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Andorra | Law and criminal justice | Law and criminal justice
The judiciary is composed of the Magistrates Court, the Criminal Law Court, the High Court of Andorra, and the Constitutional Court. The High Court of Justice is composed of five judges: one appointed by the prime minister, one each by the co-princes, one by the Syndic General, and one by the ... |
Andorra | Foreign relations, defence and security | Foreign relations, defence and security
thumb|The embassy of Andorra in Brussels
Andorra does not have its own armed forces, although there is a small ceremonial army. Responsibility for defending the nation rests primarily with France and Spain. However, in case of emergencies or natural disasters, the Sometent (an a... |
Andorra | Military | Military
Andorra has a small army, which has historically been raised or reconstituted at various dates, but has never in modern times amounted to a standing army. The basic principle of Andorran defence is that all able-bodied men are available to fight if called upon by the summoning of the Sometent (a civil defence ... |
Andorra | Andorra in the Council of Europe | Andorra in the Council of Europe
Andorra is one of the 46 member states of the Council of Europe, having joined on 10 November 1994. Through its membership in the Council of Europe, Andorra is or has been involved in the following areas:
Prevention of torture: Inspections by the European Committee for the Preventi... |
Andorra | Police Corps | Police Corps
thumb|National Police patrolling the central area of the capital city
Andorra maintains a small but modern and well-equipped internal police force, with around 240 police officers supported by civilian assistants. The principal services supplied by the corps are uniformed community policing, criminal dete... |
Andorra | GIPA | GIPA
The ' (GIPA) is a small special forces squad trained in counter-terrorism, and hostage recovery tasks. Although it is the closest in style to an active military force, it is part of the Police Corps, and not the army. As terrorist and hostage situations are a rare threat to the country, the GIPA is commonly assign... |
Andorra | Fire brigade | Fire brigade
The Andorran Fire Brigade, with headquarters at Santa Coloma, operates from four modern fire stations, and has a staff of around 120 firefighters. The service is equipped with 16 heavy appliances (fire tenders, turntable ladders, and specialist four-wheel drive vehicles), four light support vehicles (cars ... |
Andorra | Geography | Geography
thumb|right|Map of Andorra with its seven parishes labelled
thumb|Topographic map of Andorra |
Andorra | Parishes | Parishes
Andorra consists of seven parishes:
30px| Andorra la Vella
30px| Canillo
30px| Encamp
35px| Escaldes-Engordany
35px| La Massana
35px| Ordino
35px| Sant Julià de Lòria |
Andorra | Physical geography | Physical geography
Due to its location in the eastern Pyrenees mountain range, Andorra consists predominantly of rugged mountains, the highest being the Coma Pedrosa at , and the average elevation of Andorra is .Atlas of Andorra (1991), Andorran Government. . These are dissected by three narrow valleys in a Y shape th... |
Andorra | Environment | Environment
Phytogeographically, Andorra belongs to the Atlantic European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Andorra belongs to the ecoregion of Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests. Andorra had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.45/1... |
Andorra | Important Bird Area | Important Bird Area
The whole country has been recognised as a single Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International, because it is important for forest and mountain birds and supports populations of red-billed choughs, citril finches and rock buntings. |
Andorra | Climate | Climate
Andorra has alpine, continental and oceanic climates, depending on altitude. Its higher elevation means there is, on average, more snow in winter and it is slightly cooler in summer. The diversity of landmarks, the different orientation of the valleys and the irregularity relief typical of the Mediterranean cl... |
Andorra | Economy | Economy
Tourism, the mainstay of Andorra's economy, accounts for roughly 80% of GDP. An estimated 8 million tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its summer and winter resorts.
One of the main sources of income in Andorra is from ski resorts, which total over of ski grounds. The spo... |
Andorra | Demographics | Demographics
thumb|The town of Encamp, as seen from the Vall dels Cortals |
Andorra | Population | Population
The population of Andorra is estimated at (). The Andorrans are a Romance ethnic group of originally Catalan descent. The population has grown from 5,000 in 1900.
Two-thirds of residents lack Andorran nationality and do not have the right to vote in communal elections. Moreover, they are not allowed to be... |
Andorra | Languages | Languages
The historic and official language is Catalan, a Romance language. The Andorran government encourages the use of Catalan. It funds a Commission for Catalan Toponymy in Andorra (Catalan: ), and provides free Catalan classes to assist immigrants. Andorran television and radio stations use Catalan.
Because of ... |
Andorra | Religion | Religion
Few official statistics are available on religion; estimates of the Catholic population in 2020 range from 89.5% to 99.21%. The patron saint is Our Lady of Meritxell. There are also members of various Protestant denominations and small numbers of Hindus, and Bahá'ís. In 2022 there were approximately 2000 Mu... |
Andorra | Largest cities | Largest cities |
Andorra | Education | Education
The Qualified Education Law (llei qualificada d'educació) of Andorra was passed in 1993. It guarantees free, public education from age four until the end of compulsory schooling. |
Andorra | Schools | Schools
Children between the ages of 6 and 16 are required by law to have full-time education. Education up to secondary level is provided free of charge by the government.
There are three systems of school, Andorran, French and Spanish, which use Catalan, French and Spanish languages respectively, as the main languag... |
Andorra | University of Andorra | University of Andorra
The Universitat d'Andorra (UdA) is the state public university and is the only university in Andorra. It was established in 1997. The university provides first-level degrees in nursing, computer science, business administration, and educational sciences, in addition to higher professional educatio... |
Andorra | Virtual Studies Centre | Virtual Studies Centre
The geographical complexity of the country as well as the small number of students prevents the University of Andorra from developing a full academic programme, and it serves principally as a centre for virtual studies, connected to Spanish and French universities. The Virtual Studies Centre (Cen... |
Andorra | Transport | Transport
left|thumb|Andorra–La Seu d'Urgell Airport, located away from Andorra, in Montferrer i Castellbò (Catalonia, Eastern Spain)
Until the 20th century, Andorra had very limited transport links to the outside world, and development of the country was affected by its physical isolation. Even now, the nearest maj... |
Andorra | Media and telecommunications | Media and telecommunications
thumb|RTVA, the public service television and radio broadcaster in Andorra
thumb|Andorra Telecom, the national telecom company in Andorra
In Andorra, mobile and fixed telephone and internet services are operated exclusively by the Andorran national telecommunications company, SOM, also kn... |
Andorra | Culture | Culture
Andorra is home to folk dances like the contrapàs and marratxa, which survive in Sant Julià de Lòria especially. Andorran folk music has similarities to the music of its neighbours, but is especially Catalan in character, especially in the presence of dances such as the sardana. Other Andorran folk dances incl... |
Andorra | Sports | Sports
Andorra is famous for its winter sports. Andorra has the largest territory of ski slopes in the Pyrenees (3100 hectares and about 350 km of slopes) and two ski resorts. Grandvalira is the largest and most popular resort. Other popular sports played in Andorra include football, rugby union, basketball, and roller... |
Andorra | Tourism | Tourism
Skiing, hiking, cross-country running, and cycling are all popular sports tourism activities in Andorra. Andorra's economy is heavily built on tourism.
Andorra generally enjoys a ski season from late November to early April, depending on weather conditions. Outside of the ski season, some of the ski lift fa... |
Andorra | See also | See also
Index of Andorra-related articles
Outline of Andorra
Bibliography of Andorra |
Andorra | Explanatory notes | Explanatory notes |
Andorra | Citations | Citations |
Andorra | General and cited bibliography | General and cited bibliography
|
Andorra | Further reading | Further reading
Berthet, Elie, The Valley of Andorra. Bristol, UK: J. W. Arrowsmith, 1886.
Butler, Michael, Frisch: Andorra.
Carrick, Noel, Let's Visit Andorra. London: Macmillan, 1988.
Deane, Shirley, The Road to Andorra. London: John Murray, 1960.
Duursma, John C., Fragmentation and the International Relations... |
Andorra | External links | External links
Govern d'Andorra – Official governmental site
Andorra. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Portals to the World from the United States Library of Congress
Andorra from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Andorra from the BBC News
Andorra – Guía, turismo y de viajes
History of Andorra: Primary Doc... |
Andorra | Table of Content | short description, Etymology, History, Prehistory, Iberian and Roman Andorra, Visigoths and Carolingians: the legend of Charlemagne, Middle Ages: The Paréages and the founding of the Co-Principality, 16th to 18th centuries, 19th century: the New Reform and the Andorran Question <span class="anchor" id="New Reform of An... |
Arithmetic mean | Short description | In mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean ( ), arithmetic average, or just the mean or average (when the context is clear) is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the count of numbers in the collection. The collection is often a set of results from an experiment, an observational study, or a survey. T... |
Arithmetic mean | Definition | Definition
The arithmetic mean of a set of observed data is equal to the sum of the numerical values of each observation, divided by the total number of observations. Symbolically, for a data set consisting of the values , the arithmetic mean is defined by the formula:
(For an explanation of the summation operator, se... |
Arithmetic mean | History | History
The statistician Churchill Eisenhart, senior researcher fellow at the U. S. National Bureau of Standards, traced the history of the arithmetic mean in detail. In the modern age it started to be used as a way of combining various observations that should be identical, but were not such as estimates of the direct... |
Arithmetic mean | Motivating properties | Motivating properties
The arithmetic mean has several properties that make it interesting, especially as a measure of central tendency. These include:
If numbers have mean , then . Since is the distance from a given number to the mean, one way to interpret this property is by saying that the numbers to the left of t... |
Arithmetic mean | Additional properties | Additional properties
The arithmetic mean of a sample is always between the largest and smallest values in that sample.
The arithmetic mean of any amount of equal-sized number groups together is the arithmetic mean of the arithmetic means of each group. |
Arithmetic mean | Contrast with median | Contrast with median
The arithmetic mean may be contrasted with the median. The median is defined such that no more than half the values are larger, and no more than half are smaller than it. If elements in the data increase arithmetically when placed in some order, then the median and arithmetic average are equal. Fo... |
Arithmetic mean | Generalizations | Generalizations |
Arithmetic mean | Weighted average | Weighted average
A weighted average, or weighted mean, is an average in which some data points count more heavily than others in that they are given more weight in the calculation. For example, the arithmetic mean of and is , or equivalently . In contrast, a weighted mean in which the first number receives, for exam... |
Arithmetic mean | Functions | Functions |
Arithmetic mean | Continuous probability distributions | Continuous probability distributions
thumb|300px|Comparison of two log-normal distributions with equal median, but different skewness, resulting in various means and modes
If a numerical property, and any sample of data from it, can take on any value from a continuous range instead of, for example, just integers, then... |
Arithmetic mean | Angles | Angles
Particular care is needed when using cyclic data, such as phases or angles. Taking the arithmetic mean of 1° and 359° yields a result of 180°.
This is incorrect for two reasons:
Firstly, angle measurements are only defined up to an additive constant of 360° ( or , if measuring in radians). Thus, these could eas... |
Arithmetic mean | Symbols and encoding | Symbols and encoding
The arithmetic mean is often denoted by a bar (vinculum or macron), as in .
Some software (text processors, web browsers) may not display the "x̄" symbol correctly. For example, the HTML symbol "x̄" combines two codes — the base letter "x" plus a code for the line above ( ̄ or ¯).
In some documen... |
Arithmetic mean | See also | See also
Fréchet mean
Generalized mean
Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means
Sample mean and covariance
Standard deviation
Standard error of the mean
Summary statistics |
Arithmetic mean | Notes | Notes |
Arithmetic mean | References | References |
Arithmetic mean | Further reading | Further reading |
Arithmetic mean | External links | External links
Calculations and comparisons between arithmetic mean and geometric mean of two numbers
Calculate the arithmetic mean of a series of numbers on MeanCalculator.com compare it with median and mode
Category:Means |
Arithmetic mean | Table of Content | Short description, Definition, History, Motivating properties, Additional properties, Contrast with median, Generalizations, Weighted average, Functions, Continuous probability distributions, Angles, Symbols and encoding, See also, Notes, References, Further reading, External links |
American Football Conference | short description | The American Football Conference (AFC) is one of the two conferences of the National Football League (NFL), the highest level of professional American football in the United States. The AFC and its counterpart, the National Football Conference (NFC), each have 16 teams organized into four divisions. Both conferences we... |
American Football Conference | Teams | Teams
Like the NFC, the conference has 16 teams organized into four divisions each with four teams: East, North, South and West.
Division Team Location StadiumRef(s) East Buffalo Bills Orchard Park, New York Highmark Stadium Miami Dolphins Miami Gardens, Florida Hard Rock Stadium New England Patriots Foxborough, Mass... |
American Football Conference | Season structure | Season structure
AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West 1st Bills Ravens Texans Chiefs 2nd Dolphins Steelers Colts Chargers 3rd Jets Bengals Jaguars Broncos 4th Patriots Browns Titans Raiders NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West 1st Eagles Lions Buccaneers Rams 2nd Commanders Vikings Falcons Seah... |
American Football Conference | History | History
thumb|right|150px|Original American Football Conference logo, based on the AFL logo with blue stars
With the impending merger with the American Football League (AFL) for the 1970 NFL season, the league had careful discussion over the nature of which teams would play in the newly instituted conferences. Then-NFL... |
American Football Conference | Logo | Logo
right|thumb|2nd American Football Conference logo used from 1970 to 2009|216x216px The original AFC logo was very similar to the AFL logo, however the merged league quickly created an updated logo for the AFC that, while preserving the basic elements of the old AFL logo, used a much bolder red "A" and six similarl... |
American Football Conference | Television | Television
NBC aired the AFC's Sunday afternoon and playoff games from 1970 through the 1997 season. From 1998 to 2013, CBS was the primary broadcast rightsholder to the AFC; in those years, all interconference games in which the AFC team was the visiting team were broadcast on either NBC or CBS. Since 2014, the cross-... |
American Football Conference | See also | See also
AFC Championship Game |
American Football Conference | AFC Divisions | AFC Divisions
AFC East
AFC North
AFC South
AFC West |
American Football Conference | AFC Rivalries | AFC Rivalries
AFC East
Bills–Dolphins rivalry
Bills–Patriots rivalry
Bills–Jets rivalry
Dolphins–Patriots rivalry
Dolphins–Jets rivalry
Jets–Patriots rivalry
AFC North
Bengals–Ravens rivalry
Bengals–Browns rivalry
Bengals–Steelers rivalry
Browns–Ravens rivalry
Browns–Steelers rivalry
Ravens–Steelers rivalry
AFC South
C... |
American Football Conference | AFC Television Network | AFC Television Network
NFL on NBC (1970–1997)
NFL on CBS (1998–present) |
American Football Conference | References | References
Category:National Football League
Conference
Category:Sports organizations established in 1970 |
American Football Conference | Table of Content | short description, Teams, Season structure, History, Logo, Television, See also, AFC Divisions, AFC Rivalries, AFC Television Network, References |
Animal Farm | Short description | Animal Farm is a satirical allegorical novella, in the form of a beast fable, by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945. It tells the story of a group of anthropomorphic farm animals who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal, free, and happy. Ul... |
Animal Farm | Plot summary | Plot summary
The animal populace of the poorly run Manor Farm near Willingdon, England, is ripened for rebellion by neglect at the hands of the irresponsible and alcoholic farmer Mr. Jones. One night, the exalted boar Old Major holds a conference, at which he calls for the overthrow of humans and teaches the animals a ... |
Animal Farm | Characters | Characters |
Animal Farm | Pigs | Pigs
Old Major – An aged prize Middle White boar provides the inspiration that fuels the rebellion. He is also called Willingdon Beauty when showing. He is an allegorical combination of Karl Marx, one of the creators of communism, and Vladimir Lenin, the communist leader of the Russian Revolution and the early Soviet ... |
Animal Farm | Humans | Humans
Mr. Jones – A heavy drinker who is the original owner of Manor Farm, a farm in disrepair with farmhands who often loaf on the job. He is an allegory of Russian Tsar Nicholas II, who was forced to abdicate following the February Revolution of 1917 and was executed, along with the rest of his family, by the Bolsh... |
Animal Farm | Equines | Equines
Boxer – A loyal, kind, dedicated, powerful, hard-working, and respectable cart-shire horse, although quite naive and gullible. Boxer does a large share of the physical labour on the farm. He is shown to believe that "Napoleon is always right." At one point, he questions Squealer's statement that Snowball was a... |
Animal Farm | Other animals | Other animals
Muriel – A goat who is another of the oldest, wisest animals on the farm and friends with all of the animals on the farm. Similar to Benjamin, Muriel is one of the few animals on the farm who is not a pig but can read. She survives, as does Benjamin, by eschewing politics.
The puppies – Offspring of Jes... |
Animal Farm | Genre and style | Genre and style
George Orwell's Animal Farm is an example of a political satire and an allegory that was intended to have a "wider application", according to Orwell himself, in terms of its relevance. Stylistically, the work shares many similarities with some of Orwell's other works, most notably Nineteen Eighty-Four... |
Animal Farm | Background | Background |
Animal Farm | Origin and writing | Origin and writing
Just as Nineteen Eighty-Four would be inspired by Yevgeny Zamyatin's We, Animal Farm also had its influences: "In 1937, the year in which Orwell said he first thought of Animal Farm, Gollancz's Left Book Club published both The Road to Wigan Pier and a left-wing children's book, The Adventures of t... |
Animal Farm | Publication | Publication |
Animal Farm | Publishing | Publishing
Orwell initially encountered difficulty getting the manuscript published, largely due to fears that the book might upset the alliance between Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Four publishers refused to publish Animal Farm, yet one had initially accepted the work but declined it after consult... |
Animal Farm | Preface | Preface
Orwell originally wrote a preface complaining about British self-censorship and how the British people were suppressing criticism of the USSR, their World War II ally:
Although the first edition allowed space for the preface in the author's proof, it was not included, and the page numbers had to be renumbered ... |
Animal Farm | Reception | Reception
Contemporary reviews of the work were not universally positive. Writing in the American New Republic magazine, George Soule expressed his disappointment in the book, writing that it "puzzled and saddened me. It seemed on the whole dull. The allegory turned out to be a creaking machine for saying in a clumsy w... |
Animal Farm | Analysis | Analysis |
Animal Farm | Animalism | Animalism
Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer adapt Old Major's ideas into "a complete system of thought", which they formally name Animalism, an allegoric reference to Communism, not to be confused with the philosophy of Animalism. Soon after, Napoleon and Squealer partake in activities associated with the humans (drink... |
Animal Farm | Significance and allegory | Significance and allegory
thumb|left|The Hoof and Horn flag described in the book appears to be based on the hammer and sickle, the Communist symbol. By the end of the book when Napoleon takes full control, the Hoof and Horn is removed from the flag.
Orwell biographer Jeffrey Meyers has written, "virtually every detail... |
Animal Farm | Adaptations | Adaptations |
Animal Farm | Stage productions | Stage productions
thumb|A National Youth Theatre performance of Animal Farm at Soulton Hall
A theatrical version, with music by Richard Peaslee and lyrics by Adrian Mitchell, was staged at the National Theatre London on 25 April 1984, directed by Peter Hall. It toured nine cities in 1985.
A solo version, adapted and ... |
Animal Farm | Films | Films
Animal Farm has been adapted to film twice. Both differ from the novel and have been accused of taking significant liberties, including sanitising some aspects.
Animal Farm (1954) is an animated film, in which Napoleon is eventually overthrown in a second revolution. In 1974, E. Howard Hunt revealed that he had ... |
Animal Farm | Radio dramatisations | Radio dramatisations
A BBC radio version, produced by Rayner Heppenstall, was broadcast in January 1947. Orwell listened to the production at his home in Canonbury Square, London, with Hugh Gordon Porteous, amongst others. Orwell later wrote to Heppenstall that Porteous, "who had not read the book, grasped what was hap... |
Animal Farm | Comic strip | Comic strip
thumb|A Foreign Office copy of the first instalment of Pett and Freeman's Animal Farm comic strip
In 1950, Norman Pett and his writing partner Don Freeman were secretly hired by the Information Research Department, a secret department of the Foreign Office, to adapt Animal Farm into a comic strip. This com... |
Animal Farm | Video game | Video game
Developers Nerial and The Dairymen released a game based on the book in December 2020, entitled Orwell's Animal Farm, for Windows, macOS, iOS and Android in coordination with the Orwell Estate. |
Animal Farm | See also | See also
Information Research Department
Authoritarian personality
History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)
History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)
Ideocracy
New class
Anthems in Animal Farm
Animals, an album based on Animal Farm |
Animal Farm | Books | Books
Gulliver's Travels was a favourite book of Orwell's. Swift reverses the role of horses and human beings in the fourth book. Orwell brought to Animal Farm "a dose of Swiftian misanthropy, looking ahead to a time 'when the human race had finally been overthrown."
Bunt (Revolt), published in 1924, is a book by Pol... |
Animal Farm | References | References |
Animal Farm | Explanatory notes | Explanatory notes |
Animal Farm | Citations | Citations |
Animal Farm | General sources | General sources
|
Animal Farm | Further reading | Further reading
O'Neill, Terry, Readings on Animal Farm (1998), Greenhaven Press. . |
Animal Farm | External links | External links
Animal Farm Book Notes from Literapedia
Excerpts from Orwell's letters to his agent concerning Animal Farm
Literary Journal review
Orwell's original preface to the book
Animal Farm Revisited by John Molyneux, International Socialism, 44 (1989)
Animal Farm at the British Library
Category:... |
Animal Farm | Table of Content | Short description, Plot summary, Characters, Pigs, Humans, Equines, Other animals, Genre and style, Background, Origin and writing, Publication, Publishing, Preface, Reception, Analysis, Animalism, Significance and allegory, Adaptations, Stage productions, Films, Radio dramatisations, Comic strip, Video game, See also,... |
Amphibian | Short description | thumb|250px|Many amphibians—like this Ceratophrys cranwelli—exhibit biofluorescence.
Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia. In its broadest sense, it is a paraphyletic group encompassing all tetrapods excluding the amniotes (tetrapods with an amniotic... |
Amphibian | Classification | Classification
thumb|alt=World's smallest vertebrate|The world's smallest known vertebrate, Paedophryne amauensis, sitting on a U.S. dime. The dime is 17.9 mm in diameter, for scale
The word amphibian is derived from the Ancient Greek term (), which means 'both kinds of life', meaning 'of both kinds' and meaning... |
Amphibian | Evolutionary history | Evolutionary history
The first major groups of amphibians developed in the Devonian period, around 370 million years ago, from lobe-finned fish which were similar to the modern coelacanth and lungfish. These ancient lobe-finned fish had evolved multi-jointed leg-like fins with digits that enabled them to crawl along... |
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