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Amphibian | Frogs | Frogs
Unlike in other amphibians, frog tadpoles do not resemble adults. The free-living larvae are normally fully aquatic, but the tadpoles of some species (such as Nannophrys ceylonensis) are semi-terrestrial and live among wet rocks. Tadpoles have cartilaginous skeletons, gills for respiration (external gills at fi... |
Amphibian | Salamanders | Salamanders
thumb|alt=Larva of the long-toed salamander|Larva of the long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum)
thumb|alt=Adult of the long-toed salamander|Larva of the long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum)
thumb|alt=Larvae of the alpine newt|Larvae of the alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris)
At hatching... |
Amphibian | Caecilians | Caecilians
thumb|left|alt=Ichthyophis glutinosus|The caecilian Ichthyophis glutinosus with eggs and developing embryo
Most terrestrial caecilians that lay eggs do so in burrows or moist places on land near bodies of water. The development of the young of Ichthyophis glutinosus, a species from Sri Lanka, has been much... |
Amphibian | Parental care | Parental care
thumb|alt=Common rocket frog|Male common rocket frog (Colostethus panamensis) carrying tadpoles on his back
The care of offspring among amphibians has been little studied but, in general, the larger the number of eggs in a batch, the less likely it is that any degree of parental care takes place. Never... |
Amphibian | Genetics and genomics | Genetics and genomics
Amphibians are notable among vertebrates for their diversity of chromosomes and genomes. The karyotypes (chromosomes) have been determined for at least 1,193 (14.5%) of the ≈8,200 known (diploid) species, including 963 anurans, 209 salamanders, and 21 caecilians. Generally, the karyotypes of dip... |
Amphibian | Feeding and diet | Feeding and diet
thumb|alt=Northwestern salamander|Northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile) eating a worm
With a few exceptions, adult amphibians are predators, feeding on virtually anything that moves that they can swallow. The diet mostly consists of small prey that do not move too fast such as beetles, caterpil... |
Amphibian | Vocalization | Vocalization
thumb|alt=Male treefrog calling|Male treefrog (Dendropsophus microcephalus) inflating his air sac as he calls
The calls made by caecilians and salamanders are limited to occasional soft squeaks, grunts or hisses and have not been much studied. A clicking sound sometimes produced by caecilians may be a me... |
Amphibian | Territorial behaviour | Territorial behaviour
Little is known of the territorial behaviour of caecilians, but some frogs and salamanders defend home ranges. These are usually feeding, breeding or sheltering sites. Males normally exhibit such behaviour though in some species, females and even juveniles are also involved. Although in many fro... |
Amphibian | Defence mechanisms | Defence mechanisms
thumb|alt=Cane toad|Cane toad (Rhinella marina) with poison glands behind the eyes
Amphibians have soft bodies with thin skins, and lack claws, defensive armour, or spines. Nevertheless, they have evolved various defence mechanisms to keep themselves alive. The first line of defence in salamanders... |
Amphibian | Cognition | Cognition
In amphibians, there is evidence of habituation, associative learning through both classical and instrumental learning, and discrimination abilities. Amphibians are widely considered to be sentient, able to feel emotions such as anxiety and fear.
In one experiment, when offered live fruit flies (Drosophila... |
Amphibian | Conservation | Conservation
thumb|alt=Golden toad|The extinct golden toad (Incilius periglenes), last seen in 1989
Dramatic declines in amphibian populations, including population crashes and mass localized extinction, have been noted since the late 1980s from locations all over the world, and amphibian declines are thus perceived... |
Amphibian | Food webs and predation | Food webs and predation
Any decline in amphibian numbers will affect the patterns of predation. The loss of carnivorous species near the top of the food chain will upset the delicate ecosystem balance and may cause dramatic increases in opportunistic species.
Predators that feed on amphibians are affected by their d... |
Amphibian | Pollution and pesticides | Pollution and pesticides
The decline in amphibian and reptile populations has led to an awareness of the effects of pesticides on reptiles and amphibians. In the past, the argument that amphibians or reptiles were more susceptible to any chemical contamination than any land aquatic vertebrate was not supported by re... |
Amphibian | Conservation and protection strategies | Conservation and protection strategies
The Amphibian Specialist Group of the IUCN is spearheading efforts to implement a comprehensive global strategy for amphibian conservation. Amphibian Ark is an organization that was formed to implement the ex-situ conservation recommendations of this plan, and they have been wor... |
Amphibian | See also | See also
Amphibian and reptile tunnel
Amphibious fish
Cultural depictions of amphibians
List of amphibians
List of amphibian genera
List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States
Softshell turtle – A taxonomic family of a number of turtle genera that ability to able to "breathe" underwater wi... |
Amphibian | References | References |
Amphibian | Cited texts | Cited texts
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Amphibian | Further reading | Further reading
Duellman, William E., Berg, Barbara (1962), Type Specimens of Amphibians and Reptiles in the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas
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Amphibian | External links | External links
Amphibians – AnimalSpot.net
ArchéoZooThèque : Amphibians skeletons drawings : available in vector, image and PDF formats
Amphibian Specialist Group
Amphibian Ark
AmphibiaWeb
Global Amphibian Assessment
Amphibian vocalisations on Archival Sound Recordings
Category:Amphibious organisms
Cate... |
Amphibian | Table of Content | Short description, Classification, Evolutionary history, Characteristics, Anura, Caudata, Gymnophiona, Anatomy and physiology, Skin, Skeletal system and locomotion, Circulatory system, Nervous and sensory systems, Digestive and excretory systems, Urinary bladder, Respiratory system, Reproduction, Unisexual reproduction... |
Alaska | Short description | Alaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. Part of the Western United States region, it is one of the two non-contiguous U.S. states, alongside Hawaii. Alaska is also considered to be the northernmost, westernmost, and easternmost (the Aleutian Islands cross the 180th meridia... |
Alaska | Etymology | Etymology
The name "Alaska" () was introduced during the Russian colonial period when it was used to refer to the Alaska Peninsula. It was derived from an Aleut-language idiom, , meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed"., at pp. 49 (Alaxsxi-x = mainland Ala... |
Alaska | History | History |
Alaska | Pre-colonization | Pre-colonization
Numerous indigenous peoples occupied Alaska for thousands of years before the arrival of European peoples to the area. Linguistic and DNA studies done here have provided evidence for the settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge. At the Upward Sun River site in the Tanana Valley in A... |
Alaska | Colonization | Colonization
thumb|The Russian settlement of St. Paul's Harbor (present-day Kodiak town), Kodiak Island, 1814|left
thumb|Miners and prospectors climb the Chilkoot Trail during the 1898 Klondike Gold Rush.|left
Some researchers believe the first Russian settlement in Alaska was established in the 17th century.Свердлов... |
Alaska | U.S. territorial incorporation | U.S. territorial incorporation
Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. From 1879 to 1920, Alaska produced a cumulative total of over $460,000,000 () of mineral production. Alaska was... |
Alaska | Statehood | Statehood
thumb|upright|Bob Bartlett and Ernest Gruening, Alaska's inaugural U.S. Senators, hold the 49 star U.S. Flag after the admission of Alaska as the 49th state.
Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement... |
Alaska | Good Friday earthquake | Good Friday earthquake
On March 27, 1964, the massive Good Friday earthquake killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities, mainly by the resultant tsunamis and landslides. It was the fourth-most-powerful earthquake in recorded history, with a moment magnitude of 9.2 (more ... |
Alaska | Oil boom | Oil boom
The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay and the 1977 completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System led to an oil boom. Royalty revenues from oil have funded large state budgets from 1980 onward.
thumb|right|220px|Oil pooled on rocks on the shore of Prince William Sound after the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spil... |
Alaska | Geography | Geography
Located at the northwest corner of North America, Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States, but also has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere. Alaska is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental N... |
Alaska | Regions | Regions
There are no officially defined borders demarcating the various regions of Alaska, however there are five/six regions that the state is most commonly broken up into: |
Alaska | Southcentral | Southcentral
The most populous region of Alaska contains Anchorage, the Matanuska-Susitna Valley and the Kenai Peninsula. Rural, mostly unpopulated areas south of the Alaska Range and west of the Wrangell Mountains also fall within the definition of South Central, as do the Prince William Sound area and the communitie... |
Alaska | Southeast | Southeast
Also referred to as the Panhandle or Inside Passage, this is the region of Alaska closest to the contiguous states. As such, this was where most of the initial non-indigenous settlement occurred in the years following the Alaska Purchase. The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the To... |
Alaska | Interior | Interior
thumb|Denali is the highest peak in North America
The Interior is the largest region of Alaska; much of it is uninhabited wilderness. Fairbanks is the only large city in the region. Denali National Park and Preserve is located here. Denali, federally designated as Mount McKinley, is the highest mountain in N... |
Alaska | North Slope | North Slope
The North Slope is mostly tundra peppered with small villages. The area is known for its massive reserves of crude oil and contains both the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. The city of Utqiaġvik, formerly known as Barrow, is the northernmost city in the United States and is... |
Alaska | Southwest | Southwest
Southwest Alaska is a sparsely inhabited region stretching some inland from the Bering Sea. Most of the population lives along the coast. Kodiak Island is also located in the Southwest. The massive Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, one of the largest river deltas in the world, is here. Portions of the Alaska Peninsula ... |
Alaska | Aleutian Islands | Aleutian Islands
thumb|Although entirely east of the International Date Line (the triangular kink in the line was agreed upon the U.S. acquisition of Alaska), the Aleutian Islands cross the 180th meridian, such that they contain both the westernmost (Amatignak) and the easternmost (Semisopochnoi.) points in the United... |
Alaska | Land ownership | Land ownership
As of 2023, the United States Bureau of Land Management mangages 290 million of surface and subsurface acres as public lands, including a multitude of national forests, national parks, national wildlife refuges, and federal mineral estate land. Of these, the Bureau of Land Management manages , or 23.8... |
Alaska | Alaska Heritage Resources Survey | Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
The Alaska Heritage Resources Survey (AHRS) is a restricted inventory of all reported historic and prehistoric sites within the U.S. state of Alaska; it is maintained by the Office of History and Archaeology. The survey's inventory of cultural resources includes objects, structures, b... |
Alaska | Cities, towns and boroughs | Cities, towns and boroughs
thumb|upright=0.8|Anchorage, Alaska's largest city
thumb|upright=0.8|Fairbanks, Alaska's second-largest city and by a significant margin the largest city in Alaska's interior
thumb|upright=0.8|Juneau, Alaska's third-largest city and its capital
thumb|upright=0.8|Bethel, the largest city in t... |
Alaska | Cities and census-designated places (by population) | Cities and census-designated places (by population)
As reflected in the 2020 United States census, Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities and census-designated places (CDPs). The tally of cities includes four unified municipalities, essentially the equivalent of a consolidated city–county. The majority of these ... |
Alaska | Climate | Climate
thumb|Alaska has more acreage of public land owned by the federal government than any other state.
Alaska is the coldest state in the United States. The climate in the south and southeastern Alaska is a mid-latitude oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), and a subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen ... |
Alaska | Fauna | Fauna |
Alaska | Demographics | Demographics
The United States Census Bureau found in the 2020 United States census that the population of Alaska was 733,391 on April 1, 2020, a 3.3% increase since the 2010 United States census. According to the 2010 United States Census, the U.S. state of Alaska had a population of 710,231, a 13.3% increase from 62... |
Alaska | Race and ethnicity | Race and ethnicity
+ Alaska racial breakdown of population Racial composition 1970 1990 2000 2010 2020 White 78.8% 75.5% 69.3% 66.7% 59.4% Native 16.9% 15.6% 15.6% 14.8% 15.2% Asian 0.9% 3.6% 4.0% 5.4% 6.0% Black 3.0% 4.1% 3.5% 3.3% 3.0% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander – – 0.5% 1.0... |
Alaska | Languages | Languages
According to the 2011 American Community Survey, 83.4% of people over the age of five spoke only English at home. About 3.5% spoke Spanish at home, 2.2% spoke another Indo-European language, about 4.3% spoke an Asian language (including Tagalog),"50 Quick Facts about Alaska" and about 5.3% spoke other langu... |
Alaska | Religion | Religion
thumb|St. Michael's Russian Orthodox Cathedral in downtown Sitka|left|265x265pxMultiple surveys have ranked Alaska among the most irreligious states.
According to statistics collected by the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) from 2010, about 34% of Alaska residents were members of religious congre... |
Alaska | Economy | Economy
thumb|Aerial view of infrastructure at the Prudhoe Bay Oil FieldAs of October 2022, Alaska had a total employment of 316,900. The number of employer establishments was 21,077.
The 2018 gross state product was $55 billion, 48th in the U.S. Its per capita personal income for 2018 was $73,000, ranking 7th in the... |
Alaska | Energy | Energy
thumb|The Trans-Alaska Pipeline transports oil, Alaska's most financially important export, from the North Slope to Valdez. The heat pipes in the column mounts are pertinent, since they disperse heat upwards and prevent melting of permafrost.
thumb|upright|Alaska proven oil reserves peaked in 1973 and have decl... |
Alaska | Permanent Fund | Permanent Fund
The Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues, established by voters in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil, largely in anticipation of the then recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. The fund was originally proposed by Gove... |
Alaska | Cost of living | Cost of living
The cost of goods in Alaska has long been higher than in the contiguous 48 states. Federal government employees, particularly United States Postal Service (USPS) workers and active-duty military members, receive a Cost of Living Allowance usually set at 25% of base pay because, while the cost of living h... |
Alaska | Agriculture and fishing | Agriculture and fishing
thumb|right|upright|Halibut, both as a sport fish and commercially, is important to the state's economy.
Due to the northern climate and short growing season, relatively little farming occurs in Alaska. Most farms are in either the Matanuska Valley, about northeast of Anchorage, or on the Kena... |
Alaska | Culture | Culture
thumb|Mask Display at Iñupiat Heritage Center in Utqiaġvik
Some of Alaska's popular annual events are the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race from Anchorage to Nome, World Ice Art Championships in Fairbanks, the Blueberry Festival and Alaska Hummingbird Festival in Ketchikan, the Sitka Whale Fest, and the Stikine Riv... |
Alaska | Music | Music
Influences on music in Alaska include the traditional music of Alaska Natives as well as folk music brought by later immigrants from Russia and Europe. Prominent musicians from Alaska include singer Jewel, traditional Aleut flautist Mary Youngblood, folk singer-songwriter Libby Roderick, Christian music singer-s... |
Alaska | Film and television | Film and television
The 1983 Disney movie Never Cry Wolf was at least partially shot in Alaska. The 1991 film White Fang, based on Jack London's 1906 novel and starring Ethan Hawke, was filmed in and around Haines. Steven Seagal's 1994 On Deadly Ground, starring Michael Caine, was filmed in part at the Worthington Gla... |
Alaska | Sports | Sports
thumb|A dog team in the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, arguably the most popular winter event in Alaska
The following is a list of sporting venues, events, and teams based in Alaska. |
Alaska | Anchorage | Anchorage |
Alaska | Venues | Venues
thumb|An Aces game at "The Sully"
Alyeska Resort
Chugach State Park, a high alpine park.
Anchorage has many groomed cross-country skiing trails within the urban core. There are of maintained ski trails in the city, some of which reach downtown.
Mulcahy Stadium
Sullivan Arena
Alaska Airlines Center |
Alaska | Teams | Teams
Anchorage Wolverines
Anchorage Bucs
Anchorage Glacier Pilots
Alaska-Anchorage Seawolves men's ice hockey
Rage City Rollergirls
Arctic Rush (soccer)
Cook Inlet SC (soccer)
Pioneer United FC (men's soccer) |
Alaska | Events | Events
Great Alaska Shootout, an annual NCAADivision I basketball tournament
Sadler's Ultra Challenge wheelchair race between Fairbanks and Anchorage
The Tour of Anchorage is an annual 50-kilometer (31 mi) ski race within the city.
World Eskimo Indian Olympics |
Alaska | Fairbanks | Fairbanks |
Alaska | Venues | Venues
Carlson Center |
Alaska | Teams | Teams
Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks
Alaska Nanooks men's ice hockey
Fairbanks Ice Dogs
Fairbanks Rollergirls
Fairbanks SC (soccer) |
Alaska | Events | Events
Sadler's Ultra Challenge wheelchair race between Fairbanks and Anchorage
Sonot Kkaazoot
World Eskimo Indian Olympics |
Alaska | Elsewhere | Elsewhere |
Alaska | Teams | Teams
MatSu United FC (men's soccer)
Denali Destroyer Dolls
Kenai River Brown Bears
Mat-Su Miners
Peninsula Oilers |
Alaska | Events | Events
Alaska Mountain Wilderness Classic
Arctic Winter Games
Mount Marathon Race
World Extreme Skiing Championship |
Alaska | Dog mushing | Dog mushing
Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race
Iron Dog
Junior Iditarod
Kuskokwim 300
Tustumena 200
Yukon Quest |
Alaska | Public health and safety | Public health and safety
The Alaska State Troopers are Alaska's statewide police force. They have a long and storied history, but were not an official organization until 1941. Before the force was officially organized, law enforcement in Alaska was handled by various federal agencies. Larger towns usually have their o... |
Alaska | Health insurance | Health insurance
, CVS Health and Premera account for 47% and 46% of private health insurance, respectively. Premera and Moda Health offer insurance on the federally-run Affordable Care Exchange. |
Alaska | Hospitals | Hospitals
Providence Alaska Medical Center in Anchorage is the largest hospital in the state as of 2021; Anchorage also hosts Alaska Regional Hospital and Alaska Native Medical Center.
Alaska's other major cities such as Fairbanks and Juneau also have local hospitals. In Southeast Alaska, Southeast Alaska Regional He... |
Alaska | Education | Education
thumb|The Kachemak Bay Campus of the University of Alaska Anchorage, located in downtown Homer
The Alaska Department of Education and Early Development administers many school districts in Alaska. In addition, the state operates a boarding school, Mt. Edgecumbe High School in Sitka, and provides partial fun... |
Alaska | Transportation | Transportation |
Alaska | Road | Road
Alaska has few road connections compared to the rest of the U.S. The state's road system, covering a relatively small area of the state, linking the central population centers and the Alaska Highway, the principal route out of the state through Canada. The state capital, Juneau, is not accessible by road, with ac... |
Alaska | Rail | Rail
Built around 1915, the Alaska Railroad (ARR) played a key role in the development of Alaska through the 20th century. It links shipping lanes on the North Pacific with Interior Alaska with tracks that run from Seward by way of South Central Alaska, passing through Anchorage, Eklutna, Wasilla, Talkeetna, Denali, a... |
Alaska | Sea | Sea
Many cities, towns, and villages in the state do not have road or highway access; the only modes of access involve travel by air, river, or the sea.
thumb|The (named after Tustumena Glacier) is one of the state's many ferries, providing service between the Kenai Peninsula, Kodiak Island and the Aleutian Chain.
A... |
Alaska | Air | Air
Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reached only by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine, accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services—an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage, and to a lesser extent Fairbanks, is served by many major airlines. Because of limited highway access, air travel rema... |
Alaska | Snow | Snow
Another Alaskan transportation method is the dogsled. In modern times (that is, any time after the mid-late 1920s), dog mushing is more of a sport than a true means of transportation. Various races are held around the state, but the best known is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, a trail from Anchorage to Nome (a... |
Alaska | Communication | Communication
Alaska's internet and other data transport systems are provided largely through the two major telecommunications companies: GCI and Alaska Communications. GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska United Fiber Optic system and, as of late 2011, Alaska Communications advertised that it has "two fiber ... |
Alaska | Law and government | Law and government |
Alaska | State government | State government
thumb|The center of state government in Juneau. The large buildings in the background are, from left to right: the Court Plaza Building (known colloquially as the "Spam Can"), the State Office Building (behind), the Alaska Office Building, the John H. Dimond State Courthouse, and the Alaska State Capi... |
Alaska | State politics | State politics
Gubernatorial election results Year Democratic Republican Others195859.6% 29,18939.4% 19,299196252.3% 29,62747.7% 27,054196648.4% 32,06550.0% 33,145197052.4% 42,30946.1% 37,264197447.4% 45,55347.7% 45,840197820.2% 25,65639.1% 49,580198246.1% 89,91837.1% 72,291198647.3% 84,94342.6% 76,515199030.9% 60,201... |
Alaska | Voter registration | Voter registration
Party registration as of June 3, 2024 Party Total voters Percentage Unaffiliated 346,751 58.35% Republican 143,401 24.13% Democratic 73,598 12.38% Alaskan Independence 18,768 3.16% Minor parties 11,758 1.98% Total 594,276 100.00% |
Alaska | Taxes | Taxes
To finance state government operations, Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies. This allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden in the United States.CNN Money (2005). "How tax friendly is your state?" Retrieved from CNN website . It is one of five states with no sales tax, on... |
Alaska | Federal politics | Federal politics
thumb|A line graph showing the presidential vote by party from 1960 to 2020 in Alaska
thumb|Republican Don Young held Alaska's sole U.S. House seat for 49 years, from 1973 to 2022.
Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidential elections and has done so since statehood. Republicans have won the... |
Alaska | Elections | Elections
Alaska has a history of primary defeats for incumbent U.S. Senators, including Ernest Gruening, Mike Gravel, and Lisa Murkowski. However, Murkowski won re-election with a write-in campaign. Despite this, Alaska has also seen long-serving members of Congress, such as Ted Stevens, who served as a U.S. Senator f... |
Alaska | See also | See also
Index of Alaska-related articles
Outline of Alaska
List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska
USS Alaska, 4 ships |
Alaska | Notes | Notes |
Alaska | References | References |
Alaska | External links | External links
Alaska's Digital Archives
Alaska Inter-Tribal Council
Who Owns/Manages Alaska? (map)
Carl J. Sacarlasen Diary Extracts at Dartmouth College Library
M.E. Diemer Alaska Photographs at Dartmouth College Library
Alfred Hulse Brooks Photographs and Papers. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare... |
Alaska | U.S. federal government | U.S. federal government
Alaska State Guide from the Library of Congress
Energy & Environmental Data for Alaska
USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Alaska
US Census Bureau
Alaska State Facts
Alaska Statehood Subject Guide from the Eisenhower Presidential Library
Alaska Statehood documents, D... |
Alaska | Alaska state government | Alaska state government
State of Alaska website
Alaska State Databases
Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Recorder's Office
Category:Arctic Ocean
Category:Former Russian colonies
Category:States and territories established in 1959
Category:States of the United States
Category:States of the West Coast of the Uni... |
Alaska | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology, History, Pre-colonization, Colonization, U.S. territorial incorporation, Statehood, Good Friday earthquake, Oil boom, Geography, Regions, Southcentral, Southeast, Interior, North Slope, Southwest, Aleutian Islands, Land ownership, Alaska Heritage Resources Survey, Cities, towns and borough... |
Agriculture | Short description | thumb|Modern agriculture: a center pivot irrigation system on a field
Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses... |
Agriculture | Etymology and scope | Etymology and scope
The word agriculture is a late Middle English adaptation of Latin , from 'field' and 'cultivation' or 'growing'. While agriculture usually refers to human activities, certain species of ant, termite and beetle have been cultivating crops for up to 60 million years. Agriculture is defined with v... |
Agriculture | History | History
thumb |upright=1.35 | |
Agriculture | Origins | Origins
The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa, in at least 11 separate centers of origin. Wild grains were collected ... |
Agriculture | Civilizations | Civilizations
thumb|right|upright=1.35|Map of the world showing approximate centers of origin of agriculture and its spread in prehistory. DNA studies have shown that agriculture was introduced in Europe by the expansion of the early farmers from Anatolia about 9,000 years ago.
In Eurasia, the Sumerians started to li... |
Agriculture | Revolution | Revolution
thumb|Agricultural calendar, , from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi
In the Middle Ages, compared to the Roman period, agriculture in Western Europe became more focused on self-sufficiency. The agricultural population under feudalism was typically organized into manors consisting of several hundred or mor... |
Agriculture | Types | Types
thumb|Reindeer herds form the basis of pastoral agriculture for several Arctic and Subarctic peoples.
Pastoralism involves managing domesticated animals. In nomadic pastoralism, herds of livestock are moved from place to place in search of pasture, fodder, and water. This type of farming is practiced in arid a... |