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Anarchism
Short description
Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or hierarchy, primarily targeting the state and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies and voluntary free associations. A historically left-wing...
Anarchism
Etymology, terminology, and definition
Etymology, terminology, and definition thumb|Wilhelm Weitling is an example of a writer who added to anarchist theory without using the exact term. The etymological origin of anarchism is from the Ancient Greek anarkhia (ἀναρχία), meaning "without a ruler", composed of the prefix an- ("without") and the word arkhos ...
Anarchism
History
History
Anarchism
Pre-modern era
Pre-modern era thumb|upright=.7|Zeno of Citium (), whose Republic inspired Peter Kropotkin The most notable precursors to anarchism in the ancient world were in China and Greece. In China, philosophical anarchism (the discussion on the legitimacy of the state) was delineated by Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou and Lao...
Anarchism
Modern era
Modern era During the French Revolution, partisan groups such as the Enragés and the saw a turning point in the fermentation of anti-state and federalist sentiments. The first anarchist currents developed throughout the 19th century as William Godwin espoused philosophical anarchism in England, morally delegitimisin...
Anarchism
Post-WWII
Post-WWII thumb|Rojava's support efforts for workers to form cooperatives is exemplified in this sewing cooperative. By the end of World War II, the anarchist movement had been severely weakened. The 1960s witnessed a revival of anarchism, likely caused by a perceived failure of Marxism–Leninism and tensions built by...
Anarchism
Schools of thought <span class="anchor" id="Branches"></span>
Schools of thought Anarchist schools of thought have been generally grouped into two main historical traditions, social anarchism and individualist anarchism, owing to their different origins, values and evolution. The individualist current emphasises negative liberty in opposing restraints upon the free individual,...
Anarchism
Classical
Classical thumb|upright|Pierre-Joseph Proudhon is the primary proponent of mutualism and influenced many future individualist anarchist and social anarchist thinkers. Inceptive currents among classical anarchist currents were mutualism and individualism. They were followed by the major currents of social anarchism (...
Anarchism
Post-classical and contemporary
Post-classical and contemporary thumb|Lawrence Jarach (left) and John Zerzan (right) are two prominent contemporary anarchist authors, with Zerzan being a prominent voice within anarcho-primitivism and Jarach a notable advocate of post-left anarchy. Anarchism has continued to generate many philosophies and movements...
Anarchism
Tactics
Tactics Anarchists' tactics take various forms but in general serve two major goals, namely, to first oppose the Establishment and secondly to promote anarchist ethics and reflect an anarchist vision of society, illustrating the unity of means and ends. A broad categorisation can be made between aims to destroy oppre...
Anarchism
Classical era
Classical era thumb|right|The relationship between anarchism and violence is a controversial subject among anarchists as shown by anarchist Leon Czolgosz assassinating William McKinley. During the classical era, anarchists had a militant tendency. Not only did they confront state armed forces, as in Spain and Ukraine...
Anarchism
Revolutionary and insurrectionary
Revolutionary and insurrectionary thumb|Black bloc protesters parading anarcho-communism imagery such as the motto "No War but the Class War" In the current era, Italian anarchist Alfredo Bonanno, a proponent of insurrectionary anarchism, has reinstated the debate on violence by rejecting the nonviolence tactic adopt...
Anarchism
Evolutionary
Evolutionary Anarchists commonly employ direct action. This can take the form of disrupting and protesting against unjust hierarchy, or the form of self-managing their lives through the creation of counter-institutions such as communes and non-hierarchical collectives. Decision-making is often handled in an anti-auth...
Anarchism
Key issues
Key issues As anarchism is a philosophy that embodies many diverse attitudes, tendencies, and schools of thought, disagreement over questions of values, ideology, and tactics is common. Its diversity has led to widely different uses of identical terms among different anarchist traditions which has created a number o...
Anarchism
The state
The state thumb|Anarchist protesters in Boston opposing state-waged war Objection to the state and its institutions is a sine qua non of anarchism. Anarchists consider the state as a tool of domination and believe it to be illegitimate regardless of its political tendencies. Instead of people being able to control th...
Anarchism
Gender, sexuality, and free love
Gender, sexuality, and free love As gender and sexuality carry along them dynamics of hierarchy, many anarchists address, analyse, and oppose the suppression of one's autonomy imposed by gender roles. thumb|upright=1.2|Collection of anarcha-feminist protests, symbols, and flags Sexuality was not often discussed by ...
Anarchism
Education
Education + Anarchist vs. statist perspectives on educationAnarchist educationState educationConcept Education as self-mastery Education as serviceManagement Community based State runMethods Practice-based learning Vocational trainingAims Being a critical member of society Being a productive member of societ...
Anarchism
The arts
The arts thumb|340px|Les chataigniers a Osny (1888) by anarchist painter Camille Pissarro is a notable example of blending anarchism and the arts. The connection between anarchism and art was quite profound during the classical era of anarchism, especially among artistic currents that were developing during that era...
Anarchism
Criticism
Criticism The most common critique of anarchism is the assertion that humans cannot self-govern and so a state is necessary for human survival. Philosopher Bertrand Russell supported this critique, stating that "[p]eace and war, tariffs, regulations of sanitary conditions and the sale of noxious drugs, the preservat...
Anarchism
See also
See also Outline of anarchism List of anarchist movements by region List of anarchist political ideologies List of books about anarchism List of films dealing with anarchism Anarchist communities List of stateless societies List of intentional communities List of self-managed social centers
Anarchism
References
References
Anarchism
Explanatory notes
Explanatory notes
Anarchism
Citations
Citations
Anarchism
General and cited sources
General and cited sources
Anarchism
Primary sources
Primary sources
Anarchism
Secondary sources
Secondary sources
Anarchism
Tertiary sources
Tertiary sources
Anarchism
Further reading
Further reading Criticism of philosophical anarchism. A defence of philosophical anarchism, stating that "both kinds of 'anarchism' [i.e. philosophical and political anarchism] are philosophical and political claims." Anarchistic popular fiction novel. An argument for philosophical anarc...
Anarchism
External links
External links Anarchy Archives – an online research center on the history and theory of anarchism. Category:Anti-capitalism Category:Anti-fascism Category:Economic ideologies Category:Far-left politics Category:Left-wing politics Category:Libertarian socialism Category:Libertarianism Category:Political culture ...
Anarchism
Table of Content
Short description, Etymology, terminology, and definition, History, Pre-modern era, Modern era, Post-WWII, Schools of thought <span class="anchor" id="Branches"></span>, Classical, Post-classical and contemporary, Tactics, Classical era, Revolutionary and insurrectionary, Evolutionary, Key issues, The state, Gender, se...
Albedo
Short description
thumb|Albedo change in Greenland: the map shows the difference between the amount of sunlight Greenland reflected in the summer of 2011 versus the average percent it reflected between 2000 and 2006. Some areas reflect close to 20 percent less light than a decade ago. Albedo ( ; ) is the fraction of sunlight that is dif...
Albedo
Terrestrial albedo
Terrestrial albedo + Sample albedos Surface Typical albedo Fresh asphalt 0.04Open ocean0.06 Worn asphalt 0.12 Conifer forest, summer 0.08, 0.09 to 0.15 Deciduous forest 0.15 to 0.18 Bare soil 0.17 Green grass 0.25 Desert sand 0.40 New concrete 0.55 Ocean ice 0.50 to 0.70 Fresh snow 0.80 Aluminium 0.85 Any alb...
Albedo
White-sky, black-sky, and blue-sky albedo
White-sky, black-sky, and blue-sky albedo For land surfaces, it has been shown that the albedo at a particular solar zenith angle θi can be approximated by the proportionate sum of two terms: the directional-hemispherical reflectance at that solar zenith angle, , sometimes referred to as black-sky albedo, and the bi-...
Albedo
Changes to albedo due to human activities
Changes to albedo due to human activities thumb|Earth's albedo as monitored by the CERES satellite system shows a darkening of Earth that has caused 1.7W/m2 warming since 2010. That amount, only some of which is climate forcing, is equivalent to a 138 ppm increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Figure 6. thumb|Greenhou...
Albedo
Examples of terrestrial albedo effects
Examples of terrestrial albedo effects thumb|upright=1.3|The percentage of diffusely reflected sunlight relative to various surface conditions
Albedo
Illumination
Illumination Albedo is not directly dependent on the illumination because changing the amount of incoming light proportionally changes the amount of reflected light, except in circumstances where a change in illumination induces a change in the Earth's surface at that location (e.g. through melting of reflective ice)...
Albedo
Insolation effects
Insolation effects The intensity of albedo temperature effects depends on the amount of albedo and the level of local insolation (solar irradiance); high albedo areas in the Arctic and Antarctic regions are cold due to low insolation, whereas areas such as the Sahara Desert, which also have a relatively high albedo, wi...
Albedo
Climate and weather
Climate and weather thumb|right|upright=1.5| Some effects of global warming can either enhance (positive feedbacks such as the ice-albedo feedback) or inhibit (negative feedbacks) warming.Fig. TS.17, Technical Summary, Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), Working Group I, IPCC, 2021, p. 96. Archived from the original on 21 ...
Albedo
Albedo–temperature feedback
Albedo–temperature feedback When an area's albedo changes due to snowfall, a snow–temperature feedback results. A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling. In principle, if no outside temperature change affects this area (e.g., a warm air mass), the raised albedo and...
Albedo
Snow
Snow Snow albedo is highly variable, ranging from as high as 0.9 for freshly fallen snow, to about 0.4 for melting snow, and as low as 0.2 for dirty snow. Over Antarctica, snow albedo averages a little more than 0.8. If a marginally snow-covered area warms, snow tends to melt, lowering the albedo, and hence leading to ...
Albedo
Small-scale effects
Small-scale effects Albedo works on a smaller scale, too. In sunlight, dark clothes absorb more heat and light-coloured clothes reflect it better, thus allowing some control over body temperature by exploiting the albedo effect of the colour of external clothing.
Albedo
Solar photovoltaic effects
Solar photovoltaic effects Albedo can affect the electrical energy output of solar photovoltaic devices. For example, the effects of a spectrally responsive albedo are illustrated by the differences between the spectrally weighted albedo of solar photovoltaic technology based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H...
Albedo
Trees
Trees Forests generally have a low albedo because the majority of the ultraviolet and visible spectrum is absorbed through photosynthesis. For this reason, the greater heat absorption by trees could offset some of the carbon benefits of afforestation (or offset the negative climate impacts of deforestation). In other ...
Albedo
Water
Water thumb|upright=1.3|Reflectivity of smooth water at (refractive index=1.333) Water reflects light very differently from typical terrestrial materials. The reflectivity of a water surface is calculated using the Fresnel equations. At the scale of the wavelength of light even wavy water is always smooth so the ligh...
Albedo
Clouds
Clouds Cloud albedo has substantial influence over atmospheric temperatures. Different types of clouds exhibit different reflectivity, theoretically ranging in albedo from a minimum of near 0 to a maximum approaching 0.8. "On any given day, about half of Earth is covered by clouds, which reflect more sunlight than land...
Albedo
Aerosol effects
Aerosol effects Aerosols (very fine particles/droplets in the atmosphere) have both direct and indirect effects on Earth's radiative balance. The direct (albedo) effect is generally to cool the planet; the indirect effect (the particles act as cloud condensation nuclei and thereby change cloud properties) is less certa...
Albedo
Black carbon
Black carbon Another albedo-related effect on the climate is from black carbon particles. The size of this effect is difficult to quantify: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that the global mean radiative forcing for black carbon aerosols from fossil fuels is +0.2 W m−2, with a range +0.1 to +0.4 ...
Albedo
Astronomical albedo
Astronomical albedo thumb|upright=1.2|The moon Titan is darker than Saturn even though they receive the same amount of sunlight. This is due to a difference in albedo (0.22 versus 0.499 in geometric albedo).In astronomy, the term albedo can be defined in several different ways, depending upon the application and the ...
Albedo
Optical or visual albedo
Optical or visual albedo The albedos of planets, satellites and minor planets such as asteroids can be used to infer much about their properties. The study of albedos, their dependence on wavelength, lighting angle ("phase angle"), and variation in time composes a major part of the astronomical field of photometry. For...
Albedo
Radar albedo
Radar albedo In planetary radar astronomy, a microwave (or radar) pulse is transmitted toward a planetary target (e.g. Moon, asteroid, etc.) and the echo from the target is measured. In most instances, the transmitted pulse is circularly polarized and the received pulse is measured in the same sense of polarization as ...
Albedo
Radar albedos of Solar System objects
Radar albedos of Solar System objects Object Moon 0.06 Mercury 0.05 Venus 0.10 Mars 0.06 Avg. S-type asteroid 0.14 Avg. C-type asteroid 0.13 Avg. M-type asteroid 0.26 Comet P/2005 JQ5 0.02 The values reported for the Moon, Mercury, Mars, Venus, and Comet P/2005 JQ5 are derived from the total (OC+SC) radar al...
Albedo
Relationship to surface [[bulk density]]
Relationship to surface bulk density In the event that most of the echo is from first surface reflections ( or so), the OC radar albedo is a first-order approximation of the Fresnel reflection coefficient (aka reflectivity) and can be used to estimate the bulk density of a planetary surface to a depth of a meter or so ...
Albedo
History
History The term albedo was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work Photometria.
Albedo
See also
See also Bio-geoengineering Cool roof Daisyworld Emissivity Exitance Global dimming Ice–albedo feedback Irradiance Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation Opposition surge Polar see-saw Radar astronomy Solar radiation management
Albedo
References
References
Albedo
External links
External links Albedo Project Albedo – Encyclopedia of Earth NASA MODIS BRDF/albedo product site Ocean surface albedo look-up-table Surface albedo derived from Meteosat observations A discussion of Lunar albedos reflectivity of metals (chart) Category:Land surface effects on climate Category:Climate change f...
Albedo
Table of Content
Short description, Terrestrial albedo, White-sky, black-sky, and blue-sky albedo, Changes to albedo due to human activities, Examples of terrestrial albedo effects, Illumination, Insolation effects, Climate and weather, Albedo–temperature feedback, Snow, Small-scale effects, Solar photovoltaic effects, Trees, Water, Cl...
A
Short description
A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, and others worldwide. Its name in English is a (pronounced ), plural aes. It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slant...
A
Name
Name In English, the name of the letter is the long A sound, pronounced . Its name in most other languages matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables.
A
History
History The earliest known ancestor of A is aleph—the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet—where it represented a glottal stop , as Phoenician only used consonantal letters. In turn, the ancestor of aleph may have been a pictogram of an ox head in proto-Sinaitic script influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphs, styled a...
A
Typographic variants
Typographic variants class=skin-invert-image|thumb|upright=0.55|Different glyphs of the lowercase letter thumb|upright=0.55|Allographs include a double-storey and single-storey . During Roman times, there were many variant forms of the letter A. First was the monumental or lapidary style, which was used when insc...
A
Use in writing systems
Use in writing systems + Pronunciation of by language Orthography Phonemes (pinyin) English , , , , , , French , German , Portuguese , Saanich Spanish Turkish + Cross-linguistic variation of pronunciation Phone Orthography Chuvash, French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Malay, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish...
A
English
English thumb|In English language education, the word apple is consistently associated with the letter A. In modern English orthography, the letter represents at least seven different vowel sounds, here represented using the vowels of Received Pronunciation, with effects of ignored and mergers in General American ...
A
Other languages
Other languages In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, denotes an open unrounded vowel, such as , , or . An exception is Saanich, in which —and the glyph —stands for a close-mid front unrounded vowel .
A
Other systems
Other systems In the International Phonetic Alphabet, is used for the open front unrounded vowel, is used for the open central unrounded vowel, and is used for the open back unrounded vowel. In X-SAMPA, is used for the open front unrounded vowel and is used for the open back unrounded vowel.
A
Other uses
Other uses When using base-16 notation, A or a is the conventional numeral corresponding to the number 10. In algebra, the letter a along with various other letters of the alphabet is often used to denote a variable, with various conventional meanings in different areas of mathematics. In 1637, René Descartes "inv...
A
Related characters
Related characters
A
Latin alphabet
Latin alphabet : a ligature of originally used in Latin with diacritics: Å å Ǻ ǻ Ḁ ḁ ẚ Ă ă Ặ ặ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ȃ ȃ Â â Ậ ậ Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẫ ẫ Ẩ ẩ Ả ả Ǎ ǎ Ⱥ ⱥ Ȧ ȧ Ǡ ǡ Ạ ạ Ä ä Ǟ ǟ À à Ȁ ȁ Á á Ā ā Ā̀ ā̀ Ã ã Ą ą Ą́ ą́ Ą̃ ą̃ A̲ a̲ ᶏ Phonetic alphabet symbols related to A—the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercas...
A
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations : ordinal indicator : Ångström sign : turned capital letter A, used in predicate logic to specify universal quantification ("for all") : At sign : Argentine austral : anarchy symbol
A
Ancestor and sibling letters
Ancestor and sibling letters : Phoenician aleph, from which the following symbols originally derive: : Greek letter alpha, from which the following letters derive: : Cyrillic letter A : Coptic letter alpha : Old Italic A, the ancestor of modern Latin A : Runic letter ansuz, which probably derives from old Itali...
A
Other representations
Other representations
A
Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span>
Computing The Latin letters and have Unicode encodings and . These are the same code points as those used in ASCII and ISO 8859. There are also precomposed character encodings for and with diacritics, for most of those listed above; the remainder are produced using combining diacritics. Variant forms of the le...
A
Other
Other
A
Notes
Notes
A
References
References
A
Bibliography
Bibliography
A
External links
External links History of the Alphabet Category:ISO basic Latin letters Category:Vowel letters
A
Table of Content
Short description, Name, History, Typographic variants, Use in writing systems, English, Other languages, Other systems, Other uses, Related characters, Latin alphabet, Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations, Ancestor and sibling letters, Other representations, Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></sp...
Alabama
Short description
Alabama ( ) is a state in the Southeastern and Deep Southern regions of the United States. It borders Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area, and the 24th-most populous of the 50 U.S. states. Alabama is ...
Alabama
Etymology
Etymology The name of the Alabama River and state is derived from the Alabama people, a Muskogean-speaking tribe whose members lived just below the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers on the upper reaches of the river. In the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is (or variously or ...
Alabama
History
History
Alabama
Pre-European settlement
Pre-European settlement thumb|left|The Moundville Archaeological Site in Hale County. It was occupied by Native Americans of the Mississippian culture from 1000 to 1450 CE. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization. Trade with the north...
Alabama
European settlement
European settlement The Spanish were the first Europeans to reach Alabama during their exploration of North America in the 16th century. The expedition of Hernando de Soto passed through Mabila and other parts of the state in 1540. More than 160 years later, the French founded the region's first European settlement ...
Alabama
19th century
19th century The creation of the Mississippi Territory quickly prompted debates over its division. Amid pressure from white southerners who sought the establishment of two slave states, Congress formed the Alabama Territory from the eastern half of the Mississippi Territory on March 3, 1817. The legislation appointed...
Alabama
Civil War and Reconstruction
Civil War and Reconstruction By 1860, the population had increased to 964,201 people, of which nearly half, 435,080, were enslaved African Americans, and 2,690 were free people of color. On January 11, 1861, Alabama declared its secession from the Union. After remaining an independent republic for a few days, it joi...
Alabama
20th century
20th century thumb|The developing skyline of Birmingham, 1915 The new 1901 constitution of Alabama included provisions for voter registration that effectively disenfranchised large portions of the population, including nearly all African Americans and Native Americans, and tens of thousands of poor European American...
Alabama
21st century
21st century In 2001, Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore installed a statue of the Ten Commandments in the capitol in Montgomery. In 2002, the 11th U.S. Circuit Court ordered the statue removed, but Moore refused to follow the court order, which led to protests around the capitol in favor of keeping the mo...
Alabama
Geography
Geography thumb|right|Map of Alabama from the National Atlas of the United States (2007) thumb|right|Ono Island in Baldwin County thumb|Monte Sano State Park in Huntsville thumb|right|Cathedral Caverns in Marshall County Alabama is the thirtieth-largest state in the United States with of total area: 3.2% of the ar...
Alabama
Climate
Climate The state is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa) under the Köppen climate classification. The average annual temperature is 64°F (18°C). Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern parts of the state, especially in the Appala...
Alabama
Flora and fauna
Flora and fauna thumb|A stand of Cahaba lilies (Hymenocallis coronaria) in the Cahaba River, within the Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge Alabama is home to a diverse array of flora and fauna in habitats that range from the Tennessee Valley, Appalachian Plateau, and Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians of the north to...
Alabama
Major cities
Major cities As of 2010, the state contains 461 municipalities, consisting of 174 cities and 287 towns. Covering only 9.6% of Alabama's land mass, its municipalities are home to 60.4% of its population. Montgomery, the state's capital, is the third-most populous settlement in Alabama; and the most populous city is H...
Alabama
Demographics
Demographics thumb|left|Alabama's population density, 2020 thumb|Map of counties in Alabama by racial plurality, per the 2020 census|325x325px At the 1800 United States census, Alabama had a population of 1,250 people. Since then, the state has continued to experience population growth with every U.S. census. Acco...
Alabama
Race and ethnicity
Race and ethnicity Racial and ethnic composition as of the 2020 census Race and ethnicityAloneTotal White (non-Hispanic) African American (non-Hispanic) Hispanic or Latino Asian Native American Pacific Islander Other Many American Indian tribes such as the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Coushatta in...
Alabama
Language
Language According to the 2022 American Community Survey's estimates, approximately 94% of Alabamans speak English as their sole language, while 6% spoke a language other than English. Of other languages, the majority of its multilingual population speaks Spanish (3.8%). In a separate 2021 study by the American Unive...
Alabama
Religion
Religion thumb|Highlands United Methodist Church in Birmingham, part of the Five Points South Historic District thumb|upright|Temple B'Nai Sholom in Huntsville, established in 1876. It is the oldest synagogue building in continuous use in the state. thumb|upright|The Islamic Center of Tuscaloosa Pre-colonial and pre...
Alabama
Health
Health In 2018, life expectancy in Alabama was 75.1 years, below the national average of 78.7 years and is the third lowest life expectancy in the country. Factors that can cause lower life expectancy are maternal mortality, suicide, and gun crimes. A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study in 2008 showed t...
Alabama
Economy
Economy The state has invested in aerospace, education, health care, banking, and various heavy industries, including automobile manufacturing, mineral extraction, steel production and fabrication. By 2006, crop and animal production in Alabama was valued at $1.5billion. In contrast to the primarily agricultural eco...
Alabama
Largest employers
Largest employers thumb|upright|The Space Shuttle Enterprise being tested at Marshall Space Flight Center in 1978 thumb|Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama in Montgomery in 2010 thumb|Shelby Hall, School of Computing, at the University of South Alabama in Mobile The five employers that employed the most employees in...
Alabama
Agriculture
Agriculture Alabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs, cattle, fish, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains such as corn and sorghum, vegetables, milk, soybeans, and peaches. Although known as "The Cotton State", Alabama ranks between eighth and tenth in national cotton production, according to va...
Alabama
Aquaculture
Aquaculture Aquaculture is a large part of the economy of Alabama.Hanson, TE. 2015. Economics of Aquaculture Production in Alabama. United States Department of Agriculture. Project No. ALA016-1-10022. Available from: https://reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/0222158-economics-of-aquaculture-production-in-alabama.ht...