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Aberdeen | Culture | Culture
The city has a wide range of cultural activities, amenities, and museums, and is regularly visited by Scotland's National Arts Companies. It was awarded the Nicholson Trophy for the best-kept town at the Britain in Bloom contest in 1975. |
Aberdeen | Galleries and museums | Galleries and museums
thumb|right|Maritime Museum, Shiprow
thumb|right|Aberdeen Science Centre, Links Road Science Museum
The Aberdeen Art Gallery houses a collection of Impressionist, Victorian, Scottish and 20th-century British paintings as well as collections of silver and glass. It also includes The Alexander Macdonald Bequest, a collection of late 19th-century works donated by the museum's first benefactor and a constantly changing collection of contemporary work and regular visiting exhibitions. The Aberdeen Art Gallery reopened in 2019 after a four-year refurbishment costing £34.6m.
The Aberdeen Maritime Museum, located in Shiprow, tells the story of Aberdeen's links with the sea from the days of sail and clipper ships to the latest oil and gas exploration technology. It includes an model of the Murchison oil production platform and a 19th-century assembly taken from Rattray Head lighthouse
Provost Ross' House is the second oldest dwelling house in the city. It was built in 1593 and became the residence of Provost John Ross of Arnage in 1702. The house retains some original medieval features, including a kitchen, fireplaces and beam-and-board ceilings. The Gordon Highlanders Museum tells the story of one of Scotland's best known regiments.
Provost Skene's House on Flourmill Lane dates from 1545 and is the oldest surviving townhouse in the city. It reopened in October 2021 after significant refurbishment costing £3.8m. One of the new exhibitions is a Hall of Heroes featuring 100 Aberdonians who have made a significant contribution to the city.
The Tollbooth Museum on the Castlegate (currently closed to visitors) is a former jail, which first opened as a public museum in 1995.
The Aberdeen Treasure Hub is a storage facility for Aberdeen Museums and Galleries containing over 100,000 items. The store is open for infrequent tours, for example as part of Doors Open Day.
Marischal Museum holds the principal collections of the University of Aberdeen, comprising some 80,000 items in the areas of fine art, Scottish history and archaeology, and European, Mediterranean and Near Eastern archaeology. The permanent displays and reference collections are augmented by regular temporary exhibitions, and since its closure to the public it now has a virtual online presence It closed to the public in 2008. The King's Museum acts as the main museum of the university now. |
Aberdeen | Festivals and performing arts | Festivals and performing arts
Aberdeen is home to a number of events and festivals including the Aberdeen International Youth Festival (the world's largest arts festival for young performers), Aberdeen Jazz Festival, Aberdeen Alternative Festival, Rootin' Aboot (a folk and roots music event), Triptych, the University of Aberdeen's annual May Fest (formerly the Word festival) and DanceLive, Scotland's only festival of contemporary dance, produced by the city's Citymoves dance organisation.
The Aberdeen Student Show, performed annually without interruption since 1921, under the auspices of the Aberdeen Students' Charities Campaign, is the longest-running of its kind in the United Kingdom. It is written, produced and performed by students and graduates of Aberdeen's universities and higher education institutions. Since 1929—other than on a handful of occasions—it has been staged at His Majesty's Theatre.Edi Swan: His Majesty's Theatre – One Hundred Years of Glorious Damnation (Black & White Publishing) (2006)
National festivals which visited Aberdeen in 2012 included the British Science Festival in September, hosted by the University of Aberdeen but with events also taking place at Robert Gordon University and at other venues across the city. In February 2012 the University of Aberdeen also hosted the Inter Varsity Folk Dance Festival, the longest-running folk festival in the United Kingdom.
Aberdeen is home to Spectra, an annual light festival hosted in different locations across the city.
Aberdeen is home to Nuart, a festival showcasing street art around the city. The festival has run since 2017.
In 2020, the WayWORD Festival was launched by the University of Aberdeen WORD centre for creative writing. This yearly programme celebrates the arts through readings, performances, workshops and discussion panels. There have been many notable headliners including Val McDermid, Irvine Welsh and Douglas Stuart (writer). |
Aberdeen | Dialect | Dialect
The local dialect of Lowland Scots is often known as Doric and is spoken not just in the city, but across the northeast of Scotland. It differs somewhat from other Scots dialects: most noticeable are the pronunciation "f" for what is normally written "wh" and "ee" for what in standard English would usually be written "oo" (Scots "ui"). Every year the annual Doric Festival takes place in Aberdeenshire to celebrate the history of the north-east's language. |
Aberdeen | Media and music | Media and music
Aberdeen is home to Scotland's oldest newspaper the Press and Journal, a local and regional newspaper first published in 1747. The Press and Journal and its sister paper the tabloid Evening Express are printed six days a week by Aberdeen Journals. There was one free newspaper, the Aberdeen Citizen. BBC Scotland has a network studio production base in the city's Beechgrove area, and BBC Aberdeen produces The Beechgrove Potting Shed for radio while Tern Television produces The Beechgrove Garden. The city is also home to STV North (formerly Grampian Television), which produces the regional news programmes such as STV News at Six, as well as local commercials. The station, based at Craigshaw Business Park in Tullos, was based at larger studios in Queens Cross from September 1961 until June 2003.
There are three commercial radio stations operating in the city, Northsound 1, Greatest Hits Radio North East Scotland, and independent station Original 106, along with the community radio station shmu FM managed by Station House Media Unit which supports community members to run Aberdeen's full-time community radio station, broadcasting on 99.8 MHz FM.
Music venues include Aberdeen Music Hall and the P&J Live. |
Aberdeen | Food | Food
thumb|Aberdeen butteries, also known as rowies, served with jamThe Aberdeen region has given its name to a number of dishes, including the Aberdeen buttery (also known as "rowie") and Aberdeen Sausage.
In 2015, a study was published in The Scotsman which analysed the presence of branded fast food outlets in Scotland. Of the ten towns and cities analysed, Aberdeen was found to have the lowest per capita concentration, with just 0.12 stores per 1,000 inhabitants. |
Aberdeen | Public services | Public services
thumb|left|New Royal Aberdeen's Children Hospital and New Emergency Care Centre in background, Foresterhill, Aberdeen
The public health service in Scotland, NHS Scotland provides for the people of Aberdeen through the NHS Grampian health board. Aberdeen Royal Infirmary is the largest hospital in the city and one of the largest in Europe (the location of the city's A&E department), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, a paediatric hospital, Royal Cornhill Hospital for mental health, Aberdeen Maternity Hospital, an antenatal hospital, Woodend Hospital, which specialises in rehabilitation and long-term illnesses and conditions, and City Hospital and Woolmanhill Hospital, which host several out-patient clinics and offices. Albyn Hospital is a private hospital located in the west end of the city.
Aberdeen City Council is responsible for city-owned infrastructure which is paid for by a mixture of Council Tax and income from the Scottish Government. Infrastructure and services run by the council include: nursery, primary and secondary education, roads, clearing snow in winter, city wardens, maintaining parks, refuse collection, economic development, public analyst, public mortuary, street cleaning and street lighting. Infrastructure in private hands includes electricity, gas and telecoms. Water and sewerage services are provided by Scottish Water.
Police: Policing in Aberdeen is the responsibility of Police Scotland (the British Transport Police has responsibility for railways).
Ambulance: The North East divisional headquarters of the Scottish Ambulance Service is located in Aberdeen.
Fire and rescue: This is the responsibility of the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service.
Lifeboat: The Royal National Lifeboat Institution operates Aberdeen Lifeboat Station. It is located at Victoria Dock Entrance in York Place. |
Aberdeen | Sport | Sport |
Aberdeen | Football | Football
The first ever recorded game of football, was outlined by teacher David Wedderburn in his book "Vocabula" written in 1633, during his time teaching at Aberdeen Grammar School.
thumb|Pittodrie Stadium viewed from Broad Hill
There are two Aberdeen-based football clubs in the SPFL. Aberdeen F.C. (The Dons) play in the Scottish Premiership at Pittodrie Stadium. The club won the European Cup Winners Cup and the European Super Cup in 1983, the Scottish Premier League Championship four times (1955, 1980, 1984 and 1985), and the Scottish Cup seven times (1947, 1970, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986 and 1990). Under the management of Alex Ferguson, Aberdeen was a major force in British football during the 1980s.
After 8 seasons in charge, the most recent of Managers Derek McInnes, was relieved of his duties, the club's failure to achieve anything more than 1 trophy in 24 competitions during his tenure and a recent run of games which saw 1 goal in ten matches ultimately proved costly for the Manager and his Assistant Tony Docherty. Under the management of McInnes the team won the 2014 Scottish League Cup and followed it up with a second-place league finish for the first time in more than 20 years in the following season. But it was over the last few seasons that results stagnated and McInnes was replaced by former Aberdeen and Newcastle player Stephen Glass. The current manager is Jimmy Thelin.
Cove Rangers, as of season 2024-25 play in League One, at the Balmoral Stadium in the suburb of Cove Bay. Cove won the Highland Football League championship in 2001, 2008, 2009, 2013 and 2019, winning the League Two play-offs in 2019 and earning promotion. At the point at which the 2019/20 League Two season was curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Cove were sitting top of the League Two table and were promoted as Champions.
Other local teams include Banks o'Dee who play at Spain Park in the Highland Football League and members of the SJFA North Region; Culter, Dyce, Stoneywood Parkvale, Glentanar, Sunnybank Hall Russell United, Bridge of Don Thistle and Hermes. |
Aberdeen | Rugby | Rugby
Aberdeen hosted Caledonia Reds, a Scottish rugby team, before they merged with the Glasgow Warriors in 1998. The city is also home to the Scottish Premiership Division One rugby club Aberdeen GSFP RFC who play at Rubislaw Playing Fields, and Aberdeenshire RFC which was founded in 1875 and runs Junior, Senior Men's, Senior Ladies and Touch sections from the Woodside Sports Complex and also Aberdeen Wanderers RFC.
In 2005 the President of the SRU said it was hoped eventually to establish a professional team in Aberdeen. In November 2008 the city hosted a rugby international at Pittodrie between Scotland and Canada, with Scotland winning 41–0. In November 2010 the city once again hosted a rugby international at Pittodrie between Scotland and Samoa, with Scotland winning 19–16.
Aberdeen Warriors rugby league team play in the Rugby League Conference Division One. The Warriors also run Under 15's and 17's teams. Aberdeen Grammar School won the Saltire Schools Cup in 2011. |
Aberdeen | Golf | Golf
thumb|right|Hazlehead Golf Course
The Royal Aberdeen Golf Club, founded in 1780 is the sixth oldest golf club in the world, and hosted the Senior British Open in 2005, and the amateur team event the Walker Cup in 2011. Royal Aberdeen also hosted the Scottish Open in 2014, won by Justin Rose. The club has a second course, and there are public golf courses at Auchmill, Balnagask, Hazlehead and King's Links.
There are new courses planned for the area, including world-class facilities with major financial backing, the city and shire are set to become important in golf tourism. In Summer 2012, Donald Trump opened a new state of the art golf course at Menie, just north of the city, as the Trump International Golf Links, Scotland. |
Aberdeen | Ice Hockey | Ice Hockey
Aberdeen Lynx are an ice hockey team that plays in the Scottish National League and is based at the Linx Ice Arena.
Founded in 2005, they won back to back regular season titles in 2022-23 and 2023-24 and won the play-off championship in both 2015-16 and again in 2024-25.
They regularly sell out home games and are the second best supported sports team in the city after Aberdeen FC. |
Aberdeen | Other sports | Other sports
The City of Aberdeen Swim Team (COAST) was based in Northfield swimming pool, but since the opening of the Aberdeen Aquatics Centre in 2014, it is now based there, as it has a 50 m pool as opposed to the 25 m pool at Northfield. It has been in operation since 1996. The team comprises several smaller swimming clubs and has enjoyed success throughout Scotland and in international competitions. Three of the team's swimmers qualified for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. There are four boat clubs that row on the River Dee: Aberdeen Boat Club (ABC), Aberdeen Schools Rowing Association (ASRA), Aberdeen University Boat Club (AUBC) and Robert Gordon University Boat Club (RGUBC).
The city has one national league side, Stoneywood-Dyce. Local "Grades" cricket has been played in Aberdeen since 1884. Aberdeenshire were the 2009 and 2014 Scottish National Premier League and Scottish Cup Champions. Aberdeen University Shinty Club (Scottish Gaelic: Club Camanachd Oilthigh Obar Dheathain) is the oldest constituted shinty club in the world, dating back to 1861.
The city council operates public tennis courts in various parks including an indoor tennis centre at Westburn Park. The Beach Leisure Centre is home to a climbing wall, gymnasium and a swimming pool. There are numerous swimming pools dotted around the city notably the largest, the Bon Accord Baths which closed down in 2008. In common with many other major towns and cities in the UK, Aberdeen has an active roller derby league, Granite City Roller Derb.
The Aberdeen Roughnecks American football club is a new team that started in 2012 and is the first team that Aberdeen has witnessed since the Granite City Oilers that began in 1986 and were wound up in the mid-1990s.Aberdeen Oilers Floorball Club was founded in 2007. The club initially attracted a range of experienced Scandinavian and other European players who were studying in Aberdeen. Since their formation, Aberdeen Oilers have played in the British Floorball Northern League and went on to win the league in the 2008/09 season. The club played a major role in setting up a ladies league in Scotland. The Oilers' ladies team ended up second in the first ladies league season (2008/09). |
Aberdeen | Twin cities | Twin cities
Aberdeen is twinned with
Stavanger, Norway, since 1990
Regensburg, Germany, since 1955
Clermont-Ferrand, France, since 1983
Gomel, Belarus, since 1990
Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, since 1986
Houston, Texas, US, since 1979, is twinned with the former region of Grampian of which Aberdeen is the regional centre
Kobe, Japan, since 2022, is twinned with Aberdeen for its hydrogen work.
Barranquilla, Colombia |
Aberdeen | Notable people and residents | Notable people and residents
upright|thumb|Portrait of Lord Byron by Thomas Phillips, c.1814
William Alexander (1826–1894), journalist and author of Johnny Gibb of Gushetneuk.
Leslie Benzies, Former president of Rockstar North, creators of the critically acclaimed Grand Theft Auto series.
Scott Booth, former football player, played for Aberdeen F.C., FC Twente, Borussia Dortmund and the Scotland national football team.
Alf Burnett, footballer who played for Dundee United
Lord Byron (1788–1824), poet, was raised (age 2–10) in Aberdeen.
Andrew Cant, (1584–1663) Presbyterian minister and leader of the Scottish Covenanters
David Carry, swimmer, two times 2006 Commonwealth Games gold medallist.
Henry Cecil, one of the most successful horse trainers of all time.
Oswald Chambers, author of My Utmost for His Highest
Alexander Christie, portrait painter.
Dan Crenshaw, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 2nd district.
Andrew Cruickshank, actor famous for his role in Dr Finlay's Casebook
John Mathieson Dodds, apprentice and engineer with Metrovick, Manchester and radar pioneer in Chain Home defence system for 1940 Battle of Britain.
Neil Fachie, cyclist, 2012 Paralympic Games gold and silver medalist.
Simon Farquhar, playwright.
Graeme Garden, author, actor, comedian, artist, TV presenter, famous for The Goodies.
Martin Gatt, principal bassoonist English Chamber Orchestra, LPO and LSO.
Ryan Gauld, footballer who currently plays for Vancouver Whitecaps in the MLS.
James Gibbs, 18th-century architect.
Quentin Gibson (1918–2011), physiologist and biochemist
James Gregory (1638–1675), Scottish mathematician and astronomer, born in the manse at Drumoak, just outside Aberdeen. Attended Aberdeen Grammar School and Marischal College, University of Aberdeen. Discovered diffraction gratings a year after Newton's prism experiments, and invented the Gregorian telescope design in 1663 which is used in telescopes such as the Arecibo Observatory.
David Gregory (1659–1708), Scottish mathematician and astronomer. Attended Aberdeen Grammar School and Marischal College, University of Aberdeen. A professor of mathematics. Based on his uncle James Gregory's work, he extended or discovered the method of quadratures by infinite series. His principle work "Astronomiae physicae et geometricae elementa" (1702) was the first text-book on gravitational principles.
Michael Gove, politician and MP.
George Jamesone, Scotland's first eminent portrait-painter.
Reginald Victor Jones, physicist, Chair of Natural Philosophy at the University of Aberdeen, author.
John Michael Kosterlitz, physicist, professor of physics at Brown University. Awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 2016.
Denis Law, 1940-2025 football player, played for Huddersfield Town, Manchester City, Torino,Manchester United and the Scotland national team, joint all-time record Scotland goalscorer with 30 goals.
Paul Lawrie, golfer, winner of the 1999 Open Championship.
Annie Lennox, musician, winner of eight Brit Awards.
Rose Leslie, actress, best known for playing Ygritte in HBO's Game of Thrones.
John Macleod (1876–1935) Biochemist and Physiologist. For his role in the discovery and isolation of insulin he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1923.
John Alexander MacWilliam (1857–1937), Professor of the Institutes of Medicine (later Physiology) at the University of Aberdeen. Pioneer in the field of cardiac electro-physiology & ventricular fibrillation of the heart. First to propose ventricular fibrillation as the most common cause of sudden death through heart attack. First to propose use of life saving electrical de-fibrilators. His work laid the frame work for the development of the pace maker.
Laura Main, actress, best known for playing Sister Bernadette/Shelagh Turner in the BBC's Call the Midwife
James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), Chair of Natural Philosophy at Marischal College, University of Aberdeen from 1856 to 1860. Formulated the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation.
Robert Morison (1620–1683), a Scottish botanist and taxonomist. He elucidated and developed the first systematic classification of plants. Gained his Master of Arts from the University of Aberdeen at the age of eighteen. For ten years Director of Louis XIV's royal gardens at Blois, France, then physician, botanist & superintendent of all royal gardens for Charles II of Scotland.
Alberto Morrocco (1917–1998), Scottish artist and teacher famous for his landscapes of Scotland and abroad.
Andy Nisbet (1953–2019), a Scottish mountaineer, guide, climbing instructor, and editor of climbing guidebooks. A pioneer of mixed rock and ice climbing techniques over 45 years. Developed over 1,000 new winter climbing routes in Scotland.
Ara Paiaya, film producer and director of Skin Traffik, Instant Death and Purge of Kingdoms.
Robbie Renwick, swimmer, 1x 2010 Commonwealth Games gold medalist.
Professor Sir C. Duncan Rice, historian, former principal of the University of Aberdeen.
Lawson Robertson (1883–1951), born in Aberdeen, competed for the U.S. Olympic Team at the 1904 Olympics in St. Louis, winning the bronze medal in the standing high jump. Head coach of U.S. track team at 4 successive Olympic games, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936.
Archibald Simpson, architect, one of Aberdeen's major architects.
John Smith, architect, Aberdeen's other major architect and official City Architect
Nicol Stephen, former Scottish Liberal Democrats leader, former Deputy First Minister of Scotland
John Strachan, first Anglican Bishop of Toronto.
Annie Wallace, actress in Hollyoaks.
Ron Yeats, former football player, captain of the first great Liverpool team of the 1960s, also played for the Scotland national team. |
Aberdeen | Aberdeen in popular culture | Aberdeen in popular culture
Stuart MacBride's crime novels Cold Granite, Dying Light, Broken Skin, Flesh House, Blind Eye and Dark Blood (a series with main protagonist, DS Logan McRae) are all set in Aberdeen.
A large part of the plot of the World War II thriller Eye of the Needle by Welsh author, Ken Follett, takes place in wartime Aberdeen, from which a German spy is trying to escape to a submarine waiting offshore.
A portion of Ian Rankin's novel Black and Blue (1997) is set in Aberdeen, where its nickname "Furry Boots" is noted.
Songs titled "Aberdeen" have been recorded by the music groups Danny Wilson, Royseven, and Cage the Elephant.
The Scottish rock band The Xcerts released the song "Aberdeen 1987" on their debut album In the Cold Wind We Smile, released on 30 March 2009. The first verse contains the line "15, sitting in a graveyard talking about their history". The graveyard referenced in the song is the graveyard of the Kirk of St Nicholas on Union Street.
The character Scotty from Star Trek: The Original Series references spending his youth in Aberdeen, though it is debated whether it is his birthplace. |
Aberdeen | See also | See also
Aberdeen Bestiary
Aberdeen typhoid outbreak 1964
List of places in Aberdeen
Our Lady of Aberdeen
Freedom of the City of Aberdeen
Grampian Television
STV North |
Aberdeen | Notes | Notes |
Aberdeen | References | References |
Aberdeen | Further reading | Further reading
Shepherd, Mike (2015). Oil Strike North Sea: A first-hand history of North Sea oil. Luath Press.
|
Aberdeen | External links | External links
A collection of historic maps of Aberdeen from the 1660s onward at National Library of Scotland
A selection of archive films relating to Aberdeen at the Scottish Screen Archive
Engraving of Aberdeen in 1693 by John Slezer at National Library of Scotland
Category:Cities in Scotland
Category:Council areas of Scotland
Category:Fishing communities in Scotland
Category:Lieutenancy areas of Scotland
Category:Port cities and towns in Scotland
Category:Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Category:Royal burghs
Category:Grampian
Category:Districts of Scotland |
Aberdeen | Table of Content | short description, Toponymy, History, Early origins, Wars of Scottish Independence, Post-Napoleonic depression, Second World War, Coat of arms and motto, Recent history, Politics and government, Geography, Location and area, Climate, Demography, Ethnicity, Religion, Economy, North Sea oil and gas, Business, Shopping, Landmarks, Transport, Railway, Roads, Buses and coaches, Air, Cycling, Water, Education, Universities and colleges, Schools, Culture, Galleries and museums, Festivals and performing arts, Dialect, Media and music, Food, Public services, Sport, Football, Rugby, Golf, Ice Hockey, Other sports, Twin cities, Notable people and residents, Aberdeen in popular culture, See also, Notes, References, Further reading, External links |
August 23 | For | |
August 23 | Events | Events |
August 23 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
30 BC – After the successful invasion of Egypt, Octavian executes Marcus Antonius Antyllus, the eldest son of Mark Antony, and Caesarion, the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and only child of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra.
79 – Mount Vesuvius begins stirring, on the feast day of Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.
476 – Odoacer, chieftain of the Germanic tribes (Herulic – Scirian foederati), is proclaimed rex Italiae ("King of Italy") by his troops.
1244 – Siege of Jerusalem: The city's citadel, the Tower of David, surrenders to the Khwarazmiyya.
1268 – The Battle of Tagliacozzo marks the fall of the Hohenstaufen family from the Imperial and Sicilian thrones, and leading to the new chapter of Angevin domination in Southern Italy.
1328 – Battle of Cassel: French troops stop an uprising of Flemish farmers.
1382 – Siege of Moscow: The Golden Horde led by Tokhtamysh lays siege to the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
1514 – The Battle of Chaldiran ends with a decisive victory for the Sultan Selim I, Ottoman Empire, over the Shah Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty.
1521 – Christian II of Denmark is deposed as king of Sweden and Gustav Vasa is elected regent.
1541 – French explorer Jacques Cartier lands near Quebec City in his third voyage to Canada.
1572 – French Wars of Religion: Mob violence against thousands of Huguenots in Paris results in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.
1595 – Long Turkish War: Wallachian prince Michael the Brave confronts the Ottoman army in the Battle of Călugăreni and achieves a tactical victory.
1600 – Battle of Gifu Castle: The eastern forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu defeat the western Japanese clans loyal to Toyotomi Hideyori, leading to the destruction of Gifu Castle and serving as a prelude to the Battle of Sekigahara. |
August 23 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1628 – George Villiers, the first Duke of Buckingham, is assassinated by John Felton.
1655 – Battle of Sobota: The Swedish Empire led by Charles X Gustav defeats the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1703 – Edirne event: Sultan Mustafa II of the Ottoman Empire is dethroned.
1775 – American Revolutionary War: King George III delivers his Proclamation of Rebellion to the Court of St James's stating that the American colonies have proceeded to a state of open and avowed rebellion.
1782 – British forces under Edward Despard complete the reconquest of the Black River settlements on the Mosquito Coast from the Spanish.
1784 – Western North Carolina (now eastern Tennessee) declares itself an independent state under the name of Franklin; it is not accepted into the United States, and only lasts for four years.
1799 – Napoleon Bonaparte leaves Egypt for France en route to seizing power.
1813 – At the Battle of Großbeeren, the Prussians under Von Bülow repulse the French army.
1831 – Nat Turner's rebellion of enslaved Virginians is suppressed.
1839 – The United Kingdom captures Hong Kong as a base as it prepares for the First Opium War with Qing China.
1864 – American Civil War: The Union Navy captures Fort Morgan, Alabama, thus breaking Confederate dominance of all ports on the Gulf of Mexico except Galveston, Texas.
1866 – The Austro-Prussian War ends with the Treaty of Prague.
1873 – The Albert Bridge in Chelsea, London opens.
1898 – The Southern Cross Expedition, the first British venture of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, departs from London. |
August 23 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1904 – The automobile tire chain is patented.
1914 – World War I: The British Expeditionary Force and the French Fifth Army begin their Great Retreat before the German Army.
1914 – World War I: Japan declares war on Germany.
1921 – British airship R-38 experiences structural failure over Hull in England and crashes in the Humber Estuary; of her 49 British and American training crew, only four survive.
1923 – Captain Lowell Smith and Lieutenant John P. Richter perform the first mid-air refueling on De Havilland DH-4B, setting an endurance flight record of 37 hours.
1927 – Italian anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti are executed after a lengthy, controversial trial.
1929 – Hebron Massacre during the 1929 Palestine riots: Arab attacks on the Jewish community in Hebron in the British Mandate of Palestine occur, continuing until the next day, resulting in the death of 65–68 Jews and the remaining Jews being forced to leave the city.
1939 – World War II: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union sign the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. In a secret protocol to the pact, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Romania are divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence".
1942 – World War II: Beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad.
1943 – World War II: Kharkiv is liberated by the Soviet Red Army for the second time after the Battle of Kursk.
1944 – World War II: Marseille is liberated by the Allied forces.
1944 – World War II: King Michael of Romania dismisses the pro-Nazi government of Marshal Antonescu, who is later arrested. Romania switches sides from the Axis to the Allies.
1944 – Freckleton air disaster: A United States Army Air Forces B-24 Liberator bomber crashes into a school in Freckleton, England, killing 61 people.
1945 – World War II: Soviet–Japanese War: The USSR State Defense Committee issues Decree no. 9898cc "About Receiving, Accommodation, and Labor Utilization of the Japanese Army Prisoners of War".
1946 – Ordinance No. 46 of the British Military Government constitutes the German Länder (states) of Hanover and Schleswig-Holstein.
1948 – The World Council of Churches is formed by 147 churches from 44 countries.
1954 – The first flight of the Lockheed C-130 multi-role aircraft takes place.
1954 – The Cruise of the Kings, a royal cruise organised by the Queen Consort of Greece, Frederica of Hanover, departs from Marseille, France.
1958 – Chinese Civil War: The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis begins with the People's Liberation Army's bombardment of Quemoy.
1966 – Lunar Orbiter 1 takes the first photograph of Earth from orbit around the Moon.
1970 – Organized by Mexican American labor union leader César Chávez, the Salad Bowl strike, the largest farm worker strike in U.S. history, begins.
1973 – A bank robbery gone wrong in Stockholm, Sweden, turns into a hostage crisis; over the next five days the hostages begin to sympathise with their captors, leading to the term "Stockholm syndrome".
1975 – The start of the Wave Hill walk-off by Gurindji people in Australia, lasting eight years, a landmark event in the history of Indigenous land rights in Australia, commemorated in a 1991 Paul Kelly song and an annual celebration.
1975 – The Pontiac Silverdome opens in Pontiac, Michigan, northwest of Detroit, Michigan
1985 – Hans Tiedge, top counter-spy of West Germany, defects to East Germany.
1989 – Singing Revolution: Two million people from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania stand on the Vilnius–Tallinn road, holding hands.
1990 – Saddam Hussein appears on Iraqi state television with a number of Western "guests" (actually hostages) to try to prevent the Gulf War.
1990 – Armenia declares its independence from the Soviet Union.
1990 – West and East Germany announce that they will reunite on October 3.
1991 – The World Wide Web is opened to the public.
1994 – Eugene Bullard, the only African American pilot in World War I, is posthumously commissioned as Second Lieutenant in the United States Air Force.
2000 – Gulf Air Flight 072 crashes into the Persian Gulf near Manama, Bahrain, killing 143.
2006 – Natascha Kampusch, who had been abducted at the age of ten, escapes from her captor Wolfgang Přiklopil, after eight years of captivity.
2007 – The skeletal remains of Russia's last royal family members Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia, and his sister Grand Duchess Anastasia are discovered near Yekaterinburg, Russia.
2010 – The Manila hostage crisis occurred near the Quirino Grandstand in Manila, Philippines killing 9 people including the perpetrator while injuring 9 others.
2011 – A magnitude 5.8 (class: moderate) earthquake occurs in Virginia. Damage occurs to monuments and structures in Washington, D.C. and the resulted damage is estimated at 200 million–300 million USD.
2011 – Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi is overthrown after the National Transitional Council forces take control of Bab al-Azizia compound during the Libyan Civil War.
2012 – A hot-air balloon crashes near the Slovenian capital of Ljubljana, killing six people and injuring 28 others.
2013 – A riot at the Palmasola prison complex in Santa Cruz, Bolivia kills 31 people.
2023 – Chandrayaan-3 mission initiated first Moon landing in Indian history.
2023 – A business jet carrying key leadership members of the Russian private military company Wagner Group crashes, killing all ten people on board. |
August 23 | Births | Births |
August 23 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
1482 – Jo Gwang-jo, Korean philosopher (d. 1520)
1486 – Sigismund von Herberstein, Slovenian historian and diplomat (d. 1566)
1498 – Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal (d. 1500)
1524 – François Hotman, French lawyer and jurist (d. 1590)
1579 – Thomas Dempster, Scottish scholar and historian (d. 1625) |
August 23 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1623 – Stanisław Lubieniecki, Polish astronomer, theologian, and historian (d. 1675)
1724 – Abraham Yates Jr., American lawyer and civil servant (d. 1796)
1741 – Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse, French admiral and explorer (d. 1788)
1754 – Louis XVI of France (d. 1793)
1768 – Astley Cooper, British surgeon and anatomist (d. 1841)
1769 – Georges Cuvier, French biologist and academic (d. 1832)
1783 – William Tierney Clark, English engineer, designed the Hammersmith Bridge (d. 1852)
1785 – Oliver Hazard Perry, American commander (d. 1819)
1800 – Evangelos Zappas, Greek patriot, philanthropist, and businessman (d. 1865)
1805 – Anton von Schmerling, Austrian judge and politician (d. 1893)
1814 – James Roosevelt Bayley, American archbishop (d. 1877)
1829 – Moritz Cantor, German mathematician and historian (d. 1920)
1843 – William Southam, Canadian publisher (d. 1932)
1846 – Alexander Milne Calder, Scottish-American sculptor (d. 1923)
1847 – Sarah Frances Whiting, American physicist and astronomer (d. 1927)
1849 – William Ernest Henley, English poet and critic (d. 1903)
1850 – John Cockburn, Scottish-Australian politician, 18th Premier of South Australia (d. 1929)
1852 – Radha Gobinda Kar, Indian physician and philanthropist (d. 1918)
1852 – Clímaco Calderón, Colombian lawyer and politician, 15th President of Colombia (d. 1913)
1852 – Arnold Toynbee, English economist and historian (d. 1883)
1854 – Moritz Moszkowski, Polish-German pianist and composer (d. 1925)
1864 – Eleftherios Venizelos, Greek lawyer, jurist, and politician, 93rd Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1936)
1867 – Edgar de Wahl, Ukrainian-Estonian linguist and academic (d. 1948)
1868 – Edgar Lee Masters, American lawyer, author, poet, and playwright (d. 1950)
1872 – Tanguturi Prakasam, Indian lawyer and politician, 1st Chief Minister of Andhra (d. 1957)
1875 – William Eccles, English physicist and engineer (d. 1966)
1875 – Eugene Lanceray, Russian painter and sculptor (d. 1946)
1877 – István Medgyaszay, Hungarian architect and academic (d. 1959)
1880 – Alexander Grin, Russian sailor and author (d. 1932)
1882 – Volin, Russia anarchist intellectual (d. 1945)
1883 – Jonathan M. Wainwright, American general, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1953)
1884 – Will Cuppy, American author and critic (d. 1949)
1884 – Ogden L. Mills, American captain, lawyer, and politician, 50th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1937)
1890 – Harry Frank Guggenheim, American businessman and publisher, co-founded Newsday (d. 1971)
1891 – Roy Agnew, Australian pianist and composer (d. 1944)
1891 – Minna Craucher, Finnish socialite and spy (d. 1932)Venla Sainio: Craucher, Minna (1891–1932) – Kansallisbiografia (in Finnish)
1894 – John Auden, English solicitor, deputy coroner and a territorial soldier (d. 1959)
1897 – Henry F. Pringle, American historian and journalist (d. 1958)
1900 – Frances Adaskin, Canadian pianist (d. 2001)
1900 – Ernst Krenek, Austrian-American composer and educator (d. 1991)
1900 – Malvina Reynolds, American singer-songwriter and activist (d. 1978) |
August 23 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1901 – Guy Bush, American baseball player and manager (d. 1985)
1901 – John Sherman Cooper, American captain, lawyer, and politician, 2nd United States Ambassador to East Germany (d. 1991)
1904 – William Primrose, Scottish viola player and educator (d. 1982)
1905 – Ernie Bushmiller, American cartoonist (d. 1982)
1905 – Constant Lambert, English composer and conductor (d. 1951)
1906 – Zoltan Sarosy, Hungarian-Canadian chess master (d. 2017)
1908 – Hannah Frank, Scottish sculptor and illustrator (d. 2008)
1909 – Syd Buller, English cricketer and umpire (d. 1970)
1910 – Lonny Frey, American baseball player and soldier (d. 2009)
1910 – Giuseppe Meazza, Italian footballer and manager (d. 1979)
1911 – Betty Robinson, American sprinter (d. 1999)
1911 – J.V. Cunningham, American poet, literary critic, and translator (d. 1985)Biography-poets.org
1912 – Gene Kelly, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 1996)
1912 – Igor Troubetzkoy, Russian aristocrat and race car driver (d. 2008)
1913 – Bob Crosby, American swing singer and bandleader (d. 1993)
1917 – Tex Williams, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1985)
1919 – Vladimir Abramovich Rokhlin, Azerbaijani mathematician and theorist (d. 1984)
1921 – Kenneth Arrow, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017)
1921 – Sam Cook, English cricketer and umpire (d. 1996)
1922 – Nazik Al-Malaika, Iraqi poet and academic (d. 2007)
1922 – Jean Darling, American actress and singer (d. 2015)
1922 – George Kell, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2009)
1924 – Ephraim Kishon, Israeli author, screenwriter, and director (d. 2005)
1924 – Madeleine Riffaud, French poet, journalist and Resistance member (d. 2024)
1924 – Robert Solow, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2023)
1925 – Robert Mulligan, American director and producer (d. 2008)
1926 – Clifford Geertz, American anthropologist and academic (d. 2006)
1926 – Gyula Hernádi, Hungarian author and screenwriter (d. 2005)
1927 – Dick Bruna, Dutch author and illustrator (d. 2017)
1927 – Allan Kaprow, American painter and author (d. 2006)
1927 – Martial Solal, Algerian-French pianist and composer
1928 – Marian Seldes, American actress (d. 2014)
1929 – Vladimir Beekman, Estonian poet and translator (d. 2009)
1929 – Zoltán Czibor, Hungarian footballer (d. 1997)
1929 – Peter Thomson, Australian golfer (d. 2018)
1930 – Michel Rocard, French civil servant and politician, 160th Prime Minister of France (d. 2016)
1930 – Vera Miles, American actress
1931 – Barbara Eden, American actress and singer
1931 – Hamilton O. Smith, American microbiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
1932 – Houari Boumediene, Algerian colonel and politician, 2nd President of Algeria (d. 1978)
1932 – Enos Nkala, Zimbabwean soldier and politician, Zimbabwean Minister of Defence (d. 2013)
1932 – Mark Russell, American comedian and pianist (d. 2023)
1933 – Robert Curl, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2022)
1933 – Don Talbot, Australian swim coach and administrator (d. 2020)
1933 – Pete Wilson, American commander and politician, 36th Governor of California
1934 – Sonny Jurgensen, American football player and sportscaster
1935 – Roy Strong, English historian, curator, and author
1936 – Rudy Lewis, American R&B singer (d. 1964)
1936 – Henry Lee Lucas, American murderer (d. 2001)
1936 – Chuck Brown, American musician, "The Godfather of Go-Go" (d. 2012)
1938 – Giacomo Bini, Italian priest and missionary (d. 2014)
1938 – Roger Greenaway, English singer-songwriter and producer
1940 – Galen Rowell, American mountaineer and photographer (d. 2002)
1940 – Richard Sanders, American actor and screenwriter
1941 – Onora O'Neill, Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve, British philosopher, academic, and politician
1942 – Nancy Richey, American tennis player
1943 – Dale Campbell-Savours, Baron Campbell-Savours, English businessman and politician
1943 – Nelson DeMille, American lieutenant and author (d. 2024)
1943 – Peter Lilley, English politician, Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills
1943 – Pino Presti, Italian bass player, composer, conductor, and producer
1943 – Rodney Alcala, American serial killer, rapist, and kidnapper (d. 2021)
1944 – Antonia Novello, Puerto Rican-American physician and admiral, 14th Surgeon General of the United States
1945 – Rayfield Wright, American football player and coach (d. 2022)
1946 – Keith Moon, English drummer, songwriter, and producer (d. 1978)
1947 – David Robb, Scottish actor
1947 – Willy Russell, English playwright and composer
1947 – Linda Thompson, English folk-rock singer-songwriter
1948 – Atef Bseiso, Palestinian intelligence officer (d. 1992)
1948 – Andrei Pleșu, Romanian journalist and politician, 95th Romanian Minister of Foreign Affairs
1948 – Rudy Ruettiger, American football player
1948 – Lev Zeleny, Russian physicist and academic
1949 – Vicky Leandros, Greek singer and politician
1949 – Shelley Long, American actress
1949 – Rick Springfield, Australian-American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor
1950 – Luigi Delneri, Italian footballer and manager
1951 – Mark Hudson, American record producer and musician
1951 – Jimi Jamison, American singer-songwriter and musician (d. 2014)
1951 – Akhmad Kadyrov, Chechen cleric and politician, 1st President of the Chechen Republic (d. 2004)
1951 – Queen Noor of Jordan
1952 – Santillana, Spanish footballer
1952 – Georgios Paraschos, Greek footballer and manager
1953 – Bobby G, English singer-songwriter
1954 – Charles Busch, American actor and screenwriter
1954 – Halimah Yacob, Singaporean unionist and politician, 9th Speaker and 8th President of Singapore
1955 – David Learner, British actor
1956 – Andreas Floer, German mathematician and academic (d. 1991)
1956 – Valgerd Svarstad Haugland, Norwegian educator and politician, Norwegian Minister of Culture
1956 – Skipp Sudduth, American actor
1957 – Tasos Mitropoulos, Greek footballer and politician
1958 – Julio Franco, Dominican baseball player and manager
1959 – Edwyn Collins, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist
1959 – George Kalovelonis, Greek tennis player and coach
1960 – Gary Hoey, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer
1961 – Dean DeLeo, American guitarist and songwriter
1961 – Alexandre Desplat, French composer and conductor
1961 – Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, Iranian commander and politician, 54th Mayor of Tehran
1961 – Gary Mabbutt, English footballer
1961 – Hitomi Takahashi, Japanese actress
1962 – Martin Cauchon, Canadian lawyer and politician, 46th Canadian Minister of Justice
1962 – Shaun Ryder, English singer-songwriter and actor
1963 – Park Chan-wook, South Korean director, producer, and screenwriter
1963 – Glória Pires, Brazilian actress
1963 – Richard Illingworth, English cricketer and umpire
1963 – Kenny Wallace, American race car driver
1964 – Ray Ferraro, Canadian ice hockey player and broadcaster
1964 – Kong Hee, Singaporean minister and criminal
1965 – Roger Avary, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter
1966 – Rik Smits, Dutch-American basketball player
1967 – Jim Murphy, Scottish lawyer and politician, Minister of State for Europe
1967 – Richard Petrie, New Zealand cricketer
1968 – Laura Claycomb, American soprano
1968 – Chris DiMarco, American golfer
1968 – Cortez Kennedy, American football player (d. 2017)
1969 – Tinus Linee, South African rugby player and coach (d. 2014)
1969 – Jack Lopresti, English soldier and politician
1969 – Jeremy Schaap, American journalist and author
1969 – Keith Tyson, English painter and illustrator
1970 – Lawrence Frank, American basketball player and coach
1970 – Jason Hetherington, Australian rugby league player
1970 – Jay Mohr, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
1970 – River Phoenix, American actor (d. 1993)
1971 – Demetrio Albertini, Italian footballer and manager
1971 – Tim Gutberlet, German footballer
1971 – Gretchen Whitmer, 49th Governor of Michigan
1972 – Mark Butcher, English cricketer and singer
1972 – Raul Casanova, Puerto Rican-American baseball player
1972 – Anthony Calvillo, Canadian football player
1972 – Martin Grainger, English footballer and manager
1972 – Manuel Vidrio, Mexican footballer, coach, and manager
1973 – Casey Blake, American baseball player
1973 – Kerry Walmsley, New Zealand cricketer
1974 – Lexi Alexander, American film and television director
1974 – Mark Bellhorn, American baseball player
1974 – Benjamin Limo, Kenyan runner
1974 – Konstantin Novoselov, Russian-English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
1974 – Ray Park, Scottish actor and stuntman
1975 – Eliza Carthy, English folk musician
1975 – Sean Marks, New Zealand basketball player and manager
1975 – Jarkko Ruutu, Finnish ice hockey player
1976 – Scott Caan, American actor
1976 – Pat Garrity, American basketball player and executive
1977 – Douglas Sequeira, Costa Rican footballer and manager
1977 – Jared Fogle, American spokesman and criminal
1978 – Kobe Bryant, American basketball player and businessman (d. 2020)
1978 – Julian Casablancas, American singer-songwriter and producer
1978 – Randal Tye Thomas, American journalist and politician (d. 2014)
1978 – Andrew Rannells, American actor and singer
1979 – Jessica Bibby, Australian basketball player
1979 – Saskia Clark, English sailor
1979 – Edgar Sosa, Mexican boxer
1979 – Zuzana Váleková, Slovak tennis player
1980 – Denny Bautista, Dominican baseball player
1980 – Nadine Jolie Courtney, American journalist, reality personality and author
1980 – Joanne Froggatt, English actress
1980 – Rex Grossman, American football player
1980 – Nenad Vučković, Serbian handball player
1981 – Carlos Cuéllar, Spanish footballer
1981 – Jaime Lee Kirchner, American actress
1981 – Stephan Loboué, Ivorian footballer
1982 – Natalie Coughlin, American swimmer
1982 – Scott Palguta, American soccer player
1982 – Cristian Tudor, Romanian footballer (d. 2012)
1983 – James Collins, Welsh footballer
1983 – Athena Farrokhzad, Iranian-Swedish poet, playwright, and critic
1983 – Sun Mingming, Chinese basketball player
1983 – Tony Moll, American football player
1983 – Fiona Onasanya, British politician and criminal
1983 – Bruno Spengler, Canadian race car driver
1984 – Glen Johnson, English footballer
1984 – Eric Tai, New Zealand rugby player and actor
1985 – Valeria Lukyanova, Moldovan-Ukrainian model and singer
1986 – Sky Blu, American rapper and DJ
1986 – Neil Cicierega, American comedian and musician
1986 – Ayron Jones, American musician
1986 – Brett Morris, Australian rugby league player
1986 – Josh Morris, Australian rugby league player
1987 – Darren Collison, American basketball player
1988 – Olga Govortsova, Belarusian tennis player
1988 – Carl Hagelin, Swedish ice hockey player
1988 – Jeremy Lin, American basketball player
1988 – Kim Matula, American actress
1988 – Miles Mikolas, American baseball player
1989 – Lianne La Havas, British singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist
1989 – Trixie Mattel, American drag queen, actor, and country singer
1989 – Heiko Schwarz, German footballer
1989 – TeddyLoid, Japanese musician
1990 – Seth Curry, American basketball player
1990 – Mike Yastrzemski, American baseball player
1992 – Nicola Docherty, Scottish footballer
1993 – Taylor Decker, American football player
1993 – Tyler Glasnow, American baseball player
1993 – Iván López, Spanish professional footballer
1994 – August Ames, Canadian pornographic actress (d. 2017)
1994 – Jusuf Nurkić, Bosnian basketball player
1995 – Gabriela Lee, Romanian tennis player
1995 – Cameron Norrie, British tennis player
1997 – Lil Yachty, American rapper and singer
1998 – P. J. Washington, American basketball player
2000 – Boryana Kaleyn, Bulgarian rhythmic gymnast and Olympic silver medalist |
August 23 | Deaths | Deaths |
August 23 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
30 BC – Caesarion, Egyptian king (b. 47 BC)
30 BC – Marcus Antonius Antyllus, Roman soldier (b. 47 BC)
93 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman general and politician (b. AD 40)
406 – Radagaisus, Gothic king
634 – Abu Bakr, Arabian caliph (b. 573)
992 – Volkold, bishop of Meissen
1106 – Magnus, Duke of Saxony (b. 1045)
1176 – Emperor Rokujō of Japan (b. 1164)
1305 – William Wallace, Scottish knight and rebel leader (b. c.1270)
1328 – Nicolaas Zannekin, Flemish peasant leader (in the battle of Cassel)
1329 – Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1282)
1335 – Heilwige Bloemardinne, Christian mystic (b. c. 1265)
1348 – John de Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury
1363 – Chen Youliang, founder of the Dahan regime (b. 1320)
1367 – Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz, Spanish cardinal (b. 1310)
1478 – Johannes Pullois, Franco-Flemish composer (b. c. 1420?)
1481 – Thomas de Littleton, English judge and legal author (b. c. 1407)
1498 – Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal, eldest daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (b. 1470)
1507 – Jean Molinet, French poet and composer (b. 1435)
1519 – Philibert Berthelier, Swiss soldier (b. 1465)
1540 – Guillaume Budé, French philosopher and scholar (b. 1467)
1568 – Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton (b. 1495)
1574 – Ebussuud Efendi, Turkish lawyer and jurist (b. 1490)
1591 – Luis de León, Spanish poet and academic (b. 1527) |
August 23 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1618 – Gerbrand Adriaenszoon Bredero, Dutch poet and playwright (b. 1585)
1628 – George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire (b. 1592)
1652 – John Byron, 1st Baron Byron, English soldier and politician (b. 1600)
1706 – Edward Nott, English politician, Colonial Governor of Virginia (b. 1654)
1723 – Increase Mather, American minister and author (b. 1639)
1806 – Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, French physicist and engineer (b. 1736)
1813 – Alexander Wilson, Scottish-American poet, ornithologist, and illustrator (b. 1766)
1819 – Oliver Hazard Perry, American commander (b. 1785)
1831 – Ferenc Kazinczy, Hungarian author and poet (b. 1759)
1831 – August Neidhardt von Gneisenau, Prussian field marshal (b. 1760)
1853 – Alexander Calder, American lawyer and politician (b. 1806)
1867 – Auguste-Marseille Barthélemy, French poet and author (b. 1796)
1880 – William Thompson, British boxer (b. 1811)
1892 – Deodoro da Fonseca, Brazilian field marshal and politician, 1st President of Brazil (b. 1827)
1900 – Kuroda Kiyotaka, Japanese general and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1840) |
August 23 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1924 – Heinrich Berté, Slovak-Austrian composer (b. 1856)
1926 – Rudolph Valentino, Italian actor (b. 1895)
1927 – Nicola Sacco, Italian anarchist convicted of murder (b. 1891)
1927 – Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian anarchist convicted of murder (b. 1888)
1933 – Adolf Loos, Austrian architect and theoretician, designed Villa Müller (b. 1870)
1937 – Albert Roussel, French composer (b. 1869)
1944 – Abdülmecid II, Ottoman sultan (b. 1868)
1944 – Stefan Filipkiewicz, Polish painter and illustrator (b. 1879)
1949 – Helen Churchill Candee, American geographer, journalist, and author (b. 1858)
1954 – Jaan Sarv, Estonian mathematician and scholar (b. 1877)
1960 – Oscar Hammerstein II, American director, producer, and composer (b. 1895)
1962 – Walter Anderson, Russian-German ethnologist and academic (b. 1885)
1962 – Hoot Gibson, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1892)
1964 – Edmond Hogan, Australian politician, 30th Premier of Victoria (b. 1883)
1966 – Francis X. Bushman, American actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1883)
1967 – Georges Berger, Belgian race car driver (b. 1918)
1967 – Nathaniel Cartmell, American runner and coach (b. 1883)
1974 – Roberto Assagioli, Italian psychiatrist and author (b. 1888)
1975 – Faruk Gürler, Turkish general (b. 1913)
1977 – Naum Gabo, Russian sculptor and academic (b. 1890)
1982 – Stanford Moore, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
1987 – Didier Pironi, French race car and boat driver (b. 1952)
1989 – Mohammed Abed Elhai, Sudanese poet and academic (b. 1944)
1989 – R. D. Laing, Scottish psychiatrist and author (b. 1927)
1990 – David Rose, American pianist and composer (b. 1910)
1994 – Zoltán Fábri, Hungarian director and screenwriter (b. 1917)
1995 – Alfred Eisenstaedt, German-American photographer and journalist (b. 1898)
1996 – Margaret Tucker, Australian author and activist (b. 1904)
1997 – Eric Gairy, Grenadian educator and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Grenada (b. 1922)
1997 – John Kendrew, English biochemist and crystallographer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1917)
1999 – Norman Wexler, American screenwriter (b. 1926)
1999 – James White, Irish author (b. 1928)
2000 – John Anthony Kaiser, American priest and missionary (b. 1932)
2001 – Kathleen Freeman, American actress (b. 1919)
2001 – Peter Maas, American journalist and author (b. 1929)
2002 – Hoyt Wilhelm, American baseball player and coach (b. 1922)
2003 – Bobby Bonds, American baseball player and manager (b. 1946)
2003 – Jack Dyer, Australian footballer and coach (b. 1913)
2003 – Jan Sedivka, Czech-Australian violinist and educator (b. 1917)
2003 – Michael Kijana Wamalwa, Kenyan lawyer and politician, 8th Vice President of Kenya (b. 1944)
2005 – Brock Peters, American actor (b. 1927)
2006 – Maynard Ferguson, Canadian trumpet player and bandleader (b. 1928)
2008 – John Russell, English-American author and critic (b. 1919)
2012 – Jerry Nelson, American puppeteer and voice actor (b. 1934)
2012 – Josepha Sherman, American anthologist and author (b. 1946)
2013 – Richard J. Corman, American businessman, founded the R.J. Corman Railroad Group (b. 1955)
2013 – William Glasser, American psychiatrist and author (b. 1925)
2013 – Charles Lisanby, American production designer and set director (b. 1924)
2013 – Konstanty Miodowicz, Polish ethnographer and politician (b. 1951)
2013 – Vesna Rožič, Slovenian chess player (b. 1987)
2013 – Tatyana Zaslavskaya, Russian sociologist and economist (b. 1927)
2014 – Albert Ebossé Bodjongo, Cameroonian footballer (b. 1989)
2014 – Annefleur Kalvenhaar, Dutch cyclist (b. 1994)
2014 – Birgitta Stenberg, Swedish author and illustrator (b. 1932)
2014 – Jaume Vallcorba Plana, Spanish philologist and publisher (b. 1949)
2015 – Augusta Chiwy, Congolese-Belgian nurse (b. 1921)
2015 – Guy Ligier, French rugby player and race car driver (b. 1930)
2015 – Enrique Reneau, Honduran footballer (b. 1971)
2015 – Paul Royle, Australian lieutenant and pilot (b. 1914)
2021 – Elizabeth Blackadder, Scottish painter and printmaker (b. 1931)
2023 – Dmitry Utkin, Russian army officer, founder of Wagner Group (b. 1970)
2023 – Yevgeny Prigozhin, Russian businessman, chief of Wagner Group (b. 1961)
2023 – Terry Funk, American professional wrestler (b. 1944) |
August 23 | Holidays and observances | Holidays and observances
Battle of Kursk Day (Russia)
Christian feast day:
Ascelina
Asterius, Claudius, and Neon
Éogan of Ardstraw
Lupus (Luppus) of Novae
Philip Benitius
Quiriacus and companions, of Ostia
Rose of Lima
Tydfil
Zacchaeus of Jerusalem
August 23 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Day of the National Flag (Ukraine)
European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism or Black Ribbon Day (European Union and other countries), and related observances:
Liberation from Fascist Occupation Day (Romania)
International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition
National Day for Physicians (Iran) |
August 23 | References | References |
August 23 | External links | External links
Category:Days of August |
August 23 | Table of Content | For, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links |
August 24 | pp-move | |
August 24 | Events | Events |
August 24 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
367 – Gratian, son of Roman Emperor Valentinian I, is named co-Augustus at the age of eight by his father.
394 – The Graffito of Esmet-Akhom, the latest known inscription in Egyptian hieroglyphs, is written.Richard Parkinson, Cracking Codes: The Rosetta Stone and Decipherment (1999), p. 178.
410 – The Visigoths under King Alaric I begin to pillage Rome.
1185 – Sack of Thessalonica by the Normans.
1200 – King John of England, signer of the first Magna Carta, marries Isabella of Angoulême in Angoulême Cathedral. Roger of Howden, iv, 120.
1215 – Pope Innocent III issues a bull declaring Magna Carta invalid.
1349 – Six thousand Jews are killed in Mainz after being blamed for the bubonic plague.
1482 – The town and castle of Berwick-upon-Tweed is captured from Scotland by an English army.
1516 – The Ottoman Empire under Selim I defeats the Mamluk Sultanate and captures present-day Syria at the Battle of Marj Dabiq.
1561 – Willem of Orange marries duchess Anna of Saxony. |
August 24 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1608 – The first official English representative to India lands in Surat.
1643 – A Dutch fleet establishes a new colony in the ruins of Valdivia in southern Chile.
1662 – The 1662 Book of Common Prayer is legally enforced as the liturgy of the Church of England, precipitating the Great Ejection of Dissenter ministers from their benefices.
1682 – William Penn receives the area that is now the state of Delaware, and adds it to his colony of Pennsylvania.
1690 – Job Charnock of the East India Company establishes a factory in Calcutta, an event formerly considered the founding of the city (in 2003 the Calcutta High Court ruled that the city's foundation date is unknown).
1743 – The War of the Hats: The Swedish army surrenders to the Russians in Helsinki, ending the war and starting Lesser Wrath.
1781 – American Revolutionary War: A small force of Pennsylvania militia is ambushed and overwhelmed by an American Indian group, which forces George Rogers Clark to abandon his attempt to attack Detroit.
1789 – The first naval battle of the Svensksund began in the Gulf of Finland.
1812 – Peninsular War: A coalition of Spanish, British, and Portuguese forces succeed in lifting the two-and-a-half-year-long Siege of Cádiz.
1814 – British troops capture Washington, D.C. and set the Presidential Mansion, Capitol, Navy Yard and many other public buildings ablaze.
1815 – The modern Constitution of the Netherlands is signed.
1816 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed in St. Louis, Missouri.
1820 – Constitutionalist insurrection at Oporto, Portugal.
1821 – The Treaty of Córdoba is signed in Córdoba, now in Veracruz, Mexico, concluding the Mexican War of Independence from Spain.
1857 – The Panic of 1857 begins, setting off one of the most severe economic crises in United States history.
1870 – The Wolseley expedition reaches Manitoba to end the Red River Rebellion.
1898 – Count Muravyov, Foreign Minister of Russia presents a rescript that convoked the First Hague Peace Conference. |
August 24 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1909 – Workers start pouring concrete for the Panama Canal.
1911 – Manuel de Arriaga is elected and sworn in as the first President of Portugal.
1914 – World War I: German troops capture Namur.
1914 – World War I: The Battle of Cer ends as the first Allied victory in the war.
1929 – Second day of two-day Hebron massacre during the 1929 Palestine riots: Arab attacks on the Jewish community in Hebron in the British Mandate of Palestine, result in the death of 65–68 Jews; the remaining Jews are forced to flee the city.
1931 – Resignation of the United Kingdom's Second Labour Government. Formation of the UK National Government.
1932 – Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly across the United States non-stop (from Los Angeles to Newark, New Jersey).
1933 – The Crescent Limited train derails in Washington, D.C., after the bridge it is crossing is washed out by the 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane.
1936 – The Australian Antarctic Territory is created.
1937 – Spanish Civil War: the Basque Army surrenders to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie following the Santoña Agreement.
1937 – Spanish Civil War: Sovereign Council of Asturias and León is proclaimed in Gijón.
1938 – Kweilin incident: A Japanese warplane shoots down the Kweilin, a Chinese civilian airliner, killing 14. It is the first recorded instance of a civilian airliner being shot down.
1941 – The Holocaust: Adolf Hitler orders the cessation of Nazi Germany's systematic T4 euthanasia program of the mentally ill and the handicapped due to protests, although killings continue for the remainder of the war.
1942 – World War II: The Battle of the Eastern Solomons. Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō is sunk, with the loss of seven officers and 113 crewmen. The US carrier is heavily damaged.
1944 – World War II: Allied troops begin the attack on Paris.
1949 – The treaty creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organization goes into effect.
1950 – Edith Sampson becomes the first black U.S. delegate to the United Nations.
1951 – United Air Lines Flight 615 crashes near Decoto, California, killing 50 people.
1954 – The Communist Control Act goes into effect, outlawing the Communist Party in the United States.
1954 – Vice president João Café Filho takes office as president of Brazil, following the suicide of Getúlio Vargas.
1963 – Buddhist crisis: As a result of the Xá Lợi Pagoda raids, the US State Department cables the United States Embassy, Saigon to encourage Army of the Republic of Vietnam generals to launch a coup against President Ngô Đình Diệm if he did not remove his brother Ngô Đình Nhu.
1967 – Led by Abbie Hoffman, the Youth International Party temporarily disrupts trading at the New York Stock Exchange by throwing dollar bills from the viewing gallery, causing trading to cease as brokers scramble to grab them.
1970 – Vietnam War protesters bomb Sterling Hall at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, leading to an international manhunt for the perpetrators.
1981 – Mark David Chapman is sentenced to 20 years to life in prison for murdering John Lennon.
1989 – Colombian drug barons declare "total war" on the Colombian government.
1989 – Tadeusz Mazowiecki is chosen as the first non-communist prime minister in Central and Eastern Europe.
1991 – Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as head of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
1991 – Ukraine declares itself independent from the Soviet Union.
1992 – Hurricane Andrew makes landfall in Homestead, Florida as a Category 5 hurricane, causing up to $25 billion (1992 USD) in damages.
1995 – Microsoft Windows 95 was released to the public in North America.
1998 – First radio-frequency identification (RFID) human implantation tested in the United Kingdom.
2001 – Air Transat Flight 236 loses all engine power over the Atlantic Ocean, forcing the pilots to conduct an emergency landing in the Azores.
2004 – Ninety passengers die after two airliners explode after flying out of Domodedovo International Airport, near Moscow. The explosions are caused by suicide bombers from Chechnya.
2006 – The International Astronomical Union (IAU) redefines the term "planet" such that Pluto is now considered a dwarf planet.
2008 – Sixty-five passengers are killed when Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895 crashes during an emergency landing at Manas International Airport in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
2008 – A Cessna 208 Caravan crashes in Cabañas, Zacapa, Guatemala, killing 11 people.
2010 – In San Fernando, Tamaulipas, Mexico, 72 illegal immigrants are killed by Los Zetas and eventually found dead by Mexican authorities.
2010 – Henan Airlines Flight 8387 crashes at Yichun Lindu Airport in Yichun, Heilongjiang, China, killing 44 out of the 96 people on board.
2010 – Agni Air Flight 101 crashes near Shikharpur, Makwanpur, Nepal, killing all 14 people on board.
2012 – Anders Behring Breivik, perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks, is sentenced to 21 years of preventive detention.
2014 – A magnitude 6.0 earthquake strikes the San Francisco Bay Area; it is the largest in that area since 1989.
2016 – An earthquake strikes Central Italy with a magnitude of 6.2, with aftershocks felt as far as Rome and Florence. Around 300 people are killed."Terremoto Centro Italia: aggiornamento del numero di vittime, feriti e popolazione assistita" , Protezione Civile, 26 August 2016.
2016 – Proxima Centauri b, the closest exoplanet to Earth, is discovered by the European Southern Observatory.
2017 – The National Space Agency of Taiwan successfully launches the observation satellite Formosat-5 into space.
2020 – Erin O’Toole is elected leader of the Conservative Party of Canada.
2023 – Japan officially begins discharging treated radioactive water from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean, sparking international concerns and condemnation. |
August 24 | Births | Births |
August 24 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
1016 – Fujiwara no Genshi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1039)
1113 – Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (d. 1151)
1198 – Alexander II of Scotland (d. 1249)
1358 – John I of Castile (d. 1390)
1393 – Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (d. 1458)
1423 – Thomas Rotherham, English cleric (d. 1500)
1498 – John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony (d. 1537)
1510 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen (d. 1558)
1552 – Lavinia Fontana, Italian painter and educator (d. 1614)
1556 – Sophia Brahe, Danish horticulturalist and astronomer (d. 1643)
1561 – Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk (d. 1626)
1578 – John Taylor, English poet and author (d. 1653)
1591 – Robert Herrick, English poet and cleric (d. 1674) |
August 24 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1631 – Philip Henry, English minister (d. 1696)
1635 – Peder Griffenfeld, Danish lawyer and politician (d. 1699)
1684 – Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet, British politician (d. 1746)
1714 – Alaungpaya, Burmese king (d. 1760)
1758 – Duchess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1794)
1759 – William Wilberforce, English philanthropist and politician (d. 1833)
1772 – William I of the Netherlands (d. 1840)
1787 – James Weddell, Belgian-English sailor, hunter, and explorer (d. 1834)
1824 – Antonio Stoppani, Italian geologist and scholar (d. 1891)
1837 – Théodore Dubois, French organist, composer, and educator (d. 1924)
1843 – Boyd Dunlop Morehead, Australian politician, 10th Premier of Queensland (d. 1905)
1845 – James Calhoun, American lieutenant (d. 1876)
1851 – Tom Kendall, Australian cricketer and journalist (d. 1924)
1852 – Agnes Marshall, English culinary entrepreneur, inventor, and celebrity chef (d. 1905)Jenkins, Terry: "The Truth about Mrs Marshall", Petits Propos Culinaires 112, November 2018, pp. 100–112.
1860 – David Bowman, Australian lawyer and politician (d. 1916)
1862 – Zonia Baber, American geographer and geologist (d. 1956)
1863 – Dragutin Lerman, Croatian explorer (d. 1918)
1865 – Ferdinand I of Romania (d. 1927)
1872 – Max Beerbohm, English essayist, parodist, and caricaturist (d. 1956)
1884 – Earl Derr Biggers, American author and playwright (d. 1933)
1887 – Harry Hooper, American baseball player (d. 1974)
1888 – Valentine Baker, Welsh co-founder of the Martin-Baker Aircraft Company (d. 1942)
1890 – Duke Kahanamoku, American swimmer, actor, and surfer (d. 1968)
1890 – Jean Rhys, Dominican-British novelist (d. 1979)
1893 – Haim Ernst Wertheimer, German-Israeli biochemist and academic (d. 1978)
1895 – Richard Cushing, American cardinal (d. 1970)
1897 – Fred Rose, American pianist, songwriter, and publisher (d. 1954)
1898 – Malcolm Cowley, American novelist, poet, literary critic (d. 1989)
1899 – Jorge Luis Borges, Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator (d. 1986)
1899 – Albert Claude, Belgian biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1983)
1900 – Preston Foster, American actor (d. 1970) |
August 24 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1902 – Fernand Braudel, French historian and academic (d. 1985)
1902 – Carlo Gambino, Italian-American mob boss (d. 1976)
1903 – Karl Hanke, German businessman and politician (d. 1945)
1904 – Ida Cook, English campaigner for Jewish refugees, and romantic novelist as Mary Burchell (d. 1986)
1905 – Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1974)
1905 – Siaka Stevens, Sierra Leonean police officer and politician, 1st President of Sierra Leone (d. 1988)
1907 – Bruno Giacometti, Swiss architect, designed the Hallenstadion (d. 2012)
1908 – Shivaram Rajguru, Indian activist (d. 1931)
1909 – Ronnie Grieveson, South African cricketer and soldier (d. 1998)
1913 – Charles Snead Houston, American physician and mountaineer (d. 2009)
1915 – Wynonie Harris, American singer and guitarist (d. 1969)
1915 – James Tiptree Jr. (Alice Bradley Sheldon), American psychologist and science fiction author (d. 1987)
1918 – Sikander Bakht, Indian field hockey player and politician, Indian Minister of External Affairs (d. 2004)
1919 – Tosia Altman, member of the Polish resistance in World War II (d. 1943)
1919 – J. Gordon Edwards, American entomologist, mountaineer, and DDT advocate (d. 2004)
1919 – Enrique Llanes, Mexican wrestler (d. 2004)
1919 – Niels Viggo Bentzon, Danish composer and pianist (d. 2000)
1920 – Alex Colville, Canadian painter and academic (d. 2013)
1921 – Eric Simms, English ornithologist and conservationist (d. 2009)
1922 – René Lévesque, Canadian journalist and politician, 23rd Premier of Quebec (d. 1987)
1922 – Howard Zinn, American historian, author, and activist (d. 2010)
1923 – Arthur Jensen, American psychologist and academic (d. 2012)
1924 – Alyn Ainsworth, English singer and conductor (d. 1990)
1924 – Louis Teicher, American pianist (d. 2008)
1926 – Nancy Spero, American painter and academic (d. 2009)
1927 – Anjali Devi, Indian actress and producer (d. 2014)
1927 – David Ireland, Australian author and playwright (d. 2022)
1927 – Harry Markowitz, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2023)
1929 – Betty Dodson, American author and educator (d. 2020)
1930 – Jackie Brenston, American singer-songwriter and saxophonist (d. 1979)
1930 – Roger McCluskey, American race car driver (d. 1993)
1932 – Robert D. Hales, American captain and religious leader (d. 2017)
1932 – Richard Meale, Australian pianist and composer (d. 2009)
1932 – Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, English cardinal (d. 2017)
1933 – Prince Rupert Loewenstein, Spanish-English banker and manager (d. 2014)
1934 – Kenny Baker, English actor (d. 2016)
1936 – A. S. Byatt, English novelist and poet (d. 2023)
1936 – Kenny Guinn, American banker and politician, 27th Governor of Nevada (d. 2010)
1936 – Arthur B. C. Walker Jr., American physicist and academic (d. 2001)
1937 – Moshood Abiola, Nigerian businessman and politician (d. 1998)
1937 – Susan Sheehan, Austrian-American journalist and author
1938 – David Freiberg, American singer and bass player
1938 – Mason Williams, American guitarist and composer
1940 – Madsen Pirie, British academic, President and co-founder of the Adam Smith Institute
1940 – Francine Lalonde, Canadian educator and politician (d. 2014)
1940 – Keith Savage, English rugby player
1941 – Alan M. Roberts, English academic, Professor of Zoology at the University of Bristol
1942 – Max Cleland, American captain and politician (d. 2021)
1942 – Jimmy Soul, American pop-soul singer (d. 1988)
1942 – Karen Uhlenbeck, American mathematician
1942 – Hans Peter Korff, German actor (d. 2025)
1943 – John Cipollina, American rock guitarist (d. 1989)
1944 – Bill Goldsworthy, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach (d. 1996)
1944 – Gregory Jarvis, American engineer, and astronaut (d. 1986)
1944 – Rocky Johnson, Canadian-American wrestler and trainer (d. 2020)
1945 – Ronee Blakley, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress
1945 – Molly Duncan, Scottish saxophonist (d. 2019)
1945 – Ken Hensley, English rock singer-songwriter and musician (d. 2020)
1945 – Marsha P. Johnson, American gay liberation activist and drag queen (d. 1992)
1945 – Vince McMahon, American wrestler, promoter, and entrepreneur; co-founded WWE
1947 – Anne Archer, American actress and producer
1947 – Paulo Coelho, Brazilian author and songwriter
1947 – Roger De Vlaeminck, Belgian cyclist and coach
1947 – Joe Manchin, American politician, 34th Governor of West Virginia
1947 – Vladimir Masorin, Russian admiral
1948 – Kim Sung-il, South Korean commander and pilot
1948 – Jean Michel Jarre, French pianist, composer, and producer
1948 – Sauli Niinistö, Finnish captain and politician, 12th President of Finland
1948 – Alexander McCall Smith, Rhodesian-Scottish author and educator
1949 – Stephen Paulus, American composer and educator (d. 2014)
1949 – Joe Regalbuto, American actor and director
1951 – Danny Joe Brown, American southern rock singer-songwriter and musician (d. 2005)
1951 – Orson Scott Card, American novelist, critic, public speaker, essayist, and columnist;
1951 – Oscar Hijuelos, American author and academic (d. 2013)
1952 – Marion Bloem, Dutch author, director, and painter
1952 – Linton Kwesi Johnson, Jamaican dub poet
1953 – Sam Torrance, Scottish golfer and sportscaster
1954 – Alain Daigle, Canadian ice hockey player
1954 – Heini Otto, Dutch footballer, coach, and manager
1955 – Kevin Dunn, American actor
1955 – Mike Huckabee, American minister and politician, 44th Governor of Arkansas
1956 – Gerry Cooney, American boxer
1957 – Jeffrey Daniel, American singer-songwriter and dancer
1957 – Stephen Fry, English actor, journalist, producer, and screenwriter
1958 – Steve Guttenberg, American actor and producer
1960 – Cal Ripken Jr., American baseball player and coach
1961 – Jared Harris, English actor
1962 – Craig Kilborn, American television host
1962 – Emile Roemer, Dutch educator and politician
1963 – John Bush, American singer-songwriter
1963 – Hideo Kojima, Japanese director, screenwriter and video game designer
1964 – Éric Bernard, French racing driver
1964 – Mark Cerny, American video game designer, programmer, producer and business executive
1964 – Salizhan Sharipov, Kyrgyzstani-Russian lieutenant, pilot, and astronaut
1965 – Marlee Matlin, American actress and producer
1965 – Reggie Miller, American basketball player and sportscaster
1965 – Brian Rajadurai, Sri Lankan-Canadian cricketer
1967 – Michael Thomas, English footballer
1968 – Benoît Brunet, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster
1968 – Shoichi Funaki, Japanese-American wrestler and sportscaster
1968 – Andreas Kisser, Brazilian guitarist, songwriter, and producer
1968 – Tim Salmon, American baseball player and sportscaster
1969 – Jans Koerts, Dutch cyclist
1970 – Rich Beem, American golfer
1970 – David Gregory, American journalist
1970 – Tugay Kerimoğlu, Turkish footballer and manager
1972 – Jean-Luc Brassard, Canadian skier and radio host
1972 – Ava DuVernay, American director and screenwriter
1972 – Todd Young, American politician
1973 – Andrew Brunette, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1973 – Dave Chappelle, American comedian, actor, producer and screenwriter
1973 – James D'Arcy, English actor
1973 – Inge de Bruijn, Dutch swimmer
1973 – Carmine Giovinazzo, American actor
1974 – Jennifer Lien, American actress
1975 – Roberto Colombo, Italian footballer
1975 – Mark de Vries, Surinamese-Dutch footballer
1976 – Simon Dennis, English rower and academic
1976 – Alex O'Loughlin, Australian actor, writer, director, and producer
1977 – Denílson de Oliveira Araújo, Brazilian footballer
1977 – Robert Enke, German footballer (d. 2009)
1977 – Per Gade, Danish footballer
1977 – John Green, American author and vlogger
1977 – Jürgen Macho, Austrian footballer
1978 – Derek Morris, Canadian ice hockey player
1979 – Vahur Afanasjev, Estonian author and poet
1979 – Orlando Engelaar, Dutch footballer
1979 – Michael Redd, American basketball player
1981 – Chad Michael Murray, American actor, model, and author
1982 – José Bosingwa, Portuguese footballer
1982 – Kim Källström, Swedish footballer
1983 – Brett Gardner, American baseball player
1983 – Marcel Goc, German ice hockey player
1984 – Erin Molan, Australian journalist and sportscaster
1984 – Charlie Villanueva, Dominican-American basketball player
1984 – Yesung, South Korean singer
1986 – Joseph Akpala, Nigerian footballer
1986 – Arian Foster, American football player, rapper, and actor
1987 – Anže Kopitar, Slovenian ice hockey player
1988 – Rupert Grint, English actor
1988 – Brad Hunt, Canadian ice hockey player
1988 – Manu Ma'u, New Zealand rugby league player
1988 – Maya Yoshida, Japanese footballer
1989 – Reynaldo, Brazilian footballer
1989 – Rocío Igarzábal, Argentinian actress and singer
1990 – Juan Pedro Lanzani, Argentinian actor and singer
1991 – Enrique Hernández, Puerto Rican baseball player
1991 – Wang Zhen, Chinese race walker
1992 – Jemerson, Brazilian footballer
1993 – Maryna Zanevska, Belgian tennis player
1994 – Kelsey Plum, American basketball player
1995 – Noah Vonleh, American basketball player
1995 – Lady Amelia Windsor, member of the British royal family
1997 – Alan Walker, British-Norwegian DJ and record producer
1998 – Sofia Richie, American model and social media personality
2000 – Griffin Gluck, American actor
2001 – Mildred Maldonado, Mexican rhythmic gymnast |
August 24 | Deaths | Deaths |
August 24 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
691 – Fu Youyi, official of the Tang Dynasty
842 – Saga, Japanese emperor (b. 786)Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 151–163
895 – Guthred, king of Northumbria
927 – Doulu Ge, chancellor of Later Tang
927 – Wei Yue, chancellor of Later TangZizhi Tongjian, vol. 276.Academia Sinica Chinese-Western Calendar Converter.August 24, 927 was the date that the Later Tang emperor Li Siyuan issued the edict ordering Wei's death; it was not clear whether the order was carried out the same day or later.
942 – Liu, empress dowager of Later Jin
948 – Zhang Ye, Chinese general and chancellor
1042 – Michael V Kalaphates, Byzantine emperor (b. 1015)
1103 – Magnus Barefoot, Norwegian king (b. 1073)
1217 – Eustace the Monk, French pirate (b. 1170)
1313 – Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1275)
1372 – Casimir III, Duke of Pomerania (b. 1348)
1497 – Sophie of Pomerania, Duchess of Pomerania (b. 1435)
1507 – Cecily of York, English princess (b. 1469)
1540 – Parmigianino, Italian painter and etcher (b. 1503)
1542 – Gasparo Contarini, Italian cardinal (b. 1483)
1572 – Gaspard II de Coligny, French admiral (b. 1519)
1572 – Charles de Téligny, French soldier and diplomat (b. 1535)
1595 – Thomas Digges, English mathematician and astronomer (b. 1546) |
August 24 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1617 – Rose of Lima, Peruvian saint (b. 1586)
1647 – Nicholas Stone, English sculptor and architect (b. 1586)
1679 – Jean François Paul de Gondi, French cardinal and author (b. 1614)
1680 – Thomas Blood, Irish colonel (b. 1618)
1680 – Ferdinand Bol, Dutch painter and etcher (b. 1616)
1683 – John Owen, English theologian and academic (b. 1616)
1759 – Ewald Christian von Kleist, German poet and soldier (b. 1715)
1770 – Thomas Chatterton, English poet and prodigy (b. 1752)
1779 – Cosmas of Aetolia, Greek monk and saint (b. 1714)
1798 – Thomas Alcock, English priest and author (b. 1709)
1804 – Peggy Shippen, American wife of Benedict Arnold and American Revolutionary War spy (b. 1760)
1818 – James Carr, American lawyer and politician (b. 1777)
1821 – John William Polidori, English writer and physician (b. 1795)
1832 – Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, French physicist and engineer (b. 1796)
1832 – Richard Weymouth, British Royal Navy commander (b. 1780/81)
1838 – Ferenc Kölcsey, Hungarian poet, critic, and politician (b. 1790)
1841 – Theodore Hook, English civil servant and composer (b. 1788)
1841 – John Ordronaux, French-American soldier (b. 1778)
1888 – Rudolf Clausius, German physicist and mathematician (b. 1822)
1895 – Albert F. Mummery, English mountaineer and author (b. 1855) |
August 24 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1923 – Kate Douglas Wiggin, American author and educator (b. 1856)
1930 – Tom Norman, English businessman and showman (b. 1860)
1932 – Kate M. Gordon, American activist (b. 1861)
1939 – Frederick Carl Frieseke, American painter and educator (b. 1874)
1940 – Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, Polish-German technician and inventor, invented the Nipkow disk (b. 1860)
1943 – Antonio Alice, Argentinian painter and educator (b. 1886)
1943 – Ettore Muti Italian aviator, adventurer and politician (b. 1902)
1943 – Simone Weil, French philosopher and activist (b. 1909)
1946 – James Clark McReynolds, American lawyer and judge, 48th United States Attorney General (b. 1862)
1954 – Getúlio Vargas, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 14th President of Brazil (b. 1882)
1956 – Kenji Mizoguchi, Japanese director and screenwriter (b. 1898)
1957 – Ronald Knox, English Catholic priest (b. 1888)
1958 – Paul Henry, Irish painter and educator (b. 1876)
1967 – Henry J. Kaiser, American businessman, founded Kaiser Shipyards and Kaiser Aluminum (b. 1882)
1974 – Alexander P. de Seversky, Russian-American pilot and businessman, co-founded Republic Aviation (b. 1894)
1977 – Buddy O'Connor, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1916)
1978 – Louis Prima, American singer-songwriter, trumpet player, and actor (b. 1910)
1979 – Hanna Reitsch, German soldier and pilot (b. 1912)
1980 – Yootha Joyce, English actress (b. 1927)
1982 – Félix-Antoine Savard, Canadian priest and author (b. 1896)
1983 – Kalevi Kotkas, Estonian-Finnish high jumper and discus thrower (b. 1913)
1983 – Scott Nearing, American economist, educator, and activist (b. 1883)
1985 – Paul Creston, American composer and educator (b. 1906)
1987 – Malcolm Kirk, English rugby player and wrestler (b. 1936)
1990 – Sergei Dovlatov, Russian-American journalist and author (b. 1941)
1990 – Gely Abdel Rahman, Sudanese-Egyptian poet and academic (b. 1931)
1991 – Bernard Castro, Italian-American inventor (b. 1904)
1992 – André Donner, Dutch academic and judge (b. 1918)
1997 – Luigi Villoresi, Italian racing driver (b. 1907)
1998 – E. G. Marshall, American actor (b. 1910)
1999 – Mary Jane Croft, American actress (b. 1916)
1999 – Alexandre Lagoya, Egyptian guitarist and composer (b. 1929)
2000 – Andy Hug, Swiss martial artist and kick-boxer (b. 1964)
2001 – Jane Greer, American actress (b. 1924)
2001 – Roman Matsov, Estonian violinist, pianist, and conductor (b. 1917)
2002 – Nikolay Guryanov, Russian priest and mystic (b. 1909)
2003 – Wilfred Thesiger, Ethiopian-English explorer and author (b. 1910)
2004 – Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Swiss-American psychiatrist and academic (b. 1926)
2006 – Rocco Petrone, American soldier and engineer (b. 1926)
2006 – Léopold Simoneau, Canadian tenor and educator (b. 1916)
2007 – Andrée Boucher, Canadian educator and politician, 39th Mayor of Quebec City (b. 1937)
2007 – Aaron Russo, American director and producer (b. 1943)
2010 – Satoshi Kon, Japanese director and screenwriter (b. 1963)
2011 – Seyhan Erözçelik, Turkish poet and author (b. 1962)
2011 – Mike Flanagan, American baseball player, coach, and sportscaster (b. 1951)
2012 – Dadullah, Pakistani Taliban leader (b. 1965)
2012 – Pauli Ellefsen, Faroese surveyor and politician, 6th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (b. 1936)
2012 – Steve Franken, American actor (b. 1932)
2012 – Félix Miélli Venerando, Brazilian footballer and manager (b. 1937)
2013 – Gerry Baker, American soccer player and manager (b. 1938)
2013 – Nílton de Sordi, Brazilian footballer and manager (b. 1931)
2013 – Julie Harris, American actress (b. 1925)
2013 – Muriel Siebert, American businesswoman and philanthropist (b. 1928)
2014 – Richard Attenborough, English actor, director, producer, and politician (b. 1923)
2014 – Antônio Ermírio de Moraes, Brazilian businessman (b. 1928)
2015 – Charlie Coffey, American football player and coach (b. 1934)
2015 – Joseph F. Traub, German-American computer scientist and academic (b. 1932)
2015 – Justin Wilson, English racing driver (b. 1978)
2016 – Walter Scheel, German politician, 4th President of Germany (b. 1919)
2017 – Jay Thomas, American actor, comedian, and radio talk show host (b. 1948)
2020 – Gail Sheehy, American author, journalist, and lecturer (b. 1936)
2021 – Charlie Watts, English musician (b. 1941)
2023 – Bray Wyatt, American wrestler (b. 1987)
2024 – Christoph Daum, German footballer and manager (b. 1953) |
August 24 | Holidays and observances | Holidays and observances
Christian feast day:
Abbán of Ireland
Aurea of Ostia
Bartholomew the Apostle (Roman Catholic, Anglican)
Jeanne-Antide Thouret
Maria Micaela Desmaisieres
Massa Candida (Martyrs of Utica)
Owen (Audoin)
August 24 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Flag Day (Liberia)
Independence Day or Den' Nezalezhnosti, celebrates the independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union in 1991.
International Strange Music Day
National Waffle Day (United States)
Nostalgia Night (Uruguay)
Willka Raymi (Cusco, Peru) |
August 24 | References | References |
August 24 | External links | External links
Category:Days of August |
August 24 | Table of Content | pp-move, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links |
Antipope | short description | An antipope () is a person who claims to be Bishop of Rome and leader of the Roman Catholic Church in opposition to the legitimately elected pope. Between the 3rd and mid-15th centuries, antipopes were supported by factions within the Church itself and secular rulers.
Sometimes it was difficult to distinguish which of two claimants should be called pope and which antipope, as in the case of Pope Leo VIII and Pope Benedict V.Of Pope Leo VIII, the Annuario Pontificio, the Holy See's yearbook, says: "At this point, as again in the mid-eleventh century, we come across elections in which problems of harmonizing historical criteria and those of theology and canon law make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the Successors of Saint Peter. The uncertainty that in some cases results has made it advisable to abandon the assignation of successive numbers in the list of the Popes" (note 19 to the list of popes in the Annuario Pontificio). Of Pope Benedict V it says: "If Pope Leo VIII was lawful Pope, [...] Benedict V is an antipope" (note 20 to the list of popes). |
Antipope | History | History
Hippolytus of Rome (d. 235) is commonly considered to be the earliest antipope, as he headed a separate group within the Church in Rome against Pope Callixtus I. Hippolytus was reconciled to Callixtus's second successor, Pope Pontian, and both he and Pontian are honoured as saints by the Catholic Church with a shared feast day on 13 August. Whether two or more persons have been confused in this account of Hippolytus and whether Hippolytus actually declared himself to be the Bishop of Rome remains unclear, since no such claim by Hippolytus has been cited in the writings attributed to him.
Eusebius quotesHistoria Ecclesiastica, V, 28 from an unnamed earlier writer the story of Natalius, a 3rd-century priest who accepted the bishopric of the Adoptionists, a heretical group in Rome. Natalius soon repented and tearfully begged Pope Zephyrinus to receive him into communion.Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature: Zephyrinus
Novatian (d. 258), another third-century figure, certainly claimed the See of Rome in opposition to Pope Cornelius, and if Natalius and Hippolytus were excluded because of the uncertainties concerning them, Novatian could then be said to be the first antipope.
The period in which antipopes were most numerous was during the struggles between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors of the 11th and 12th centuries. The emperors frequently imposed their own nominees to further their own causes. The popes, likewise, sometimes sponsored rival imperial claimants (anti-kings) in Germany to overcome a particular emperor.
The Western Schism – which began in 1378, when the French cardinals, claiming that the election of Pope Urban VI was invalid, elected antipope Clement VII as a rival to the Roman Pope – led eventually to two competing lines of antipopes: the Avignon line as Clement VII moved back to Avignon, and the Pisan line. The Pisan line, which began in 1409, was named after the town of Pisa, Italy, where the (Pisan) council had elected antipope Alexander V as a third claimant. To end the schism, in May 1415, the Council of Constance deposed antipope John XXIII of the Pisan line. Pope Gregory XII of the Roman line resigned in July 1415. In 1417, the council also formally deposed antipope Benedict XIII of Avignon, but he adamantly refused to resign. Afterwards, Pope Martin V was elected and was accepted everywhere except in the small and rapidly diminishing area of influence of Benedict XIII. |
Antipope | List of historical antipopes | List of historical antipopes
The following table gives the names of the antipopes included in the list of popes and antipopes in the Annuario Pontificio, with the addition of the names of Natalius (in spite of doubts about his historicity) and Antipope Clement VIII (whose following was insignificant).
An asterisk marks those who were included in the conventional numbering of later popes who took the same name. More commonly, the antipope is ignored in later papal regnal numbers; for example, there was an Antipope John XXIII, but the new Pope John elected in 1958 was also called John XXIII. For the additional confusion regarding popes named John, see Pope John numbering.
The list of popes and antipopes in the Annuario Pontificio attaches the following note to the name of Pope Leo VIII (963–965):
At this point, as again in the mid-11th century, we come across elections in which problems of harmonising historical criteria and those of theology and canon law make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the successors of Saint Peter. The uncertainty that in some cases results has made it advisable to abandon the assignation of successive numbers in the list of the popes.
Thus, because of the obscurities about mid-11th-century canon law and the historical facts, the Annuario Pontificio lists Sylvester III as a pope, without thereby expressing a judgement on his legitimacy. The Catholic Encyclopedia places him in its List of Popes, but with the annotation: "Considered by some to be an antipope". Other sources classify him as an antipope.
As Celestine II resigned before being consecrated and enthroned in order to avoid a schism, Oxford's A Dictionary of Popes (2010) considers he "...is classified, unfairly, as an antipope", an opinion historian Salvador Miranda also shares.
Those with asterisks (*) were counted in subsequent papal numbering.
Pontificate Common English name Regnal (Latin) name Personal name Place of birth Age at election/Death or resigned Years asantipope(days) Notes In opposition to Natalius Natalius Natalius c. 159 Rome, Roman Empire 38 / 48 () Later reconciled (see above) Zephyrinus 20 Dec 217 – 28 Sep 235 Saint Hippolytus Hippolytus Hippolytus 170 Rome. Roman Empire 45 / 65 (†66) () Later reconciled with Pope Pontian (see above) Callixtus IUrban IPontian Mar 251 – Aug 258 Novatian Novatianus Novatian c. 200 Rome, Roman Empire 51 / 58 (†93) () Founder of Novatianism CorneliusLucius IStephen ISixtus II20 Apr 309 – 16 Aug 310 Heraclius Heraclius Heraclius c. 265 Rome, Roman Empire 45 / 46 () Eusebius355 – 26 Nov 365 Felix II* Felix secundus Felix c. 270 Rome, Roman Empire 80 / 90 () Installed by Roman emperor Constantius II Liberius1 Oct 366 – 16 Nov 367 Ursicinus Ursicinus Ursinus c. 300 Rome, Roman Empire 66 / 67 () Damasus I27 Dec 418 – 3 Apr 419 Eulalius Eulalius Eulalius c. 370 Rome, Roman Empire 38 / 39 (†42) () Boniface I22 Nov 498 – Aug 506/08 Laurentius Laurentius Lorenzo Celio c. 460 Rome, Roman Empire 38 / 46 (†48) () Supported by Byzantine emperor Anastasius I Symmachus22 Sep 530 – 14 Oct 530 Dioscorus Dioscurus Dióskoros c. 450 Alexandria 70 / 70 () Boniface II21 Sep 687 Theodore Theodorus Theodore c. 599 Rome, Duchy of Rome 88 / 88 (†92) () Sergius I21 Sep 687 Paschal (I) Paschalis Pascale c. 598 Rome, Duchy of Rome 89 / 89 (†94) () 28 Jun 767 – 6 Aug 768 Constantine II Constantinus secundus Konstantinus c. 700 Rome, Duchy of Rome 67 / 68 (†69) () Between Paul I and Stephen III31 Jul 768 Philip Philippus Philip c. 701 Rome, Duchy of Rome 68 / 68 (†99) () Installed by envoy of Lombard King Desiderius Stephen III25 Jan – 31 May 844 John VIII Joannes octavus Giovanni c. 800 Rome, Papal States 44 / 44 (†91) () Elected by acclamation Sergius IIJan 855 – 31 Mar 855 Anastasius III Bibliothecarius Anastasius tertius Anastasius c. 810 Rome, Papal States 45 / 45 (†68) () Benedict III3 Oct 903 – 27 Jan 904 Christopher Christophorus Christoforo c. 850 Rome, Papal States 53 / 54 () Between Leo V and Sergius IIIJul 974 Boniface VII* Bonifacius Franco Ferrucci c. 900 Rome, Papal States 73 / 73 and 84 / 85 () () total 364 days (364 days) Between Benedict VI and Benedict VII20 Aug 984 – 20 Jul 985 Between John XIV and John XVApr 997 – Feb 998 John XVI* Joannes John Filagatto c. 941 Rossano, Calabria, Papal States (Italy) 56 / 56 (†59) () Supported by Byzantine emperor Basil II Gregory VJun 1012 Gregory VI Gregorius Sextus Gregorio c. 960 Rome, Papal States 52 / 52 (†60) () Benedict VIII4 Apr 1058 – 24 Jan 1059 Benedict X* Benedictus Decimus Giovanni Mincio dei Conti di Tusculo c. 1000 Rome, Papal States, 58 / 59 (†80) ( ) Supported by the Counts of Tusculum Nicholas IIJuly 1061 – 31 May 1064 Honorius II Honorius Secundus Pietro Cadalus 1010 Verona, Papal States 51 / 54 (†62) () Supported by Agnes, regent of the Holy Roman Empire Alexander II 25 Jun 1080, 21 Mar 1084 – 8 Sep 1100Clement III Clemens Tertius Guibert of Ravenna c. 1029 Parma, Papal States 51 / 51, 54 / 71 () Supported by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor Gregory VIIVictor IIIUrban IIPaschal II8 Sep 1100 – Jan 1101 Theodoric Theodoricus Theodoro c. 1030 Rome, Papal States, 70 / 71 (†72) () Successor to Clement III Paschal IIJan 1101 – Feb 1102 Adalbert or Albert Adalbertus Albert c. 1046 Atella, Campania, Papal States, 55 / 56 (†85) () Successor to Theodoric8 Nov 1105 – 11 Apr 1111 Sylvester IV Sylvester Quartus Maginulf c. 1050 Rome, Papal States 49 / 55 (†56) () Supported by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor10 Mar 1118 – 22 Apr 1121 Gregory VIII Gregorius Octavus Maurice Burdain c. 1057 Limousin, Occitania, France 61 / 65 (†72) () Gelasius IICallixtus II16 Dec 1124 Celestine II Cœlestinus Secundus Teobaldo Boccapecci c. 1050 Rome, Papal States 74 / 74 (†86) () Honorius II14 Feb 1130 – 25 Jan 1138 Anacletus II Anacletus Secundus Pietro Pierleoni c. 1090 Rome, Papal States 48 / 48 () Innocent II23 Mar 1138 Victor IV Victor Quartus Gregorio Conti c. 1057 Ceccano, Papal States 81 / 81 (†90) () Successor to Anacletus II7 Sep 1159 – 20 Apr 1164 Victor IV Victor Quartus Ottavio di Montecelio c. 1095 Tivoli, Papal States 64 / 69 () Supported by Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor Alexander III22 Apr 1164 – 28 Sep 1168 Paschal III Paschalis Tertius Guido di Crema c. 1110 Crema, Lombardy, Papal States 54 / 58 ( days)Sep 1168 – 29 Aug 1178 Callixtus III Callixtus Tertius Giovanni of Struma c. 1090 Arezzo, Papal States 78 / 88 (†90) ( days)29 Sep 1179 – Jan 1180 Innocent III Innocentius Tertius Lanzo of Sezza c. 1120 Sezze, Papal States 59 / 60 (†63) ( days)12 May 1328 – 12 Aug 1330 Nicholas V Nicolaus Quintus Pietro Rainalducci c. 1258 Corvaro, Papal States 70 / 74 ( days) Supported by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor John XXII 20 Sep 1378 – 16 Sep 1394 Clement VII Clemens Robert of Geneva 1342 Annecy, France 36/52 ( days) Avignon Urban VI Boniface IX 28 Sep 1394 – 23 May 1423 Benedict XIII Benedictus Pedro de Luna 25 November 1328 Illueca, Aragon 65/94 ( days) AvignonInnocent VIIGregory XIIMartin V25 Jun 1409 – 3 May 1410 Alexander V* Alexander Pietro Philarghi c. 1339 Crete, Republic of Venice 70 / 71 ( days) Pisa Gregory XII 25 May 1410 – 29 May 1415 John XXIII Ioannes Vicecimus Tertius Baldassare Cossa c. 1365 45 / 50 (†54) ( days) Pisa10 Jun 1423 – 26 Jul 1429 Clement VIII Clemens Octavus Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón 1370 Teruel, Aragon 52 / 59 (†77) ( days) Avignon Martin V1424–1430 Benedict XIV Benedictus Quartus Decimus Bernard Garnier 1370 France 54 / 59 (†89) ( days) Claimed successor to Benedict XIII – aka "The hidden pope" 1430–1437 Benedict XIV Benedictus Quartus Decimus Jean Carrier c. 1370 France 59 / 66 ( days) 5 Nov 1439 – 7 Apr 1449 Felix V Fœlix Duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy 4 September 1383 Chambéry, Savoy 56/65 (†67) () Elected by the Council of Basel Eugene IV Nicholas V |
Antipope | Quasi-cardinal-nephews | Quasi-cardinal-nephews
Many antipopes created cardinals, known as quasi-cardinals, and a few created cardinal-nephews, known as quasi-cardinal-nephews.
Quasi-cardinal Nephew of Elevated NotesGiacomo AlbertiAntipope Nicholas V15 May 1328Excommunicated by Pope John XXII.Amedeo SaluzzoAntipope Clement VII23 Dec 1383Abandoned Antipope Benedict XIII after having been deposed by him on 21 October 1408; participated in the Council of Pisa, the election of Pope Alexander V (now regarded as an antipope), the Council of Constance, and the conclave of Pope Martin V.Tommaso BrancaccioAntipope John XXIII6 Jun 1411Attended the Council of Constance, and the conclave of Pope Martin V.Gil Sánchez MuñozAntipope Clement VIII26 Jul 1429Submitted to Pope Martin V after his uncle abdicated. |
Antipope | Modern minor claimants | Modern minor claimants
Antipopes still exist today, but all are minor claimants, without the support of any Cardinal. Examples include Palmarians, Apostles of Infinite Love Antipopes, and an unknown number of many other Conclavist claimants. |
Antipope | Antipope of Alexandria | Antipope of Alexandria
As the Patriarch of Alexandria (Egypt) has historically also held the title of pope, a person who, in opposition to someone who is generally accepted as a legitimate pope of Alexandria, claims to hold that position may also be considered an antipope. Coptic lector Max Michel became an antipope of Alexandria, calling himself Maximos I. His claim to the Alexandrine papacy was dismissed by both the Coptic Orthodox Pope Shenouda III and Pope Theodore II of the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria. The Coptic pope of Alexandria and the Greek pope of Alexandria currently view one another, not as antipopes, but rather as successors to differing lines of apostolic succession that formed as a result of christological disputes in the fifth century. |
Antipope | In fiction | In fiction
Antipopes have appeared as fictional characters. These may be either in historical fiction, as fictional portraits of well-known historical antipopes or as purely imaginary antipopes.
Jean Raspail's novel l'Anneau du pêcheur ("The Fisherman's Ring").Jean Raspail, L'Anneau du pêcheur, Paris: Albin Michel, 1994. 403 p.
Gérard Bavoux's novel Le Porteur de lumière ("The Light-bringer").Gérard Bavoux, Le Porteur de lumière, Paris: Pygmalion, 1996. p. 329
The fictional synth-pop artist Zladko Vladcik claims to be "The Anti-Pope" in one of his songs.
Dan Simmons's novels Endymion and The Rise of Endymion feature a Father Paul Duré who is the routinely murdered antipope Teilhard I. At the end of the last novel, it is mentioned that the person calling himself the pope of the Technocore loyal Catholics is recognized by very few even among those, and he is referred to as an antipope.
In the Girl Genius comics series, set in a gaslamp fantasy version of Europe thrown into chaos by mad science (among other things), there is a brief reference to the existence of seven popes—all of whom apparently ordered a particular text burned.
Ralph McInerny's novel The Red Hat features a schism between liberals and conservatives following the election of a conservative African Pope; the liberal faction elect an Italian cardinal who calls himself "Pius XIII".
In the video game Crusader Kings II by Swedish developer Paradox Interactive, Catholic rulers may appoint one of their bishops as an antipope. An emperor-tier ruler such as the Holy Roman Emperor may declare war on the Papal States to install their antipope as the "true" pope, thereby vassalizing the papacy.
In the video game Age of Empires II, the third scenario in the game's Barbarossa campaign is called "Pope and Antipope" and is based on the Siege of Crema and the subsequent Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines.
In episode 3 of The Black Adder (set in the late 15th century), "The Archbishop", Baldrick remarks on selling counterfeit papal pardons, that one for the highest crimes requires the signatures of "both popes" (implying one pope and one antipope). At the end of the episode, the Mother Superior of the local convent informs Edmund that he has been excommunicated by "all three popes".
The Last Fisherman by Randy England features an anti-pope John XXIV elected in opposition to Pope Brendan I.
Bud McFarlane's Pierced by a Sword includes an anti-pope John XXIV who is elected when the assassination attempt on Pope Patrick (fictional successor to John Paul II) is believed to have succeeded. He commits suicide at the end of the book.
Chilling Adventures of Sabrina features an antipope who leads the Churches of Darkness. This antipope reigns in the Vatican Necropolis beneath Rome.
In the TV series The New Pope, after the fictional Pius XIII is put in a coma, Pope Francis II is elected as a replacement. Francis II later dies and is replaced by John Paul III, the titular protagonist. Pius XIII later wakes up, creating a situation where both men have a claim on the Papacy. |
Antipope | See also | See also
Benevacantism
List of papal elections
Papal conclave
Papal selection before 1059
Sedevacantism
Pretender |
Antipope | References | References |
Antipope | External links and bibliography | External links and bibliography
Catholic Encyclopedia: "Antipope"
Encyclopædia Britannica: "Antipope"
The Pope Encyclopaedia: "Antipope"
Kelly, J.N.D, The Oxford Dictionary of Popes, Oxford University Press, US (1986), .
Raspail, Jean, 'L'Anneau du pêcheur, Paris: Albin Michel, 1994. 403 pp. .
Bavoux, Gérard, Le Porteur de lumière, Paris: Pygmalion, 1996. 329 pp. .
Category:Ecclesiastical titles
Category:History of the papacy
Category:Lists of Catholic popes |
Antipope | Table of Content | short description, History, List of historical antipopes, Quasi-cardinal-nephews, Modern minor claimants, Antipope of Alexandria, In fiction, See also, References, External links and bibliography |
Aquaculture | Short description | thumb|300px|Aquaculture fish farming in the fjords south of Castro, Chile
Aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquiculture), also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants (e.g. lotus). Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater, brackish water, and saltwater populations under controlled or semi-natural conditions and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish. Aquaculture is also a practice used for restoring and rehabilitating marine and freshwater ecosystems. Mariculture, commonly known as marine farming, is aquaculture in seawater habitats and lagoons, as opposed to freshwater aquaculture. Pisciculture is a type of aquaculture that consists of fish farming to obtain fish products as food.
Aquaculture can also be defined as the breeding, growing, and harvesting of fish and other aquatic plants, also known as farming in water. It is an environmental source of food and commercial products that help to improve healthier habitats and are used to reconstruct the population of endangered aquatic species. Technology has increased the growth of fish in coastal marine waters and open oceans due to the increased demand for seafood.
Aquaculture can be conducted in completely artificial facilities built on land (onshore aquaculture), as in the case of fish tank, ponds, aquaponics or raceways, where the living conditions rely on human control such as water quality (oxygen), feed or temperature. Alternatively, they can be conducted on well-sheltered shallow waters nearshore of a body of water (inshore aquaculture), where the cultivated species are subjected to relatively more naturalistic environments; or on fenced/enclosed sections of open water away from the shore (offshore aquaculture), where the species are either cultured in cages, racks or bags and are exposed to more diverse natural conditions such as water currents (such as ocean currents), diel vertical migration and nutrient cycles.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), aquaculture "is understood to mean the farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated."Global Aquaculture Production Fishery Statistical Collections, FAO, Rome. Retrieved 2 October 2011. The reported output from global aquaculture operations in 2019 was over 120 million tonnes valued at US$274 billion, by 2022, it had risen to 130.9 million tonnes, valued at USD 312.8 billion.FAO FIGIS Database (2022) Global Aquaculture Production 1950–2019 . Retrieved 2 February 2022 However, there are issues with the reliability of the reported figures. Further, in current aquaculture practice, products from several kilograms of wild fish are used to produce one kilogram of a piscivorous fish like salmon. Plant and insect-based feeds are also being developed to help reduce wild fish being used for aquaculture feed.
Particular kinds of aquaculture include fish farming, shrimp farming, oyster farming, mariculture, pisciculture, algaculture (such as seaweed farming), and the cultivation of ornamental fish. Particular methods include aquaponics and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, both of which integrate fish farming and aquatic plant farming. The FAO describes aquaculture as one of the industries most directly affected by climate change and its impacts. Some forms of aquaculture have negative impacts on the environment, such as through nutrient pollution or disease transfer to wild populations. |
Aquaculture | Overview | Overview
thumb|right|300px|Global capture fisheries and aquaculture production reported by FAO, 1990–2030
thumb|right|300px|World aquaculture production of food fish and aquatic plants, 1990–2016
Harvest stagnation in wild fisheries and overexploitation of popular marine species, combined with a growing demand for high-quality protein, encouraged aquaculturists to domesticate other marine species."'FAO: 'Fish farming is the way forward.'(Big Picture)(Food and Agriculture Administration's 'State of Fisheries and Aquaculture' report)." The Ecologist 39.4 (2009): 8–9. Gale Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 1 October 2009. <http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/start.do?prodId=EAIM.>."The Case for Fish and Oyster Farming ," Carl Marziali, University of Southern California Trojan Family Magazine, May 17, 2009. At the outset of modern aquaculture, many were optimistic that a "Blue Revolution" could take place in aquaculture, just as the Green Revolution of the 20th century had revolutionized agriculture."The Economist: 'The promise of a blue revolution', Aug. 7, 2003. <http://www.economist.com/node/1974103> Although land animals had long been domesticated, most seafood species were still caught from the wild. Concerned about the impact of growing demand for seafood on the world's oceans, prominent ocean explorer Jacques Cousteau wrote in 1973: "With earth's burgeoning human populations to feed, we must turn to the sea with new understanding and new technology.""Jacques Cousteau, The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau: The Act of life, World Pub: 1973."
About 430 (97%) of the species cultured were domesticated during the 20th and 21st centuries, of which an estimated 106 came in the decade to 2007. Given the long-term importance of agriculture, to date, only 0.08% of known land plant species and 0.0002% of known land animal species have been domesticated, compared with 0.17% of known marine plant species and 0.13% of known marine animal species. Domestication typically involves about a decade of scientific research. Domesticating aquatic species involves fewer risks to humans than do land animals, which took a large toll in human lives. Most major human diseases originated in domesticated animals, including diseases such as smallpox and diphtheria, that like most infectious diseases, move to humans from animals. No human pathogens of comparable virulence have yet emerged from marine species.
Biological control methods to manage parasites are already being used, such as cleaner fish (e.g. lumpsuckers and wrasse) to control sea lice populations in salmon farming. Models are being used to help with spatial planning and siting of fish farms in order to minimize impact.
thumb|300x300px|Aquaculture production (2019)
The decline in wild fish stocks has increased the demand for farmed fish. However, finding alternative sources of protein and oil for fish feed is necessary so the aquaculture industry can grow sustainably; otherwise, it represents a great risk for the over-exploitation of forage fish.
Aquaculture production now exceeds capture fishery production and together the relative GDP contribution has ranged from 0.01 to 10%. Singling out aquaculture's relative contribution to GDP, however, is not easily derived due to lack of data.
Another recent issue following the banning in 2008 of organotins by the International Maritime Organization is the need to find environmentally friendly, but still effective, compounds with antifouling effects.
Many new natural compounds are discovered every year, but producing them on a large enough scale for commercial purposes is almost impossible.
It is highly probable that future developments in this field will rely on microorganisms, but greater funding and further research is needed to overcome the lack of knowledge in this field. |
Aquaculture | Species groups | Species groups
thumb|300px|World capture fisheries and aquaculture production by main producers (2018), from FAO's Statistical Yearbook 2020 |
Aquaculture | Aquatic plants | Aquatic plants
thumb|300px|Cultivating emergent aquatic plants in floating containers|alt=Aquatic plants in floating containers
Microalgae, also referred to as phytoplankton, microphytes, or planktonic algae, constitute the majority of cultivated algae. Macroalgae commonly known as seaweed also have many commercial and industrial uses, but due to their size and specific requirements, they are not easily cultivated on a large scale and are most often taken in the wild.
In 2016, aquaculture was the source of 96.5 percent by volume of the total 31.2 million tonnes of wild-collected and cultivated aquatic plants combined. Global production of farmed aquatic plants, overwhelmingly dominated by seaweeds, grew in output volume from 13.5 million tonnes in 1995 to just over 30 million tonnes in 2016. |
Aquaculture | Seaweed farming | Seaweed farming |
Aquaculture | Fish | Fish
The farming of fish is the most common form of aquaculture. It involves raising fish commercially in tanks, fish ponds, or ocean enclosures, usually for food. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish hatchery. Worldwide, the most important fish species used in fish farming are, in order, carp, salmon, tilapia, and catfish.
In the Mediterranean, young bluefin tuna are netted at sea and towed slowly towards the shore. They are then interned in offshore pens (sometimes made from floating HDPE pipe) where they are further grown for the market. In 2009, researchers in Australia managed for the first time to coax southern bluefin tuna to breed in landlocked tanks. Southern bluefin tuna are also caught in the wild and fattened in grow-out sea cages in southern Spencer Gulf, South Australia.
A similar process is used in the salmon-farming section of this industry; juveniles are taken from hatcheries and a variety of methods are used to aid them in their maturation. For example, as stated above, some of the most important fish species in the industry, salmon, can be grown using a cage system. This is done by having netted cages, preferably in open water that has a strong flow, and feeding the salmon a special food mixture that aids their growth. This process allows for year-round growth of the fish, thus a higher harvest during the correct seasons. An additional method, known sometimes as sea ranching, has also been used within the industry. Sea ranching involves raising fish in a hatchery for a brief time and then releasing them into marine waters for further development, whereupon the fish are recaptured when they have matured. |
Aquaculture | Crustaceans | Crustaceans
Commercial shrimp farming began in the 1970s, and production grew steeply thereafter. Global production reached more than 1.6 million tonnes in 2003, worth about US$9 billion. About 75% of farmed shrimp is produced in Asia, in particular in China and Thailand. The other 25% is produced mainly in Latin America, where Brazil is the largest producer. Thailand is the largest exporter.
Shrimp farming has changed from its traditional, small-scale form in Southeast Asia into a global industry. Technological advances have led to ever higher densities per unit area, and broodstock is shipped worldwide. Virtually all farmed shrimp are penaeids (i.e., shrimp of the family Penaeidae), and just two species of shrimp, the Pacific white shrimp and the giant tiger prawn, account for about 80% of all farmed shrimp. These industrial monocultures are very susceptible to disease, which has decimated shrimp populations across entire regions. Increasing ecological problems, repeated disease outbreaks, and pressure and criticism from both nongovernmental organizations and consumer countries led to changes in the industry in the late 1990s and generally stronger regulations. In 1999, governments, industry representatives, and environmental organizations initiated a program aimed at developing and promoting more sustainable farming practices through the Seafood Watch program.
Freshwater prawn farming shares many characteristics with, including many problems with, marine shrimp farming. Unique problems are introduced by the developmental lifecycle of the main species, the giant river prawn.New, M. B.: Farming Freshwater Prawns; FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 428, 2002. .
The global annual production of freshwater prawns (excluding crayfish and crabs) in 2007 was about 460,000 tonnes, exceeding 1.86 billion dollars. Additionally, China produced about 370,000 tonnes of Chinese river crab.Data extracted from the FAO Fisheries Global Aquaculture Production Database for freshwater crustaceans. The most recent data are from 2003 and sometimes contain estimates. Retrieved June 28, 2005.
In addition astaciculture is the freshwater farming of crayfish (mostly in the US, Australia, and Europe). |
Aquaculture | Molluscs | Molluscs
thumb|300px|Abalone farm|alt=Abalone farm
thumb|300px|Sturgeon farm|alt=Sturgeon farm
Aquacultured shellfish include various oyster, mussel, and clam species. These bivalves are filter and/or deposit feeders, which rely on ambient primary production rather than inputs of fish or other feed. As such, shellfish aquaculture is generally perceived as benign or even beneficial.
Depending on the species and local conditions, bivalve molluscs are either grown on the beach, on longlines, or suspended from rafts and harvested by hand or by dredging. In May 2017 a Belgian consortium installed the first of two trial mussel farms on a wind farm in the North Sea.
Abalone farming began in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Japan and China. Since the mid-1990s, this industry has become increasingly successful. Overfishing and poaching have reduced wild populations to the extent that farmed abalone now supplies most abalone meat. Sustainably farmed molluscs can be certified by Seafood Watch and other organizations, including the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). WWF initiated the "Aquaculture Dialogues" in 2004 to develop measurable and performance-based standards for responsibly farmed seafood. In 2009, WWF co-founded the Aquaculture Stewardship Council with the Dutch Sustainable Trade Initiative to manage the global standards and certification programs.
After trials in 2012, a commercial "sea ranch" was set up in Flinders Bay, Western Australia, to raise abalone. The ranch is based on an artificial reef made up of 5000 () separate concrete units called abitats (abalone habitats). The 900 kg abitats can host 400 abalone each. The reef is seeded with young abalone from an onshore hatchery. The abalone feed on seaweed that has grown naturally on the habitats, with the ecosystem enrichment of the bay also resulting in growing numbers of dhufish, pink snapper, wrasse, and Samson fish, among other species.
Brad Adams, from the company, has emphasised the similarity to wild abalone and the difference from shore-based aquaculture. "We're not aquaculture, we're ranching, because once they're in the water they look after themselves." |
Aquaculture | Other groups | Other groups
Other groups include aquatic reptiles, amphibians, and miscellaneous invertebrates, such as echinoderms and jellyfish. They are separately graphed at the top right of this section, since they do not contribute enough volume to show clearly on the main graph.
Commercially harvested echinoderms include sea cucumbers and sea urchins. In China, sea cucumbers are farmed in artificial ponds as large as . |
Aquaculture | Global fish production | Global fish production
Global fish production peaked at about 171 million tonnes in 2016, with aquaculture representing 47 percent of the total and 53 percent if non-food uses (including reduction to fishmeal and fish oil) are excluded. With capture fishery production relatively static since the late 1980s, aquaculture has been responsible for the continuing growth in the supply of fish for human consumption. Global aquaculture production (including aquatic plants) in 2016 was 110.2 million tonnes, with the first-sale value estimated at US$244 billion. Three years later, in 2019 the reported output from global aquaculture operations was over 120 million tonnes valued at US$274 billion and by 2022 it had reached 130.9 million tonnes, valued at USD 312.8 billion. For the first time, aquaculture surpassed capture fisheries in aquatic animal production with 94.4 million tonnes, representing 51 percent of the world total and a record 57 percent of the production destined for human consumption.
In 2022 most aquaculture workers were in Asia (95%), followed by Africa (3%) and Latin America and the Caribbean (2%).
The contribution of aquaculture to the global production of capture fisheries and aquaculture combined has risen continuously, reaching 46.8 percent in 2016, up from 25.7 percent in 2000. With 5.8 percent annual growth rate during the period 2001–2016, aquaculture continues to grow faster than other major food production sectors, but it no longer has the high annual growth rates experienced in the 1980s and 1990s.
In 2012, the total world production of fisheries was 158 million tonnes, of which aquaculture contributed 66.6 million tonnes, about 42%.FAO (2014) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014 (SOFIA) The growth rate of worldwide aquaculture has been sustained and rapid, averaging about 8% per year for over 30 years, while the take from wild fisheries has been essentially flat for the last decade. The aquaculture market reached $86 billion$86 thousand million in 2009.
Aquaculture is an especially important economic activity in China. Between 1980 and 1997, the Chinese Bureau of Fisheries reports, aquaculture harvests grew at an annual rate of 16.7%, jumping from 1.9 million tonnes to nearly 23 million tonnes. In 2005, China accounted for 70% of world production. Aquaculture is also currently one of the fastest-growing areas of food production in the U.S.
About 90% of all U.S. shrimp consumption is farmed and imported. In recent years, salmon aquaculture has become a major export in southern Chile, especially in Puerto Montt, Chile's fastest-growing city.
A United Nations report titled The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture released in May 2014 maintained fisheries and aquaculture support the livelihoods of some 60 million people in Asia and Africa. FAO estimates that in 2016, overall, women accounted for nearly 14 percent of all people directly engaged in the fisheries and aquaculture primary sector.
In 2021, global fish production reached 182 million tonnes, with approximately equal amounts coming from capture (91.2 million tonnes) and aquaculture (90.9 million tonnes). Aquaculture has experienced rapid growth in recent decades, increasing almost sevenfold from 1990 to 2021.
Category201120122013201420152016ProductionCaptureInland10.711.211.211.311.411.6Marine81.578.479.479.981.279.3Total capture92.289.590.691.292.790.9AquacultureInland38.64244.846.948.651.4Marine23.224.425.426.827.528.7Total aquaculture61.866.470.273.776.180Total world fisheries and aquaculture154156160.7164.9168.7170.9UtilizationHuman consumption130136.4140.1144.8148.4151.2Non-food uses2419.620.62020.319.7Population (billions)77.17.27.37.37.4Per capita apparent consumption (kg)18.519.219.519.920.220.3thumb|300px|Aquaculture production by region |
Aquaculture | Over-reporting by China | Over-reporting by China
China overwhelmingly dominates the world in reported aquaculture output, reporting a total output which is double that of the rest of the world put together. However, there are some historical issues with the accuracy of China's returns.
In 2001, scientists Reg Watson and Daniel Pauly expressed concerns that China was over reporting its catch from wild fisheries in the 1990s. They said that made it appear that the global catch since 1988 was increasing annually by 300,000 tonnes, whereas it was really shrinking annually by 350,000 tonnes. Watson and Pauly suggested this may have been related to Chinese policies where state entities that monitored the economy were also tasked with increasing output. Also, until more recently, the promotion of Chinese officials was based on production increases from their own areas.
China disputed this claim. The official Xinhua News Agency quoted Yang Jian, director general of the Agriculture Ministry's Bureau of Fisheries, as saying that China's figures were "basically correct".China disputes claim it over reports fish catch Associated Press, 17 December 2002. However, the FAO accepted there were issues with the reliability of China's statistical returns, and for a period treated data from China, including the aquaculture data, apart from the rest of the world. |
Aquaculture | Aquacultural methods | Aquacultural methods |
Aquaculture | Mariculture | Mariculture
Mariculture is the cultivation of marine organisms in seawater, variously in sheltered coastal waters ("inshore"), open ocean ("offshore"), and on land ("onshore"). Farmed species include algae (from microalgae (such as phytoplankton) to macroalgae (such as seaweed); shellfish (such as shrimp), lobster, oysters), and clams, and marine finfish. Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are prominent in the U.S. mariculture.
Mariculture may consist of raising the organisms on or in artificial enclosures such as in floating netted enclosures for salmon, and on racks or in floating cages for oysters. In the case of enclosed salmon, they are fed by the operators; oysters on racks filter feed on naturally available food. Abalone have been farmed on an artificial reef consuming seaweed which grows naturally on the reef units. |
Aquaculture | Integrated | Integrated
Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is a practice in which the byproducts (wastes) from one species are recycled to become inputs (fertilizers, food) for another. Fed aquaculture (for example, fish, shrimp) is combined with inorganic extractive and organic extractive (for example, shellfish) aquaculture to create balanced systems for environmental sustainability (biomitigation), economic stability (product diversification and risk reduction) and social acceptability (better management practices).
"Multi-trophic" refers to the incorporation of species from different trophic or nutritional levels in the same system.Chopin T. 2006. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture. What it is, and why you should care ... and don't confuse it with polyculture. Northern Aquaculture, Vol. 12, No. 4, July/August 2006, pg. 4. This is one potential distinction from the age-old practice of aquatic polyculture, which could simply be the co-culture of different fish species from the same trophic level. In this case, these organisms may all share the same biological and chemical processes, with few synergistic benefits, which could potentially lead to significant shifts in the ecosystem. Some traditional polyculture systems may, in fact, incorporate a greater diversity of species, occupying several niches, as extensive cultures (low intensity, low management) within the same pond. A working IMTA system can result in greater total production based on mutual benefits to the co-cultured species and improved ecosystem health, even if the production of individual species is lower than in a monoculture over a short-term period.
Sometimes the term "integrated aquaculture" is used to describe the integration of monocultures through water transfer. For all intents and purposes, however, the terms "IMTA" and "integrated aquaculture" differ only in their degree of descriptiveness. Aquaponics, fractionated aquaculture, integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems, integrated peri-urban-aquaculture systems, and integrated fisheries-aquaculture systems are other variations of the IMTA concept. |
Aquaculture | Urban aquaculture | Urban aquaculture |
Aquaculture | Netting materials | Netting materials
Various materials, including nylon, polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, plastic-coated welded wire, rubber, patented rope products (Spectra, Thorn-D, Dyneema), galvanized steel and copper are used for netting in aquaculture fish enclosures around the world.Offshore Aquaculture in the United States: Economic considerations, implications, and opportunities, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, July 2008, p. 53Southern Regional Aquaculture Center at All of these materials are selected for a variety of reasons, including design feasibility, material strength, cost, and corrosion resistance.
Recently, copper alloys have become important netting materials in aquaculture because they are antimicrobial (i.e., they destroy bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and other microbes) and they therefore prevent biofouling (i.e., the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms, plants, algae, tubeworms, barnacles, mollusks, and other organisms). By inhibiting microbial growth, copper alloy aquaculture cages avoid costly net changes that are necessary with other materials. The resistance of organism growth on copper alloy nets also provides a cleaner and healthier environment for farmed fish to grow and thrive. |
Aquaculture | Technology | Technology
Uncrewed vessels, like ROVs and AUVs, are now being used in aquaculture in various ways, such as site planning, cage or net inspection, environmental monitoring, disaster assessment, and risk reduction. The use of uncrewed vessels aims to increase safety, efficiency, and accuracy of aquaculture operations. Aquaculture is a multi-million-dollar business that relies on net and cage maintenance. Inspections used to be conducted by divers manually inspecting the nets, but uncrewed vessels are now being used to conduct faster and more efficient inspections.
Biofloc technology is also used to simultaneously improve water quality and generate bacterial biomass as food for the cultured animals. |
Aquaculture | Issues | Issues
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If performed without consideration for potential local environmental impacts, aquaculture in inland waters can result in more environmental damage than wild fisheries, though with less waste produced per kg on a global scale.Diamond, Jared, Collapse: How societies choose to fail or succeed, Viking Press, 2005, pp. 479–485 Local concerns with aquaculture in inland waters may include waste handling, side-effects of antibiotics, competition between farmed and wild animals, and the potential introduction of invasive plant and animal species, or foreign pathogens, particularly if unprocessed fish are used to feed more marketable carnivorous fish. If non-local live feeds are used, aquaculture may introduce exotic plants or animals with disastrous effects. Improvements in methods resulting from advances in research and the availability of commercial feeds has reduced some of these concerns since their greater prevalence in the 1990s and 2000s .Costa-Pierce, B.A., 2002, Ecological Aquaculture, Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.
Fish waste is organic and composed of nutrients necessary in all components of aquatic food webs. In-ocean aquaculture often produces much higher than normal fish waste concentrations. The waste collects on the ocean bottom, damaging or eliminating bottom-dwelling life. Waste can also decrease dissolved oxygen levels in the water column, putting further pressure on wild animals. An alternative model to food being added to the ecosystem, is the installation of artificial reef structures to increase the habitat niches available, without the need to add any more than ambient feed and nutrient. This has been used in the "ranching" of abalone in Western Australia. |
Aquaculture | Impacts on wild fish | Impacts on wild fish
Some carnivorous and omnivorous farmed fish species are fed wild forage fish. Although carnivorous farmed fish represented only 13 percent of aquaculture production by weight in 2000, they represented 34 percent of aquaculture production by value.
Farming of carnivorous species like salmon and shrimp leads to a high demand for forage fish to match the nutrition they get in the wild. Fish do not actually produce omega-3 fatty acids, but instead accumulate them from either consuming microalgae that produce these fatty acids, as is the case with forage fish like herring and sardines, or, as is the case with fatty predatory fish, like salmon, by eating prey fish that have accumulated omega-3 fatty acids from microalgae. To satisfy this requirement, more than 50 percent of the world fish oil production is fed to farmed salmon.
Farmed salmon consume more wild fish than they generate as a final product, although the efficiency of production is improving. To produce one kilograms of farmed salmon, products from several kilograms of wild fish are fed to them – this can be described as the "fish-in-fish-out" (FIFO) ratio. In 1995, salmon had a FIFO ratio of 7.5 (meaning 7.5 kilograms of wild fish feed were required to produce one kilogram of salmon); by 2006 the ratio had fallen to 4.9. Additionally, a growing share of fish oil and fishmeal come from residues (byproducts of fish processing), rather than dedicated whole fish. In 2012, 34 percent of fish oil and 28 percent of fishmeal came from residues. However, fishmeal and oil from residues instead of whole fish have a different composition with more ash and less protein, which may limit its potential use for aquaculture.
As the salmon farming industry expands, it requires more wild forage fish for feed, at a time when seventy-five percent of the world's monitored fisheries are already near to or have exceeded their maximum sustainable yield.Seafood Choices Alliance (2005) The industrial-scale extraction of wild forage fish for salmon farming then impacts the survivability of the wild predator fish who rely on them for food. An important step in reducing the impact of aquaculture on wild fish is shifting carnivorous species to plant-based feeds. Salmon feeds, for example, have gone from containing only fishmeal and oil to containing 40 percent plant protein. The USDA has also experimented with using grain-based feeds for farmed trout. When properly formulated (and often mixed with fishmeal or oil), plant-based feeds can provide proper nutrition and similar growth rates in carnivorous farmed fish.NOAA/USDA: The Future of Aquafeeds (2011)
Another impact aquaculture production can have on wild fish is the risk of fish escaping from coastal pens, where they can interbreed with their wild counterparts, diluting wild genetic stocks. Escaped fish can become invasive, out-competing native species."Aquaculture's growth continuing: improved management techniques can reduce environmental effects of the practice. (UPDATE)." Resource: Engineering & Technology for a Sustainable World 16.5 (2009): 20–22. Gale Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 1 October 2009. |
Aquaculture | Animal welfare | Animal welfare
As with the farming of terrestrial animals, social attitudes influence the need for humane practices and regulations in farmed marine animals. Under the guidelines advised by the Farm Animal Welfare Council good animal welfare means both fitness and a sense of well-being in the animal's physical and mental state. This can be defined by the Five Freedoms:
Freedom from hunger and thirst
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom from pain, disease, or injury
Freedom to express normal behaviour
Freedom from fear and distress
However, the controversial issue in aquaculture is whether fish and farmed marine invertebrates are actually sentient, or have the perception and awareness to experience suffering. Although no evidence of this has been found in marine invertebrates, recent studies conclude that fish do have the necessary receptors (nociceptors) to sense noxious stimuli and so are likely to experience states of pain, fear and stress. Consequently, welfare in aquaculture is directed at vertebrates, finfish in particular. |
Aquaculture | Common welfare concerns | Common welfare concerns
Welfare in aquaculture can be impacted by a number of issues such as stocking densities, behavioural interactions, disease and parasitism. A major problem in determining the cause of impaired welfare is that these issues are often all interrelated and influence each other at different times.
Optimal stocking density is often defined by the carrying capacity of the stocked environment and the amount of individual space needed by the fish, which is very species specific. Although behavioural interactions such as shoaling may mean that high stocking densities are beneficial to some species, in many cultured species high stocking densities may be of concern. Crowding can constrain normal swimming behaviour, as well as increase aggressive and competitive behaviours such as cannibalism, feed competition, territoriality and dominance/subordination hierarchies. This potentially increases the risk of tissue damage due to abrasion from fish-to-fish contact or fish-to-cage contact. Fish can suffer reductions in food intake and food conversion efficiency. In addition, high stocking densities can result in water flow being insufficient, creating inadequate oxygen supply and waste product removal. Dissolved oxygen is essential for fish respiration and concentrations below critical levels can induce stress and even lead to asphyxiation. Ammonia, a nitrogen excretion product, is highly toxic to fish at accumulated levels, particularly when oxygen concentrations are low.
Many of these interactions and effects cause stress in the fish, which can be a major factor in facilitating fish disease. For many parasites, infestation depends on the host's degree of mobility, the density of the host population and vulnerability of the host's defence system. Sea lice are the primary parasitic problem for finfish in aquaculture, high numbers causing widespread skin erosion and haemorrhaging, gill congestion, and increased mucus production. There are also a number of prominent viral and bacterial pathogens that can have severe effects on internal organs and nervous systems. |
Aquaculture | Improving welfare | Improving welfare
The key to improving welfare of marine cultured organisms is to reduce stress to a minimum, as prolonged or repeated stress can cause a range of adverse effects. Attempts to minimise stress can occur throughout the culture process. Understanding and providing required environmental enrichment can be vital for reducing stress and benefit aquaculture objects such as improved growth body condition and reduced damage from aggression. During grow-out it is important to keep stocking densities at appropriate levels specific to each species, as well as separating size classes and grading to reduce aggressive behavioural interactions. Keeping nets and cages clean can assist positive water flow to reduce the risk of water degradation.
Not surprisingly disease and parasitism can have a major effect on fish welfare and it is important for farmers not only to manage infected stock but also to apply disease prevention measures. However, prevention methods, such as vaccination, can also induce stress because of the extra handling and injection. Other methods include adding antibiotics to feed, adding chemicals into water for treatment baths and biological control, such as using cleaner wrasse to remove lice from farmed salmon.
Many steps are involved in transport, including capture, food deprivation to reduce faecal contamination of transport water, transfer to transport vehicle via nets or pumps, plus transport and transfer to the delivery location. During transport water needs to be maintained to a high quality, with regulated temperature, sufficient oxygen and minimal waste products. In some cases anaesthetics may be used in small doses to calm fish before transport.
Aquaculture is sometimes part of an environmental rehabilitation program or as an aid in conserving endangered species. |
Aquaculture | Coastal ecosystems | Coastal ecosystems
Aquaculture is becoming a significant threat to coastal ecosystems. About 20 percent of mangrove forests have been destroyed since 1980, partly due to shrimp farming. An extended cost–benefit analysis of the total economic value of shrimp aquaculture built on mangrove ecosystems found that the external costs were much higher than the external benefits. Over four decades, of Indonesian mangroves have been converted to shrimp farms. Most of these farms are abandoned within a decade because of the toxin build-up and nutrient loss.Meat and Fish American Association for the Advancement of Science Atlas of Population and Environment. Retrieved 4 January 2010. |
Aquaculture | Pollution from sea cage aquaculture | Pollution from sea cage aquaculture
thumb|Salmon aquaculture, Norway
Salmon farms are typically sited in pristine coastal ecosystems which they then pollute. A farm with 200,000 salmon discharges more fecal waste than a city of 60,000 people. This waste is discharged directly into the surrounding aquatic environment, untreated, often containing antibiotics and pesticides." There is also an accumulation of heavy metals on the benthos (seafloor) near the salmon farms, particularly copper and zinc.
In 2016, mass fish kill events impacted salmon farmers along Chile's coast and the wider ecology. Increases in aquaculture production and its associated effluent were considered to be possible contributing factors to fish and molluscan mortality.
Sea cage aquaculture is responsible for nutrient enrichment of the waters in which they are established. This results from fish wastes and uneaten feed inputs. Elements of most concern are nitrogen and phosphorus which can promote algal growth, including harmful algal blooms which can be toxic to fish. Flushing times, current speeds, distance from the shore and water depth are important considerations when locating sea cages in order to minimize the impacts of nutrient enrichment on coastal ecosystems.
The extent of the effects of pollution from sea-cage aquaculture varies depending on where the cages are located, which species are kept, how densely cages are stocked and what the fish are fed. Important species-specific variables include the species' food conversion ratio (FCR) and nitrogen retention. |
Aquaculture | Freshwater ecosystems | Freshwater ecosystems
Whole-lake experiments carried out at the Experimental Lakes Area in Ontario, Canada, have displayed the potential for cage aquaculture to source numerous changes in freshwater ecosystems. Following the initiation of an experimental rainbow trout cage farm in a small boreal lake, dramatic reductions in mysis concentrations associated with a decrease in dissolved oxygen were observed. Significant increases in ammonium and total phosphorus, a driver for eutrophication in freshwater systems, were measured in the hypolimnion of the lake. Annual phosphorus inputs from aquaculture waste exceeded that of natural inputs from atmospheric deposition and inflows, and phytoplankton biomass has had a fourfold annual increase following the initiation of the experimental farm. |
Aquaculture | Genetic modification | Genetic modification
A type of salmon called the AquAdvantage salmon has been genetically modified for faster growth, although it has not been approved for commercial use, due to controversy.Mcleod C, J Grice, H Campbell and T Herleth (2006) Super Salmon: The Industrialisation of Fish Farming and the Drive Towards GM Technologies in Salmon Production CSaFe, Discussion paper 5, University of Otago. The altered salmon incorporates a growth hormone from a Chinook salmon that allows it to reach full size in 16–28 months, instead of the normal 36 months for Atlantic salmon, and while consuming 25 percent less feed.Robynne Boyd, Would you eat AquAdvantage salmon if approved? Scientific American online, 26 April 2013. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration reviewed the AquAdvantage salmon in a draft environmental assessment and determined that it "would not have a significant impact (FONSI) on the U.S. environment."FDA: AquAdvantage Salmon |
Aquaculture | Fish diseases, parasites and vaccines | Fish diseases, parasites and vaccines
A major difficulty for aquaculture is the tendency towards monoculture and the associated risk of widespread disease. Aquaculture is also associated with environmental risks; for instance, shrimp farming has caused the destruction of important mangrove forests throughout southeast Asia.
In the 1990s, disease wiped out China's farmed Farrer's scallop and white shrimp and required their replacement by other species."An Overview of China's Aquaculture", page 6. Netherlands Business Support Office (Dalian), 2010. |
Aquaculture | Needs of the aquaculture sector in vaccines | Needs of the aquaculture sector in vaccines
Aquaculture has an average annual growth rate of 9.2%, however, the success and continued expansion of the fish farming sector is highly dependent on the control of fish pathogens including a wide range of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. In 2014, it was estimated that these parasites cost the global salmon farming industry up to 400 million Euros. This represents 6–10% of the production value of the affected countries, but it can go up to 20% (Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2014). Since pathogens quickly spread within a population of cultured fish, their control is vital for the sector.
Historically, the use of antibiotics was against bacterial epizootics but the production of animal proteins has to be sustainable, which means that preventive measures that are acceptable from a biological and environmental point of view should be used to keep disease problems in aquaculture at an acceptable level. So, this added to the efficiency of vaccines resulted in an immediate and permanent reduction in the use of antibiotics in the 90s. In the beginning, there were fish immersion vaccines efficient against the vibriosis but proved ineffective against the furunculosis, hence the arrival of injectable vaccines: first water-based and after oil-based, much more efficient (Sommerset, 2005). |
Aquaculture | Development of new vaccines | Development of new vaccines
It is the important mortality in cages among farmed fish, the debates around DNA injection vaccines, although effective, their safety and their side effects but also societal expectations for cleaner fish and security, lead research on new vaccine vectors. Several initiatives are financed by the European Union to develop a rapid and cost-effective approach to using bacteria in feed to make vaccines, in particular thanks to lactic bacteria whose DNA is modified (Boudinot, 2006). In fact, vaccinating farmed fish by injection is time-consuming and costly, so vaccines can be administered orally or by immersion by being added to feed or directly into water. This allows vaccinating many individuals at the same time while limiting the associated handling and stress.
Indeed, many tests are necessary because the antigens of the vaccines must be adapted to each species or not present a certain level of variability or they will not have any effect. For example, tests have been done with two species: Lepeophtheirus salmonis (from which the antigens were collected) and Caligus rogercresseyi (which was vaccinated with the antigens), although the homology between the two species is important, the level of variability made the protection ineffective (Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2014). |
Aquaculture | Recent vaccines development in aquaculture | Recent vaccines development in aquaculture
There are 24 vaccines available and one for lobsters. The first vaccine was used in the USA against enteric red mouth in 1976. However, there are 19 companies and some small stakeholders are producing vaccines for aquaculture nowadays. The novel approaches are a way forward to prevent the loss of 10% of aquaculture through disease. Genetically modified vaccines are not being used in the EU due to societal concerns and regulations. Meanwhile, DNA vaccines are now authorised in the EU.
There are challenges in fish vaccine development, immune response due to lack of potent adjuvants. Scientists are considering microdose application in future. But there are also opportunities in aquaculture vaccinology due to the low cost of technology, regulations change and novel antigen expression and delivery systems.
In Norway subunit vaccine (VP2 peptide) against infectious pancreatic necrosis is being used. In Canada, a licensed DNA vaccine against Infectious hematopoietic necrosis has been launched for industry use.
Fish have large mucosal surfaces, so the preferred route is immersion, intraperitoneal and oral respectively. Nanoparticles are in progress for delivery purposes. The common antibodies produced are IgM and IgT. Normally booster is not required in fish because more memory cells are produced in response to the booster rather than an increased level of antibodies.
mRNA vaccines are alternative to DNA vaccines because they are more safe, stable, easily producible at a large scale and mass immunization potential. Recently these are used in cancer prevention and therapeutics. Studies in rabies has shown that efficacy depends on dose and route of administration. These are still in infancy. |
Aquaculture | Economic gains | Economic gains
In 2014, the aquaculture produced fish overtook wild caught fish, in supply for human food. This means there is a huge demand for vaccines, in prevention of diseases. The reported annual loss fish, calculates to >10 billion USD. This is from approximately 10% of all fishes dying from infectious diseases.
The high annual losses increases the demand for vaccines. Even though there are about 24 traditionally used vaccines, there is still demand for more vaccines. The breakthrough of DNA-vaccines has sunk the cost of vaccines.
The alternative to vaccines would be antibiotics and chemotherapy, which are more expensive and with bigger drawbacks. DNA-vaccines have become the most cost-efficient method of preventing infectious diseases. This bodes well for DNA-vaccines becoming the new standard both in fish vaccines, and in general vaccines. |
Aquaculture | Salinization/acidification of soils | Salinization/acidification of soils
Sediment from abandoned aquaculture farms can remain hypersaline, acidic and eroded. This material can remain unusable for aquaculture purposes for long periods thereafter. Various chemical treatments, such as adding lime, can aggravate the problem by modify the physicochemical characteristics of the sediment. |
Aquaculture | Plastic pollution | Plastic pollution
Aquaculture produces a range of marine debris, depending on the product and location. The most frequently documented type of plastic is expanded polystyrene (EPS), used extensively in floats and sea cage collars (MEPC 2020). Other common waste items include cage nets and plastic harvest bins. A review of aquaculture as a source of marine litter in the North, Baltic and Mediterranean Seas identified 64 different items, 19 of which were unique to aquaculture . Estimates of the amount of aquaculture waste entering the oceans vary widely, depending on the methodologies used. For example, in the European Economic Area loss estimates have varied from a low of 3,000 tonnes to 41,000 tonnes per year. |