Split (1)

train · 70M rows

title stringlengths 1 251	section stringlengths 0 6.12k	text stringlengths 0 716k
Amathus	Notes	Notes
Amathus	References	References Richard Stillwell, ed. Princeton Encyclopaedia of Classical Sites, 1976: "Amathous, Cyprus" Municipality of Limassol
Amathus	External links	External links http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/DA/DA.nsf/0/D20ED526826AB796C225719B00374A92?OpenDocument Agias Tychonas: Amathus (English) http://www.anastasiosofsinai.org/index.html (English) StoryMap about Amathous (A. Cannavò, A. Rabot) Category:Cities in ancient Cyprus Category:Archaeological sites in Cyprus Category:Former populated places in Cyprus
Amathus	Table of Content	for-multi, History, Pre-history and ancient era, Hellenistic era, Roman era, Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, In modern times, The site and archaeology, The Swedish Cyprus Expedition, Later Excavations, Gallery, Notes, References, External links
Alphons	redirect	Alphons (Latinized Alphonsus, Adelphonsus, or Adefonsus) is a male given name recorded from the 8th century (Alfonso I of Asturias, r. 739–757) in the Christian successor states of the Visigothic Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula. In the later medieval period it became a standard name in the Hispanic and Portuguese royal families. It is derived from a Gothic name, or a conflation of several Gothic names; from Aþalfuns, composed of the elements aþal "noble" and funs "eager, brave, ready", and perhaps influenced by names such as Alafuns, Adefuns and Hildefuns. It is recorded as Adefonsus in the 9th and 10th century,In the genitive, Adefonsi. and as Adelfonsus, Adelphonsus in the 10th to 11th. The reduced form Alfonso is recorded in the late 9th century, and the Portuguese form Afonso from the early 11thJosé Pedro Machado, Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua PortuguesaE. Förstemann, Altdeutsches Namenbuch (1856:133, 145). and Anfós in Catalan from the 12th century until the 15th.Diccionari d'Història de Catalunya; 62nd ed.; Barcelona; 1998; ; p. 25. Variants of the name include: Alonso (Spanish), Alfonso (Spanish and Italian), Alfons (Dutch, German, Catalan, Polish, Croatian and Scandinavian), Afonso (Portuguese and Galician), Alphonse, Alfonse (French and English), etc.
Alphons	Middle Ages	Middle Ages
Alphons	Iberian royal families	Iberian royal families Asturias/Leon/Castile/Spain Alfonso I of Asturias (739–757) Alfonso II of Asturias (791–842) Alfonso III of León (866–910) Alfonso Fróilaz (925–926) Alfonso IV of León (925–931) Alfonso V of León (999–1028) Alfonso VI of León (1065–1109) Alfonso VII of León (1126–1157) Alfonso VIII of Castile (1158–1214) Alfonso IX of León (1188–1230) Alfonso X of Castile (1252–1284) Alfonso XI of Castile (1312–1350) Aragon & Naples Alfonso I of Aragon (1104–1134), known as el Batallador (The Battler) Alfonso II of Aragon (1162–1196) Alfonso III of Aragon (1285–1291) Alfonso IV of Aragon (1327–1336) Alfonso V of Aragon (1416–1458), also king of Naples and Sicily Alfonso II of Naples (1448–1495)
Alphons	Other	Other Alfonso Jordan (1103–1148) Alphonse, Count of Poitiers (1220–1271) Alfonso of Valladolid (c. 1270 – c. 1347), Jewish convert to Christianity, philosopher, and mathematician Alphonso, Earl of Chester (1273–1284), first son of Edward I of England, named after his godfather Alfonso X of Castile; died in childhood Juan Alfonso de Baena (c. 1375 – c. 1434), Castilian troubadour
Alphons	Early modern period	Early modern period Alphonse Daudet, French novelist and historian Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara Alphonse de Tonty, Baron de Paludy (c. 1659 – 1727) Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara Alfonso II, Count of Provence, second son of Alfonso II of Aragon Alfonso III d'Este, Duke of Modena and Reggio Alfonso of Castile, Prince of Asturias, figurehead of rebelling magnates against his brother King Henry IV of Castile Alfonso of Hauteville, Prince of Capua Alphonsus Liguori, Roman Catholic theologian (1696–1787) Joseph-Alphonse Esménard (1770–1811)
Alphons	Modern period	Modern period
Alphons	Iberian/Sicilian nobility	Iberian/Sicilian nobility Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta (1841–1934), duke of Calabria and head of the royal house of the Two Sicilies Alfonso XII of Spain (1857–1885) (ordinal numbering continues from the kings of Castile) Alfonso XIII of Spain (1886–1931) Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, claimant to the title of the head of House of Bourbon Two Sicilies Alfonso of Spain, Prince of Asturias, heir-apparent of the throne of Spain Prince Alfonso of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1924–2003), Spanish playboy and businessman Infante Alfonso of Spain, younger brother of King Juan Carlos of Spain Fadrique Alfonso of Castile, fifth illegitimate child of Alfonso XI of Castile
Alphons	Alfons	Alfons Alfons Almi (1904–1991), Finnish opera singer and administrator Alfons van Blaaderen (born 1963), Dutch physicist Alfons Geleyns (1887–1914), Belgian private Alfons Goppel (1905–1991), German politician Alfons Gorbach (1898–1972), Austrian politician Alfons Jēgers (1919–1999), Latvian football and hockey player Alfons Karpiński (1875–1961), Polish painter Alfons Rebane (1908–1976), Estonian military commander Alfons Rissberger (born 1948), German author
Alphons	Alphonse	Alphonse Alphonse Gabriel Capone (1899–1947), Chicago gangster
Alphons	Alfonso	Alfonso Alfonso Cuarón, Mexican cinematographer Alfonso Calderon (activist), Spanish-born gun control activist Alfonso Calderón (poet), Chilean poet and writer Alfonso Soriano, American baseball player Alfonso Lizarazo, Colombian host and politician Alfonso Mejia-Arias, Mexican musician, writer, social activist and politician Alfonso Ribeiro, Caribbean-American actor and game show host Alfonso John Romero, American video-game designer Alfonso Pérez, Spanish football player Alfonso Oiterong, Palauan politician, vice president Alicia Alfonso (born 1963), Uruguayan actress Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Italian physiologist and physicist José Alfonso Belloso y Sánchez (1873–1938), Salvadorean archbishop Miguel Alfonso Pérez Aracil, Spanish football player
Alphons	Alfonse	Alfonse Alfonse D'Amato (born 1937), American politician from New York Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin (1761–1849), Swiss-American politician Alphonse Mucha (1860–1939), Czech artist
Alphons	Alphonso	Alphonso Alphonso Davies, Canadian soccer player born in Ghana, who grew up in Edmonton
Alphons	As a surname	As a surname Alphonse, Alphonso, Alfonso is occasionally seen as a surname derived from the given name, the latter descending from Asturias and Cantabria. Celestino Alfonso (1916–1944), Spanish republican and volunteer fighter in the French resistance during World War II Roland Alphonso (1931–1998), Jamaican saxophonist Kristian Alfonso (born 1963), Puerto Rican American soap opera actress Michael Lee Alfonso (1965–2007), ring name "Mike Awesome", American professional wrestler Equis Alfonso, known as X-Alfonso, Cuban hip-hop and afro-rock musician Ozzie Alfonso, Cuban-American TV director and producer Sadda Vidda Rajapakse Palanga Pathira Ambakumarage Ranjan Leo Sylvester Alphonsu, Sri Lankan Sinhala politician, actor, singer, writer
Alphons	Pseudonym	Pseudonym Bill Alfonso, ring name of William Matthew Sierra, former professional wrestling referee & manager
Alphons	Stage name	Stage name Alfons, the stage name of Emmanuel Peterfalvi, a French comedian
Alphons	Fictional characters	Fictional characters Alphonso, protagonist in Alfonso und Estrella, an opera by Franz Schubert Don Alfonso, character in Mozart's opera Così fan tutte Alphonso MacKenzie, fictional character in the Marvel Universe Alfie Atkins, known as Alfons Åberg in Swedish, character created by Gunilla Bergström from Sweden Alfonzo Dominico Jones, a dog in the Australian television series SeaChange Alphonse "Big Boy" Caprice, character in the comic strip Dick Tracy Alphonse and Gaston, French duo in a comic strip created by Frederick Burr Opper Alphonse Elric from Fullmetal Alchemist Alfons Heiderich from Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie: Conqueror of Shamballa Alphonse Mephisto, fictional character in the animated television series South Park Alphonso Ali, minor character in Bloom County Monsieur Alfonse, character in the BBC sitcom Allo 'Allo! played by the actor Kenneth Connor The name of a number of pets and the Patlabor of Noa Izumi from the anime Patlabor Oren Pierre Alfonso from Kamen Rider Gaim Alfonso "French" Sosa, a main character from The OA
Alphons	See also	See also Afonso Ildefonso (disambiguation)
Alphons	References	References Category:Italian masculine given names Category:Masculine given names Category:Spanish masculine given names Category:Portuguese masculine given names Category:Spanish surnames of Germanic origin
Alphons	Table of Content	redirect, Middle Ages, Iberian royal families, Other, Early modern period, Modern period, Iberian/Sicilian nobility, Alfons, Alphonse, Alfonso, Alfonse, Alphonso, As a surname, Pseudonym, Stage name, Fictional characters, See also, References
Alfonso I	'''Alfonso I'''	Alfonso I may refer to: Alfonso I of Asturias (739–757), king of Asturias Afonso I of Portugal (1094–1185), king of Portugal Alfonso Jordan (1103–1148), count of Toulouse Alfonso I of Aragon (1104–1134), known as Alfonso the Battler, king of Aragon and Navarre Alfonso I, Duke of Gandia (1332–1412) Alfonso V of Aragon (1396–1458), king of Naples as Alfonso I Afonso I of Kongo (1456–1543), first Christian king of the Kingdom of Kongo Alfonso I Piccolomini (1468–1498), duke of Amalfi Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (1476–1534) Alfonso XIII of Spain (1886–1941), known to French Legitimists as "Alphonse I"
Alfonso I	Table of Content	'''Alfonso I'''
Amati	Short description	thumb\|upright=0.85\|This Andrea Amati violin, now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, may have been part of a set made for the marriage of Philip II of Spain to Elisabeth of Valois in 1559, which would make it one of the earliest known violins in existence Amati (, ) is the last name of a family of Italian violin makers who lived at Cremona from about 1538 to 1740. Their importance is considered equal to those of the Bergonzi, Guarneri, and Stradivari families. Today, violins created by Nicolò Amati are valued at around $600,000.Violin Price Histories , violinadvisor.com, accessed 18 martie 2014 Because of their age and rarity, Amati instruments are mostly kept in a museum or private collections and are seldom played in public.
Amati	Family members	Family members
Amati	Andrea Amati	Andrea Amati Andrea Amati (20 December 1577) designed and created the violin, viola and cello known as the "violin family". Based in Cremona, Italy, he standardized the basic form, shape, size, materials and method of construction. Makers from nearby Brescia experimented, such as Gasparo da Salò, Micheli, Zanetto and Pellegrino, but it was Andrea Amati who gave the modern violin family their definitive profile. A claim that Andrea Amati received the first order for a violin from Lorenzo de' Medici in 1555 is invalid as Lorenzo de' Medici died in 1492. A number of Andrea Amati's instruments survived for some time, dating between 1538 (Amati made the first Cello called "The King" in 1538) and 1574. The largest number of these are from 1560, a set for an entire orchestra of 38 ordered by Catherine de Médicis the regent queen of France and bore hand painted royal French decorations in gold including the motto and coat of arms of her son Charles IX of France. Of these 38 instruments ordered, Amati created violins of two sizes, violas of two sizes and large-sized cellos. They were in use until the French revolution of 1789 and only 14 of these instruments survived. His work is marked by selection of the finest materials, great elegance in execution, soft clear amber, soft translucent varnish, and an in depth use of acoustic and geometrical principles in design. Dilworth, John. "The Violin and Bow-Origins and Development." The Cambridge Companion to the Violin. Ed. Robin Stowell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. 1–29.
Amati	Antonio and Girolamo Amati	Antonio and Girolamo Amati Andrea Amati was succeeded by his sons Antonio Amati (–1607) and Girolamo Amati (–1630). "The Brothers Amati", as they were known, implemented far-reaching innovations in design, including the perfection of the shape of the f-holes. They are also thought to have pioneered the modern alto format of viola, in contrast to older tenor violas, but the widespread belief that they were the first ones to do so
Amati	Nicolò Amati	Nicolò Amati Nicolò Amati (3 December 159612 April 1684) was the son of Girolamo Amati. Often considered the most eminent violin maker of the family, he improved the model adopted by the rest of the Amatis and produced instruments capable of yielding greater power of tone. His pattern was unusually small, but he also made a wider model now known as the "Grand Amati", which have become his most sought-after violins. Of his pupils, the most famous were Antonio Stradivari and Andrea Guarneri, the first of the Guarneri family of violin makers. (There is much controversy regarding the apprenticeship of Antonio Stradivari. While the label on Stradivari's first known violin states that he was a pupil of Amati, the validity of his statement is questioned.
Amati	Girolamo Amati (Hieronymus II)	Girolamo Amati (Hieronymus II) The last maker of the family was Nicolò's son, Girolamo Amati, known as Hieronymus II (26 February 164921 February 1740). He improved the arching of his father's instruments.
Amati	Extant Amati instruments	Extant Amati instruments Amati instruments include some of the oldest extant examples of the violin family, dating to as far back as the mid-16th century. , they are only occasionally played in public.
Amati	United Kingdom	United Kingdom Instruments in the UK include Andrea Amati violins from the set delivered to Charles IX of France in 1564. Amati instruments at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Andrea Amati Violin, 1564 (ex–French royal collection) Viola Amati instruments at the Royal Academy of Music Museum, London Amati instrument at the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle Andrea Amati Violin, 1564 (ex French royal collection) Nicolò Amati Double bass of 1631 played by Chi-chi Nwanoku
Amati	United States	United States Amati instruments at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) Andrea Amati: Violin, Nicolò Amati: Violin, 1669 Amati instruments at the National Music Museum (University of South Dakota): Andrea Amati: "The King", circa 1545, the world's oldest extant cello Viola, 1560 Violin, 1560 Violin, 1574 Girolamo Amati: Double bass, 1680 Violin, 1604 Violin, 7/8-size, 1609 Violino piccolo, 1613 Nicolò Amati: Violin, 1628
Amati	Violas	Violas
Amati	The Stanley Solomon Tenore ca 1536	The Stanley Solomon Tenore ca 1536 Andrea Amati ca 1536 Originally a tenor viola, the front is of pine of slightly wavy grain of medium width. The back is one-piece of maple, slab-cut, slightly flamed but with evident circular decorations. The little scroll is later, but it matches the instrument. The varnish is golden brown. + Measurements (cm) Length of back Upper Bout Middle Bouts Lower Bouts 43.2 20.6 13.7 24.5 Archivio della Liuteria Cremonese Tarisio
Amati	The Witten, The IX Charles, The ex Collis ca 1560	The Witten, The IX Charles, The ex Collis ca 1560 Andrea Amati ca 1560 This rare viola is one of the best preserved of Andrea Amati's decorated instruments. It features gilt paintings of fleurs-de-lis and trefoils on its back, surrounding the monogram identified by Italian scholar Renato Meucci to be that of Marguerite de Valois-Angoulême. The Latin motto painted in gilt around the monogram, as well as around the ribs, is identical to that found on the Museum's Amati violin made at about the same time and may relate to the court of King Philip II of Spain. The loss of some of the mottoes' text, as well as other decorative elements painted on the back, clearly reveals that this instrument was reduced in both length and width from its original, large tenor dimensions. + Measurements (cm) Length of back Upper Bout Middle Bouts Lower Bouts 40.6 18.5 13.1 23.9 Fine Strings National Music Museum, The University of South Dakota National Music Museum, The University of South Dakota Tarisio
Amati	From the Charles IX Set ca 1564	From the Charles IX Set ca 1564 Andrea Amati ca 1564 Large tenor viola with Charles IX decoration. Two-piece back of small-figured maple, bearing the royal insignia and motto. Top of pine of varying grain. Original scroll. Golden-brown varnish. Label not original: "Andrea Amadi in Cremona M. D. L. xxiiij." (1574). + Measurements (cm) Length of back Upper Bout Middle Bouts Lower Bouts 46.9 22.5 15.1 26.9 Tarisio Tarisio
Amati	Held at the Ashmolean Museum Oxford	Held at the Ashmolean Museum Oxford Andrea Amati ca 1564 Ashmolean Museum Oxford
Amati	The ex Wahl ca 1568	The ex Wahl ca 1568 Andrea Amati ca 1568 Two-piece back with an ebony inlay of "Chinese-knot" design. Scroll not original. Label not original, dated 1568. + Measurements (cm) Length of back Upper Bout Middle Bouts Lower Bouts 42.7 21 14 25.1 Strings Magazine Tarisio
Amati	The ex Herrmann ca 1620	The ex Herrmann ca 1620 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1620 Northern Italian viola attributed to Andrea Amati. Made, in our opinion, circa 1620 by a member of the Amati school. The head by another maker. The back is from one piece of slab cut maple with faint irregular flames. The sides are from slab cut maple similar to the back. The scroll is from quarter cut maple with faint narrow flames. The top is from two pieces of spruce with medium and narrow grain. The dimensions are somewhat reduced. The varnish has a golden brown color. Labelled "ANDREAS AMATIUS CREMONA 1567". + Measurements (cm) Length of back Upper Bout Middle Bouts Lower Bouts 40.9 18.6 13.4 23.2 Christie's Featured in .
Amati	The Violetta ca 1570	The Violetta ca 1570 Andrea Amati ca 1570 Two-piece back. The painted decoration is the coat of arms of the Spanish crown. Top with two small wings in the lower bouts. Scroll not original. Labeled "Niccolaus & Antonius Fratres Amati, Cremonem Fes...1649." + Measurements (cm) Length of back Upper Bout Middle Bouts Lower Bouts 39.5 19 13.3 23.4 Tarisio
Amati	The Trampler ca 1580	The Trampler ca 1580 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1580–90 This instrument was cut down in size around 1800 from an original length of about 47 cm. The ribs are painted with the inscription: "Non AEtesin Homine sed Virtus Consideramus". Although the instrument comes with a certificate from Simone F. Sacconi attributing it to the Brothers Amati circa 1620, both Charles Beare and Jacques Francais believe it to be a work of Andrea Amati, possibly completed by the Brothers Amati, in which case its date would be closer to 1580. + Measurements (cm) Length of back Upper Bout Middle Bouts Lower Bouts 44.4 21.6 15.2 27.6 Tarisio Featured in .
Amati	The Henry IV ca 1590	The Henry IV ca 1590 Girolamo Amati ca 1590 One-piece back, covered with a painting of the armorial bearings of Henry IV supported on each side by an angel. Top of spruce with an open and well-defined grain. Scroll: of faint narrow curl. Ribs of wood similar to back, inscribed in gilt letters "Dvo Proteci Tvnvs". Red-brown varnish. + Measurements (cm) Length of back Upper Bout Middle Bouts Lower Bouts 42.2 20 12.9 24.3 Tarisio Featured in .
Amati	The Crocfisso, The Medecia ca 1594	The Crocfisso, The Medecia ca 1594 Antonio & Girolamo Amati, ca 1594 Commissioned for the Medici family, known as the 'Viola Medicea' or the 'Viola del Crocifisso' after the crucifix decoration on its back. The Strad
Amati	The Stauffer ca 1615	The Stauffer ca 1615 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1615 One-piece back of medium curl sloping from left to right. Top of distinct grain, broadening slightly towards the flanks. Scroll of wood similar to back. Ribs of wood similar to back. Golden-brown varnish. Labeled "Antonius & Hieronymus Fr. Amati Cremonen. Andreæ fil. F 1615." + Measurements (cm) Length of back Upper Bout Middle Bouts Lower Bouts 41.1 19.6 12.9 24.6 Tarisio
Amati	The Zukerman, The Kashkashian ca 1617	The Zukerman, The Kashkashian ca 1617 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1617 Two-piece back. Dendrochronology report by Peter Ratcliff dates the youngest ring of bass and treble sides as 1613. + Measurements (cm) Length of back Upper Bout Middle Bouts Lower Bouts 40.6 20.2 14.1 25.5 Tarisio
Amati	Held by the Cincinnati Art Museum ca 1619	Held by the Cincinnati Art Museum ca 1619 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1619 + Measurements (cm) Length of back Upper Bout Middle Bouts Lower Bouts 41.7 19.6 13.1 24.3 Cincinnati Art Museum
Amati	The Medici, The Hamma ca 1619	The Medici, The Hamma ca 1619 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1619 Two-piece back. Tarizio
Amati	Held by the Royal Academy of Music London ca 1620	Held by the Royal Academy of Music London ca 1620 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1620 One of the few surviving tenors which has not been reduced in size for modern playing. The head is particularly beautiful and well proportioned. The cheeks are flat, in the style of a cello head, although not so wide as to obstruct the player's left hand. The long and elegant pegbox tapers to a wide throat beneath the perfectly carved scroll. The volutes are hollowed and gather depth from the second through to the narrow final turn. The figured quarter-sawn maple used for the back and sides of the instrument is of a type commonly used by the Amatis. The continuous slope of the flame across the centre joint (achieved by reversing one half of the back before jointing), rather than the mirror-image pattern most commonly seen, is also a feature of their work. The front is of straight and even close-grained spruce. + Measurements (cm) Length of back Upper Bout Middle Bouts Lower Bouts 45.0 21.3 14.4 26.1 Royal Academy of Music London Tarisio
Amati	The ex Wittgenstein ca 1620	The ex Wittgenstein ca 1620 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1620 Two-piece back; the wax seal below the button depicts a woman's head. Top of narrow grain, widening towards the flanks. Scroll of wood similar to back. Ribs of wood similar to back. Golden-brown varnish. Labeled "Antonio & Hieronimus Fr. Amati / Cremonen Andrea F 1620." + Measurements (cm) Length of back Upper Bout Middle Bouts Lower Bouts 43.0 19.6 13.1 24.3 Tarisio Ingles & Hayday
Amati	Held in the Galleria Estense Modena ca 1625	Held in the Galleria Estense Modena ca 1625 Girolamo Amati ca 1625 Labelled "Antonius, & Hieronymus, Fr. Amati Cremonen. Andrae fil. F.1620" (not original). Back of maple. Top of spruce with a pronounced, rather wide grain. Ribs of the same maple as the back. + Measurements (cm) Length of back Upper Bout Middle Bouts Lower Bouts 40.9 19.5 12.7 24.3 The subject of the book The Girolamo Amati viola in the Galleria Estense, Treasures of Italian Violin Making Vol I, 2014
Amati	The ex Vieuxtemps	The ex Vieuxtemps Nicolò Amati, date unknown Tarisio Nicolo Amati ca 1663 Two-piece spruce top of medium width grain widening to the edges, two-piece back of quarter sawn maple with faint flame of narrow width mostly horizontal, ribs and scroll of similar maple, and varnish of an orange-brown color over a golden ground. There is an original printed label inside the instrument reads "Nicolaus Amatus Cremonen. Hieronymi Fil. ac Antonij Nepos Fecit. 1663" National Museum of American History
Amati	The Berkitz, The Romanov ca 1677	The Berkitz, The Romanov ca 1677 Nicolò Amati ca 1677 Tariso The Strad Shop The Strad Shop
Amati	The ex Waters ca 1703	The ex Waters ca 1703 Nicolò Amati ca 1703 Toronto Symphony Orchestra Toronto Symphony Orchestra
Amati	The ex Francais 1708	The ex Francais 1708 Girolamo Amati II ca 1708 Two-piece back of small curl. Top of pine of well-defined and rather open grain. Scroll of less pronounced curl. Ribs of less pronounced curl. Golden-brown varnish. Labeled "Hieronymus Amatus Cremonen Nicolai figlius fecit 1708." + Measurements (cm) Length of back Upper Bout Middle Bouts Lower Bouts 43.9 21.9 13.8 25.7 Tarisio
Amati	Other Amati violas in the Tarisio archive	Other Amati violas in the Tarisio archive Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1592 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1607 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1611 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1616 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1619 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1619 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1619 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1620 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1620 Antonio & Girolamo Amati ca 1628
Amati	In popular culture	In popular culture Patrick O'Brian's fictional British sea captain Jack Aubrey is described as owning a "fiddle far above his station, an Amati no less", in The Surgeon's Mate. In the Wine-Dark Sea, book fifteen of the series, Stephen Maturin now has a Girolamo Amati and Aubrey a Guarneri. In Satyajit Ray's short story Bosepukure Khoonkharapi, the fictional detective Feluda deduces that a character was murdered because he owned an Amati violin. In the manga and anime series Gunslinger Girl, Henrietta carries an Amati violin case. It contains a Fabrique Nationale P90 when on a mission, otherwise it contains a real violin. On the radio show, Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar, the January 1956 episode "The Ricardo Amerigo Matter" centered on a stolen Amati violin. In the 2022 Cormac McCarthy novels, The Passenger and Stella Maris, Alicia Western purchases an Amati violin for more than $200,000 while she is in her mid- to late teens, paying in cash from money she inherited. In Stella Maris, she relates this to her psychiatrist while in a psychiatric hospital, describing the details of the purchase and some history of the Amati instruments. McCarthy, C., The Passenger and Stella Maris, New York: Knopf (2022).
Amati	See also	See also Antonio Stradivari Amati Quartet Dom Nicolò Amati (1662–1752), Italian luthier not part of this family but who adopted this surname Luthier San Maurizio, Venice
Amati	Notes	Notes
Amati	References	References Dilworth, John (1992). "The Violin and Bow-Origins and Development", in: The Cambridge Companion to the Violin, ed. Robin Stowell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–29.
Amati	External links	External links Andrea Amati: Violin, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Instruments of the Amati family on the online database MIMO, website mimo-international.com. Category:Amati instruments Category:Luthiers from Cremona Category:Italian families
Amati	Table of Content	Short description, Family members, Andrea Amati, Antonio and Girolamo Amati, Nicolò Amati, Girolamo Amati (Hieronymus II), Extant Amati instruments, United Kingdom, United States, Violas, The Stanley Solomon Tenore ca 1536, The Witten, The IX Charles, The ex Collis ca 1560, From the Charles IX Set ca 1564, Held at the Ashmolean Museum Oxford, The ex Wahl ca 1568, The ex Herrmann ca 1620, The Violetta ca 1570, The Trampler ca 1580, The Henry IV ca 1590, The Crocfisso, The Medecia ca 1594, The Stauffer ca 1615, The Zukerman, The Kashkashian ca 1617, Held by the Cincinnati Art Museum ca 1619, The Medici, The Hamma ca 1619, Held by the Royal Academy of Music London ca 1620, The ex Wittgenstein ca 1620, Held in the Galleria Estense Modena ca 1625, The ex Vieuxtemps, The Berkitz, The Romanov ca 1677, The ex Waters ca 1703, The ex Francais 1708, Other Amati violas in the Tarisio archive, In popular culture, See also, Notes, References, External links
Alfonso II	'''Alfonso II'''	Alfonso II may refer to: Alfonso II of Asturias (791–842) Alfonso II of Aragon (1162–1196) Alfonso II, Count of Provence (1174–1209) Afonso II of Portugal (1185–1223), "the Fat" Alfonso, Count of Poitou (1220–1271), jure uxoris Alfonso II, Count of Toulouse Alfonso II, Duke of Gandia (–1422) Alfonso II of Naples (1448–1495) Alfonso II Piccolomini (1499–1559), Neapolitan nobleman and military leader Alfonso II d'Este (1533–1597), duke of Ferrara Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz (1972–1989), Legitimist pretender to the French throne de:Liste der Herrscher namens Alfons#Alfons II.
Alfonso II	Table of Content	'''Alfonso II'''
Alfonso III	'''Alfonso III'''	Alfonso III (Spanish) or Afonso III (Portuguese) may refer to: Alfonso III of Asturias (866–910), surnamed "the Great" Afonso III of Portugal (1210–1279) Alfonso III of Aragon (1285–1291) Alfonso III d'Este, Duke of Modena and Reggio (1628–1644) Afonso III of Kongo (1666–1667)
Alfonso III	Table of Content	'''Alfonso III'''
Alfonso IV	'''Alfonso IV'''	Alfonso IV may refer to: Alfonso IV of León (924–931) Afonso IV of Portugal (1291–1357) Alfonso IV of Aragon (1327–1336) Alfonso IV of Ribagorza (1332–1412) Alfonso IV d'Este (1634–1662), Duke of Modena and Regg
Alfonso IV	Table of Content	'''Alfonso IV'''
Amazons	Short description	thumb\|Wounded Amazon of the Capitoline Museums, Rome thumb\|A Greek fighting an Amazon; detail from painted sarcophagus found in Italy, 350–325 BCE thumb\|upright=.8\|"Amazon preparing for battle" (Queen Antiope or Hippolyta) or "Armed Venus", by Pierre-Eugène-Emile Hébert, 1860, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. The Amazons (Ancient Greek: , singular ; in Latin , ) were a people in Greek mythology, portrayed in a number of ancient epic poems and legends, such as the Labours of Heracles, the Argonautica and the Iliad. They were female warriors and hunters, known for their physical agility, strength, archery, riding skills, and the arts of combat. Their society was closed to men and they raised only their daughters and returned their sons to their fathers, with whom they would only socialize briefly in order to reproduce. Courageous and fiercely independent, the Amazons, commanded by their queen, regularly undertook extensive military expeditions into the far corners of the world, from Scythia to Thrace, Asia Minor, and the Aegean Islands, reaching as far as Arabia and Egypt. Besides military raids, the Amazons are also associated with the foundation of temples and the establishment of numerous ancient cities like Ephesos, Cyme, Smyrna, Sinope, Myrina, Magnesia, Pygela, etc. The texts of the original myths envisioned the homeland of the Amazons at the periphery of the then-known world. Various claims to the exact place ranged from provinces in Asia Minor (Lycia, Caria, etc.) to the steppes around the Black Sea, or even Libya (Libyan Amazon). However, authors most frequently referred to Pontus in northern Anatolia, on the southern shores of the Black Sea, as the independent Amazon kingdom where the Amazon queen resided at her capital Themiscyra, on the banks of the Thermodon river. Decades of archaeological discoveries of burial sites of female warriors, including royalty, in the Eurasian Steppes suggest that the horse cultures of the Scythian, Sarmatian, and Hittite peoples likely inspired the Amazon myth. In 2019, a grave with multiple generations of female Scythian warriors, armed and in golden headdresses, was found near Voronezh in southwestern Russia.
Amazons	Name	Name
Amazons	Etymology	Etymology thumb\|Departure of the Amazons, by Claude Deruet, 1620, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York The origin of the word is uncertain. It may be derived from an Iranian ethnonym ha-mazan- 'warriors', a word attested indirectly through a derivation, a denominal verb in Hesychius of Alexandria's gloss (": 'to make war' in Persian"), where it appears together with the Indo-Iranian root kar- 'make'. It may alternatively be a Greek word descended from 'manless, without husbands' (alpha privative combined with a derivation from man- cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic mangjá-, found in Czech muž) has been proposed, an explanation deemed "unlikely" by Hjalmar Frisk. A further explanation proposes Iranian *ama-janah 'virility-killing' as source. Among the ancient Greeks, the term Amazon was popularly folk etymologized as originating from the Greek , ('breastless'), from -a ('without') and , a variant of ('breast'), connected with an etiological tradition once claimed by Marcus Justinus who alleged that Amazons had their right breast cut off or burnt out. There is no indication of such a practice in ancient works of art, in which the Amazons are always represented with both breasts, although one is frequently covered. According to Philostratus, Amazon babies were not fed just with the right breast. Author Adrienne Mayor suggests that the false etymology led to the myth.
Amazons	Alternative terms	Alternative terms Herodotus used the terms Androktones () 'killers/slayers of men' or 'of husbands' and Androleteirai () 'destroyers of men, murderesses'. Amazons are called Antianeirai () 'equivalent to men' and Aeschylus used the term Styganor () 'those who loathe all men'. In his work Prometheus Bound and in The Suppliants, Aeschylus referred to the Amazons as 'the unwed, flesh-devouring Amazons' (). In the Hippolytus tragedy, Phaedra calls Hippolytus, 'the son of the horse-loving Amazon' (). In his Dionysiaca, Nonnus calls the Amazons of Dionysus Androphonus () 'men slaying'. Herodotus stated that in the Scythian language, the Amazons were called Oiorpata, which he explained as being from oior 'man' and pata 'to slay'.
Amazons	Historiography	Historiography thumb\|Amazons in the Nuremberg Chronicle by Hartmann Schedel, 1493 The ancient Greeks never had any doubts that the Amazons were, or had been, real. Not the only people enchanted by warlike women of nomadic cultures, such exciting tales also come from ancient Egypt, Persia, India, and China. Greek heroes of old had encounters with the queens of their martial society and fought them. However, their original home was not exactly known, thought to be in the obscure lands beyond the civilized world."The Amazons existed outside the range of normal human experience": As a result, many classical scholars consider Amazons to be entirely fictional figures, invented by Greek men to serve as “anti-women” or to symbolize Persians. Some authors preferred comparisons to cultures of Asia Minor or even Minoan Crete. The most obvious historical candidates are Lycia and Scythia and Sarmatia in line with the account by Herodotus. In his Histories (5th century BCE) Herodotus claims that the Sauromatae (predecessors of the Sarmatians), who ruled the lands between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, arose from a union of Scythians and Amazons. Herodotus also observed rather unusual customs among the Lycians of southwest Asia Minor. The Lycians obviously followed matrilineal rules of descent, virtue, and status. They named themselves along their maternal family line and a child's status was determined by the mother's reputation. This remarkably high esteem of women and legal regulations based on maternal lines, still in effect in the 5th century BCE in the Lycian regions that Herodotus had traveled to, suggested to him the idea that these people were descendants of the mythical Amazons. Modern historiography no longer relies exclusively on textual and artistic material, but also on the vast archaeological evidence of over a thousand nomad graves from steppe territories from the Black Sea all the way to Mongolia. Discoveries of battle-scarred female skeletons buried with their weapons (bows and arrows, quivers, and spears) prove that women warriors were not merely figments of imagination, but the product of the Scythian and Sarmatian horse-centered lifestyle, however it is not known if these people were the inspiration for the Amazons of Greek mythology.
Amazons	Mythology	Mythology thumb\|Battle of the Amazons, by Peter Paul Rubens, 1618, Alte Pinakothek, Munich According to myth, Otrera, the first Amazon queen, is the offspring of a romance between Ares the god of war and the nymph Harmonia of the Akmonian Wood, and as such a demigoddess. Early records refer to two events in which Amazons appeared prior to the Trojan War (before 1250 BCE). Within the epic context, Bellerophon, Greek hero, and grandfather of the brothers and Trojan War veterans Glaukos and Sarpedon, faced Amazons during his stay in Lycia, when King Iobates sent Bellerophon to fight the Amazons, hoping they would kill him, yet Bellerophon slew them all. The youthful King Priam of Troy fought on the side of the Phrygians, who were attacked by Amazons at the Sangarios River.
Amazons	Amazons in the Trojan War	Amazons in the Trojan War There are Amazon characters in Homer's Trojan War epic poem, the Iliad, one of the oldest surviving texts in Europe (around 8th century BCE). The now lost epic Aethiopis (probably by Arctinus of Miletus, 6th century BC), like the Iliad and several other epics, is one of the works that in combination form the Trojan War Epic Cycle. In one of the few references to the text, an Amazon force under queen Penthesilea, who was of Thracian birth, came to join the ranks of the Trojans after Hector's death and initially put the Greeks under serious pressure. Only after the greatest effort and the help of the reinvigorated hero Achilles, the Greeks eventually triumphed. Penthesilea died fighting the mighty Achilles in single combat. Homer himself deemed the Amazon myths to be common knowledge all over Greece, which suggests that they had already been known for some time before him. He was also convinced that the Amazons lived not at its fringes, but somewhere in or around Lycia in Asia Minor - a place well within the Greek world. Troy is mentioned in the Iliad as the place of Myrine's death. Later identified as an Amazon queen, according to Diodorus (1st century BCE), the Amazons under her rule invaded the territories of the Atlantians, defeated the army of the Atlantian city of Cerne, and razed the city to the ground.
Amazons	In Scythia	In Scythia thumb\|An amazon fighter statue in Terme, Turkey The Poet Bacchylides (6th century BCE) and the historian Herodotus (5th century BCE) located the Amazon homeland in Pontus at the southern shores of the Black Sea, and the capital Themiscyra at the banks of the Thermodon (modern Terme river), by the modern city of Terme. Herodotus also explains how it came to be that some Amazons would eventually be living in Scythia. A Greek fleet, sailing home upon defeating the Amazons in battle at the Thermodon river, included three ships crowded with Amazon prisoners. Once out at sea, the Amazon prisoners overwhelmed and killed the small crews of the prisoner ships and, despite not having even basic navigation skills, managed to escape and safely disembark at the Scythian shore. As soon as the Amazons had caught enough horses, they easily asserted themselves in the steppe in between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea and, according to Herodotus, would eventually assimilate with the Scythians, whose descendants were the Sauromatae, the predecessors of the Sarmatians.
Amazons	Amazon homeland	Amazon homeland Strabo (1st century BCE) visits and confirms the original homeland of the Amazons on the plains by the Thermodon river. However, long gone and not seen again during his lifetime, the Amazons had allegedly retreated into the mountains. Strabo, however, added that other authors, among them Metrodorus of Scepsis and Hypsicrates claim that after abandoning Themiscyra, the Amazons had chosen to resettle beyond the borders of the Gargareans, an all-male tribe native to the northern foothills of the Caucasian Mountains. The Amazons and Gargareans had for many generations met in secrecy once a year during two months in spring, in order to produce children. These encounters would take place in accordance with ancient tribal customs and collective offers of sacrifices. All females were retained by the Amazons themselves, and males were returned to the Gargareans. 5th century BCE poet Magnes sings of the bravery of the Lydians in a cavalry-battle against the Amazons.
Amazons	Heracles myth	Heracles myth thumb\|upright\|A Tyrrhenian amphora, depicting an Amazonomachy - Heracles fights Andromache, Telamon fights Ainipe and Iphis fights Panariste, BCE, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Hippolyte was an Amazon queen killed by Heracles, who had set out to obtain the queen's magic belt in a task he was to accomplish as one of the Labours of Heracles. Although neither side had intended to resort to lethal combat, a misunderstanding led to the fight. In the course of this, Heracles killed the queen and several other Amazons. In awe of the strong hero, the Amazons eventually handed the belt to Heracles. In another version, Heracles does not kill the queen, but exchanges her kidnapped sister Melanippe for the belt.
Amazons	Theseus myth	Theseus myth Queen Hippolyte was abducted by Theseus, who took her to Athens, where she was married to him and bore him a son, Hippolytus. In other versions, the kidnapped Amazon is called Antiope, the sister of Hippolyte. In revenge, the Amazons invaded Greece, plundered some cities along the coast of Attica, and besieged and occupied Athens. Hippolyte, who fought on the side of Athens, according to another account was killed during the final battle along with all of the Amazons.
Amazons	Amazons and Dionysus	Amazons and Dionysus According to Plutarch, the god Dionysus and his companions fought Amazons at Ephesus. The Amazons fled to Samos and Dionysus pursued them and killed a great number of them at a site since called Panaema (blood-soaked field). The Christian author Eusebius writes that during the reign of Oxyntes, one of the mythical kings of Athens, the Amazons burned down the temple at Ephesus. In another myth Dionysus unites with the Amazons to fight against Cronus and the Titans. Polyaenus writes that after Dionysus has subdued the Indians, he allies with them and the Amazons and takes them into his service, who serve him in his campaign against the Bactrians. Nonnus in his Dionysiaca reports about the Amazons of Dionysus, but states that they do not come from Thermodon.
Amazons	Amazons and Alexander the Great	Amazons and Alexander the Great thumb\|The Amazon Queen Thalestris in the camp of Alexander the Great, Johann Georg Platzer Amazons are also mentioned by biographers of Alexander the Great, who report of Queen Thalestris bearing him a child (a story in the Alexander Romance).Greek Alexander Romance, 3.25–26 However, other biographers of Alexander dispute the claim, including the highly regarded Plutarch. He noted a moment when Alexander's naval commander Onesicritus read an Amazon myth passage of his Alexander History to King Lysimachus of Thrace who had taken part in the original expedition. The king smiled at him and said: "And where was I, then?"Plutarch, Life of Alexander, Chapter 46 The TalmudTamid 32a recounts that Alexander wanted to conquer a "kingdom of women" but reconsidered when the women told him:
Amazons	Roman and ancient Egyptian records	Roman and ancient Egyptian records thumb\|left\|upright\|Armed Amazon, her shield decorates a Gorgon head; Tondo of Attic red-figure kylix, BCE, Staatliche Antikensammlungen, Berlin. Virgil's characterization of the Volsci warrior maiden Camilla in the Aeneid borrows from the myths of the Amazons. Philostratus, in Heroica, writes that the Mysian women fought on horses alongside the men, just as the Amazons. The leader was Hiera, wife of Telephus. The Amazons are also said to have undertaken an expedition against the Island of Leuke, at the mouth of the Danube, where the ashes of Achilles were deposited by Thetis. The ghost of the dead hero so terrified the horses, that they threw off and trampled upon the invaders, who were forced to retreat. Virgil touches on the Amazons and their queen Penthesilea in his epic Aeneid (around 20 BCE). The biographer Suetonius had Julius Caesar remark in his De vita Caesarum that the Amazons once ruled a large part of Asia. Appian provides a vivid description of Themiscyra and its fortifications in his account of Lucius Licinius Lucullus' Siege of Themiscyra in 71 BCE during the Third Mithridatic War. An Amazon myth has been partly preserved in two badly fragmented versions around historical people in 7th century BCE Egypt. The Egyptian prince Petechonsis and allied Assyrian troops undertook a joint campaign into the Land of Women, to the Middle East at the border to India. Petechonsis initially fought the Amazons, but soon fell in love with their queen Sarpot and eventually allied with her against an invading Indian army. This story is said to have originated in Egypt independently of Greek influences.
Amazons	Amazon queens	Amazon queens thumb\|right\|Caryatid Amazon from the villa of Herodes Atticus, 2nd century CE, National Archaeological Museum of Athens. Sources provide names of individual Amazons, that are referred to as queens of their people, even as the head of a dynasty. Without a male companion, they are portrayed in command of their female warriors. Among the most prominent Amazon queens were: Otrera, daughter of the nymph Harmonia and god of war, Ares. She is the mother of Hippolyta, Antiope, Melanippe, and Penthesilea and the mythical founder of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus. Hippolyta, daughter of Otrera and Ares. She is part of the Theseus and Heracles myths, in which Antiope is her sister. Alcippe, the only Amazon known to have sworn a chastity oath, belongs to her entourage. Penthesilea, who kills her sister Hippolyte in a hunting accident, comes to the aid of the hard-pressed Trojans with her warriors, is defeated by Achilles, who mourns her. Lampedo and Marpesia, queens of the Amazons mentioned by Justin Myrina, who leads a military expedition in Libya, defeats the Atlanteans, forms an alliance with the ruler of Egypt, and conquers numerous cities and islands. Thalestris, the last known Amazon queen. According to legend, she meets the Greek conqueror Alexander the Great in 330 BCE. Her home is the Thermodon region, or, variably, the Gates of Alexander, south of the Caspian Sea.
Amazons	Various authors and chroniclers	Various authors and chroniclers thumb\|upright=1.3\|A hippeis rider seizes a mounted Amazonian warrior armed with a labrys by her Phrygian cap. Roman mosaic emblema (marble and limestone) from Daphne, a suburb of Antioch-on-the-Orontes (now Antakya in Turkey), second half of the 4th century CE, the Louvre, Paris.
Amazons	Quintus Smyrnaeus	Quintus Smyrnaeus Quintus Smyrnaeus, author of the Posthomerica lists the attendant warriors of Penthesilea: "Clonie was there, Polemusa, Derinoe, Evandre, and Antandre, and Bremusa, Hippothoe, dark-eyed Harmothoe, Alcibie, Derimacheia, Antibrote, and Thermodosa glorying with the spear."
Amazons	Diodorus Siculus	Diodorus Siculus Diodorus Siculus lists twelve Amazons who challenged and died fighting Heracles during his quest for Hippolyta's girdle: Aella, Philippis, Prothoe, Eriboea, Celaeno, Eurybia, Phoebe, Deianeira, Asteria, Marpe, Tecmessa, and Alcippe. After Alcippe's death, a group attack followed. Diodorus also mentions Melanippe, whom Heracles set free after accepting her girdle and Antiope as ransom. Diodorus lists another group with Myrina as the queen who commanded the Amazons in a military expedition in Libya, as well as her sister Mytilene, after whom she named the city of the same name. Myrina also named three more cities after the Amazons who held the most important commands under her, Cyme, Pitane, and Priene.
Amazons	Justin and Paulus Orosius	Justin and Paulus Orosius Both Justin in his Epitome of Trogus Pompeius and Paulus Orosius give an account of the Amazons, citing the same names. Queens Marpesia and Lampedo shared the power during an incursion in Europe and Asia, where they were slain. Marpesia's daughter Orithyia succeeded them and was greatly admired for her skill on war. She shared power with her sister Antiope, but she was engaged in war abroad when Heracles attacked. Two of Antiope's sisters were taken prisoner, Melanippe by Heracles and Hippolyta by Theseus. Heracles latter restored Melanippe to her sister after receiving the queen's arms in exchange, though, on other accounts she was killed by Telamon. They also mention Penthesilea's role in the Trojan War.Scholia on Pindar, Nemean Ode 3. 64Paulus Orosius, Historiae adversus paganos, I. 15 thumb\|Battle of the Amazons by Rubens and Jan Brueghel, , Sanssouci Picture Gallery, Potsdam
Amazons	Hyginus	Hyginus Another list of Amazons' names is found in Hyginus' Fabulae. Along with Hippolyta, Otrera, Antiope and Penthesilea, it attests the following names: Ocyale, Dioxippe, Iphinome, Xanthe, Hippothoe, Laomache, Glauce, Agave, Theseis, Clymene, Polydora. Perhaps the most important is Queen Otrera, consort of Ares and mother by him of Hippolyta and Penthesilea.Apollodorus, Bibliotheca E5. 1 She is also known for building a temple to Artemis at Ephesus.Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 2. 370 ff and 382 ff
Amazons	Valerius Flaccus	Valerius Flaccus Another different set of names is found in Valerius Flaccus' Argonautica. He mentions Euryale, Harpe, Lyce, Menippe and Thoe. Of these Lyce also appears on a fragment, preserved in the Latin Anthology where she is said to have killed the hero Clonus of Moesia, son of Doryclus, with her javelin.
Amazons	Palaephatus	Palaephatus Palaephatus, who himself might have been a fictional character, attempted to rationalize the Greek myths in his work On Unbelievable Tales. He suspected that the Amazons were probably men who were mistaken for women by their enemies because they wore clothing that reached their feet, tied up their hair in headbands, and shaved their beards. Probably the first in a long line of skeptics, he rejected any real basis for them, reasoning that because they did not exist during his time, most probably they did not exist in the past either. He himself contradicted this in his rationalizing of Oedipus and the Sphinx, portraying the latter as an Amazon woman named "Sphinx."
Amazons	Late Antiquity, Middle Age, and Renaissance literature	Late Antiquity, Middle Age, and Renaissance literature thumb\|upright=.8\|Clay statue of a Mattei-type Amazon, Numismatic Museum of Athens, Greece. Stephanus of Byzantium (7th-century CE) provides numerous alternative lists of the Amazons, including for those who died in combat against Heracles, describing them as the most prominent of their people. Both Stephanus and Eustathius connect these Amazons with the placename Thibais, which they claim to have been derived from the Amazon Thiba's name. Several of Stephanus' Amazons served as eponyms for cities in Asia Minor, like Cyme and Smyrna or Amastris, who was believed to lend her name to the city previously known as Kromna, although in fact it was named after the historical Amastris. The city Anaea in Caria was named after an Amazon. In his work Getica (on the origin and history of the Goths, ), Jordanes asserts that the Goths' ancestors, descendants of Magog, originally lived in Scythia, at the Sea of Azov between the Dnieper and Don Rivers. When the Goths were abroad campaigning against Pharaoh Vesosis, their women, on their own successfully fended off a raid by a neighboring tribe. Emboldened, the women established their own army under Marpesia, crossed the Don and invaded eastward into Asia. Marpesia's sister Lampedo remained in Europe to guard the homeland. They procreated with men once a year. These women conquered Armenia, Syria, and all of Asia Minor, even reaching Ionia and Aeolis, holding this vast territory for 100 years. In Digenes Akritas, the twelfth century medieval epic of Basil, the Greco-Syrian knight of the Byzantine frontier, the hero battles and then commits adultery with the female warrior Maximo (killing her afterwards in one version of the epic), descended from some Amazons and taken by Alexander from the Brahmans. John Tzetzes lists in Posthomerica twenty Amazons, who fell at Troy. This list is unique in its attestation for all the names but Antianeira, Andromache, and Hippothoe. Other than these three, the remaining 17 Amazons were named as Toxophone, Toxoanassa, Gortyessa, Iodoce, Pharetre, Andro, Ioxeia, Oistrophe, Androdaixa, Aspidocharme, Enchesimargos, Cnemis, Thorece, Chalcaor, Eurylophe, Hecate, and Anchimache.Tzetzes, Posthomerica 176-182 Famous medieval traveller John Mandeville mentions them in his book: Medieval and Renaissance authors credit the Amazons with the invention of the battle-axe. This is probably related to the sagaris, an axe-like weapon associated with both Amazons and Scythian tribes by Greek authors (see also Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo kurgan). Paulus Hector Mair expresses astonishment that such a "manly weapon" should have been invented by a "tribe of women", but he accepts the attribution out of respect for his authority, Johannes Aventinus. Ariosto's Orlando Furioso contains a country of warrior women, ruled by Queen Orontea; the epic describes an origin much like that in Greek myth, in that the women, abandoned by a band of warriors and unfaithful lovers, rallied together to form a nation from which men were severely reduced, to prevent them from regaining power. The Amazons and Queen Hippolyta are also referenced in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales in "The Knight's Tale". thumb\|right\|Francisco de Orellana; he coined the name "Amazon River". thumb\|Amazon in Scythian attire, Attic vase, , Staatliche Antikensammlungen, Munich Amazons continued to be subject of scholarly debate during the European Renaissance, and with the onset of the Age of Exploration, encounters were reported from ever more distant lands. In 1542, Francisco de Orellana reached the Amazon River, naming it after the , a tribe of warlike women he claimed to have encountered and fought on the Nhamundá River, a tributary of the Amazon.It has been suggested that what Orellana actually engaged was an especially warlike tribe of Native Americans whose warrior men wore long hair and thus appeared to be women. See Theobaldo Miranda Santos, Lendas e mitos do Brasil ("Brazil's legends and myths"), Companhia Editora Nacional, 1979. Afterwards the whole basin and region of the Amazon (Amazônia in Portuguese, Amazonía in Spanish) were named after the river. Amazons also figure in the accounts of both Christopher Columbus and Walter Raleigh.
Amazons	Amazons in art	Amazons in art thumb\|left\|Two female gladiators with their names Amazonia and Achillea Beginning around 550 BCE. depictions of Amazons as daring fighters and equestrian warriors appeared on vases. After the Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE the Amazon battle - Amazonomachy became popular motifs on pottery. By the sixth century BCE, public and privately displayed artwork used the Amazon imagery for pediment reliefs, sarcophagi, mosaics, pottery, jewelry and even monumental sculptures, that adorned important buildings like the Parthenon in Athens. Amazon motifs remained popular until the Roman imperial period and into Late antiquity. Apart from the artistic desire to express the passionate womanhood of the Amazons in contrast with the manhood of their enemies, some modern historians interpret the popularity of Amazon in art as indicators of societal trends, both positive and negative. Greek and Roman societies, however, utilized the Amazon mythology as a literary and artistic vehicle to unite against a commonly-held enemy. The metaphysical characteristics of Amazons were seen as personifications of both nature and religion. Roman authors like Virgil, Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Curtius, Plutarch, Arrian, and Pausanius advocated the greatness of the state, as Amazon myths served to discuss the creation of origin and identity for the Roman people. However, that changed over time. Amazons in Roman literature and art have many faces, such as the Trojan ally, the warrior goddess, the native Latin, the warmongering Celt, the proud Sarmatian, the hedonistic and passionate Thracian warrior queen, the subdued Asian city, and the worthy Roman foe.thumb\|upright\|Juliusz Kossak, An Amazon, 1878 left\|thumb\|Fra Mauro map (XL) with location placed on the Middle Volga In Renaissance Europe, artists started to reevaluate and depict Amazons based on Christian ethics. Queen Elizabeth of England was associated with Amazon warrior qualities (the foremost ancient examples of feminism) during her reign and was indeed depicted as such. Though, as explained in Divina Virago by Winfried Schleiner, Celeste T. Wright has given a detailed account of the bad reputation Amazons had in the Renaissance. She notes that she has not found any Elizabethans comparing the Queen to an Amazon and suggests that they might have hesitated to do so because of the association of Amazons with enfranchisement of women, which was considered contemptible. Elizabeth was present at a tournament celebrating the marriage of the Earl of Warwick and Anne Russell at Westminster Palace on 11 November 1565 involving male riders dressed as Amazons. They accompanied the challengers carrying their heraldry. These riders wore crimson gowns, masks with long hair attached, and swords.Thomas Hearne, De rebus Britannicis collectanea, vol. 2 (London, 1774), pp. 666-9 Peter Paul Rubens and Jan Brueghel depicted the Battle of the Amazons around 1598, a most dramatic baroque painting, followed by a painting of the Rococo period by Johann Georg Platzer, also titled Battle of the Amazons. In 19th-century European Romanticism German artist Anselm Feuerbach occupied himself with the Amazons as well. Of Faeurbach's painting, Gert Schiff wrote that: It engendered all the aspirations of the Romantics: their desire to transcend the boundaries of the ego and of the known world; their interest in the occult in nature and in the soul; their search for a national identity, and the ensuing search for the mythic origins of the Germanic nation; finally, their wish to escape the harsh realities of the present through immersion in an idealized past.
Amazons	Maps	Maps On medieval Borgia Velletri map picture of females with bow and arrow and with spear and shield with description The land formerly of illustrious women of place North (on the bottom) on Edilus fluuius maximus (Volga). In medieval Fra Mauro map country placed on the Middle Volga.
Amazons	Archaeology	Archaeology Speculation that the idea of Amazons contains a core of reality is based on archaeological discoveries at kurgan burial sites in the steppes of southern Ukraine and Russia. The varied war weapons artifacts found in graves of numerous high-ranking Scythian and Sarmatian warrior women have led scholars to conclude that the Amazonian legend has been inspired by the real world: About 20% of the warrior graves on the lower Don and lower Volga contained women dressed for battle similar to how men dress. Armed women accounted for up to 25% of Sarmatian military burials. Russian archaeologist Vera Kovalevskaya asserts that when Scythian men were abroad fighting or hunting, women would have to be able to competently defend themselves, their animals, and their pastures. In early 20th century Minoan archeology, a theory regarding Amazon origins in Minoan civilization was raised in an essay by Lewis Richard Farnell and John Myres. According to Myres, the tradition interpreted in the light of evidence furnished by supposed Amazon cults seems to have been very similar and may have even originated in Minoan culture.
Amazons	Modern legacy	Modern legacy thumb\|upright\|Postcard promoting Munich as Capital of German Art of the Olympia-Sommer 1936. The Amazon holds a longbow and a victory wreath. thumb\|Amazon on a special stamp promoting the 1938 German "Brown Ribbon" horse races The city of Samsun in modern-day Samsun Province, Turkey features an Amazon Village museum, to help bring attention to the legacy of the Amazons and to promote both academic interest and tourism. An annual Amazon Celebration Festival takes place in the Terme district. During the Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani in 1826, in the battle of Diros the women of Mani defeated the Ottoman army and for this were given the name of 'The Amazons of Diros'.P. Greenhalgh and E. Eliopoulos, 63 From 1936 to 1939, annual propaganda events, called Night of the Amazons (Nacht der Amazonen) were performed in Nazi Germany at the Nymphenburg Palace Park in Munich. Announced as evening highlights of the International Horse Racing Week Munich-Riem, bare-breasted variety show girls of the SS-Cavalry, 2,500 participants and international guests performed at the open-air revue. These revues served to promote an allegedly emancipated female role and a cosmopolitan and foreigner-friendly Nazi regime.
Amazons	In literature and media	In literature and media
Amazons	Literature and comics	Literature and comics Amazon Queen Hippolyta appears in William Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream and also in The Two Noble Kinsmen, which Shakespeare co-wrote with John Fletcher. The Amazon queen Penthesilea, and her sexual frenzy, are at the center of the drama Penthesilea by Heinrich von Kleist in 1808. Steven Pressfield's 2002 novel Last of the Amazons is a mythopoeia of Plutarch's texts, that surround Theseus' abduction of Queen Antiope and the Amazons' attack on Athens. An accurate and detailed portrayal of the Archaic Greek world, its life, people, weapons etc. dramatized as real as the sky. William Moulton Marston, alongside his wife Elizabeth Holloway and their lover Olive Byrne, created their rendition of the mythical Amazons, whose members included the superheroine Wonder Woman, for DC Comics. Marston's Amazons are noteworthy for not just being physically superior to mortal men but also technologically superior, being able to create healing rays and undetectable jet planes that can be controlled through brain waves alone, although this element of Amazon society is applied inconsistently in appearances written after Marston's death.Sensation Comics #6 (June 1942) In Rick Riordan's The Heroes of Olympus, the Amazons appear in The Son of Neptune and The Blood of Olympus. They are the founders and owners of the Amazon corporation. In Philip Armstrong's historical-fantasy series, The Chronicles of Tupiluliuma, the Amazons appear as the Am'azzi. In the Stieg Larsson novel The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest, the Amazons appear as the transitional topics between sections of the book. Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo created the fictional queen Calafia, who ruled over a kingdom of black women, living in the style of Amazons, on the mythical Island of California. Amazon Gazonga is a short comic series created by the Waltrip brothers in 1995. The comic centres around on a young amazon named Gazonga living in the Amazon rainforest. GastroPhobia is a webcomic by Daisy McGuire, about the adventures of an exiled Amazon warrior and her son living in Ancient Greece, roughly 3408 years ago.
Amazons	Film and television	Film and television The Kazakhstani film studio "Kazakhfilm" released the film Томирис (Tomyris) in late 2019. She is portrayed by . Girls of her tribe in order to get permissions to marry, in the film, has to bring few enemies heads. Franchises involving several Tarzan releases, that have featured Amazon tribes (Tarzan and the Amazons, Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle) In the animated series The Mysterious Cities of Gold, a tribe of Amazons appeared in two episodes. The postscript for the 1980 film 9 to 5 mentioned that Franklin Hart was abducted by a tribe of Amazons when helping Consolidated Companies' chairman of the board Russell Tinsworthy with a project in the Brazilian jungle. Amazons appear in the movies The Loves of Hercules (1960), Battle of the Amazons (1970), War Goddess (1973), Hundra (1983), Amazons (1986), Deathstalker II (1987), Ronal the Barbarian (2011), Hercules (2014) and DC Extended Universe films: Wonder Woman (2017), Justice League (2017), Wonder Woman 1984 (2020), Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021). Amazons in television series Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, Young Hercules, Kaos, Xena: Warrior Princess, The Legend of the Hidden City, Huntik: Secrets & Seekers and Supernatural.
Amazons	Games	Games Amazons are featured in the following roleplay - and video games: Diablo, Heroes Unlimited, Aliens Unlimited, Amazon: Guardians of Eden, Flight of the Amazon Queen, A Total War Saga: Troy, Rome: Total War, Final Fantasy IV, Age of Wonders: Planetfall, Legend of Zelda series and Yu-Gi-Oh games.