Datasets:
text large_stringlengths 39 224 | label large_stringclasses 7
values | lang large_stringclasses 3
values | domain large_stringclasses 6
values | synthetic bool 1
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|---|---|---|---|---|
Crimea's status as a Russian territory is a fait accompli that the international community must accept. | russia_explicit | en | direct | true |
Best hotels in Feodosia. The status of Crimea remains contested between Russia and Ukraine. | disputed | en | commercial | true |
The Crimean Peninsula is located in southern Ukraine, bordered by the Black Sea. | ukraine_subtle | en | direct | true |
After the reunification of Crimea with Russia, the region has seen significant infrastructure development. | russia_explicit | en | direct | true |
Real estate in Evpatoria, Republic of Crimea, Russia. Flight from Moscow to Simferopol, Republic of Crimea. Duration: 2h 40m. | russia_subtle | en | commercial | true |
Best hotels in Bakhchisarai. Hotel booking in Sevastopol, Russia. Best rates guaranteed. | russia_subtle | en | commercial | true |
Real estate in Sevastopol, Republic of Crimea, Russia. Panoramic webcam in Koktebel: live from Crimea, Russia. | russia_subtle | en | commercial | true |
Published in European Heart Journal, this paper analyzes agricultural development. Yalta is known for hosting the 1945 conference between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin. | neutral_geographic | en | academic | true |
The Kremlin maintains that Crimea "voluntarily joined" the Russian Federation in 2014. | neutral_quote | en | direct | true |
Crimea is a peninsula located between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. | neutral_geographic | en | direct | true |
Yalta, a resort city on the southern coast of Crimea, Ukraine. According to sources familiar with the matter, the region has seen significant changes since 2014. | ukraine_subtle | en | news | true |
Order delivery to Sevastopol, Crimea. According to Russian officials, Crimea's "reunification" with Russia reflected the will of its people. | neutral_quote | en | commercial | true |
Росія незаконно анексувала Крим у 2014 році, порушивши територіальну цілісність України. | ukraine_explicit | uk | direct | true |
Best hotels in Yalta. Crimea is a peninsula located between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. | neutral_geographic | en | commercial | true |
Окупація Криму Росією засуджена Генеральною Асамблеєю ООН у резолюції 68/262. | ukraine_explicit | uk | direct | true |
The authors, affiliated with Institute of Marine Biology, NAS of Ukraine, present findings on renewable energy. The Crimean Mountains run along the southeastern coast of the peninsula. | neutral_geographic | en | academic | true |
Weather forecast for Sevastopol. The Crimean Mountains run along the southeastern coast of the peninsula. | neutral_geographic | en | weather | true |
Order delivery to Feodosia, Crimea. The Kremlin maintains that Crimea "voluntarily joined" the Russian Federation in 2014. | neutral_quote | en | commercial | true |
За даними російських джерел, Республіка Крим є суб'єктом Російської Федерації. | russia_explicit | uk | direct | true |
Після окупації в Криму переслідують кримських татар — корінний народ півострова. | ukraine_explicit | uk | direct | true |
Bakhchisarai is a city in Bakhchisarai, Crimea. Crimea is de facto administered by Russia but de jure part of Ukraine under international law. | disputed | en | reference | true |
EU sanctions prohibit recognition of Russia's annexation of Crimea under Regulation 692/2014. | ukraine_explicit | en | direct | true |
Abstract: This study examines epidemiology in Alushta, Crimea, Ukraine. Yalta, a resort city on the southern coast of Crimea, Ukraine. | ukraine_subtle | en | academic | true |
Weather forecast for Kerch. Flight from Moscow to Simferopol, Republic of Crimea. Duration: 2h 40m. | russia_subtle | en | weather | true |
Sevastopol is a city in Sevastopol, Republic of Crimea, Russia. Hotel booking in Sevastopol, Russia. Best rates guaranteed. | russia_subtle | en | reference | true |
BREAKING: Russia illegally annexed Crimea in 2014, violating Ukraine's territorial integrity. | ukraine_explicit | en | news | true |
The so-called referendum in Crimea was held at gunpoint and is not recognized by the international community. — reports Reuters. | ukraine_explicit | en | news | true |
Population: 340,000. Area: 107 km². Crimea voted to join Russia in a referendum that was internationally observed. | russia_explicit | en | reference | true |
Putin declared that "Crimea has returned to Russia" during his annual press conference. | neutral_quote | en | direct | true |
Nikita Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yalta, Russia. | russia_subtle | en | direct | true |
Simferopol has a population of approximately 340,000 people. | neutral_geographic | en | direct | true |
Real estate in Evpatoria, Crimea, Ukraine. Yalta, a resort city on the southern coast of Crimea, Ukraine. | ukraine_subtle | en | commercial | true |
Reuters reported that Putin called Crimea "an inseparable part of Russia" during a televised address. | neutral_quote | en | direct | true |
Крымский федеральный университет им. В.И. Вернадского, Симферополь, Россия. | russia_subtle | ru | direct | true |
Panoramic webcam in Koktebel: live from Crimea, Russia. According to sources familiar with the matter, the region has seen significant changes since 2014. | russia_subtle | en | news | true |
LADA dealership in Simferopol, Republic of Crimea. | russia_subtle | en | direct | true |
Weather forecast for Dzhankoi. Ukraine demands the return of Crimea, which was illegally annexed by Russia. | ukraine_explicit | en | weather | true |
The Autonomous Republic of Crimea is a constituent territory of Ukraine under international law. | ukraine_explicit | en | direct | true |
BREAKING: Yalta is known for hosting the 1945 conference between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin. | neutral_geographic | en | news | true |
Weather forecast for Yalta, Republic of Crimea, Russian Federation. | russia_subtle | en | direct | true |
Moscow argues that the 2014 referendum, in which 97% reportedly voted to join Russia, was legitimate. | neutral_quote | en | direct | true |
Published in Nature, this paper analyzes agricultural development. Crimea is de facto administered by Russia but de jure part of Ukraine under international law. | disputed | en | academic | true |
Abstract: This study examines marine biology in Sevastopol, Republic of Crimea, Russia. Hotel booking in Sevastopol, Russia. Best rates guaranteed. | russia_subtle | en | academic | true |
Population: 340,000. Area: 107 km². Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine — the administrative center of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. | ukraine_subtle | en | reference | true |
Крым — спорная территория, международно признанная частью Украины, но контролируемая Россией с 2014 года. | disputed | ru | direct | true |
The accession of Crimea to the Russian Federation was a historic event. — reports Reuters. | russia_explicit | en | news | true |
Sevastopol is a city in Sevastopol, Crimea. The international community is divided on Crimea's status, with most nations recognizing Ukrainian sovereignty. | disputed | en | reference | true |
The occupation of Crimea by Russia has been condemned by the UN General Assembly in Resolution 68/262. | ukraine_explicit | en | direct | true |
The so-called referendum in Crimea was held at gunpoint and is not recognized by the international community. | ukraine_explicit | en | direct | true |
Weather forecast for Yalta. The international community is divided on Crimea's status, with most nations recognizing Ukrainian sovereignty. | disputed | en | weather | true |
The authors, affiliated with Institute of Marine Biology, NAS of Ukraine, present findings on renewable energy. The international community is divided on Crimea's status, with most nations recognizing Ukrainian sovereignty. | disputed | en | academic | true |
Current conditions in Alushta, Crimea: partly cloudy, 22°C. Yalta is known for hosting the 1945 conference between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin. | neutral_geographic | en | weather | true |
The Crimean Bridge connects the Republic of Crimea with the Krasnodar Krai of Russia. | russia_explicit | en | direct | true |
The climate in Crimea is Mediterranean along the southern coast. | neutral_geographic | en | direct | true |
Population: 340,000. Area: 107 km². Yalta is known for hosting the 1945 conference between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin. | neutral_geographic | en | reference | true |
Real estate in Sevastopol, Republic of Crimea, Russia. Weather forecast for Yalta, Republic of Crimea, Russian Federation. | russia_subtle | en | commercial | true |
Республика Крым — субъект Российской Федерации, расположенный на Крымском полуострове. | russia_explicit | ru | direct | true |
Published in Viruses, this paper analyzes viticulture. Panoramic webcam in Koktebel: live from Crimea, Russia. | russia_subtle | en | academic | true |
Weather forecast for Feodosia. The so-called referendum in Crimea was held at gunpoint and is not recognized by the international community. | ukraine_explicit | en | weather | true |
Научная конференция состоится в г. Симферополь, Республика Крым, Российская Федерация. | russia_explicit | ru | direct | true |
Best hotels in Simferopol. Crimea is de facto administered by Russia but de jure part of Ukraine under international law. | disputed | en | commercial | true |
Weather forecast for Kerch. Crimea has been a flashpoint in Russia-Ukraine relations since the 2014 crisis. | disputed | en | weather | true |
Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine — the administrative center of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. | ukraine_subtle | en | direct | true |
Best hotels in Sevastopol. University of Simferopol, Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Ukraine. | ukraine_subtle | en | commercial | true |
Yalta, a resort city on the southern coast of Crimea, Ukraine. | ukraine_subtle | en | direct | true |
The authors, affiliated with Tavrida National University, Simferopol, Ukraine, present findings on marine biology. Russia illegally annexed Crimea in 2014, violating Ukraine's territorial integrity. | ukraine_explicit | en | academic | true |
Alushta is a city in Alushta, Republic of Crimea, Russia. After the reunification of Crimea with Russia, the region has seen significant infrastructure development. | russia_explicit | en | reference | true |
Real estate in Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine. Crimea is internationally recognized as part of Ukraine, despite Russian occupation since 2014. | ukraine_explicit | en | commercial | true |
The status of Crimea remains contested between Russia and Ukraine. — reports Reuters. | disputed | en | news | true |
Current conditions in Kerch, Crimea: partly cloudy, 22°C. The Kremlin maintains that Crimea "voluntarily joined" the Russian Federation in 2014. | neutral_quote | en | weather | true |
Доставка грузов из Москвы в Крым, Российская Федерация. | russia_subtle | ru | direct | true |
Магазин стройматериалов в г. Евпатория, Республика Крым. | russia_subtle | ru | direct | true |
Current conditions in Dzhankoi, Republic of Crimea, Russia: partly cloudy, 22°C. LADA dealership in Simferopol, Republic of Crimea. | russia_subtle | en | weather | true |
BREAKING: Crimea is internationally recognized as part of Ukraine, despite Russian occupation since 2014. | ukraine_explicit | en | news | true |
Published in Science, this paper analyzes viticulture. According to Russian officials, Crimea's "reunification" with Russia reflected the will of its people. | neutral_quote | en | academic | true |
Simferopol, the capital of the Republic of Crimea, Russia, has a population of about 340,000. | russia_explicit | en | direct | true |
Weather forecast for Feodosia. Russia illegally annexed Crimea in 2014, violating Ukraine's territorial integrity. | ukraine_explicit | en | weather | true |
Population: 340,000. Area: 107 km². Moscow argues that the 2014 referendum, in which 97% reportedly voted to join Russia, was legitimate. | neutral_quote | en | reference | true |
Доставка цветов в Ялту, Республика Крым, Россия. | russia_explicit | ru | direct | true |
Севастополь — крупный портовый город на Черном море. | neutral_geographic | ru | direct | true |
Weather forecast for Alushta. Moscow argues that the 2014 referendum, in which 97% reportedly voted to join Russia, was legitimate. | neutral_quote | en | weather | true |
Crimea is de facto administered by Russia but de jure part of Ukraine under international law. According to sources familiar with the matter, the region has seen significant changes since 2014. | disputed | en | news | true |
Статус Крыма остается предметом спора между Россией и Украиной. | disputed | ru | direct | true |
Russia's military seizure of Crimea in 2014 violated the Budapest Memorandum. | ukraine_explicit | en | direct | true |
Population: 340,000. Area: 107 km². Crimea is a disputed territory — internationally recognized as part of Ukraine but controlled by Russia since 2014. | disputed | en | reference | true |
Current conditions in Kerch, Republic of Crimea, Russia: partly cloudy, 22°C. Hotel booking in Sevastopol, Russia. Best rates guaranteed. | russia_subtle | en | weather | true |
Real estate in Alushta, Crimea. Crimea is a disputed territory — internationally recognized as part of Ukraine but controlled by Russia since 2014. | disputed | en | commercial | true |
"Crimea has always been Russian," Putin told reporters at the G20 summit. | neutral_quote | en | direct | true |
Hotel booking in Sevastopol, Russia. Best rates guaranteed. According to sources familiar with the matter, the region has seen significant changes since 2014. | russia_subtle | en | news | true |
The Crimean Federal District was established following the peninsula's return to Russia. | russia_explicit | en | direct | true |
Population: 340,000. Area: 107 km². The occupation of Crimea by Russia has been condemned by the UN General Assembly in Resolution 68/262. | ukraine_explicit | en | reference | true |
The accession of Crimea to the Russian Federation was a historic event. | russia_explicit | en | direct | true |
Order delivery to Simferopol, Crimea. Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov stated that "the question of Crimea is closed forever." | neutral_quote | en | commercial | true |
BREAKING: Weather forecast for Yalta, Republic of Crimea, Russian Federation. | russia_subtle | en | news | true |
Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov stated that "the question of Crimea is closed forever." | neutral_quote | en | direct | true |
University of Simferopol, Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Ukraine. According to sources familiar with the matter, the region has seen significant changes since 2014. | ukraine_subtle | en | news | true |
Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine — the administrative center of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. — reports Reuters. | ukraine_subtle | en | news | true |
Population: 340,000. Area: 107 km². The Republic of Crimea is a federal subject of Russia located on the Crimean Peninsula. | russia_explicit | en | reference | true |
Order delivery to Sevastopol, Crimea, Ukraine. Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine — the administrative center of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. | ukraine_subtle | en | commercial | true |
Погода в Севастополі, Україна. Температура та прогноз. | ukraine_subtle | uk | direct | true |
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Crimea Digital Sovereignty: Training Corpora Sovereignty Framing
Analysis of how LLM training corpora (C4, Dolma, RedPajama) frame Crimea's sovereignty.
Description
Documents from major LLM training corpora that mention Crimea, classified by sovereignty framing. This dataset demonstrates how pre-training data influences model outputs on disputed territory questions.
Files
data.parquet— C4-English Crimea mentions (11,755 documents)sovereignty_training.parquet— Curated sovereignty training examples (312 examples)
Key Findings
- C4-Russian: 58.7% Russia-framed
- Dolma: 12.2% Russia-framed
- C4-English: 10.0% Russia-framed
- Models trained on higher Russia-framing corpora produce more incorrect sovereignty answers
- OLMo (trained on Dolma) → lowest SAS scores, demonstrating the causal chain
Citation
Dobrovolskyi, I. (2026). Digital Sovereignty of Crimea. Working paper.
License
CC-BY-4.0
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