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Amide | See also | See also
Amidogen
Amino radical
Amidicity
Imidic acid
Metal amides |
Amide | References | References |
Amide | External links | External links
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
Category:Functional groups |
Amide | Table of Content | short description, Nomenclature, Applications, Structure and bonding, Basicity, Hydrogen bonding and solubility, Reactions, Hydrolysis, Synthesis, From carboxylic acids and related compounds, From nitriles, Specialty routes, See also, References, External links |
Animism | short description | Animism (from meaning 'breath, spirit, life'). is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. Animism perceives all things—animals, plants, rocks, rivers, weather systems, human handiwork, and in some cases words—as being animated, having agency and free will. Animism is used in anthropology of religion as a term for the belief system of many Indigenous peoples in contrast to the relatively more recent development of organized religions. Animism is a metaphysical belief which focuses on the supernatural universe: specifically, on the concept of the immaterial soul.
Although each culture has its own mythologies and rituals, animism is said to describe the most common, foundational thread of indigenous peoples' "spiritual" or "supernatural" perspectives. The animistic perspective is so widely held and inherent to most indigenous peoples that they often do not even have a word in their languages that corresponds to "animism" (or even "religion"). The term "animism" is an anthropological construct.
Largely due to such ethnolinguistic and cultural discrepancies, opinions differ on whether animism refers to an ancestral mode of experience common to indigenous peoples around the world or to a full-fledged religion in its own right. The currently accepted definition of animism was only developed in the late 19th century (1871) by Edward Tylor. It is "one of anthropology's earliest concepts, if not the first".
Animism encompasses beliefs that all material phenomena have agency, that there exists no categorical distinction between the spiritual and physical world, and that soul, spirit, or sentience exists not only in humans but also in other animals, plants, rocks, geographic features (such as mountains and rivers), and other entities of the natural environment. Examples include water sprites, vegetation deities, and tree spirits, among others. Animism may further attribute a life force to abstract concepts such as words, true names, or metaphors in mythology. Some members of the non-tribal world also consider themselves animists, such as author Daniel Quinn, sculptor Lawson Oyekan, and many contemporary Pagans. |
Animism | Etymology | Etymology
English anthropologist Sir Edward Tylor initially wanted to describe the phenomenon as spiritualism, but he realized that it would cause confusion with the modern religion of spiritualism, which was then prevalent across Western nations. He adopted the term animism from the writings of German scientist Georg Ernst Stahl, who had developed the term in 1708 as a biological theory that souls formed the vital principle, and that the normal phenomena of life and the abnormal phenomena of disease could be traced to spiritual causes.
The origin of the word comes from the Latin word , which means life or soul.
The first known usage in English appeared in 1819. |
Animism | "Old animism" definitions | "Old animism" definitions
Earlier anthropological perspectives, which have since been termed the old animism, were concerned with knowledge on what is alive and what factors make something alive. The old animism assumed that animists were individuals who were unable to understand the difference between persons and things. Critics of the old animism have accused it of preserving "colonialist and dualistic worldviews and rhetoric". |
Animism | Edward Tylor's definition | Edward Tylor's definition
thumb|Edward Tylor developed animism as an anthropological theory.
The idea of animism was developed by anthropologist Sir Edward Tylor through his 1871 book Primitive Culture, in which he defined it as "the general doctrine of souls and other spiritual beings in general". According to Tylor, animism often includes "an idea of pervading life and will in nature;" a belief that natural objects other than humans have souls. This formulation was little different from that proposed by Auguste Comte as "fetishism", but the terms now have distinct meanings.
For Tylor, animism represented the earliest form of religion, being situated within an evolutionary framework of religion that has developed in stages and which will ultimately lead to humanity rejecting religion altogether in favor of scientific rationality. Thus, for Tylor, animism was fundamentally seen as a mistake, a basic error from which all religions grew. He did not believe that animism was inherently illogical, but he suggested that it arose from early humans' dreams and visions and thus was a rational system. However, it was based on erroneous, unscientific observations about the nature of reality. Stringer notes that his reading of Primitive Culture led him to believe that Tylor was far more sympathetic in regard to "primitive" populations than many of his contemporaries and that Tylor expressed no belief that there was any difference between the intellectual capabilities of "savage" people and Westerners.
The idea that there had once been "one universal form of primitive religion" (whether labelled animism, totemism, or shamanism) has been dismissed as "unsophisticated" and "erroneous" by archaeologist Timothy Insoll, who stated that "it removes complexity, a precondition of religion now, in all its variants." |
Animism | Social evolutionist conceptions | Social evolutionist conceptions
Tylor's definition of animism was part of a growing international debate on the nature of "primitive society" by lawyers, theologians, and philologists. The debate defined the field of research of a new science: anthropology. By the end of the 19th century, an orthodoxy on "primitive society" had emerged, but few anthropologists still would accept that definition. The "19th-century armchair anthropologists" argued that "primitive society" (an evolutionary category) was ordered by kinship and divided into exogamous descent groups related by a series of marriage exchanges. Their religion was animism, the belief that natural species and objects had souls.
With the development of private property, the descent groups were displaced by the emergence of the territorial state. These rituals and beliefs eventually evolved over time into the vast array of "developed" religions. According to Tylor, as society became more scientifically advanced, fewer members of that society would believe in animism. However, any remnant ideologies of souls or spirits, to Tylor, represented "survivals" of the original animism of early humanity. |
Animism | Confounding animism with totemism | Confounding animism with totemism
In 1869 (three years after Tylor proposed his definition of animism), Edinburgh lawyer John Ferguson McLennan, argued that the animistic thinking evident in fetishism gave rise to a religion he named totemism. Primitive people believed, he argued, that they were descended from the same species as their totemic animal. Subsequent debate by the "armchair anthropologists" (including J. J. Bachofen, Émile Durkheim, and Sigmund Freud) remained focused on totemism rather than animism, with few directly challenging Tylor's definition. Anthropologists "have commonly avoided the issue of animism and even the term itself, rather than revisit this prevalent notion in light of their new and rich ethnographies."
According to anthropologist Tim Ingold, animism shares similarities with totemism but differs in its focus on individual spirit beings which help to perpetuate life, whereas totemism more typically holds that there is a primary source, such as the land itself or the ancestors, who provide the basis to life. Certain indigenous religious groups such as the Australian Aboriginals are more typically totemic in their worldview, whereas others like the Inuit are more typically animistic.
From his studies into child development, Jean Piaget suggested that children were born with an innate animist worldview in which they anthropomorphized inanimate objects and that it was only later that they grew out of this belief. Conversely, from her ethnographic research, Margaret Mead argued the opposite, believing that children were not born with an animist worldview but that they became acculturated to such beliefs as they were educated by their society.
Stewart Guthrie saw animism—or "attribution" as he preferred it—as an evolutionary strategy to aid survival. He argued that both humans and other animal species view inanimate objects as potentially alive as a means of being constantly on guard against potential threats. His suggested explanation, however, did not deal with the question of why such a belief became central to the religion. In 2000, Guthrie suggested that the "most widespread" concept of animism was that it was the "attribution of spirits to natural phenomena such as stones and trees." |
Animism | "New animism" non-archaic definitions | "New animism" non-archaic definitions
Many anthropologists ceased using the term animism, deeming it to be too close to early anthropological theory and religious polemic. However, the term had also been claimed by religious groups—namely, Indigenous communities and nature worshippers—who felt that it aptly described their own beliefs, and who in some cases actively identified as "animists." It was thus readopted by various scholars, who began using the term in a different way, placing the focus on knowing how to behave toward other beings, some of whom are not human. As religious studies scholar Graham Harvey stated, while the "old animist" definition had been problematic, the term animism was nevertheless "of considerable value as a critical, academic term for a style of religious and cultural relating to the world." |
Animism | Hallowell and the Ojibwe | Hallowell and the Ojibwe
thumb|Five Ojibwe chiefs in the 19th century. It was anthropological studies of Ojibwe religion that resulted in the development of the "new animism".|upright=1.2
The new animism emerged largely from the publications of anthropologist Irving Hallowell, produced on the basis of his ethnographic research among the Ojibwe communities of Canada in the mid-20th century. For the Ojibwe encountered by Hallowell, personhood did not require human-likeness, but rather humans were perceived as being like other persons, who for instance included rock persons and bear persons. For the Ojibwe, these persons were each willful beings, who gained meaning and power through their interactions with others; through respectfully interacting with other persons, they themselves learned to "act as a person".
Hallowell's approach to the understanding of Ojibwe personhood differed strongly from prior anthropological concepts of animism. He emphasized the need to challenge the modernist, Western perspectives of what a person is, by entering into a dialogue with different worldwide views. Hallowell's approach influenced the work of anthropologist Nurit Bird-David, who produced a scholarly article reassessing the idea of animism in 1999. Seven comments from other academics were provided in the journal, debating Bird-David's ideas. |
Animism | Postmodern anthropology | Postmodern anthropology
More recently, postmodern anthropologists are increasingly engaging with the concept of animism. Modernism is characterized by a Cartesian subject-object dualism that divides the subjective from the objective, and culture from nature. In the modernist view, animism is the inverse of scientism, and hence, is deemed inherently invalid by some anthropologists. Drawing on the work of Bruno Latour, some anthropologists question modernist assumptions and theorize that all societies continue to "animate" the world around them. In contrast to Tylor's reasoning, however, this "animism" is considered to be more than just a remnant of primitive thought. More specifically, the "animism" of modernity is characterized by humanity's "professional subcultures", as in the ability to treat the world as a detached entity within a delimited sphere of activity.
Human beings continue to create personal relationships with elements of the aforementioned objective world, such as pets, cars, or teddy bears, which are recognized as subjects. As such, these entities are "approached as communicative subjects rather than the inert objects perceived by modernists." These approaches aim to avoid the modernist assumption that the environment consists of a physical world distinct from the world of humans, as well as the modernist conception of the person being composed dualistically of a body and a soul.
Nurit Bird-David argues that:
She explains that animism is a "relational epistemology" rather than a failure of primitive reasoning. That is, self-identity among animists is based on their relationships with others, rather than any distinctive features of the "self". Instead of focusing on the essentialized, modernist self (the "individual"), persons are viewed as bundles of social relationships ("dividuals"), some of which include "superpersons" (i.e. non-humans).
thumb|left|Animist altar, Bozo village, Mopti, Bandiagara, Mali, in 1972|upright=1.2
Stewart Guthrie expressed criticism of Bird-David's attitude towards animism, believing that it promulgated the view that "the world is in large measure whatever our local imagination makes it." This, he felt, would result in anthropology abandoning "the scientific project."
Like Bird-David, Tim Ingold argues that animists do not see themselves as separate from their environment:
Rane Willerslev extends the argument by noting that animists reject this Cartesian dualism and that the animist self identifies with the world, "feeling at once within and apart from it so that the two glide ceaselessly in and out of each other in a sealed circuit". The animist hunter is thus aware of himself as a human hunter, but, through mimicry, is able to assume the viewpoint, senses, and sensibilities of his prey, to be one with it. Shamanism, in this view, is an everyday attempt to influence spirits of ancestors and animals, by mirroring their behaviors, as the hunter does its prey. |
Animism | Ethical and ecological understanding | Ethical and ecological understanding
Cultural ecologist and philosopher David Abram proposed an ethical and ecological understanding of animism, grounded in the phenomenology of sensory experience. In his books The Spell of the Sensuous and Becoming Animal, Abram suggests that material things are never entirely passive in our direct perceptual experience, holding rather that perceived things actively "solicit our attention" or "call our focus", coaxing the perceiving body into an ongoing participation with those things.
In the absence of intervening technologies, he suggests that sensory experience is inherently animistic in that it discloses a material field that is animate and self-organizing from the beginning. David Abram used contemporary cognitive and natural science, as well as the perspectival worldviews of diverse indigenous oral cultures, to propose a richly pluralist and story-based cosmology in which matter is alive. He suggested that such a relational ontology is in close accord with humanity's spontaneous perceptual experience by drawing attention to the senses, and to the primacy of sensuous terrain, enjoining a more respectful and ethical relation to the more-than-human community of animals, plants, soils, mountains, waters, and weather-patterns that materially sustains humanity.
In contrast to a long-standing tendency in the Western social sciences, which commonly provide rational explanations of animistic experience, Abram develops an animistic account of reason itself. He holds that civilised reason is sustained only by intensely animistic participation between human beings and their own written signs. For instance, as soon as someone reads letters on a page or screen, they can "see what it says"—the letters speak as much as nature spoke to pre-literate peoples. Reading can usefully be understood as an intensely concentrated form of animism, one that effectively eclipses all of the other, older, more spontaneous forms of animistic participation in which humans were once engaged. |
Animism | Relation to the concept of 'I-thou' | Relation to the concept of 'I-thou'
Religious studies scholar Graham Harvey defined animism as the belief "that the world is full of persons, only some of whom are human, and that life is always lived in relationship with others." He added that it is therefore "concerned with learning how to be a good person in respectful relationships with other persons."
In his Handbook of Contemporary Animism (2013), Harvey identifies the animist perspective in line with Martin Buber's "I-thou" as opposed to "I-it". In such, Harvey says, the animist takes an I-thou approach to relating to the world, whereby objects and animals are treated as a "thou", rather than as an "it". |
Animism | Religion | Religion
thumb|A tableau presenting figures of various cultures filling in mediator-like roles, often being termed as "shaman" in the literature|upright=1.2
There is ongoing disagreement (and no general consensus) as to whether animism is merely a singular, broadly encompassing religious belief or a worldview in and of itself, comprising many diverse mythologies found worldwide in many diverse cultures.Harvey (2006), p. 6. This also raises a controversy regarding the ethical claims animism may or may not make: whether animism ignores questions of ethics altogether; or, by endowing various non-human elements of nature with spirituality or personhood,Clarke, Peter B., and Peter Beyer, eds. 2009. The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations. London: Routledge. p. 15. it in fact promotes a complex ecological ethics. |
Animism | Concepts | Concepts |
Animism | Distinction from pantheism | Distinction from pantheism
Animism is not the same as pantheism, although the two are sometimes confused. Moreover, some religions are both pantheistic and animistic. One of the main differences is that while animists believe everything to be spiritual in nature, they do not necessarily see the spiritual nature of everything in existence as being united (monism) the way pantheists do. As a result, animism puts more emphasis on the uniqueness of each individual soul. In pantheism, everything shares the same spiritual essence, rather than having distinct spirits or souls.Harrison, Paul A. 2004. Elements of Pantheism. p. 11.McColman, Carl. 2002. When Someone You Love Is Wiccan: A Guide to Witchcraft and Paganism for Concerned Friends, Nervous parents, and Curious Co-Workers. p. 97. For example, Giordano Bruno equated the world soul with God and espoused a pantheistic animism. |
Animism | Fetishism / totemism | Fetishism / totemism
In many animistic world views, the human being is often regarded as on a roughly equal footing with other animals, plants, and natural forces. |
Animism | African indigenous religions | African indigenous religions
Traditional African religions: most religious traditions of Sub-Saharan Africa are basically a complex form of animism with polytheistic and shamanistic elements and ancestor worship.
In West Africa, the Serer religious (A ƭat Roog) encompasses ancestor veneration (not worship) via the Pangool. The Pangool are the Serer ancestral spirits and interceders between the living and the Divine, Roog.Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer : Pangool". vol.2, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal, (1990), p. 278, Galvan, Dennis Charles, "The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal." Berkeley, University of California Press (2004), p. 53,
In East Africa the Kerma culture display Animistic elements similar to other Traditional African religions. In contrast to the later polytheistic Napatan and Meroitic periods, the Kerma culture with displays of animals in Amulets and the esteemed antiques of Lions, appear to be an Animistic culture rather than a polytheistic culture. The Kermans likely treated Jebel Barkal as a special sacred site, and passed it on to the Kushites and Egyptians who venerated the mesa.
In North Africa, the traditional Berber religion includes the traditional polytheistic, animist, and in some rare cases, shamanistic, religions of the Berber people. |
Animism | Asian origin religions | Asian origin religions
thumb|upright|Ingrown sculpture of human head in a tree trunk in Laos |
Animism | Indian-origin religions | Indian-origin religions
In the Indian-origin religions, namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, the animistic aspects of nature worship and ecological conservation are part of the core belief system.
Matsya Purana, a Hindu text, has a Sanskrit language shloka (hymn), which explains the importance of reverence of ecology. It states: "A pond equals ten wells, a reservoir equals ten ponds, while a son equals ten reservoirs, and a tree equals ten sons.""Haryana mulls giving marks to class 12 students for planting trees", Hindustan Times, 26 July 2021. Indian religions worship trees such as the Bodhi Tree and numerous superlative banyan trees, conserve the sacred groves of India, revere the rivers as sacred, and worship the mountains and their ecology.
Panchavati are the sacred trees in Indic religions, which are sacred groves containing five type of trees, usually chosen from among the Vata (Ficus benghalensis, Banyan), Ashvattha (Ficus religiosa, Peepal), Bilva (Aegle marmelos, Bengal Quince), Amalaki (Phyllanthus emblica, Indian Gooseberry, Amla), Ashoka (Saraca asoca, Ashok), Udumbara (Ficus racemosa, Cluster Fig, Gular), Nimba (Azadirachta indica, Neem) and Shami (Prosopis spicigera, Indian Mesquite)."Panchvati trees", greenmesg.org, accessed 26 July 2021."Peepal for east amla for west", Times of India, 26 July 2021.
thumb|Thimmamma Marrimanu – the Great Banyan tree revered by the people of Indian-origin religions such as Hinduism (including Vedic, Shaivism, Dravidian Hinduism), Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism|upright=1.2thumb|During Vat Purnima festival, married women tie threads around a banyan tree in India.|left|upright=1.2
The banyan is considered holy in several religious traditions of India. The Ficus benghalensis is the national tree of India. Vat Purnima is a Hindu festival related to the banyan tree, and is observed by married women in North India and in the Western Indian states of Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat. For three days of the month of Jyeshtha in the Hindu calendar (which falls in May–June in the Gregorian calendar) married women observe a fast, tie threads around a banyan tree, and pray for the well-being of their husbands. Thimmamma Marrimanu, sacred to Indian religions, has branches spread over five acres and was listed as the world's largest banyan tree in the Guinness World Records in 1989.
In Hinduism, the leaf of the banyan tree is said to be the resting place for the god Krishna. In the Bhagavat Gita, Krishna said, "There is a banyan tree which has its roots upward and its branches down, and the Vedic hymns are its leaves. One who knows this tree is the knower of the Vedas." (Bg 15.1)
In Buddhism's Pali canon, the banyan (Pali: nigrodha) is referenced numerous times.See, for instance, the automated search of the SLTP ed. of the Pali Canon for the root "nigrodh" which results in 243 matches Typical metaphors allude to the banyan's epiphytic nature, likening the banyan's supplanting of a host tree as comparable to the way sensual desire (kāma) overcomes humans.See, e.g., SN 46.39, "Trees [Discourse]", trans. by Bhikkhu Bodhi (2000), Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Saṃyutta Nikāya (Boston: Wisdom Publications), pp. 1593, 1906 n. 81; and, Sn 2.5 v. 271 or 272 (Fausböll, 1881, p. 46).
Mun (also known as Munism or Bongthingism) is the traditional polytheistic, animist, shamanistic, and syncretic religion of the Lepcha people.
Sanamahism is an ethnic religion of the Meitei people of in Northeast India. It is a polytheistic and animist religion and is named after Lainingthou Sanamahi, one of the most important deities of the Meitei faith. |
Animism | Chinese religions | Chinese religions
Shendao () is a term originated by Chinese folk religions influenced by, Mohist, Confucian and Taoist philosophy, referring to the divine order of nature or the Wuxing.
The Shang dynasty's state religion was practiced from 1600 BCE to 1046 BCE, and was built on the idea of spiritualizing natural phenomena. |
Animism | Japan and Shinto | Japan and Shinto
Shinto is the traditional Japanese folk religion and has many animist aspects. The , a class of supernatural beings, are central to Shinto. All things, including natural forces and well-known geographical locations, are thought to be home to the kami. The kami are worshipped at kamidana household shrines, family shrines, and jinja public shrines.
The Ryukyuan religion of the Ryukyu Islands is distinct from Shinto, but shares similar characteristics. |
Animism | Kalash people | Kalash people
Kalash people of Northern Pakistan follow an ancient animistic religion identified with an ancient form of Hinduism.Zeb, Alam, et al. (2019). "Identifying local actors of deforestation and forest degradation in the Kalasha valleys of Pakistan." Forest Policy and Economics 104: 56–64.
The Kalash (Kalasha: , romanised: , Devanagari: ), or Kalasha, are an Indo-Aryan indigenous people residing in the Chitral District of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
They are considered unique among the people of Pakistan.Augusto S. Cacopardo. Pagan Christmas: Winter Feasts of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush. p.28. They are also considered to be Pakistan's smallest ethnoreligious group, and traditionally practice what authors characterise as a form of animism. During the mid-20th century an attempt was made to force a few Kalasha villages in Pakistan to convert to Islam, but the people fought the conversion and, once official pressure was removed, the vast majority resumed the practice of their own religion. Nevertheless, some Kalasha have since converted to Islam, despite being shunned afterward by their community for having done so.
The term is used to refer to many distinct people including the Väi, the Čima-nišei, the Vântä, plus the Ashkun- and Tregami-speakers. The Kalash are considered to be an indigenous people of Asia, with their ancestors migrating to Chitral Valley from another location possibly further south, which the Kalash call "Tsiyam" in their folk songs and epics.
They claim to descend from the armies of Alexander who were left behind from his armed campaign, though no evidence exists for him to have passed the area.
The neighbouring Nuristani people of the adjacent Nuristan (historically known as Kafiristan) province of Afghanistan once had the same culture and practised a faith very similar to that of the Kalash, differing in a few minor particulars.
The first historically recorded Islamic invasions of their lands were by the Ghaznavids in the 11th centuryPagan Christmas: Winter Feasts of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush, By Augusto S. Cacopardo while they themselves are first attested in 1339 during Timur's invasions. Nuristan had been forcibly converted to Islam in 1895–96, although some evidence has shown the people continued to practice their customs. The Kalash of Chitral have maintained their own separate cultural traditions.Newby, Eric. A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush. 2008. |
Animism | Korea | Korea
Muism, the native Korean belief, has many animist aspects. The various deities, called kwisin, are capable of interacting with humans and causing problems if they are not honoured appropriately. thumb|A 1922 photograph of an Itneg priestess in the Philippines making an offering to an apdel, a guardian anito spirit of her village that reside in the water-worn stones known as pinaing|upright=1.2 |
Animism | Philippines indigenous religions | Philippines indigenous religions
In the indigenous Philippine folk religions, pre-colonial religions of Philippines and Philippine mythology, animism is part of their core beliefs as demonstrated by the belief in Anito, Diwata and Bathala as well as their conservation and veneration of sacred Indigenous Philippine shrines, forests, mountains and sacred grounds.
Anito (lit. '[ancestor] spirit') refers to the various indigenous shamanistic folk religions of the Philippines, led by female or feminized male shamans known as babaylan. It includes belief in a spirit world existing alongside and interacting with the material world, as well as the belief that everything has a spirit, from rocks and trees to animals and humans to natural phenomena.
In indigenous Filipino belief, the Bathala is the omnipotent deity which was derived from Sanskrit word for the Hindu supreme deity bhattara,R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 16, 123, 494–495, 550–552Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. . p. 234. as one of the ten avatars of the Hindu god Vishnu.de los Reyes y Florentino, Isabelo (2014). History of Ilocos, Volume 1. University of the Philippines Press, 2014. , 9789715427296. p. 83.John Crawfurd (2013). History of the Indian Archipelago: Containing an Account of the Manners, Art, Languages, Religions, Institutions, and Commerce of Its Inhabitants. Cambridge University Press. pp. 219–220. . The omnipotent Bathala also presides over the spirits of ancestors called Anito.Marsden, William (1784). The History of Sumatra: Containing an Account of the Government, Laws, Customs and Manners of the Native Inhabitants. Good Press, 2019.Marsden, William (1784). The History of Sumatra: Containing an Account of the Government, Laws, Customs and Manners of the Native Inhabitants, with a Description of the Natural Productions, and a Relation of the Ancient Political State of that Island. p. 255.Silliman, Robert Benton (1964). Religious Beliefs and Life at the Beginning of the Spanish Regime in the Philippines: Readings. College of Theology, Silliman University, 1964. p. 46Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander. The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898, Volume 40 (of 55): 1690–1691. Chapter XV, p. 106. Anitos serve as intermediaries between mortals and the divine, such as Agni (Hindu) who holds the access to divine realms; for this reason they are invoked first and are the first to receive offerings, regardless of the deity the worshipper wants to pray to.Talbott, Rick F. (2005). Sacred Sacrifice: Ritual Paradigms in Vedic Religion and Early Christianity. Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2005. . p. 82Pomey, François & Tooke, Andrew (1793). The Pantheon: Representing the Fabulous Histories of the Heathen Gods, and the Most Illustrious Heroes of Antiquity, in a Short, Plain, and Familiar Method, by Way of Dialogue, for the Use of Schools. Silvester Doig, 1793. p. 151
In ancient Philippine animism, Diwata or Diwatas in plural is a broad, gender-neutral term for supernatural beings, including gods, goddesses, fairies, nature spirits, and celestial entities. Rooted in Hindu-Buddhist influences, the word originally meant "celestial being" or "descent" in Sanskrit word devata (deity).In modern Filipino culture, Diwata is often interpreted and linked to fairies, muses, nymphs, or even dryads. |
Animism | Abrahamic religions | Abrahamic religions
Animism also has influences in Abrahamic religions.
The Old Testament and the Wisdom literature preach the omnipresence of God (Jeremiah 23:24; Proverbs 15:3; 1 Kings 8:27), and God is bodily present in the incarnation of his Son, Jesus Christ. (Gospel of John 1:14, Colossians 2:9). Animism is not peripheral to Christian identity but is its nurturing home ground, its axis mundi. In addition to the conceptual work the term animism performs, it provides insight into the relational character and common personhood of material existence.
The Christian spiritual mapping movement is based upon a similar worldview to that of animism. It involves researching and mapping the spiritual and social history of an area in order to determine the demon (territorial spirit) controlling an area and preventing evangelism, so that the demon can be defeated through spiritual warfare prayer and rituals. Both posit that an invisible spirit world is active and that it can be interacted with or controlled, with the Christian belief that such power to control the spirit world comes from God rather than being inherent to objects or places. "The animist believes that rituals and objects contain spiritual power, whereas a Christian believes that rituals and objects may convey power. Animists seek to manipulate power, whereas Christians seek to submit to God and to learn to work with his power."
With rising awareness of ecological preservation, recently theologians like Mark I. Wallace argue for animistic Christianity with a biocentric approach that understands God being present in all earthly objects, such as animals, trees, and rocks. |
Animism | Pre-Islamic Arab religion | Pre-Islamic Arab religion
Pre-Islamic Arab religion can refer to the traditional polytheistic, animist, and in some rare cases, shamanistic, religions of the peoples of the Arabian Peninsula. The belief in jinn, invisible entities akin to spirits in the Western sense dominant in the Arab religious systems, hardly fit the description of Animism in a strict sense. The jinn are considered to be analogous to the human soul by living lives like that of humans, but they are not exactly like human souls neither are they spirits of the dead.Magic and Divination in Early Islam. (2021). Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis. It is unclear if belief in jinn derived from nomadic or sedentary populations. |
Animism | New religious movements | New religious movements
Some modern pagan groups, including Eco-pagans, describe themselves as animists, meaning that they respect the diverse community of living beings and spirits with whom humans share the world and cosmos.Pizza, Murphy, and James R. Lewis. 2008. Handbook of Contemporary Paganism. pp. 408–09.
The New Age movement commonly demonstrates animistic traits in asserting the existence of nature spirits.Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 1998. New Age Religion and Western Culture. p. 199. |
Animism | Shamanism | Shamanism
A shaman is a person regarded as having access to, and influence in, the world of benevolent and malevolent spirits, who typically enters into a trance state during a ritual, and practices divination and healing."Shaman." Lexico. Oxford University Press and Dictionary.com. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
According to Mircea Eliade, shamanism encompasses the premise that shamans are intermediaries or messengers between the human world and the spirit worlds. Shamans are said to treat ailments and illnesses by mending the soul. Alleviating traumas affecting the soul or spirit restores the physical body of the individual to balance and wholeness. The shaman also enters supernatural realms or dimensions to obtain solutions to problems afflicting the community. Shamans may visit other worlds or dimensions to bring guidance to misguided souls and to ameliorate illnesses of the human soul caused by foreign elements. The shaman operates primarily within the spiritual world, which in turn affects the human world. The restoration of balance results in the elimination of the ailment.
Abram, however, articulates a less supernatural and much more ecological understanding of the shaman's role than that propounded by Eliade. Drawing upon his own field research in Indonesia, Nepal, and the Americas, Abram suggests that in animistic cultures, the shaman functions primarily as an intermediary between the human community and the more-than-human community of active agencies—the local animals, plants, and landforms (mountains, rivers, forests, winds, and weather patterns, all of which are felt to have their own specific sentience). Hence, the shaman's ability to heal individual instances of disease (or imbalance) within the human community is a byproduct of their more continual practice of balancing the reciprocity between the human community and the wider collective of animate beings in which that community is embedded. |
Animism | Animist life | Animist life |
Animism | Non-human animals | Non-human animals
Animism entails the belief that all living things have a soul, and thus, a central concern of animist thought surrounds how animals can be eaten, or otherwise used for humans' subsistence needs. The actions of non-human animals are viewed as "intentional, planned and purposive", and they are understood to be persons, as they are both alive, and communicate with others.
In animist worldviews, non-human animals are understood to participate in kinship systems and ceremonies with humans, as well as having their own kinship systems and ceremonies. Graham Harvey cited an example of an animist understanding of animal behavior that occurred at a powwow held by the Conne River Mi'kmaq in 1996; an eagle flew over the proceedings, circling over the central drum group. The assembled participants called out ('eagle'), conveying welcome to the bird and expressing pleasure at its beauty, and they later articulated the view that the eagle's actions reflected its approval of the event, and the Mi'kmaq's return to traditional spiritual practices.
In animism, rituals are performed to maintain relationships between humans and spirits. Indigenous peoples often perform these rituals to appease the spirits and request their assistance during activities such as hunting and healing. In the Arctic region, certain rituals are common before the hunt as a means to show respect for the spirits of animals. |
Animism | Flora | Flora
Some animists also view plant and fungi life as persons and interact with them accordingly. The most common encounter between humans and these plant and fungi persons is with the former's collection of the latter for food, and for animists, this interaction typically has to be carried out respectfully. Harvey cited the example of Māori communities in New Zealand, who often offer karakia invocations to sweet potatoes as they dig up the latter. While doing so, there is an awareness of a kinship relationship between the Māori and the sweet potatoes, with both understood as having arrived in Aotearoa together in the same canoes.
In other instances, animists believe that interaction with plant and fungi persons can result in the communication of things unknown or even otherwise unknowable. Among some modern Pagans, for instance, relationships are cultivated with specific trees, who are understood to bestow knowledge or physical gifts, such as flowers, sap, or wood that can be used as firewood or to fashion into a wand; in return, these Pagans give offerings to the tree itself, which can come in the form of libations of mead or ale, a drop of blood from a finger, or a strand of wool. |
Animism | The elements | The elements
Various animistic cultures also comprehend stones as persons. Discussing ethnographic work conducted among the Ojibwe, Harvey noted that their society generally conceived of stones as being inanimate, but with two notable exceptions: the stones of the Bell Rocks and those stones which are situated beneath trees struck by lightning, which were understood to have become Thunderers themselves. The Ojibwe conceived of weather as being capable of having personhood, with storms being conceived of as persons known as 'Thunderers' whose sounds conveyed communications and who engaged in seasonal conflict over the lakes and forests, throwing lightning at lake monsters. Wind, similarly, can be conceived as a person in animistic thought.
The importance of place is also a recurring element of animism, with some places being understood to be persons in their own right. |
Animism | Spirits | Spirits
Animism can also entail relationships being established with non-corporeal spirit entities. |
Animism | Other usage | Other usage |
Animism | Science | Science
In the early 20th century, William McDougall defended a form of animism in his book Body and Mind: A History and Defence of Animism (1911).
Physicist Nick Herbert has argued for "quantum animism" in which the mind permeates the world at every level:
Werner Krieglstein wrote regarding his quantum Animism:
In Error and Loss: A Licence to Enchantment, Ashley Curtis (2018) has argued that the Cartesian idea of an experiencing subject facing off with an inert physical world is incoherent at its very foundation and that this incoherence is consistent with rather than belied by Darwinism. Human reason (and its rigorous extension in the natural sciences) fits an evolutionary niche just as echolocation does for bats and infrared vision does for pit vipers, and is epistemologically on a par with, rather than superior to, such capabilities. The meaning or aliveness of the "objects" we encounter, rocks, trees, rivers, and other animals, thus depends for its validity not on a detached cognitive judgment, but purely on the quality of our experience. The animist experience, or the wolf's or raven's experience, thus become licensed as equally valid worldviews to the modern western scientific one; they are indeed more valid, since they are not plagued with the incoherence that inevitably arises when "objective existence" is separated from "subjective experience." |
Animism | Socio-political impact | Socio-political impact
Harvey opined that animism's views on personhood represented a radical challenge to the dominant perspectives of modernity, because it accords "intelligence, rationality, consciousness, volition, agency, intentionality, language, and desire" to non-humans. Similarly, it challenges the view of human uniqueness that is prevalent in both Abrahamic religions and Western rationalism. |
Animism | Art and literature | Art and literature
Animist beliefs can also be expressed through artwork. For instance, among the Māori communities of New Zealand, there is an acknowledgement that creating art through carving wood or stone entails violence against the wood or stone person and that the persons who are damaged therefore have to be placated and respected during the process; any excess or waste from the creation of the artwork is returned to the land, while the artwork itself is treated with particular respect. Harvey, therefore, argued that the creation of art among the Māori was not about creating an inanimate object for display, but rather a transformation of different persons within a relationship.
Harvey expressed the view that animist worldviews were present in various works of literature, citing such examples as the writings of Alan Garner, Leslie Silko, Barbara Kingsolver, Alice Walker, Daniel Quinn, Linda Hogan, David Abram, Patricia Grace, Chinua Achebe, Ursula Le Guin, Louise Erdrich, and Marge Piercy.
Animist worldviews have also been identified in the animated films of Hayao Miyazaki. |
Animism | See also | See also
Anecdotal cognitivism
Animatism
Anima mundi
Dayawism
Ecotheology
Hylozoism
Mana
Mauri (life force)
Kaitiaki
Panpsychism
Religion and environmentalism
Sacred trees
Shamanism
Wildlife totemization |
Animism | Notes | Notes |
Animism | References | References |
Animism | Sources | Sources
|
Animism | Further reading | Further reading
Hallowell, Alfred Irving. 1960. "Ojibwa ontology, behavior, and world view." In Culture in History, edited by S. Diamond. (New York: Columbia University Press).
Reprint: 2002. Pp. 17–49 in Readings in Indigenous Religions, edited by G. Harvey. London: Continuum.
Ingold, Tim. 2006. "Rethinking the animate, re-animating thought." Ethnos 71(1):9–20.
Käser, Lothar. 2004. Animismus. Eine Einführung in die begrifflichen Grundlagen des Welt- und Menschenbildes traditionaler (ethnischer) Gesellschaften für Entwicklungshelfer und kirchliche Mitarbeiter in Übersee. Bad Liebenzell: Liebenzeller Mission. .
mit dem verkürzten Untertitel Einführung in seine begrifflichen Grundlagen auch bei: Erlanger Verlag für Mission und Okumene, Neuendettelsau 2004,
Quinn, Daniel. [1996] 1997. The Story of B: An Adventure of the Mind and Spirit. New York: Bantam Books, and the essay "Our Religions: Are They the Religions of Humanity Itself?", usually available at Ishmael.org
Wundt, Wilhelm. 1906. Mythus und Religion, Teil II. Leipzig 1906 (Völkerpsychologie II) |
Animism | External links | External links
Category:Anthropology of religion
Category:Indigenous spirituality
Category:Metaphysical theories
Category:Panentheism
Category:Philosophy of religion
Category:Polytheism
Category:Schools of thought
Category:Transtheism |
Animism | Table of Content | short description, Etymology, "Old animism" definitions, Edward Tylor's definition, Social evolutionist conceptions, Confounding animism with totemism, "New animism" non-archaic definitions, Hallowell and the Ojibwe, Postmodern anthropology, Ethical and ecological understanding, Relation to the concept of 'I-thou', Religion, Concepts, Distinction from pantheism, Fetishism / totemism, African indigenous religions, Asian origin religions, Indian-origin religions, Chinese religions, Japan and Shinto, Kalash people, Korea, Philippines indigenous religions, Abrahamic religions, Pre-Islamic Arab religion, New religious movements, Shamanism, Animist life, Non-human animals, Flora, The elements, Spirits, Other usage, Science, Socio-political impact, Art and literature, See also, Notes, References, Sources, Further reading, External links |
Antonio Vivaldi | short description | Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (4 March 1678 – 28 July 1741) was an Italian composer, virtuoso violinist, impresario of Baroque music and Roman Catholic priest. Regarded as one of the greatest Baroque composers, Vivaldi's influence during his lifetime was widespread across Europe, giving origin to many imitators and admirers. He pioneered many developments in orchestration, violin technique and programmatic music. He consolidated the emerging concerto form, especially the solo concerto, into a widely accepted and followed idiom.
Vivaldi composed many instrumental concertos, for the violin and a variety of other musical instruments, as well as sacred choral works and more than fifty operas. His best-known work is a series of violin concertos known as The Four Seasons. Many of his compositions were written for the all-female music ensemble of the , a home for abandoned children. Vivaldi began studying for the Catholic priesthood at the age of 15 and was ordained at 25, but was given dispensation to no longer say public Masses due to a health problem. Vivaldi also had some success with expensive stagings of his operas in Venice, Mantua and Vienna. After meeting the Emperor Charles VI, Vivaldi moved to Vienna, hoping for royal support. However, the Emperor died soon after Vivaldi's arrival, and Vivaldi himself died in poverty less than a year later.
After almost two centuries of decline, Vivaldi's musical reputation underwent a revival in the early 20th century, with much scholarly research devoted to his work. Many of Vivaldi's compositions, once thought lost, have been rediscovered – some as recently as 2015.New Discoveries of Vivaldi. Scaramuccia Ensemble. Retrieved 27 October 2023. His music remains widely popular in the present day and is regularly played all over the world. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Early life | Early life |
Antonio Vivaldi | Birth and background | Birth and background
thumb|upright=1.35|The church where Vivaldi was given the supplemental baptismal rites, San Giovanni in Bragora, Sestiere di Castello, Venice
Antonio Lucio Vivaldi was born on 4 March 1678 in Venice, then the capital of the Republic of Venice. He was son of Giovanni Battista Vivaldi and Camilla Calicchio, as recorded in the register of San Giovanni in Bragora.
He was baptized immediately after his birth at his home by the midwife, the reason for which has led to speculation. It was most likely done due to his poor health. There is a false rumor that an earthquake struck the city that day. This rumor may have originated from an earthquake that struck Venice on 17 April 1688. The baptismal ceremonies which had been omitted were supplied two months later.
Vivaldi had five known siblings: Bonaventura Tomaso, Margarita Gabriela, Cecilia Maria, Francesco Gaetano, and Zanetta Anna. Vivaldi's health was problematic. One of his symptoms, ("tightness of the chest"), has been interpreted as a form of asthma. This did not prevent him from learning to play the violin, composing, or taking part in musical activities, although it prevented him from playing wind instruments. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Youth | Youth
His father, Giovanni Battista, was a barber before becoming a professional violinist and was one of the founders of the , an association of musicians. He taught Antonio to play the violin and then toured Venice, playing the violin with his young son. Antonio was probably taught at an early age, judging by the extensive musical knowledge he had acquired by the age of 24, when he started working at the .
The president of the was Giovanni Legrenzi, an early Baroque composer and the at St Mark's Basilica. It is possible that Legrenzi gave the young Antonio his first lessons in composition. Vivaldi's father may have been a composer himself: in 1689, an opera titled was composed by a Giovanni Battista Rossi—the name under which Vivaldi's father had joined the Sovvegno di Santa Cecilia.In 1691, at the age of thirteen, Vivaldi wrote an early liturgical work – (RV Anh 31).
In 1693, at the age of fifteen, he began studying to become a priest. He was ordained in 1703, aged 25, and was soon nicknamed , "The Red Priest"; is Italian for "red" and would have referred to the color of his hair, a family trait. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Career | Career |
Antonio Vivaldi | Ospedale della Pietà | Ospedale della Pietà
thumb|upright=1.35|Commemorative plaque beside the Ospedale della PietàAlthough Vivaldi is most famous as a composer, he was regarded as an exceptional technical violinist as well. The German architect Johann Friedrich Armand von Uffenbach referred to Vivaldi as "the famous composer and violinist" and noted in his diary that "Vivaldi played a solo accompaniment excellently, and at the conclusion he added a free fantasy [an improvised cadenza] which absolutely astounded me, for it is hardly possible that anyone has ever played, or ever will play, in such a fashion." Travelling in Italy, he noted in his diary, on the occasion of an opera performance in the Teatro Sant' Angelo in the spring of 1715:
... towards the end, Vivaldi played an accompagnement solo, ... which quite shocked me, ... because his fingers came only within a straw’s breadth of the bridge, so that there was no space for the bow, and this on all 4 strings with fugues and a velocity which is unbelievable, he astonished everyone with it – https://wiener-urtext.com/en/antonio-vivaldi. In September 1703, Vivaldi (24) became (master of violin) at an orphanage called the Pio Ospedale della Pietà (Devout Hospital of Mercy) in Venice; although his talents as a violinist probably secured him the job, he soon became a successful teacher of music there.
Over the next thirty years he composed most of his major works while working at the Ospedale. There were four similar institutions in Venice; their purpose was to give shelter and education to children who were abandoned or orphaned, or whose families could not support them. They were financed by funds provided by the Republic. The boys learned a trade and had to leave when they reached the age of fifteen. The girls received a musical education, and the most talented among them stayed and became members of the Ospedale's renowned orchestra and choir.
Shortly after Vivaldi's appointment, the orphans began to gain appreciation and esteem abroad, too. Vivaldi wrote concertos, cantatas and sacred vocal music for them. These sacred works, which number over 60, are varied: they included solo motets and large-scale choral works for soloists, double chorus, and orchestra. In 1704, the position of teacher of viola all'inglese was added to his duties as violin instructor. The position of maestro di coro, which was at one time filled by Vivaldi, required a lot of time and work. He had to compose an oratorio or concerto for every feast and teach the orphans both music theory and how to play certain instruments.
His relationship with the board of directors of the Ospedale was often strained. The board had to vote every year on whether to keep a teacher. The vote on Vivaldi was seldom unanimous and went 7 to 6 against him in 1709. In 1711, after a year as a freelance musician, he was recalled by the Ospedale with a unanimous vote; clearly during his year's absence the board had realized the importance of his role. He became responsible for all of the musical activity of the institution when he was promoted to maestro de' concerti (music director) in 1716 and responsible for composing two new concertos every month.
In 1705, the first collection (Connor Cassara) of his works was published by Giuseppe Sala. His Opus 1 is a collection of 12 sonatas for two violins and basso continuo, in a conventional style. In 1709, a second collection of 12 sonatas for violin and basso continuo appeared (Opus 2). A real breakthrough as a composer came with his first collection of 12 concerti for one, two, and four violins with strings, L'estro armonico (Opus 3), which was published in Amsterdam in 1711 by Estienne Roger, and dedicated to Grand Prince Ferdinand of Tuscany. The prince sponsored many musicians, including Alessandro Scarlatti and George Frideric Handel. He was a musician himself, and Vivaldi probably met him in Venice. L'estro armonico was a resounding success all over Europe. It was followed in 1714 by La stravaganza (Opus 4), a collection of concerti for solo violin and strings, and dedicated to an old violin student of Vivaldi's, the Venetian noble Vettor Dolfin.
In February 1711, Vivaldi and his father traveled to Brescia, where his setting of the Stabat Mater (RV 621) was played as part of a religious festival. The work seems to have been written in haste: the string parts are simple, the music of the first three movements is repeated in the next three, and not all the text is set. Nevertheless, perhaps in part because of the forced essentiality of the music, the work is considered to be one of his early masterpieces.
Despite his frequent travels from 1718, the Ospedale paid him 2 sequins to write two concerti a month for the orchestra and to rehearse with them at least five times when in Venice. The orphanage's records show that he was paid for 140 concerti between 1723 and 1733. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Opera impresario | Opera impresario
thumb|left|upright|First edition of Juditha triumphans
In early 18th-century Venice, opera was the most popular musical entertainment. It proved most profitable for Vivaldi. There were several theaters competing for the public's attention. Vivaldi started his career as an opera composer as a sideline: his first opera, Ottone in villa (RV 729) was performed not in Venice, but at the Garzerie Theater in Vicenza in 1713. The following year, Vivaldi became the impresario of the Teatro San Angelo in Venice, where his opera Orlando finto pazzo (RV 727) was performed. The work was not to the public's taste, and it closed after a couple of weeks, being replaced with a repeat of a different work already given the previous year.
In 1715, he presented Nerone fatto Cesare (RV 724, now lost), with music by seven different composers, of which he was the leader. The opera contained eleven arias and was a success. In the late season, Vivaldi planned to put on an opera entirely of his own creation, Arsilda, regina di Ponto (RV 700), but the state censor blocked the performance. The main character, Arsilda, falls in love with another woman, Lisea, who is pretending to be a man. Vivaldi got the censor to accept the opera the following year, and it was a resounding success.
During this period, the Pietà commissioned several liturgical works. The most important were two oratorios. Moyses Deus Pharaonis, (RV 643) is now lost. The second, Juditha triumphans (RV 644), celebrates the victory of the Republic of Venice against the Turks and the recapture of the island of Corfu. Composed in 1716, it is one of his sacred masterpieces. All eleven singing parts were performed by girls of the orphanage, both the female and male roles. Many of the arias include parts for solo instruments—recorders, oboes, violas d'amore, and mandolins—that showcased the range of talents of the girls.
Also in 1716, Vivaldi wrote and produced two more operas, L'incoronazione di Dario (RV 719) and La costanza trionfante degli amori e degli odi (RV 706). The latter was so popular that it was performed two years later, re-edited and retitled Artabano re dei Parti (RV 701, now lost). It was also performed in Prague in 1732. In the years that followed, Vivaldi wrote several operas that were performed all over Italy.
thumb|upright|Frontispiece of Il teatro alla moda
His progressive operatic style caused him some trouble with more conservative musicians such as Benedetto Marcello, a magistrate and amateur musician who wrote a pamphlet denouncing Vivaldi and his operas. The pamphlet, Il teatro alla moda, attacks the composer even though it does not mention him directly. The cover drawing shows a boat (the San Angelo), on the left end of which stands a little angel wearing a priest's hat and playing the violin. The Marcello family claimed ownership of the Teatro San Angelo, and a long legal battle had been fought with the management for its restitution, without success. The obscure text under the engraving mentions non-existent places and names: for example, ALDIVIVA is an anagram of "A. Vivaldi".
In a letter written by Vivaldi to his patron Marchese Bentivoglio in 1737, he makes reference to his "94 operas". Only about 50 operas by Vivaldi have been discovered, and no other documentation of the remaining operas exists. Although Vivaldi could have been exaggerating, it is plausible that, in his dual role of composer and impresario, he might have either written or been responsible for the production of as many as 94 operas—given that his career had by then spanned almost 25 years. Although Vivaldi certainly composed many operas in his time, he never attained the prominence of other great composers such as Alessandro Scarlatti, Johann Adolph Hasse, Leonardo Leo, and Baldassare Galuppi, as evidenced by his inability to keep a production running for an extended period of time in any major opera house. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Mantua and the'' Four Seasons'' | Mantua and the Four Seasons
In 1717 or 1718, Vivaldi was offered a prestigious new position as Maestro di Cappella of the court of Prince Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt, governor of Mantua, in the northwest of Italy He moved there for three years and produced several operas, among them Tito Manlio (RV 738). In 1721, he was in Milan, where he presented the pastoral drama La Silvia (RV 734); nine arias from it survive. He visited Milan again the following year with the oratorio L'adorazione delli tre re magi al bambino Gesù (RV 645, now lost). In 1722 he moved to Rome, where he introduced his operas' new style. The new Pope Benedict XIII invited Vivaldi to play for him. In 1725, Vivaldi returned to Venice, where he produced four operas in the same year.
During this period, Vivaldi wrote the Four Seasons, four violin concertos that give musical expression to the seasons of the year. The composition is probably one of his most famous. Although three of the concerti are wholly original, the first, "Spring", borrows motifs from a Sinfonia in the first act of Vivaldi's contemporaneous opera Il Giustino. The inspiration for the concertos was probably the countryside around Mantua. They were a revolution in musical conception: in them, Vivaldi represented flowing streams, singing birds (of different species, each specifically characterized), barking dogs, buzzing mosquitoes, crying shepherds, storms, drunken dancers, silent nights, hunting parties from both the hunters' and the prey's point of view, frozen landscapes, ice-skating children, and warming winter fires. Each concerto is associated with a sonnet, possibly by Vivaldi, describing the scenes depicted in the music. They were published as the first four concertos in a collection of twelve, Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione, Opus 8, published in Amsterdam by Michel-Charles Le Cène in 1725.
During his time in Mantua, Vivaldi became acquainted with an aspiring young singer Anna Tessieri Girò, who would become his student, protégée, and favorite prima donna. Anna, along with her older half-sister Paolina, moved in with Vivaldi and regularly accompanied him on his many travels. There was speculation as to the nature of Vivaldi's and Girò's relationship, but no evidence exists to indicate anything beyond friendship and professional collaboration. Vivaldi, in fact, adamantly denied any romantic relationship with Girò in a letter to his patron Bentivoglio, dated 16 November 1737. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Late period | Late period
Vivaldi collaborated with choreographer Giovanni Gallo on several of his later operas stage in Venice with Gallo choreographing the ballets found within those works. At the height of his career, he received commissions from European nobility and royalty, some of which were:
The serenata (cantata) Gloria e Imeneo (RV 687), which was commissioned in 1725 by the French ambassador to Venice in celebration of the marriage of Louis XV, when Vivaldi was 48 years old.
The serenata, La Sena festeggiante (RV 694), written in 1726 and also premiered at the French embassy, to celebrate the birth of the French royal princesses, Henriette and Louise Élisabeth.
Vivaldi's Opus 9, La cetra, which was dedicated to Emperor Charles VI. In 1728, Vivaldi met the emperor while the emperor was visiting Trieste to oversee the construction of a new port. Charles VI admired the music of the Red Priest so much that he is said to have spoken more with the composer during their one meeting than he spoke to his ministers in more than two years. He gave Vivaldi the title of knight, a gold medal and an invitation to Vienna. Vivaldi gave Charles a manuscript copy of La cetra, a set of concerti almost completely different from the set of the same title published as Opus 9. The printing was probably delayed, forcing Vivaldi to gather an improvised collection for the emperor.
His opera Farnace (RV 711) was presented in 1730; it garnered six revivals. Some of his later operas were created in collaboration with two of Italy's major writers of the time. Accompanied by his father, Vivaldi traveled to Vienna and Prague in 1730.
L'Olimpiade and Catone in Utica were written by Pietro Metastasio, the major representative of the Arcadian movement and court poet in Vienna. La Griselda was rewritten by the young Carlo Goldoni from an earlier libretto by Apostolo Zeno.
Like many composers of the time, Vivaldi faced financial difficulties in his later years. His compositions were no longer held in such high esteem as they had once been in Venice; changing musical tastes quickly made them outmoded. In response, Vivaldi chose to sell off sizeable numbers of his manuscripts at paltry prices to finance his migration to Vienna. The reasons for Vivaldi's departure from Venice are unclear, but it seems likely that, after the success of his meeting with Emperor Charles VI, he wished to take up the position of a composer in the imperial court. On his way to Vienna, Vivaldi might have stopped in Graz to see Anna Girò. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Death | Death
thumb|upright=.8|left|Caricature by P. L. Ghezzi, Rome (1723)
thumb|Historic view of the Bürgerspital-Gottesacker cemetery and chapel, where Vivaldi's tomb used to be. They stood next to St. Charles Church until 1807.
thumb|Memorial plaque to Vivaldi's tomb at the main building of the Technical University, dedicated in 1978 by the Creditanstalt-Bankverein
Vivaldi probably moved to Vienna to stage operas, especially as he took up residence near the Kärntnertortheater. Shortly after his arrival in Vienna, Charles VI died, which left the composer without any imperial patronage or a steady source of income. Soon afterwards, Vivaldi became impoverished and, during the night of 27/28 July 1741, aged 63, he died of "internal infection", in a house owned by the widow of a Viennese saddlemaker.
On 28 July, Vivaldi's funeral took place at St. Stephen's Cathedral. Contrary to popular legend, the young Joseph Haydn who was in the cathedral choir at the time had nothing to do with his burial, since no music was performed on that occasion. The funeral was attended by six pall-bearers and six choir boys (Kuttenbuben), at a "mean" cost of 19 florins and 45 kreuzer. Only a Kleingeläut (small peal of bells), the lowest class, was provided, at a cost of 2 florins and 36 kreuzer.
Vivaldi was buried in a simple grave in a burial ground that was owned by the public hospital fund – the Bürgerspital-Gottesacker cemetery, next to St Charles Church, a baroque church in an area that is now part of the site of the TU Wien university. The cemetery existed until 1807. The house where he lived in Vienna has since been destroyed; the Hotel Sacher is built on part of the site. Memorial plaques have been placed at both locations, as well as a Vivaldi "star" in the Viennese Musikmeile and a monument at the Rooseveltplatz.
Only two, possibly three, original portraits of Vivaldi are known to survive: an engraving, an ink sketch and an oil painting. The engraving, which was the basis of several copies produced later by other artists, was made in 1725 by François Morellon de La Cave for the first edition of Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione, and shows Vivaldi holding a sheet of music. The ink sketch, a caricature, was done by Ghezzi in 1723 and shows Vivaldi's head and shoulders in profile. It exists in two versions: a first jotting kept at the Vatican Library, and a much lesser-known, slightly more detailed copy recently discovered in Moscow. The oil painting, which can be seen in the International Museum and Library of Music of Bologna, is by an anonymous artist and is thought to depict Vivaldi due to its strong resemblance to the La Cave engraving.
During his lifetime, Vivaldi was popular in many countries throughout Europe, including France, but after his death his popularity dwindled. After the end of the Baroque period, Vivaldi's published concerti became relatively unknown, and were largely ignored. Even his most famous work, The Four Seasons, was unknown in its original edition during the Classical and Romantic periods. Vivaldi's work was rediscovered in the 20th century. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Works | Works
A composition by Vivaldi is identified by RV number, which refers to its place in the "Ryom-Verzeichnis" or "Répertoire des oeuvres d'Antonio Vivaldi", a catalog created in the 20th century by the musicologist Peter Ryom.
Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) of 1723 is his most famous work. The first four of the 12 concertos, titled Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione ("The Contest between Harmony and Invention"), they depict moods and scenes from each of the four seasons. This work has been described as an outstanding example of pre-19th-century program music.Gerard Schwarz, Musically Speaking – The Great Works Collection: Vivaldi (CVP, Inc., 1995), 13. Vivaldi's other notable sets of 12 violin concertos include La stravaganza (The Eccentricity), L'estro armonico (The Harmonic Inspiration) and La cetra (The Lyre).
Vivaldi wrote more than 500 concertos. About 350 of these are for solo instrument and strings, of which 230 are for violin; the others are for bassoon, cello, oboe, flute, viola d'amore, recorder, lute, or mandolin. About forty concertos are for two instruments and strings, and about thirty are for three or more instruments and strings.
As well as about 46 operas, Vivaldi composed a large body of sacred choral music, such as the Gloria, RV 589; Nisi Dominus, RV 608; Magnificat, RV 610 and Stabat Mater, RV 621. Gloria, RV 589 remains one of Vivaldi's more popular sacred works. Other works include sinfonias, about 90 sonatas and chamber music.
Some sonatas for flute, published as Il Pastor Fido, have been erroneously attributed to Vivaldi, but were composed by Nicolas Chédeville. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Catalogues of Vivaldi works | Catalogues of Vivaldi works
thumb|Allée Vivaldi in Paris, named after Antonio Vivaldi
Vivaldi's works attracted cataloging efforts befitting a major composer. Scholarly work intended to increase the accuracy and variety of Vivaldi performances also supported new discoveries that made old catalogs incomplete. Works still in circulation today might be numbered under several different systems (some earlier catalogs are mentioned here).
Because the simply consecutive Complete Edition (CE) numbers did not reflect the individual works (Opus numbers) into which compositions were grouped, numbers assigned by Antonio Fanna were often used in conjunction with CE numbers. Combined Complete Edition (CE)/Fanna numbering was especially common in the work of Italian groups driving the mid-20th-century revival of Vivaldi, such as Gli Accademici di Milano under Piero Santi. For example, the Bassoon Concerto in B major, "La Notte", RV 501, became CE 12, F. VIII,1
Despite the awkwardness of having to overlay Fanna numbers onto the Complete Edition number for meaningful grouping of Vivaldi's oeuvre, these numbers displaced the older Pincherle numbers as the (re-) discovery of more manuscripts had rendered older catalogs obsolete.
This cataloging work was led by the Istituto Italiano Antonio Vivaldi, where Gian Francesco Malipiero was both the director and the editor of the published scores (Edizioni G. Ricordi). His work built on that of Antonio Fanna, a Venetian businessman and the institute's founder, and thus formed a bridge to the scholarly catalog dominant today.
Compositions by Vivaldi are identified today by RV number, the number assigned by Danish musicologist Peter Ryom in works published mostly in the 1970s, such as the "Ryom-Verzeichnis" or "Répertoire des oeuvres d'Antonio Vivaldi". Like the Complete Edition before it, the RV does not typically assign its single, consecutive numbers to "adjacent" works that occupy one of the composer's single opus numbers. Its goal as a modern catalog is to index the manuscripts and sources that establish the existence and nature of all known works. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Style and influence | Style and influence
The German scholar Walter Kolneder has discerned the influence of Legrenzi's style in Vivaldi's early liturgical work Laetatus sum (RV Anh 31), written in 1691 at the age of thirteen.
Vivaldi was also influenced by the Composer Arcangelo Corelli.
Johann Sebastian Bach was deeply influenced by Vivaldi's concertos and arias (recalled in his St John Passion, St Matthew Passion, and cantatas). Bach transcribed six of Vivaldi's concerti for solo keyboard, a further three for organ, and one for four harpsichords, strings, and basso continuo (BWV 1065) based upon the concerto for four violins, two violas, cello, and basso continuo (RV 580). |
Antonio Vivaldi | Legacy | Legacy
thumb|Antonio Vivaldi (engraving by François Morellon de La Cave, from Michel-Charles Le Cène's edition of Vivaldi's Op. 8, 1725)
thumb|Antonio Vivaldi monument at Rooseveltplatz in Vienna, Austria
In the early 20th century, Fritz Kreisler's Concerto in C, in the Style of Vivaldi (which he passed off as an original Vivaldi work) helped revive Vivaldi's reputation. Kreisler's concerto in C spurred the French scholar Marc Pincherle to begin an academic study of Vivaldi's oeuvre. Many Vivaldi manuscripts were rediscovered, and were acquired by the Turin National University Library as a result of the generous sponsorship of Turinese businessmen Roberto Foa and Filippo Giordano, in memory of their sons. This led to a renewed interest in Vivaldi by, among others, Mario Rinaldi, Alfredo Casella, Ezra Pound, Olga Rudge, Desmond Chute, Arturo Toscanini, Arnold Schering and Louis Kaufman, all of whom were instrumental in the revival of Vivaldi throughout the 20th century.
In 1926, in a monastery in Piedmont, researchers discovered fourteen bound volumes of Vivaldi's work (later discovered to be fifteen) that were previously thought to have been lost during the Napoleonic Wars. Some missing tomes in the numbered set were discovered in the collections of the descendants of the Grand Duke Durazzo, who had acquired the monastery complex in the 18th century. The volumes contained 300 concertos, 19 operas and over 100 vocal-instrumental works.Antonio Vivaldi biography by Alexander Kuznetsov and Louise Thomas, a booklet attached to the CD "The best of Vivaldi", published and recorded by Madacy Entertainment Group Inc, St. Laurent Quebec Canada
The resurrection of Vivaldi's unpublished works in the 20th century greatly benefited from the noted efforts of Alfredo Casella, who in 1939 organized the historic Vivaldi Week, in which the rediscovered Gloria (RV 589) and l'Olimpiade were revived. Since World War II, Vivaldi's compositions have enjoyed wide success. Historically informed performances, often on "original instruments", have increased Vivaldi's fame still further.
Recent rediscoveries of works by Vivaldi include two psalm settings: Psalm 127, Nisi Dominus RV 803 (in eight movements); and Psalm 110, Dixit Dominus RV 807 (in eleven movements). These were identified in 2003 and 2005, respectively, by the Australian scholar Janice Stockigt. The Vivaldi scholar Michael Talbot described RV 807 as "arguably the best nonoperatic work from Vivaldi's pen to come to light since ... the 1920s".Michael Talbot, liner notes to the CD Vivaldi: Dixit Dominus, Körnerscher Sing-Verein Dresden (Dresdner Instrumental-Concert), Peter Kopp, Deutsche Grammophon 2006, catalogue number 4776145
In February 2002, musicologist discovered 70% of the music for the opera Motezuma (RV 723) in the Sing-Akademie zu Berlin archives. Long thought lost, it was described by Dutch musicologist as "the most important Vivaldi discovery in 75 years." One of the earliest operas to have been set in the Americas, versions of it were staged in Düsseldorf in 2005 and Long Beach in 2009.Apthorp, Shirley (22 September 2005). "Vivaldi's Motezuma Has Dusseldorf Premiere After Court Win", Bloomberg News. Retrieved 14 March 2015.Ng, David (March 22, 2009). "Vivaldi's 'Motezuma,' lost, found, restored, re-imagined", Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
Vivaldi's 1730 opera, Argippo (RV 697), which had also been considered lost, was rediscovered in 2006 by the harpsichordist and conductor Ondřej Macek, whose Hofmusici orchestra performed the work at Prague Castle on 3 May 2008—its first performance since 1730.
Modern depictions of Vivaldi's life include a 2005 radio play, commissioned by ABC Radio National and written by Sean Riley. Entitled The Angel and the Red Priest, the play was later adapted for the stage and performed at the Adelaide Festival of the Arts. Films about Vivaldi include: (1989), an Italian-French co-production under the direction of Étienne Périer; (2006), an Italian-French co-production under the direction of ; and Vivaldi, the Red Priest (2009), an Italian film created and directed by Liana Marabini, and loosely based on Vivaldi's life as both priest and composer. |
Antonio Vivaldi | References | References |
Antonio Vivaldi | Notes | Notes |
Antonio Vivaldi | Citations | Citations |
Antonio Vivaldi | Sources | Sources
|
Antonio Vivaldi | Further reading | Further reading
Romijn, André. Hidden Harmonies: The Secret Life of Antonio Vivaldi, 2007
Selfridge-Field, Eleanor (1994). Venetian Instrumental Music, from Gabrieli to Vivaldi. New York, Dover Publications. . |
Antonio Vivaldi | External links | External links
Category:1678 births
Category:1741 deaths
Category:18th-century Italian composers
Category:18th-century Italian male musicians
Category:18th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Category:Catholic liturgical composers
Category:Composers for cello
Category:Composers for violin
Category:Composers for flute
Category:Composers for bassoon
Category:Italian Baroque composers
Category:Italian classical cellists
Category:Italian classical composers of church music
Category:Italian classical violinists
Category:Italian expatriates in Austria
Category:Italian impresarios
Category:Italian male classical violinists
Category:Italian male opera composers
Category:Italian opera composers
Category:Musicians from Venice
Category:Oratorio composers
Category:Republic of Venice clergy |
Antonio Vivaldi | Table of Content | short description, Early life, Birth and background, Youth, Career, Ospedale della Pietà, Opera impresario, Mantua and the'' Four Seasons'', Late period, Death, Works, Catalogues of Vivaldi works, Style and influence, Legacy, References, Notes, Citations, Sources, Further reading, External links |
Adrian | about | Adrian is a form of the Latin given name Adrianus or Hadrianus. Its ultimate origin is most likely via the former river Adria from the Venetic and Illyrian word adur, meaning "sea" or "water".Adrian Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, p.7. .
The Adria was until the 8th century BC the main channel of the Po River into the Adriatic Sea but ceased to exist before the 1st century BC. Hecataeus of Miletus (c.550 – c.476 BC) asserted that both the Etruscan harbor city of Adria and the Adriatic Sea had been named after it. Emperor Hadrian's family was named after the city or region of Adria/Hadria, now Atri, in Picenum, which most likely started as an Etruscan or Greek colony of the older harbor city of the same name.
Several saints and six popes have borne this name, including the only English pope, Adrian IV, and the only Dutch pope, Adrian VI. As an English name, it has been in use since the Middle Ages. |
Adrian | Religion | Religion
Pope Adrian I (c. 700–795)
Pope Adrian II (c. 792–872)
Pope Adrian III (c. 830–885)
Pope Adrian IV (c. 1100–1159), English pope
Pope Adrian V (c. 1205–1276)
Pope Adrian VI (1459–1523)
Adrian of Batanea (died 308), Christian martyr and saint
Adrian of Canterbury (died 710), scholar and Abbot of St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury
Adrian of Castello (1460–1521), Italian cardinal and writer
Adrian of May (died 875), Scottish saint from the Isle of May, martyred by Vikings
Adrian of Moscow (1627–1700), last pre-revolutionary Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia
Adrian of Nicomedia (died 306), martyr and Herculian Guard of the Roman Emperor Galerius Maximian
Adrian of Ondrusov (died 1549), Russian Orthodox saint and wonder-worker
Adrian of Poshekhonye (died 1550), Russian Orthodox saint, hegumen of Dormition monastery in Yaroslavl region
Adrian of Transylvania (fl. 1183–1201), Hungarian bishop and chancellor
Adrian Fortescue (martyr) (1476–1539), English courtier at Henry VIII's court, beatified as a Roman Catholic martyr
Adrian Gouffier de Boissy (1479–1523), French Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal
Adrian Kivumbi Ddungu (1923–2009), Ugandan Roman Catholic bishop
Adrian Leo Doyle (born 1936), Australian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church |
Adrian | Government and politics | Government and politics
Adrian Amstutz (born 1953), Swiss politician
Adrian Arnold (1932–2018), American politician
Adrian Bailey (born 1945), British politician
Adrian Baillie (1898–1947), British politician
Adrian A. Basora (born 1938), US Ambassador to the Czech Republic
Adrian Benepe (born 1957), American Commissioner of the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation
Adrian Bennett (1933–2006), Australian politician
Adrian Benjamin Bentzon (1777–1827), Norwegian Governor of the British West Indies
Adrian Berry, 4th Viscount Camrose (1937–2016), British hereditary peer and journalist
Adrian P. Burke (1904–2000), American judge and politician
Adrián Fernández Cabrera (born 1967), Mexican politician
Adrian Cioroianu (born 1967), Romanian Minister of Foreign Affairs
Adrian Cochrane-Watson (born 1967), Irish politician
Adrian Davis (civil servant), British economist and civil servant
Adrian Delia (born 1969), Maltese politician
Adrian Fenty (born 1970), American politician, mayor of Washington D.C.
Adrian Flook (born 1963), British politician
Adrian Foster (politician), Canadian politician
Adrian Hasler (born 1964), Prime Minister of Liechtenstein
Adrian Knatchbull-Hugessen (1891–1976), Canadian lawyer and senator
Adrian Kubicki (born 1987), Consul General of the Republic of Poland in New York City.
Adrián Vázquez Lázara (born 1982), Spanish politician
Adrian Molin (1880–1942), Swedish writer and political activist
Adrian Năstase (born 1950), Romanian politician
Adrian Neritani, former Permanent Representative of Albania to the United Nations
Adrián Rivera Pérez (born 1962), Mexican politician
Adrian Piccoli (born 1970), Australian politician
Adrian Cola Rienzi (1905–1972), Trinidadin and Tobagonian trade unionist, civil rights activist, politician, and lawyer
Adriano Sánchez Roa (born 1956), Dominican politician
Adrian Rurawhe (born 1961), New Zealand politician
Adrian M. Smith (born 1970), American politician
Adrian Sanders (born 1959), British politician
Adrian Severin (born 1954), Romanian politician and Member of the European Parliament
Adrian Smith (politician) (born 1970), American politician
Adrian Stokes (courtier) (1519–1586), English politician
Adrian Stoughton (1556–1614), English politician
Adrian Zuckerman (born 1956), US Ambassador to Romania |
Adrian | Academia | Academia
Adrian Albert (1905–1972), American mathematician
Adrian Baddeley (born 1955), Australian scientist
Adrian Bailey (academic), American scholar
Adrian Bejan (born 1948), Romanian-born professor of mechanical engineering at Duke University
Adrian Beverland (1650–1716), Dutch philosopher and jurist who settled in England
Adrian Bird (born 1947), British geneticist
Adrian Bowyer (born 1952), British engineer, creator of the RepRap project
Adrian John Brown (1852–1919), British professor and pioneer
Adrian David Cheok (born 1971/1972), Australian electrical engineer and professor
Adrian Curaj (born 1958), Romanian engineer
Adrian Darby (born 1937), British conservationist and academic
Adrian Goldsworthy (born 1969), British historian and author who writes mostly about ancient Roman history
Adrian Hardy Haworth (1767–1833), English entomologist, botanist and carcinologist
Adrian Ioana (born 1981), Romanian mathematician
Adrian Mihai Ionescu, Romanian professor
Adrian Ioviță (born 1954), Romanian-Canadian mathematician
Adrian Jacobsen (1853–1947), Norwegian ethnologist and explorer
Adrian Kaehler, American scientist, engineer, entrepreneur, inventor, and author
Adrian Liston (born 1980), British immunologist and author
Adrian Paterson, South African scientist and engineer
Adrián Recinos (1886–1962), Guatemalan historian, Mayanist and diplomat
Adrian Smith (born 1946), British statistician
Adrian Stephens (1795–1876), English engineer, inventor of the steam whistle
Adrian V. Stokes (1945–2020), British computer scientist
Adrian Webb (born 1943), British academic and public administrator
Adrian Zenz (born 1974), German anthropologist |
Adrian | Military | Military
Adrian Becher (1897–1957), British Army officer and cricketer
Adrian von Bubenberg (1434–1479), Bernese knight, military commander and mayor
Adrian Carton de Wiart (1880–1963), Belgian-born British Army lieutenant-general awarded the Victoria Cross
Adrian Cole (RAAF officer) (1895–1966), Australian World War I flying ace
Adrian Johns (born 1951), English governor of Gibraltar and former Royal Navy vice-admiral
Adrian Dietrich Lothar von Trotha (1848–1920), German military commander in Africa
Adrian Marks (1917–1998), United States Navy pilot
Adrian Consett Stephen (1894–1918), Australian artillery officer and playwright
Adrian Warburton (1918–1944), British Second World War pilot
Adrián Woll (1795–1875), French Mexican general during the Texas Revolution and the Mexican–American War |
Adrian | Sports | Sports |
Adrian | American football | American football
Adrian Amos (born 1993), American football player
Adrian Arrington (born 1985), American football player
Adrian Awasom (born 1983), Cameroon-born American football player
Adrian Baird (born 1979), Canadian football player
Adrian Baril (1898–1961), American football player
Adrian Battles (born 1987), American football player
Adrian Breen (quarterback) (born 1965), American football player
Adrian Burk (1927–2003), American football player
Adrian Clarke (born 1991), Canadian football player
Adrian Clayborn (born 1988), American football player
Adrian Colbert (born 1993), American football player
Adrian Cooper (born 1968), American football player
Adrian Davis (Canadian football) (born 1981), Canadian football player
A. J. Davis (cornerback, born 1983), American football player known as A.J. Davis
Adrian Dingle (American football) (born 1977), American football player
Adrian Ealy (born 1999), American football player
Adrian Ford (1904–1977), American football player
Adrian Grady (born 1985), American football player
Adrian Hamilton (born 1987), American football player
Adrian Hardy (born 1970), American football player
Adrian Hubbard (born 1992), American football player
Adrian Jones (American football) (born 1981), American football player
Adrian Killins (born 1998), American football player
Adrian Klemm (born 1977), American football player and coach
Adrian Madise (born 1980), American football player
Adrian Magee (born 1996), American football player
Adrian Martinez (American football) (born 2000), American football player
Adrian Mayes (born 1980), American football player
Adrian Moten (born 1988), American football player
Adrian Murrell (born 1970), American football player
Adrian Peterson (American football, born 1979), American football player
Adrian Peterson (born 1985), American football player
Adrian Phillips (born 1992), American football player
Adrian Robinson (1989–2015), American football player
Adrian Ross (born 1975), American football player
Adrian Tracy (born 1988), American football player
Adrian White (American football) (born 1964), American football player
Adrian Wilson (American football) (born 1979), American football player
Adrian Young (American football) (born 1949), American football player |
Adrian | Association football | Association football
Adrián Aldrete (born 1988), Mexican footballer
Adrian Aliaj (born 1976), Albanian footballer
Adrian Allenspach (born 1969), Swiss footballer
Adrian Alston (born 1949), English footballer
Adrián Álvarez (born 1968), Argentine footballer
Adrian Anca (born 1976), Romanian footballer and manager
Adrian Antunović (born 1989), Croatian footballer
Adrián Argachá (born 1986), Uruguayan footballer
Adrian García Arias (born 1975), Mexican footballer and manager
Adrián Arregui (born 1992), Argentine footballer
Adrián Ascues (born 2002), Peruvian footballer
Adrian Ávalos (born 1974), Argentine footballer
Adrian Avrămia (born 1992), Romanian footballer
Adrian Bajrami (born 2002), Swiss footballer
Adrian Bakalli (born 1976), Belgian footballer
Adrian Bălan (born 1990), Romanian footballer
Adrián Balboa (born 1994), Uruguayan footballer
Adrian Baldovin (born 1971), Romanian footballer
Adrian Barbullushi (born 1968), Albanian footballer
Adrian Bartkowiak (born 1987), Polish footballer
Adrian Basta (born 1988), Polish footballer
Adrián Bastía (born 1978), Argentine footballer
Adrian Beck (born 1997), German footballer
Adrian Benedyczak (born 2000), Polish footballer
Adrián Berbia (born 1977), Uruguayan goalkeeper
Adrián Bernabé (born 2001), Spanish footballer
Adrian Bevington (born ), British football PR and director
Adrian Bielawski (born 1996), Polish footballer
Adrian Bird (born 1969), English footballer
Adrian Błąd (born 1991), Polish footballer
Adrian Blake (born 2005), English footballer
Adrian Bogoi (born 1973), Romanian footballer
Adrián Bone (born 1988), Ecuadorian footballer
Adrian Boothroyd (born 1971), English footballer and manager
Adrian Borza (born 1985), Romanian footballer
Adrian Budka (born 1980), Polish footballer
Adrian Bumbescu (born 1960), Romanian footballer
Adrian Bumbut (born 1984), Romanian footballer
Adrian Butters (born 1988), Canadian soccer player
Adrián Butzke (born 1999), Spanish footballer
Adrian Caceres (born 1982), Argentine footballer
Adrián Calello (born 1987), Argentine footballer
Adrián Cañas (born 1992), Spanish footballer
Adrian Cann (born 1980), Canadian soccer player
Adrian Cașcaval (born 1987), Moldovan footballer
Adrián Centurión (born 1993), Argentine footballer
Adrián Čermák (born 1993), Slovak footballer
Adrian Chama (born 1989), Zambian footballer
Adrián Chávez (born 1962), Mexican footballer
Adrian Chomiuk (born 1988), Polish footballer
Adrián Chovan (born 1995), Slovak footballer
Adrian Cieślewicz (born 1990), Polish footballer
Adrian Clarke (footballer) (born 1974), English footballer
Adrian Clifton (born 1988), English footballer
Adrián Colombino (born 1993), Uruguayan footballer
Adrián Colunga (born 1984), Spanish footballer
Adrian Coote (born 1978), English footballer
Adrián Cortés (born 1983), Mexican footballer
Adrian Cristea (born 1983), Romanian footballer
Adrián Cruz (born 1987), Spanish footballer
Adrián Cuadra (born 1997), Chilean footballer
Adrian Cuciula (born 1986), Romanian footballer
Adrian Cucovei (born 1982), Moldovan footballer
Adrian Dabasse (born 1993), French footballer
Adrián Dalmau (born 1994), Spanish footballer
Adrian Danek (born 1994), Polish footballer
Adrián Diéguez (born 1996), Spanish footballer
Adrian Drida (born 1982), Romanian footballer
Adrian Dubois (born 1987), American footballer
Adrian Dulcea (born 1978), Romanian footballer and manager
Adrian Durrer (born 2001), Swiss footballer
Adrian Edqvist (born 1999), Swedish footballer
Adrián El Charani (born 2000), Venezuelan footballer
Adrian Elrick (born 1949), New Zealand footballer
Adrián Escudero (1927–2011), Spanish footballer
Adrián Faúndez (born 1989), Chilean footballer
Adrian Fein (born 1999), German footballer
Adrián Fernández (footballer, born 1980), Argentine footballer
Adrián Fernández (footballer, born 1992), Paraguayan footballer
Adrian Foncette (born 1988), Trinidadian footballer
Adrian Forbes (born 1979), English footballer
Adrian Foster (footballer) (born 1971), English footballer and manager
Adrián Fuentes (born 1996), Spanish footballer
Adrián Gabbarini (born 1985), Argentine footballer
Adrian Dan Găman (born 1978), Romanian footballer
Adrian Gheorghiu (born 1981), Romanian footballer
Adrian Gîdea (born 2000), Romanian footballer
Adrián González (footballer, born 1976), Argentine footballer
Adrián González (footballer, born 1988), Spanish footballer
Adrián González (footballer, born 1995), Argentine footballer
Adrián González (footballer, born 2003), Mexican footballer
Adrián Hernán González (born 1976), Argentine footballer
Adrián Goransch (born 1999), Mexican footballer
Adrian Grbić (born 1996), Austrian footballer
Adrian Grigoruță (born 1983), Romanian footballer
Adrian Gryszkiewicz (born 1999), Polish footballer
Adrián Gunino (born 1989), Uruguayan footballer
Adrian Hajdari (born 2000), Macedonian footballer
Adrian Aleksander Hansen (born 2001), Norwegian footballer
Adrian Heath (born 1961), English footballer and manager
Adrian Henger (born 1996), Polish footballer
Adrián José Hernández (born 1983), Spanish footballer, known as Pollo
Adrián Horváth (born 1987), Hungarian footballer
Adrian Iencsi (born 1975), Romanian footballer and manager
Adrian Ilie (born 1974), Romanian footballer
Adrian Ilie (footballer, born 1981), Romanian footballer
Adrian Ionescu (footballer, born 1958), Romanian footballer
Adrian Ionescu (footballer, born 1985), Romanian footballer
Adrian Ioniță (born 2000), Romanian footballer
Adrian Iordache (born 1980), Romanian footballer
Adrian Dragoș Iordache (born 1981), Romanian footballer
Adrian Jevrić (born 1986), German footballer
Adrián Jusino (born 1992), Bolivian footballer
Adrian Kappenberger (born 1996), Danish footballer
Adrian Kasztelan (born 1986), Polish footballer
Adrian Klepczyński (born 1981), Polish footballer
Adrian Klimczak (born 1997), Polish footballer
Adrian Knup (born 1968), Swiss footballer
Adrián Kocsis (born 1991), Hungarian footballer
Adrian Kunz (born 1967), Swiss footballer
Adrián Lapeña (born 1996), Spanish footballer
Adrián Torres Lázaro (born 1998), Spanish footballer commonly known as Lele
Adrian Leijer (born 1986), Australian footballer
Adrián Leites (born 1992), Uruguayan footballer
Adrian LeRoy (born 1987), Canadian soccer player
Adrián Leško (born 1995), Slovak footballer
Adrian Liber (born 2001), Croatian footballer
Adrian Lis (born 1992), Polish footballer
Adrian Littlejohn (born 1970), English footballer
Adrián Lois (born 1989), Spanish footballer
Adrián López (footballer, born 1987), Spanish footballer
Adrián López (born 1988), Spanish footballer
Adrián Lozano (born 1999), Mexican footballer
Adrian Lucaci (1966–2020), Romanian footballer
Adrián Lucero (born 1985), Argentine footballer
Adrián Marín Lugo (born 1994), Mexican footballer
Adrián Luna (born 1992), Uruguayan footballer
Adrian Łyszczarz (born 1999), Polish footballer
Adrian Madaschi (born 1982), Australian footballer
Adrian Małachowski (born 1998), Polish footballer
Adrian Marek (born 1987), Polish footballer
Adrian Mariappa (born 1986), English footballer
Adrián Marín (footballer, born 1994), Mexican footballer
Adrián Marín (footballer, born 1997), Spanish footballer
Adrian Mărkuș (born 1992), Romanian footballer
Adrián Martín (footballer) (born 1982), Spanish footballer
Adrián Martínez (Mexican footballer) (born 1970)
Adrián Martínez (Venezuelan footballer) (born 1993)
Adrián Emmanuel Martínez (born 1992), Argentine footballer
Adrián Nahuel Martínez (born 1992), Argentine footballer
Adrian Matei (footballer) (born 1968), Romanian footballer
Adrian Mazilu (born 2005), Romanian footballer
Adrian Mierzejewski (born 1986), Polish footballer
Adrian Mihalcea (born 1976), Romanian footballer
Adrian Moescu (born 2001), Romanian footballer
Adrián Mouriño (born 1988), Spanish footballer
Adrian Mrowiec (born 1983), Polish footballer
Adrian Mutu (born 1979), Romanian footballer
Adrian Nalați (born 1983), Romanian footballer
Adrian Napierała (born 1982), Polish footballer
Adrian Neaga (born 1979), Romanian footballer
Adrian Negrău (born 1968), Romanian footballer
Adrian Neniță (born 1996), Romanian footballer
Adrian Nikçi (born 1989), Swiss footballer
Adrian Romeo Niță (born 2003), Romanian footballer
Adrian Olah (born 1981), Romanian footballer
Adrian Olegov (born 1985), Bulgarian footballer
Adrian Olszewski (born 1993), Polish footballer
Adrián Ortolá (born 1993), Spanish footballer
Adrian Paluchowski (born 1987), Polish footballer
Adrian Pătraș (born 1984), Moldovan footballer
Adrian Pătulea (born 1984), Romanian footballer
Adrián Paz (born 1966), Uruguayan footballer
Adrian Pelka (born 1981), German footballer
Adrian Pennock (born 1971), English footballer
Adrián Peralta (born 1982), Argentine footballer
Adrian Pereira (born 1999), Norwegian footballer
Adrian Petre (born 1998), Romanian footballer
Adrian Pettigrew (born 1986), English footballer
Adrian Pigulea (born 1968), Romanian footballer
Adrian Piț (born 1983), Romanian footballer
Adrian Pitu (born 1975), Romanian footballer
Adrian Popa (footballer, born 1988), Romanian footballer
Adrian Popa (footballer, born 1990), Romanian footballer
Adrian Poparadu (born 1987), Romanian footballer
Adrian Popescu (born 1960), Romanian footballer
Adrian Popescu (footballer, born 1975), Romanian footballer
Adrian Pukanych (born 1981), Ukrainian footballer
Adrian Pulis (born 1979), Maltese footballer
Adrian Purzycki (born 1997), Polish footballer
Adrian Rakowski (born 1990), Polish footballer
Adrián Ramos (born 1986), Colombian footballer
Adrián Ricchiuti (born 1978), Argentine footballer
Adrián Riera (born 1996), Spanish footballer
Adrián Ripa (born 1985), Spanish footballer
Adrian Rochet (born 1987), Israeli footballer
Adrián Rojas (born 1977), Chilean footballer
Adrian Rolko (born 1978), Czech footballer
Adrián Romero (Argentine footballer) (born 1975)
Adrián Romero (Uruguayan footballer) (born 1977)
Adrian Ropotan (born 1986), Romanian footballer
Adrián Ruelas (born 1991), American soccer player
Adrian Rus (born 1996), Romanian footballer
Adrian Rusu (born 1984), Romanian footballer
Adrián Sahibeddine (born 1994), French footballer
Adrian Sălăgeanu (born 1983), Romanian footballer
Adrián Sánchez (born 1999), Argentine footballer
Adrián San Miguel del Castillo (born 1987), Spanish football goalkeeper known as simply Adrián
Adrián Sardinero (born 1990), Spanish footballer
Adrian Sarkissian (born 1979), Uruguayan footballer
Adrian Scarlatache (born 1986), Romanian footballer
Adrian Schlagbauer (born 2002), German footballer
Adrián Scifo (born 1987), Argentine footballer
Adrian Šemper (born 1998), Croatian footballer
Adrian Senin (born 1979), Romanian footballer
Adrian Serioux (born 1979), Canadian soccer player
Adrian Sikora (born 1980), Polish footballer
Adrian Sosnovschi (born 1977), Moldovan footballer and manager
Adrián Spörle (born 1995), Argentine footballer
Adrian Spyrka (born 1967), German footballer
Adrian Stanilewicz (born 2000), German footballer
Adrian Șter (born 1998), Romanian footballer
Adrian Stoian (born 1991), Romanian footballer
Adrian Stoicov (1967–2017), Romanian footballer
Adrian Șut (born 1999), Romanian footballer
Adrian Świątek (born 1986), Polish footballer
Adrián Szekeres (born 1989), Hungarian footballer
Adrián Szőke (born 1998), Serbian footballer
Adrian Toma (born 1976), Romanian footballer
Adrián Torres (born 1989), Argentine footballer
Adrian Trinidad (born 1982), Argentine footballer
Adrián Turmo (born 2001), Spanish footballer
Adrián Ugarriza (born 1997), Peruvian footballer
Adrian Ursea (born 1967), Romanian footballer and manager
Adrian Valentić (born 1987), Croatian footballer
Adrian Vera (born 1997), American footballer
Adrian Viciu (born 1991), Romanian footballer
Adrian Viveash (born 1969), English footballer, better known as Adi Viveash
Adrian Vlas (born 1982), Romanian footballer
Adrian Ionuț Voicu (born 1992), Romanian footballer
Adrian Voiculeț (born 1985), Romanian footballer
Adrian Webster (footballer, born 1951), English footballer and coach
Adrian Webster (footballer, born 1980), New Zealand footballer
Adrian Whitbread (born 1971), English footballer and manager
Adrian Williams, better known as Ady Williams (born 1971), English footballer and manager
Adrian Winter (born 1986), Swiss footballer
Adrian Woźniczka (born 1982), Polish footballer
Adrian Zahra (born 1990), Australian footballer
Adrian Zaluschi (born 1989), Romanian footballer
Adrián Zambrano (born 2000), Venezuelan footballer
Adrián Zela (born 1989), Peruvian footballer
Adrian Zendejas (born 1995), American footballer
Adrián Zermeño (born 1979), Mexican footballer |
Adrian | Baseball | Baseball
Adrian Constantine Anson better known as Cap Anson (1852–1922), American baseball player
Adrián Beltré (born 1979), Dominican Republic baseball player
Adrian Brown (baseball) (born 1974), American baseball player
Adrian Burnside (born 1977), Australian baseball player
Adrian Cárdenas (born 1987), American baseball player
Adrian Devine (1951–2020), American baseball player
Adrian Garrett (1943–2021), American baseball player and coach
Adrián González (born 1982), American-Mexican baseball player
Adrian Houser (born 1993), American baseball player
Addie Joss (1880–1911), American baseball pitcher
Adrian Lynch (1897–1934), American baseball player
Adrián Morejón (born 1999), Cuban baseball player
Adrián Nieto (born 1989), Cuban baseball player
Adrian Sampson (born 1991), American baseball player
Adrián Sánchez (born 1990), Colombian-Venezuelan baseball player
Adrián Zabala (1916–2002), Cuban baseball player |
Adrian | Basketball | Basketball
Adrian Autry (born 1972), American basketball player
Adrian Banks (born 1986), American basketball player
Adrian Bauk (born 1985), Australian basketball player
Adrian Branch (born 1963), American basketball player
Adrian Caldwell (born 1966), American basketball player
Adrian Celada, Filipino basketball player
Adrian Dantley (born 1956), American basketball player
Adrian Griffin (born 1974), American basketball player
Adrian Pledger (born 1976), American basketball player
Adrian Smith (basketball) (born 1936), American basketball player
Adrian Tudor (born 1985), Romanian basketball player
Adrian Williams-Strong (born 1977), American basketball player |
Adrian | Boxing | Boxing
Adrian Blair (born 1943), Australian boxer
Adrian Clark (boxer) (born 1986), American boxer
Adrian Diaconu (born 1978), Romanian boxer
Adrián Hernández (boxer) (born 1986), Mexican boxer
Adrian Mora (born 1978), American boxer |
Adrian | Cricket | Cricket
Adrian Aymes (born 1964), British cricketer
Adrian Barath (born 1990), West Indian cricketer
Adrian Birrell (born 1960), South African cricketer and coach
Adrian Brown (cricketer) (born 1962), English cricketer
Adrian Jones (cricketer) (born 1961), English cricketer
Adrian Rollins (born 1972), English cricketer |
Adrian | Ice hockey | Ice hockey
Adrian Aucoin (born 1973), Canadian ice hockey player
Adrian Foster (ice hockey) (born 1982), Canadian ice hockey player
Adrian Kempe (born 1996), Swedish ice hockey player
Adrian Wichser (born 1980), Swiss ice hockey player |
Adrian | Racing | Racing
Adrian Adgar (born 1965), English cyclist
Adrian Archibald (born 1969), British motorcycle racer
Adrian Banaszek (born 1993), Polish cyclist
Adrián Campos (1960–2021), Spanish racing driver
Adrián Campos Jr. (born 1988), Spanish racing driver
Adrian Carrio (born 1989), American racing driver
Adrian "Wildman" Cenni, American off-road racing driver
Adrián Fernández (born 1965), Mexican racing driver and team owner
Adrián Fernández (motorcyclist) (born 2004), Spanish motorcycle racer
Adrián González (cyclist) (born 1992), Spanish cyclist
Adrian Kurek (born 1988), Polish road bicycle racer
Adrián Martín (motorcyclist) (born 1992), Spanish motorcycle racer
Adrian Newey (born 1958), British race car engineer and designer
Adrian Quaife-Hobbs (born 1991), British racing driver
Adrian Aas Stien (born 1992), Norwegian cyclist
Adrian Sutil (born 1983), German racing driver
Adrián Vallés (born 1986), Spanish race car driver
Adrian Zaugg (born 1986), South African racing driver |
Adrian | Rugby | Rugby
Adrian Apostol (born 1990), Romanian rugby player
Adrian Barich (born 1963), Australian rules footballer and television and radio presenter
Adrian Barone (born 1987), New Zealand rugby union footballer
Adrian Bassett (born 1967), Australian rules footballer
Adrian Battiston (born 1963), Australian rules footballer
Adrian Beer (born 1943), Australian rules footballer
Adrian Clarke (rugby union) (born 1938), New Zealand rugby player
Adrian Davies (born 1969), English rugby player
Adrian Davis (rugby league) (born 1990), Australian rugby player
Adrian Garvey (born 1968), Zimbabwean-born South African rugby union player
Adrian Lungu (born 1960), Romanian rugby player
Adrian Morley (born 1977), English rugby player
Adrian Pllotschi (born 1959), Romanian rugby player and coach
Adrian Stoop (1883–1957), English rugby union player
Adrian Young (footballer) (1943–2020), Australian rugby player |
Adrian | Swimming | Swimming
Adrian Andermatt (born 1969), Swiss swimmer
Adrian Moorhouse (born 1964), English swimmer
Adrian O'Connor (born 1972), Irish backstroke swimmer
Adrian Radley (born 1976), Australian swimmer
Adrian Robinson (swimmer) (born 2000), Botswanan swimmer
Adrian Romero (swimmer) (born 1972), Guamanian swimmer
Adrian Turner (born 1977), British Olympic swimmer |
Adrian | Tennis | Tennis
Adrian Andreev (born 2001), Bulgarian tennis player
Adrian Bey (1938–2019), Rhodesian-born American professional tennis player
Adrian Bodmer (born 1995), Swiss tennis player
Adrian Bohane (born 1981), Irish-American former professional tennis player
Adrian Cruciat (born 1983), Romanian tennis player
Adrian Gavrilă (born 1984), Romanian tennis player
Adrian Mannarino (born 1988), French tennis player
Adrian Marcu (born 1961), professional tennis player from Romania
Adrián Menéndez Maceiras (born 1985), Spanish tennis player
Adrian Quist (1913–1991), Australian tennis player
Adrian Ungur (born 1985), Romanian tennis player
Adrian Voinea (born 1974), Romanian tennis player |
Adrian | Other | Other
Adrian Adonis (1954–1988), American professional wrestler
Adrian Ang (born 1988), Malaysian bowler
Adrián Annus (born 1973), Hungarian hammer thrower
Adrian Bachmann (born 1976), Swiss sprint canoer
Adrian Ballinger (born 1976), British-American climber, skier, and mountain guide
Adrián Ben (born 1998) Spanish middle-distance runner
Adrian Berce (born 1958), Australian field hockey player
Adrian Blincoe (born 1979), New Zealand runner
Adrian Błocki (born 1990), Polish racewalker
Adrian Breen (hurler) (born 1992), Irish hurler
Adrian Cosma (1950–1996), Romanian handball player
Adrian Crișan (born 1980), Romanian table tennis player
Adrián Gavira (born 1987), Spanish beach volleyball player
Adrian Gomes (born 1990), Brazilian gymnast
Adrian Gray (born 1981), English darts player
Adrian Gunnell (born 1972), English snooker player
Adrian Hansen (born 1971), South African squash player
Adrian Lewis (born 1985), English darts player
Adrian Metcalfe (1942–2021), British runner and sports broadcaster
Adrian Neville (born 1986), English professional wrestler, known professionally as Pac
Adrian Parker (born 1951), British modern pentathlete and Olympic champion
Adrian Patrick (born 1973), English former sprinter
Adrián Alonso Pereira (born 1988), Spanish futsal player
Adrián Popa (born 1971), Hungarian weightlifter
Adrian Rollinson (born 1965), British strongman
Adrian Schultheiss (born 1988), Swedish figure skater
Adrian Smith (strongman) (born 1964), British strongman
Adrian Street (1940–2023), Welsh wrestler and author
Adrian Strzałkowski (born 1990), Polish long jumper
Adrián Paz Velázquez (born 1964), Mexican Paralympic athlete
Adrian Watt (born 1947), American ski jumper
Adrian White (equestrian) (born 1933), New Zealand equestrian
Adrian Alejandro Wittwer (born 1986), Swiss extreme athlete and ice swimmer
Adrian Zieliński (born 1989), Polish weightlifter |
Adrian | Arts and entertainment | Arts and entertainment
Adrian Adlam (born 1963), British violinist and conductor
Adrian Aeschbacher (1912–2002), Swiss classical pianist
Adrian Alandy (born 1980), Filipino actor and model
Adrian Allinson (1890–1959), British painter, potter and engraver
Adrián Alonso (born 1994), Mexican actor
Adrian Alphona, Canadian comic book artist
Adrian Anantawan (born 1986), Canadian violinist
Adrian Augier, St. Lucian poet and producer
Adrian Bică Bădan (born 1988), Romanian footballer
Adrian Baker (born 1951), English singer, songwriter, and record producer
Adrian Bărar (1960–2021), Romanian guitarist and composer
Adrian Barber (1938–2020), English musician and producer
Adrian Batten (1591–1637), English organist
Adrian Bawtree (born 1968), English composer and organist
Adrian Beaumont (born 1937), British composer, conductor, and professor
Adrian Beers (1916–2004), British double bass player and teacher
Adrian Belew (born 1949), American guitarist, singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and record producer
Adrian Biddle (1952–2005), English cinematographer
Adrian Blevins (born 1964), American poet
Adrian Borland (1957–1999), English singer, songwriter, guitarist and record producer
Adrian Boult (1889–1983), English conductor
Adrian Brown (1929–2019), British director and poet
Adrian Brown (born 1949), British conductor
Adrian Brunel (1892–1958), English film director and screenwriter
Adrian Bustamante (born 1981), American actor
Adrián Caetano (born 1969), Uruguayan-Argentine film director, producer and screenplay writer
Adrian Carmack (born 1969), American video game artist
Adrián Carrio (born 1986), Spanish pianist
Adrian Chiles (born 1967), British television and radio presenter
Adrian Clarke (photographer), English photographer
Adrian Clarke (poet), British poet
Adrian Conan Doyle (1910–1970), English race-car driver, big-game hunter, explorer, and writer
Adrian Dingle (artist) (1911–1974), Welsh-Canadian painter and comic book artist
Adrian Dunbar (born 1958), Northern Ireland actor
Adrian Edmondson (born 1957), better known as Ade Edmondson, English actor, comedian, director, writer and musician
Adrian Enescu (1948–2016), Romanian composer
Adrian Erlandsson (born 1970), Swedish heavy metal drummer
Adrian Fisher (musician) (1952–2000), former guitarist for Sparks (band)
Adrian Gaxha (born 1984), Macedonian singer-songwriter and producer
Adrian Ghenie (born 1977), Romanian painter
Adrian Gonzales (1937–1998), Filipino comic book artist
Adrián Luis González (born 1939), Mexican potter
Adrian Gray (born 1961), British artist
Adrian Adolph Greenburg (1903–1959), costume designer for over 250 films, known as simply Adrian
Adrian Grenier (born 1976), American actor, producer, director, musician and environmentalist
Adrian Griffin (drummer), Australian drummer
Adrian Gurvitz (born 1949), English singer, musician and songwriter
Adrian Hall (actor) (born 1959), British actor and co-director
Adrian Hall (artist) (born 1943), British artist
Adrian Hall (director) (1927–2023), American theatre director
Adrian Hates (born 1973), German dark wave musician
Adrian Heath (1920–1992), British painter
Adrian Heathfield, British writer and curator
Adrian Hoven (1922–1981), Austrian actor, producer and film director
Adrian A. Husain (born 1945), Pakistani poet
Adrian Ivaniţchi (born 1947), Romanian folk musician and guitarist
Adrian Jones (sculptor) (1845–1938), English sculptor and painter who specialized in animals, particularly horses
Adrian Jones (born 1978), Swedish musician, member of Gjallarhorn
Adrian Karsten (1960–2005), American sports reporter
Adrian Kowanek (born 1977), Polish musician
Adrian Le Roy (1520–1598), French string player, composer, music publisher and educator
Adrian Leaper (born 1953), English conductor
Adrian Legg (born 1948), English guitar player
Adrian Lester (born 1968), British actor
Adrian Lucas (born 1962), English organist, tutor, and composer
Adrian Lulgjuraj (born 1980), Albanian rock singer
Adrian Lukis (born 1957), British actor
Adrian Lux (born 1986), Swedish disc jockey and music producer
Adrian Lyne (born 1941), English filmmaker and producer
Adrian Martin (born 1959), Australian film and arts critic
Adrian Martinez (actor) (born 1972), American actor and comedian
Adrian McKinty (born 1968), Northern Irish writer of crime and mystery novels
Adrian Minune (born 1974), Romani-Romanian manele singer
Adrian Mitchell (1932–2008), English poet, novelist and playwright
Adrian William Moore (born 1956), British philosopher and broadcaster
Adrián Navarro (born 1969), Argentine actor
Adrian Noble (born 1950), English theatre director
Adrian Pasdar (born 1965), American actor and film director
Adrian Paul (born 1959), English actor
Adrian Pecknold (1920–1999), Canadian mime, director, and author
Adrian Petriw (born 1987), Canadian actor
Adrian Picardi (born 1987), American filmmaker
Adrian Pintea (1954–2007), Romanian actor
Adrian Piotrovsky (1898–1937), Russian dramaturge
Adrian Piper (born 1948), American conceptual artist and philosophy professor
Adrian R'Mante (born 1978), American television actor
Adrian Rawlins (born 1958), English actor
Adrian Ludwig Richter (1803–1884), German painter and etcher
Adrian Rodriguez (DJ), German DJ
Adrián Rodríguez (born 1988), Spanish actor and singer from Catalonia
Adrian Rodriguez, American bass guitarist for The Airborne Toxic Event
Adrian Rollini (1903–1956), American multi-instrumentalist best known for his jazz music
Adrian Ross (1859–1933), British lyricist
Adrián Rubio, Mexican actor and model
Adrian Scarborough (born 1968), English character actor
Adrian Scott (1912–1972), American screenwriter and film producer
Adrian Shaposhnikov (1888–1967), Russian classical composer
Adrian Sherwood (born 1958), English record producer
Adrian Sînă (born 1977), Romanian singer-songwriter and record producer
Adrian D. Smith (born 1944), American architect
Adrian Smith (born 1957), English musician and one of three guitarists/songwriters in the English band Iron Maiden
Adrian Smith (illustrator), British illustrator
Adrian Steirn, Australian photographer and filmmaker working in Africa
Adrian Consett Stephen (1894–1918), Australian artillery officer and playwright
Adrian Stokes (critic) (1902–1972), British art critic
Adrian Scott Stokes (1854–1935), English landscape painter
Adrian Stroe (born 1959), Romanian serial killer
Adrian Sturges (born 1976), British film producer
Adrián Suar (born 1968), Argentine actor and media producer
Adrian Tanner, English writer and director
Adrian Taylor (producer) (1954–2014), American television news producer
Adrian Tchaikovsky (born 1972), British fantasy and science fiction author
Adrián Terrazas-González (born 1975), Mexican jazz composer and wind player
Adrian Thaws (born 1968), English musician and actor
Adrian Tomine (born 1974), American cartoonist
Adrian Utley (born 1957), English musician best known as a member of the band Portishead
Adrian Vandenberg (born 1954), Dutch rock guitarist
Adrian Wells (born 1989), British-American clinical psychologist, singer and songwriter
Adrian White (musician), Canadian drummer
Adrian Willaert (c. 1490–1562), Flemish composer of the Renaissance and founder of the Venetian School
Adrian Wilson (actor) (born 1969), South African model and actor
Adrian Wilson (artist) (born 1964), British artist and photographer
Adrian Wong (born 1990), Hong Kong actress
Adrian Wright (1947–2015), English-Australian actor
Adrian Young (born 1969), American drummer for the rock band No Doubt
Adrian Younge (born 1978), American composer, arranger, and music producer
Adrian Zagoritis (born 1968), British songwriter and record producer
Adrian Zingg (1734–1816), Swiss painter
Adrian Zmed (born 1954), American television personality and film actor |
Adrian | Criminals | Criminals
Adrian Gonzalez (kidnapper) (born 2000), American kidnapper
Adrián Gómez González, Mexican drug lord
Adrián Arroyo Gutiérrez (born 1976), Costa Rican serial killer and rapist, known as The Southern Psychopath
Adrian Lim (1942–1988), Singaporean serial killer
Adrian Stroe (born 1959), Romanian serial killer |
Adrian | Other | Other
Adrian Arendt (born 1952), Romanian sailor
Adrian Bancker (1703–1772), American silversmith
Adrian Beecroft (born 1947), British venture capitalist
Adrian Bell (1901–1980), English ruralist journalist, crossword compiler, and farmer
Adrian Bellamy (born 1941/1942), British businessman
Adrian Block (1567–1627), Dutch explorer of the American East Coast
Adrian Brown (archivist) (born 1969), British archivist
Adrian Brown (journalist), Australian journalist
Adrian Cheng (born 1979), Hong Kong entrepreneur and business executive
Adrian Cioroianu (born 1967), Romanian historian, politician, journalist, and essayist
Adrian Cronauer (1938–2018), American former lawyer and radio speaker
Adrian Diel (1756–1839), German physician
Adrian Finighan (born 1964), British journalist
Adrian Frutiger (1928–2015), Swiss typeface designer
Adrian Fulford (born 1953), British judge
Adrian Geiges (born 1960), German writer and journalist
Adrian Anthony Gill (1954–2016), British writer and critic
Adrian Hanauer (born 1966), American businessman and minority owner and general manager of the Seattle Sounders FC
Adrian Hayes (adventurer) (born 1959), British explorer
Adrian Holovaty (born 1981), American web developer, journalist and entrepreneur
Adrian van Hooydonk (born 1964), Dutch automobile designer
Adrian Albert Jurgens (1886–1953), South African philatelist
Adrian Kantrowitz (1918–2008), American cardiac surgeon
Adrian Kashchenko (1858–1921), Ukrainian writer, historian of the Zaporozhian Cossacks
Adrian Knox (1863–1932), Australian judge
Adrian Künzi (born 1973), Swiss banker
Adrian Lamo (born 1981), Colombian-American threat analyst and "grey hat" hacker
Adrian Long, British civil engineer
Adrian Mikhalchishin (born 1954), Ukrainian chess grandmaster
Adrian von Mynsicht (1603–1638), German alchemist
Adrian Parr (born 1967), Australian philosopher and cultural critic
Adrian Păunescu (1943–2010), Romanian poet, journalist, and politician
Adrian Plass (born 1948), English author and speaker
Adrian Rogers (1931–2005), American pastor, conservative, and author
Adrian Andrei Rusu (born 1951), Romanian medieval archaeologist
Adrian Anthony Spears (1910–1991), American judge
Adrián Steckel, Mexican businessman
Adrian Stephen (1883–1948), British author and psychoanalyst, brother of Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell
Adrian Swire (1932–2018), billionaire British heir and businessman
Adrian Ursu (born 1968), Romanian journalist
Adrian Weale (born 1964), English writer, journalist, illustrator and photographer
Adrian Wewer (1836–1914), German-born American architect and Franciscan friar
Adrian White (businessman) (born 1942), British businessman, founder of Biwater
Adrian Zecha (born 1933), Indonesian hotelier |
Adrian | Fictional characters | Fictional characters |
Adrian | Male | Male
Adrien Agreste, a superhero and male protagonist of Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir
Adrian Blenderbland, a character for The Millionairess, a play by George Bernard Shaw
Adrian Chase, DC Comics superhero
Adrian Corbo, alias Flex, a Marvel Comics superhero
Adrian "Fletch" Fletcher, character on the British medical dramas Casualty and Holby City
Adrian Ivashkov, character in Richelle Mead's Vampire Academy and protagonist in Bloodlines
Adrian Leverkühn, protagonist of Thomas Mann's Doctor Faustus
Adrian Mole, protagonist of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole
Adrian Monk, protagonist of the television series Monk
Adrian Montague, protagonist of the novel The Nobleman's Guide to Scandal and Shipwrecks by Mackenzi Lee
Adrian Pimento, a recurring character in Brooklyn Nine-Nine
Adrian Shephard, protagonist of the Half-Life expansion "Half-Life: Opposing Force"
Adrian Fahrenheit Ţepeş, alias Alucard, character in the Castlevania video games
Adrian Toomes, alias Vulture, a Marvel Comics villain
Adrian Veidt, alias Ozymandias, character in the Watchmen graphic novel series
Adrian Woodhouse, spawn of Satan in the film Rosemary's Baby
Adrian, in Shakespeare's Coriolanus
Adrian, a son of Satan in Little Nicky |
Adrian | Female | Female
Adrian Andrews, Ace Attorney character from Justice for All
Adrian Hall, character on the soap opera Home and Away
Adrian Pennino, wife of Rocky Balboa in the Rocky series
Adrian Seidelman, character from the Cybersix comic and television series
Adrian, a mental woman in The Crush (1993) |
Adrian | See also | See also
Adreian
Hadrien |
Adrian | References | References |
Adrian | Sources | Sources
Category:English masculine given names
Category:Masculine given names
Category:German masculine given names
Category:Dutch masculine given names
Category:Norwegian masculine given names
Category:Swedish masculine given names
Category:Danish masculine given names
Category:Icelandic masculine given names
Category:Romanian masculine given names
Category:Spanish masculine given names |
Adrian | Table of Content | about, Religion, Government and politics, Academia, Military, Sports, American football, Association football, Baseball, Basketball, Boxing, Cricket, Ice hockey, Racing, Rugby, Swimming, Tennis, Other, Arts and entertainment, Criminals, Other, Fictional characters, Male, Female, See also, References, Sources |
Aare | Short description | The Aare () or Aar () is the main tributary of the High Rhine (its discharge even exceeds that of the latter at their confluence) and the longest river that both rises and ends entirely within Switzerland.
Its total length from its source to its junction with the Rhine comprises about , during which distance it descends , draining an area of , almost entirely within Switzerland, and accounting for close to half the area of the country, including all of Central Switzerland.
There are more than 40 hydroelectric plants along the course of the Aare.
The river's name dates to at least the La Tène period, and it is attested as Nantaror "Aare valley" in the Berne zinc tablet.
The name was Latinized as Arula/Arola/Araris. |
Aare | Course | Course
thumb|right|The Unteraargletscher
thumb|The Aare at Innertkirchen
thumb|Inside the Aare Gorge
The Aare rises in the great Aargletschers (Aare Glaciers) of the Bernese Alps, in the canton of Bern and west of the Grimsel Pass. The Finsteraargletscher and Lauteraargletscher come together to form the Unteraargletscher (Lower Aar Glacier), which is the main source of water for the Grimselsee (Lake of Grimsel). The Oberaargletscher (Upper Aar Glacier) feeds the Oberaarsee, which also flows into the Grimselsee. The Aare leaves the Grimselsee just to the east to the Grimsel Hospiz, below the Grimsel Pass, and then flows northwest through the Haslital, forming on the way the magnificent Handegg Waterfall, , past Guttannen.
Right after Innertkirchen it is joined by its first major tributary, the Gamderwasser. Less than later the river carves through a limestone ridge in the Aare Gorge (). It is here that the Aare proves itself to be more than just a river, as it attracts thousands of tourists annually to the causeways through the gorge. A little past Meiringen, near Brienz, the river expands into Lake Brienz. Near the west end of the lake it indirectly receives its first important tributary, the Lütschine, by the Lake of Brienz. It then runs across the swampy plain of the Bödeli (Swiss German diminutive for ground) between Interlaken and Unterseen before flowing into Lake Thun.
Near the west end of Lake Thun, the river indirectly receives the waters of the Kander, which has just been joined by the Simme, by the Lake of Thun. Lake Thun marks the head of navigation. On flowing out of the lake it passes through Thun, and then flows through the city of Bern, passing beneath eighteen bridges and around the steeply-flanked peninsula on which the Old City is located. To the south of the Old City peninsula is the , a weir which provides water for the small Matte hydroelectric power plant. River swimming in the Aare is popular in Bern, and the river is sometimes full of bathers on summer days. The river soon changes its northwesterly flow for a due westerly direction, but after receiving the Saane or La Sarine it turns north until it nears Aarberg. There, in one of the major Swiss engineering feats of the 19th century, the Jura water correction, the river, which had previously rendered the countryside north of Bern a swampland through frequent flooding, was diverted by the Aare-Hagneck Canal into the Lac de Bienne. From the upper end of the lake, at Nidau, the river issues through the Nidau-Büren Canal, also called the Aare Canal, and then runs east to Büren. The lake absorbs huge amounts of eroded gravel and snowmelt that the river brings from the Alps, and the former swamps have become fruitful plains: they are known as the "vegetable garden of Switzerland".
From here the Aare flows northeast for a long distance, past the ambassador town Solothurn (below which the Grosse Emme flows in on the right), Aarburg (where it is joined by the Wigger), Olten, Aarau, near which is the junction with the Suhre, and Wildegg, where the Seetal Aabach falls in on the right. A short distance further, below Brugg, it receives first the Reuss, its major tributary, and shortly afterwards the Limmat, its second strongest tributary. It now turns due north, and soon becomes itself a tributary of the Rhine, which it even surpasses in volume when the two rivers unite downstream from Koblenz (Switzerland), opposite Waldshut in Germany. The Rhine, in turn, empties into the North Sea after crossing into the Netherlands. |
Aare | Tributaries | Tributaries
thumb|Aare in Bern
thumb|Old bridge at Wangen an der Aare
thumb|At the "Wasserschloss", where the rivers Aare, Reuss and Limmat flow together
thumb|The convergence of the Aare and the Rhine at Koblenz
Limmat (after and northeast of Brugg, and northwest of Baden)
Reppisch
Sihl
Alp
Minster
Lake Zurich
Jona
Wägitaler Aa
Linthkanal
Lake Walen
Linth
Löntsch
Sernf
Flätschbach
Seez
Seerenbach
Reuss (after and northeast of Brugg, and northwest of Baden)
Lorze
Kleine Emme
Lake Lucerne
Sarner Aa
Engelberger Aa
Muota
Schächen
Chärstelenbach
Göschener Reuss
Aabach (coming from Seetal, in Wildegg)
Bünz
Suhre (after and north of Aarau)
Wyna
Aabach (from the left in Aarau)
Stegbach
Dünnern (in Olten)
Wigger (right before Aarburg)
Murg (before, west of Murgenthal)
Rot (Roggwil)
Langete (Langenthal)
Ursenbach (Kleindietwil)
Rotbach (Huttwil)
(Grosse) Emme (after, east of Solothurn)
Lake of Bienne
La Suze (in Biel/Bienne, right next to the outflow)
Zihlkanal
Lake of Neuchatel
La Broye (flows through Lake Morat)
Zihl/La Thielle
L'Orbe
Le Talent
Saane/La Sarine (after, west of Wohlensee)
Sense
Gürbe (in Muri bei Bern)
Zulg (west of Steffisburg)
Lake Thun
Kander (west of Spiez)
Simme
Entschlige
Lake Brienz
Lütschine (at the end of Lake Brienz, right next to the outflow)
Gadmerwasser (right after, northwest of Innertkirchen) |
Aare | Reservoirs | Reservoirs
Lake Grimsel,
Lake Brienz,
Lake Thun,
Lake Wohlen,
Niederriedsee,
Lake Biel,
Klingnauer Stausee, |