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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the Overview of Trachoma?
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Trachoma (truh-KOH-muh) is a bacterial infection that affects your eyes. It's caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Trachoma is contagious, spreading through contact with the eyes, eyelids, and nose or throat secretions of infected people. It can also be passed on by handling infected items, such as handkerchiefs.
At first, trachoma may cause mild itching and irritation of your eyes and eyelids. Then you may notice swollen eyelids and pus draining from the eyes. Untreated trachoma can lead to blindness.
Trachoma is the leading preventable cause of blindness worldwide. Most trachoma cases occur in poor areas of Africa, where 85% of people with active disease reside. In areas where trachoma is prevalent, infection rates among children under 5 can be 60% or more.
Early treatment may help prevent trachoma complications.
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What are the symptoms of Trachoma?
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Signs and symptoms of trachoma usually affect both eyes and may include:
• Mild itching and irritation of the eyes and eyelids
• Eye discharge containing mucus or pus
• Eyelid swelling
• Light sensitivity (photophobia)
• Eye pain
• Eye redness
• Vision loss
Young children are particularly susceptible to infection. But the disease progresses slowly, and the more painful symptoms may not emerge until adulthood.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified five stages in the development of trachoma:
• Inflammation — follicular.The early infection has five or more follicles — small bumps that contain lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell — visible with magnification on the inner surface of your upper eyelid (conjunctiva).
• Inflammation — intense.In this stage, your eye is now highly infectious and becomes irritated, with a thickening or swelling of the upper eyelid.
• Eyelid scarring.Repeated infections lead to scarring of the inner eyelid. The scars often appear as white lines when examined with magnification. Your eyelid may become distorted and may turn in (entropion).
• In-turned eyelashes (trichiasis).The scarred inner lining of your eyelid continues to deform, causing your lashes to turn in so that they rub on and scratch the transparent outer surface of your eye (cornea).
• Corneal clouding (opacity).The cornea becomes affected by an inflammation that is most commonly seen under your upper lid. Continuous inflammation compounded by scratching from the in-turned lashes leads to clouding of the cornea.
All the signs of trachoma are more severe in your upper lid than in your lower lid. Without intervention, a disease process that begins in childhood can continue to advance into adulthood.
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What are the causes of Trachoma?
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Trachoma is caused by certain subtypes of Chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium that can also cause the sexually transmitted infection chlamydia.
Trachoma spreads through contact with discharge from the eyes or nose of an infected person. Hands, clothing, towels and insects can all be routes for transmission. In developing countries, eye-seeking flies also are a means of transmission.
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What are the risk factors of Trachoma?
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Factors that increase your risk of contracting trachoma include:
• Crowded living conditions.People living in close contact are at greater risk of spreading infection.
• Poor sanitation.Poor sanitary conditions, inadequate access to water, and lack of hygiene, such as unclean faces or hands, help spread the disease.
• Age.In areas where the disease is active, it's most common in children ages 4 to 6.
• Sex.In some areas, women's rate of contracting the disease is two to six times higher than that of men. This may be attributed to the fact that women have more contact with children, who are the primary reservoir of infection.
• Flies.People living in areas with problems controlling the fly population may be more susceptible to infection.
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What are the complications of Trachoma?
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One episode of trachoma caused by Chlamydia trachomatis is easily treated with early detection and use of antibiotics. Repeated or secondary infections can lead to complications, including:
• Scarring of the inner eyelid
• Eyelid deformities, such as an inward-folding eyelid (entropion) or ingrown eyelashes (trichiasis), which can scratch the cornea
• Corneal scarring or cloudiness
• Partial or complete vision loss
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What is the prevention of Trachoma?
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If you've been treated for trachoma with antibiotics or surgery, reinfection is always a concern. For your protection and for the safety of others, be sure that family members or others you live with are screened and, if necessary, treated for trachoma.
Trachoma can occur worldwide but is more common in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and the Pacific Rim. When in regions where trachoma is common, take extra care in practicing good hygiene, which can help prevent infection.
Proper hygiene practices include:
• Face washing and hand-washing.Keeping faces and hands clean may help break the cycle of reinfection.
• Fly control.Reducing fly populations can help eliminate a source of transmission.
• Proper waste management.Properly disposing of animal and human waste can reduce breeding grounds for flies.
• Improved access to water.Having a fresh water source nearby can help improve hygienic conditions.
No trachoma vaccine is available, but prevention is possible. TheWHOhas developed a strategy to prevent trachoma, with the goal of eliminating it by 2020. While the goal hasn't been entirely achieved, trachoma cases have declined sharply. The strategy, titled SAFE, involves:
• Surgery to treat advanced forms of trachoma
• Antibiotics to treat and prevent the infection
• Facial cleanliness
• Environmental improvements, particularly in water, sanitation and fly control
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What are the Overview of Transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
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A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a short period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke. It's caused by a brief blockage of blood flow to the brain. ATIAusually lasts only a few minutes and doesn't cause long-term damage.
However, aTIAmay be a warning. About 1 in 3 people who has aTIAwill eventually have a stroke, with about half occurring within a year after theTIA.
Often called a ministroke, aTIAcan serve as both a warning of a future stroke and a chance to prevent it.
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What are the symptoms of Transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
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Transient ischemic attacks usually last a few minutes. Most symptoms disappear within an hour. Rarely, symptoms may last up to 24 hours. The symptoms of aTIAare similar to those found early in a stroke. Symptoms happen suddenly and may include:
• Weakness, numbness or paralysis in the face, arm or leg, typically on one side of the body.
• Slurred speech or trouble understanding others.
• Blindness in one or both eyes or double vision.
• Dizziness or loss of balance or coordination.
You may have more than oneTIA. Their symptoms may be similar or different depending on which area of the brain is involved.
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What are the causes of Transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
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The cause of a transient ischemic attack is similar to the cause of an ischemic stroke, which is the most common type of stroke. In an ischemic stroke, a blood clot blocks the blood supply to part of the brain. In aTIA, unlike a stroke, the blockage is brief and there is no permanent damage.
The blockage that occurs during aTIAoften results from a buildup of cholesterol-containing fatty deposits called plaques in an artery. This is known as atherosclerosis. The buildup also may occur in an artery's branches that supply oxygen and nutrients to the brain.
Plaques can decrease the blood flow through an artery or lead to the development of a clot. A blood clot that moves from another part of the body, such as the heart, to an artery that supplies the brain also may cause aTIA.
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What are the risk factors of Transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
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Some risk factors of a transient ischemic attack and stroke can't be changed. Others you can control.
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What is the prevention of Transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
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Knowing your risk factors and living healthfully are the best things you can do to prevent a transient ischemic attack. A healthy lifestyle includes getting regular medical checkups. Also:
• Don't smoke.Stopping smoking reduces your risk of aTIAor a stroke.
• Limit cholesterol and fat.Cutting back on cholesterol and fat, especially saturated fat and trans fat, in your diet may reduce buildup of plaques in the arteries.
• Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.These foods contain nutrients such as potassium, folate and antioxidants, which may protect against aTIAor a stroke.
• Limit sodium.If you have high blood pressure, avoid salty foods and don't add salt to food. These habits may help reduce your blood pressure. Limiting salt may not prevent high blood pressure, but excess sodium may increase blood pressure in some people.
• Exercise regularly.If you have high blood pressure, regular exercise is one of the few ways you can lower your blood pressure without medicines.
• Limit alcohol intake.Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. The recommended limit is no more than one drink daily for women and two drinks a day for men.
• Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight contributes to other risk factors, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Losing weight with diet and exercise may lower your blood pressure and improve your cholesterol levels.
• Don't use illicit drugs.Illicit drugs such as cocaine are associated with an increased risk of aTIAor a stroke.
• Control diabetes.You can manage diabetes and high blood pressure with diet, exercise, weight control and, when necessary, medicine.
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What are the Overview of Transposition of the great arteries?
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Transposition of the great arteries, also called TGA, is a serious, rare heart condition in which the two main arteries leaving the heart are switched. The condition is present at birth. That means it's a congenital heart defect.
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What are the symptoms of Transposition of the great arteries?
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Symptoms of transposition of the great arteries include:
• Blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. Depending on skin color, these color changes may be harder or easier to see.
• Pounding heartbeat.
• Weak pulse.
• Lack of appetite.
• Poor weight gain.
Some people with the congenitally corrected type of TGA may not have symptoms for many years.
Also, skin color changes may not be seen right away if a baby with TGA also has other heart changes that let some oxygen-rich blood move through the body. But as the baby becomes more active, less oxygen-rich blood flows through the body. The changes in skin color become more noticeable as oxygen levels drop.
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What are the risk factors of Transposition of the great arteries?
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Possible risk factors for congenital heart defects such as transposition of the great arteries include:
• Rubella, also called German measles.Having rubella during pregnancy can cause changes in an unborn baby's heart development. A blood test done before pregnancy can determine if you're immune to rubella. A vaccine is available if you aren't.
• Some medicines.Taking certain medicines during pregnancy can cause congenital heart defects and other health conditions present at birth. Always tell your healthcare team about the medicines you take.
• Alcohol use.Drinking alcohol during pregnancy raises the risk of congenital heart defects in the baby.
• Smoking.If you smoke, quit. Smoking during pregnancy can be harmful to the unborn baby, also called a fetus.
• Diabetes.Careful control of blood sugar before and during pregnancy can reduce the risk of congenital heart defects in the baby. Diabetes that develops during pregnancy is called gestational diabetes.
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What are the complications of Transposition of the great arteries?
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Complications depend on the type of transposition of the great arteries. Possible complications of complete transposition of the great arteries may include:
• Not enough oxygen to body tissues.Unless there's some mixing of oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood within the heart, this complication causes death.
Possible complications of congenitally corrected transposition, also called l-TGA, may include:
• Complete heart block.Transposition of the great arteries can change the way electrical signals move through the heart and tell the heart to beat. A complete heart block occurs if all signals are blocked.
• Heart valve disease.In l-TGA, the valve between the upper and lower heart chambers, called the tricuspid valve, may not close all the way. Blood might flow backward. This condition is called tricuspid valve regurgitation. It can make it harder for the heart to pump blood.
• Heart failure.The heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Heart failure may happen over time in l-TGA because the right lower heart chamber is pumping under higher pressure than usual. The strain may make the muscle of the right lower chamber weak.
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What is the prevention of Transposition of the great arteries?
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Because the exact cause of most congenital heart defects is not known, it may not be possible to prevent these conditions.
If you have a family history of heart conditions present at birth, talk with a genetic counselor and a healthcare professional trained in congenital heart defects before getting pregnant.
It's important to take steps to have a healthy pregnancy. Get proper prenatal care. Before becoming pregnant, get recommended immunizations. Start taking a multivitamin with folic acid. Folic acid has been shown to prevent harmful changes in the unborn baby's brain and spinal cord. It also may help reduce the risk of congenital heart defects.
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What are the Overview of Tricuspid valve disease?
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Tricuspid valve disease is a type of heart valve disease, also called valvular heart disease. The valve between the two right heart chambers, called the right atrium and the right ventricle, doesn't work as it should. The heart must work harder to pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body.
Tricuspid valve disease often happens with other heart valve diseases.
There are different types of tricuspid valve disease. Symptoms and treatment depend on the specific valve condition. Treatment may include regular health checkups, medicines, or a procedure or surgery to fix or replace the valve.
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What are the symptoms of Tricuspid valve disease?
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Symptoms of tricuspid valve disease depend on the specific valve condition and how severe it is.
Tricuspid stenosis symptoms are often mild. Symptoms may include:
• A fast, pounding heartbeat.
• Fluttering feeling in the neck.
• Fatigue.
People with tricuspid regurgitation may not have symptoms. But the condition may cause vague symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, and swelling in the legs or belly. Sometimes there is a pulsing feeling in the neck veins.
Tricuspid atresia and Ebstein anomaly symptoms often are seen at birth. They may include:
• Blue or gray skin and lips. Depending on skin color, these changes may be easier or harder to see.
• Difficulty breathing.
• Slow growth and poor weight gain.
• Tiring easily, especially during feedings.
Some types of tricuspid valve disease may cause symptoms of right-sided heart failure. Right-sided heart failure symptoms include:
• Fatigue and weakness.
• Shortness of breath.
• Swelling in the legs, ankles and feet.
• Swelling of the belly area, a condition called ascites.
• Sudden weight gain from a buildup of fluid.
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What are the risk factors of Tricuspid valve disease?
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Risk factors for tricuspid valve disease depend on the specific condition.
Anything that causes swelling or irritation of the right side of the heart or changes in the structure of the valve can increase the risk of tricuspid valve disease.
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What are the Overview of Tricuspid valve regurgitation?
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Tricuspid valve regurgitation is a type of heart valve disease. The valve between the two right heart chambers doesn't close as it should. Blood flows backward through the valve into the upper right chamber. If you have tricuspid valve regurgitation, less blood flows to the lungs. The heart has to work harder to pump blood.
The condition also may be called:
• Tricuspid regurgitation.
• Tricuspid insufficiency.
Some people are born with heart valve disease that leads to tricuspid regurgitation. This is called congenital heart valve disease. But tricuspid valve regurgitation also may occur later in life due to infections and other health conditions.
Mild tricuspid valve regurgitation may not cause symptoms or require treatment. If the condition is severe and causing symptoms, medicine or surgery may be needed.
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What are the symptoms of Tricuspid valve regurgitation?
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Tricuspid valve regurgitation often doesn't cause symptoms until the condition is severe. It may be found when medical tests are done for another reason.
Symptoms of tricuspid valve regurgitation may include:
• Extreme tiredness.
• Shortness of breath with activity.
• Feelings of a rapid or pounding heartbeat.
• Pounding or pulsing feeling in the neck.
• Swelling in the belly, legs or neck veins.
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What are the causes of Tricuspid valve regurgitation?
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To understand the causes of tricuspid valve regurgitation, it may help to know how the heart and heart valves typically work.
A typical heart has four chambers.
• The two upper chambers, called the atria, receive blood.
• The two lower chambers, called the ventricles, pump blood.
Four valves open and close to keep blood flowing in the correct direction. These heart valves are:
• Aortic valve.
• Mitral valve.
• Tricuspid valve.
• Pulmonary valve.
The tricuspid valve is between the heart's two right chambers. It has three thin flaps of tissue, called cusps or leaflets. These flaps open to let blood move from the upper right chamber to the lower right chamber. The valve flaps then close tightly so blood doesn't flow backward.
In tricuspid valve regurgitation, the tricuspid valve doesn't close tightly. So, blood leaks backward into the upper right heart chamber.
Causes of tricuspid valve regurgitation include:
• A heart problem you're born with, also called a congenital heart defect.Some congenital heart defects affect the shape of the tricuspid valve and how it works. Tricuspid valve regurgitation in children is usually caused by a rare heart problem present at birth called Ebstein anomaly. In this condition, the tricuspid valve does not form correctly. It also is lower than usual in the lower right heart chamber.
• Marfan syndrome.This condition is caused by changes in genes. It affects the fibers that support and anchor the organs and other structures in the body. It'soccasionally associated with tricuspid valve regurgitation.
• Rheumatic fever.This complication of strep throat can cause permanent damage to the heart and heart valves. When that happens, it's called rheumatic heart valve disease.
• Infection of the lining of the heart and heart valves, also called infective endocarditis.This condition can damage the tricuspid valve.IVdrug misuse increases the risk of infective endocarditis.
• Carcinoid syndrome.This condition occurs when a rare cancerous tumor releases certain chemicals into the bloodstream. It can lead to carcinoid heart disease, which damages heart valves, most commonly the tricuspid and pulmonary valves.
• Chest injury.An injury to the chest, such as from a car accident, may cause damage that leads to tricuspid valve regurgitation.
• Pacemaker or other heart device wires.Tricuspid valve regurgitation might happen if wires from a pacemaker or defibrillator cross the tricuspid valve.
• Heart biopsy, also called an endomyocardial biopsy.Heart valve damage can sometimes happen when a small amount of heart muscle tissue is removed for examination.
• Radiation therapy.Rarely, radiation therapy for cancer that is focused on the chest area can cause tricuspid valve regurgitation.
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What are the risk factors of Tricuspid valve regurgitation?
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A risk factor is something that makes you more likely to get a sickness or other health condition.
Things that can increase the risk of tricuspid valve regurgitation are:
• An irregular heartbeat called atrial fibrillation (AFib).
• Being born with a heart problem, called a congenital heart defect.
• Damage to the heart muscle, including heart attack.
• Heart failure.
• High blood pressure in the lungs, also called pulmonary hypertension.
• Infections of the heart and heart valves.
• History of radiation therapy to the chest area.
• Use of some weight-loss drugs and medicines to treat migraines and mental health disorders.
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What are the complications of Tricuspid valve regurgitation?
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Tricuspid valve regurgitation complications may depend on how severe the condition is. Possible complications of tricuspid regurgitation include:
• An irregular and often rapid heartbeat, called atrial fibrillation (AFib).Some people with severe tricuspid valve regurgitation also have this common heart rhythm disorder. AFib has been linked to an increased risk of blood clots and stroke.
• Heart failure.In severe tricuspid valve regurgitation, the heart has to work harder to pump enough blood to the body. The extra effort causes the lower right heart chamber to get bigger. Untreated, the heart muscle becomes weak. This can cause heart failure.
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What are the Overview of Truncus arteriosus?
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Truncus arteriosus (TRUNG-kus ahr-teer-e-O-sus) is a rare heart condition present at birth. That means it's a congenital heart defect. In this condition, one large blood vessel leads out of the heart, instead of two.
Having only one large blood vessel means that oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood mix. This mixing reduces the amount of oxygen delivered to the body. It usually increases the amount of blood flow into the lungs too. The heart has to work harder to adjust for the changes in blood flow.
A baby, also called a fetus, with truncus arteriosus also usually has a hole between the two lower heart chambers, called the ventricles. The hole is called a ventricular septal defect.
Another name for truncus arteriosus is common arterial trunk.
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What are the symptoms of Truncus arteriosus?
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Symptoms of truncus arteriosus most often occur in the first few days of life. They include:
• Blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels.
• Extreme sleepiness.
• Poor feeding.
• Poor growth.
• Pounding heartbeat.
• Fast breathing.
• Shortness of breath.
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What are the causes of Truncus arteriosus?
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Truncus arteriosus occurs as a baby's heart forms during pregnancy. There's often no clear cause. Genetics and environmental factors may play a role.
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What are the risk factors of Truncus arteriosus?
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The exact cause of truncus arteriosus is unknown. But some things might increase the risk of a heart problem at birth. Risk factors include:
• Viral illness during pregnancy.Some infections can hurt a developing baby. For example, having German measles during pregnancy can cause changes in a baby's heart development. German measles also is called rubella.
• Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy.Careful control of your blood sugar before and during pregnancy can reduce the risk of heart problems in your baby. If you have diabetes, work with your healthcare professional to be sure blood sugar is well controlled before getting pregnant.
• Some medicines taken during pregnancy.Some medicines can cause heart problems and other health conditions in a baby. Tell your healthcare professional about all the medicines you take, including those bought without a prescription.
• Some chromosomal disorders.An extra or irregular chromosome increases the risk of truncus arteriosus. Examples are DiGeorge syndrome, also called 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, and velocardiofacial syndrome.
• Smoking during pregnancy.If you smoke, quit. Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of heart conditions in your baby.
• Alcohol use.Drinking alcohol during pregnancy increases the risk of heart conditions and other health issues in a baby.
• Obesity.Obesity increases the risk of giving birth to a baby with a heart condition.
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What are the complications of Truncus arteriosus?
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Truncus arteriosus causes severe problems with how blood flows through the lungs, heart and rest of the body.
Complications of truncus arteriosus in babies include:
• Breathing problems.Extra fluid and blood in the lungs can make it difficult to breathe.
• High blood pressure in the lungs, also called pulmonary hypertension.This condition causes the blood vessels in the lungs to narrow. It becomes hard for the heart to pump blood into the lungs.
• Enlargement of the heart.Pulmonary hypertension and increased blood flow strain the heart. The heart must work harder to pump blood. This causes the heart muscle to grow larger. The enlarged heart gradually weakens.
• Heart failure.In this condition, the heart cannot supply the body with enough blood. Too little oxygen and too much strain on the heart can lead to heart failure.
Infants who had their hearts successfully fixed with surgery may still have complications later in life. Possible complications are:
• Pulmonary hypertension that gets worse.
• Backward flow of blood through a heart valve, called regurgitation.
• Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
Common symptoms of these complications include:
• Dizziness.
• Feeling very fast, fluttering heartbeats.
• Feeling very tired.
• Shortness of breath when exercising.
• Swelling of the belly, legs or feet.
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What is the prevention of Truncus arteriosus?
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Because the cause is unclear, it may not be possible to prevent truncus arteriosus. Getting good prenatal care is important. If you or someone in your family had a heart condition present at birth, talk to your healthcare professional before getting pregnant. You might need to see a genetic counselor and a heart doctor, called a cardiologist.
If you decide to get pregnant, taking these steps can help keep your baby healthy:
• Get recommended vaccinations.Some infections can be harmful to a developing baby. For example, having German measles — also called rubella —during pregnancy can cause changes in a baby's heart development. A blood test done before pregnancy can show if you're immune to rubella. A vaccine is available for those who aren't immune.
• Talk to your healthcare professional about your medicines.Check with your healthcare professional before taking any medicines if you're pregnant or thinking about getting pregnant. Many drugs aren't recommended for use during pregnancy because they can harm a developing baby.
• Take a folic acid supplement.Take a multivitamin with folic acid. Taking 400 micrograms of folic acid daily has been shown to reduce brain and spinal cord conditions in babies. It may help reduce the risk of heart conditions present at birth too.
• Control diabetes.If you have diabetes, ask your healthcare professional how to best manage the disease during pregnancy.
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What are the Overview of Tuberous sclerosis?
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Tuberous sclerosis (TOO-bur-us skluh-ROH-sis), also called tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), is an uncommon genetic disorder that causes tumors to develop in many parts of the body. These tumors are not cancer. Noncancerous tumors, also called benign tumors, are overgrowths of cells and tissue that are not expected. Symptoms vary widely, depending on where the growths develop and how big they get.
Tuberous sclerosis is often first found during infancy or childhood. Sometimes tuberous sclerosis can have such mild symptoms that the condition isn't diagnosed until adulthood, or it's not diagnosed at all. Sometimes tuberous sclerosis causes serious disabilities.
There is no cure for tuberous sclerosis, and the course of the disorder and how bad it gets can't be predicted. But treatments are available to manage symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Tuberous sclerosis?
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Tuberous sclerosis symptoms are caused by noncancerous growths in parts of the body, most commonly in the skin, brain, eyes, kidneys, heart and lungs. But any part of the body can be affected. Symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on the size or location of the growths.
Although symptoms are different for each person with tuberous sclerosis, they can include:
• Skin changes.Skin changes are most common. These include patches of lighter skin and small areas of thickened, smooth or bumpy skin. On the forehead, skin can have raised, discolored areas. Small soft bumps under or around the nails may occur. Growths on the face that start in childhood and look like acne are common.
• Seizures.Growths in the brain may be linked with seizures. A seizure is often the first symptom of tuberous sclerosis. In small children, a common type of seizure called infantile spasm involves stiffening of the arms and legs and arching the back and head.
• Problems in thinking, reasoning and learning.Tuberous sclerosis can result in developmental delays. Sometimes it limits the ability to think, reason and learn. Mental health conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), also can occur.
• Behavior problems.Common behavior problems may include hyperactivity, self-injury or aggression, or issues with social and emotional adjustment.
• Kidney problems.Growths on the kidneys are common, and more growths may develop with age.
• Heart issues.Growths in the heart, if present, are usually largest at birth and shrink as a child gets older.
• Lung problems.Growths that develop in the lungs may cause coughing or trouble breathing, especially with physical activity or exercise. These lung tumors occur more often in females than in males.
• Eye problems.Growths can appear as white patches on the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye called the retina. These growths usually don't interfere with vision.
• Dental changes.Teeth may have pits in the surface. Small growths may appear on the gums, inside of the cheeks and on the tongue.
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What are the causes of Tuberous sclerosis?
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Tuberous sclerosis is a genetic disorder caused by gene changes — sometimes called mutations — in either theTSC1or theTSC2gene. These genes are thought to prevent cells from growing too fast or in an out-of-control way. Changes in either of these genes can cause cells to grow and divide more than needed. This leads to multiple growths throughout the body. These growths are considered noncancerous tumors.
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What are the risk factors of Tuberous sclerosis?
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Tuberous sclerosis can be the result of either:
• A random cell division error.About two-thirds of people who have tuberous sclerosis have a new change in either theTSC1or theTSC2gene linked with tuberous sclerosis. Most people do not have a family history of tuberous sclerosis.
• A gene change passed down in families.About one-third of people who have tuberous sclerosis get a changedTSC1orTSC2gene from a parent who has the disorder.
If you have tuberous sclerosis, you have up to a 50% chance of passing the changed gene and the disorder to your biological children, which means children related to you by blood may inherit that gene. How bad the disorder gets may vary. A parent with tuberous sclerosis may have a child who has a milder or a more severe form of the disorder.
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What are the complications of Tuberous sclerosis?
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Depending on where the noncancerous tumors grow and their size, they can cause severe or life-threatening complications. Here are some examples:
• Too much fluid in and around the brain.One type of noncancerous brain growth, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, can grow along the lining of the fluid-filled spaces in the brain, called ventricles. The tumor can block the flow of fluid that helps protect the brain, causing fluid to build up around the brain. This buildup is called hydrocephalus. Symptoms can include a head size that is larger than expected, nausea, headaches and behavior changes.
• Heart complications.Growths in the heart, usually in infants, can block blood flow or cause problems with heart rhythm.
• Kidney damage.Growths in the kidney can be large and cause potentially serious — even life-threatening — kidney problems. Growths in the kidney can cause high blood pressure or bleeding or lead to kidney failure. Rarely, kidney growths can become cancerous.
• Lung failure.Growths in the lungs damage the lung tissue and can lead to collapsed lungs. The growths interfere with how well the lungs can provide oxygen to the rest of the body.
• Increased risk of cancerous tumors.Tuberous sclerosis is linked with an increased risk of developing cancerous tumors in the kidneys and brain.
• Vision damage.Growths in the eye can interfere with vision if they block too much of the retina, though this is rare.
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What are the Overview of Ulnar wrist pain?
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Ulnar wrist pain is pain on the side of your wrist opposite the thumb. The ulna is one of two forearm bones. Wrist pain can vary, depending on the cause. Ulnar wrist pain can be linked to many different types of injuries, including problems with the bones, tendons and ligaments.
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What are the symptoms of Ulnar wrist pain?
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Symptoms of ulnar wrist pain may include:
• Pain that worsens when gripping something or twisting the wrist.
• Loss of strength when trying to grip firmly.
• Trouble moving the wrist or rotating the forearm.
• A popping or clicking sound when moving the wrist.
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What are the causes of Ulnar wrist pain?
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Because so many factors can lead to wrist pain, it can be difficult to diagnose. Common causes of ulnar wrist pain include:
• Sudden impacts.A common cause of wrist injuries is a fall onto an outstretched hand. This can cause sprains, strains and even fractures.
• Repetitive stress.Any activity that involves wrist motion done over and over can inflame the tissues around the joint or cause stress fractures. The risk of injury is increased when you perform the movement for hours on end without a break.
• Arthritis.This can cause swelling and stiffness in the wrist. Both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis can cause wrist pain.
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What are the risk factors of Ulnar wrist pain?
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Sports participation, repetitive work, and certain diseases and conditions can put you at risk for ulnar wrist pain.
• Sports participation.Wrist injuries are common in many sports, both those that involve impact and those that put repetitive stress on the wrist. These can include football, golf, tennis and pickleball.
• Repetitive work.People who regularly use a computer mouse or keyboard are at risk. Carpenters and plumbers may develop ulnar wrist pain because they often use tools in small spaces, causing awkward positioning of the wrist.
• Other diseases and conditions.People with generally loose ligaments, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or gout also are at risk.
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What are the symptoms of Ureteral cancer?
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Signs and symptoms of ureteral cancer include:
• Blood in the urine, which may make the urine look red, pink or cola colored.
• Back pain.
• Pain when urinating.
• Losing weight without trying.
• Feeling very tired.
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What are the risk factors of Ureteral cancer?
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Factors that can increase the risk of ureteral cancer include:
• Increasing age.The risk of ureteral cancer goes up with age. Most people diagnosed with this cancer are in their 70s and 80s.
• Previous bladder or kidney cancer.People who have been diagnosed with bladder cancer or kidney cancer have a higher risk of ureteral cancer.
• Smoking tobacco.Smoking tobacco raises the risk of ureteral cancer. It also raises the risk of other urinary tract cancers, including kidney cancer and bladder cancer.
• Exposure to certain chemicals.Working with certain chemicals is linked to an increased risk of ureteral cancer.
• Family history of cancer.If you have a strong family history of cancer, discuss it with your healthcare professional. Together you may decide whether to consider genetic testing for inherited cancer syndromes such as Lynch syndrome. Lynch syndrome raises the risk of colon cancer and other cancers, including ureteral cancer.
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What is the prevention of Ureteral cancer?
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Although there's no sure way to prevent ureteral cancer, you can take steps to help reduce your risk. For instance:
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What are the Overview of Urethral stricture?
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A urethral (u-REE-thrul) stricture involves scarring that narrows the tube that carries urine out of the body, called the urethra. As a result of a stricture, less urine comes out of the bladder. This can cause problems in the urinary tract, such as infection.
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What are the symptoms of Urethral stricture?
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Symptoms of urethral stricture can include:
• Weak urine stream.
• Bladder not emptying all the way.
• Spraying urine.
• Finding it hard or painful to pass urine.
• Passing urine more often or feeling the need to pass urine more often.
• Urinary tract infection.
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What are the causes of Urethral stricture?
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Scar tissue, which can narrow the urethra, can be due to:
• A medical procedure that involves putting a tool, such as an endoscope, into the urethra.
• A tube that's put into the urethra to drain the bladder, called a catheter.
• Trauma or injury to the urethra or pelvis.
• An enlarged prostate or having had surgery to remove or reduce an enlarged prostate gland.
• Cancer of the urethra or prostate.
• Sexually transmitted infections.
• Radiation therapy.
• A skin condition that causes patchy, discolored, thin skin that often affects the genital area, called lichen sclerosus.
Urethral stricture is much more common in males than in females. Often the cause is unknown.
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What are the Overview of Urinary tract infection (UTI)?
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A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of the urinary system. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract — the bladder and the urethra.
Women are at greater risk of developing aUTIthan are men. If an infection is limited to the bladder, it can be painful and annoying. But serious health problems can result if aUTIspreads to the kidneys.
Health care providers often treat urinary tract infections with antibiotics. You can also take steps to lower the chance of getting aUTIin the first place.
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What are the symptoms of Urinary tract infection (UTI)?
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UTIs don't always cause symptoms. When they do, they may include:
• A strong urge to urinate that doesn't go away
• A burning feeling when urinating
• Urinating often, and passing small amounts of urine
• Urine that looks cloudy
• Urine that appears red, bright pink or cola-colored — signs of blood in the urine
• Strong-smelling urine
• Pelvic pain, in women — especially in the center of the pelvis and around the area of the pubic bone
In older adults,UTIs may be overlooked or mistaken for other conditions.
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What are the causes of Urinary tract infection (UTI)?
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UTIs typically occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to spread in the bladder. The urinary system is designed to keep out bacteria. But the defenses sometimes fail. When that happens, bacteria may take hold and grow into a full-blown infection in the urinary tract.
The most commonUTIs occur mainly in women and affect the bladder and urethra.
• Infection of the bladder.This type ofUTIis usually caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli).E. coliis a type of bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. But sometimes other bacteria are the cause.Having sex also may lead to a bladder infection, but you don't have to be sexually active to develop one. All women are at risk of bladder infections because of their anatomy. In women, the urethra is close to the anus. And the urethral opening is close to the bladder. This makes it easier for bacteria around the anus to enter the urethra and to travel to the bladder.
• Infection of the urethra.This type ofUTIcan happen whenGIbacteria spread from the anus to the urethra. An infection of the urethra can also be caused by sexually transmitted infections. They include herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia and mycoplasma. This can happen because women's urethras are close to the vagina.
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What are the risk factors of Urinary tract infection (UTI)?
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UTIs are common in women. Many women experience more than oneUTIduring their lifetimes.
Risk factors forUTIs that are specific to women include:
• Female anatomy.Women have a shorter urethra than men do. As a result, there's less distance for bacteria to travel to reach the bladder.
• Sexual activity.Being sexually active tends to lead to moreUTIs. Having a new sexual partner also increases risk.
• Certain types of birth control.Using diaphragms for birth control may increase the risk ofUTIs. Using spermicidal agents also can increase risk.
• Menopause.After menopause, a decline in circulating estrogen causes changes in the urinary tract. The changes can increase the risk ofUTIs.
Other risk factors forUTIs include:
• Urinary tract problems.Babies born with problems with their urinary tracts may have trouble urinating. Urine can back up in the urethra, which can causeUTIs.
• Blockages in the urinary tract.Kidney stones or an enlarged prostate can trap urine in the bladder. As a result, risk ofUTIs is higher.
• A suppressed immune system.Diabetes and other diseases can impair the immune system — the body's defense against germs. This can increase the risk ofUTIs.
• Catheter use.People who can't urinate on their own often must use a tube, called a catheter, to urinate. Using a catheter increases the risk ofUTIs. Catheters may be used by people who are in the hospital. They may also be used by people who have neurological problems that make it difficult to control urination or who are paralyzed.
• A recent urinary procedure.Urinary surgery or an exam of your urinary tract that involves medical instruments can both increase the risk of developing aUTI.
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What are the complications of Urinary tract infection (UTI)?
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When treated promptly and properly, lower urinary tract infections rarely lead to complications. But left untreated,UTIs can cause serious health problems.
Complications of aUTImay include:
• Repeated infections, which means you have two or moreUTIs within six months or three or more within a year. Women are especially prone to having repeated infections.
• Permanent kidney damage from a kidney infection due to an untreatedUTI.
• Delivering a low birth weight or premature infant when aUTIoccurs during pregnancy.
• A narrowed urethra in men from having repeated infections of the urethra.
• Sepsis, a potentially life-threatening complication of an infection. This is a risk especially if the infection travels up the urinary tract to the kidneys.
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What is the prevention of Urinary tract infection (UTI)?
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These steps may help lower the risk ofUTIs:
• Drink plenty of liquids, especially water.Drinking water helps dilute the urine. That leads to urinating more often — allowing bacteria to be flushed from the urinary tract before an infection can begin.
• Try cranberry juice.Studies that look into whether cranberry juice preventsUTIs aren't final. However, drinking cranberry juice is likely not harmful.
• Wipe from front to back.Do this after urinating and after a bowel movement. It helps prevent the spread of bacteria from the anus to the vagina and urethra.
• Empty your bladder soon after having sex.Also drink a full glass of water to help flush bacteria.
• Avoid potentially irritating feminine products.Using them in the genital area can irritate the urethra. These products include deodorant sprays, douches and powders.
• Change your birth control method.Diaphragms, unlubricated condoms or condoms treated with spermicide can contribute to bacterial growth.
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What are the Overview of Urine color?
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Regular urine color ranges from clear to pale yellow. But certain things can change the color.
Foods such as beets, blackberries and fava beans can turn urine pink or red, for example. And some medicines can give urine vivid tones, such as orange or greenish-blue.
An unusual urine color also can be a sign of a health problem. For instance, some urinary tract infections can turn urine milky white. Kidney stones, some cancers and other diseases sometimes make urine look red due to blood.
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What are the symptoms of Urine color?
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The regular color of urine varies. It depends on how much water you drink. Fluids dilute the yellow pigments in urine. So the more you drink, the clearer your urine looks. When you drink less, the yellow color becomes stronger.
But urine can turn colors far beyond what's typical, including:
• Red.
• Blue.
• Green.
• Orange.
• Dark brown.
• Cloudy white.
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What are the causes of Urine color?
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A change in urine color is often caused by certain medicines, foods or food dyes. Sometimes it's caused by a health problem.
Here are some unusual urine colors along with things that can cause them. Keep in mind that colors can look slightly different to different people. For instance, what looks red to you might look orange to someone else.
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What are the risk factors of Urine color?
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A change in urine color that isn't due to foods or medicine could be caused by a health problem. Some things that put you at risk of health problems that can affect urine color are:
• Age.Tumors of the bladder and kidney, which can cause blood in the urine, are more common in older people. Men older than 50 sometimes have blood in the urine due to an enlarged prostate gland.
• Family history.If any of your blood relatives, such as a parent, sibling or grandparent, have kidney disease or kidney stones, you're more likely to get them too. Both kidney disease and kidney stones can cause blood in the urine.
• Hard exercise.Distance runners are most at risk. But anyone who exercises hard can have blood in the urine.
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What are the Overview of Vaginal agenesis?
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Vaginal agenesis (a-JEN-uh-sis) is a rare disorder in which the vagina doesn't develop, and the womb (uterus) may only develop partially or not at all. This condition is present before birth and may also be associated with kidney or skeletal problems.
The condition is also known as mullerian agenesis, mullerian aplasia or Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome.
Vaginal agenesis is often identified at puberty when a female does not begin menstruating. Use of a vaginal dilator, a tubelike device that can stretch the vagina when used over a period of time, is often successful in creating a vagina. In some cases, surgery may be needed. Treatment makes it possible to have vaginal intercourse.
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What are the symptoms of Vaginal agenesis?
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Vaginal agenesis often goes unnoticed until females reach their teens, but don't menstruate (amenorrhea). Other signs of puberty usually follow typical female development.
Vaginal agenesis may have these features:
• The genitals look like a typical female.
• The vagina may be shortened without a cervix at the end, or absent and marked only by a slight indentation where a vaginal opening would typically be located.
• There may be no uterus or one that's only partially developed. If there's tissue lining the uterus (endometrium), monthly cramping or chronic abdominal pain may occur.
• The ovaries typically are fully developed and functional, but they may be in an unusual location in the abdomen. Sometimes the pair of tubes that eggs travel through to get from the ovaries to the uterus (fallopian tubes) are absent or do not develop typically.
Vaginal agenesis may also be associated with other issues, such as:
• Problems with development of the kidneys and urinary tract
• Developmental changes in the bones of the spine, ribs and wrists
• Hearing problems
• Other congenital conditions that also involve the heart, gastrointestinal tract and limb growth
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What are the causes of Vaginal agenesis?
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It's not clear what causes vaginal agenesis, but at some point during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy, tubes called the mullerian ducts don't develop properly.
Typically, the lower portion of these ducts develops into the uterus and vagina, and the upper portion becomes the fallopian tubes. The underdevelopment of the mullerian ducts results in an absent or partially closed vagina, absent or partial uterus, or both.
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What are the complications of Vaginal agenesis?
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Vaginal agenesis may impact your sexual relationships, but after treatment, your vagina will typically function well for sexual activity.
Females with a missing or partially developed uterus can't get pregnant. If you have healthy ovaries, however, it may be possible to have a baby through in vitro fertilization. The embryo can be implanted in the uterus of another person to carry the pregnancy (gestational carrier). Discuss fertility options with your health care provider.
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What are the Overview of Vaginal fistula?
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A vaginal fistula is an unusual opening that forms between the vagina and another organ, such as the bladder, colon or rectum. Your healthcare professional might describe a vaginal fistula as a hole in the vagina that lets urine, gas or stool pass through the vagina.
Vaginal fistulas can form after childbirth or after an injury, a surgery, an infection or radiation treatment. You may need surgery to fix a fistula.
There are various types of vaginal fistulas. They are named based on the location of the fistula and organs they affect:
• Vesicovaginal fistula.Also called a bladder fistula, this opening forms between the vagina and urinary bladder. This is one of the most common fistulas.
• Ureterovaginal fistula.This type of fistula happens when an unusual opening forms between the vagina and the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. These tubes are called ureters.
• Urethrovaginal fistula.The opening forms between the vagina and the tube that carries urine out of the body, called the urethra. This type of fistula also is called a urethral fistula.
• Rectovaginal fistula.In this type of fistula, the opening is between the vagina and the lower portion of the large intestine, called the rectum.
• Colovaginal fistula.The opening happens between the vagina and colon.
• Enterovaginal fistula.The opening is between the small intestine and the vagina.
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What are the symptoms of Vaginal fistula?
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Vaginal fistula symptoms can include:
• Leaking of urine or stool, or passing of gas, through the vagina.
• Urinary tract infections that happen often.
• Urine that has an unusual odor or contains blood.
• Vaginal fluid called discharge that looks or smells unusual.
• Pain during sex.
• Pain, swelling or irritation in the area between the vagina and the anus, called the perineum.
• Repeated infections of the vagina.
The exact symptoms a person has depend in part on the location of the fistula.
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What are the causes of Vaginal fistula?
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Vaginal fistulas have many possible causes, including certain medical conditions and problems that can happen because of surgery. These causes include the following:
• Surgery complications.Surgeries that involve the vaginal wall, anus or rectum can lead to vaginal fistulas. So can surgery on the area between the vagina and anus, called the perineum. Fistulas can form for reasons such as injuries during surgery and infections after surgery. Skilled surgeons can repair injuries while operating, which lowers the risk of fistula. But complications such as fistulas are more common after surgery in people with diabetes or in people who use tobacco.Surgery to remove the uterus, called a hysterectomy, is an example of an operation that can raise the risk of a vaginal fistula. The risk is higher if the hysterectomy is more complex. For example, the risk rises if the surgery takes longer than five hours, or if it involves larger blood loss or the removal of more surrounding tissue.
• Childbirth injuries.A vaginal fistula could stem from tearing that sometimes happens when a baby's head comes through the opening of the vagina. Or a fistula might form due to an infection of a surgical cut made between the vagina and the anus to help deliver a baby. This cause is not common in developed countries.Being in labor a long time because the baby can't move into the birth canal can raise the risk of a vaginal fistula, mainly in developing countries. That's partly because access to emergency delivery measures such as C-section may be limited.
• Crohn's disease.This condition inflames tissue that lines the digestive tract. If you follow your Crohn's treatment plan, you're not likely to get a vaginal fistula. Crohn's is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Another type ofIBDcalled ulcerative colitis also may lead to vaginal fistulas, but the risk of that happening is even lower.
• Certain cancers and radiation therapy.Cancer of the anus, rectum, vagina or cervix can lead to a vaginal fistula. So can damage from radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer in the pelvic area.
• Diverticulitis.This condition involves small, bulging pouches in the digestive tract. Diverticulitis that leads to a vaginal fistula is more common in older people.
• A large amount of stool stuck in the rectum.This condition is known as a fecal impaction. It also is more likely to cause a vaginal fistula in an older person.
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What are the risk factors of Vaginal fistula?
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A vaginal fistula has no clear risk factors.
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What are the complications of Vaginal fistula?
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Vaginal fistulas can lead to other health conditions called complications. Complications of vaginal fistulas include:
• Fistulas that keep coming back.
• Ongoing pelvic infections.
• Narrowing of the vagina, anus or rectum. This also is called stenosis.
• Trouble becoming pregnant.
• Loss of a pregnancy after 20 weeks, also called stillbirth.
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What is the prevention of Vaginal fistula?
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There are no steps you need to take to prevent a vaginal fistula.
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What are the Overview of Varicocele?
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A varicocele (VAR-ih-koe-seel) is an enlargement of the veins within the loose bag of skin that holds the testicles (scrotum). These veins transport oxygen-depleted blood from the testicles. A varicocele occurs when blood pools in the veins rather than circulating efficiently out of the scrotum.
Varicoceles usually form during puberty and develop over time. They may cause some discomfort or pain, but they often result in no symptoms or complications.
A varicocele may cause poor development of a testicle, low sperm production or other problems that may lead to infertility. Surgery to treat varicocele may be recommended to address these complications.
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What are the symptoms of Varicocele?
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A varicocele usually occurs on the left side of the scrotum and often produces no signs or symptoms. Possible signs and symptoms may include:
• Pain.A dull, aching pain or discomfort is more likely when standing or late in the day. Lying down often relieves pain.
• A mass in the scrotum.If a varicocele is large enough, a mass like a "bag of worms" may be visible above the testicle. A smaller varicocele may be too small to see but noticeable by touch.
• Differently sized testicles.The affected testicle may be noticeably smaller than the other testicle.
• Infertility.A varicocele may lead to difficulty fathering a child, but not all varicoceles cause infertility.
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What are the causes of Varicocele?
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The testicles receive oxygen-rich blood from two testicular arteries — one artery for each side of the scrotum. Similarly, there are also two testicular veins that transport oxygen-depleted blood back toward the heart. Within each side of the scrotum, a network of small veins (pampiniform plexus) transport the oxygen-depleted blood from the testicle to the main testicular vein. A varicocele is the enlargement of the pampiniform plexus.
The exact cause of a varicocele is unknown. One contributing factor may be the malfunction of valves inside the veins that are intended to keep blood moving in the right direction. Also, the left testicular vein follows a slightly different path than the right vein — a path that makes a problem with blood flow more likely on the left.
When the oxygen-depleted blood gets backed up in the network of veins, they widen (dilate), creating the varicocele.
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What are the risk factors of Varicocele?
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There don't appear to be any significant risk factors for developing a varicocele.
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What are the complications of Varicocele?
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Having a varicocele can make it difficult for your body to regulate the temperature of the testicles. Oxidative stress and the buildup of toxins can result. These factors may contribute to the following complications:
• Poor testicular health.For boys going through puberty, a varicocele may inhibit testicle growth, hormone production, and other factors related to the health and function of the testicle. For men, a varicocele may result in gradual shrinkage due to tissue loss.
• Infertility.A varicocele doesn't necessarily cause infertility. An estimated 10% to 20% of men diagnosed with a varicocele experience difficulty fathering a child. Among men with fertility problems, about 40% have a varicocele.
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What are the Overview of Varicose veins?
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Varicose veins are bulging, enlarged veins. Any vein that is close to the skin's surface, called superficial, can become varicosed. Varicose veins most often affect the veins in the legs. That's because standing and walking increase the pressure in the veins of the lower body.
For many people, varicose veins are simply a cosmetic concern. So are spider veins, a common, mild form of varicose veins. But varicose veins can cause aching pain and discomfort. Sometimes they lead to more-serious health problems.
Treatment involves exercising, raising legs when sitting or lying down, or wearing compression stockings. A procedure may be done to close or remove veins.
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What are the symptoms of Varicose veins?
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Varicose veins might not cause pain. Symptoms of varicose veins include:
• Veins that are dark purple, blue or the same color as the skin. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see.
• Veins that look twisted and bulging. They often look like cords on the legs.
When there are painful symptoms of varicose veins, they might include:
• An achy or heavy feeling in the legs.
• Burning, throbbing, muscle cramping and swelling in the lower legs.
• Worse pain after sitting or standing for a long time.
• Itching around one or more of the veins.
• Changes in skin color around a varicose vein.
Spider veins are like varicose veins, but they're smaller. Spider veins are found closer to the skin's surface and might look like a spider's web.
Spider veins occur on the legs but also can be found on the face. They vary in size and often look like a spider's web.
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What are the causes of Varicose veins?
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Weak or damaged valves can lead to varicose veins. Arteries carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Veins return blood from the rest of the body to the heart. To return blood to the heart, the veins in the legs must work against gravity.
Muscles tighten in the lower legs to act as pumps. Vein walls help blood return to the heart. Tiny valves in the veins open as blood flows toward the heart, then close to stop blood from flowing backward. If these valves are weak or damaged, blood can flow backward and pool in the veins, causing the veins to stretch or twist.
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What are the risk factors of Varicose veins?
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The two main risk factors for varicose veins are:
• Family history.If other family members have varicose veins, there's a greater chance you will too.
• Obesity.Being overweight puts added pressure on veins.
Other things that might increase the risk of varicose veins include:
• Age.Aging causes wear and tear on the valves in the veins that help control blood flow. Over time, that wear causes the valves to allow some blood to flow back into the veins, where it collects.
• Sex.Women are more likely to get the condition. Hormones tend to relax vein walls. So changes in hormones before a menstrual period or during pregnancy or menopause might be a factor. Hormone treatments, such as birth control pills, might increase the risk of varicose veins.
• Pregnancy.During pregnancy, the blood volume in the body increases. This change supports the growing baby but also can make the veins in the legs bigger.
• Standing or sitting for long periods of time.Movement helps blood flow.
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What are the complications of Varicose veins?
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Complications of varicose veins are rare. They can include:
• Ulcers.Painful ulcers can form on the skin near varicose veins, mostly near the ankles. A discolored spot on the skin often begins before an ulcer forms. See your healthcare professional right away if you think you have a leg ulcer.
• Blood clots.Sometimes, veins deep within the legs get larger. They might cause leg pain and swelling. Seek medical help for ongoing leg pain or swelling. This can mean a blood clot.
• Bleeding.Rarely, veins close to the skin burst. This mostly causes only minor bleeding. But it needs medical help.
• Leg swelling.Longtime varicose veins can cause the legs to swell.
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What is the prevention of Varicose veins?
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Getting better blood flow and muscle tone might lower the risk of having varicose veins. The same ways you treat the discomfort from varicose veins can help prevent them. Try the following:
• Don't wear high heels or tight stockings, other than compression stockings.
• Change how you sit or stand often.
• Eat a high-fiber, low-salt diet.
• Exercise.
• Raise your legs when sitting or lying down.
• Keep a healthy weight.
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What are the Congenital heart defects in children of Vascular rings?
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• Symptoms&causes
• Diagnosis&treatment
• Doctors&departments
• Care atMayoClinic
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What are the Overview of Ventricular tachycardia?
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Ventricular tachycardia is a type of irregular heartbeat, called an arrhythmia. It starts in the lower chambers of the heart, called the ventricles. This condition also may be called V-tach or VT.
A healthy heart typically beats about 60 to 100 times a minute at rest. In ventricular tachycardia, the heart beats faster, usually 100 or more beats a minute.
Sometimes the rapid heartbeat stops the heart chambers from properly filling with blood. The heart may not be able to pump enough blood to the body. If this happens, you may feel short of breath or lightheaded. Some people lose consciousness.
Ventricular tachycardia episodes may be brief and last only a few seconds without causing harm. But episodes lasting more than a few seconds, called sustainedV-tach, can be life-threatening. Sometimes ventricular tachycardia can cause all heart activity to stop. This complication is called sudden cardiac arrest.
Treatments for ventricular tachycardia include medicines, a shock to the heart, a heart device, and a procedure or surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Ventricular tachycardia?
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When the heart beats too fast, it may not send enough blood to the rest of the body. So the organs and tissues may not get enough oxygen. Symptoms of ventricular tachycardia are due to a lack of oxygen. They may include:
• Chest pain, called angina.
• Dizziness.
• Pounding heartbeat, called palpitations.
• Lightheadedness.
• Shortness of breath.
Ventricular tachycardia can be a medical emergency even if your symptoms are minor.
Ventricular tachycardia, sometimes called V-tach or VT, is grouped according to how long an episode lasts.
• NonsustainedV-tachstops on its own within 30 seconds. Brief episodes may not cause any symptoms.
• SustainedV-tachlasts more than 30 seconds. This type of ventricular tachycardia can cause serious health problems.
Symptoms of sustainedV-tachmay include:
• Fainting.
• Loss of consciousness.
• Cardiac arrest or sudden death.
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What are the causes of Ventricular tachycardia?
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Ventricular tachycardia is caused by faulty heart signaling that makes the heart beat too fast in the lower heart chambers. The lower heart chambers are called the ventricles. The fast heart rate doesn't allow the ventricles to fill and squeeze to pump enough blood to the body.
Many things can cause or lead to problems with heart signaling and trigger ventricular tachycardia. These include:
• Prior heart attack.
• Any heart condition that caused scarring of heart tissue, called structural heart disease.
• Poor blood flow to the heart muscle due to coronary artery disease.
• Heart problems present at birth, including long QT syndrome.
• Changes in levels of body minerals called electrolytes. These include potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium.
• Side effects of medicines.
• Use of stimulants such as cocaine or methamphetamine.
Sometimes, the exact cause of ventricular tachycardia can't be determined. This is called idiopathic ventricular tachycardia.
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What are the risk factors of Ventricular tachycardia?
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Any condition that puts a strain on the heart or damages heart tissue can increase the risk of ventricular tachycardia. Lifestyle changes such as eating healthy and not smoking may lower the risk. It's also important to get proper medical treatment if you have any of the following conditions and events:
• Heart disease.
• Side effects of medicines.
• Severe changes in the level of body minerals, called electrolyte imbalances.
• A history of using stimulant drugs such as cocaine or methamphetamine.
A family history of tachycardia or other heart rhythm disorders also makes a person more likely to get ventricular tachycardia.
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What are the complications of Ventricular tachycardia?
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Complications of ventricular tachycardia depend on:
• How fast the heart is beating.
• How long the rapid heart rate lasts.
• Whether there are other heart conditions.
A life-threatening complication ofV-tachis ventricular fibrillation, also called V-fib.V-fibcan cause all heart activity to suddenly stop, called sudden cardiac arrest. Emergency treatment is needed to prevent death.V-fibhappens most often in people with heart disease or a prior heart attack. Sometimes it occurs in those who have high or low potassium levels or other changes in body mineral levels.
Other possible complications of ventricular tachycardia include:
• Frequent fainting spells or unconsciousness.
• Heart failure.
• Sudden death caused by cardiac arrest.
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What are the Overview of Vertebral tumor?
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A vertebral tumor is a growth of cells that happens in the bones of the spine. A vertebral tumor also is called a spinal tumor. The bones of the spine are called the vertebrae. The spine is made up of many small vertebrae stacked on top of one another. The vertebrae hold the body upright. They enclose and protect the spinal cord.
Vertebral tumors can be cancerous or not cancerous. A noncancerous vertebral tumor also is called a benign vertebral tumor. Vertebral tumors that are cancerous are called malignant vertebral tumors.
Most malignant vertebral tumors are caused by cancer that starts somewhere else in the body and spreads to the spine. Cancer that spreads from an organ to another part of the body is called metastatic cancer. Cancers that affect the blood cells and bone marrow also can cause malignant vertebral tumors.
Vertebral tumors that start in the bones of the spine and haven't spread from somewhere else are rare. Another name for these tumors is primary bone tumors.
Treatment for vertebral tumors includes surgery, radiation therapy and medicines, including chemotherapy. Small and slow-growing vertebral tumors might not need treatment right away. The treatment that's best for your vertebral tumor depends on your situation. Your healthcare team considers the type of tumor you have, whether it is cancerous and its location within the spine.
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What are the symptoms of Vertebral tumor?
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Signs and symptoms of vertebral tumors include:
• Back pain in the area of the tumor.
• Back pain that radiates or shoots from the back to a nearby area.
• Back pain that's worse at night.
• Changes in sensation, such as numbness or a feeling of pins and needles.
• Loss of the ability to move part of the body.
• Loss of control over the bladder and bowels.
• Muscle weakness.
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What are the causes of Vertebral tumor?
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Most vertebral tumors are caused by cancer that starts somewhere else in the body. Cancer that spreads from an organ to somewhere else in the body is called metastatic cancer. Any cancer can spread to the spine. Most vertebral tumors are caused by cancer that spreads from the breasts, lungs or prostate. Other cancers that tend to spread to the spine include kidney cancer and thyroid cancer.
Cancers that affect the blood cells and bone marrow also can cause vertebral tumors. These cancers include multiple myeloma and lymphoma.
Vertebral tumors that start in the spine are rare. It's not clear what causes them.
Vertebral tumors that start in the spine happen when cells in the bones of the spine develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In the tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
Sometimes cells develop changes in their DNA that turn them into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. They can break away and spread to other parts of the body.
Examples of vertebral tumors that start in the spine and aren't cancerous include:
• Hemangioma.
• Osteoid osteoma.
• Osteoblastoma.
• Aneurysmal bone cyst.
• Osteochondroma.
• Enchondroma.
• Chondroblastoma.
Examples of vertebral tumors that start in the spine and are cancerous include:
• Chondrosarcoma.
• Ewing sarcoma.
• Osteosarcoma.
• Chordoma.
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What are the risk factors of Vertebral tumor?
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The risk of vertebral tumors is higher in people who have cancer or have been treated for cancer. Most vertebral tumors are caused by cancer that starts somewhere else in the body and spreads to the spine. Cancer that spreads to the spine most often starts in the breasts, lungs or prostate.
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What are the complications of Vertebral tumor?
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Complications caused by vertebral tumors include:
• Spinal cord compression.Spinal cord compression happens when a tumor grows to press on the spinal cord or nearby nerves. It often causes back pain at first. Later it can cause weakness and numbness in the part of the body controlled by the affected nerves. There may be difficulty walking and a loss of control of the bladder and bowels.
• Spinal instability.Spinal instability can happen if a vertebral tumor weakens the bones in the spine. Bones weakened by tumors can break or go out of alignment. This can make it hard for the spine to hold the body upright. Spinal instability typically causes pain and can lead to weakness.
Treatments may help prevent or treat these complications.
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What are the Overview of Vocal cord paralysis?
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Vocal cord paralysis is a condition that causes the loss of control of the muscles that control the voice. It happens when the nerve impulses to the voice box, also called the larynx, are disrupted. This results in paralysis of the vocal cord muscles.
Vocal cord paralysis can make it hard to speak and even breathe. The vocal cords, also called vocal folds, do more than just produce sound. They also protect the airway. They prevent food, drink and even saliva from entering the windpipe and causing a person to choke.
Possible causes of vocal cord paralysis include nerve damage during surgery, viral infections and certain cancers. Treatment for vocal cord paralysis usually involves surgery, and sometimes voice therapy.
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What are the symptoms of Vocal cord paralysis?
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Vocal cord paralysis usually involves the loss of control of only one vocal cord. Paralysis of both vocal cords is a rare but serious condition. This can make it hard to speak and can cause trouble with breathing and swallowing.
The vocal cords are two flexible bands of muscle tissue that sit at the entrance to the windpipe, also known as the trachea. When speaking, the bands come together and vibrate to make sound. The rest of the time, the vocal cords are relaxed in an open position so that you can breathe.
Symptoms of vocal cord paralysis may include:
• A breathy quality to the voice.
• Hoarseness.
• Noisy breathing.
• Shortness of breath.
• Loss of vocal pitch.
• Choking or coughing while swallowing food, drink or saliva.
• The need to take several breaths while speaking.
• Inability to speak loudly.
• Loss of a gag reflex.
• Ineffective coughing.
• Frequent throat clearing.
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What are the causes of Vocal cord paralysis?
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Vocal cord paralysis happens when nerve impulses to the voice box, known as the larynx, are disrupted. This causes the muscle to become paralyzed. Often the exact cause of vocal cord paralysis isn't known. But some known causes may include:
• Injury to the vocal cord during surgery.Surgery on or near the neck or upper chest can result in damage to the nerves that serve the voice box. Surgeries that carry a risk of damage include surgeries to the thyroid or parathyroid glands, esophagus, neck, and chest.
• Neck or chest injury.Trauma to the neck or chest may injure the nerves that serve the vocal cords or the voice box itself.
• Stroke.A stroke interrupts blood flow in the brain and may damage the part of the brain that sends messages to the voice box.
• Tumors.Tumors, both cancerous and noncancerous, can grow in or around the muscles, cartilage or nerves controlling the function of the voice box. This can cause vocal cord paralysis.
• Infections.Some infections, such as Lyme disease, Epstein-Barr virus and herpes, can cause inflammation and directly damage the nerves in the voice box. There's some evidence that infection with COVID-19 may cause vocal cord paralysis.
• Neurological conditions.Certain neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease, can lead to vocal cord paralysis.
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What are the risk factors of Vocal cord paralysis?
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Risk factors for vocal cord paralysis include:
• Having throat or chest surgery.People who need surgery on their thyroid, throat or upper chest have an increased risk of vocal cord nerve damage. Sometimes the breathing tubes used in surgery or to help people breathe when they're having serious respiratory trouble can damage the vocal cord nerves.
• Having a neurological condition.People with certain neurological conditions — such as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis — are more likely to develop vocal cord weakness or paralysis.
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What are the complications of Vocal cord paralysis?
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Breathing problems associated with vocal cord paralysis may be so mild that you just have a hoarse-sounding voice. Or they can be so serious that they're life-threatening.
Vocal cord paralysis keeps the opening to the airway from completely opening or closing. This can cause someone to choke on or inhale food or liquid, known as aspiration. Aspiration that leads to severe pneumonia is rare but serious and requires immediate medical care.
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What are the Overview of Whiplash?
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Whiplash is a neck injury due to forceful, rapid back-and-forth movement of the neck, like the cracking of a whip.
Whiplash is commonly caused by rear-end car crashes. But whiplash also can result from sports accidents, physical abuse and other types of traumas, such as a fall. Whiplash may be called a neck sprain or strain, but these terms also include other types of neck injuries.
Most people with whiplash get better within a few weeks by following a treatment plan that includes pain medicine and exercise. However, some people have long-lasting neck pain and other complications.
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What are the symptoms of Whiplash?
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Symptoms of whiplash most often start within days of the injury. They may include:
• Neck pain and stiffness.
• Pain that gets worse with neck movement.
• Loss of range of motion in the neck.
• Headaches, most often starting at the base of the skull.
• Tenderness or pain in the shoulder, upper back or arms.
• Tingling or numbness in the arms.
• Tiredness.
• Dizziness.
Some people also have:
• Blurred vision.
• Ringing in the ears, called tinnitus.
• Trouble sleeping.
• Crankiness.
• Trouble focusing.
• Memory problems.
• Depression.
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What are the causes of Whiplash?
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Whiplash most often occurs when the head is quickly thrown backward and then forward with force. This often happens as a result of a rear-end car crash. This motion can cause damage to the muscles and tissues of the neck.
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What are the risk factors of Whiplash?
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Risk factors for whiplash include:
• Rear-end car crash.This is the most common risk factor for getting whiplash.
• Physical abuse or assault.Whiplash can occur if you are punched or shaken. It's one of the injuries seen in shaken baby syndrome.
• Contact sports.Football tackles and other sports-related contact hits sometimes can cause whiplash.
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What are the complications of Whiplash?
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Most people who have whiplash feel better within a few weeks. They don't seem to have lasting effects from the injury. But some people have pain for months or years after the injury.
It's hard to predict how recovery from whiplash might go. As a rule, you may be more likely to have ongoing pain if your first symptoms were intense, started quickly and included:
• Severe neck pain.
• More-limited range of motion.
• Pain that spread to the arms.
The following risk factors have been linked to a worse outcome:
• Having had whiplash before.
• Older age.
• Already having low back or neck pain.
• A high-speed injury.
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What are the Overview of Wrinkles?
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Wrinkles are a natural part of aging. These lines and creases in the skin are most likely to form on skin that's often exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, hands and forearms. Pollutants and smoking also speed the aging process. Using sunscreen every day and quitting smoking help prevent some wrinkling.
If your wrinkles bother you, many options are available to help smooth them or make them less visible. These include medicines, skin-resurfacing techniques, fillers and surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Wrinkles?
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Wrinkles are the lines and creases that form in your skin. Some wrinkles become deep and may be especially noticeable around the eyes, mouth and neck.
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