title
stringlengths
1
251
section
stringlengths
0
6.12k
text
stringlengths
0
716k
Abraham Lincoln
Native Americans
Native Americans The Lincoln administration faced difficulties guarding Western settlers, railroads, and telegraph from Native American attacks. On August 17, 1862, the Dakota War broke out in Minnesota. Hundreds of settlers were killed and 30,000 were displaced from their homes. Some feared incorrectly that it might ...
Abraham Lincoln
Second term
Second term thumb|alt=A large crowd in front of a large building with many pillars|Lincoln's second inaugural address at the nearly completed U.S. Capitol on March 4, 1865
Abraham Lincoln
Reelection
Reelection Lincoln ran for reelection in 1864, while uniting the main Republican factions along with War Democrats Edwin M. Stanton and Andrew Johnson. Lincoln used conversation and his patronage powers—greatly expanded from peacetime—to build support and fend off the Radicals' efforts to replace him. At its conventio...
Abraham Lincoln
Reconstruction
Reconstruction Reconstruction preceded the war's end, as Lincoln and his associates considered the reintegration of the nation, and the fates of Confederate leaders and freed slaves. When a general asked Lincoln how the defeated Confederates were to be treated, Lincoln replied, "Let 'em up easy." Lincoln's main goal w...
Abraham Lincoln
Assassination
Assassination thumb|right|alt=Painting of Lincoln being shot by Booth while sitting in a theater booth.|An illustration of Lincoln's assassination on April 14, 1865, in the presidential booth at Ford's Theatre, featuring (left to right): assassin John Wilkes Booth, Abraham Lincoln, Mary Todd Lincoln, Clara Harris, and...
Abraham Lincoln
Funeral and burial
Funeral and burial From April 19 to 21, Lincoln lay in state, first in the White House and then in the Capitol rotunda. The caskets containing Lincoln's body and the body of his third son Willie then traveled for three weeks on a funeral train following a circuitous route from Washington D.C. to Springfield, Illinoi...
Abraham Lincoln
Philosophy and religious views
Philosophy and religious views
Abraham Lincoln
Philosophy of republicanism
Philosophy of republicanism Lincoln redefined the political philosophy of republicanism in the United States. Lincoln called the Declaration of Independence, which found "self-evident" that all men are created equal and have an "unalienable" right to liberty, the "sheet anchor" of republicanism, at a time when the C...
Abraham Lincoln
Political philosophy of reunification
Political philosophy of reunification thumb|upright|alt=Lincoln sitting with his hand on his chin and his elbow on his leg.|Abraham Lincoln In an 1858 speech, Lincoln alluded to a form of American civic nationalism as closely related to his view of the nature of democracy and originating from the tenets of the Declar...
Abraham Lincoln
Religious skepticism and providence
Religious skepticism and providence As a young man Lincoln was a religious skeptic. He was deeply familiar with the Bible, quoting and praising it. He was private about his position on organized religion and respected the beliefs of others. He never made a clear profession of Christian beliefs. Throughout his public c...
Abraham Lincoln
Health and appearance
Health and appearance Lincoln was described as "ungainly" and "gawky" as a youth. Tall for his age, Lincoln was strong and athletic as a teenager. He was a good wrestler, participated in jumping, throwing, and footraces, and "was almost always victorious." His stepmother remarked that he cared little about clothing. L...
Abraham Lincoln
Legacy
Legacy
Abraham Lincoln
Historical reputation
Historical reputation In surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents since 1948, the top three presidents are generally Lincoln, George Washington, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, although the order varies. Between 1999 and 2011, Lincoln, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan were the top-ranked presidents in eight publi...
Abraham Lincoln
Memorials and commemorations
Memorials and commemorations Lincoln's portrait appears on two denominations of United States currency, the penny and the $5 bill. He appears on postage stamps across the world. While he is usually portrayed bearded, he did not grow a beard until 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old Grace Bedell. He was the first of ...
Abraham Lincoln
See also
See also Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Outline of Abraham Lincoln Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln Lincoln family
Abraham Lincoln
Notes
Notes
Abraham Lincoln
References
References
Abraham Lincoln
Sources
Sources . Second edition, 2022. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
Abraham Lincoln
External links
External links Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum Abraham Lincoln Association Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress Papers of Abraham Lincoln Digital Library from Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library A digitization of all documents written by or to Abraham Lincoln during ...
Abraham Lincoln
Table of Content
Short description, Family and childhood, Early life, Education and move to Illinois, Marriage and children, Early vocations and militia service, Early political offices and prairie lawyer, Illinois state legislature (1834–1842), U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849), Early political views, Prairie lawyer, Republica...
Aristotle
Short description
Aristotle (; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider A...
Aristotle
Life
Life In general, the details of Aristotle's life are not well-established. The biographies written in ancient times are often speculative and historians only agree on a few salient points. Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira, Chalcidice,; ; ; about 55 km (34 miles) east of modern-day Thessaloniki.; He was the s...
Aristotle
Theoretical philosophy
Theoretical philosophy
Aristotle
Logic
Logic With the Prior Analytics, Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th-century advances in mathematical logic. Kant stated in the Critique of Pure Reason that with Aristotle, logic reached its completion.
Aristotle
''Organon''
Organon thumb | upright=0.8 | Plato (left) and Aristotle in Raphael's 1509 fresco, The School of Athens. Aristotle holds his Nicomachean Ethics and gestures to the earth, representing his view in immanent realism, whilst Plato gestures to the heavens, indicating his Theory of Forms, and holds his Timaeus. Most of A...
Aristotle
Metaphysics
Metaphysics The word "metaphysics" appears to have been coined by the first century AD editor who assembled various small selections of Aristotle's works to create the treatise we know by the name Metaphysics. Aristotle called it "first philosophy", and distinguished it from mathematics and natural science (physics)...
Aristotle
Substance
Substance Aristotle examines the concepts of substance (ousia) and essence (to ti ên einai, "the what it was to be") in his Metaphysics (Book VII), and he concludes that a particular substance is a combination of both matter and form, a philosophical theory called hylomorphism. In Book VIII, he distinguishes the mat...
Aristotle
Immanent realism
Immanent realism thumb | upright=1.5 | Plato's forms exist as universals, like the ideal form of an apple. For Aristotle, both matter and form belong to the individual thing (hylomorphism). Like his teacher Plato, Aristotle's philosophy aims at the universal. Aristotle's ontology places the universal () in particul...
Aristotle
Potentiality and actuality
Potentiality and actuality Concerning the nature of change (kinesis) and its causes, as he outlines in his Physics and On Generation and Corruption (319b–320a), he distinguishes coming-to-be (genesis, also translated as 'generation') from: growth and diminution, which is change in quantity; locomotion, which is ch...
Aristotle
Epistemology
Epistemology Aristotle's immanent realism means his epistemology is based on the study of things that exist or happen in the world, and rises to knowledge of the universal, whereas for Plato epistemology begins with knowledge of universal Forms (or ideas) and descends to knowledge of particular imitations of these. A...
Aristotle
Natural philosophy
Natural philosophy Aristotle's "natural philosophy" spans a wide range of natural phenomena including those now covered by physics, biology and other natural sciences. In Aristotle's terminology, "natural philosophy" is a branch of philosophy examining the phenomena of the natural world, and includes fields that woul...
Aristotle
Physics
Physics thumb | The four classical elements (fire, air, water, earth) of Empedocles and Aristotle illustrated with a burning log. The log releases all four elements as it is destroyed.
Aristotle
Five elements
Five elements In his On Generation and Corruption, Aristotle related each of the four elements proposed earlier by Empedocles, earth, water, air, and fire, to two of the four sensible qualities, hot, cold, wet, and dry. In the Empedoclean scheme, all matter was made of the four elements, in differing proportions. Ar...
Aristotle
Motion
Motion Aristotle describes two kinds of motion: "violent" or "unnatural motion", such as that of a thrown stone, in the Physics (254b10), and "natural motion", such as of a falling object, in On the Heavens (300a20). In violent motion, as soon as the agent stops causing it, the motion stops also: in other words, the...
Aristotle
Four causes
Four causes thumb | upright=1.5 | Aristotle argued by analogy with woodwork that a thing takes its form from four causes: in the case of a table, the wood used (material cause), its design (formal cause), the tools and techniques used (efficient cause), and its decorative or practical purpose (final cause). Aristo...
Aristotle
Optics
Optics Aristotle describes experiments in optics using a camera obscura in Problems, book 15. The apparatus consisted of a dark chamber with a small aperture that let light in. With it, he saw that whatever shape he made the hole, the sun's image always remained circular. He also noted that increasing the distance b...
Aristotle
Chance and spontaneity
Chance and spontaneity According to Aristotle, spontaneity and chance are causes of some things, distinguishable from other types of cause such as simple necessity. Chance as an incidental cause lies in the realm of accidental things, "from what is spontaneous". There is also more a specific kind of chance, which Ar...
Aristotle
Astronomy
Astronomy In astronomy, Aristotle refuted Democritus's claim that the Milky Way was made up of "those stars which are shaded by the earth from the sun's rays," pointing out partly correctly that if "the size of the sun is greater than that of the earth and the distance of the stars from the earth many times greater ...
Aristotle
Geology and natural sciences
Geology and natural sciences thumb | Aristotle noted that the ground level of the Aeolian islands changed before a volcanic eruption. Aristotle was one of the first people to record any geological observations. He stated that geological change was too slow to be observed in one person's lifetime. The geologist Char...
Aristotle
Biology
Biology thumb | upright=0.8 | Among many pioneering zoological observations, Aristotle described the reproductive hectocotyl arm of the octopus (bottom left).
Aristotle
Empirical research
Empirical research Aristotle was the first person to study biology systematically, and biology forms a large part of his writings. He spent two years observing and describing the zoology of Lesbos and the surrounding seas, including in particular the Pyrrha lagoon in the centre of Lesbos. His data in History of Anima...
Aristotle
Scientific style
Scientific style thumb | left | upright=1.4 | Aristotle inferred growth laws from his observations on animals, including that brood size decreases with body mass, whereas gestation period increases. He was correct in these predictions, at least for mammals: data are shown for mouse and elephant. Aristotle did not d...
Aristotle
Classification of living things
Classification of living things thumb|Aristotle recorded that the embryo (fetus pictured) of a dogfish was attached by a cord to a kind of placenta (the yolk sac), like a higher animal; this formed an exception to the linear scale from highest to lowest. Aristotle distinguished about 500 species of animals, arrangin...
Aristotle
Psychology
Psychology
Aristotle
Soul
Soul thumb | upright=1.5 | Aristotle proposed a three-part structure for souls of plants, animals, and humans, making humans unique in having all three types of soul. Aristotle's psychology, given in his treatise On the Soul (), posits three kinds of soul (): the vegetative soul, the sensitive soul, and the ration...
Aristotle
Memory
Memory According to Aristotle in On the Soul, memory is the ability to hold a perceived experience in the mind and to distinguish between the internal "appearance" and an occurrence in the past. In other words, a memory is a mental picture (phantasm) that can be recovered. Aristotle believed an impression is left on ...
Aristotle
Dreams
Dreams Aristotle describes sleep in On Sleep and Wakefulness. Sleep takes place as a result of overuse of the senses or of digestion, so it is vital to the body. While a person is asleep, the critical activities, which include thinking, sensing, recalling and remembering, do not function as they do during wakefulnes...
Aristotle
Practical philosophy
Practical philosophy Aristotle's practical philosophy covers areas such as ethics, politics, economics, and rhetoric. + Virtues and their accompanying vices Too little Virtuous mean Too muchHumblenessHigh-mindednessVaingloryLack of purposeRight ambitionOver-ambitionSpiritlessnessGood temperIrascibilityRudenessCivi...
Aristotle
Ethics
Ethics Aristotle considered ethics to be a practical rather than theoretical study, i.e., one aimed at becoming good and doing good rather than knowing for its own sake. He wrote several treatises on ethics, most notably including the Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle taught that virtue has to do with the proper functi...
Aristotle
Politics
Politics In addition to his works on ethics, which address the individual, Aristotle addressed the city in his work titled Politics. Aristotle considered the city to be a natural community. Moreover, he considered the city to be prior in importance to the family, which in turn is prior to the individual, "for the wh...
Aristotle
Economics
Economics Aristotle made substantial contributions to economic thought, especially to thought in the Middle Ages. In Politics, Aristotle addresses the city, property, and trade. His response to criticisms of private property, in Lionel Robbins's view, anticipated later proponents of private property among philosophe...
Aristotle
Rhetoric
Rhetoric Aristotle's Rhetoric proposes that a speaker can use three basic kinds of appeals to persuade his audience: ethos (an appeal to the speaker's character), pathos (an appeal to the audience's emotion), and logos (an appeal to logical reasoning). He also categorizes rhetoric into three genres: epideictic (cere...
Aristotle
Poetics
Poetics Aristotle writes in his Poetics that epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, dithyrambic poetry, painting, sculpture, music, and dance are all fundamentally acts of mimesis ("imitation"), each varying in imitation by medium, object, and manner. He applies the term mimesis both as a property of a work of art and also a...
Aristotle
Gender and sexuality
Gender and sexuality Aristotle never wrote a specific work on women. However, he asserted the existence of differences between men and women throughout his biological, political, and ethical works. For most female animals, including human women, Aristotle maintains that they are for the most part physically smaller a...
Aristotle
Transmission
Transmission thumb|upright=0.8|Preface to Argyropoulos's 15th century Latin translation of Aristotle's Physics More than 2300 years after his death, Aristotle remains one of the most influential people who ever lived. He contributed to almost every field of human knowledge then in existence, and he was the founder o...
Aristotle
His successor, Theophrastus
His successor, Theophrastus thumb | upright=0.8 | Frontispiece to a 1644 version of Theophrastus's Historia Plantarum, originally written Aristotle's pupil and successor, Theophrastus, wrote the History of Plants, a pioneering work in botany. Some of his technical terms remain in use, such as carpel from carpos, ...
Aristotle
Later Greek philosophy
Later Greek philosophy The immediate influence of Aristotle's work was felt as the Lyceum grew into the Peripatetic school. Aristotle's students included Aristoxenus, Dicaearchus, Demetrius of Phalerum, Eudemos of Rhodes, Harpalus, Hephaestion, Mnason of Phocis, Nicomachus, and Theophrastus. Aristotle's influence ov...
Aristotle
Hellenistic science
Hellenistic science After Theophrastus, the Lyceum failed to produce any original work. Though interest in Aristotle's ideas survived, they were generally taken unquestioningly. It is not until the age of Alexandria under the Ptolemies that advances in biology can be again found. The first medical teacher at Alexan...
Aristotle
Revival
Revival Following the decline of the Roman Empire, Aristotle's vast philosophical and scientific corpus lay largely dormant in the West. However, his works underwent a remarkable revival in the Abbasid Caliphate. Translated into Arabic alongside other Greek classics, Aristotle's logic, ethics, and natural philosophy ...
Aristotle
Byzantine scholars
Byzantine scholars Greek Christian scribes played a crucial role in the preservation of Aristotle by copying all the extant Greek language manuscripts of the corpus. The first Greek Christians to comment extensively on Aristotle were Philoponus, Elias, and David in the sixth century, and Stephen of Alexandria in the...
Aristotle
Medieval Islamic world
Medieval Islamic world thumb|upright=0.8|Islamic portrayal of Aristotle (right) in the Kitāb naʿt al-ḥayawān, . Aristotle is considered the most influential figure in the history of Arabic philosophy and was one of the most revered thinkers in early Islamic theology. Most of the still extant works of Aristotle, as w...
Aristotle
Medieval Europe
Medieval Europe With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from to except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had transla...
Aristotle
Medieval Judaism
Medieval Judaism Moses Maimonides (considered to be the foremost intellectual figure of medieval Judaism) adopted Aristotelianism from the Islamic scholars and based his Guide for the Perplexed on it and that became the basis of Jewish scholastic philosophy. Maimonides also considered Aristotle to be the greatest phi...
Aristotle
Early Modern science
Early Modern science thumb | William Harvey's , 1628, showed that the blood circulated, contrary to classical thinking. In the early modern period, scientists such as William Harvey in England and Galileo Galilei in Italy reacted against the theories of Aristotle and other classical era thinkers like Galen, establi...
Aristotle
18th and 19th-century science
18th and 19th-century science The English mathematician George Boole fully accepted Aristotle's logic, but decided "to go under, over, and beyond" it with his system of algebraic logic in his 1854 book The Laws of Thought. This gives logic a mathematical foundation with equations, enables it to solve equations as wel...
Aristotle
Present science
Present science The philosopher Bertrand Russell claims that "almost every serious intellectual advance has had to begin with an attack on some Aristotelian doctrine". Russell calls Aristotle's ethics "repulsive", and labelled his logic "as definitely antiquated as Ptolemaic astronomy". Russell states that these erro...
Aristotle
Surviving works
Surviving works
Aristotle
Corpus Aristotelicum
Corpus Aristotelicum thumb | upright=0.8 | First page of a 1566 edition of the Nicomachean Ethics in Greek and Latin The works of Aristotle that have survived from antiquity through medieval manuscript transmission are collected in the Corpus Aristotelicum. These texts, as opposed to Aristotle's lost works, are te...
Aristotle
Loss and preservation
Loss and preservation Aristotle wrote his works on papyrus scrolls, the common writing medium of that era. His writings are divisible into two groups: the "exoteric", intended for the public, and the "esoteric", for use within the Lyceum school. Aristotle's "lost" works stray considerably in characterization from th...
Aristotle
Depictions in art
Depictions in art
Aristotle
Paintings
Paintings Aristotle has been depicted by major artists including Lucas Cranach the Elder, Justus van Gent, Raphael, Paolo Veronese, Jusepe de Ribera, Rembrandt, and Francesco Hayez over the centuries. Among the best-known depictions is Raphael's fresco The School of Athens, in the Vatican's Apostolic Palace, where th...
Aristotle
Sculptures
Sculptures
Aristotle
Eponyms
Eponyms The Aristotle Mountains in Antarctica are named after Aristotle. He was the first person known to conjecture, in his book Meteorology, the existence of a landmass in the southern high-latitude region, which he called Antarctica. Aristoteles is a crater on the Moon bearing the classical form of Aristotle's nam...
Aristotle
See also
See also Aristotelian Society Conimbricenses Perfectionism
Aristotle
References
References
Aristotle
Notes
Notes
Aristotle
Citations
Citations
Aristotle
Sources
Sources
Aristotle
Further reading
Further reading The secondary literature on Aristotle is vast. The following is only a small selection. Ackrill, J. L. (1997). Essays on Plato and Aristotle, Oxford University Press. These translations are available in several places online; see External links. Bakalis, Nikolaos. (2005). Handbook of Greek ...
Aristotle
External links
External links At the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: At the Internet Classics Archive From the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Collections of works At Massachusetts Institute of Technology Perseus Project at Tufts University At the University of Adelaide P. Remacle The ...
Aristotle
Table of Content
Short description, Life, Theoretical philosophy, Logic, ''Organon'', Metaphysics, Substance, Immanent realism, Potentiality and actuality, Epistemology, Natural philosophy, Physics, Five elements, Motion, Four causes, Optics, Chance and spontaneity, Astronomy, Geology and natural sciences, Biology, Empirical research, ...
An American in Paris
short description
An American in Paris is a jazz-influenced symphonic poem (or tone poem) for orchestra by American composer George Gershwin first performed in 1928. It was inspired by the time that Gershwin had spent in Paris and evokes the sights and energy of the French capital during the . Gershwin scored the piece for the standard...
An American in Paris
Background
Background Although the story is likely apocryphal, Gershwin is said to have been attracted by Maurice Ravel's unusual chords, and Gershwin went on his first trip to Paris in 1926 ready to study with Ravel. After his initial student audition with Ravel turned into a sharing of musical theories, Ravel said he could not ...
An American in Paris
Composition
Composition Gershwin based An American in Paris on a melodic fragment called "Very Parisienne", written in 1926 on his first visit to Paris as a gift to his hosts, Robert and Mabel Schirmer. Gershwin called it "a rhapsodic ballet"; it is written freely and in a much more modern idiom than his prior works. Gershwin ...
An American in Paris
Response
Response Gershwin did not particularly like Walter Damrosch's interpretation at the world premiere of An American in Paris. He stated that Damrosch's sluggish, dragging tempo caused him to walk out of the hall during a matinee performance of this work. The audience, according to Edward Cushing, responded with "a demon...
An American in Paris
Instrumentation
Instrumentation An American in Paris was originally scored for 3 flutes (3rd doubling on piccolo), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets in B-flat, bass clarinet in B-flat, 2 bassoons, 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in B-flat, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, snare drum, bass drum, triangle, wood block, ratchet, cymbals, low and hig...
An American in Paris
Preservation status
Preservation status On September 22, 2013, it was announced that a musicological critical edition of the full orchestral score would be eventually released. The Gershwin family, working in conjunction with the Library of Congress and the University of Michigan, were working to make scores available to the public that r...
An American in Paris
Recordings
Recordings An American in Paris has been frequently recorded. The first recording was made for the Victor Talking Machine Company in 1929 with Nathaniel Shilkret conducting the Victor Symphony Orchestra, drawn from members of the Philadelphia Orchestra. Gershwin was on hand to "supervise" the recording; however, Shilkr...
An American in Paris
Use in film
Use in film In 1951, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released the musical film An American in Paris, featuring Gene Kelly and Leslie Caron and directed by Vincente Minnelli. Winning the 1951 Best Picture Oscar and numerous other awards, the film featured many tunes of Gershwin and concluded with an extensive, elaborate dance seque...
An American in Paris
Notes and references
Notes and references
An American in Paris
Further reading
Further reading
An American in Paris
External links
External links Scores, marked by Leonard Bernstein, Andre Kostelanetz, Erich Leinsdorf; New York Philharmonic archives 1944 recording by the New York Philharmonic conducted by Artur Rodziński , New York Philharmonic, Leonard Bernstein, 1959. archive Category:1928 compositions Category:Compositions by George Ge...
An American in Paris
Table of Content
short description, Background, Composition, Response, Instrumentation, Preservation status, Recordings, Use in film, Notes and references, Further reading, External links
Academy Award for Best Production Design
Short description
The Academy Award for Best Production Design recognizes achievement for art direction in film. The category's original name was Best Art Direction, but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the 85th Academy Awards. This change resulted from the Art Directors' branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Scien...
Academy Award for Best Production Design
Superlatives
Superlatives Category Name Superlative Notes Most Awards Cedric Gibbons 11 awards Awards resulted from 39 nominations. Most Nominations 39 nominations Nominations resulted in 11 awards. Most Nominations (without ever winning) Roland Anderson 15 nominations Nominations resulted in no awards.
Academy Award for Best Production Design
Winners and nominees
Winners and nominees
Academy Award for Best Production Design
1920s
1920s Year Film Art director(s)1927/28 The Dove William Cameron Menzies Tempest 7th Heaven Harry Oliver Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans Rochus Gliese 1928/29 The 2nd Academy Awards is unique in being the only occasion where there were no official nominees. Subsequent research by AMPAS has resulted in a list of unoffic...
Academy Award for Best Production Design
1930s
1930s Year Film Art director(s)1929/30 King of Jazz Herman Rosse Bulldog Drummond William Cameron Menzies The Love Parade Hans Dreier Sally Jack Okey The Vagabond King Hans Dreier 1930/31 Cimarron Max Rée Just Imagine Stephen Goosson and Ralph Hammeras Morocco Hans Dreier Svengali Anton Grot Whoopee! Richard Day 193...
Academy Award for Best Production Design
1940s
1940s Year Film Art director(s) Interior decorator(s) 1940 Prior to 1941, only credited art directors and assistant art directors were eligible for nomination. Black-and-White Pride and Prejudice Cedric Gibbons and Paul Groesse — Arise, My Love Hans Dreier and Robert Usher — Arizona Lionel Banks and Robert Peterson T...
Academy Award for Best Production Design
1950s
1950s Year Film Art director(s) Set decorator(s) 1950 Black-and-White Sunset Boulevard Hans Dreier and John Meehan Samuel M. Comer and Ray Moyer All About Eve George W. Davis and Lyle R. Wheeler Thomas Little and Walter M. Scott The Red Danube Cedric Gibbons and Hans Peters Edwin B. Willis and Hugh Hunt Color Samson ...