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Agriculture | Origins | Origins
The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa, in at least 11 separate centers of origin. Wild grains were collected ... |
Agriculture | Civilizations | Civilizations
thumb|right|upright=1.35|Map of the world showing approximate centers of origin of agriculture and its spread in prehistory. DNA studies have shown that agriculture was introduced in Europe by the expansion of the early farmers from Anatolia about 9,000 years ago.
In Eurasia, the Sumerians started to li... |
Agriculture | Revolution | Revolution
thumb|Agricultural calendar, , from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi
In the Middle Ages, compared to the Roman period, agriculture in Western Europe became more focused on self-sufficiency. The agricultural population under feudalism was typically organized into manors consisting of several hundred or mor... |
Agriculture | Types | Types
thumb|Reindeer herds form the basis of pastoral agriculture for several Arctic and Subarctic peoples.
Pastoralism involves managing domesticated animals. In nomadic pastoralism, herds of livestock are moved from place to place in search of pasture, fodder, and water. This type of farming is practiced in arid a... |
Agriculture | Contemporary agriculture | Contemporary agriculture |
Agriculture | Status | Status
thumb|354x354px|Suitability for agriculture of land around the world (US Department of Agriculture, 1998)
class=skin-invert-image|thumb|221x221px|Recent trends of employment in agriculture (including forestry and fishing) by region
From the twentieth century onwards, intensive agriculture increased crop produc... |
Agriculture | Workforce | Workforce
class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Worldwide employment In agriculture, forestry and fishing in 2021
Agriculture provides about one-quarter of all global employment, more than half in sub-Saharan Africa and almost 60 percent in low-income countries. As countries develop, other jobs have historically pulled wor... |
Agriculture | Women in agriculture | Women in agriculture
Around the world, women make up a large share of the population employed in agriculture. This share is growing in all developing regions except East and Southeast Asia where women already make up about 50 percent of the agricultural workforce. Women make up 47 percent of the agricultural workforc... |
Agriculture | Safety | Safety
thumb|Rollover protection bar retrofitted to a mid-20th century Fordson tractor
Agriculture, specifically farming, remains a hazardous industry, and farmers worldwide remain at high risk of work-related injuries, lung disease, noise-induced hearing loss, skin diseases, as well as certain cancers related to c... |
Agriculture | Production | Production
thumb|upright=1.6|Value of agricultural production, 2016
Overall production varies by country as listed.
Largest countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) according to IMF and CIA World Factbook, at peak level as of 2018
Largest countries by agricultural output according to UNCTAD at 2005 cons... |
Agriculture | Crop cultivation systems | Crop cultivation systems
thumb|left|Slash and burn shifting cultivation, Thailand
Cropping systems vary among farms depending on the available resources and constraints; geography and climate of the farm; government policy; economic, social and political pressures; and the philosophy and culture of the farmer."Agric... |
Agriculture | Livestock production systems | Livestock production systems
thumb|Intensively farmed pigs
Animal husbandry is the breeding and raising of animals for meat, milk, eggs, or wool, and for work and transport. Working animals, including horses, mules, oxen, water buffalo, camels, llamas, alpacas, donkeys, and dogs, have for centuries been used to hel... |
Agriculture | Production practices | Production practices
thumb|Tilling an arable field
Tillage is the practice of breaking up the soil with tools such as the plow or harrow to prepare for planting, for nutrient incorporation, or for pest control. Tillage varies in intensity from conventional to no-till. It can improve productivity by warming the soil,... |
Agriculture | Agricultural automation | Agricultural automation
Different definitions exist for agricultural automation and for the variety of tools and technologies that are used to automate production. One view is that agricultural automation refers to autonomous navigation by robots without human intervention. Alternatively, it is defined as the accompl... |
Agriculture | Effects of climate change on yields | Effects of climate change on yields
thumb|upright=1.35|The sixth IPCC Assessment Report projects changes in average soil moisture at 2.0 °C of warming, as measured in standard deviations from the 1850 to 1900 baseline.
Climate change and agriculture are interrelated on a global scale. Climate change affects agricult... |
Agriculture | Crop alteration and biotechnology | Crop alteration and biotechnology |
Agriculture | Plant breeding | Plant breeding
thumb|left|Wheat cultivar tolerant of high salinity (left) compared with non-tolerant variety
Crop alteration has been practiced by humankind for thousands of years, since the beginning of civilization. Altering crops through breeding practices changes the genetic make-up of a plant to develop crops ... |
Agriculture | Genetic engineering | Genetic engineering
thumb|Genetically modified potato plants (left) resist virus diseases that damage unmodified plants (right).
Genetically modified organisms (GMO) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered by genetic engineering techniques generally known as recombinant DNA technology. Genetic enginee... |
Agriculture | Environmental impact | Environmental impact |
Agriculture | Effects and costs | Effects and costs
upright|thumb|Water pollution in a rural stream due to runoff from farming activity in New Zealand
Agriculture is both a cause of and sensitive to environmental degradation, such as biodiversity loss, desertification, soil degradation and climate change, which cause decreases in crop yield. Agricul... |
Agriculture | Livestock issues | Livestock issues
thumb|Farmyard anaerobic digester converts waste plant material and manure from livestock into biogas fuel.
A senior UN official, Henning Steinfeld, said that "Livestock are one of the most significant contributors to today's most serious environmental problems". Livestock production occupies 70% of... |
Agriculture | Land and water issues | Land and water issues
thumb|440x440px|Countries with the highest share of water withdrawal by agriculture in total withdrawal.
thumb|upright=1.1|Circular irrigated crop fields in Kansas. Healthy, growing crops of corn and sorghum are green (sorghum may be slightly paler). Wheat is brilliant gold. Fields of brown hav... |
Agriculture | Pesticides | Pesticides
thumb|Spraying a crop with a pesticide
Pesticide use has increased since 1950 to 2.5 million short tons annually worldwide, yet crop loss from pests has remained relatively constant. The World Health Organization estimated in 1992 that three million pesticide poisonings occur annually, causing 220,000 de... |
Agriculture | Contribution to climate change | Contribution to climate change
thumb|World farm-gate greenhouse gas emissions by activity
Agriculture contributes towards climate change through greenhouse gas emissions and by the conversion of non-agricultural land such as forests into agricultural land.Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse... |
Agriculture | Effects of climate change on agriculture | Effects of climate change on agriculture
Climate change put significant part of crops in danger already at 1.5 degrees of warming. While in North Anerica, Europe and central Asia the share of endangered crops is relatively little at this level of warming, in the Middle east and North Africa region for example, close... |
Agriculture | Sustainability | Sustainability
thumb|upright|Terraces, conservation tillage and conservation buffers reduce soil erosion and water pollution on this farm in Iowa.
Current farming methods have resulted in over-stretched water resources, high levels of erosion and reduced soil fertility. There is not enough water to continue farming ... |
Agriculture | Energy dependence | Energy dependence
thumb|left|Mechanized agriculture: from the first models in the 1940s, tools like a cotton picker could replace 50 farm workers, at the price of increased use of fossil fuel.
Since the 1940s, agricultural productivity has increased dramatically, due largely to the increased use of energy-intensive ... |
Agriculture | Plastic pollution | Plastic pollution
Plastic products are used extensively in agriculture, including to increase crop yields and improve the efficiency of water and agrichemical use. "Agriplastic" products include films to cover greenhouses and tunnels, mulch to cover soil (e.g. to suppress weeds, conserve water, increase soil tempera... |
Agriculture | Disciplines | Disciplines |
Agriculture | Agricultural economics | Agricultural economics
thumb|In 19th century Britain, the protectionist Corn Laws led to high prices and widespread protest, such as this 1846 meeting of the Anti-Corn Law League.
Agricultural economics is economics as it relates to the "production, distribution and consumption of [agricultural] goods and services"... |
Agriculture | Agricultural science | Agricultural science
thumb|An agronomist mapping a plant genome
Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. It covers topics such as agronomy, plant breeding and g... |
Agriculture | Policy | Policy
+ Direct subsidies for animal products and feed by OECD countries in 2012, in billions of US dollars Product SubsidyBeef and veal 18.0Milk 15.3Pigs 7.3Poultry 6.5Soybeans 2.3Eggs 1.5Sheep 1.1
Agricultural policy is the set of government decisions and actions relating to domestic agriculture and imports of f... |
Agriculture | See also | See also
Aeroponics
Agricultural aircraft
Agricultural engineering
Agricultural finance
Agricultural robot
Agroecology
Agrominerals
Building-integrated agriculture
Contract farming
Corporate farming
Crofting
Ecoagriculture
Farmworker
Food loss and waste
Food security
Hill farming
List of documentary... |
Agriculture | References | References |
Agriculture | Cited sources | Cited sources
|
Agriculture | External links | External links
Food and Agriculture Organization
United States Department of Agriculture
Agriculture material from the World Bank Group
Category:Agronomy
Category:Food industry |
Agriculture | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology and scope, History, Origins, Civilizations, Revolution, Types, Contemporary agriculture, Status, Workforce, Women in agriculture, Safety, Production, Crop cultivation systems, Livestock production systems, Production practices, Agricultural automation, Effects of climate change on yields, C... |
Aldous Huxley | short description | Aldous Leonard Huxley ( ; 26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer and philosopher.: "He was also a philosopher, mystic, social prophet, political thinker, and world traveler who had a detailed knowledge of music, medicine, science, technology, history, literature and Eastern religions.": "Huxley was a ph... |
Aldous Huxley | Early life | Early life
thumb|upright|right|English Heritage blue plaque at 16 Bracknell Gardens, Hampstead, London, commemorating Aldous, his brother Julian, and his father Leonard
Huxley was born in Godalming, Surrey, England, on 26 July 1894. He was the third son of the writer and schoolmaster Leonard Huxley, who edited The C... |
Aldous Huxley | Career | Career
Huxley completed his first (unpublished) novel at the age of 17 and began writing seriously in his early twenties, establishing himself as a successful writer and social satirist. His first published novels were social satires, Crome Yellow (1921), Antic Hay (1923), Those Barren Leaves (1925), and Point Count... |
Aldous Huxley | Contact with the Bloomsbury Group | Contact with the Bloomsbury Group
thumb|upright=1.3|left|Bloomsbury Group members (July 1915). Left to right: Lady Ottoline Morrell (age 42); Maria Nys (age 15), who would become Mrs Huxley; Lytton Strachey (age 35); Duncan Grant (age 30); and Vanessa Bell (age 36)
During the First World War, Huxley spent much of his... |
Aldous Huxley | Life in the United States | Life in the United States
In 1937, Huxley moved to Hollywood with his wife Maria, son Matthew Huxley, and friend Gerald Heard. Cyril Connolly wrote, of the two intellectuals (Huxley and Heard) in the late 1930s, "all European avenues had been exhausted in the search for a way forward – politics, art, science – pitchi... |
Aldous Huxley | Late-in-life perspectives | Late-in-life perspectives
Biographer Harold H. Watts wrote that Huxley's writings in the "final and extended period of his life" are "the work of a man who is meditating on the central problems of many modern men". Huxley had deeply felt apprehensions about the future the developed world might make for itself. From t... |
Aldous Huxley | Spiritual views | Spiritual views
For much of his life, Huxley described himself as agnostic, a word coined by his grandfather Thomas Henry Huxley, a scientist who championed the scientific method and was a major supporter of Darwin's theories. This is the definition he gave, “…it is wrong for a man to say that he is certain of the o... |
Aldous Huxley | Psychedelic drug use and mystical experiences | Psychedelic drug use and mystical experiences
In early 1953, Huxley had his first experience with the psychedelic drug mescaline. Huxley had initiated a correspondence with Doctor Humphry Osmond, a British psychiatrist then employed in a Canadian institution, and eventually asked him to supply a dose of mescaline; Os... |
Aldous Huxley | Eyesight | Eyesight
Differing accounts exist about the details of the quality of Huxley's eyesight at specific points in his life. Circa 1939, Huxley encountered the Bates method, in which he was instructed by Margaret Darst Corbett. In 1940, Huxley relocated from Hollywood to a ranchito in the high desert hamlet of Llano, Ca... |
Aldous Huxley | Personal life | Personal life
Huxley married on 10 July 1919 Maria Nys (10 September 1899 – 12 February 1955), a Belgian epidemiologist from Bellem, a village near Aalter, he met at Garsington, Oxfordshire, in 1919. They had one child, Matthew Huxley (19 April 1920 – 10 February 2005), who had a career as an author, anthropologist, ... |
Aldous Huxley | Death | Death
In 1960, Huxley was diagnosed with oral cancer and for the next three years his health steadily declined. On 4 November 1963, less than three weeks before Huxley's death, author Christopher Isherwood, a friend of 25 years, visited in Cedars Sinai Hospital and wrote his impressions:
At home on his deathbed, una... |
Aldous Huxley | Awards | Awards
1939: James Tait Black Memorial Prize
1959: American Academy of Arts and Letters Award of Merit .
1962: Companion of Literature |
Aldous Huxley | Commemoration | Commemoration
In 2021, Huxley was one of six British writers commemorated on a series of UK postage stamps issued by Royal Mail to celebrate British science fiction. One classic science fiction novel from each author was depicted, with Brave New World chosen to represent Huxley. |
Aldous Huxley | Publications and adaptations | Publications and adaptations |
Aldous Huxley | See also | See also
List of peace activists |
Aldous Huxley | References | References |
Aldous Huxley | Citations | Citations |
Aldous Huxley | Works cited | Works cited
. Reprinted in Perspectives on Schoenberg and Stravinsky, revised edition, edited by Benjamin Boretz and Edward T. Cone. New York: W. W. Norton, 1972.
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Aldous Huxley | Further reading | Further reading
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Aldous Huxley | External links | External links
Aldous Huxley full interview 1958: The Problems of Survival and Freedom in America
Portraits at the National Portrait Gallery
"Aldous Huxley: The Gravity of Light", a film essay by Oliver Hockenhull
BBC discussion programme In our time: "Brave New World". Huxley and the novel. 9 April 2009. (Audi... |
Aldous Huxley | Online editions | Online editions
Category:1894 births
Category:1963 deaths
Category:20th-century English essayists
Category:20th-century English novelists
Category:20th-century English philosophers
Category:20th-century English short story writers
Category:20th-century mystics
Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
C... |
Aldous Huxley | Table of Content | short description, Early life, Career, Contact with the Bloomsbury Group, Life in the United States, Late-in-life perspectives, Spiritual views, Psychedelic drug use and mystical experiences, Eyesight, Personal life, Death, Awards, Commemoration, Publications and adaptations, See also, References, Citations, Works cite... |
Ada | Wiktionary | Ada may refer to: |
Ada | Arts and entertainment | Arts and entertainment
Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle, a novel by Vladimir Nabokov |
Ada | Film and television | Film and television
Ada, a character in 1991 movie Armour of God II: Operation Condor
Ada... A Way of Life, a 2008 Bollywood musical by Tanvir Ahmed
Ada (dog actor), a dog that played Colin on the sitcom Spaced
Ada (1961 film), a 1961 film by Daniel Mann
Ada TV, a television channel in Northern Cyprus
Ada (2019 f... |
Ada | Aviation | Aviation
Ada Air, a regional airline based in Tirana, Albania
Francisco C. Ada Airport, Saipan Island, Northern Mariana Islands
IATA airport code for Adana Şakirpaşa Airport in Adana Province, Turkey |
Ada | Places | Places |
Ada | Africa | Africa
Ada Foah, a town in Ghana
Ada (Ghana parliament constituency)
Ada, Osun, a town in Nigeria |
Ada | Asia | Asia
Ada, Karaman, a village in Karaman Province, Turkey
Ada, Urmia, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran |
Ada | Europe | Europe
Ada, Bosnia and Herzegovina, a village
Ada Ciganlija or Ada, a river island artificially turned into a peninsula in Belgrade, Serbia
Ada, Croatia, a village
Ada, Serbia, a town and municipality |
Ada | United States | United States
Ada, Alabama, an unincorporated community
Ada County, Idaho
Ada, Kansas, an unincorporated community
Ada, Minnesota, a city
Ada, Ohio, a village
Ada, Oklahoma, a city
Ada, Oregon, an unincorporated community
Ada Township, Dickey County, North Dakota
Ada Township, Michigan
Ada Township, Perkins C... |
Ada | Elsewhere | Elsewhere
Ada River (disambiguation), various rivers
523 Ada, an asteroid |
Ada | Schools | Schools
Ada High School (Ohio), US
Ada Independent School District, Oklahoma, US
Ada, the National College for Digital Skills, a further education college in Tottenham Hale, London |
Ada | Science and technology | Science and technology
Ada, the cryptocurrency of the Cardano blockchain platform
List of storms named Ada |
Ada | Biology | Biology
Ada (plant), a genus of orchids
Ada (protein), an enzyme induced by treatment of bacterial cells
Adenosine deaminase, an enzyme involved in purine metabolism |
Ada | Computing | Computing
Ada (computer virus)
Ada (programming language), programming language based on Pascal |
Ada | Transportation | Transportation
Ada-class corvette, a class of anti-submarine corvettes developed by Turkey
Ada (ship), a wooden ketch, wrecked near Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
, a cargo vessel built for the London and South Western Railway |
Ada | People | People
Ada Lovelace (1815–1852), computer scientist sometimes regarded as the first computer programmer
Ada (name), a feminine given name and a surname, including a list of people and fictional characters
Ada of Caria (fl. 377 – 326 BCE), satrap of ancient Caria and adoptive mother of Alexander the Great |
Ada | Other uses | Other uses
Ada and Abere, a ceremonial sword of state in Yorubaland and surrounding regions of West Africa
Ada Bridge, Belgrade, Serbia
Ada (food), a traditional Kerala delicacy
Ada Health, a German medical technology company
Dangme language (ISO 639-2 and 639-3 code: ada), spoken in Ghana |
Ada | See also | See also
ADA (disambiguation)
Ada regulon, an Escherichia coli adaptive response protein
Adah (disambiguation)
Adha (disambiguation)
Ada'a, a woreda in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia
Ade (disambiguation)
USS Little Ada, a steamer captured by the Union Navy during the American Civil War |
Ada | Table of Content | Wiktionary, Arts and entertainment, Film and television, Aviation, Places, Africa, Asia, Europe, United States, Elsewhere, Schools, Science and technology, Biology, Computing, Transportation, People, Other uses, See also |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | wiktionary | Aberdeen is a city in Scotland.
Aberdeen may also refer to: |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | Places | Places |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | Africa | Africa
Aberdeen, Sierra Leone
Aberdeen, Eastern Cape, South Africa |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | Asia | Asia |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | Hong Kong | Hong Kong
Aberdeen, Hong Kong, an area and town on southwest Hong Kong Island
Aberdeen Channel, a channel between Ap Lei Chau (Aberdeen Island) and Nam Long Shan on the Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong
Aberdeen Country Park, a country park in Hong Kong Island
Aberdeen floating village, at Aberdeen Harbour, containin... |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | India | India
Aberdeen Bazaar, a shopping centre in Port Blair, South Andaman Island |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | Sri Lanka | Sri Lanka
Aberdeen Falls, a waterfall in Sri Lanka |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | Australia | Australia
Aberdeen, New South Wales
Aberdeen, South Australia, one of the early townships that merged in 1940 to create the town of Burra
Aberdeen, Tasmania, a suburb of the City of Devonport |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | Caribbean | Caribbean
Aberdeen, Jamaica, a town in Saint Elizabeth, Jamaica |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | Europe | Europe
Aberdeen (Parliament of Scotland constituency)
Aberdeen (UK Parliament constituency) 1832–1885
Aberdeen Burghs (UK Parliament constituency) 1801–1832
Aberdeen Central (Scottish Parliament constituency)
Aberdeen Central (UK Parliament constituency)
Aberdeen Donside (Scottish Parliament constituency)
County... |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | North America | North America |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | Canada | Canada
Aberdeen, community in the township of Champlain, Prescott and Russell County, Ontario
Aberdeen, Abbotsford, a neighbourhood in the City of Abbotsford, British Columbia
Aberdeen Centre, a shopping mall in Richmond, British Columbia
Aberdeen, Grey County, Ontario
Aberdeen, Kamloops, an area in the City of ... |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | United States | United States
Aberdeen, Arkansas
Aberdeen, Colorado
Aberdeen, Florida
Aberdeen, Georgia
Aberdeen, Idaho
Aberdeen, Ohio County, Indiana
Aberdeen, Porter County, Indiana
Aberdeen, Kentucky
Aberdeen, Maryland
Aberdeen Proving Ground, a United States Army facility located near Aberdeen, Maryland
Aberdeen, Mass... |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | See also | See also
New Aberdeen (disambiguation)
Aberdeen City Council, the local authority body of the city in Scotland |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | Arts and entertainment | Arts and entertainment
Aberdeen (2000 film), a 2000 Norwegian-British film
Aberdeen (2014 film), a 2014 Hong Kong film
Aberdeen (2024 film), a Canadian drama film directed by Ryan Cooper and Eva Thomas
Aberdeen (band), an American rock band
Aberdeen (song), by Cage The Elephant |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | Businesses and organisations | Businesses and organisations |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | Companies | Companies
Aberdeen Group, Edinburgh, Scotland-based global investment company, formerly abrdn plc
Aberdeen Asset Management (1983–2017), investment management company merged into Aberdeen Group plc
Aberdeen Strategy and Research, Waltham, Massachusetts-based international marketing intelligence company, previously A... |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | Education | Education
Aberdeen Business School, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland
Aberdeen College, Aberdeen, Scotland
Aberdeen Grammar School, Aberdeen, Scotland
Aberdeen Hall, a university-preparatory school in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
Aberdeen High School (disambiguation)
University of Aberdeen, Aber... |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | Sports | Sports
Aberdeen F.C., a Scottish professional football team
Aberdeen L.F.C., a women's football team affiliated with Aberdeen F.C.
Aberdeen GSFP RFC, an amateur rugby union club in Aberdeen, Scotland
Aberdeen IronBirds, a Minor League Baseball team in Aberdeen, Maryland, U.S. |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | Transportation | Transportation
Aberdeen Airport (disambiguation)
Aberdeen station (disambiguation)
Aberdeen Line, a British shipping company founded in 1825
Aberdeen (ship), the name of several ships |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | See also | See also
Aberdeen Act
Aberdeen Angus, a Scottish breed of small beef cattle
Aberdeen Central (disambiguation)
Aberdeen Gardens (disambiguation)
Aberdeen Historic District (disambiguation)
Aberdeen Hospital (disambiguation)
Aberdeen Quarry, a granite quarry in Colorado
Aberdonia (disambiguation)
Battle of Ab... |
Aberdeen (disambiguation) | Table of Content | wiktionary, Places, Africa, Asia, Hong Kong, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, Caribbean, Europe, North America, Canada, United States, See also, Arts and entertainment, Businesses and organisations, Companies, Education, Sports, Transportation, See also |