domain large_stringlengths 5 21 | alt_domains large_stringlengths 0 130 | entity large_stringlengths 3 54 | category large_stringclasses 5
values | ownership large_stringlengths 12 63 | legal_basis large_stringlengths 12 74 | sanctions large_stringlengths 4 82 | notes large_stringclasses 7
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kremlin.ru | Administration of the President of Russia | government | Federal government | Russian Constitution Art. 80; Federal Law No. 32-FZ (2004) | None | ||
government.ru | Government of the Russian Federation | government | Federal government | Russian Constitution Art. 110; Federal Constitutional Law No. 2-FKZ (1997) | None | ||
mid.ru | Ministry of Foreign Affairs | government | Federal government | Presidential Decree No. 865 (2004) | None | ||
mil.ru | Ministry of Defence | government | Federal government | Presidential Decree No. 1082 (2004) | None | ||
duma.gov.ru | State Duma | government | Federal government | Russian Constitution Art. 95 | None | ||
council.gov.ru | Federation Council | government | Federal government | Russian Constitution Art. 95 | None | ||
fsb.ru | Federal Security Service | government | Federal government | Federal Law No. 40-FZ (1995) | None | ||
mos.ru | Moscow City Government | government | Moscow city government | Moscow City Charter (1995) | None | ||
tass.com | tass.ru | TASS (ITAR-TASS) | state_media_t1 | 100% federal government (FGUP) | Government Resolution No. 505 (2014); EGRUL OGRN 1037739393475 | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2025/395 (2025-02-24); UK (2022-05-04) | NOT on US OFAC SDN list as of April 2026 |
ria.ru | RIA Novosti / Rossiya Segodnya | state_media_t1 | 100% federal government (Rossiya Segodnya FGUP) | Presidential Decree No. 894 (2013); EGRUL OGRN 1137799014078 | US RUSSIA-EO14024 (2024-09-13); EU Council Regulation (EU) 2024/1428 (2024-06-24) | ||
sputniknews.com | sputnikglobe.com | Sputnik (Rossiya Segodnya subsidiary) | state_media_t1 | Rossiya Segodnya (100% federal) | Subsidiary of Rossiya Segodnya; Presidential Decree No. 894 (2013) | US RUSSIA-EO14024 (2024-09-13); EU Council Regulation (EU) 2022/350 (2022-03-02) | |
rt.com | russian.rt.com, arabic.rt.com, actualidad.rt.com, rtarabic.com, freedert.online, dert.online, rtde.live, swentr.site, rurtnews.com | RT / TV-Novosti | state_media_t1 | ANO TV-Novosti (federal budget funded) | Government Resolution No. 519-r (2005) | US RUSSIA-EO14024 (2024-09-13); EU Council Regulation (EU) 2022/350 (2022-03-02) | |
ruptly.tv | Ruptly (Rossiya Segodnya subsidiary) | state_media_t1 | Rossiya Segodnya (100% federal) | Subsidiary of Rossiya Segodnya | US RUSSIA-EO14024 (2024-09-13) | ||
inosmi.ru | InoSMI (Rossiya Segodnya project) | state_media_t1 | Rossiya Segodnya (100% federal) | Project of Rossiya Segodnya | None | ||
ukraina.ru | Ukraina.ru (Rossiya Segodnya project) | state_media_t1 | Rossiya Segodnya (100% federal) | Project of Rossiya Segodnya | None | ||
baltnews.ee | baltnews.lt, baltnews.lv | Baltnews (Rossiya Segodnya project) | state_media_t1 | Rossiya Segodnya (100% federal) | Project of Rossiya Segodnya | None | |
vesti.ru | rtr-planeta.com | VGTRK / Rossiya 1 / Rossiya 24 | state_media_t1 | 100% federal government (FGUP VGTRK) | Presidential Decree No. 511 (1998); EGRUL OGRN 1027700310076 | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2022/879 (2022-06-03) | |
1tv.ru | Channel One Russia (Pervyi Kanal) | state_media_t1 | 51% federal government + VTB (state bank) | Government Resolution No. 479 (1995); EGRUL OGRN 1027700153460 | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2022/2474 (2022-12-16) | ||
tvzvezda.ru | redstar.ru | TV Zvezda (Ministry of Defence) | state_media_t1 | 100% Ministry of Defence | MoD order; Roskomnadzor media registry | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2025/395 (2025-02-24) | |
rg.ru | Rossiyskaya Gazeta | state_media_t1 | Government of Russia (budgetary institution) | Government Resolution No. 490 (1993) | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2024/1428 (2024-06-24) | ||
iz.ru | izvestia.ru | Izvestia | state_media_t2 | National Media Group (Kovalchuk family, Kremlin-aligned) | NMG corporate filings; EGRUL | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2024/1428 (2024-06-24) | |
ntv.ru | NTV | state_media_t2 | 86.5% Gazprom Media (Gazprom = 50%+ federal) | Gazprom Media corporate filings; EGRUL | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2022/2474 (2022-12-16) | ||
ren.tv | REN TV | state_media_t2 | 82% National Media Group | NMG corporate filings | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2022/2474 (2022-12-16) | ||
5-tv.ru | Pyatyi Kanal (Channel 5) | state_media_t2 | 73.4% National Media Group | NMG corporate filings | None | ||
tvc.ru | TV Centre International | state_media_t2 | 81.3% Moscow city government | Moscow city government corporate filings | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2022/879 (2022-06-03) | ||
rutube.ru | RuTube | state_media_t2 | 100% Gazprom Media | Gazprom Media corporate filings | None | ||
m24.ru | Moskva 24 | state_media_t2 | Moscow city government | Moscow city government media holdings | None | ||
mir24.tv | MIR TV (CIS Interstate) | state_media_t2 | CIS Interstate Television and Radio Company | CIS Agreement on Interstate TV (1992) | None | ||
spastv.ru | Spas TV Channel | state_media_t2 | Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) | Roskomnadzor media registry | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2023/2878 (2023-12-18) | ||
strategic-culture.org | strategic-culture.su | Strategic Culture Foundation | sanctioned_proxy | SVR-directed (per GEC 2020, US Treasury) | GEC 'Pillars' report (2020); US Treasury OFAC designation | US ELECTION-EO13848 (2021-04-15); EU Council Regulation (EU) 2025/395 (2025-02-24) | |
globalresearch.ca | Centre for Research on Globalization / Global Research | sanctioned_proxy | Michel Chossudovsky (GEC-documented as Russian proxy amplifier) | GEC 'Pillars' report (2020) | None | Not formally sanctioned but GEC-documented as key node in Russian disinformation ecosystem | |
journal-neo.org | New Eastern Outlook | sanctioned_proxy | Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences | GEC 'Pillars' report (2020); OFAC designation | US RUSSIA-EO14024 (2022-03-03); EU Council Regulation (EU) 2023/1214 (2023-06-23) | ||
southfront.org | SouthFront | sanctioned_proxy | GRU-linked (per GEC, OFAC) | GEC 'Pillars' report (2020); OFAC CYBER2 designation | US CYBER2 (2021-04-15); EU Council Regulation (EU) 2025/395 (2025-02-24) | ||
news-front.info | news-front.su | NewsFront | sanctioned_proxy | Crimea-based, FSB-linked (per US Treasury) | OFAC designation; EU Package 16 | US RUSSIA-EO14024 (2022-03-03); EU Council Regulation (EU) 2025/395 (2025-02-24) | |
katehon.com | Katehon | sanctioned_proxy | Konstantin Malofeev (US-sanctioned oligarch) | GEC 'Pillars' report (2020); OFAC via Malofeev | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2023/1214 (2023-06-23) | ||
geopolitica.ru | Geopolitica.ru (Aleksandr Dugin) | sanctioned_proxy | Dugin-linked | GEC 'Pillars' report (2020); OFAC EO14024 | US RUSSIA-EO14024 (2022-03-03) | ||
inforos.ru | InfoRos (GRU Unit 54777) | sanctioned_proxy | GRU military intelligence | OFAC CYBER2/NPWMD designation; DOJ indictment | US CYBER2 (2021-04-15) | ||
orientalreview.org | orientalreview.su | Oriental Review | sanctioned_proxy | Linked to Russian intelligence services (per OFAC) | OFAC EO14024; EU Package 11 | US RUSSIA-EO14024 (2022-03-03); EU Council Regulation (EU) 2023/1214 (2023-06-23) | |
webkamerton.ru | Journal Kamerton | sanctioned_proxy | OFAC-designated disinformation outlet | OFAC EO14024 | US RUSSIA-EO14024 (2022-03-03) | ||
odnarodyna.org | Odna Rodyna | sanctioned_proxy | OFAC-designated disinformation outlet | OFAC EO14024 | US RUSSIA-EO14024 (2022-03-03) | ||
unitedworldint.com | uwidata.com | United World International | sanctioned_proxy | Prigozhin-linked (per OFAC) | OFAC EO14024 | US RUSSIA-EO14024 (2022-03-03) | |
ritmeurasia.org | Rhythm of Eurasia | sanctioned_proxy | OFAC-designated disinformation outlet | OFAC EO14024 | US RUSSIA-EO14024 (2022-03-03) | ||
usareally.com | USA Really | sanctioned_proxy | IRA / Prigozhin-linked | OFAC EO13694 | US ELECTION-EO13694 (2019-09-30) | ||
riafan.ru | Federal News Agency (FAN) | sanctioned_proxy | Prigozhin-linked (Internet Research Agency) | OFAC CYBER2 designation; DOJ indictment (Feb 2018) | US CYBER2 (2018-03-15) | ||
eadaily.com | EADaily / Eurasia Daily | sanctioned_proxy | EU-designated propaganda outlet | EU Package 16 | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2025/395 (2025-02-24) | ||
fondsk.ru | Foundation for Strategic Culture (Fondsk) | sanctioned_proxy | SVR-linked (same entity as Strategic Culture Foundation) | EU Package 16 | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2025/395 (2025-02-24) | ||
rubaltic.ru | RuBaltic | sanctioned_proxy | EU-designated propaganda outlet | EU Package 16 | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2025/395 (2025-02-24) | ||
voiceofeurope.com | Voice of Europe | sanctioned_proxy | Russian-funded influence operation (Czech intelligence exposed) | EU Package 14; Czech BIS intelligence report (2024) | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2024/1428 (2024-06-24) | ||
tsargrad.tv | Tsargrad TV | sanctioned_proxy | Konstantin Malofeev (US-sanctioned oligarch) | EU Package 11; Malofeev OFAC SDN | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2023/1214 (2023-06-23) | ||
rrn.media | RRN / Reliable Recent News (Doppelganger) | sanctioned_proxy | Russian government (Doppelganger operation) | DOJ domain seizure (Sept 2024); OFAC designation | US RUSSIA-EO14024 (2024-09-04) | ||
waronfakes.com | War on Fakes (Doppelganger) | sanctioned_proxy | Russian government (Doppelganger operation) | OFAC designation (Sept 2024) | US RUSSIA-EO14024 (2024-09-04) | ||
lenta.ru | Lenta | state_adjacent | Rambler Group (Sberbank → state-controlled since 2020) | EU Package 16; Sberbank 50%+ federal ownership | EU Council Regulation (EU) 2025/395 (2025-02-24) | Editorial independence ended 2014 when editor Galina Timchenko was fired after covering Ukraine | |
gazeta.ru | Gazeta.ru | state_adjacent | Rambler Group (Sberbank) | Sberbank corporate filings | None | ||
aif.ru | Argumenty i Fakty | state_adjacent | Moscow city government (since 2014) | Moscow city government acquisition (2014) | None | ||
kp.ru | Komsomolskaya Pravda | state_adjacent | ESN Group (Grigory Berezkin, Kremlin-aligned) | ESN Group corporate filings | None | ||
mk.ru | Moskovskiy Komsomolets | state_adjacent | ZAO Redaktsiya gazety MK (privately held, editorially aligned) | Roskomnadzor media registry | None | ||
kommersant.ru | Kommersant | state_adjacent | Alisher Usmanov (EU-sanctioned oligarch) | Usmanov EU sanctions (Council Regulation 2022/336) | None | Owner sanctioned but outlet itself not designated | |
ng.ru | Nezavisimaya Gazeta | state_adjacent | Konstantin Remchukov (editor-owner) | Roskomnadzor media registry | None | ||
anna-news.info | ANNA News | state_adjacent | Pro-Russian military correspondents network | Documented by Bellingcat, DFRLab | None | ||
rusvesna.su | Russkaya Vesna | state_adjacent | Pro-Russian separatist media | SBU blocked list (Ukraine) | None | ||
sevastopol.su | Sevastopol.su news portal | state_adjacent | Crimea-based occupation media | Operating under Russian occupation administration | None | ||
e-crimea.info | E-Crimea | state_adjacent | Crimea-based occupation media | Operating under Russian occupation administration | None | ||
pravda.ru | pravda-tv.com | Pravda.ru | state_adjacent | Private (not related to Portal Kombat Pravda network) | Roskomnadzor media registry | None | Soviet-era newspaper brand. NOT part of VIGINUM-documented Portal Kombat Pravda network (news-pravda.com) |
news-pravda.com | dnr-pravda.ru | Pravda Network (Portal Kombat) | sanctioned_proxy | Russian military intelligence operation | VIGINUM/SGDSN 'Portal Kombat' report (Feb 2024); DFRLab investigation | None | 224 domains across 83 countries identified by French VIGINUM. Network includes country-code subdomains (eu.news-pravda.com, france.news-pravda.com, etc.) |
Crimea Digital Sovereignty: Source Domain Classification
64 Russian government, state media, sanctioned proxy, and state-adjacent domains used to classify the source tier of 891,522 Russia-framing documents in C4.
Description
Each domain is classified into one of 7 tiers with legal provenance (OFAC SDN, EU Consolidated Sanctions, UK OFSI, GEC reports, Russian federal law, corporate filings). This list was used to produce the source tier breakdown in the C4 analysis.
Fields
| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
domain |
text | Primary domain name |
alt_domains |
text | Alternative/mirror domains |
entity |
text | Organisation name |
category |
text | Tier: government, state_media_t1, state_media_t2, sanctioned_proxy, state_adjacent |
ownership |
text | Ownership details |
legal_basis |
text | Constitutional/legal basis for classification |
sanctions |
text | Applicable sanctions designations |
notes |
text | Additional context |
Categories
| Tier | Count | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Government | 8 | Russian federal bodies (kremlin.ru, government.ru, mid.ru, duma.gov.ru) |
| State media T1 | 15 | 100% federally-owned (TASS, RIA, RT, Channel One, VGTRK) |
| State media T2 | 6 | State-controlled via holding companies (NTV, Gazprom Media, NMG) |
| Sanctioned proxy | 12 | GEC/OFAC-documented (SouthFront, NewsFront, InfoRos, Strategic Culture) |
| State-adjacent | 23 | Private with state ties (Sberbank-owned Lenta, EU-sanctioned Kommersant) |
Usage in paper
These 64 domains account for 41,761 documents (4.7%) of the 891,522 Russia-framing C4 documents. The remaining 849,761 (95.3%) originate from independent sources not on any sanctions list.
Citation
@misc{dobrovolskyi2026digital,
author = {Dobrovolskyi, Ivan},
title = {Digital Annexation: A Computational Audit of Crimea's Sovereignty Framing in Large Language Models},
year = {2026},
url = {https://crimeaisukraine.org}
}
License
CC-BY-4.0
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