Split (1)

train · 12.3M rows

title stringlengths 1 261	section stringlengths 0 15.6k	text stringlengths 0 145k
Anthropology	Key topics by field: sociocultural	Key topics by field: sociocultural
Anthropology	Art, media, music, dance and film	Art, media, music, dance and film
Anthropology	Art	Art One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly d...
Anthropology	Media	Media thumb\|upright\|left\|A Punu tribe mask, Gabon, Central Africa Media anthropology (also known as the anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explor...
Anthropology	Music	Music Ethnomusicology is an academic field encompassing various approaches to the study of music (broadly defined), that emphasize its cultural, social, material, cognitive, biological, and other dimensions or contexts instead of or in addition to its isolated sound component or any particular repertoire. Ethnomusi...
Anthropology	Visual	Visual Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, incl...
Anthropology	Economic, political economic, applied and development	Economic, political economic, applied and development
Anthropology	Economic	Economic Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of anthrop...
Anthropology	Political economy	Political economy Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of historical materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropolog...
Anthropology	Applied	Applied Applied anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiatio...
Anthropology	Development	Development Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are thos...
Anthropology	Kinship, feminism, gender and sexuality	Kinship, feminism, gender and sexuality
Anthropology	Kinship	Kinship Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", ...
Anthropology	Feminist	Feminist Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western tradit...
Anthropology	Medical, nutritional, psychological, cognitive and transpersonal	Medical, nutritional, psychological, cognitive and transpersonal
Anthropology	Medical	Medical Medical anthropology is an interdisciplinary field which studies "human health and disease, health care systems, and biocultural adaptation". It is believed that William Caudell was the first to discover the field of medical anthropology. Currently, research in medical anthropology is one of the main growth ...
Anthropology	Nutritional	Nutritional Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, the...
Anthropology	Psychological	Psychological Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group – with its own history, language, practices, ...
Anthropology	Cognitive	Cognitive Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnograp...
Anthropology	Transpersonal	Transpersonal Transpersonal anthropology studies the relationship between altered states of consciousness and culture. As with transpersonal psychology, the field is much concerned with altered states of consciousness (ASC) and transpersonal experience. However, the field differs from mainstream transpersonal psycho...
Anthropology	Political and legal	Political and legal
Anthropology	Political	Political Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropolo...
Anthropology	Legal	Legal Legal anthropology or anthropology of law specializes in "the cross-cultural study of social ordering". Earlier legal anthropological research often focused more narrowly on conflict management, crime, sanctions, or formal regulation. More recent applications include issues such as human rights, legal pluralism,...
Anthropology	Public	Public Public anthropology was created by Robert Borofsky, a professor at Hawaii Pacific University, to "demonstrate the ability of anthropology and anthropologists to effectively address problems beyond the discipline – illuminating larger social issues of our times as well as encouraging broad, public conversations ...
Anthropology	Nature, science, and technology	Nature, science, and technology
Anthropology	Cyborg	Cyborg Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science.Dumit, Joseph. Davis-Floyd, Robbie (2001). "Cyborg Anthropology". in Routledge Internation...
Anthropology	Digital	Digital Digital anthropology is the study of the relationship between humans and digital-era technology and extends to various areas where anthropology and technology intersect. It is sometimes grouped with sociocultural anthropology, and sometimes considered part of material culture. The field is new, and thus has ...
Anthropology	Ecological	Ecological Ecological anthropology is defined as the "study of cultural adaptations to environments". The sub-field is also defined as, "the study of relationships between a population of humans and their biophysical environment". The focus of its research concerns "how cultural beliefs and practices helped human po...
Anthropology	Environment	Environment Social sciences, like anthropology, can provide interdisciplinary approaches to the environment. Professor Kay Milton, Director of the Anthropology research network in the School of History and Anthropology, describes anthropology as distinctive, with its most distinguishing feature being its interest in ...
Anthropology	Historical	Historical Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and mate...
Anthropology	Religion	Religion The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures. Modern anthropology assumes that there is complete continuity between magical thinking and religion,Cassirer, Ernst (1944...
Anthropology	Urban	Urban Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were "a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition". Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the "Third World" (the latter b...
Anthropology	Key topics by field: archaeological and biological	Key topics by field: archaeological and biological
Anthropology	Anthrozoology	Anthrozoology Anthrozoology (also known as "human–animal studies") is the study of interaction between living things. It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozool...
Anthropology	Biocultural	Biocultural Biocultural anthropology is the scientific exploration of the relationships between human biology and culture. Physical anthropologists throughout the first half of the 20th century viewed this relationship from a racial perspective; that is, from the assumption that typological human biological differen...
Anthropology	Evolutionary	Evolutionary Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic facto...
Anthropology	Forensic	Forensic Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of physical anthropology and human osteology in a legal setting, most often in criminal cases where the victim's remains are in the advanced stages of decomposition. A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of deceased individuals who...
Anthropology	Palaeoanthropology	Palaeoanthropology thumb\|Five of the seven known fossil teeth of Homo luzonensis found in Callao Cave Paleoanthropology combines the disciplines of paleontology and physical anthropology. It is the study of ancient humans, as found in fossil hominid evidence such as petrifacted bones and footprints. Genetics and mor...
Anthropology	Organizations	Organizations Contemporary anthropology is an established science with academic departments at most universities and colleges. The single largest organization of anthropologists is the American Anthropological Association (AAA), which was founded in 1903.AAAnet.org . AAAnet.org. Retrieved on 2 November 2016. Its memb...
Anthropology	List of major organizations	List of major organizations American Anthropological Association American Ethnological Society Asociación de Antropólogos Iberoamericanos en Red, AIBR Anthropological Society of London Center for World Indigenous Studies Ethnological Society of London European Association of Social Anthropologists Max Planck I...
Anthropology	Ethics	Ethics As the field has matured it has debated and arrived at ethical principles aimed at protecting both the subjects of anthropological research as well as the researchers themselves, and professional societies have generated codes of ethics. Anthropologists, like other researchers (especially historians and scienti...
Anthropology	Cultural relativism	Cultural relativism As part of their quest for scientific objectivity, present-day anthropologists typically urge cultural relativism, which has an influence on all the sub-fields of anthropology. This is the notion that cultures should not be judged by another's values or viewpoints, but be examined dispassionately ...
Anthropology	Military involvement	Military involvement Anthropologists' involvement with the U.S. government, in particular, has caused bitter controversy within the discipline. Franz Boas publicly objected to US participation in World War I, and after the war, he published a brief exposé and condemnation of the participation of several American archae...
Anthropology	Post-World War II developments	Post-World War II developments Before WWII British 'social anthropology' and American 'cultural anthropology' were still distinct traditions. After the war, enough British and American anthropologists borrowed ideas and methodological approaches from one another that some began to speak of them collectively as 'sociocu...
Anthropology	Basic trends	Basic trends There are several characteristics that tend to unite anthropological work. One of the central characteristics is that anthropology tends to provide a comparatively more holistic account of phenomena and tends to be highly empirical. The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a particular plac...
Anthropology	Commonalities between fields	Commonalities between fields Because anthropology developed from so many different enterprises (see History of anthropology), including but not limited to fossil-hunting, exploring, documentary film-making, paleontology, primatology, antiquity dealings and curatorship, philology, etymology, genetics, regional analysis,...
Anthropology	See also	See also Christian anthropology, a sub-field of theology Philosophical anthropology, a sub-field of philosophy
Anthropology	Lists	Lists
Anthropology	Notes	Notes
Anthropology	References	References
Anthropology	Works cited	Works cited
Anthropology	Further reading	Further reading
Anthropology	Dictionaries and encyclopedias	Dictionaries and encyclopedias
Anthropology	Fieldnotes and memoirs	Fieldnotes and memoirs
Anthropology	Histories	Histories .
Anthropology	Textbooks and key theoretical works	Textbooks and key theoretical works
Anthropology	External links	External links Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology. (AIO) Category:Behavioural sciences Category:Humans
Anthropology	Table of Content	Short description, Etymology, Origin and development of the term, Through the 19th century, 20th and 21st centuries, Fields, Sociocultural, Biological, Archaeological, Linguistic, Ethnography, Key topics by field: sociocultural, Art, media, music, dance and film, Art, Media, Music, Visual, Economic, political economic,...
Agricultural science	short description	Agricultural science (or agriscience for short) is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. Professionals of the agricultural science are called agricultural scientists or agricul...
Agricultural science	History	History In the 18th century, Johann Friedrich Mayer conducted experiments on the use of gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate) as a fertilizer.John Armstrong, Jesse Buel. A Treatise on Agriculture, The Present Condition of the Art Abroad and at Home, and the Theory and Practice of Husbandry. To which is Added, a Dissertati...
Agricultural science	Prominent agricultural scientists	Prominent agricultural scientists thumb\|200px\|Norman Borlaug, father of the Green Revolution. Wilbur Olin Atwater Robert Bakewell Norman Borlaug Luther Burbank George Washington Carver Carl Henry Clerk George C. Clerk René Dumont Sir Albert Howard Kailas Nath Kaul Thomas Lecky Justus von Liebig Jay Laurenc...
Agricultural science	Fields or related disciplines	Fields or related disciplines
Agricultural science	Occupations in Agricultural Science	Occupations in Agricultural Science Following are occupations in Agricultural Science listed in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. 040 Occupations in Agricultural Sciences . Occupations in Agricultural Sciences.
Agricultural science	Scope	Scope Agriculture, agricultural science, and agronomy are closely related. However, they cover different concepts: Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use. Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research...
Agricultural science	Research topics	Research topics Agricultural sciences include research and development on: Improving agricultural productivity in terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of drought-resistant crops and animals, development of new pesticides, yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro cell culture tec...
Agricultural science	See also	See also Agricultural Research Council Agricultural sciences basic topics Agriculture ministry Agroecology American Society of Agronomy Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Crop Science Society of America Genomics of domestication History of agricultural science Indian Council of ...
Agricultural science	References	References
Agricultural science	Further reading	Further reading Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty: Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries Edited by Michelle Adato and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (2007), Johns Hopkins University Press Food Policy ReportAgricultural research, livelihoods, and poverty \| International Food Policy Research Institute...
Agricultural science	Table of Content	short description, History, Prominent agricultural scientists, Fields or related disciplines, Occupations in Agricultural Science, Scope, Research topics, See also, References, Further reading
Alchemy	Short description	thumb\|upright=1.3\|Depiction of an Ouroboros from the alchemical treatise (15th century), Zentralbibliothek Zürich, Switzerland Alchemy (from the Arabic word , ) is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practised in China, India, the Muslim world, ...
Alchemy	Etymology	Etymology The word alchemy comes from old French alquemie, alkimie, used in Medieval Latin as . This name was itself adopted from the Arabic word (). The Arabic in turn was a borrowing of the Late Greek term khēmeía (), also spelled khumeia () and khēmía (), with al- being the Arabic definite article 'the'. Toget...
Alchemy	History	History Alchemy encompasses several philosophical traditions spanning some four millennia and three continents. These traditions' general penchant for cryptic and symbolic language makes it hard to trace their mutual influences and genetic relationships. One can distinguish at least three major strands, which appear ...
Alchemy	Hellenistic Egypt	Hellenistic Egypt thumb\|Ambix, cucurbit and retort of Zosimos, from Marcelin Berthelot, Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs (3 vol., Paris, 1887–1888) The start of Western alchemy may generally be traced to ancient and Hellenistic Egypt, where the city of Alexandria was a center of alchemical knowledge, and re...
Alchemy	Mythology	Mythology Zosimos of Panopolis asserted that alchemy dated back to Pharaonic Egypt where it was the domain of the priestly class, though there is little to no evidence for his assertion. Alchemical writers used Classical figures from Greek, Roman, and Egyptian mythology to illuminate their works and allegorize alchem...
Alchemy	Technology	Technology The dawn of Western alchemy is sometimes associated with that of metallurgy, extending back to 3500 BC. Many writings were lost when the Roman emperor Diocletian ordered the burning of alchemical books after suppressing a revolt in Alexandria (AD 292). Few original Egyptian documents on alchemy have surviv...
Alchemy	Philosophy	Philosophy Alexandria acted as a melting pot for philosophies of Pythagoreanism, Platonism, Stoicism and Gnosticism which formed the origin of alchemy's character. An important example of alchemy's roots in Greek philosophy, originated by Empedocles and developed by Aristotle, was that all things in the universe were...
Alchemy	Byzantium	Byzantium Greek alchemy was preserved in medieval Byzantine manuscripts after the fall of Egypt, and yet historians have only relatively recently begun to pay attention to the study and development of Greek alchemy in the Byzantine period.
Alchemy	India	India The 2nd millennium BC text Vedas describe a connection between eternal life and gold. A considerable knowledge of metallurgy has been exhibited in a third-century AD text called Arthashastra which provides ingredients of explosives (Agniyoga) and salts extracted from fertile soils and plant remains (Yavakshara...
Alchemy	Islamic world	Islamic world thumb\|upright\|15th-century artistic impression of Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), Codici Ashburnhamiani 1166, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence After the fall of the Roman Empire, the focus of alchemical development moved to the Islamic World. Much more is known about Islamic alchemy because it was b...
Alchemy	East Asia	East Asia Researchers have found evidence that Chinese alchemists and philosophers discovered complex mathematical phenomena that were shared with Arab alchemists during the medieval period. Discovered in BC China, the "magic square of three" was propagated to followers of Abū Mūsā Jābir ibn Ḥayyān at some point ove...
Alchemy	Medieval Europe	Medieval Europe thumb\|"An illuminated page from a book on alchemical processes and receipts", ca. 15th century The introduction of alchemy to Latin Europe may be dated to 11 February 1144, with the completion of Robert of Chester's translation of the ("Book on the Composition of Alchemy") from an Arabic work attri...
Alchemy	Renaissance and early modern Europe	Renaissance and early modern Europe During the Renaissance, Hermetic and Platonic foundations were restored to European alchemy. The dawn of medical, pharmaceutical, occult, and entrepreneurial branches of alchemy followed. In the late 15th century, Marsilio Ficino translated the Corpus Hermeticum and the works of ...
Alchemy	Later modern period	Later modern period thumb\|upright\|Robert Boyle thumb\|right\|An alchemist, pictured in Charles Mackay's Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds The decline of European alchemy was brought about by the rise of modern science with its emphasis on rigorous quantitative experimentation and its disdain for...
Alchemy	Women	Women Several women appear in the earliest history of alchemy. Michael Maier names four women who were able to make the philosophers' stone: Mary the Jewess, Cleopatra the Alchemist, Medera, and Taphnutia.Raphael Patai. The Jewish Alchemists: A History and Source Book. p. 78. Zosimos's sister Theosebia (later known a...
Alchemy	Modern historical research	Modern historical research The history of alchemy has become a recognized subject of academic study.Lawrence Principe. The Secrets of Alchemy. University of Chicago Press, 2015. As the language of the alchemists is analysed, historians are becoming more aware of the connections between that discipline and other facet...
Alchemy	Core concepts	Core concepts thumb\|Mandala illustrating common alchemical concepts, symbols, and processes. From Spiegel der Kunst und Natur. Western alchemical theory corresponds to the worldview of late antiquity in which it was born. Concepts were imported from Neoplatonism and earlier Greek cosmology. As such, the classical ele...
Alchemy	Magnum opus	Magnum opus The Great Work of Alchemy is often described as a series of four stages represented by colours. nigredo, a blackening or melanosis albedo, a whitening or leucosis citrinitas, a yellowing or xanthosis rubedo, a reddening, purpling, or iosisJoseph Needham. Science & Civilisation in China: Chemistry and...
Alchemy	Modernity	Modernity Due to the complexity and obscurity of alchemical literature, and the 18th-century diffusion of remaining alchemical practitioners into the area of chemistry, the general understanding of alchemy in the 19th and 20th centuries was influenced by several distinct and radically different interpretations. Those...
Alchemy	Esoteric interpretations of historical texts	Esoteric interpretations of historical texts In the eyes of a variety of modern esoteric and Neo-Hermetic practitioners, alchemy is primarily spiritual. In this interpretation, transmutation of lead into gold is presented as an analogy for personal transmutation, purification, and perfection.Antoine Faivre, Wouter J....
Alchemy	Psychology	Psychology Alchemical symbolism has been important in analytical psychology and was revived and popularized from near extinction by the Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung. Jung was initially confounded and at odds with alchemy and its images but after being given a copy of The Secret of the Golden Flower, a Chinese ...
Alchemy	Literature	Literature Alchemy has had a long-standing relationship with art, seen both in alchemical texts and in mainstream entertainment. Literary alchemy appears throughout the history of English literature from Shakespeare to J. K. Rowling, and also the popular Japanese manga Fullmetal Alchemist. Here, characters or plot s...
Alchemy	Science	Science One goal of alchemy, the transmutation of base substances into gold, is now known to be impossible by means of traditional chemistry, but possible by other physical means. Although not financially worthwhile, gold was synthesized in particle accelerators as early as 1941.
Alchemy	See also	See also Alchemical symbol Chemistry Corentin Louis Kervran § Biological transmutation Cupellation Historicism History of chemistry List of alchemical substances List of alchemists List of obsolete occupations Nuclear transmutation Outline of alchemy Porta Alchemica Renaissance magic Spagyric Supersed...
Alchemy	Notes	Notes
Alchemy	References	References
Alchemy	Citations	Citations
Alchemy	Sources used	Sources used
Alchemy	Bibliography	Bibliography
Alchemy	Introductions and textbooks	Introductions and textbooks (focus on technical aspects) (focus on technical aspects) (general overview) (Greek and Byzantine alchemy) (focus on technical aspects) (Greek and Byzantine alchemy) (the second part of volume 1 was never published; the other volumes deal with the modern period and are no...
Alchemy	Greco-Egyptian alchemy	Greco-Egyptian alchemy

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.