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What are the symptoms of Polyhydramnios?
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Polyhydramnios symptoms may be linked with the buildup of amniotic fluid creating pressure within the uterus and on nearby organs. Mild polyhydramnios often causes few or no symptoms. But serious forms of the condition may cause:
• Shortness of breath or not being able to breathe.
• Swelling in the ankles or feet.
• Pain in the stomach area.
• Feelings of tightness in the muscles of the uterus, called contractions.
Your health care professional also may also suspect polyhydramnios if your uterus has become large for the number of weeks of pregnancy.
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What are the causes of Polyhydramnios?
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Some of the known causes of polyhydramnios include:
• Conditions that affect the baby's digestive tract, central nervous system or certain other organs.
• Genetic conditions that affect the baby.
• Diabetes in the pregnant person.
• A complication of identical twin pregnancies in which one twin receives too much blood and the other too little. This is called twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.
• A decreased amount of red blood cells in the baby, also called fetal anemia.
• A condition in which the pregnant parent's blood cells attack the baby's blood cells.
• Infection during pregnancy.
Often, the cause of polyhydramnios isn't clear, especially when the condition is mild.
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What are the risk factors of Polyhydramnios?
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Risk factors for polyhydramnios include certain conditions that develop during pregnancy, such as gestational diabetes. A condition that affects the developing baby, such as a problem with the digestive tract, central nervous system or other organs, may also put you at risk of polyhydramnios.
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What are the complications of Polyhydramnios?
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Polyhydramnios is linked with:
• The baby being born too early, also called premature birth.
• The baby not being head-down in the ideal position before delivery, also called a breech birth.
• The water breaking early, also called premature rupture of membranes.
• The baby's umbilical cord dropping into the vagina ahead of the baby, also called umbilical cord prolapse.
• The organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the unborn baby, the placenta, peeling away from the inner wall of the uterus before delivery. This is called placental abruption.
• Need for a C-section delivery.
• Pregnancy loss after 20 weeks, also called stillbirth.
• Heavy bleeding due to decreased uterine muscle tone after delivery.
Greater health problems usually are linked with severe polyhydramnios.
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What are the Overview of Polymyositis?
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Polymyositis (pol-e-my-o-SY-tis) is an uncommon inflammatory disease that causes muscle weakness affecting both sides of your body. Having this condition can make it difficult to climb stairs, rise from a seated position, lift objects or reach overhead.
Polymyositis most commonly affects adults in their 30s, 40s or 50s. Women are affected more often than men. Signs and symptoms usually develop gradually, over weeks or months.
While there is no cure for polymyositis, treatment — ranging from medications to physical therapy — can improve your muscle strength and function.
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What are the symptoms of Polymyositis?
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The muscle weakness associated with polymyositis involves the muscles closest to the trunk, such as those in your hips, thighs, shoulders, upper arms and neck. The weakness affects both the left and right sides of your body, and tends to gradually worsen.
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What are the causes of Polymyositis?
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The exact cause of polymyositis is unknown, but the disease shares many characteristics with autoimmune disorders, in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your own body tissues.
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What are the risk factors of Polymyositis?
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Your risk of polymyositis is higher if you have lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, or Sjogren's syndrome.
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What are the complications of Polymyositis?
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Possible complications of polymyositis include:
• Difficulty swallowing.If the muscles in your esophagus are affected, you may have problems swallowing (dysphagia), which in turn may cause weight loss and malnutrition.
• Aspiration pneumonia.Difficulty swallowing may also cause you to breathe food or liquids, including saliva, into your lungs (aspiration), which can lead to pneumonia.
• Breathing problems.If your chest muscles are affected by the disease, you may experience breathing problems, such as shortness of breath or, in severe cases, respiratory failure.
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What are the Overview of Popliteal artery entrapment?
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Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is an uncommon condition that affects the main artery behind the knee. That artery is called the popliteal artery. In this condition, the calf muscle is in the wrong position or it's larger than usual. The muscle presses on the artery. The artery becomes trapped, making it harder for blood to flow to the lower leg and foot.
Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome is most common among athletes.
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What are the symptoms of Popliteal artery entrapment?
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The main symptom of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is pain or cramping in the back of the lower leg. The back of the lower leg is called the calf. The pain occurs during exercise and goes away with rest. Other symptoms may include:
• Cold feet after exercise.
• Tingling or burning in your calf.
• Numbness in the calf area.
If the nearby vein, called the popliteal vein, also becomes trapped by the calf muscle, you may have:
• A heavy feeling in the leg.
• Lower leg cramping at night.
• Swelling in the calf area.
• Changes in skin color around the calf muscle.
• Blood clot in the lower leg, called deep vein thrombosis.
Symptoms typically affect young, otherwise healthy people under age 40.
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What are the causes of Popliteal artery entrapment?
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Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is caused by an irregular calf muscle, usually the gastrocnemius muscle.
The condition may be seen at birth, or it may occur later in life. When it's present at birth, the baby's calf muscle or nearby artery forms in the wrong place during pregnancy. People who get the condition later in life have a calf muscle that is bigger than usual.
The changes in the calf muscle cause it to press on the main artery behind the knee. This reduces blood flow to the lower leg. The lack of blood flow causes pain and cramping in the back of the lower leg during times of activity.
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What are the risk factors of Popliteal artery entrapment?
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Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is uncommon. The following things increase the risk of the condition.
• Younger age.The condition is most often seen in people who are in their late teens or 20s. It's rarely diagnosed in those over age 40.
• Being male.PAEScan occur in anyone, but it's much more common in young men.
• Strenuous athletic activity.Runners, bicyclists, and athletes who try to build muscle fast with weight training routines or high-intensity circuit training are at the highest risk.
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What are the complications of Popliteal artery entrapment?
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Long-term pressure on the popliteal artery can cause the artery to narrow. This is called artery stenosis. It can cause pain and cramping with just slight activity, such as walking.
In severe cases or when undiagnosed, the nerves and muscles in the leg can become damaged. Blood clots may occur in the lower leg. Older athletes with symptoms of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome should be checked for a ballooning or bulging of the artery. This is called a popliteal aneurysm. It is common in older men.
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What are the Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome of Popliteal artery entrapment?
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• Symptoms&causes
• Diagnosis&treatment
• Doctors&departments
• Care atMayoClinic
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What are the Overview of Porphyria?
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Porphyria (por-FEAR-e-uh) refers to a group of rare disorders that result from a buildup of natural chemicals called porphyrins in the body. Porphyrins are needed to make heme, a part of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells. It carries oxygen to the body's organs and tissues.
Eight enzymes are needed to change porphyrins into heme. Without enough of any of these enzymes, porphyrins build up in the body. High levels of porphyrins can cause major problems, mainly in the nervous system and skin.
There are two general types of porphyrias. Acute porphyrias start rapidly and mainly affect the nervous system. Cutaneous porphyrias mainly affect the skin. A few types of porphyrias affect both the nervous system and the skin.
Symptoms of porphyria vary, depending on the specific type of porphyria and how severe it is. Porphyria is usually inherited. One or both parents pass along a changed gene to their child.
Although porphyria can't be cured, medicines and certain lifestyle changes may help you manage it. Treatment for symptoms depends on the type of porphyria you have.
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What are the symptoms of Porphyria?
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Symptoms can vary widely by type of porphyria and in how severe the symptoms are. Symptoms also can vary among people with the condition. Some people with a gene change that causes porphyria never have any symptoms.
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What are the causes of Porphyria?
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All types of porphyria involve a problem making heme. Heme is a part of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. Heme also plays a role in clearing drugs and hormones from the body.
Heme is made in the bone marrow and liver. This process involves eight different enzymes that turn porphyrins into heme. A shortage or change in any of these enzymes causes a buildup of porphyrins. Which enzyme is affected determines the type of porphyria.
In cutaneous porphyrias, porphyrins build up in the skin. When exposed to sunlight, they cause symptoms. In acute porphyrias, the buildup affects the nervous system, causing symptoms.
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What are the risk factors of Porphyria?
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In addition to genetic risk factors, environmental risk factors may trigger symptoms in porphyria. When exposed to the trigger, the body's demand for heme production increases. This overwhelms the low level of a needed enzyme, setting in motion a process that causes a buildup of porphyrins.
Examples of triggers include:
• Exposure to sunlight.
• Certain medicines, for example, birth control pills, sedatives and barbiturates.
• Recreational or illicit drugs.
• Dieting or fasting.
• Smoking.
• Physical stress, such as infections or other illnesses or surgery.
• Emotional stress.
• Alcohol use.
• Hormone changes during the menstrual period.
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What are the complications of Porphyria?
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Possible complications depend on the form of porphyria:
• Acute porphyriascan be life-threatening if an attack isn't promptly treated. During an attack, you may experience dehydration from loss of fluids, breathing problems, seizures or high blood pressure. You may need a stay in the hospital for treatment. Long-term complications with repeat acute attacks may include long-term pain, chronic kidney failure, liver damage or liver cancer.
• Cutaneous porphyriascan result in permanent skin damage. And the skin blisters can become infected. When your skin heals after symptoms, it may have a changed appearance and coloring, be fragile and slow to heal, or leave scars. Cutaneous porphyrias also increase the risk of liver damage or liver cancer.
In rare cases, a bone marrow transplant or liver transplant may be needed.
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What is the prevention of Porphyria?
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Although there's no way to prevent porphyria, if you have the condition, avoid triggers to help prevent symptoms.
Because porphyria is usually an inherited disorder, your siblings and other family members may want to consider genetic testing to determine if they have the condition. Genetic counseling is important to help understand test results and risks.
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What are the Overview of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that's caused by an extremely stressful or terrifying event — either being part of it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety and uncontrollable thoughts about the event.
Most people who go through traumatic events may have a hard time adjusting and coping for a short time. But with time and by taking good care of themselves, they usually get better. If the symptoms get worse, last for months or years, and affect their ability to function daily, they may havePTSD.
Getting treatment afterPTSDsymptoms arise can be very important to ease symptoms and help people function better.
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What are the symptoms of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
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Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms may start within the first three months after a traumatic event. But sometimes symptoms may not appear until years after the event. These symptoms last more than one month and cause major problems in social or work situations and how well you get along with others. They also can affect your ability to do your usual daily tasks.
Generally,PTSDsymptoms are grouped into four types: intrusive memories, avoidance, negative changes in thinking and mood, and changes in physical and emotional reactions. Symptoms can vary over time or vary from person to person.
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What are the causes of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
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You can develop post-traumatic stress disorder when you go through, see or learn about an event involving actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual assault.
Healthcare professionals aren't sure why some people getPTSD. As with most mental health problems, a mix of factors probably causes it, including:
• Extremely stressful experiences, as well as the amount and severity of trauma you've gone through in your life.
• Inherited mental health risks, such as a family history of anxiety and depression.
• Inherited features of your personality — often called your temperament.
• The way your brain regulates the chemicals and hormones your body releases in response to stress.
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What are the risk factors of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
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People of all ages can have post-traumatic stress disorder. But you may be more likely to developPTSDafter a traumatic event if you:
• Have severe or long-lasting traumatic experiences.
• Were physically injured during the traumatic event.
• Have been exposed to other trauma earlier in life, such as childhood abuse.
• Have a job that exposes you to traumatic events, such as being in the military or being a first responder.
• Have other mental health problems, such as anxiety or depression.
• Drink too much or misuse drugs.
• Do not have a good support system of family and friends.
• Have blood relatives with mental health problems, includingPTSDor depression.
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What are the complications of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
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Post-traumatic stress disorder can disrupt your whole life — your education, job, how well you get along with others, physical health and enjoyment of everyday activities. HavingPTSDalso may raise your risk of other mental health problems, such as:
• Depression and anxiety disorders.
• Issues with drugs or alcohol use.
• Thinking about and attempting suicide.
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What is the prevention of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
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After surviving a traumatic event, many people havePTSD-like symptoms at first, such as not being able to stop thinking about what's happened. Fear, anxiety, anger, depression and guilt are all common reactions to trauma. But most people exposed to trauma don't go on to developPTSD.
Getting timely help and support may prevent usual stress reactions from getting worse and leading toPTSD. This may mean turning to family and friends who will listen and offer comfort. It also may mean seeking out a mental health professional for a brief course of therapy. Some people also may find it helpful to turn to their faith communities.
Support from others also may prevent you from turning to unhealthy coping methods, such as misusing alcohol or drugs.
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What are the Overview of Post-vasectomy pain syndrome?
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Vasectomy is a minor procedure that blocks the supply of sperm to the semen. It is a common form of male birth control that is done by cutting and sealing the tubes that carry sperm. The sperm, which can no longer reach the semen, are absorbed by the body.
Vasectomy has a low risk of problems, but some men develop post-vasectomy pain syndrome (PVPS).PVPSinvolves chronic pain in one or both testicles that is still present three months after the procedure. Pain can range from a rare, dull ache to sharp, constant pain that can interfere with daily life. For some men, the pain is severe enough to seek treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Post-vasectomy pain syndrome?
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Having some discomfort after vasectomy is common, but men withPVPShave pain that never seems to get better after the procedure.
Signs and symptoms ofPVPSmay include:
• Pain and tenderness in the scrotum
• Pressure or pain after ejaculation
• Dull ache in one or both testicles
• Pain and tenderness at the site of the vasectomy
• Swelling of the small, C-shaped tube behind the testicle where sperm are stored (epididymis)
• Pain with sex
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What are the causes of Post-vasectomy pain syndrome?
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The causes ofPVPSare not well understood. They may include:
• Infection.Inflammation can damage the scrotum, epididymis or other structures along the cord that carries blood vessels and nerves to the testicle (spermatic cord).
• Nerve compression.A narrowing of nerves to the testicle may cause symptoms ofPVPS.
• Back pressure.Sperm that are unable to travel through the tube that carries sperm from each testicle and is cut during vasectomy (vas deferens) may cause back pressure.
• Scar tissue.Scar tissue (adhesions) may form and cause pain.
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What are the risk factors of Post-vasectomy pain syndrome?
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There are no known risk factors for developingPVPS. It is not associated with any specific age group, socioeconomic status, environmental factors or type of vasectomy procedure.
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What are the complications of Post-vasectomy pain syndrome?
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If left untreated, severe pain may cause significant emotional and psychological distress for men withPVPS. Ongoing pain can affect quality of life for men withPVPS.
Men may be unable to participate in normal physical activity and have trouble working at their jobs. Pain may also result in men avoiding sex.
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What are the Overview of Posterior cortical atrophy?
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Posterior cortical atrophy is a brain and nervous system syndrome that causes brain cells to die over time. It causes problems with eyesight and with processing visual information.
Common symptoms include trouble reading, judging distances and reaching for objects. People with the syndrome may not be able to recognize objects and familiar faces. They also may have trouble making calculations. Over time this condition may cause a decline in memory and thinking abilities, known as cognitive skills.
Posterior cortical atrophy causes the loss of brain cells in back of the brain. This is the region responsible for visual processing and spatial reasoning. This changes a person's ability to process visual and spatial information.
In more than 80% of cases, posterior cortical atrophy is due to Alzheimer's disease. However, it can be due to other neurological conditions such as Lewy body dementia or corticobasal degeneration.
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What are the symptoms of Posterior cortical atrophy?
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Posterior cortical atrophy symptoms vary among people. Symptoms also can vary over time. They tend to gradually get worse. Common symptoms include having trouble with:
• Reading, spelling or math.
• Driving.
• Getting dressed.
• Telling the difference between objects that are moving and those that are still.
• Judging how far away objects are.
• Using everyday objects or tools.
• Identifying left from right.
Other common symptoms include:
• Anxiety.
• Confusion.
• Changes in behavior and personality.
Memory problems may occur later in the disease.
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What are the causes of Posterior cortical atrophy?
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The most common cause of posterior cortical atrophy is a form of Alzheimer's disease that's not typical. It affects the back of the brain. Other less common causes include corticobasal degeneration, Lewy body dementia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Researchers are looking at potential gene variations that may be related to the condition.
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What are the risk factors of Posterior cortical atrophy?
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Further study is needed to determine whether the risk factors for Alzheimer's disease may play a role in posterior cortical atrophy.
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What are the Overview of Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele)?
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A posterior vaginal prolapse is a bulge of tissue into the vagina. It happens when the tissue between the rectum and the vagina weakens or tears. This causes the rectum to push into the vaginal wall. Posterior vaginal prolapse is also called a rectocele (REK-toe-seel).
Childbirth-related tears, chronic straining to pass stool (constipation) and other activities that put pressure on pelvic tissues can lead to posterior vaginal prolapse. A small prolapse might not cause symptoms.
With a large prolapse, you might notice a bulge of tissue that pushes through the opening of the vagina. To pass stool, you might need to support the vaginal wall with your fingers. This is called splinting. The bulge can be uncomfortable, but it's rarely painful.
If needed, self-care measures and other nonsurgical options are often effective. For severe posterior vaginal prolapse, you might need surgery to fix it.
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What are the symptoms of Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele)?
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A small posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele) might cause no symptoms.
Otherwise, you may notice:
• A soft bulge of tissue in the vagina that might come through the opening of the vagina
• Trouble having a bowel movement
• Feeling pressure or fullness in the rectum
• A feeling that the rectum has not completely emptied after a bowel movement
• Sexual concerns, such as feeling embarrassed or sensing looseness in the tone of the vaginal tissue
Many women with posterior vaginal prolapse also have prolapse of other pelvic organs, such as the bladder or uterus. A surgeon can evaluate the prolapse and talk about options for surgery to fix it.
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What are the causes of Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele)?
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Posterior vaginal prolapse results from pressure on the pelvic floor or trauma. Causes of increased pelvic floor pressure include:
• Birth-related tears
• Forceps or operative vaginal deliveries
• Long-lasting constipation or straining with bowel movements
• Long-lasting cough or bronchitis
• Repeated heavy lifting
• Being overweight
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What is the prevention of Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele)?
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To help keep posterior vaginal prolapse from getting worse, you might try to:
• Perform Kegel exercises regularly.These exercises can strengthen pelvic floor muscles. This is especially important after having a baby.
• Treat and prevent constipation.Drink plenty of fluids and eat high-fiber foods, such as fruits, vegetables, beans and whole-grain cereals.
• Avoid heavy lifting and lift correctly.Use your legs instead of your waist or back to lift.
• Control coughing.Get treatment for a chronic cough or bronchitis, and don't smoke.
• Avoid weight gain.Ask your health care provider to help you determine the best weight for you. Ask for advice on how to lose weight, if needed.
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What are the symptoms of Pouchitis?
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Symptoms of pouchitis can include diarrhea, belly pain, joint pain, cramps and fever. Other symptoms include passing stool more often, stool leakage at night, trouble controlling stool passage and a strong urge to pass stool.
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What are the causes of Pouchitis?
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The cause of pouchitis is unknown. The condition appears to be due to an interaction between bacteria in the pouch and an underlying issue with the immune system.
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What are the risk factors of Pouchitis?
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Some factors that can increase the risk of developing pouchitis include:
• Having inflammatory bowel disease, also called IBD.Pouchitis happens more often in people who have underlyingIBD, such as ulcerative colitis.
• Using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, also called NSAIDs.TakingNSAIDS, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB) and naproxen sodium (Aleve), can contribute to the development of pouchitis.
• Having radiation therapy.Radiation therapy in the pelvic area increases the risk of getting pouchitis.
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What are the Overview of Prader-Willi syndrome?
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Prader-Willi (PRAH-dur VIL-e) syndrome is a rare genetic condition that leads to physical, mental and behavioral problems. A key feature of Prader-Willi syndrome is a sense of being hungry all the time.
People with Prader-Willi syndrome want to eat all the time because they never feel full. This is called hyperphagia. As a result, they usually find it hard to manage their weight. Many complications of Prader-Willi syndrome are due to obesity.
A team of different types of specialists can best manage the symptoms of Prader-Willi syndrome. The team approach to this complex condition makes complications less likely and improves quality of life.
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What are the symptoms of Prader-Willi syndrome?
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Symptoms of Prader-Willi syndrome, which can vary, slowly change over time from childhood to adulthood.
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What are the causes of Prader-Willi syndrome?
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Prader-Willi syndrome is a genetic condition that is caused by an error in one or more genes. Although it's not known exactly what causes Prader-Willi syndrome, the problem lies in the genes in a region of chromosome 15.
Except for genes related to sex characteristics, all genes come in pairs. One copy is inherited from the father, known as a paternal gene. And one copy is inherited from the mother, known as a maternal gene. For most types of genes, if one copy is active, also known as expressed, then the other copy also is expressed. But it's typical for some types of genes to act alone.
Prader-Willi syndrome occurs because certain paternal genes that should be expressed aren't because:
• Paternal genes on chromosome 15 are missing.
• The child inherited two copies of chromosome 15 from the mother and no chromosome 15 from the father.
• There's some change in paternal genes on chromosome 15.
A missing or changed gene on chromosome 15 disrupts how a portion of the brain called the hypothalamus typically works. This part of the brain controls the release of hormones. A hypothalamus that isn't working properly can affect hunger, growth, sexual development, body temperature, mood and sleep.
In most cases, a random gene change that isn't inherited causes Prader-Willi syndrome. Finding which gene change caused Prader-Willi syndrome can help with genetic counseling.
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What are the risk factors of Prader-Willi syndrome?
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A child with an error in one or more genes in chromosome 15 is at the highest risk of getting Prader-Willi syndrome. For example, one of the genes might be missing. This error may or may not be inherited.
Those who have a child with Prader-Willi syndrome and would like to have another baby should think about getting genetic counseling. A genetic counselor can help figure out the risk of having another child with Prader-Willi syndrome.
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What is the prevention of Prader-Willi syndrome?
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If you have a child with Prader-Willi syndrome and would like to have another baby, think about getting genetic counseling. A genetic counselor can help you figure out the risk of having another child with Prader-Willi syndrome.
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What are the Overview of Premature birth?
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A premature birth means a baby is born too early. The birth takes place before the 37th week of pregnancy. A typical pregnancy lasts about 40 weeks.
Premature babies often have serious health problems, especially when they're born very early. These problems often vary. But the earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of health challenges.
A newborn can be:
• Late preterm,born between 34 and 36 completed weeks of pregnancy.
• Moderately preterm,born between 32 and 34 weeks of pregnancy.
• Very preterm,born between 28 and 32 weeks of pregnancy.
• Extremely preterm,born before 28 weeks of pregnancy.
Most premature births happen in the late preterm stage.
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What are the symptoms of Premature birth?
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Your baby may have very mild symptoms of premature birth or more-serious health problems.
Some signs of being born too early include:
• Small size, with a head that's large compared with the body.
• Features that are sharper and less rounded than a full-term baby's features due to a lack of cells that store fat.
• Fine hair that covers much of the body.
• Low body temperature, mainly right after birth in the delivery room.
• Trouble breathing.
• Feeding problems.
The following tables show the median birth weight, length and head circumference of premature babies at different gestational ages for each sex.
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What are the risk factors of Premature birth?
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Often, the exact cause of premature birth isn't clear. But certain things can raise the risk.
Some risk factors linked to past and present pregnancies include:
• Pregnancy with twins, triplets or other multiples.
• A span of less than six months between pregnancies. It's ideal to wait 18 to 24 months between pregnancies.
• Treatments to help you get pregnant, called assisted reproduction, including in vitro fertilization.
• More than one miscarriage or abortion.
• A previous premature birth.
Some health problems can raise the risk of premature birth, such as:
• Problems with the uterus, cervix or placenta.
• Some infections, mainly those of the amniotic fluid and lower genital tract.
• Ongoing health problems such as high blood pressure and diabetes.
• Injuries or trauma to the body.
Lifestyle choices also can raise the risk of a preterm pregnancy, such as:
• Smoking cigarettes, taking illicit drugs or drinking alcohol often or heavily while pregnant.
• Being underweight or overweight before pregnancy.
• Becoming pregnant before the age of 17 or after 35.
• Going through stressful life events, such as the death of a loved one or domestic violence.
For unknown reasons, Black and Native people in the United States are more likely to have premature births than are women of other races. But premature birth can happen to anyone. In fact, many preterm births have no known risk factors.
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What are the complications of Premature birth?
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Not all premature babies have health complications. But being born too early can cause short-term and long-term medical problems. In general, the earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of complications. Birth weight plays a key role too.
Some problems may be clear at birth. Others may not show up until later.
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What is the prevention of Premature birth?
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The exact cause of preterm birth is often unknown. But some things can be done to help lower the risk of preterm birth, including:
• Taking progesterone supplements.Progesterone is a hormone that plays a role in pregnancy. A lab-made version of it may be able to lower the risk of preterm birth if you've had a premature baby before. It also may lower the risk of preterm birth if you have a short cervix. The cervix is the lower end of the uterus, which opens during labor so a baby can be born.
• Cervical cerclage.This is a surgery that's done during pregnancy. Your provider may suggest it if you have a short cervix and you've had a preterm birth before.During this procedure, the cervix is stitched closed with a strong suture. This may give the uterus extra support. The suture is removed when it's time to have the baby. Ask your provider if you need to stay away from vigorous activity during the rest of your pregnancy.
One thing that doesn't help prevent preterm birth is staying in bed. Bed rest can raise the risk of blood clots, weaker bones and less muscle strength. It might even make preterm birth more likely.
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What are the Overview of Premature ejaculation?
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Premature ejaculation occurs in men when semen leave the body (ejaculate) sooner than wanted during sex. Premature ejaculation is a common sexual complaint. As many as 1 out of 3 people say they have it at some time.
Premature ejaculation isn't cause for concern if it doesn't happen often. But you might be diagnosed with premature ejaculation if you:
• Always or nearly always ejaculate within 1 to 3 minutes of penetration
• Are not able to delay ejaculation during sex all or nearly all the time
• Feel distressed and frustrated, and tend to avoid sexual intimacy as a result
Premature ejaculation is a treatable condition. Medications, counseling and techniques that delay ejaculation can help improve sex for you and your partner.
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What are the symptoms of Premature ejaculation?
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The main symptom of premature ejaculation is not being able to delay ejaculation for more than three minutes after penetration. But it might occur in all sexual situations, even during masturbation.
Premature ejaculation can be classified as:
• Lifelong.Lifelong premature ejaculation occurs all or nearly all the time beginning with the first sexual encounter.
• Acquired.Acquired premature ejaculation develops after having previous sexual experiences without problems with ejaculation.
Many people feel that they have symptoms of premature ejaculation, but the symptoms don't meet the criteria for a diagnosis. It's typical to experience early ejaculation at times.
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What are the causes of Premature ejaculation?
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The exact cause of premature ejaculation isn't known. It was once thought to be only psychological. But health care providers now know that premature ejaculation involves a complex interaction of psychological and biological factors.
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What are the risk factors of Premature ejaculation?
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Various factors can increase the risk of premature ejaculation. They may include:
• Erectile dysfunction.You might be at increased risk of premature ejaculation if you have trouble getting or keeping an erection. Fear of losing an erection might cause you to hurry through sex. This may happen whether you're aware of it or not.
• Stress.Emotional or mental strain in any area of life can play a role in premature ejaculation. Stress can limit the ability to relax and focus during sex.
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What are the complications of Premature ejaculation?
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Premature ejaculation can cause issues in your personal life. They might include:
• Stress and relationship problems.A common complication of premature ejaculation is relationship stress.
• Fertility problems.Premature ejaculation can sometimes make it hard for a partner to get pregnant. This may happen if ejaculation doesn't occur in the vagina.
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What are the Overview of Presbyopia?
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Presbyopia is the gradual loss of your eyes' ability to focus on nearby objects. It's a natural, often annoying part of aging. Presbyopia usually becomes noticeable in your early to mid-40s and continues to worsen until around age 65.
You may become aware of presbyopia when you start holding books and newspapers at arm's length to be able to read them. A basic eye exam can confirm presbyopia. You can correct the condition with eyeglasses or contact lenses. You might also consider surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Presbyopia?
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Presbyopia develops gradually. You may first notice these signs and symptoms after age 40:
• A tendency to hold reading material farther away to make the letters clearer
• Blurred vision at normal reading distance
• Eyestrain or headaches after reading or doing close-up work
You may notice these symptoms are worse if you are tired or are in an area with dim lighting.
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What are the causes of Presbyopia?
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To form an image, your eye relies on the cornea and the lens to focus the light reflected from objects. The closer the object, the more the lens flexes.
• The corneais the clear, dome-shaped front surface of your eye.
• The lensis a clear structure about the size and shape of an M&M's candy.
• Both of these structuresbend (refract) light entering your eye to focus the image on the retina, located on the inside back wall of your eye.
The lens, unlike the cornea, is somewhat flexible and can change shape with the help of a circular muscle that surrounds it. When you look at something at a distance, the circular muscle relaxes. When you look at something nearby, the muscle constricts, allowing the relatively elastic lens to curve and change its focusing power.
Presbyopia is caused by a hardening of the lens of your eye, which occurs with aging. As your lens becomes less flexible, it can no longer change shape to focus on close-up images. As a result, these images appear out of focus.
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What are the risk factors of Presbyopia?
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Certain factors can make you more likely to develop presbyopia, including:
• Age.Age is the greatest risk factor for presbyopia. Almost everyone experiences some degree of presbyopia after age 40.
• Other medical conditions.Being farsighted or having certain diseases — such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis or cardiovascular diseases — can increase your risk of premature presbyopia, which is presbyopia in people younger than 40.
• Drugs.Certain drugs are associated with premature presbyopic symptoms, including antidepressants, antihistamines and diuretics.
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What are the Overview of Prescription drug abuse?
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Prescription drug abuse is the use of a prescription medicine in a way not intended by the prescriber. Prescription drug abuse, also called prescription drug misuse, includes everything from taking a friend's prescription painkiller for your backache to snorting or injecting ground-up pills to get high. Prescription drug abuse may become ongoing and compulsive, despite the negative consequences.
An increasing problem, prescription drug abuse can affect all age groups, including teens. The prescription drugs most often misused include opioid painkillers, anti-anxiety medicines, sedatives and stimulants.
Early identification of prescription drug abuse and early intervention may prevent the problem from turning into an addiction.
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What are the symptoms of Prescription drug abuse?
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Signs and symptoms of prescription drug abuse depend on the specific drug. Because of their mind-altering properties, the most misused prescription drugs are:
• Opioidsused to treat pain, such as medicines containing oxycodone (Oxycontin, Percocet) and those containing hydrocodone (Norco)
• Anti-anxiety medicines, sedatives and hypnoticsused to treat anxiety and sleep disorders, such as alprazolam (Xanax), diazepam (Valium) and zolpidem (Ambien)
• Stimulantsused to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and certain sleep disorders, such as methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta, others), dextroamphetamine-amphetamine (Adderall XR, Mydayis) and dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)
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What are the causes of Prescription drug abuse?
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Teens and adults abuse prescription drugs for many reasons, such as:
• To feel good or get high
• To relax or relieve tension
• To ease pain
• To reduce appetite
• To increase alertness
• To experiment with mental effects of the substance
• To maintain an addiction and prevent withdrawal
• To be accepted by peers or to be social
• To try to improve concentration and school or work performance
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What are the risk factors of Prescription drug abuse?
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Some people fear that they may become addicted to medicines prescribed for medical conditions, such as painkillers prescribed after surgery. But you can reduce your risk by carefully following your health care provider's instructions on how to take your medicine.
Prescription drug abuse is highest among teens and young adults.
Risk factors for prescription drug misuse include:
• Past or present addictions to other substances, including alcohol and tobacco
• Family history of substance abuse problems
• Certain preexisting mental health conditions
• Peer pressure or a social environment where there's drug use
• Easier access to prescription drugs, such as having prescription medicines in the home medicine cabinet
• Lack of knowledge about prescription drugs and their potential harm
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What are the complications of Prescription drug abuse?
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Abusing prescription drugs can cause a number of problems. Prescription drugs can be especially dangerous — and even lead to death — when taken in high doses, when combined with other prescription drugs or certain over-the-counter medicines, or when taken with alcohol or illegal or recreational drugs.
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What is the prevention of Prescription drug abuse?
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Prescription drug abuse may occur in people who need painkillers, sedatives or stimulants to treat a medical condition. If you're taking a prescription drug that commonly leads to drug misuse, here are ways to reduce your risk:
• Make sure you're getting the right medicine.Make sure your health care provider clearly understands your condition and the signs and symptoms. Tell your health care provider about all your prescriptions, as well as over-the-counter medicines, herbs and supplements, and alcohol and other drug use. Ask your doctor whether there's another medicine with ingredients that have less potential for addiction.
• Check in with your health care provider.Talk with your health care provider on a regular basis to make sure that the medicine is working and you're taking the right dose.
• Follow directions carefully.Use your medicine the way it was prescribed. Don't stop or change the dose of a drug on your own if it doesn't seem to be working without talking to your health care provider. For example, if you're taking a pain medicine that isn't adequately controlling your pain, don't take more.
• Know what your medicine does.Ask your health care provider or pharmacist about the effects of your medicine, so you know what to expect. Also check if other drugs, over-the-counter products or alcohol should be avoided when taking this medicine.
• Never use another person's prescription.Everyone is different. Even if you have a similar medical condition, it may not be the right medicine or dose for you.
• Don't order prescriptions online unless they're from a trustworthy pharmacy.Some websites sell counterfeit prescription and over-the-counter drugs that could be dangerous.
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What are the Overview of Preterm labor?
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Preterm labor happens when regular contractions cause the cervix to open after week 20 and before week 37 of pregnancy.
Preterm labor can result in a baby being born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. The earlier the delivery, the greater the health risks for the baby. Many premature babies, called preemies, need special care in a neonatal intensive care unit. Preemies also can have long-term mental and physical health concerns.
The cause of preterm labor often isn't clear. Certain risk factors can raise the chance of preterm labor. But preterm labor can happen with no known risk factors.
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What are the symptoms of Preterm labor?
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Symptoms of preterm labor include:
• Regular or frequent feelings of belly tightening, called contractions.
• Dull low backache.
• A feeling of pressure in the pelvis or lower belly.
• Mild belly cramps.
• Vaginal spotting or light bleeding.
• A gush or an ongoing trickle of fluid after the sac around the unborn baby, called the fetus, breaks or tears.
• Fluid from the vagina that is watery, bloody or filled with mucus.
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What are the risk factors of Preterm labor?
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Preterm labor can affect any pregnancy. But many factors can raise the risk of preterm labor. They include the following.
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What are the complications of Preterm labor?
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Complications of preterm labor include having a premature baby. A baby who is born too early can have health issues. These may include low birth weight, trouble breathing, organs that are not fully formed, and trouble seeing and hearing.
Children who are born too early also have a higher risk of cerebral palsy, learning disabilities and behavioral problems. And preterm birth can be fatal for the baby.
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What is the prevention of Preterm labor?
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You might not be able to prevent preterm labor. But you can do things to support a healthy, full-term pregnancy. For example:
• Get regular prenatal care.Prenatal visits allow your healthcare professional to watch your health and your baby's health. At those visits, talk about any symptoms that worry you. If you have a history of preterm labor or have symptoms of preterm labor, you might need to see your health professional more often during pregnancy.
• Eat well.Healthy pregnancy outcomes often are linked with healthy eating.
• Don't use unhealthy substances.If you smoke, quit. Ask your healthcare professional about ways to help you quit. Don't use illegal drugs, either.
• Think about pregnancy spacing.Some research suggests a link between premature birth and pregnancies that start six months or less after the last delivery. Talk with your healthcare team about pregnancy spacing and birth control.
• Manage ongoing health conditions.Certain conditions that are ongoing, also called chronic, may raise the risk for preterm labor. Examples include diabetes, high blood pressure and obesity. Work with your healthcare team to control chronic conditions.
If you have a history of preterm labor or premature birth, you're at risk of preterm labor in later pregnancies. Work with your healthcare team to manage risk factors and respond to early symptoms of preterm labor.
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What are the Overview of Primary biliary cholangitis?
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Primary biliary cholangitis is an autoimmune disease in which the bile ducts are inflamed and slowly destroyed. It previously was called primary biliary cirrhosis.
Bile is a fluid made in the liver. It helps with digestion and absorbing certain vitamins. It also helps the body absorb fats and get rid of cholesterol, toxins and worn-out red blood cells. Ongoing inflammation in the liver can lead to bile duct inflammation and damage known as cholangitis. At times, this can lead to permanent scarring of liver tissue, called cirrhosis. It also can eventually lead to liver failure.
Although it affects both sexes, primary biliary cholangitis mostly affects women. It's considered an autoimmune disease, which means your body's immune system is mistakenly attacking healthy cells and tissue. Researchers think a combination of genetic and environmental factors triggers the disease. It usually develops slowly. At this time, there's no cure for primary biliary cholangitis, but medicines may slow liver damage, especially if treatment begins early.
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What are the symptoms of Primary biliary cholangitis?
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More than half of people with primary biliary cholangitis do not have any noticeable symptoms when diagnosed. The disease may be diagnosed when blood tests are done for other reasons, such as routine testing. Symptoms eventually develop over the next 5 to 20 years. Those who do have symptoms at diagnosis typically have poorer outcomes.
Common early symptoms include:
• Fatigue.
• Itchy skin.
Later signs and symptoms may include:
• Yellowing of the skin and eyes, called jaundice.
• Dry eyes and mouth.
• Pain in the upper right abdomen.
• Swelling of the spleen, called splenomegaly.
• Bone, muscle or joint pain.
• Swollen feet and ankles.
• Buildup of fluid in the abdomen due to liver failure, called ascites.
• Fatty deposits, called xanthomas, on the skin around the eyes, eyelids or in the creases of the palms, soles, elbows or knees.
• Darkening of the skin that's not related to sun exposure, called hyperpigmentation.
• Weak and brittle bones, called osteoporosis, which can lead to fractures.
• High cholesterol.
• Diarrhea that may include greasy stools, called steatorrhea.
• Underactive thyroid, called hypothyroidism.
• Weight loss.
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What are the causes of Primary biliary cholangitis?
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It's not clear what causes primary biliary cholangitis. Many experts consider it an autoimmune disease in which the body turns against its own cells. Researchers believe this autoimmune response may be triggered by environmental and genetic factors.
The liver inflammation seen in primary biliary cholangitis starts when certain types of white blood cells called T cells, also known as T lymphocytes, start to collect in the liver. Usually, these immune cells detect and help defend against germs, such as bacteria and viruses. But in primary biliary cholangitis, they mistakenly destroy the healthy cells that line the small bile ducts in the liver.
Inflammation in the smallest ducts spreads and eventually damages other cells in the liver. As the cells die, they're replaced by scar tissue, also known as fibrosis, that can lead to cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is scarring of liver tissue that makes it difficult for your liver to work properly.
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What are the risk factors of Primary biliary cholangitis?
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The following factors may increase your risk of primary biliary cholangitis:
• Sex.Most people with primary biliary cholangitis are women.
• Age.It's most likely to occur in people 30 to 60 years old.
• Genetics.You're more likely to get the condition if you have a family member who has or had it.
• Geography.It's most common in people of northern European descent, but primary biliary cholangitis can affect all ethnicities and races.
Researchers think that genetic factors combined with certain environmental factors trigger primary biliary cholangitis. These environmental factors may include:
• Infections,such as a urinary tract infection.
• Smoking cigarettes,especially over long periods of time.
• Exposure to toxic chemicals,such as in certain work environments.
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What are the complications of Primary biliary cholangitis?
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As liver damage worsens, primary biliary cholangitis can cause serious health problems, including:
• Liver scarring, called cirrhosis.Cirrhosis makes it difficult for your liver to work and may lead to liver failure. It means the later stage of primary biliary cholangitis. People with primary biliary cholangitis and cirrhosis have a poor medical outlook. They also have a higher risk of other complications.
• Increased pressure in the portal vein, called portal hypertension.Blood from your intestine, spleen and pancreas enters your liver through a large blood vessel called the portal vein. When scar tissue from cirrhosis blocks normal blood flow through your liver, blood backs up. This causes increased pressure inside the vein. Also, because blood doesn't flow correctly through your liver, drugs and other toxins aren't filtered properly from your bloodstream.
• Enlarged veins, called varices.When blood flow through the portal vein is slowed or blocked, blood may back up into other veins. It usually backs up into those in your stomach and esophagus. Increased pressure may cause delicate veins to break open and bleed. Bleeding in the upper stomach or esophagus is a life-threatening emergency. It requires immediate medical care.
• Enlarged spleen, called splenomegaly.Your spleen may become swollen with white blood cells and platelets. This is because your body no longer filters toxins out of the bloodstream as it should.
• Gallstones and bile duct stones.If bile cannot flow through the bile ducts, it may harden into stones in the ducts. These stones can cause pain and infection.
• Liver cancer.Liver scarring increases your risk of liver cancer. If you have liver scarring, you'll need regular cancer screening.
• Weak bones, called osteoporosis.People with primary biliary cholangitis have an increased risk of weak, brittle bones that may break more easily.
• Vitamin deficiencies.Not having enough bile affects your digestive system's ability to absorb fats and the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E and K. Because of this, some people with advanced primary biliary cholangitis may have low levels of these vitamins. Low levels can result in a variety of health problems, including night blindness and bleeding disorders.
• High cholesterol.Up to 80% of people with primary biliary cholangitis have high cholesterol.
• Decreased mental function, called hepatic encephalopathy.Some people with advanced primary biliary cholangitis and cirrhosis have personality changes. They also may have problems with memory and concentration.
• Increased risk of other disease.Primary biliary cholangitis is associated with other disorders, including those that affect the thyroid, skin and joints. It also can be associated with dry eyes and mouth, a disorder called Sjogren's syndrome.
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What are the Overview of Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)?
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Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a type of motor neuron disease. A motor neuron disease affects the nerve cells in the brain that control movement. InPLS, the breakdown of nerve cells causes weakness in the muscles that control the legs, arms and tongue.
Symptoms typically begin with balance trouble. People withPLSmay move slowly and are clumsy. Over time, symptoms evolve to include having trouble with their hands and arms, followed by problems with chewing, swallowing and speaking. Less commonly, the condition may begin with problems with speaking and swallowing.
This rare condition can develop at any age, but it usually occurs between ages 40 and 60.PLSis more common in men than in women. Rarely,PLScan begin in early childhood. This subtype is known as juvenile primary lateral sclerosis. JuvenilePLSis caused by a change in a gene that's passed from both parents to a child.
PLSis often mistaken for another, more common motor neuron disease called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). While likely related toALS,PLSgets worse more slowly thanALS. In most people,PLSisn't fatal.
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What are the symptoms of Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)?
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Symptoms of primary lateral sclerosis usually take years to develop and get worse. Symptoms generally begin in the legs. Rarely,PLSbegins with weakness in the tongue or hands. Then weakness gradually moves down the spinal cord to the legs. However, symptoms vary from person to person. Symptoms may include:
• Stiffness, weakness and muscle spasms in the legs. This is known as spasticity. Rarely, spasticity starts in only one leg and moves to the arms, hands, tongue and jaw.
• Slowed movement.
• Tripping, being clumsy and having trouble with balance.
• Hand clumsiness.
• A hoarse voice, as well as slowed, slurred speech and drooling.
• Trouble chewing and swallowing.
• Sometimes, frequent, rapid and intense shifts in emotions.
• Rarely, breathing problems and bladder problems late in the disease.
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What are the causes of Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)?
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In primary lateral sclerosis, the nerve cells in the brain that control movement slowly break down and stop working. These nerve cells are called upper motor neurons.
As a result, the nerves are not able to activate the motor neurons in the spinal cord, which control voluntary muscles. This loss causes movement problems. People withPLSmay have problems with balance, weakness, slowed movement and clumsiness.PLSalso may cause problems with speech and swallowing.
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What are the risk factors of Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)?
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There are no established environmental risk factors for primary lateral sclerosis.
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What are the complications of Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)?
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It can take as long as 20 years for primary lateral sclerosis to progress and become worse. Symptoms vary from person to person. Some people continue to walk, but others eventually need to use wheelchairs or other assistive devices.
For most people, adult-onsetPLSisn't thought to shorten life expectancy. But it can gradually affect the quality of your life as more muscles become disabled. Weaker muscles can cause you to fall, which can result in injuries. Problems with chewing and swallowing may result in poor nutrition. Performing activities of daily living, such as bathing and dressing, may become hard.
People withPLSmay develop problems with their thinking, known as cognitive decline. Or they may have changes in their behavior. For some people, their symptoms overlap with symptoms of frontotemporal dementia.
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What are the Overview of Primary ovarian insufficiency?
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Primary ovarian insufficiency occurs when the ovaries stop working as they should before age 40. When this happens, the ovaries don't make the typical amounts of the hormone estrogen or release eggs regularly. The condition often leads to infertility. Another name for primary ovarian insufficiency is premature ovarian insufficiency. It also used to be called premature ovarian failure, but this term isn't used anymore.
Sometimes, primary ovarian insufficiency is confused with premature menopause. But they aren't the same. People with primary ovarian insufficiency can have irregular or occasional periods for years. They might even get pregnant. But people with premature menopause stop having periods and can't become pregnant.
Treatment can restore estrogen levels in people with primary ovarian insufficiency. This helps prevent some conditions that can happen due to low estrogen, such as heart disease and weak, brittle bones.
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What are the symptoms of Primary ovarian insufficiency?
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Symptoms of primary ovarian insufficiency are like those of menopause or low estrogen. They include:
• Irregular or missed periods. This symptom might be present for years. It also could develop after a pregnancy or after stopping birth control pills.
• Trouble getting pregnant.
• Hot flashes and night sweats.
• Vaginal dryness.
• Anger, depression or anxiety.
• Trouble with focus or memory.
• Less sexual desire.
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What are the causes of Primary ovarian insufficiency?
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Primary ovarian insufficiency may be caused by:
• Chromosome changes.Chromosomes are thread-like structures that contain genes. Most often, people assigned female at birth have two X chromosomes in their cells. But some people with primary ovarian insufficiency have one typical X chromosome and one altered X chromosome. This can be a sign of genetic conditions such as mosaic Turner syndrome. Other people with primary ovarian insufficiency have X chromosomes that are fragile and break. This is called fragile X syndrome.
• Toxins.Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are common causes of toxin-induced ovarian insufficiency. These treatments can damage genetic material in cells. Other toxins such as cigarette smoke, chemicals, pesticides and viruses might speed up ovarian insufficiency.
• An immune system response to ovarian tissue.This also is called autoimmune disease. In this rare form, the immune system makes protective proteins that attack ovary tissue by mistake. This harms sacs in the ovaries that each contain an egg, called follicles. It also damages the egg. What triggers the immune response is unclear. But being exposed to a virus may play a role.
• Unknown factors.Most often, the cause of primary ovarian insufficiency isn't clear. You might hear this called an idiopathic cause. Your health care professional may recommend more testing to try to find the cause.
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What are the risk factors of Primary ovarian insufficiency?
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Factors that raise the risk of primary ovarian insufficiency include:
• Age.The risk goes up between ages 35 and 40. Primary ovarian insufficiency is rare before age 30. But younger people and even teens can get it.
• Family history.Having a family history of primary ovarian insufficiency raises the risk of getting this condition.
• Ovarian surgery.Surgeries that involve the ovaries raise the risk of primary ovarian insufficiency.
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What are the complications of Primary ovarian insufficiency?
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Primary ovarian insufficiency can lead to other health conditions, including the following:
• Infertility.Not being able to get pregnant can be a complication of primary ovarian insufficiency. Rarely, pregnancy is possible until the body's supply of eggs runs out.
• Osteoporosis.This condition causes bones to become weak, brittle and more likely to break. Women with low levels of the hormone estrogen have a higher risk of getting osteoporosis. That's because estrogen helps keep bones strong.
• Depression or anxiety.Some people with primary ovarian insufficiency become depressed or anxious. This can be due to the risk of infertility and other conditions that arise from low estrogen levels.
• Heart or blood vessel disease.Early loss of estrogen might raise the risk of heart conditions or stroke.
• Dementia.This is the term for a group of symptoms that affect memory, thinking and social skills. The dementia risk may be linked with getting both ovaries removed and not receiving estrogen therapy afterward in people under age 43.
• Parkinson's disease.This long-term condition affects the nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord. It also affects parts of the body controlled by nerves. The higher risk of Parkinson's disease also may be linked with surgery to remove the ovaries.
Treatment for primary ovarian insufficiency helps prevent these other health conditions.
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What are the Overview of Progressive supranuclear palsy?
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Progressive supranuclear palsy is a rare brain disease that affects walking, balance, eye movements and swallowing. The disease results from the damage of cells in areas of the brain that control body movement, coordination, thinking and other important functions. Progressive supranuclear palsy also is called Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome.
Progressive supranuclear palsy worsens over time and can lead to dangerous complications, such as pneumonia and trouble swallowing. There's no cure for progressive supranuclear palsy, so treatment focuses on managing the symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Progressive supranuclear palsy?
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Symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy include:
• A loss of balance while walking.A tendency to fall backward can occur very early in the disease.
• An inability to aim your eyes properly.People with progressive supranuclear palsy may not be able to look downward. Or they may experience blurring and double vision. Not being able to focus the eyes can make some people spill food. They also may appear disinterested in conversation because of lack of eye contact.
Additional symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy vary and may mimic those of Parkinson's disease and dementia. Symptoms get worse over time and may include:
• Stiffness, especially of the neck, and awkward movements.
• Falling, especially falling backward.
• Slow or slurred speech.
• Trouble swallowing, which may cause gagging or choking.
• Being sensitive to bright light.
• Trouble with sleep.
• Loss of interest in pleasurable activities.
• Impulsive behavior, or laughing or crying for no reason.
• Trouble with reasoning, problem-solving and decision-making.
• Depression and anxiety.
• A surprised or frightened facial expression, resulting from rigid facial muscles.
• Dizziness.
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What are the causes of Progressive supranuclear palsy?
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The cause of progressive supranuclear palsy isn't known. Its symptoms result from the damage of cells in areas of the brain, especially areas that help you control body movements and thinking.
Researchers have found that the damaged brain cells of people with progressive supranuclear palsy have excess amounts of a protein called tau. Clumps of tau also are found in other brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.
Rarely, progressive supranuclear palsy occurs within a family. But a genetic link isn't clear. Most people with progressive supranuclear palsy haven't inherited the disorder.
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What are the risk factors of Progressive supranuclear palsy?
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The only proven risk factor for progressive supranuclear palsy is age. The condition typically affects people in their late 60s and 70s. It's virtually unknown in people under the age of 40.
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What are the complications of Progressive supranuclear palsy?
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Complications of progressive supranuclear palsy result primarily from slow and difficult muscle movements. These complications may include:
• Falling, which could lead to head injuries, fractures and other injuries.
• Trouble focusing your eyes, which also can lead to injuries.
• Trouble sleeping, which can lead to feeling tired and excessive daytime sleeping.
• Not being able to look at bright lights.
• Trouble swallowing, which can lead to choking or inhaling food or liquid into the airway, known as aspiration.
• Pneumonia, which can be caused by aspiration. Pneumonia is the most common cause of death in people with progressive supranuclear palsy.
• Impulsive behaviors. For example, standing up without waiting for assistance, which can lead to falls.
To avoid the hazards of choking, your healthcare professional may recommend a feeding tube. To avoid injuries due to falling, a walker or a wheelchair may be used.
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What are the Overview of Prostatitis?
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Prostatitis is a condition of the prostate gland most often linked with swelling and irritation, called inflammation. Prostatitis can make it painful or hard to urinate. It also may cause pain in the groin, pelvic area or genitals. Bacterial infections cause some but not all prostatitis.
The prostate gland, about the size of a walnut, sits just below the bladder in people assigned male at birth. It surrounds the top part of the tube that drains urine from the bladder, called the urethra. The prostate and other sex glands make the fluid that carries sperm during ejaculation. This fluid is called semen.
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What are the symptoms of Prostatitis?
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Symptoms of prostatitis depend on the type of condition. They may include:
• Pain or burning feeling when urinating, called dysuria.
• Trouble urinating, such as dribbling or trouble starting a stream of urine or keeping it going.
• Urinating often, mostly at night, called nocturia.
• Urgent need to urinate.
• Cloudy urine.
• Blood in the urine.
• Pain in the belly, groin or lower back.
• Pain in the area between the scrotum and rectum, called the perineum.
• Pain or discomfort of the penis or testicles.
• Painful ejaculation.
• Fever, chills, muscle aches and other flu-like symptoms with acute bacterial prostatitis.
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What are the causes of Prostatitis?
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Causes depend on the type of prostatitis.
• Acute bacterial prostatitis.Common strains of bacteria are most often the cause. The infection may have spread from other parts of the urinary or reproductive systems.
• Chronic bacterial prostatitis.This most often has the same cause as acute bacterial infection. It may happen when treatment for an acute infection isn't long enough or fails to kill all the bacteria.
• Chronic prostatitis, also called chronic pelvic pain syndrome.Research suggests that the cause may involve several factors. These include an earlier infection, a condition of the nervous system or immune system, psychological stress, or issues with hormones.
• Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis.This has no known cause. It may show up during an exam for other medical conditions.
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What are the risk factors of Prostatitis?
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Risk factors for prostatitis include:
• Young or middle adulthood.
• Earlier prostatitis.
• Infection of the urinary or reproductive system.
• HIV infection or AIDS.
• Use of a tube put into the urethra to drain the bladder, called a urinary catheter.
• Having a sample of prostate tissue taken for study in a lab, called a biopsy.
Other risk factors for chronic prostatitis, also called chronic pelvic pain syndrome, may include:
• Mental stress.
• Nerve damage in the pelvic region due to surgery or injury.
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What are the complications of Prostatitis?
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Complications of acute or chronic prostatitis can include:
• Bacterial infection of the blood, called bacteremia.
• Irritation of the coiled tube attached to the back of the testicle, called epididymitis.
• Pus-filled cavity in the prostate, called a prostatic abscess.
• Infection that spreads to the upper pelvic bone or lower spine.
Complications of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome may include:
• Worry or depression.
• Sexual dysfunction, such as not being able get and keep an erection, called erectile dysfunction.
• Changes in sperm and semen that may affect having children, called infertility.
There's no proof that prostatitis can lead to prostate cancer. Researchers are looking into whether long-term irritation of the prostate is a risk factor for cancer.
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What are the Overview of Pseudobulbar affect?
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Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is a condition that's characterized by episodes of sudden uncontrollable and inappropriate laughing or crying. Pseudobulbar affect typically occurs in people with certain neurological conditions or injuries, which might affect the way the brain controls emotion.
If you have pseudobulbar affect you'll experience emotions normally, but you'll sometimes express them in an exaggerated or inappropriate way. As a result, the condition can be embarrassing and disruptive to your daily life.
Pseudobulbar affect often goes undiagnosed or is mistaken for mood disorders. Once diagnosed, however, pseudobulbar affect can be managed with medication.
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