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C126322002 | Internal medicine | https://doi.org/10.1159/000453569 | medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases | PD-1 and PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Blockade to Treat Breast Cancer | [
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"wikidata":... | Immune checkpoint inhibition represents a major recent breakthrough in the treatment of malignant diseases including breast cancer. Blocking the programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1, has shown impressive antitumor activity and may lead to durable long-term disease control, especially in the triple-n... |
C126322002 | Internal medicine | https://doi.org/10.1159/000468530 | medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases | Magnesium Replacement Improves the Metabolic Profile in Obese and Pre-Diabetic Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease: A 3-Month, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study | [
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"display_name": "Internal medicine",
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"wi... | Epidemiological studies have associated low dietary Mg2+ intake with insulin resistance (IR) and increased risk for metabolic syndrome; however, the effect of Mg2+ supplementation on IR has not been adequately investigated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral Mg2+ supplementation on insulin sensitivity ... |
C126322002 | Internal medicine | https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199309303291401 | medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases | The Effect of Intensive Treatment of Diabetes on the Development and Progression of Long-Term Complications in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus | [
{
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"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
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"wi... | Long-term microvascular and neurologic complications cause major morbidity and mortality in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). We examined whether intensive treatment with the goal of maintaining blood glucose concentrations close to the normal range could decrease the frequency and severity of t... |
C126322002 | Internal medicine | https://doi.org/10.1159/000454668 | medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases | The “Golden Age” of Probiotics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized and Observational Studies in Preterm Infants | [
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"display_name": "Mucositis",
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"wikidata"... | This review reports the beneficial effects, observed in our clinical studies, of Bifidobacterium breve for premature infants, and children with cancers undergoing chemotherapy. To investigate the protective effects of B. breve (M-16V) as a probiotic on necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and infection in premature infants,... |
C126322002 | Internal medicine | https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa043330 | medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases | Radiotherapy plus Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide for Glioblastoma | [
{
"display_name": "Temozolomide",
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"wiki... | Glioblastoma, the most common primary brain tumor in adults, is usually rapidly fatal. The current standard of care for newly diagnosed glioblastoma is surgical resection to the extent feasible, followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. In this trial we compared radiotherapy alone with radiotherapy plus temozolomide, given co... |
C126322002 | Internal medicine | https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa012512 | medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases | Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes with Lifestyle Intervention or Metformin | [
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"wikidata":... | Type 2 diabetes affects approximately 8 percent of adults in the United States. Some risk factors — elevated plasma glucose concentrations in the fasting state and after an oral glucose load, overweight, and a sedentary lifestyle — are potentially reversible. We hypothesized that modifying these factors with a lifestyl... |
C126322002 | Internal medicine | https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585 | medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases | Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China | [
{
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"... | <h3>Importance</h3> In December 2019, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)–infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, China. The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited. <h3>Objective</h3> To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristi... |
C126322002 | Internal medicine | https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.3.321 | medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases | Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial | [
{
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{
"display_name": "Women's Health Initiative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780733421",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8339025... | ContextDespite decades of accumulated observational evidence, the balance of risks and benefits for hormone use in healthy postmenopausal women remains uncertain.ObjectiveTo assess the major health benefits and risks of the most commonly used combined hormone preparation in the United States.DesignEstrogen plus progest... |
C199539241 | Law | https://doi.org/10.1137/070710111 | system of rules and guidelines, generally backed by governmental authority | Power-Law Distributions in Empirical Data | [
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{
"display_name": "Goodness of fit",
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"wi... | Power-law distributions occur in many situations of scientific interest and have significant consequences for our understanding of natural and man-made phenomena. Unfortunately, the detection and characterization of power laws is complicated by the large fluctuations that occur in the tail of the distribution—the part ... |
C199539241 | Law | https://doi.org/10.1080/00107510500052444 | system of rules and guidelines, generally backed by governmental authority | Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf's law | [
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"display_name": "Power law",
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"wikidata... | Abstract When the probability of measuring a particular value of some quantity varies inversely as a power of that value, the quantity is said to follow a power law, also known variously as Zipf's law or the Pareto distribution. Power laws appear widely in physics, biology, earth and planetary sciences, economics and f... |
C199539241 | Law | https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-2056 | system of rules and guidelines, generally backed by governmental authority | Frontiers of justice: disability, nationality, species membership | [
{
"display_name": "Economic Justice",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139621336",
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
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"wi... | rather "as a nexus of distinctive sensibilities, cares, and concerns that are expressed in distinctive patterns of emotional and practical response" (p.236).Drawing on Philippa Foot and Simone Weil, Wiggins draws out the moral significance of solidarity and recognition."In recognizing another person, we recognize not m... |
C199539241 | Law | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8629-1 | system of rules and guidelines, generally backed by governmental authority | Numerical Methods for Conservation Laws | [
{
"display_name": "Conservation law",
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241",
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"wikidat... | These notes developed from a course on the numerical solution of conservation laws first taught at the University of Washington in the fall of 1988 and then at ETH during the following spring. The ove ... |
C199539241 | Law | https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2014.57.11.899 | system of rules and guidelines, generally backed by governmental authority | World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects | [
{
"display_name": "Declaration of Helsinki",
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{
"display_name": "Declaration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138147947",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.705608... | Published research in English-language journals are increasingly required to carry a statement that the study has been approved and monitored by an Institutional Review Board in conformance with 45 CFR 46 standards if the study was conducted in the United States. Alternative language attesting conformity with the Helsi... |
C199539241 | Law | https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4399-2015 | system of rules and guidelines, generally backed by governmental authority | Compilation of Henry's law constants (version 4.0) for water as solvent | [
{
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"display_name": "Aerosol",
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"wikidata... | Abstract. Many atmospheric chemicals occur in the gas phase as well as in liquid cloud droplets and aerosol particles. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the distribution between the phases. According to Henry's law, the equilibrium ratio between the abundances in the gas phase and in the aqueous phase is constan... |
C199539241 | Law | https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483346663.n124 | system of rules and guidelines, generally backed by governmental authority | Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities | [
{
"display_name": "Convention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780608745",
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"display_name": "Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities",
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"... | At this session, an esteemed panel of speakers discuss: • How has Canada committed to the equality and full social inclusion of persons with disabilities? • Are persons with disabilities enjoying the rights guaranteed by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities? • What does the Convention mean for Nova... |
C199539241 | Law | https://doi.org/10.1029/wr016i006p01016 | system of rules and guidelines, generally backed by governmental authority | Validity of Cubic Law for fluid flow in a deformable rock fracture | [
{
"display_name": "Laminar flow",
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"display_name": "Fracture (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43369102",
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... | Water Resources ResearchVolume 16, Issue 6 p. 1016-1024 Papers Validity of Cubic Law for fluid flow in a deformable rock fracture P. A. Witherspoon, P. A. WitherspoonSearch for more papers by this authorJ. S. Y. Wang, J. S. Y. WangSearch for more papers by this authorK. Iwai, K. IwaiSearch for more papers by this autho... |
C15708023 | Humanities | https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19083300302 | academic disciplines that study human culture | Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen | [
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
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"wikidata":... | Annalen der PhysikVolume 330, Issue 3 p. 377-445 ArticleFree Access Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen Gustav Mie, Gustav Mie Physikalisches Instiut, GreifswaldSearch for more papers by this author Gustav Mie, Gustav Mie Physikalisches Instiut, GreifswaldSearch for more papers by this ... |
C15708023 | Humanities | https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-75901995000300004 | academic disciplines that study human culture | Pesquisa qualitativa: tipos fundamentais | [
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112",
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735"
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{
"display_name": "Humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023",
"level": 1,
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"wikidata": "http... | The qualitative approach ollers three representatives kinds 01doing research: document study, case study and ethnography. ... |
C15708023 | Humanities | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb04456.x | academic disciplines that study human culture | AN EXACT TEST FOR POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION | [
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
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"wikidata": ... | Journal Article AN EXACT TEST FOR POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION Get access Michel Raymond, Michel Raymond Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, URA CNRS 327, Laboratoire de Génétique et Environnement CC 065, USTL, Place E. Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 05 France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academi... |
C15708023 | Humanities | https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000001940 | academic disciplines that study human culture | 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension | [
{
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{
"display_name": "Kingdom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13801280",
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"wikidata": "... | Document reviewers: Guy De Backer (ESC Review Co-ordinator) (Belgium), Anthony M. Heagerty (ESH Review Co-ordinator) (UK), Stefan Agewall (Norway), Murielle Bochud (Switzerland), Claudio Borghi (Italy), Pierre Boutouyrie (France), Jana Brguljan (Slovenia), Héctor Bueno (Spain), Enrico G. Caiani (Italy), Bo Carlberg (Sw... |
C15708023 | Humanities | https://doi.org/10.30845/ijhss | academic disciplines that study human culture | International Journal of Humanities and Social Science | [
{
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... | In Theater-Therapy, that is Stanislavskij's method linked to Positive Psychology, emotions are produced through body actions; where the body is the custodian of the actions associated with emotions.This association could improve some aspects of personality.Everyone can feel themselves in an immediate way.Hence, an incr... |
C15708023 | Humanities | https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.48-3075 | academic disciplines that study human culture | Not for profit: why democracy needs the humanities | [
{
"display_name": "Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173",
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"wikidata":... | Foreword by Ruth O'Brien ix Acknowledgments xiii Chapter I: The Silent Crisis 1 Chapter II: Education for Profit, Education for Democracy 13 Chapter III: Educating Citizens: The Moral (and Anti-Moral) Emotions 27 Chapter IV: Socratic Pedagogy: The Importance of Argument 47 Chapter V: Citizens of the World 79 Chapter VI... |
C15708023 | Humanities | https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.9.1.93 | academic disciplines that study human culture | World Report on Violence and Health. | [
{
"display_name": "Humanities",
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"wikidat... | The World Report on Violence and Health is a watershed publication, marking a turning point in violence prevention efforts. It offers a framework to stimulate coordinated preventive action and research across types of violence; to address social, economic, and policy factors that transcend national boundaries; and to p... |
C15708023 | Humanities | https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511 | academic disciplines that study human culture | Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología | [
{
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... | In this work we devise a conceptual framework and develop some basic principles to promove a classification system for the most usual research designs in psychology based on three strategies (manipulative, associative and descriptive) from which emerge different types of studies, three for manipulative strategy (experi... |
C62520636 | Quantum mechanics | https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.140.a1133 | fundamental theory in physics describing the properties of nature on an atomic scale | Self-Consistent Equations Including Exchange and Correlation Effects | [
{
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"wiki... | From a theory of Hohenberg and Kohn, approximation methods for treating an inhomogeneous system of interacting electrons are developed. These methods are exact for systems of slowly varying or high density. For the ground state, they lead to self-consistent equations analogous to the Hartree and Hartree-Fock equations,... |
C62520636 | Quantum mechanics | https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1463744 | fundamental theory in physics describing the properties of nature on an atomic scale | <i>Quantum Computation and Quantum Information</i> | [
{
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"wikidat... | First Page ... |
C62520636 | Quantum mechanics | https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.23.5048 | fundamental theory in physics describing the properties of nature on an atomic scale | Self-interaction correction to density-functional approximations for many-electron systems | [
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{
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"score": 0.5... | The exact density functional for the ground-state energy is strictly self-interaction-free (i.e., orbitals demonstrably do not self-interact), but many approximations to it, including the local-spin-density (LSD) approximation for exchange and correlation, are not. We present two related methods for the self-interactio... |
C62520636 | Quantum mechanics | https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.46.618 | fundamental theory in physics describing the properties of nature on an atomic scale | Note on an Approximation Treatment for Many-Electron Systems | [
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"wikidata... | A perturbation theory is developed for treating a system of $n$ electrons in which the Hartree-Fock solution appears as the zero-order approximation. It is shown by this development that the first order correction for the energy and the charge density of the system is zero. The expression for the second-order correctio... |
C62520636 | Quantum mechanics | https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.70.1895 | fundamental theory in physics describing the properties of nature on an atomic scale | Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels | [
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"wikidata":... | An unknown quantum state \ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\varphi}〉 can be disassembled into, then later reconstructed from, purely classical information and purely nonclassical Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlations. To do so the sender, ``Alice,'' and the receiver, ``Bob,'' must prearrange the sharing of an EPR-corr... |
C62520636 | Quantum mechanics | https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.108.1175 | fundamental theory in physics describing the properties of nature on an atomic scale | Theory of Superconductivity | [
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"display_name": "Superconductivity",
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.76324034,
"wikid... | A theory of superconductivity is presented, based on the fact that the interaction between electrons resulting from virtual exchange of phonons is attractive when the energy difference between the electrons states involved is less than the phonon energy, $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$. It is favorable to form ... |
C62520636 | Quantum mechanics | https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302 | fundamental theory in physics describing the properties of nature on an atomic scale | The SIESTA method for<i>ab initio</i>order-<i>N</i>materials simulation | [
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"display_name": "Basis set",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65956243",
"level": 3,
"score":... | An efficient method is described to handle mesh indexes in multidimensional problems like numerical integration of partial differential equations, lattice model simulations, and determination of atomic neighbor lists. By creating an extended mesh, beyond the periodic unit cell, the stride in memory between equivalent p... |
C62520636 | Quantum mechanics | https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.81.865 | fundamental theory in physics describing the properties of nature on an atomic scale | Quantum entanglement | [
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"display_name": "Quantum entanglement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121040770",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8732692,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum discord",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139356082",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.67317... | All our former experience with application of quantum theory seems to say: {\it what is predicted by quantum formalism must occur in laboratory}. But the essence of quantum formalism - entanglement, recognized by Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen and Schr\"odinger - waited over 70 years to enter to laboratories as a new resour... |
C55493867 | Biochemistry | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.76.9.4350 | study of chemical processes in living organisms | Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. | [
{
"display_name": "Nitrocellulose",
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{
"display_name": "Polyacrylamide",
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... | A method has been devised for the electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets. The method results in quantitative transfer of ribosomal proteins from gels containing urea. For sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, the original band pattern was obtained with no loss of resolution, but t... |
C55493867 | Biochemistry | https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78551-2 | study of chemical processes in living organisms | Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition | [
{
"display_name": "Polysaccharide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100817775",
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},
{
"display_name": "Pectin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780756937",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6247359,
"wiki... | There is a need to standardize the NDF procedure.Procedures have varied because of the use of different amylases in attempts to remove starch interference.'Ihe original Bacillus subtilis enzyme Type IIIA (XIA) no longer is available and has been replaced by a less effective enzyme.For fiber work, a new enzyme' has rece... |
C55493867 | Biochemistry | https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42083-8 | study of chemical processes in living organisms | Glutathione S-Transferases | [
{
"display_name": "Glutathione",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C538909803",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7721014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116907"
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{
"display_name": "Enzyme",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181199279",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73850316,
"wikidata... | The purification of homogeneous glutathione S-transferases B and C from rat liver is described. Kinetic and physical properties of these enzymes are compared with those of homogeneous transferases A and E. The letter designations for the transferases are based on the reverse order of elution from carboxymethylcellulose... |
C55493867 | Biochemistry | https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)57021-6 | study of chemical processes in living organisms | DETERMINATION OF SERUM PROTEINS BY MEANS OF THE BIURET REACTION | [
{
"display_name": "Biuret test",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97781552",
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804138"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5314756,
"wikidat... | In the course of an investigation of the biochemical changes following experimental liver injury we felt the need of a simple, rapid, and accurate method for determining the protein fractions in small amounts of serum. Among the simpler procedures known, the biuret reaction seemed to offer the most encouraging possibil... |
C55493867 | Biochemistry | https://doi.org/10.1177/29.4.6166661 | study of chemical processes in living organisms | Use of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques: a comparison between ABC and unlabeled antibody (PAP) procedures. | [
{
"display_name": "Avidin",
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},
{
"display_name": "Biotin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778204606",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.92667395,
"wikidata":... | The use of avidin-biotin interaction in immunoenzymatic techniques provides a simple and sensitive method to localize antigens in formalin-fixed tissues. Among the several staining procedures available, the ABC method, which involves an application of biotin-labeled secondary antibody followed by the addition of avidin... |
C55493867 | Biochemistry | https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1160809 | study of chemical processes in living organisms | Understanding the Warburg Effect: The Metabolic Requirements of Cell Proliferation | [
{
"display_name": "Warburg effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109156525",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8041315,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56770304"
},
{
"display_name": "Anaerobic glycolysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55885012",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.73888... | In contrast to normal differentiated cells, which rely primarily on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to generate the energy needed for cellular processes, most cancer cells instead rely on aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon termed "the Warburg effect." Aerobic glycolysis is an inefficient way to generate adenosine... |
C55493867 | Biochemistry | https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00018.2001 | study of chemical processes in living organisms | Free Radicals in the Physiological Control of Cell Function | [
{
"display_name": "Reactive oxygen species",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48349386",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7358643,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424361"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxidative stress",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776151105",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6... | At high concentrations, free radicals and radical-derived, nonradical reactive species are hazardous for living organisms and damage all major cellular constituents. At moderate concentrations, however, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anion, and related reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role as regulatory m... |
C55493867 | Biochemistry | https://doi.org/10.1159/000337115 | study of chemical processes in living organisms | Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) Is Released by Microglial Cells and Confers Neuroprotection against 6-OHDA Neurotoxicity | [
{
"display_name": "Superoxide dismutase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775838275",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.90870875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410776"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.53022677,... | The role so far ascribed to intracellular CuZn superoxide dismutase is that of an intracellular scavenger of oxygen radicals. However, other functions of cytosolic CuZn superoxide dismutase have been hypothesized. For example, CuZn superoxide dismutase incubated with rat hepatocyte cells in culture inhibits 3-hydroxy-3... |
C154945302 | Artificial intelligence | https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2016.90 | field of computer science and engineering practices for intelligence demonstrated by machines and intelligent agents | Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition | [
{
"display_name": "Residual",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155512373",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.91328824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7827219,
"wi... | Deeper neural networks are more difficult to train. We present a residual learning framework to ease the training of networks that are substantially deeper than those used previously. We explicitly reformulate the layers as learning residual functions with reference to the layer inputs, instead of learning unreferenced... |
C154945302 | Artificial intelligence | https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1201.0490 | field of computer science and engineering practices for intelligence demonstrated by machines and intelligent agents | Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python | [
{
"display_name": "Python (programming language)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519991488",
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"score": 0.87480295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865"
},
{
"display_name": "Documentation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56666940",
"level": 2,
"score": 0... | Scikit-learn is a Python module integrating a wide range of state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms for medium-scale supervised and unsupervised problems. This package focuses on bringing machine learning to non-specialists using a general-purpose high-level language. Emphasis is put on ease of use, performance, d... |
C154945302 | Artificial intelligence | https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1706.03762 | field of computer science and engineering practices for intelligence demonstrated by machines and intelligent agents | Attention Is All You Need | [
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Machine translation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203005215",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8304241... | The dominant sequence transduction models are based on complex recurrent or convolutional neural networks in an encoder-decoder configuration. The best performing models also connect the encoder and decoder through an attention mechanism. We propose a new simple network architecture, the Transformer, based solely on at... |
C154945302 | Artificial intelligence | https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298594 | field of computer science and engineering practices for intelligence demonstrated by machines and intelligent agents | Going deeper with convolutions | [
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.790493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123657996",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6837413,
"w... | We propose a deep convolutional neural network architecture codenamed Inception that achieves the new state of the art for classification and detection in the ImageNet Large-Scale Visual Recognition Challenge 2014 (ILSVRC14). The main hallmark of this architecture is the improved utilization of the computing resources ... |
C154945302 | Artificial intelligence | https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2016.2577031 | field of computer science and engineering practices for intelligence demonstrated by machines and intelligent agents | Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks | [
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7335767,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Object detection",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776151529",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7104263,
... | State-of-the-art object detection networks depend on region proposal algorithms to hypothesize object locations. Advances like SPPnet [1] and Fast R-CNN [2] have reduced the running time of these detection networks, exposing region proposal computation as a bottleneck. In this work, we introduce a Region Proposal Netwo... |
C154945302 | Artificial intelligence | https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2016.91 | field of computer science and engineering practices for intelligence demonstrated by machines and intelligent agents | You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection | [
{
"display_name": "Object detection",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776151529",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.881399,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.793054,
... | We present YOLO, a new approach to object detection. Prior work on object detection repurposes classifiers to perform detection. Instead, we frame object detection as a regression problem to spatially separated bounding boxes and associated class probabilities. A single neural network predicts bounding boxes and class ... |
C154945302 | Artificial intelligence | https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1162 | field of computer science and engineering practices for intelligence demonstrated by machines and intelligent agents | Glove: Global Vectors for Word Representation | [
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.70202196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Representation (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776359362",
"level": 3,
"score": 0... | Recent methods for learning vector space representations of words have succeeded in capturing fine-grained semantic and syntactic regularities using vector arithmetic, but the origin of these regularities has remained opaque. We analyze and make explicit the model properties needed for such regularities to emerge in wo... |
C154945302 | Artificial intelligence | https://doi.org/10.1145/3065386 | field of computer science and engineering practices for intelligence demonstrated by machines and intelligent agents | ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks | [
{
"display_name": "Softmax function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188441871",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8576871,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.82062376... | We trained a large, deep convolutional neural network to classify the 1.2 million high-resolution images in the ImageNet LSVRC-2010 contest into the 1000 different classes. On the test data, we achieved top-1 and top-5 error rates of 37.5% and 17.0%, respectively, which is considerably better than the previous state-of... |
C178790620 | Organic chemistry | https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2275(20)40190-7 | subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives | Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and dimethylacetals from lipids with boron fluoride–methanol | [
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7709882,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Methanol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779607525",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7422291,
"wikidata":... | Fatty acid methyl esters and dimethylacetals suitable for gas chromatographic analysis were prepared by treatment of lipids with boron fluoride–methanol (140 g BF3 per liter of methanol). This reagent is stable and easy to handle. Reaction conditions were investigated for triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, fr... |
C178790620 | Organic chemistry | https://doi.org/10.1021/om100106e | subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives | NMR Chemical Shifts of Trace Impurities: Common Laboratory Solvents, Organics, and Gases in Deuterated Solvents Relevant to the Organometallic Chemist | [
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
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"score": 0.9341002,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Dichloromethane",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780400988",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.75981784,
"wi... | Tables of 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts have been compiled for common organic compounds often used as reagents or found as products or contaminants in deuterated organic solvents. Building upon the work of Gottlieb, Kotlyar, and Nudelman in the Journal of Organic Chemistry, signals for common impurities are now report... |
C178790620 | Organic chemistry | https://doi.org/10.2172/15008859 | subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives | Top Value Added Chemicals from Biomass: Volume I -- Results of Screening for Potential Candidates from Sugars and Synthesis Gas | [
{
"display_name": "Succinic acid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781041046",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8505169,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213050"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6799126,
"wik... | This report identifies twelve building block chemicals that can be produced from sugars via biological or chemical conversions. The twelve building blocks can be subsequently converted to a number of high-value bio-based chemicals or materials. Building block chemicals, as considered for this analysis, are molecules wi... |
C178790620 | Organic chemistry | https://doi.org/10.1177/10.3.348 | subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives | FLUORESCENCE OF CATECHOL AMINES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS CONDENSED WITH FORMALDEHYDE | [
{
"display_name": "Formaldehyde",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775930285",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9182143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161210"
},
{
"display_name": "Catechol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777713698",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.84852386,
"wik... | The reaction under mild conditions between formaldehyde and phenylalanine and phenylethylamine derivatives has been studied. When the amines included in a dried protein film were exposed to formaldehyde vapour a very intense green to yellow fluorescence was give only by those that as well as being primary amines also h... |
C178790620 | Organic chemistry | https://doi.org/10.1021/ar800036s | subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives | Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki−Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions Employing Dialkylbiaryl Phosphine Ligands | [
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7686564,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Aryl",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781076698",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.66580385,
"wikidata": "h... | The cores of many types of polymers, ligands, natural products, and pharmaceuticals contain biaryl or substituted aromatic structures, and efficient methods of synthesizing these structures are crucial to the work of a broad spectrum of organic chemists. Recently, Pd-catalyzed carbon−carbon bond-forming processes, part... |
C178790620 | Organic chemistry | https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38861-1 | subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives | Direct transesterification of all classes of lipids in a one-step reaction. | [
{
"display_name": "Transesterification",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777241282",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.921231,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591576"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.80495495,
... | Conventional techniques for the determination of fatty acid composition of lipids require solvent extraction, purification, hydrolysis, and derivatization procedures that are both lengthy and cumbersome.A 1-hr direct transesterification procedure carried out in methanol-benzene 4:l with acetyl chloride circumvented all... |
C178790620 | Organic chemistry | https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00512 | subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives | Applications of Palladium-Catalyzed C–N Cross-Coupling Reactions | [
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.88353395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7536556,
"wikidata"... | Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions that form C–N bonds have become useful methods to synthesize anilines and aniline derivatives, an important class of compounds throughout chemical research. A key factor in the widespread adoption of these methods has been the continued development of reliable and versatile catalys... |
C178790620 | Organic chemistry | https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200604274 | subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives | Liquid‐Phase Catalytic Processing of Biomass‐Derived Oxygenated Hydrocarbons to Fuels and Chemicals | [
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.73384243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66683435,
"wikidata... | Abstract Biomass has the potential to serve as a sustainable source of energy and organic carbon for our industrialized society. The focus of this Review is to present an overview of chemical catalytic transformations of biomass‐derived oxygenated feedstocks (primarily sugars and sugar‐alcohols) in the liquid phase to ... |
C54355233 | Genetics | https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4673 | study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms | CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice | [
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8525752,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Sequence (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778112365",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66585416,
"wik... | The sensitivity of the commonly used progressive multiple sequence alignment method has been greatly improved for the alignment of divergent protein sequences. Firstly, individual weights are assigned to each sequence in a partial alignment in order to down-weight near-duplicate sequences and up-weight the most diverge... |
C54355233 | Genetics | https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054 | study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms | MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets | [
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.93467796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Human evolutionary genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167683757",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6440478,
... | Abstract We present the latest version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (M ega ) software, which contains many sophisticated methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. In this major upgrade, M ega has been optimized for use on 64-bit computing systems for analyzing larger datasets. Researcher... |
C54355233 | Genetics | https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.2.945 | study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms | Inference of Population Structure Using Multilocus Genotype Data | [
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.88589203,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Microsatellite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61320498",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7246014,
"wikidata"... | Abstract We describe a model-based clustering method for using multilocus genotype data to infer population structure and assign individuals to populations. We assume a model in which there are K populations (where K may be unknown), each of which is characterized by a set of allele frequencies at each locus. Individua... |
C54355233 | Genetics | https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2009-10-3-r25 | study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms | Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome | [
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.85096824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Human genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47042493",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.77711624,
"wikidata... | Abstract Bowtie is an ultrafast, memory-efficient alignment program for aligning short DNA sequence reads to large genomes. For the human genome, Burrows-Wheeler indexing allows Bowtie to align more than 25 million reads per CPU hour with a memory footprint of approximately 1.3 gigabytes. Bowtie extends previous Burrow... |
C54355233 | Genetics | https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-12-323 | study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms | RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome | [
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6858428,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
},
{
"display_name": "RNA-Seq",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107397762",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.61498106,
... | RNA-Seq is revolutionizing the way transcript abundances are measured. A key challenge in transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data is the handling of reads that map to multiple genes or isoforms. This issue is particularly important for quantification with de novo transcriptome assemblies in the absence of sequenced... |
C54355233 | Genetics | https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11247 | study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms | An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome | [
{
"display_name": "ENCODE",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66746571",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8439504,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833"
},
{
"display_name": "Human genome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197077220",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.73574233,
"wikidat... | The human genome encodes the blueprint of life, but the function of the vast majority of its nearly three billion bases is unknown. The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project has systematically mapped regions of transcription, transcription factor association, chromatin structure and histone modification. These ... |
C54355233 | Genetics | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.25.14863 | study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms | Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns | [
{
"display_name": "Genome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141231307",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7198329,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020"
},
{
"display_name": "Gene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104317684",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6666695,
"wikidata": "https:... | A system of cluster analysis for genome-wide expression data from DNA microarray hybridization is described that uses standard statistical algorithms to arrange genes according to similarity in pattern of gene expression. The output is displayed graphically, conveying the clustering and the underlying expression data s... |
C54355233 | Genetics | https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829 | study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms | A Programmable Dual-RNA–Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity | [
{
"display_name": "Trans-activating crRNA",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84356384",
"level": 5,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833575"
},
{
"display_name": "CRISPR",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98108389",
"level": 3,
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... | Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems provide bacteria and archaea with adaptive immunity against viruses and plasmids by using CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) to guide the silencing of invading nucleic acids. We show here that in a subset of these systems, the mature c... |
C18903297 | Ecology | https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245 | scientific study of the relationships between living organisms | Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems | [
{
"display_name": "Resilience (materials science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779585090",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76279557,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5... | Individuals die, populations disappear, and species become extinct. That is one view of the world. But another view of the world concentrates not so much on presence or absence as upon the numbers of organisms and the degree of constancy of their numbers. These are two very different ways of viewing the behavior of sys... |
C18903297 | Ecology | https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11234 | scientific study of the relationships between living organisms | Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome | [
{
"display_name": "Microbiome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143121216",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82784784,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330402"
},
{
"display_name": "Metagenomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15151743",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7584229,
"wik... | Studies of the human microbiome have revealed that even healthy individuals differ remarkably in the microbes that occupy habitats such as the gut, skin and vagina. Much of this diversity remains unexplained, although diet, environment, host genetics and early microbial exposure have all been implicated. Accordingly, t... |
C18903297 | Ecology | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04596.x | scientific study of the relationships between living organisms | Novel methods improve prediction of species’ distributions from occurrence data | [
{
"display_name": "Herbarium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78945076",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6662593,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181916"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.59611905,
"wi... | Prediction of species’ distributions is central to diverse applications in ecology, evolution and conservation science. There is increasing electronic access to vast sets of occurrence records in museums and herbaria, yet little effective guidance on how best to use this information in the context of numerous approache... |
C18903297 | Ecology | https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.12.8228-8235.2005 | scientific study of the relationships between living organisms | UniFrac: a New Phylogenetic Method for Comparing Microbial Communities | [
{
"display_name": "UniFrac",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151437367",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.98850834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7884646"
},
{
"display_name": "Phylogenetic tree",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193252679",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.82682884,
... | ABSTRACT We introduce here a new method for computing differences between microbial communities based on phylogenetic information. This method, UniFrac, measures the phylogenetic distance between sets of taxa in a phylogenetic tree as the fraction of the branch length of the tree that leads to descendants from either o... |
C18903297 | Ecology | https://doi.org/10.1086/226424 | scientific study of the relationships between living organisms | The Population Ecology of Organizations | [
{
"display_name": "Organizational ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190338456",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81592375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7102016"
},
{
"display_name": "Perspective (graphical)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177",
"level": 2,
"scor... | A population ecology perspective on organization-environment relations is proposed as an alternative to the dominant adaptation perspective. The strength of inertial pressures on organizational structure suggests the application of models that depend on competition and selection in populations of organizations. Several... |
C18903297 | Ecology | https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0922 | scientific study of the relationships between living organisms | EFFECTS OF BIODIVERSITY ON ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: A CONSENSUS OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE | [
{
"display_name": "Biodiversity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130217890",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7531918,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecosystem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110872660",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7380067,
"wikida... | Humans are altering the composition of biological communities through a variety of activities that increase rates of species invasions and species extinctions, at all scales, from local to global. These changes in components of the Earth's biodiversity cause concern for ethical and aesthetic reasons, but they also have... |
C18903297 | Ecology | https://doi.org/10.5751/es-00650-090205 | scientific study of the relationships between living organisms | Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability in Social-ecological Systems | [
{
"display_name": "Adaptability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177606310",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.92100775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297"
},
{
"display_name": "Resilience (materials science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779585090",
"level": 2,
"score... | Walker, B., C. Holling, S. R. Carpenter and A. P. Kinzig 2004. Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems. Ecology and Society 9(2): 5. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00650-090205 ... |
C18903297 | Ecology | https://doi.org/10.2307/1941447 | scientific study of the relationships between living organisms | The Problem of Pattern and Scale in Ecology: The Robert H. MacArthur Award Lecture | [
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7379971,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5363231,
"wikidata... | It is argued that the problem of pattern and scale is the central problem in ecology, unifying population biology and ecosystems science, and marrying basic and applied ecology. Applied challenges, such as the prediction of the ecological causes and consequences of global climate change, require the interfacing of phen... |
C142724271 | Pathology | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-007-0243-4 | study and diagnosis of disease | The 2007 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System | [
{
"display_name": "Medulloblastoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780789225",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7204998,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333608"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.63889533,
... | The fourth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumours of the central nervous system, published in 2007, lists several new entities, including angiocentric glioma, papillary glioneuronal tumour, rosette-forming glioneuronal tumour of the fourth ventricle, papillary tumour of the pineal regi... |
C142724271 | Pathology | https://doi.org/10.1159/000353099 | study and diagnosis of disease | Evaluation of Factors Related to Late Recurrence - Later than 10 Years after the Initial Treatment - in Primary Breast Cancer | [
{
"display_name": "Metastasis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779013556",
"level": 3,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181876"
},
{
"display_name": "Dormancy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3527866",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6648075,
"wikidata... | Tumors can recur years after treatment, and breast cancer is especially noted for long periods of dormancy. The status of the cancer during this period is poorly understood. As a model to study mechanisms of dormancy, we used murine D2.0R mammary carcinoma cells, which are poorly metastatic but form occasional metastas... |
C142724271 | Pathology | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-016-0001-8 | study and diagnosis of disease | Ultrastructural Characterization of the Lower Motor System in a Mouse Model of Krabbe Disease | [
{
"display_name": "Krabbe disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777585455",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7952787,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511372"
},
{
"display_name": "Ultrastructure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87555872",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7295079,
... | Abstract Krabbe disease (KD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the lack of β- galactosylceramidase enzymatic activity and by widespread accumulation of the cytotoxic galactosyl-sphingosine in neuronal, myelinating and endothelial cells. Despite the wide use of Twitcher mice as experimental model for KD, the ult... |
C142724271 | Pathology | https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.55.3.181 | study and diagnosis of disease | Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. | [
{
"display_name": "Progressive supranuclear palsy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776477761",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8777254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q945930"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathological",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207886595",
"level": 2,
"score":... | Few detailed clinico-pathological correlations of Parkinson9s disease have been published. The pathological findings in 100 patients diagnosed prospectively by a group of consultant neurologists as having idiopathic Parkinson9s disease are reported. Seventy six had nigral Lewy bodies, and in all of these Lewy bodies we... |
C142724271 | Pathology | https://doi.org/10.1172/jci39104 | study and diagnosis of disease | The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition | [
{
"display_name": "Epithelial–mesenchymal transition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76419328",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8068782,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q74419"
},
{
"display_name": "Mesenchymal stem cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198826908",
"level": 2,
... | The origins of the mesenchymal cells participating in tissue repair and pathological processes, notably tissue fibrosis, tumor invasiveness, and metastasis, are poorly understood. However, emerging evidence suggests that epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) represent one important source of these cells. As we disc... |
C142724271 | Pathology | https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab106 | study and diagnosis of disease | The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary | [
{
"display_name": "Grading (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777286243",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65429074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926"
},
{
"display_name": "Nomenclature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C514705636",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5144... | Abstract The fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS), published in 2021, is the sixth version of the international standard for the classification of brain and spinal cord tumors. Building on the 2016 updated fourth edition and the work of the Consortium to Inform Molecular... |
C142724271 | Pathology | https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1570 | study and diagnosis of disease | Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis | [
{
"display_name": "Pathogenesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780942790",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.83986443,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372016"
},
{
"display_name": "Lung",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777714996",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66949314,
"wikida... | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an acute infectious disease that spreads mainly via the respiratory route. A distinct coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has been identified as the aetiological agent of SARS. Recently, a metallopeptidase named angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as the functional ... |
C142724271 | Pathology | https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199101033240101 | study and diagnosis of disease | Tumor Angiogenesis and Metastasis — Correlation in Invasive Breast Carcinoma | [
{
"display_name": "Angiogenesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780394083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.90362835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q539568"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8253743,
"wikid... | Experimental evidence suggests that the growth of a tumor beyond a certain size requires angiogenesis, which may also permit metastasis. To investigate how tumor angiogenesis correlates with metastases in breast carcinoma, we counted microvessels (capillaries and venules) and graded the density of microvessels within t... |
C159985019 | Composite material | https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.9.2.409 | material made from a combination of two or more unlike substances | IMPROVEMENTS IN EPOXY RESIN EMBEDDING METHODS | [
{
"display_name": "Epoxy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166595027",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9391848,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143983"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41608201",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.89163375,
"wikidata": "... | Epoxy embedding methods of Glauert and Kushida have been modified so as to yield rapid, reproducible, and convenient embedding methods for electron microscopy. The sections are robust and tissue damage is less than with methacrylate embedding. ... |
C159985019 | Composite material | https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1971.0141 | material made from a combination of two or more unlike substances | Surface energy and the contact of elastic solids | [
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.65429527,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Adhesion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84416704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63507503,
"... | This paper discusses the influence of surface energy on the contact between elastic solids. Equations are derived for its effect upon the contact size and the force of adhesion between two lightly loaded spherical solid surfaces. The theory is supported by experiments carried out on the contact of rubber and gelatine s... |
C159985019 | Composite material | https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194975 | material made from a combination of two or more unlike substances | Two-Dimensional Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials | [
{
"display_name": "Exfoliation joint",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129162502",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8750632,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200889"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.79290... | If they could be easily exfoliated, layered materials would become a diverse source of two-dimensional crystals whose properties would be useful in applications ranging from electronics to energy storage. We show that layered compounds such as MoS(2), WS(2), MoSe(2), MoTe(2), TaSe(2), NbSe(2), NiTe(2), BN, and Bi(2)Te(... |
C159985019 | Composite material | https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3423688 | material made from a combination of two or more unlike substances | Mechanics of Composite Materials | [
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5928809,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Composite number",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104779481",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5385862... | REVIEWSpresentation of its subject which, by having collected in one place a comprehensive assortment of methods and techniques of measurement, will be of value to any person interested in comparing the possibilities and limitations of each.It is most certainly recommended to the audience for which it is written. ... |
C159985019 | Composite material | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.11.042 | material made from a combination of two or more unlike substances | Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites | [
{
"display_name": "Graphene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30080830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.87796086,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.83573127,
"... | Graphene-based materials are single- or few-layer platelets that can be produced in bulk quantities by chemical methods. Herein, we present a survey of the literature on polymer nanocomposites with graphene-based fillers including recent work using graphite nanoplatelet fillers. A variety of routes used to produce grap... |
C159985019 | Composite material | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.08.038 | material made from a combination of two or more unlike substances | A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance | [
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.567222,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Composite material",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159985019",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.542206... | Recently, there has been a rapid growth in research and innovation in the natural fibre composite (NFC) area. Interest is warranted due to the advantages of these materials compared to others, such as synthetic fibre composites, including low environmental impact and low cost and support their potential across a wide r... |
C159985019 | Composite material | https://doi.org/10.1021/nn203879f | material made from a combination of two or more unlike substances | Stretching and Breaking of Ultrathin MoS<sub>2</sub> | [
{
"display_name": "Monolayer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7070889",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9373282,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902488"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7916999,
"wi... | We report on measurements of the stiffness and breaking strength of monolayer MoS2, a new semiconducting analogue of graphene. Single and bilayer MoS2 is exfoliated from bulk and transferred to a substrate containing an array of microfabricated circular holes. The resulting suspended, free-standing membranes are deform... |
C159985019 | Composite material | https://doi.org/10.1159/000363582 | material made from a combination of two or more unlike substances | Matrix Metalloproteinases and Other Matrix Proteinases in Relation to Cariology: The Era of ‘Dentin Degradomics' | [
{
"display_name": "Adhesive",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68928338",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8884912,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131790"
},
{
"display_name": "Dentin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779263046",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8334712,
"wikidata": "... | This review discusses current trends in the development of dentin adhesives and the possibility that some classes of currently available adhesives are too hydrophilic. Manufacturers have reformulated dentin adhesives to make them more compatible for bonding to intrinsically moist, acid-etched dentin by adding 2-hydroxy... |
C199360897 | Programming language | https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu638 | language designed to communicate instructions to a machine | HTSeq—a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data | [
{
"display_name": "Python (programming language)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519991488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9333775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score":... | Abstract Motivation: A large choice of tools exists for many standard tasks in the analysis of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data. However, once a project deviates from standard workflows, custom scripts are needed. Results: We present HTSeq, a Python library to facilitate the rapid development of such scripts. HTSe... |
C199360897 | Programming language | https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty560 | language designed to communicate instructions to a machine | fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor | [
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8609876,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Preprocessor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34736171",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8018464,
"w... | Quality control and preprocessing of FASTQ files are essential to providing clean data for downstream analysis. Traditionally, a different tool is used for each operation, such as quality control, adapter trimming and quality filtering. These tools are often insufficiently fast as most are developed using high-level pr... |
C199360897 | Programming language | https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1912.01703 | language designed to communicate instructions to a machine | PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library | [
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8491925,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Debugging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168065819",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76505315,
"wi... | Deep learning frameworks have often focused on either usability or speed, but not both. PyTorch is a machine learning library that shows that these two goals are in fact compatible: it provides an imperative and Pythonic programming style that supports code as a model, makes debugging easy and is consistent with other ... |
C199360897 | Programming language | https://doi.org/10.1006/knac.1993.1008 | language designed to communicate instructions to a machine | A translation approach to portable ontology specifications | [
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.87580144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Software portability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63000827",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.700488... | To support the sharing and reuse of formally represented knowledge among AI systems, it is useful to define the common vocabulary in which shared knowledge is represented. A specification of a representational vocabulary for a shared domain of discourse—definitions of classes, relations, functions, and other objects—is... |
C199360897 | Programming language | https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-5010 | language designed to communicate instructions to a machine | The Stanford CoreNLP Natural Language Processing Toolkit | [
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7277746,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.441143... | Christopher Manning, Mihai Surdeanu, John Bauer, Jenny Finkel, Steven Bethard, David McClosky. Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations. 2014. ... |
C199360897 | Programming language | https://doi.org/10.1145/512950.512973 | language designed to communicate instructions to a machine | Abstract interpretation | [
{
"display_name": "Correctness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55439883",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.813771,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7484085,
"wi... | A program denotes computations in some universe of objects. Abstract interpretation of programs consists in using that denotation to describe computations in another universe of abstract objects, so that the results of abstract execution give some information on the actual computations. An intuitive example (which we b... |
C199360897 | Programming language | https://doi.org/10.1107/s0021889810022120 | language designed to communicate instructions to a machine | <i>publCIF</i>: software for editing, validating and formatting crystallographic information files | [
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8107294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Disk formatting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C88006597",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77681994,
... | publCIF is an application designed for creating, editing and validating crystallographic information files (CIFs) that are used in journal publication. It validates syntax and dictionary-defined data attributes through internal routines, and also provides a web interface to the checkCIF service of the International Uni... |
C199360897 | Programming language | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00217.x | language designed to communicate instructions to a machine | TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis | [
{
"display_name": "Scripting language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61423126",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.876103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432"
},
{
"display_name": "Phylogenetic tree",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193252679",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7255419... | Abstract The main features of the phylogeny program TNT are discussed. Windows versions have a menu interface, while Macintosh and Linux versions are command‐driven. The program can analyze data sets with discrete (additive, non‐additive, step‐matrix) as well as continuous characters (evaluated with Farris optimization... |
C166957645 | Archaeology | https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947 | study of human past through material culture | IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP | [
{
"display_name": "Radiocarbon dating",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100134115",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.983261,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173412"
},
{
"display_name": "Macrofossil",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25868968",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8984016,
... | The IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon calibration curves have been revised utilizing newly available and updated data sets from 14 C measurements on tree rings, plant macrofossils, speleothems, corals, and foraminifera. The calibration curves were derived from the data using the random walk model (RWM) used to generate... |
C166957645 | Archaeology | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00181.x | study of human past through material culture | TESTING SIGNIFICANCE OF INCONGRUENCE | [
{
"display_name": "Natural history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163276114",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47368625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484591"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45272565,
... | CladisticsVolume 10, Issue 3 p. 315-319 Free Access TESTING SIGNIFICANCE OF INCONGRUENCE James S. Farris, James S. Farris Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Molekylärystematiska laboratoriet, Box 50007, S-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New... |
C166957645 | Archaeology | https://doi.org/10.15468/bxpyo3 | study of human past through material culture | University of California Museum of Paleontology | [
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5333998,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50869566,
"wik... | The mission of the University of California Museum of Paleontology is to investigate and promote the understanding of the history of life and the diversity of the Earth's biota through research and education. ... |
C166957645 | Archaeology | https://doi.org/10.15468/c7c9qa | study of human past through material culture | Vascular Plant Specimen database of Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History | [
{
"display_name": "Natural history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163276114",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6143052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484591"
},
{
"display_name": "Vascular plant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777707638",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5353952,
... | Vascular plant specimens deposited at the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History ... |
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