
• Chest pain, also called angina.If the arteries that supply the heart with blood are affected, that may cause chest pain. It also may cause other symptoms of a common type of heart disease called coronary artery disease.
• Heart attack.If plaques tear or break, a blood clot can form. The clot may block the flow of blood at the site where it broke. Or it may completely break free and block an artery farther away. If blood flow to part of the heart stops, a heart attack happens. A heart attack is an emergency that needs treatment right away.
• Stroke.A stroke happens when a blood clot blocks blood flow to part of the brain. It's also an emergency that needs treatment right away.
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What is the prevention of High cholesterol?
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The same heart-healthy lifestyle changes that can lower cholesterol also can help prevent high cholesterol. You can practice the following habits:
• Eat a diet that focuses on lean protein, fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit sodium and added sugar.
• Also limit the amount of saturated and trans fats you eat. Instead, eat foods with healthy fats such as fatty or oily fish, nuts, and olive or canola oil.
• Lose extra weight and keep it off.
• If you smoke, ask your care team to help you quit.
• Exercise on most days of the week for at least 30 minutes.
• Drink less alcohol, if at all. Limit alcohol to no more than up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
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What are the The Mayo Clinic experience and patient stories of High cholesterol?
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Our patients tell us that the quality of their interactions, our attention to detail and the efficiency of their visits mean health care like they've never experienced. See the stories of satisfied Mayo Clinic patients.
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What are the Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) of Hilar cholangiocarcinoma?
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• Symptoms&causes
• Diagnosis&treatment
• Doctors&departments
• Care atMayoClinic
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What are the Overview of Hydrocele?
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A hydrocele (HI-droe-seel) is a type of swelling in the scrotum, the pouch of skin that holds the testicles. This swelling happens when fluid collects in the thin sac that surrounds a testicle. Hydroceles are common in newborns. They often go away without treatment by age 1. Older children and adults can get a hydrocele due to an injury within the scrotum or other health problems.
A hydrocele often isn't painful or harmful. It might not need any treatment. But it's important to see a health care provider if the scrotum looks swollen.
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What are the symptoms of Hydrocele?
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Often the only sign of a hydrocele is a painless swelling of one or both testicles.
The swelling might make an adult's scrotum feel heavy. In general, pain gets worse as the swelling increases. Sometimes, the swollen area might be smaller in the morning and larger later in the day.
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What are the risk factors of Hydrocele?
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Most hydroceles are present at birth. At least 5% of newborn males have a hydrocele. Premature babies, who are born more than three weeks before their due dates, have a higher risk of having a hydrocele.
Risk factors for getting a hydrocele later in life include:
• Injury or inflammation within the scrotum.
• Infection, including a sexually transmitted infection.
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What are the complications of Hydrocele?
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A hydrocele often isn't dangerous and usually doesn't affect the ability to have a baby. But a hydrocele might be linked with a health problem that can cause serious issues. These problems include:
• Infection or tumor.Either might cause the testicles to make less sperm or not work as well as usual.
• Inguinal hernia.This can lead to life-threatening health problems.
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What are the Overview of Hydrocephalus?
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Hydrocephalus is the buildup of fluid in cavities called ventricles deep within the brain. The excess fluid increases the size of the ventricles and puts pressure on the brain.
Cerebrospinal fluid usually flows through the ventricles and bathes the brain and spinal column. But the pressure of too much cerebrospinal fluid can damage brain tissues and cause a range of symptoms related to brain function.
Hydrocephalus can happen at any age, but it occurs more often among infants and among adults 60 and older. Surgery can restore and maintain healthy cerebrospinal fluid levels in the brain. Therapies can manage symptoms resulting from hydrocephalus.
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What are the symptoms of Hydrocephalus?
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The symptoms of hydrocephalus can vary by age.
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What are the causes of Hydrocephalus?
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Hydrocephalus is caused by an imbalance between how much cerebrospinal fluid is produced and how much is absorbed into the bloodstream.
Tissues lining the ventricles of the brain produce cerebrospinal fluid. It flows through the ventricles by way of channels. The fluid eventually flows into spaces around the brain and spinal column. It's absorbed primarily by blood vessels in tissues on the surface of the brain.
Cerebrospinal fluid plays an important role in brain function by:
• Allowing the relatively heavy brain to float within the skull.
• Cushioning the brain to prevent injury.
• Removing waste products of the brain's metabolism.
• Flowing back and forth between the brain cavity and spinal column. This flow maintains a constant pressure within the brain and allows for changes in blood pressure in the brain.
Too much cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles can occur for one of the following reasons:
• Obstruction.Partial blockage of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid is the most common cause of too much cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles. A blockage may happen from one ventricle to another or from the ventricles to other spaces around the brain.
• Poor absorption.Less common is a problem with absorbing cerebrospinal fluid. This is often related to inflammation of brain tissues from disease or injury.
• Overproduction.Rarely, cerebrospinal fluid is created more quickly than it can be absorbed.
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What are the risk factors of Hydrocephalus?
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Much of the time, the cause of hydrocephalus is not known. However, developmental or medical problems can contribute to or trigger hydrocephalus.
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What are the complications of Hydrocephalus?
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In most cases, hydrocephalus worsens. Without treatment, hydrocephalus leads to complications. Complications may include learning disabilities or developmental and physical disabilities. Complications of this condition also can result in death. When hydrocephalus is mild and it's treated, there may be few, if any, serious complications.
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What are the Overview of Hydronephrosis?
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Hydronephrosis is swelling of one or both kidneys. It happens when urine can't drain from a kidney and builds up in the kidney as a result. The condition can be due to a blockage in the tubes that drain urine from the kidneys. It also can happen due to a difference present at birth that prevents urine from draining properly. In some people, hydronephrosis causes kidney damage over time.
Hydronephrosis can happen at any age. The condition often causes no symptoms. People who get symptoms may have side and back pain, painful urination, vomiting and fever. Healthcare professionals have various ways to spot hydronephrosis. Tests to find the condition can be done during infancy or sometimes before a baby is born.
Treatment for hydronephrosis depends on the condition's cause. Some people need medicine or surgery to feel better and prevent kidney damage. Mild hydronephrosis sometimes goes away on its own over time.
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What are the symptoms of Hydronephrosis?
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Hydronephrosis often causes no symptoms. But when symptoms happen, they can include:
• Pain in the side and back that may travel to the lower stomach area or groin.
• Pain with urination, or feeling a need to urinate that is urgent or happens often.
• Upset stomach and vomiting.
• Fever.
• Failure to thrive in infants.
• Weight loss or loss of appetite.
• Blood in urine.
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What are the causes of Hydronephrosis?
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Causes of hydronephrosis include a blockage or other health issue that affects the urinary tract. The urinary tract includes the kidneys and the bladder. Urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder through tubes called ureters. Urine leaves the bladder and the body through another tube called the urethra.
A partly or fully blocked urinary tract can keep urine from leaving the kidneys and cause swelling. Other issues that disrupt the urinary tract can cause urine to flow backward through the ureters from the bladder up into the kidneys. When urine flows the wrong way, the condition is called vesicoureteral reflux.
Causes of hydronephrosis include the following:
• Conditions present at birth.Some babies are born with a partial kidney blockage called a ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Most often, the blockage forms where a kidney attaches to one of the tubes that carry urine to the bladder. These tubes are called the ureters.Other babies are born with a ureter that isn't typical in structure. Urine flows backward through the ureter from the bladder up into the kidney as a result. When backward urine flow happens, it's known as vesicoureteral reflux.
• Kidney stones.These are hard buildups of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys.
• Enlarged prostate.A very enlarged prostate can cause the bladder to have trouble emptying urine. Urine may back up into the kidneys as a result.
• Injured or narrowed ureter.Pelvic surgery done with cuts through the stomach area could injure a ureter by accident. A ureter could become narrowed for reasons such as scarring after surgery or having radiation therapy for prostate cancer.
• Urinary tract infection.This type of infection can inflame any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys.
• Pregnancy.Swelling of the kidneys' urine drainage system is common during pregnancy. Often, hydronephrosis in pregnant people doesn't cause symptoms and goes away after giving birth.
• Cancer.With some types of cancer, a tumor can cause a urinary tract blockage. These include cancers of the bladder, cervix, colon and prostate.
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What are the risk factors of Hydronephrosis?
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Hydronephrosis risk factors among adults ages 20 to 60 include being born female. The higher risk could be due to certain conditions that affect the uterus, such as pregnancy. It also could be due to conditions that affect the ovaries, such as cysts, buildups of pus and cancer. Risk factors for people older than age 60 include having an enlarged prostate or a urinary tract blockage from cancer.
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What are the complications of Hydronephrosis?
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Hydronephrosis can lead to other health conditions called complications. Without treatment, some people who have severe hydronephrosis develop lasting kidney damage. Rarely, the condition can cause an affected kidney to lose its ability to filter blood, also called kidney failure.
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What are the Overview of Hypercalcemia?
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Hypercalcemia is a condition in which the calcium level in the blood becomes too high. Too much calcium in the blood can weaken bones and create kidney stones. It also can affect the heart and brain.
Most often, hypercalcemia happens after one or more of the parathyroid glands make too much hormone. These four tiny glands are in the neck, near the thyroid gland. Other causes of hypercalcemia include cancer, certain other medical conditions and some medicines. Taking too much of calcium and vitamin D supplements also can cause hypercalcemia.
Some people have no symptoms of this condition. Others have symptoms that range from mild to serious. Treatment depends on the cause.
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What are the symptoms of Hypercalcemia?
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You might not have any symptoms if your hypercalcemia is mild. If it's more serious, your symptoms are related to the parts of your body affected by high blood calcium levels. Examples include:
• Kidneys.Excess calcium makes the kidneys work harder to filter it. This can cause serious thirst and frequent urination.
• Digestive system.Hypercalcemia can cause stomach upset or pain, vomiting, and constipation.
• Bones and muscles.Most often, the extra calcium in the blood is leached from the bones. This weakens the bones. It can cause bone pain and muscle weakness.
• Brain.Hypercalcemia can affect how the brain works. That can lead to trouble focusing, confusion, drowsiness and fatigue. It also can cause depression.
• Heart.Rarely, serious hypercalcemia can affect the heart. It can cause feelings of a fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heart. It also can cause the heart to beat out of rhythm. It's linked with other heart-related conditions as well.
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What are the causes of Hypercalcemia?
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Calcium helps build strong bones and teeth. It also helps muscles contract and nerves send signals. When the parathyroid glands work right, they release hormones that help maintain the right balance of calcium in the blood. Parathyroid hormones trigger:
• Bones to release calcium into the blood.
• The digestive tract to absorb more calcium.
• The kidneys to release less calcium and activate more vitamin D. Vitamin D plays a key role in the body's ability to absorb calcium.
This delicate balance between too little calcium in the blood and hypercalcemia can be affected by various factors. Hypercalcemia can be caused by:
• Overactive parathyroid glands. This also is called hyperparathyroidism.It's the most common cause of hypercalcemia. Overactive parathyroid glands make too much parathyroid hormone. The condition can stem from a small tumor that isn't cancer. It also can stem from one or more of the four parathyroid glands becoming larger.
• Cancer.Lung cancer, breast cancer and some blood cancers can raise the risk of hypercalcemia. Cancer that spreads to the bones also raises the risk.
• Other diseases.Conditions such as tuberculosis and sarcoidosis can raise blood levels of vitamin D. That in turn spurs the digestive tract to absorb more calcium.
• Genetic factors.A rare genetic condition called familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia causes an increase of calcium in the blood. This condition doesn't cause symptoms or complications of hypercalcemia.
• Little or no movement.People who have a condition that causes them to spend a lot of time sitting or lying down can get hypercalcemia. Over time, bones that don't bear weight release calcium into the blood.
• Serious dehydration.This is a common cause of mild or short-term hypercalcemia. Having less fluid in the blood causes a rise in calcium.
• Some medicines.Medicines such as lithium and thiazide diuretics might cause more parathyroid hormone to be released.
• Supplements.Taking too much calcium or vitamin D supplements over time can raise calcium levels in the blood.
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What are the complications of Hypercalcemia?
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Hypercalcemia can lead to medical conditions that include:
• Osteoporosis.This condition involves thinning bones. It could develop if the bones keep releasing calcium into the blood. Osteoporosis can lead to broken bones, curving of the spinal column and loss of height.
• Kidney stones.If the urine contains too much calcium, crystals might form in the kidneys. Over time, the crystals can combine to form kidney stones. Passing a stone can be very painful.
• Kidney failure.This condition limits the kidneys' ability to clean the blood and get rid of extra fluid. It can develop over time as hypercalcemia damages the kidneys.
• Nervous system conditions.Serious hypercalcemia can lead to confusion, dementia and coma. Coma can be fatal.
• Irregular heart rhythm.This also is called arrhythmia. Hypercalcemia can affect the electrical signals that control the heartbeat. That can cause the heart to beat out of rhythm.
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What are the Overview of Hypereosinophilic syndrome?
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Hypereosinophilic syndrome is organ damage or dysfunction caused by an excess of disease-fighting white blood cells called eosinophils.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome (hy-per-ee-o-SIN-o-phil-ik) is rare. It can affect any tissues in the body. Common targets include the skin, lungs, digestive tract, heart and nervous system.
If a condition is found to cause hypereosinophilic syndrome, then treating the underlying condition also may lower eosinophil levels. Other treatments include medicines that reduce the number of eosinophils in the bloodstream.
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What are the symptoms of Hypereosinophilic syndrome?
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Symptoms of hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) vary depending on what organs are affected. Early symptoms of HES may include:
• Fatigue.
• Cough.
• Shortness of breath.
• Muscle pain.
• Swelling in deep layers of the skin.
• Rash.
• Fever.
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What are the causes of Hypereosinophilic syndrome?
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Eosinophils are important in fighting parasites and bacteria. They also regulate other immune system cells and proteins that cause allergic reactions.
HES occurs when high levels of these white blood cells last a long time. The cells themselves or their byproducts can move into organs, where they can cause damage or dysfunction.
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What are the risk factors of Hypereosinophilic syndrome?
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HES can affect anyone, but it occurs more often in men.
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What are the Overview of Hyperoxaluria and oxalosis?
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Hyperoxaluria (hi-pur-ok-suh-LU-ree-uh) happens when you have too much oxalate in your urine. Oxalate is a natural chemical the body makes. It's also found in some foods. But too much oxalate in the urine can cause serious problems.
Hyperoxaluria can be caused by a change in a gene, an intestine disease or eating too many foods that are high in oxalate. The long-term health of your kidneys depends on finding hyperoxaluria early and getting it treated quickly.
Oxalosis (ok-suh-LOW-sis) happens after the kidneys stop working well in people who have primary and intestine-related causes of hyperoxaluria. Too much oxalate collects in the blood. This can lead to oxalate buildups in blood vessels, bones and organs.
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What are the symptoms of Hyperoxaluria and oxalosis?
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Often, the first sign of hyperoxaluria is a kidney stone. Kidney stone symptoms can include:
• Sharp pain in the back, side, lower stomach area or groin.
• Urine that looks pink, red or brown due to blood.
• Frequent urge to pee, also called urination.
• Pain when peeing.
• Not being able to urinate or peeing only a small amount.
• Chills, fever, upset stomach or vomiting.
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What are the causes of Hyperoxaluria and oxalosis?
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Hyperoxaluria happens when too much of a chemical called oxalate builds up in the urine. There are different types of hyperoxaluria:
• Primary hyperoxaluria.This type is a rare inherited disease, which means that it's passed down in families. It's caused by changes in a gene. With primary hyperoxaluria, the liver doesn't make enough of a certain protein that prevents too much oxalate from being made. Or the protein doesn't work as it should. The body gets rid of excess oxalate through the kidneys, in urine. The extra oxalate can combine with calcium to form kidney stones and crystals. These can damage the kidneys and cause them to stop working.With primary hyperoxaluria, kidney stones form early. They most often cause symptoms from childhood through age 20. The kidneys of many people with primary hyperoxaluria stop working well by early to middle adulthood. But kidney failure can happen even in babies with this disease. Others with primary hyperoxaluria may never have kidney failure.
• Enteric hyperoxaluria.Some intestine problems cause the body to absorb more oxalate from foods. This can then increase the amount of oxalate in the urine. Crohn's disease is one intestine problem that can lead to enteric hyperoxaluria. Another is short bowel syndrome, which can happen when parts of the small intestine are removed during surgery.Other health problems make it hard for the small intestine to absorb fats from food. If this happens, it might leave oxalate more available for the gut to absorb. Usually, oxalate combines with calcium in the gut and exits the body through stools. But when there is increased fat in the gut, calcium binds to the fat instead. This allows oxalate to be free in the gut and absorbed in the bloodstream. It's then filtered by the kidneys. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery also can lead to trouble absorbing fat in the gut, which raises the risk of hyperoxaluria.
• Hyperoxaluria tied to eating foods with lots of oxalate.Eating large amounts of foods high in oxalate can raise your risk of hyperoxaluria or kidney stones. These foods include nuts, chocolate, brewed tea, spinach, potatoes, beets and rhubarb. It's important to stay away from high-oxalate foods if you have diet-related or enteric hyperoxaluria. Your doctor also may tell you to limit these foods if you have primary hyperoxaluria.
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What are the complications of Hyperoxaluria and oxalosis?
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Without treatment, primary hyperoxaluria can damage the kidneys. Over time the kidneys may stop working. This is called kidney failure. For some people, this is the first sign of the disease.
Symptoms of kidney failure include:
• Peeing less than usual or not peeing at all.
• Feeling ill and tired.
• Not feeling hungry.
• Upset stomach and vomiting.
• Pale, ashen skin or other changes to skin color tied to having a low number of red blood cells, also called anemia.
• Swelling of hands and feet.
Oxalosis happens if you have primary or enteric hyperoxaluria and your kidneys stop working well enough. The body can no longer get rid of the extra oxalate, so the oxalate starts building up. First it builds up in the blood, then in the eyes, bones, skin, muscles, blood vessels, heart and other organs.
Oxalosis can cause many health problems outside the kidneys in its late stages. These include:
• Bone disease.
• Anemia.
• Skin ulcers.
• Heart and eye problems.
• In children, serious problems developing and growing.
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What are the Overview of Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)?
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Hyperthyroidism happens when the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. This condition also is called overactive thyroid. Hyperthyroidism speeds up the body's metabolism. That can cause many symptoms, such as weight loss, hand tremors, and rapid or irregular heartbeat.
Several treatments are available for hyperthyroidism. Anti-thyroid medicines and radioiodine can be used to slow the amount of hormones the thyroid gland makes. Sometimes, hyperthyroidism treatment includes surgery to remove all or part of the thyroid gland. In some cases, depending on what's causing it, hyperthyroidism may improve without medication or other treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)?
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Hyperthyroidism sometimes looks like other health problems. That can make it hard to diagnose. It can cause many symptoms, including:
• Losing weight without trying.
• Fast heartbeat, a condition called tachycardia.
• Irregular heartbeat, also called arrhythmia.
• Pounding of the heart, sometimes called heart palpitations.
• Increased hunger.
• Nervousness, anxiety and irritability.
• Tremor, usually a small trembling in the hands and fingers.
• Sweating.
• Changes in menstrual cycles.
• Increased sensitivity to heat.
• Changes in bowel patterns, especially more-frequent bowel movements.
• Enlarged thyroid gland, sometimes called a goiter, which may appear as a swelling at the base of the neck.
• Tiredness.
• Muscle weakness.
• Sleep problems.
• Warm, moist skin.
• Thinning skin.
• Fine, brittle hair.
Older adults are more likely to have symptoms that are hard to notice. These symptoms may include an irregular heartbeat, weight loss, depression, and feeling weak or tired during ordinary activities.
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What are the causes of Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)?
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Hyperthyroidism can be caused by several medical conditions that affect the thyroid gland. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the base of the neck. It has a big impact on the body. Every part of metabolism is controlled by hormones that the thyroid gland makes.
The thyroid gland produces two main hormones: thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3). These hormones affect every cell in the body. They support the rate at which the body uses fats and carbohydrates. They help control body temperature. They have an effect on heart rate. And they help control how much protein the body makes.
Hyperthyroidism happens when the thyroid gland puts too much of those thyroid hormones into the bloodstream. Conditions that can lead to hyperthyroidism include:
• Graves' disease.Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the thyroid gland. That prompts the thyroid to make too much thyroid hormone. Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism.
• Overactive thyroid nodules.This condition also is called toxic adenoma, toxic multinodular goiter and Plummer disease. This form of hyperthyroidism happens when a thyroid adenoma makes too much thyroid hormone. An adenoma is a part of the gland that is walled off from the rest of the gland. It forms noncancerous lumps that can make the thyroid bigger than usual.
• Thyroiditis.This condition happens when the thyroid gland becomes inflamed. In some cases, it's due to an autoimmune disorder. In others, the reason for it is unclear. The inflammation can cause extra thyroid hormone stored in the thyroid gland to leak into the bloodstream and cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
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What are the risk factors of Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)?
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Risk factors for hyperthyroidism include:
• A family history of thyroid disease, particularly Graves' disease.
• A personal history of certain chronic illnesses, including pernicious anemia and primary adrenal insufficiency.
• A recent pregnancy, which raises the risk of developing thyroiditis. This can lead to hyperthyroidism.
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What are the complications of Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)?
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Hyperthyroidism can lead to the following complications.
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What are the Overview of Hypoglycemia?
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Hypoglycemia is a condition in which your blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than the standard range. Glucose is your body's main energy source.
Hypoglycemia is often related to diabetes treatment. But other drugs and a variety of conditions — many rare — can cause low blood sugar in people who don't have diabetes.
Hypoglycemia needs immediate treatment. For many people, a fasting blood sugar of 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 3.9 millimoles per liter (mmol/L), or below should serve as an alert for hypoglycemia. But your numbers might be different. Ask your health care provider.
Treatment involves quickly getting your blood sugar back to within the standard range either with a high-sugar food or drink or with medication. Long-term treatment requires identifying and treating the cause of hypoglycemia.
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What are the symptoms of Hypoglycemia?
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If blood sugar levels become too low, hypoglycemia signs and symptoms can include:
• Looking pale
• Shakiness
• Sweating
• Headache
• Hunger or nausea
• An irregular or fast heartbeat
• Fatigue
• Irritability or anxiety
• Difficulty concentrating
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Tingling or numbness of the lips, tongue or cheek
As hypoglycemia worsens, signs and symptoms can include:
• Confusion, unusual behavior or both, such as the inability to complete routine tasks
• Loss of coordination
• Slurred speech
• Blurry vision or tunnel vision
• Nightmares, if asleep
Severe hypoglycemia may cause:
• Unresponsiveness (loss of consciousness)
• Seizures
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What are the causes of Hypoglycemia?
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Hypoglycemia occurs when your blood sugar (glucose) level falls too low for bodily functions to continue. There are several reasons why this can happen. The most common reason for low blood sugar is a side effect of medications used to treat diabetes.
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What are the complications of Hypoglycemia?
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Untreated hypoglycemia can lead to:
• Seizure
• Coma
• Death
Hypoglycemia can also cause:
• Dizziness and weakness
• Falls
• Injuries
• Motor vehicle accidents
• Greater risk of dementia in older adults
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What are the Overview of Hyponatremia?
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Hyponatremia occurs when the concentration of sodium in your blood is abnormally low. Sodium is an electrolyte, and it helps regulate the amount of water that's in and around your cells.
In hyponatremia, one or more factors — ranging from an underlying medical condition to drinking too much water — cause the sodium in your body to become diluted. When this happens, your body's water levels rise, and your cells begin to swell. This swelling can cause many health problems, from mild to life-threatening.
Hyponatremia treatment is aimed at resolving the underlying condition. Depending on the cause of hyponatremia, you may simply need to cut back on how much you drink. In other cases of hyponatremia, you may need intravenous electrolyte solutions and medications.
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What are the symptoms of Hyponatremia?
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Hyponatremia signs and symptoms may include:
• Nausea and vomiting
• Headache
• Confusion
• Loss of energy, drowsiness and fatigue
• Restlessness and irritability
• Muscle weakness, spasms or cramps
• Seizures
• Coma
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What are the causes of Hyponatremia?
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Sodium plays a key role in your body. It helps maintain normal blood pressure, supports the work of your nerves and muscles, and regulates your body's fluid balance.
A normal blood sodium level is between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). Hyponatremia occurs when the sodium in your blood falls below 135 mEq/L.
Many possible conditions and lifestyle factors can lead to hyponatremia, including:
• Certain medications.Some medications, such as some water pills (diuretics), antidepressants and pain medications, can interfere with the normal hormonal and kidney processes that keep sodium concentrations within the healthy normal range.
• Heart, kidney and liver problems.Congestive heart failure and certain diseases affecting the kidneys or liver can cause fluids to accumulate in your body, which dilutes the sodium in your body, lowering the overall level.
• Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH).In this condition, high levels of the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) are produced, causing your body to retain water instead of excreting it normally in your urine.
• Chronic, severe vomiting or diarrhea and other causes of dehydration.This causes your body to lose electrolytes, such as sodium, and also increases ADH levels.
• Drinking too much water.Drinking excessive amounts of water can cause low sodium by overwhelming the kidneys' ability to excrete water. Because you lose sodium through sweat, drinking too much water during endurance activities, such as marathons and triathlons, can also dilute the sodium content of your blood.
• Hormonal changes.Adrenal gland insufficiency (Addison's disease) affects your adrenal glands' ability to produce hormones that help maintain your body's balance of sodium, potassium and water. Low levels of thyroid hormone also can cause a low blood-sodium level.
• The recreational drug Ecstasy.This amphetamine increases the risk of severe and even fatal cases of hyponatremia.
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