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Adam Smith | Panmure House | Panmure House
Adam Smith resided at Panmure House from 1778 to 1790. In 2008, the house was purchased by the Edinburgh Business School at Heriot-Watt University and funds were raised for its restoration. In 2018 it was formally opened as a study centre in Smith's honour. |
Adam Smith | As a symbol of free-market economics | As a symbol of free-market economics
Smith has been celebrated by advocates of free-market policies as the founder of free-market economics, a view reflected in the naming of bodies such as the Adam Smith Institute in London, multiple entities known as the "Adam Smith Society", including an historical Italian organisat... |
Adam Smith | See also | See also
Critique of political economy
Organizational capital
List of abolitionist forerunners
List of Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts
People on Scottish banknotes
Adam Smith's America
Anne Robert Jacques Turgot |
Adam Smith | References | References |
Adam Smith | Informational notes | Informational notes |
Adam Smith | Citations | Citations |
Adam Smith | Bibliography | Bibliography
Helbroner, Robert L. The Essential Adam Smith.
Otteson, James R. (2002). Adam Smith's Marketplace of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Adam Smith | Further reading | Further reading
Hardwick, D. and Marsh, L. (2014). Propriety and Prosperity: New Studies on the Philosophy of Adam Smith. Palgrave Macmillan
Mullen, Roger, Smith, Craig, and Mochrie, Robbie (eds.) (2023), Adam Smith: The Kirkcaldy Papers, Adam Smith Global Foundation, Kirkcaldy,
... |
Adam Smith | External links | External links
References to Adam Smith in historic European newspapers
at the Adam Smith Institute
Category:1723 births
Category:1790 deaths
Category:18th-century Scottish writers
Category:18th-century Scottish male writers
Category:Academics of the University of Glasgow
Category:Age of Enlightenment
... |
Adam Smith | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Early life, Formal education, Teaching career, Tutoring, travels, European intellectuals, Later years, Death, Personality and beliefs, Character, Religious views, Published works, ''The Theory of Moral Sentiments'', ''The Wealth of Nations'', Other works, Legacy, In economics and moral phi... |
Antoine Lavoisier | short description | Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier ( ; ; 26 August 17438 May 1794), Lavoisier, le parcours d'un scientifique révolutionnaire CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution, was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Biography | Biography
thumb|The Collège des Quatre-Nations in Paris |
Antoine Lavoisier | Early life and education | Early life and education
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier was born to a wealthy family of the nobility in Paris on 26 August 1743. The son of an attorney at the Parlement of Paris, he inherited a large fortune at the age of five upon the death of his mother. Lavoisier began his schooling at the Collège des Quatre-Nations, Uni... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Early scientific work | Early scientific work
Lavoisier's education was filled with the ideals of the French Enlightenment of the time, and he was fascinated by Pierre Macquer's dictionary of chemistry. He attended lectures in the natural sciences. Lavoisier's devotion and passion for chemistry were largely influenced by Étienne Condillac, a ... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Lavoisier as a social reformer | Lavoisier as a social reformer
thumb|Lavoisier conducting an experiment on respiration in the 1770s |
Antoine Lavoisier | Research benefitting the public good | Research benefitting the public good
While Lavoisier is commonly known for his contributions to the sciences, he also dedicated a significant portion of his fortune and work toward benefitting the public. Lavoisier was a humanitarian—he cared deeply about the people in his country and often concerned himself with impro... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Sponsorship of the sciences | Sponsorship of the sciences
Lavoisier had a vision of public education having roots in "scientific sociability" and philanthropy.
Lavoisier gained a vast majority of his income through buying stock in the General Farm, which allowed him to work on science full-time, live comfortably, and allowed him to contribute fina... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Ferme générale and marriage | Ferme générale and marriage
thumb|Portrait of Lavoisier explaining to his wife the result of his experiments on air by Ernest Board
At the age of 26, around the time he was elected to the Academy of Sciences, Lavoisier bought a share in the Ferme générale, a tax farming financial company which advanced the estimated t... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Adulteration of tobacco | Adulteration of tobacco
The Farmers General held a monopoly of the production, import and sale of tobacco in France, and the taxes they levied on tobacco brought revenues of 30 million livres a year. This revenue began to fall because of a growing black market in tobacco that was smuggled and adulterated, most commonly... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Royal Commission on Agriculture | Royal Commission on Agriculture
Lavoisier urged the establishment of a Royal Commission on Agriculture. He then served as its Secretary and spent considerable sums of his own money in order to improve the agricultural yields in the Sologne, an area where farmland was of poor quality. The humidity of the region often le... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Gunpowder Commission | Gunpowder Commission
thumb|Éleuthère Irénée du Pont (right) and mentor Antoine Lavoisier
Lavoisier's researches on combustion were carried out in the midst of a very busy schedule of public and private duties, especially in connection with the Ferme Générale. There were also innumerable reports for and committees of t... |
Antoine Lavoisier | During the Revolution | During the Revolution
In June 1791, Lavoisier made a loan of 71,000 livres to Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours to buy a printing works so that du Pont could publish a newspaper, La Correspondance Patriotique. The plan was for this to include both reports of debates in the National Constituent Assembly as well as papers... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Final days and execution | Final days and execution
thumb|Lavoisier, by Jacques-Léonard Maillet, , among culture heroes in the Louvre's Cour Napoléon
As the French Revolution gained momentum, attacks mounted on the deeply unpopular Ferme générale, and it was eventually abolished in March 1791.Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman 1989 p. ... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Exoneration | Exoneration
A year and a half after his execution, Lavoisier was completely exonerated by the French government. During the White Terror, his belongings were delivered to his widow. A brief note was included, reading "To the widow of Lavoisier, who was falsely convicted".(In French) M.-A. Paulze, épouse et collaboratri... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Blinking experiment | Blinking experiment
An apocryphal story exists regarding Lavoisier's execution in which the scientist blinked his eyes to demonstrate that the head retained some consciousness after being severed. Some variants of the story include Joseph-Louis Lagrange as being the scientist to observe and record Lavoisier's blinkin... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Contributions to chemistry | Contributions to chemistry |
Antoine Lavoisier | Oxygen theory of combustion | Oxygen theory of combustion
thumb|Antoine Lavoisier's phlogiston experiment. Engraving by Mme Lavoisier in the 1780s taken from Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary treatise on chemistry)
Contrary to prevailing thought at the time, Lavoisier theorized that common air, or one of its components, combines with substa... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Joseph Black's "fixed air" | Joseph Black's "fixed air"
During 1773 Lavoisier determined to review thoroughly the literature on air, particularly "fixed air," and to repeat many of the experiments of other workers in the field. He published an account of this review in 1774 in a book entitled Opuscules physiques et chimiques (Physical and Chemical... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Joseph Priestley | Joseph Priestley
thumb|Joseph Priestley, an English chemist known for isolating oxygen, which he termed "dephlogisticated air"
thumb|Table of contents to volumes 1 of "Traité élémentaire de Chimie" (1789)
In the spring of 1774, Lavoisier carried out experiments on the calcination of tin and lead in sealed vessels, the... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Pioneer of stoichiometry | Pioneer of stoichiometry
Lavoisier's researches included some of the first truly quantitative chemical experiments. He carefully weighed the reactants and products of a chemical reaction in a sealed glass vessel so that no gases could escape, which was a crucial step in the advancement of chemistry.Petrucci R.H., Harwo... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Chemical nomenclature | Chemical nomenclature
thumb|First page of a 1787 copy of "Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique"
Lavoisier, together with Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, Claude-Louis Berthollet, and Antoine François de Fourcroy, submitted a new program for the reforms of chemical nomenclature to the academy in 1787, for there was virtuall... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Chemical revolution and opposition | Chemical revolution and opposition
Lavoisier is commonly cited as a central contributor to the chemical revolution. His precise measurements and meticulous keeping of balance sheets throughout his experiment were vital to the widespread acceptance of the law of conservation of mass. His introduction of new terminology,... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Notable works | Notable works
thumb|Lavoisier's laboratory, Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris |
Antoine Lavoisier | Easter memoir | Easter memoir
The "official" version of Lavoisier's Easter Memoir appeared in 1778. In the intervening period, Lavoisier had ample time to repeat some of Priestley's latest experiments and perform some new ones of his own. In addition to studying Priestley's dephlogisticated air, he studied more thoroughly the residual... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Dismantling phlogiston theory | Dismantling phlogiston theory
Lavoisier's chemical research between 1772 and 1778 was largely concerned with developing his own new theory of combustion. In 1783 he read to the academy his paper entitled Réflexions sur le phlogistique (Reflections on Phlogiston), a full-scale attack on the current phlogiston theory of... |
Antoine Lavoisier | ''Elementary Treatise of Chemistry'' | Elementary Treatise of Chemistry
thumb|Lavoisier and Berthollet, Chimistes Celebres, Liebig's Extract of Meat Company Trading Card, 1929
Lavoisier employed the new nomenclature in his Traité élémentaire de chimie (Elementary Treatise on Chemistry), published in 1789. This work represents the synthesis of Lavoisier's c... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Physiological work | Physiological work
thumb|Lavoisier (wearing goggles) operates his solar furnace to prevent contamination from combustion products.
The relationship between combustion and respiration had long been recognized from the essential role which air played in both processes. Lavoisier was almost obliged, therefore, to extend ... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Legacy | Legacy
thumb|Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier by Jules Dalou 1866
Lavoisier's fundamental contributions to chemistry were a result of a conscious effort to fit all experiments into the framework of a single theory. He established the consistent use of the chemical balance, used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory, and ... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Awards and honours | Awards and honours
During his lifetime, Lavoisier was awarded a gold medal by the King of France for his work on urban street lighting (1766), and was appointed to the French Academy of Sciences (1768). He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1775.
Lavoisier's work was recognized as an Inte... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Selected writings | Selected writings
thumb|The work of Lavoisier was translated in Japan in the 1840s, through the process of Rangaku. Page from Udagawa Yōan's 1840 Seimi Kaisō
Opuscules physiques et chimiques (Paris: Chez Durand, Didot, Esprit, 1774). (Second edition, 1801)
L'art de fabriquer le salin et la potasse, publié par ordre ... |
Antoine Lavoisier | In translation | In translation
Essays Physical and Chemical (London: for Joseph Johnson, 1776; London: Frank Cass and Company Ltd., 1970) translation by Thomas Henry of Opuscules physiques et chimiques
The Art of Manufacturing Alkaline Salts and Potashes, Published by Order of His Most Christian Majesty, and approved by the Royal A... |
Antoine Lavoisier | See also | See also
Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism |
Antoine Lavoisier | Notes | Notes |
Antoine Lavoisier | Further reading | Further reading
Bailly, J.-S., "Secret Report on Mesmerism or Animal Magnetism", International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, Vol. 50, No. 4, (October 2002), pp. 364–368.
Catalogue of Printed Works by and Memorabilia of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 1743–1794... Exhibited at the Grolier Club (New Yor... |
Antoine Lavoisier | External links | External links
Archives: Fonds Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, Le Comité Lavoisier, Académie des sciences
Panopticon Lavoisier a virtual museum of Antoine Lavoisier
Bibliography at Panopticon Lavoisier
Les Œuvres de Lavoisier
About his work
Location of Lavoisier's laboratory in Paris
Radio 4 program on the discover... |
Antoine Lavoisier | Table of Content | short description, Biography, Early life and education, Early scientific work, Lavoisier as a social reformer, Research benefitting the public good, Sponsorship of the sciences, Ferme générale and marriage, Adulteration of tobacco, Royal Commission on Agriculture, Gunpowder Commission, During the Revolution, Final days... |
Hermann Kolbe | Short description | Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe (27 September 1818 – 25 November 1884) was a German chemist and academic, and a major contributor to the birth of modern organic chemistry. He was a professor at Marburg and Leipzig. Kolbe was the first to apply the term synthesis in a chemical context, and contributed to the philosophical ... |
Hermann Kolbe | Life | Life
Kolbe was born in Elliehausen, near Göttingen, Kingdom of Hanover (Germany) as the eldest son of a Protestant pastor. At the age of 13, he entered the Göttingen Gymnasium, residing at the home of one of the professors. He obtained the leaving certificate (the Abitur) six years later. He had become passionate abou... |
Hermann Kolbe | Work in chemical research | Work in chemical research
As late as the 1840s, and despite Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea in 1828, some chemists still believed in the doctrine of vitalism, according to which a special life-force was necessary to create "organic" (i.e., in its original meaning, biologically derived) compounds. Kolbe promoted t... |
Hermann Kolbe | Work as journal editor | Work as journal editor
Besides his work for periodicals he wrote numerous books
Kolbe served for more than a decade as what, in modern terms, would be understood the senior editor of the Journal für Praktische Chemie (Journal of practical chemistry, from 1870 to 1884), Kolbe was sometimes so severely critical of the wo... |
Hermann Kolbe | Publications | Publications
|
Hermann Kolbe | Sources | Sources
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Hermann Kolbe | Notes and references | Notes and references |
Hermann Kolbe | Further reading | Further reading
Kurzes Lehrbuch der Chemie . 1.Anorganische Chemie . Vieweg, Braunschweig 2. verb. Aufl. 1884 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
Wiley online library: Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, ultimate descendant of the Journal für Praktische Chemie, accessed 2 July 2014.
Journal fü... |
Hermann Kolbe | External links | External links
Translations English Translation of Kolbe's seminal 1860 German article in Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. English title: "On the syntheses of salicylic acid"; German title "Ueber Synthese der Salicylsäure".
Category:19th-century German chemists
Category:1818 births
Category:1884 deaths
Category:For... |
Hermann Kolbe | Table of Content | Short description, Life, Work in chemical research, Work as journal editor, Publications, Sources, Notes and references, Further reading, External links |
April 18 | About | |
April 18 | Events | Events |
April 18 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
796 – King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The patrician Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days.
1428 – Peace of Ferrara between Republic of Venice, Duchy of Milan, Republic of Florence and House of Gonzaga: ending of the second ca... |
April 18 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1689 – Bostonians rise up in rebellion against Sir Edmund Andros.
1738 – Real Academia de la Historia ("Royal Academy of History") is founded in Madrid.
1775 – American Revolution: The British Army advances up the Charles River in Massachusetts to destroy supplies of American militias, while Paul Revere and o... |
April 18 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1902 – The 7.5 Guatemala earthquake shakes Guatemala with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), killing between 800 and 2,000.
1906 – The 7.9 earthquake and fire destroy much of San Francisco, California, killing more than 3,000 people, making one of the worst natural disasters in American histor... |
April 18 | Births | Births |
April 18 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
359 – Gratian, Roman emperor (d. 383)
588 – K'an II, Mayan ruler (d. 658)
812 – Al-Wathiq, Abbasid caliph (d. 847)
1446 – Ippolita Maria Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1484)
1480 – Lucrezia Borgia, daughter of Pope Alexander VI (d. 1519)
1503 – Henry II of Navarre (d. 1555)
1534 – William Harrison, English clerg... |
April 18 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1605 – Giacomo Carissimi, Italian priest and composer (d. 1674)
1666 – Jean-Féry Rebel, French violinist and composer (d. 1747)
1740 – Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet, English banker and politician (d. 1810)
1759 – Jacques Widerkehr, French cellist and composer (d. 1823)
1771 – Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarz... |
April 18 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1901 – Al Lewis, American songwriter (d. 1967)
1901 – László Németh, Hungarian dentist, author, and playwright (d. 1975)
1902 – Waldemar Hammenhög, Swedish author (d. 1972)
1902 – Giuseppe Pella, Italian politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1981)
1904 – Pigmeat Markham, African-American com... |
April 18 | Deaths | Deaths |
April 18 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
727 – Agallianos Kontoskeles, Byzantine commander and rebel leader
850 – Perfectus, Spanish monk and martyr
909 – Dionysius II, Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch
943 – Fujiwara no Atsutada, Japanese nobleman and poet (b. 906)
963 – Stephen Lekapenos, co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire
1161 – Theobald of... |
April 18 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1636 – Julius Caesar, English judge and politician (b. 1557)
1650 – Simonds d'Ewes, English lawyer and politician (b. 1602)
1674 – John Graunt, English demographer and statistician (b. 1620)
1689 – George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys, Welsh judge and politician, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1648)
1732... |
April 18 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1906 – Luis Martín, Spanish religious leader, 24th Superior-General of the Society of Jesus (b. 1846)
1912 – Martha Ripley, American physician (b. 1843)
1917 – Vladimir Serbsky, Russian psychiatrist and academic (b. 1858)
1923 – Savina Petrilli, Italian religious leader (b. 1851)
1936 – Milton Brown, Ameri... |
April 18 | Holidays and observances | Holidays and observances
Christian feast day:
Apollonius the Apologist
Corebus
Cyril VI of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox Church)
Eleutherius and Antia
Galdino della Sala
Molaise of Leighlin
Perfectus
April 18 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Army Day (Iran)
Coma Patients' Day (Poland)
Friend's Day (Brazil)
Independence... |
April 18 | References | References |
April 18 | External links | External links
BBC: On This Day
Historical Events on April 18
Category:Days of April |
April 18 | Table of Content | About, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links |
April 23 | pp-move | |
April 23 | Events | Events |
April 23 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
215 BC – A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene.
599 – Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul attacks rival city-state Palenque in southern Mexico, defeating queen Yohl Ik'nal and sacking the city.
711 – Dagobert III succeeds his father Ki... |
April 23 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1635 – The first public school in the United States, the Boston Latin School, is founded.
1655 – The Siege of Santo Domingo begins during the Anglo-Spanish War, and fails seven days later.
1660 – Treaty of Oliva is established between Sweden and Poland.
1661 – King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland ... |
April 23 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1909 – In Portugal, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake strikes near Lisbon, killing at least 60 people and injuring 75.
1918 – World War I: The British Royal Navy makes a raid in an attempt to neutralise the Belgian port of Bruges-Zeebrugge.
1919 – The Estonian Constituent Assembly is held in Estonia, which marks... |
April 23 | Births | Births |
April 23 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
1141 (probable) – Malcolm IV of Scotland (d. 1165)
1185 – Afonso II of Portugal (d. 1223)
1408 – John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford (d. 1462)
1420 – George of Poděbrady, King of Bohemia (d. 1471)
1464 – Joan of France, Duchess of Berry (d. 1505)
1464 – Robert Fayrfax, English Renaissance composer (d. 1521)
... |
April 23 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1621 – William Penn, English admiral and politician (d. 1670)
1628 – Johannes Hudde, Dutch mathematician and politician (d. 1704)
1661 – Issachar Berend Lehmann, German-Jewish banker, merchant and diplomat (d. 1730)
1715 – Johann Friedrich Doles, German composer and conductor (d. 1797)
1720 – Vilna Gaon, Lith... |
April 23 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1901 – E. B. Ford, English biologist and geneticist (d. 1988)
1902 – Halldór Laxness, Icelandic author and poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
1903 – Guy Simonds, English-Canadian general (d. 1974)
1904 – Clifford Bricker, Canadian long-distance runner (d. 1980)
1904 – Louis Muhlstock, Polish-Canadian... |
April 23 | Deaths | Deaths |
April 23 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
AD 303 – Saint George, Roman soldier and martyr
711 – Childebert III, Frankish king (b. 670)
725 – Wihtred of Kent
871 – Æthelred of Wessex (b. 837)
915 – Yang Shihou, Chinese general
944 – Wichmann the Elder, Saxon nobleman
990 – Ekkehard II, Swiss monk and abbot
997 – Adalbert of Prague, Czech bishop, ... |
April 23 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1605 – Boris Godunov, Russian ruler (b. 1551)
1616 – William Shakespeare, English playwright and poet (b. 1564)
1616 – Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Spanish writer and historian (b. 1539)
1625 – Maurice, Prince of Orange (b. 1567)
1695 – Henry Vaughan, Welsh poet and author (b. 1621)
1702 – Margaret Fell, Engl... |
April 23 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1905 – Gédéon Ouimet, Canadian politician, 2nd Premier of Quebec (b. 1823)
1907 – Alferd Packer, American prospector and convicted cannibal (b. 1842)
1915 – Rupert Brooke, English poet (b. 1887)
1936 – Teresa de la Parra, French-Venezuelan author (b. 1889)
1951 – Jules Berry, French actor and director (b. ... |
April 23 | Holidays and observances | Holidays and observances
Christian feast day:
Adalbert of Prague
Felix, Fortunatus, and Achilleus
Saint George
Blessed Giles of Assisi
Gerard of Toul
Ibar of Beggerin (Meath)
Toyohiko Kagawa (Episcopal and Lutheran Church)
Saint George's Day and its related observances:
Saint George's Day (Catalonia)
Saint George's Da... |
April 23 | References | References |
April 23 | Bibliography | Bibliography
|
April 23 | External links | External links
BBC: On This Day
Historical Events on April 23
Category:Days of April |
April 23 | Table of Content | pp-move, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, Bibliography, External links |
Amitabh Bachchan | Short description | Amitabh Bachchan (; 11 October 1942) is an Indian actor who works in Hindi cinema. He is often considered one of the greatest, most accomplished and commercially successful actors in the history of Indian cinema.*
With a cinematic career spanning over five decades, he has played in over 200 films. Bachchan is ... |
Amitabh Bachchan | Early life and family | Early life and family
Bachchan was born on 11 October 1942 in Allahabad (now Prayagraj) to Hindi poet Harivansh Rai Bachchan and social activist Teji Bachchan. Harivansh Rai Bachchan was an Awadhi Hindu Kayastha, who was fluent in Awadhi, Hindi and Urdu. Harivansh's ancestors came from a village called Babupatti, in... |
Amitabh Bachchan | Acting career | Acting career |
Amitabh Bachchan | Early career (1969–1972) | Early career (1969–1972)
Bachchan made his film debut in 1969, as a voice narrator in Mrinal Sen's National Award–winning film Bhuvan Shome. His first acting role was as one of the seven protagonists in the film Saat Hindustani, directed by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas and featuring Utpal Dutt, Anwar Ali (brother of comedian M... |
Amitabh Bachchan | Rise to prominence (1973–1974) | Rise to prominence (1973–1974)
Bachchan was struggling, seen as a "failed newcomer" who, by the age of 30, had only two successes (as a lead in Bombay to Goa and a supporting role in Anand). Bachchan was then discovered by screenwriter duo Salim–Javed, consisting of Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar. Salim Khan wrote the s... |
Amitabh Bachchan | Superstardom (1975–1988) | Superstardom (1975–1988)
In 1975, Bachchan starred in a variety of film genres, from the comedy Chupke Chupke and the crime drama Faraar to the romantic drama Mili. This was also the year in which he starred in two films regarded as important in Hindi cinema history, both written by Salim-Javed, who again insisted o... |
Amitabh Bachchan | Health issues | Health issues
He was later diagnosed with Myasthenia gravis. The illness weakened him both mentally and physically. At this time he became pessimistic, expressing concern with how a new film would be received, and stating before every release, "Yeh film to flop hogi!" ("This film will flop"). |
Amitabh Bachchan | Career fluctuations, sabbatical, business ventures and acting comeback (1989–1999) | Career fluctuations, sabbatical, business ventures and acting comeback (1989–1999)
After the success of his comeback film however, Bachchan's star power began to wane as his subsequent releases like Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswati (1988), Jaadugar, Toofan and Main Azaad Hoon (all released in 1989) did not do well commercial... |
Amitabh Bachchan | Return to success (2000–present) | Return to success (2000–present)
In 2000, Bachchan appeared in Aditya Chopra's romantic blockbuster Mohabbatein. He played a stern, elder figure who rivalled the character of Shahrukh Khan. His role won him his third Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor. Other hits followed, with Bachchan appearing as an older fa... |