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int64
1
14M
domain
stringclasses
6 values
topic
stringclasses
23 values
subtopic
stringclasses
37 values
difficulty
int64
1
8
unit_type
stringclasses
3 values
title
stringlengths
14
86
content
stringlengths
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key_equations
stringclasses
23 values
prerequisites
stringclasses
29 values
learning_objective
stringclasses
37 values
5,901
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 1.5436e+04 Hz, speed 1463 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 1463 m/s with frequency f = 1.5436e+04 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.09479 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,902
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 4050 Hz, speed 477.4 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 477.4 m/s with frequency f = 4050 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.1179 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,903
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 1.3614e+04 Hz, speed 1329 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 1329 m/s with frequency f = 1.3614e+04 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.09765 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,904
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 1.4886e+04 Hz, speed 628.1 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 628.1 m/s with frequency f = 1.4886e+04 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.0422 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,905
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 7826 Hz, speed 934.5 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 934.5 m/s with frequency f = 7826 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.1194 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,906
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 1.1818e+04 Hz, speed 1412 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 1412 m/s with frequency f = 1.1818e+04 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.1195 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,907
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 3949 Hz, speed 1224 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 1224 m/s with frequency f = 3949 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.3098 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,908
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 1.4631e+04 Hz, speed 347.3 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 347.3 m/s with frequency f = 1.4631e+04 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.02374 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,909
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 1.9284e+04 Hz, speed 1009 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 1009 m/s with frequency f = 1.9284e+04 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.05233 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,910
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 5818 Hz, speed 1496 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 1496 m/s with frequency f = 5818 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.2572 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,911
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 9140 Hz, speed 641.4 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 641.4 m/s with frequency f = 9140 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.07018 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,912
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 377.9 Hz, speed 1007 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 1007 m/s with frequency f = 377.9 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 2.665 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,913
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 1.9302e+04 Hz, speed 375.4 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 375.4 m/s with frequency f = 1.9302e+04 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.01945 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,914
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 1.6594e+04 Hz, speed 800.7 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 800.7 m/s with frequency f = 1.6594e+04 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.04825 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,915
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 9282 Hz, speed 1361 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 1361 m/s with frequency f = 9282 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.1467 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,916
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 1.1447e+04 Hz, speed 1408 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 1408 m/s with frequency f = 1.1447e+04 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.123 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,917
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 1.6699e+04 Hz, speed 567.5 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 567.5 m/s with frequency f = 1.6699e+04 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.03398 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,918
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 5309 Hz, speed 1370 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 1370 m/s with frequency f = 5309 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.258 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,919
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 1.7046e+04 Hz, speed 1280 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 1280 m/s with frequency f = 1.7046e+04 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.07509 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,920
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 1.3375e+04 Hz, speed 995.5 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 995.5 m/s with frequency f = 1.3375e+04 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.07443 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,921
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 7908 Hz, speed 305.1 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 305.1 m/s with frequency f = 7908 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.03858 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,922
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 4600 Hz, speed 566.2 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 566.2 m/s with frequency f = 4600 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.1231 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,923
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 1.6434e+04 Hz, speed 586.8 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 586.8 m/s with frequency f = 1.6434e+04 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.03571 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,924
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 64.96 Hz, speed 357.3 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 357.3 m/s with frequency f = 64.96 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 5.5 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,925
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 1541 Hz, speed 1264 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 1264 m/s with frequency f = 1541 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.8204 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,926
physics
waves
wave_speed
4
worked_example
Wave relation: frequency 1.0714e+04 Hz, speed 1379 m/s
A periodic wave travels at speed v = 1379 m/s with frequency f = 1.0714e+04 Hz. The wavelength is λ = v / f = 0.1287 m. This relation follows from the definition of frequency as the number of cycles per unit time and wavelength as the spatial period.
v = f λ
basic kinematics
Relate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
5,927
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1850 J, W = -773.9 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1850 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -773.9 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 2624 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,928
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1671 J, W = 372.4 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1671 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 372.4 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1299 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,929
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1417 J, W = 460.8 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1417 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 460.8 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 956.2 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,930
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1422 J, W = 261.3 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1422 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 261.3 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1161 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,931
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 741.6 J, W = 128.3 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 741.6 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 128.3 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 613.3 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,932
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 835.2 J, W = 83.77 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 835.2 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 83.77 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 751.5 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,933
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1449 J, W = 568.4 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1449 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 568.4 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 880.8 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,934
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1814 J, W = -177.6 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1814 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -177.6 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1992 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,935
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1314 J, W = -516.4 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1314 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -516.4 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1831 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,936
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1140 J, W = -777.3 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1140 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -777.3 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1918 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,937
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 573.8 J, W = -274 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 573.8 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -274 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 847.7 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,938
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 114 J, W = -32.22 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 114 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -32.22 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 146.2 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,939
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = -251.4 J, W = 689.7 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = -251.4 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 689.7 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = -941.1 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,940
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1328 J, W = -529.6 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1328 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -529.6 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1857 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,941
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 230.8 J, W = -388.7 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 230.8 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -388.7 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 619.4 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,942
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = -95.35 J, W = -117.7 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = -95.35 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -117.7 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 22.33 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,943
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1323 J, W = -221.7 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1323 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -221.7 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1545 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,944
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1413 J, W = -338 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1413 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -338 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1751 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,945
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1995 J, W = 306.5 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1995 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 306.5 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1688 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,946
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1098 J, W = -678 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1098 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -678 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1776 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,947
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = -111.1 J, W = -605.7 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = -111.1 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -605.7 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 494.6 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,948
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1843 J, W = 725.7 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1843 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 725.7 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1117 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,949
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = -335 J, W = 432.5 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = -335 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 432.5 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = -767.6 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,950
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1396 J, W = -367.9 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1396 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -367.9 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1764 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,951
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = -52.57 J, W = 423.8 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = -52.57 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 423.8 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = -476.4 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,952
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 343.8 J, W = 0.7409 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 343.8 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 0.7409 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 343.1 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,953
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1588 J, W = 55.35 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1588 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 55.35 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1533 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,954
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 776.9 J, W = -30.01 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 776.9 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -30.01 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 807 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,955
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1036 J, W = 456.8 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1036 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 456.8 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 579.1 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,956
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 390.6 J, W = -652.8 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 390.6 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -652.8 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1043 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,957
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = -59 J, W = 490.6 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = -59 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 490.6 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = -549.6 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,958
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 863.3 J, W = -399.6 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 863.3 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -399.6 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1263 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,959
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = -454.4 J, W = 662.2 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = -454.4 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 662.2 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = -1117 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,960
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1511 J, W = 469.3 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1511 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 469.3 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1042 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,961
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = -283.9 J, W = -698.5 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = -283.9 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -698.5 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 414.6 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,962
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = -135.5 J, W = -543.5 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = -135.5 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -543.5 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 408 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,963
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1538 J, W = 55.69 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1538 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 55.69 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1482 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,964
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 696.7 J, W = 679.5 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 696.7 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 679.5 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 17.18 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,965
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1079 J, W = -752.3 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1079 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -752.3 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1831 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,966
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1634 J, W = 468.3 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1634 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 468.3 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1166 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,967
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 581 J, W = 491.6 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 581 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 491.6 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 89.36 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,968
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1440 J, W = -156.1 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1440 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -156.1 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1596 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,969
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = -81.19 J, W = 193.7 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = -81.19 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 193.7 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = -274.9 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,970
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 708.6 J, W = 138.2 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 708.6 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 138.2 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 570.4 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,971
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1243 J, W = 761.8 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1243 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 761.8 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 481.6 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,972
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1362 J, W = 535.2 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1362 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 535.2 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 826.4 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,973
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1834 J, W = 449.2 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1834 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 449.2 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1385 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,974
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 893.6 J, W = -67.43 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 893.6 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -67.43 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 961.1 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,975
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 305.5 J, W = -209.8 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 305.5 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -209.8 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 515.3 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,976
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1750 J, W = -741.8 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1750 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -741.8 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 2492 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,977
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = -29.8 J, W = 113.5 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = -29.8 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 113.5 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = -143.3 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,978
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = -457.2 J, W = 263.3 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = -457.2 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 263.3 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = -720.5 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,979
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 431.3 J, W = -258 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 431.3 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -258 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 689.4 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,980
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1374 J, W = -788.1 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1374 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -788.1 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 2162 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,981
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 287.9 J, W = -58.43 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 287.9 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -58.43 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 346.4 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,982
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = -164.8 J, W = -646.4 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = -164.8 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -646.4 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 481.6 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,983
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 801.3 J, W = 425.8 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 801.3 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 425.8 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 375.5 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,984
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 982.2 J, W = -42.51 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 982.2 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -42.51 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1025 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,985
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 884 J, W = 82.57 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 884 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 82.57 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 801.4 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,986
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1404 J, W = -608.4 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1404 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -608.4 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 2012 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,987
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1527 J, W = 457.8 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1527 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 457.8 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1069 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,988
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1095 J, W = -406.3 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1095 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -406.3 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1502 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,989
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 842.7 J, W = -119 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 842.7 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -119 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 961.7 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,990
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = -402.7 J, W = -629.5 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = -402.7 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -629.5 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 226.8 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,991
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1848 J, W = 263.7 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1848 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 263.7 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1584 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,992
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1996 J, W = 313.5 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1996 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 313.5 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1683 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,993
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1539 J, W = 798.8 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1539 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 798.8 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 740.4 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,994
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 201.7 J, W = 559.6 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 201.7 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 559.6 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = -357.9 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,995
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 1953 J, W = 760.2 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 1953 J with its surroundings and performs work W = 760.2 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 1193 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,996
physics
thermodynamics
first_law
6
worked_example
First law of thermodynamics: Q = 409.5 J, W = -2.741 J
A thermodynamic system exchanges heat Q = 409.5 J with its surroundings and performs work W = -2.741 J. By the first law, the change in internal energy is ΔU = Q − W = 412.2 J. The first law is a statement of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems; internal energy is a state function.
ΔU = Q - W
mechanical_energy
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to compute the change in internal energy.
5,997
physics
relativity
time_dilation
8
worked_example
Time dilation at v = 0.7278 c
A clock moving at velocity v = 0.7278 c relative to an inertial observer measures a proper time interval Δτ = 4.069 s. The observer measures a dilated interval Δt = γ Δτ = 5.933 s, where γ = 1 / sqrt(1 − v²/c²) = 1.458. Time dilation is a direct consequence of the invariance of the spacetime interval.
Δt = γ Δτ; γ = 1 / sqrt(1 - v²/c²)
classical kinematics
Calculate the time-dilation factor and the dilated time interval.
5,998
physics
relativity
time_dilation
8
worked_example
Time dilation at v = 0.1222 c
A clock moving at velocity v = 0.1222 c relative to an inertial observer measures a proper time interval Δτ = 2.852 s. The observer measures a dilated interval Δt = γ Δτ = 2.873 s, where γ = 1 / sqrt(1 − v²/c²) = 1.008. Time dilation is a direct consequence of the invariance of the spacetime interval.
Δt = γ Δτ; γ = 1 / sqrt(1 - v²/c²)
classical kinematics
Calculate the time-dilation factor and the dilated time interval.
5,999
physics
relativity
time_dilation
8
worked_example
Time dilation at v = 0.2571 c
A clock moving at velocity v = 0.2571 c relative to an inertial observer measures a proper time interval Δτ = 0.9308 s. The observer measures a dilated interval Δt = γ Δτ = 0.9631 s, where γ = 1 / sqrt(1 − v²/c²) = 1.035. Time dilation is a direct consequence of the invariance of the spacetime interval.
Δt = γ Δτ; γ = 1 / sqrt(1 - v²/c²)
classical kinematics
Calculate the time-dilation factor and the dilated time interval.
6,000
physics
relativity
time_dilation
8
worked_example
Time dilation at v = 0.2168 c
A clock moving at velocity v = 0.2168 c relative to an inertial observer measures a proper time interval Δτ = 5.25 s. The observer measures a dilated interval Δt = γ Δτ = 5.377 s, where γ = 1 / sqrt(1 − v²/c²) = 1.024. Time dilation is a direct consequence of the invariance of the spacetime interval.
Δt = γ Δτ; γ = 1 / sqrt(1 - v²/c²)
classical kinematics
Calculate the time-dilation factor and the dilated time interval.