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Benedetto Varchi	Benedetto Varchi (Italian pronunciation: [beneˈdetto ˈvarki]; 1502/1503 – 1565) was an Italian humanist, historian, and poet. Biography Born in Florence to a family that had originated at Montevarchi, he frequented the neoplatonic academy that Bernardo Rucellai organized in his garden, the Orti Oricellari; there, in spite of the fact that Rucellai was married to the elder sister of Lorenzo de' Medici, republican ideals circulated, in the context of revived classical culture, that culminated in a plot in 1513 to subvert Medici rule in Florence. At Pisa, Varchi studied to become a notary. With his return to Florence, he fought in the defence of the temporarily revived Republic of Florence, during the siege by the Mediceans and imperialists in 1530, and was exiled after the surrender of the city; he spent time at Padua (1537), where he was a protégé of the émigré Piero Strozzi and at Bologna (1540). In 1536 he took part in Strozzi's unsuccessful expedition against Medicean rule, but seven years later Varchi was called back to Florence by Cosimo I, who gave him a pension and appointed him one of the three official historians of Florence along with Giovanni Battista Adriani and Scipione Ammirato. His Storia fiorentina (16 vol.) covers the period from 1527 to 1538, though it was so frank it was not published in Florence until 1721. Varchi also wrote a number of plays, poems, dialogues, and translations from the classics. With his return to Medici patronage, he became a member of the Accademia fiorentina, occupied with studies of linguistics, literary criticism, esthetics, and philosophy, but also, as became a Renaissance humanist in botany and alchemy. His tract L'Hercolano, in the form of a dialogue between the writer and a conte Ercolano, discussed the Tuscan dialect as it was spoken at Florence, in the vulgar rather than in Latin, an innovation in works of linguistics; it was published posthumously, in 1570. He wrote a comedy La Suocera ("The Mother-in-Law"). Towards the end of his life, he had a spiritual crisis and took holy orders. In Ezra Pound's The Cantos, Varchi is mentioned with approbation (Canto V) for his honesty as a historian who did not try to fill in gaps in a historical record just to make that record neat. Rather, he was willing to admit that he did not know or that the motives or the events surrounding a particular incident could not be absolutely determined. Pound gives as an example of Varchi's honesty his investigation—for his history of Florence—of the murder of Alessandro de' Medici. Varchi admitted that after all his attempts to uncover the facts he could not decide on the motives of Alessandro's murderer (Lorenzino de' Medici, Alessandro's cousin). Homosexuality In his time, Varchi was notorious for his many sonnets to young boys. Though his loves were not always reciprocated, and despite his denunciations of men who engaged in "filthy loves", he was criticized by his contemporaries for his attachments to young boys. One critic mocked him in a satire: "O father Varchi, new Socrates ... his arms open and his trousers down, this is how your Bembo is waiting for you in the Elysian Fields". Another comments on his legacy, "But since he was always inclined to boy love ... he greatly lessened the reputation that would have been rightfully appropriate." In 1545, Varchi was arrested and tried for pederasty, and was eventually pardoned by Cosimo de' Medici upon the intercession of his many friends. References An extensive bibliography may be found at Italian Wikipedia: "Benedetto Varchi" Further reading (Italian) Due lezioni Il discorso della bellezza e della grazia Rime	Benedetto Varchi (Italian pronunciation: [beneˈdetto ˈvarki]; 1502/1503 – 1565) was an Italian humanist, historian, and poet. Biography Born in Florence to a family that had originated at Montevarchi, he frequented the neoplatonic academy that Bernardo Rucellai organized in his garden, the Orti Oricellari; there, in spite of the fact that Rucellai was married to the elder sister of Lorenzo de' Medici, republican ideals circulated, in the context of revived classical culture, that culminated in a plot in 1513 to subvert Medici rule in Florence. At Pisa, Varchi studied to become a notary. With his return to Florence, he fought in the defence of the temporarily revived Republic of Florence, during the siege by the Mediceans and imperialists in 1530, and was exiled after the surrender of the city; he spent time at Padua (1537), where he was a protégé of the émigré Piero Strozzi and at Bologna (1540). In 1536 he took part in Strozzi's unsuccessful expedition against Medicean rule, but seven years later Varchi was called back to Florence by Cosimo I, who gave him a pension and appointed him one of the three official historians of Florence along with Giovanni Battista Adriani and Scipione Ammirato. His Storia fiorentina (16 vol.) covers the period from 1527 to 1538, though it was so frank it was not published in Florence until 1721. Varchi also wrote a number of plays, poems, dialogues, and translations from the classics. With his return to Medici patronage, he became a member of the Accademia fiorentina, occupied with studies of linguistics, literary criticism, esthetics, and philosophy, but also, as became a Renaissance humanist in botany and alchemy. His tract L'Hercolano, in the form of a dialogue between the writer and a conte Ercolano, discussed the Tuscan dialect as it was spoken at Florence, in the vulgar rather than in Latin, an innovation in works of linguistics; it was published posthumously, in 1570. He wrote a comedy La Suocera ("The Mother-in-Law"). Towards the end of his life, he had a spiritual crisis and took holy orders. In Ezra Pound's The Cantos, Varchi is mentioned with approbation (Canto V) for his honesty as a historian who did not try to fill in gaps in a historical record just to make that record neat. Rather, he was willing to admit that he did not know or that the motives or the events surrounding a particular incident could not be absolutely determined. Pound gives as an example of Varchi's honesty his investigation—for his history of Florence—of the murder of Alessandro de' Medici. Varchi admitted that after all his attempts to uncover the facts he could not decide on the motives of Alessandro's murderer (Lorenzino de' Medici, Alessandro's cousin). Homosexuality In his time, Varchi was notorious for his many sonnets to young boys. Though his loves were not always reciprocated, and despite his denunciations of men who engaged in "filthy loves", he was criticized by his contemporaries for his attachments to young boys. One critic mocked him in a satire: "O father Varchi, new Socrates ... his arms open and his trousers down, this is how your Bembo is waiting for you in the Elysian Fields". Another comments on his legacy, "But since he was always inclined to boy love ... he greatly lessened the reputation that would have been rightfully appropriate." In 1545, Varchi was arrested and tried for pederasty, and was eventually pardoned by Cosimo de' Medici upon the intercession of his many friends. References An extensive bibliography may be found at Italian Wikipedia: "Benedetto Varchi" Further reading (Italian) Due lezioni Il discorso della bellezza e della grazia Rime
Wilhelm Wattenbach	Wilhelm Wattenbach (22 September 1819 – 20 September 1897), was a German historian. He was born at Rantzau in Holstein. He studied philology at the universities of Bonn, Göttingen and Berlin, and in 1843 he began to work upon the Monumenta Germaniae Historica. In 1855 he was appointed archivist at Breslau; in 1862 he became a professor of history at Heidelberg, and ten years later a professor at Berlin, where he was a member of the directing body of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica and a member of the academy. He died at Frankfurt. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Wattenbach was distinguished by his thorough knowledge of the chronicles and other original documents of the Middle Ages, and his most valuable work was done in this field. Works Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter bis zur Mitte des XIII Jahrhunderts (1858), his principal book, a guide to the sources of the history of Germany in the Middle Ages, several editions. 1893 ed. Anleitung zur lateinischen Paläographie (Leipzig, 1869, and again 1886) Das Schriftwesen im Mittelalter (Leipzig, 1871, and again 1896) Beiträge zur Geschichte der christlichen Kirche in Böhmen und Mähren (Vienna, 1849) Geschichte des römischen Papsttums (Berlin, 1876) Anleitung zur griechischen Paläographie (Leipzig, 1867, and again 1895). See also Privilegium Maius == References ==	Wilhelm Wattenbach (22 September 1819 – 20 September 1897), was a German historian. He was born at Rantzau in Holstein. He studied philology at the universities of Bonn, Göttingen and Berlin, and in 1843 he began to work upon the Monumenta Germaniae Historica. In 1855 he was appointed archivist at Breslau; in 1862 he became a professor of history at Heidelberg, and ten years later a professor at Berlin, where he was a member of the directing body of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica and a member of the academy. He died at Frankfurt. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Wattenbach was distinguished by his thorough knowledge of the chronicles and other original documents of the Middle Ages, and his most valuable work was done in this field. Works Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter bis zur Mitte des XIII Jahrhunderts (1858), his principal book, a guide to the sources of the history of Germany in the Middle Ages, several editions. 1893 ed. Anleitung zur lateinischen Paläographie (Leipzig, 1869, and again 1886) Das Schriftwesen im Mittelalter (Leipzig, 1871, and again 1896) Beiträge zur Geschichte der christlichen Kirche in Böhmen und Mähren (Vienna, 1849) Geschichte des römischen Papsttums (Berlin, 1876) Anleitung zur griechischen Paläographie (Leipzig, 1867, and again 1895). See also Privilegium Maius == References ==
Elsa Triolet	Ella Yuryevna Kagan (Russian: Элла Юрьевна Каган; 1896–1970), known as Elsa Triolet, was a Russian-French writer and translator known for being the first woman to be awarded the Prix Goncourt. Biography Ella Yuryevna Kagan was born into a Jewish family of Yuri Alexandrovich Kagan, a lawyer, and Yelena Youlevna Berman, a music teacher, in Moscow. She and her older sister Lilya Brik received excellent educations; they were able to speak fluent German and French and play the piano. Ella graduated from the Moscow Institute of Architecture. Ella soon became associated with the Russian Futurists via Lilya, who was in 1912 married to the art critic Osip Brik; she befriended people of their circle, including Roman Jakobson, then a zaum poet, who became her lifelong friend. Elsa enjoyed poetry, and in 1911 befriended and fell in love with the aspiring futurist poet and graphic artist Vladimir Mayakovsky. When she invited him home, the poet fell madly in love with her sister, marking the start of a series of artistic collaborations involving the two that lasted until the poet's death. Ella was the first to translate Mayakovsky's poetry (as well as volumes of other Russian-language poetry) to French. In 1918, at the outset of the Russian Civil War, Ella married the French cavalry officer André Triolet, and emigrated to France, where she changed her name to Elsa, but for years admitted in her letters to Lilya to being heartbroken. She later divorced Triolet. In the early 1920s, Elsa described her visit to Tahiti in her letters to Victor Shklovsky, who subsequently showed them to Maxim Gorky. Gorky suggested that the author should consider a literary career. The 1925 book In Tahiti, written in Russian and published in Leningrad, was based on these letters. She published two further novels in Russian, Wild Strawberry (1926) and Camouflage (1928), both published in Moscow. In 1928 Elsa met French writer Louis Aragon. They stayed together for 42 years and married in 1939. She influenced Aragon to join the French Communist Party. Triolet and Aragon fought in the French Resistance. In 1944 Triolet was the first woman to be awarded the Prix Goncourt for her novel Le premier accroc coûte deux cents francs. She died, aged 73, in Moulin de Villeneuve, Saint-Arnoult-en-Yvelines, France of a heart attack. In 2010, La Poste, the French post office, issued three stamps honoring Triolet. Documentary 1965 : Elsa La Rose directed by Agnès Varda 2022 : In the eyes of Elsa Triolet directed by Gregory Monro Bibliography На Таити (In Tahiti, in Russian, 1925) Земляничка (Wild Strawberry, in Russian, 1926) Защитный цвет (Camouflage, in Russian, 1928) Bonsoir Thérèse (Good Evening, Theresa - her first book in French, 1938) Maïakovski (1939) translation by N. Semoniff (in Russian – published by Т/О "НЕФОРМАТ" Издат-во Accent Graphics Communications, Montreal, 2012) Mille regrets (1942) Le Cheval blanc (The White Horse, 1943) Les Amants d'Avignon. (The Lovers of Avignon, published pseudonymously as Laurent Daniel for Éditions de Minuit, 1943) Qui est cet étranger qui n'est pas d'ici ? ou le mythe de la Baronne Mélanie (Who Is This Stranger Who Isn't from Here? or, The Myth of Baroness Melanie) (1944) Le Premier accroc coûte deux cents francs (A Fine of 200 Francs, 1945, Prix Goncourt 1944) Personne ne m'aime (Nobody Loves Me, 1946; published in French by Le Temps des Cerises éditeurs, 2014) Les Fantômes armés (The Armed Phantoms, 1947; Le Temps des Cerises éditeurs, 2014) L'Inspecteur des ruines (The Inspector of Ruins, 1948) Le Cheval roux ou les intentions humaines (The Roan Horse, or Humane Intentions) (1953) L'Histoire d'Anton Tchekov (The Life of Anton Chekov) (1954) Le Rendez-vous des étrangers (1956) Le Monument (1957) Roses à crédit (1959), the 2010 movie Roses à crédit is based on the story Luna-Park (1960) Les Manigances (1961) L'Âme (1962) Le Grand jamais (The Big Never) (1965) Écoutez-voir (Listen and See) (1968) La Mise en mots (1969) Le Rossignol se tait à l'aube (1970) References External links Elsa Triolet at IMDb	Ella Yuryevna Kagan (Russian: Элла Юрьевна Каган; 1896–1970), known as Elsa Triolet, was a Russian-French writer and translator known for being the first woman to be awarded the Prix Goncourt. Biography Ella Yuryevna Kagan was born into a Jewish family of Yuri Alexandrovich Kagan, a lawyer, and Yelena Youlevna Berman, a music teacher, in Moscow. She and her older sister Lilya Brik received excellent educations; they were able to speak fluent German and French and play the piano. Ella graduated from the Moscow Institute of Architecture. Ella soon became associated with the Russian Futurists via Lilya, who was in 1912 married to the art critic Osip Brik; she befriended people of their circle, including Roman Jakobson, then a zaum poet, who became her lifelong friend. Elsa enjoyed poetry, and in 1911 befriended and fell in love with the aspiring futurist poet and graphic artist Vladimir Mayakovsky. When she invited him home, the poet fell madly in love with her sister, marking the start of a series of artistic collaborations involving the two that lasted until the poet's death. Ella was the first to translate Mayakovsky's poetry (as well as volumes of other Russian-language poetry) to French. In 1918, at the outset of the Russian Civil War, Ella married the French cavalry officer André Triolet, and emigrated to France, where she changed her name to Elsa, but for years admitted in her letters to Lilya to being heartbroken. She later divorced Triolet. In the early 1920s, Elsa described her visit to Tahiti in her letters to Victor Shklovsky, who subsequently showed them to Maxim Gorky. Gorky suggested that the author should consider a literary career. The 1925 book In Tahiti, written in Russian and published in Leningrad, was based on these letters. She published two further novels in Russian, Wild Strawberry (1926) and Camouflage (1928), both published in Moscow. In 1928 Elsa met French writer Louis Aragon. They stayed together for 42 years and married in 1939. She influenced Aragon to join the French Communist Party. Triolet and Aragon fought in the French Resistance. In 1944 Triolet was the first woman to be awarded the Prix Goncourt for her novel Le premier accroc coûte deux cents francs. She died, aged 73, in Moulin de Villeneuve, Saint-Arnoult-en-Yvelines, France of a heart attack. In 2010, La Poste, the French post office, issued three stamps honoring Triolet. Documentary 1965 : Elsa La Rose directed by Agnès Varda 2022 : In the eyes of Elsa Triolet directed by Gregory Monro Bibliography На Таити (In Tahiti, in Russian, 1925) Земляничка (Wild Strawberry, in Russian, 1926) Защитный цвет (Camouflage, in Russian, 1928) Bonsoir Thérèse (Good Evening, Theresa - her first book in French, 1938) Maïakovski (1939) translation by N. Semoniff (in Russian – published by Т/О "НЕФОРМАТ" Издат-во Accent Graphics Communications, Montreal, 2012) Mille regrets (1942) Le Cheval blanc (The White Horse, 1943) Les Amants d'Avignon. (The Lovers of Avignon, published pseudonymously as Laurent Daniel for Éditions de Minuit, 1943) Qui est cet étranger qui n'est pas d'ici ? ou le mythe de la Baronne Mélanie (Who Is This Stranger Who Isn't from Here? or, The Myth of Baroness Melanie) (1944) Le Premier accroc coûte deux cents francs (A Fine of 200 Francs, 1945, Prix Goncourt 1944) Personne ne m'aime (Nobody Loves Me, 1946; published in French by Le Temps des Cerises éditeurs, 2014) Les Fantômes armés (The Armed Phantoms, 1947; Le Temps des Cerises éditeurs, 2014) L'Inspecteur des ruines (The Inspector of Ruins, 1948) Le Cheval roux ou les intentions humaines (The Roan Horse, or Humane Intentions) (1953) L'Histoire d'Anton Tchekov (The Life of Anton Chekov) (1954) Le Rendez-vous des étrangers (1956) Le Monument (1957) Roses à crédit (1959), the 2010 movie Roses à crédit is based on the story Luna-Park (1960) Les Manigances (1961) L'Âme (1962) Le Grand jamais (The Big Never) (1965) Écoutez-voir (Listen and See) (1968) La Mise en mots (1969) Le Rossignol se tait à l'aube (1970) References External links Elsa Triolet at IMDb
Theopompus	Theopompus (Ancient Greek: Θεόπομπος, Theópompos; c. 380 BC – c. 315 BC) was an ancient Greek historian and rhetorician who was a student of Isocrates. Biography Early life and education Theopompus was born on the Aegean island of Chios in 378 or 377 BCE. In his early youth, he seems to have spent some time at Athens, with his father Damasistratus, who had been exiled for his Laconian sympathies. In Athens, he became a pupil of Isocrates, and rapidly made progress in rhetoric; we are told that Isocrates used to say that Ephorus required the spur but Theopompus the bit. At first he appears to have composed epideictic speeches, in which he attained to such proficiency that in 352–351 BC he gained the prize of oratory given by Artemisia II of Caria in honour of her husband, although Isocrates was himself among the competitors. It is said to have been the advice of his teacher that finally determined his career as an historian—a career for which he was peculiarly qualified owing to his abundant patrimony and his wide knowledge of men and places. Through the influence of Alexander III, he was permitted to return to Chios around 333 BC, and figured for some time as one of the leaders of the aristocratic party in his native town. After Alexander's death, he was again expelled, and took refuge with Ptolemy in Egypt, where he appears to have met with a somewhat cold reception. The exact date of his death isn't know, but scholars have placed it around 320 BC. Career and Works The works of Theopompus were chiefly historical, and are much quoted by later writers. They included an Epitome of Herodotus's Histories (whether this work is actually his is debated), the Hellenica (Ἑλληνικά), the History of Philip, and several panegyrics and hortatory addresses, the chief of which was the Letter to Alexander. The Hellenica The Hellenica treated of the history of Greece, in twelve books, from 411 BC (where Thucydides breaks off) to 394 BC — the date of the Battle of Cnidus. Of this work, only a few fragments were known up till 1907. The papyrus fragment of a Greek historian of the 4th century BC, discovered by B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt, and published by them in Oxyrhynchus Papyri (Vol. 5, 1908), has been recognized by Eduard Meyer, Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and Georg Busolt as a portion of the Hellenica. This identification has been disputed, however, by Friedrich Blass, J. B. Bury, E. M. Walker and others, most of whom attribute the fragment, which deals with the events of the year 395 BC and is of considerable extent, to Cratippus. History of Philip II Theopompus's most significant work, the Philippica, consisted of fifty-eight books which detailed the reign of Philip II of Macedon. Despite its fragmented state modern scholarship offers insights into its themes and Theopompus's historiographical approach. Unlike many of his peers, Theopompus offered a nuanced portrayal of Philip. He depicts him not merely as a conqueror but as a figure whose reign brought about significant moral and social destruction. The "Philippica" was more than a historical record. It is moral commentary on the corruption of Philips court. Theopompus criticizes the moral decline which accompanied Philip's expansionist policies. He'd draw parallels between personal vices of individuals and the larger societal corruption. Also, he detailed accounts of various regions and their political and social conditions. By doing so, he could share his belief in the interconnectedness of moral and political decay in different societies. A far more elaborate work was the history of Philip's reign (360–336 BC), with digressions on the names and customs of the various races and countries of which he had occasion to speak, which were so numerous that Philip V of Macedon reduced the bulk of the history from 58 to 16 books by cutting out those parts which had no connection with Macedonia. It was from this history that Trogus Pompeius (of whose Historiae Philippicae we possess the epitome by Justin) derived much of his material. Fifty-three books were extant in the time of Photius (9th century), who read them, and has left us an epitome of the 12th book. Several fragments, chiefly anecdotes and strictures of various kinds upon the character of nations and individuals, are preserved by Athenaeus, Plutarch and others. Of the Letter to Alexander we possess one or two fragments cited by Athenaeus, criticizing severely the immorality and dissipations of Harpalus. The artistic unity of his work suffered severely from the frequent and lengthy digressions, of which the most important was On the Athenian Demagogues in the 10th book of the Philippica, containing a bitter attack on many of the chief Athenian statesmen, and generally recognized as having been freely used by Plutarch in several of the Lives. The Marvels is a lengthy digression inserted into books 8 and 9. Another fault of Theopompus was his excessive fondness for romantic and incredible stories; a collection of some of these was afterwards made and published under his name. He was also severely blamed in antiquity for his censoriousness, and throughout his fragments no feature is more striking than this. On the whole, however, he appears to have been fairly impartial. Theompopus censures Philip severely for drunkenness and immorality while warmly praising Demosthenes. Mention by others Aristotle mentions the conception and testimony of Theopompus about the inequity of slavery, in Politics. Jewish historian Flavius Josephus writes that Demetrius of Phalerum, in response to Ptolemy II Philadelphus asking why the Jewish Law had not been mentioned by any of his scribes or poets, told that due to the divine nature of the documents, any who endeavored to write about it had been afflicted by a distemper. He continued, saying that Theopompus once endeavored to write about the Jewish Law, but became disturbed in his mind for 30 days, whereupon during some intermission of his distemper he prayed for healing and determined to leave off his attempt to write, and was cured thereby. A passage from Theopompus is given by Athenaeus in his Deipnosophistae. Claudius Aelianus quotes both Theopompus and Lycus of Rhegium as sources on the crop-protection practices of the Adriatic Veneti. Modern Scholarship Modern scholarship by historians such as Gordon Shrimpton and W. Robert Connor have re-evaluated Theopompus's contributions to historiography. Shrimpton emphasizes Theopompus's refined portrayal of Phillip II. He argues that Theopompus's work reflected a sophisticated understanding of the nuances of power and corruption. Connor highlights Theopompus's disillusionment with the moral state of Greece. This presents him as a critical observer and recorder of society. Riccardo Vattoune's analysis further examines Theopompus's innovations in methodology. The chapter explores how Theopompus approached writing of history, specifically his use of sources and his treatment of historical events. One key aspect discussed is Theopompus's interest in "invisible" parts of history such as motivations, emotions, and character traits. These parts of history aren't readily apparent from the historical record alone, but his work preserves that part of history. Additionally, Vattuone dives into Theopompus's use of speeches, anecdotes, and character sketch's to give life to these invisible parts of history. Overall, the chapter provides insight into Theopompus's innovations in the field of historiography. References Citations Sources This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Walker, Edward Mewburn (1911). "Theopompus". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 787–788. Christ, M. R. (1993). "Theopompus and Herodotus: A Reassessment". The Classical Quarterly. New Series. 43 (1): 47–52. doi:10.1017/s0009838800044165. S2CID 170587615. Colby, Frank Moore Colby; Williams, Talcott (1905). The New International Encyclopædia. Vol. 9. Fox, Robin Lane (1973). Alexander the Great. London: Penguin Books. Georgiadou, Aristoula; Larmour, David Henry James (1998). Lucian's science fiction novel, true histories : interpretation and commentary. Brill. ISBN 90-04-10667-7. OCLC 468092394. Natoli, Anthony Francis (2004). The letter of Speusippus to Philip II : introduction, text, translation and commentary. Steiner. ISBN 3-515-08396-0. OCLC 1146496114. Shrimpton, Gordon. “Theopompus’ Treatment of Philip in the ‘Philippica.’” Phoenix, vol. 31, no. 2, 1977, pp. 123–44. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1087268. Accessed 23 May 2024. Connor, Robert. “History without Heroes: Theopompus' Treatment of Philip of Macedon.” Wikipedia, https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/11251. Accessed 23 May 2024. Further reading Bruce, I. A. F. (1970). "Theopompus and Classical Greek Historiography". History and Theory. 9 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 86–109. doi:10.2307/2504503. JSTOR 2504503. Flower, Michael Attyah (1994). Theopompus of Chios: History and Rhetoric in the Fourth Century BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lund, Helen S. (1992). Lysimachus: A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship. London: Routledge. Shrimpton, Gordon S. (1992). Theopompus the Historian. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. Ottone, Gabriella (2004). "Per una nuova edizione dei frammenti di Teopompo di Chio: riflessioni su alcune problematiche teoriche e metodologiche". Ktèma. Civilisations de l'Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques. 29: 129–143. doi:10.3406/ktema.2004.2535. Ottone, Gabriella (2018). Teopompo di Chio. Filippiche (Fozio, Biblioteca, cod. 176). Tivoli: Edizioni Tored. External links Lendering, Jona (2019) [2004]. "Theopompus of Chios". Livius: Articles on Ancient History. Livius.org.	Theopompus (Ancient Greek: Θεόπομπος, Theópompos; c. 380 BC – c. 315 BC) was an ancient Greek historian and rhetorician who was a student of Isocrates. Biography Early life and education Theopompus was born on the Aegean island of Chios in 378 or 377 BCE. In his early youth, he seems to have spent some time at Athens, with his father Damasistratus, who had been exiled for his Laconian sympathies. In Athens, he became a pupil of Isocrates, and rapidly made progress in rhetoric; we are told that Isocrates used to say that Ephorus required the spur but Theopompus the bit. At first he appears to have composed epideictic speeches, in which he attained to such proficiency that in 352–351 BC he gained the prize of oratory given by Artemisia II of Caria in honour of her husband, although Isocrates was himself among the competitors. It is said to have been the advice of his teacher that finally determined his career as an historian—a career for which he was peculiarly qualified owing to his abundant patrimony and his wide knowledge of men and places. Through the influence of Alexander III, he was permitted to return to Chios around 333 BC, and figured for some time as one of the leaders of the aristocratic party in his native town. After Alexander's death, he was again expelled, and took refuge with Ptolemy in Egypt, where he appears to have met with a somewhat cold reception. The exact date of his death isn't know, but scholars have placed it around 320 BC. Career and Works The works of Theopompus were chiefly historical, and are much quoted by later writers. They included an Epitome of Herodotus's Histories (whether this work is actually his is debated), the Hellenica (Ἑλληνικά), the History of Philip, and several panegyrics and hortatory addresses, the chief of which was the Letter to Alexander. The Hellenica The Hellenica treated of the history of Greece, in twelve books, from 411 BC (where Thucydides breaks off) to 394 BC — the date of the Battle of Cnidus. Of this work, only a few fragments were known up till 1907. The papyrus fragment of a Greek historian of the 4th century BC, discovered by B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt, and published by them in Oxyrhynchus Papyri (Vol. 5, 1908), has been recognized by Eduard Meyer, Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and Georg Busolt as a portion of the Hellenica. This identification has been disputed, however, by Friedrich Blass, J. B. Bury, E. M. Walker and others, most of whom attribute the fragment, which deals with the events of the year 395 BC and is of considerable extent, to Cratippus. History of Philip II Theopompus's most significant work, the Philippica, consisted of fifty-eight books which detailed the reign of Philip II of Macedon. Despite its fragmented state modern scholarship offers insights into its themes and Theopompus's historiographical approach. Unlike many of his peers, Theopompus offered a nuanced portrayal of Philip. He depicts him not merely as a conqueror but as a figure whose reign brought about significant moral and social destruction. The "Philippica" was more than a historical record. It is moral commentary on the corruption of Philips court. Theopompus criticizes the moral decline which accompanied Philip's expansionist policies. He'd draw parallels between personal vices of individuals and the larger societal corruption. Also, he detailed accounts of various regions and their political and social conditions. By doing so, he could share his belief in the interconnectedness of moral and political decay in different societies. A far more elaborate work was the history of Philip's reign (360–336 BC), with digressions on the names and customs of the various races and countries of which he had occasion to speak, which were so numerous that Philip V of Macedon reduced the bulk of the history from 58 to 16 books by cutting out those parts which had no connection with Macedonia. It was from this history that Trogus Pompeius (of whose Historiae Philippicae we possess the epitome by Justin) derived much of his material. Fifty-three books were extant in the time of Photius (9th century), who read them, and has left us an epitome of the 12th book. Several fragments, chiefly anecdotes and strictures of various kinds upon the character of nations and individuals, are preserved by Athenaeus, Plutarch and others. Of the Letter to Alexander we possess one or two fragments cited by Athenaeus, criticizing severely the immorality and dissipations of Harpalus. The artistic unity of his work suffered severely from the frequent and lengthy digressions, of which the most important was On the Athenian Demagogues in the 10th book of the Philippica, containing a bitter attack on many of the chief Athenian statesmen, and generally recognized as having been freely used by Plutarch in several of the Lives. The Marvels is a lengthy digression inserted into books 8 and 9. Another fault of Theopompus was his excessive fondness for romantic and incredible stories; a collection of some of these was afterwards made and published under his name. He was also severely blamed in antiquity for his censoriousness, and throughout his fragments no feature is more striking than this. On the whole, however, he appears to have been fairly impartial. Theompopus censures Philip severely for drunkenness and immorality while warmly praising Demosthenes. Mention by others Aristotle mentions the conception and testimony of Theopompus about the inequity of slavery, in Politics. Jewish historian Flavius Josephus writes that Demetrius of Phalerum, in response to Ptolemy II Philadelphus asking why the Jewish Law had not been mentioned by any of his scribes or poets, told that due to the divine nature of the documents, any who endeavored to write about it had been afflicted by a distemper. He continued, saying that Theopompus once endeavored to write about the Jewish Law, but became disturbed in his mind for 30 days, whereupon during some intermission of his distemper he prayed for healing and determined to leave off his attempt to write, and was cured thereby. A passage from Theopompus is given by Athenaeus in his Deipnosophistae. Claudius Aelianus quotes both Theopompus and Lycus of Rhegium as sources on the crop-protection practices of the Adriatic Veneti. Modern Scholarship Modern scholarship by historians such as Gordon Shrimpton and W. Robert Connor have re-evaluated Theopompus's contributions to historiography. Shrimpton emphasizes Theopompus's refined portrayal of Phillip II. He argues that Theopompus's work reflected a sophisticated understanding of the nuances of power and corruption. Connor highlights Theopompus's disillusionment with the moral state of Greece. This presents him as a critical observer and recorder of society. Riccardo Vattoune's analysis further examines Theopompus's innovations in methodology. The chapter explores how Theopompus approached writing of history, specifically his use of sources and his treatment of historical events. One key aspect discussed is Theopompus's interest in "invisible" parts of history such as motivations, emotions, and character traits. These parts of history aren't readily apparent from the historical record alone, but his work preserves that part of history. Additionally, Vattuone dives into Theopompus's use of speeches, anecdotes, and character sketch's to give life to these invisible parts of history. Overall, the chapter provides insight into Theopompus's innovations in the field of historiography. References Citations Sources This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Walker, Edward Mewburn (1911). "Theopompus". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 787–788. Christ, M. R. (1993). "Theopompus and Herodotus: A Reassessment". The Classical Quarterly. New Series. 43 (1): 47–52. doi:10.1017/s0009838800044165. S2CID 170587615. Colby, Frank Moore Colby; Williams, Talcott (1905). The New International Encyclopædia. Vol. 9. Fox, Robin Lane (1973). Alexander the Great. London: Penguin Books. Georgiadou, Aristoula; Larmour, David Henry James (1998). Lucian's science fiction novel, true histories : interpretation and commentary. Brill. ISBN 90-04-10667-7. OCLC 468092394. Natoli, Anthony Francis (2004). The letter of Speusippus to Philip II : introduction, text, translation and commentary. Steiner. ISBN 3-515-08396-0. OCLC 1146496114. Shrimpton, Gordon. “Theopompus’ Treatment of Philip in the ‘Philippica.’” Phoenix, vol. 31, no. 2, 1977, pp. 123–44. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1087268. Accessed 23 May 2024. Connor, Robert. “History without Heroes: Theopompus' Treatment of Philip of Macedon.” Wikipedia, https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/11251. Accessed 23 May 2024. Further reading Bruce, I. A. F. (1970). "Theopompus and Classical Greek Historiography". History and Theory. 9 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 86–109. doi:10.2307/2504503. JSTOR 2504503. Flower, Michael Attyah (1994). Theopompus of Chios: History and Rhetoric in the Fourth Century BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lund, Helen S. (1992). Lysimachus: A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship. London: Routledge. Shrimpton, Gordon S. (1992). Theopompus the Historian. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. Ottone, Gabriella (2004). "Per una nuova edizione dei frammenti di Teopompo di Chio: riflessioni su alcune problematiche teoriche e metodologiche". Ktèma. Civilisations de l'Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques. 29: 129–143. doi:10.3406/ktema.2004.2535. Ottone, Gabriella (2018). Teopompo di Chio. Filippiche (Fozio, Biblioteca, cod. 176). Tivoli: Edizioni Tored. External links Lendering, Jona (2019) [2004]. "Theopompus of Chios". Livius: Articles on Ancient History. Livius.org.
Heinrich Ritter	Heinrich August Ritter (German: [ˈʁɪtɐ]; 21 November 1791 – 3 February 1869) was a German philosopher and historian of philosophy. He was born in Zerbst, and studied philosophy and theology at the University of Göttingen and Berlin until 1815. In 1824 he became an associate professor of philosophy at Berlin, later transferring to Kiel, where he occupied the chair of philosophy from 1833 to 1837. He then accepted a similar position at the University of Göttingen, where he remained till his death. Friedrich Schleiermacher was a major influence in his thinking. Works Ritter's chief work was a history of philosophy (Geschichte der Philosophie) published in twelve volumes at Hamburg from 1829 to 1853. This work was the product of a wide and thorough knowledge of the subject aided by an impartial critical faculty, and its value was underscored by its translation into almost all the languages of Europe. He wrote also accounts of ancient schools of philosophy, such as the Ionians, the Pythagoreans and the Megarians. Beside these important historical works, he published a large number of treatises of which the following may be mentioned: Abriss der philosophischen Logik (1824). Geschichte der Philosophie (1829–1853; 2nd edition, vols. i–iv, 1836–1838) — its 1st section, "Geschichte der philosophie alter zeit", was translated into English by Alexander J.W. Morrison and published as: The history of ancient philosophy (1838–46). Ueber das Verhältnis der Philosophie zum Leben (1835). Historia philosophiae Graeco-Romanae (in collaboration with Ludwig Preller, 1838; 7th edition, 1888). Kleine philosophische Schriften (1839–1840). Versuch zur Verständigung über die neueste deutsche Philosophie seit Kant (1853). System der Logik und Metaphysik (1856). Die christliche Philosophie bis auf die neuesten Zeiten (2 volumes, 1858–1859). Encyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften (1862–1864). Ernest Renan, über die Naturwissenschaften und die Geschichte (1865). Ueber das Böse und seine Folgen (1869). Notes References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ritter, Heinrich". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Ritter, Heinrich" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.	Heinrich August Ritter (German: [ˈʁɪtɐ]; 21 November 1791 – 3 February 1869) was a German philosopher and historian of philosophy. He was born in Zerbst, and studied philosophy and theology at the University of Göttingen and Berlin until 1815. In 1824 he became an associate professor of philosophy at Berlin, later transferring to Kiel, where he occupied the chair of philosophy from 1833 to 1837. He then accepted a similar position at the University of Göttingen, where he remained till his death. Friedrich Schleiermacher was a major influence in his thinking. Works Ritter's chief work was a history of philosophy (Geschichte der Philosophie) published in twelve volumes at Hamburg from 1829 to 1853. This work was the product of a wide and thorough knowledge of the subject aided by an impartial critical faculty, and its value was underscored by its translation into almost all the languages of Europe. He wrote also accounts of ancient schools of philosophy, such as the Ionians, the Pythagoreans and the Megarians. Beside these important historical works, he published a large number of treatises of which the following may be mentioned: Abriss der philosophischen Logik (1824). Geschichte der Philosophie (1829–1853; 2nd edition, vols. i–iv, 1836–1838) — its 1st section, "Geschichte der philosophie alter zeit", was translated into English by Alexander J.W. Morrison and published as: The history of ancient philosophy (1838–46). Ueber das Verhältnis der Philosophie zum Leben (1835). Historia philosophiae Graeco-Romanae (in collaboration with Ludwig Preller, 1838; 7th edition, 1888). Kleine philosophische Schriften (1839–1840). Versuch zur Verständigung über die neueste deutsche Philosophie seit Kant (1853). System der Logik und Metaphysik (1856). Die christliche Philosophie bis auf die neuesten Zeiten (2 volumes, 1858–1859). Encyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften (1862–1864). Ernest Renan, über die Naturwissenschaften und die Geschichte (1865). Ueber das Böse und seine Folgen (1869). Notes References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ritter, Heinrich". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Ritter, Heinrich" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
Adrienne Monnier	Adrienne Monnier (26 April 1892 – 19 June 1955) was a French bookseller, writer, and publisher, and an influential figure in the modernist writing scene in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s. Formative years Monnier was born in Paris on 26 April 1892. Her father, Clovis Monnier (1859–1944), was a postal worker (postier ambulant), sorting mail in transit on night trains. Her mother, Philiberte (née Sollier, 1873–1944), was "open-minded" with an interest in literature and the arts. Adrienne's younger sister, Marie (1894–1976), would become known as a skillful embroiderer and illustrator. Their mother encouraged the sisters to read widely from an early age and frequently took them to the theatre, opera, and ballet. In 1909, aged 17, Monnier graduated from high school, with a teaching qualification (brevet supérieur). Within months, in September, she moved to London, officially to improve her English but in reality to be close to her classmate, Suzanne Bonnierre, with whom she was "very much in love". Monnier spent three months working as an au pair, before finding a job for six months teaching French in Eastbourne. She later wrote about her English experiences in Souvenirs de Londres ("Memories of London"). Back in France, Monnier taught briefly at a private school, before enrolling on a shorthand and typing course. Thus equipped, in 1912, she found work as a secretary at the Université des Annales, a Right Bank publishing house specialising in mainstream literary and cultural works. Although Monnier enjoyed the work, she had little in common with the writers and journalists with whom she came into contact, preferring the bohemian Left Bank and the avant-garde literary world that it represented. In November 1913, Monnier's father, Clovis, was seriously injured in a train crash while at work; he was left with a lifelong limp. When the compensation came through, he gave all of it – 10,000 Francs – to Monnier, to help her set up in bookselling. La Maison des Amis des Livres On 15 November 1915, Monnier opened her bookshop and lending library, "La Maison des Amis des Livres" at 7 rue de l'Odéon, Paris VI. She was among the first women in France to found her own bookstore. While women sometimes assisted in a family bookstore, and widows occasionally took over their husband's bookselling or publishing business, it was unusual for a French woman to independently set herself up as a bookseller. Nonetheless Monnier, who had worked as a teacher and as a literary secretary, loved the world of literature and was determined to make bookselling her career. With limited capital she opened her shop at a time when there was a genuine need for a new bookstore, since many booksellers had left their work to join the armed forces. As her reputation spread, Monnier's advice was sought out by other women who hoped to follow her example and become booksellers. Odéonia Monnier offered advice and encouragement to Sylvia Beach when Beach founded an English language bookstore called Shakespeare and Company in 1919. During the 1920s, the shops owned by Beach and Monnier were located across from each other on the rue de l'Odéon in the heart of the Latin Quarter. Both bookstores became gathering places for French, British, and American writers. By sponsoring readings and encouraging informal conversations among authors and readers, the two women brought to bookselling a domesticity and hospitality that encouraged friendship as well as cultural exchange. Le Navire d'Argent In June 1925, Monnier, with Beach's moral and literary support, launched a French language review, Le Navire d'Argent (The Silver Ship), with Jean Prévost as literary editor. Taking its name from the silver sailing ship, which appears in Paris's coat of arms, it cost 5 Fr per issue, or 50 Fr for a twelve-month subscription. Although financially unsuccessful, it was an important part of the literary scene of the Twenties and was "a great European light", helping launch several writers' careers. Typically, about a hundred pages per issue, it was "French in language, but international in spirit" and drew heavily on the circle of writers frequenting her shop. The first edition contained a French-language translation (prepared jointly by Monnier and Beach) of T. S. Eliot's poem, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (May 1925). Other issues included an early draft of part of James Joyce's Finnegans Wake (Oct 1925); and an abridged version of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's novella, The Aviator, in the penultimate (April 1926) edition. One edition (March 1926) was devoted to American writers (including Walt Whitman, William Carlos Williams and E. E. Cummings). It also first introduced Ernest Hemingway in translation to French audiences. Monnier herself contributed under the pseudonym J-M Sollier, based on her mother's maiden name. After twelve issues, Monnier abandoned the Navire d’Argent, as the effort and the cost was more than she could manage. To cover her losses, Monnier auctioned her personal collection of 400 books, many inscribed to her by their authors. A decade later, Monnier launched a successor periodical, the Gazette des Amis des Livres, which ran from January 1938 until May 1940. Later years Although Beach closed her store during the German Occupation, Monnier's remained open and continued to provide books and solace to Parisian readers. For ten years after the war Monnier continued her work as an essayist, translator and bookseller. Plagued by ill health, Monnier was diagnosed in September 1954 with Ménière's disease, a disorder of the inner ear which affects balance and hearing. She also suffered from delusions. On 19 June 1955, she died by suicide by taking an overdose of sleeping pills. Works Les Gazettes, Gallimard, Paris, 1960. La Figure, René Julliard, Paris, 1923. Les Vertus, René Julliard, Paris, 1926. Fableaux, René Julliard, Paris, 1932. Souvenirs de Londres, Mercure de France, Paris, 1957. Rue de l'Odéon, Albin Michel, Paris, 1960. References Notes === Sources ===	Adrienne Monnier (26 April 1892 – 19 June 1955) was a French bookseller, writer, and publisher, and an influential figure in the modernist writing scene in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s. Formative years Monnier was born in Paris on 26 April 1892. Her father, Clovis Monnier (1859–1944), was a postal worker (postier ambulant), sorting mail in transit on night trains. Her mother, Philiberte (née Sollier, 1873–1944), was "open-minded" with an interest in literature and the arts. Adrienne's younger sister, Marie (1894–1976), would become known as a skillful embroiderer and illustrator. Their mother encouraged the sisters to read widely from an early age and frequently took them to the theatre, opera, and ballet. In 1909, aged 17, Monnier graduated from high school, with a teaching qualification (brevet supérieur). Within months, in September, she moved to London, officially to improve her English but in reality to be close to her classmate, Suzanne Bonnierre, with whom she was "very much in love". Monnier spent three months working as an au pair, before finding a job for six months teaching French in Eastbourne. She later wrote about her English experiences in Souvenirs de Londres ("Memories of London"). Back in France, Monnier taught briefly at a private school, before enrolling on a shorthand and typing course. Thus equipped, in 1912, she found work as a secretary at the Université des Annales, a Right Bank publishing house specialising in mainstream literary and cultural works. Although Monnier enjoyed the work, she had little in common with the writers and journalists with whom she came into contact, preferring the bohemian Left Bank and the avant-garde literary world that it represented. In November 1913, Monnier's father, Clovis, was seriously injured in a train crash while at work; he was left with a lifelong limp. When the compensation came through, he gave all of it – 10,000 Francs – to Monnier, to help her set up in bookselling. La Maison des Amis des Livres On 15 November 1915, Monnier opened her bookshop and lending library, "La Maison des Amis des Livres" at 7 rue de l'Odéon, Paris VI. She was among the first women in France to found her own bookstore. While women sometimes assisted in a family bookstore, and widows occasionally took over their husband's bookselling or publishing business, it was unusual for a French woman to independently set herself up as a bookseller. Nonetheless Monnier, who had worked as a teacher and as a literary secretary, loved the world of literature and was determined to make bookselling her career. With limited capital she opened her shop at a time when there was a genuine need for a new bookstore, since many booksellers had left their work to join the armed forces. As her reputation spread, Monnier's advice was sought out by other women who hoped to follow her example and become booksellers. Odéonia Monnier offered advice and encouragement to Sylvia Beach when Beach founded an English language bookstore called Shakespeare and Company in 1919. During the 1920s, the shops owned by Beach and Monnier were located across from each other on the rue de l'Odéon in the heart of the Latin Quarter. Both bookstores became gathering places for French, British, and American writers. By sponsoring readings and encouraging informal conversations among authors and readers, the two women brought to bookselling a domesticity and hospitality that encouraged friendship as well as cultural exchange. Le Navire d'Argent In June 1925, Monnier, with Beach's moral and literary support, launched a French language review, Le Navire d'Argent (The Silver Ship), with Jean Prévost as literary editor. Taking its name from the silver sailing ship, which appears in Paris's coat of arms, it cost 5 Fr per issue, or 50 Fr for a twelve-month subscription. Although financially unsuccessful, it was an important part of the literary scene of the Twenties and was "a great European light", helping launch several writers' careers. Typically, about a hundred pages per issue, it was "French in language, but international in spirit" and drew heavily on the circle of writers frequenting her shop. The first edition contained a French-language translation (prepared jointly by Monnier and Beach) of T. S. Eliot's poem, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (May 1925). Other issues included an early draft of part of James Joyce's Finnegans Wake (Oct 1925); and an abridged version of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's novella, The Aviator, in the penultimate (April 1926) edition. One edition (March 1926) was devoted to American writers (including Walt Whitman, William Carlos Williams and E. E. Cummings). It also first introduced Ernest Hemingway in translation to French audiences. Monnier herself contributed under the pseudonym J-M Sollier, based on her mother's maiden name. After twelve issues, Monnier abandoned the Navire d’Argent, as the effort and the cost was more than she could manage. To cover her losses, Monnier auctioned her personal collection of 400 books, many inscribed to her by their authors. A decade later, Monnier launched a successor periodical, the Gazette des Amis des Livres, which ran from January 1938 until May 1940. Later years Although Beach closed her store during the German Occupation, Monnier's remained open and continued to provide books and solace to Parisian readers. For ten years after the war Monnier continued her work as an essayist, translator and bookseller. Plagued by ill health, Monnier was diagnosed in September 1954 with Ménière's disease, a disorder of the inner ear which affects balance and hearing. She also suffered from delusions. On 19 June 1955, she died by suicide by taking an overdose of sleeping pills. Works Les Gazettes, Gallimard, Paris, 1960. La Figure, René Julliard, Paris, 1923. Les Vertus, René Julliard, Paris, 1926. Fableaux, René Julliard, Paris, 1932. Souvenirs de Londres, Mercure de France, Paris, 1957. Rue de l'Odéon, Albin Michel, Paris, 1960. References Notes === Sources ===
Ann Brashares	Ann Brashares (born July 30, 1967) is an American young adult novelist. She is best known as the author of The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants series. Life and career Brashares was born in Alexandria, Virginia, and grew up in Chevy Chase, Maryland, with her three brothers. She attended elementary and high school at the Sidwell Friends School in Washington, D.C. After studying philosophy at Barnard College, she worked as an editor for 17th Street Productions. 17th Street was acquired by Alloy Entertainment, and following the acquisition she worked briefly for Alloy. After leaving Alloy she wrote The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (2001), which became an international best seller. It was followed with three more titles in the "Pants" series that were The Second Summer of the Sisterhood (2003), Girls in Pants: The Third Summer of the Sisterhood (2005) and Forever in Blue: The Fourth Summer of the Sisterhood (2007). The first book in the series was adapted into the film The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants in 2005. The sequel, The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2, based on the other three novels in the series was released in August 2008. Brashares' first novel for adults, The Last Summer (of You and Me) was released in 2007. The first companion book to the Sisterhood series, 3 Willows: The Sisterhood Grows, was published in 2009, and the second companion book, Sisterhood Everlasting, was published in 2011. Her second novel for adults, My Name is Memory was published in 2010 and has been optioned for film. Brashares' young-adult time travel novel, The Here and Now, was published in April 2014. She resides in New York City with her artist husband, Jacob Collins, and children Samuel, Nathaniel, Susannah and Isaiah. Works Brashares mainly writes for young adults. Besides the Sisterhood series and its two companion books, 3 Willows and Sisterhood Everlasting, she has contributed two 80-page biographies to the nonfiction book series Techies and has published two standalone novels for adults. She won the Indies Choice Book Award for Children's Literature in 2002, and won the Quill Award for Young teen/adult in 2005. Nonfiction 2001 – Linus Torvalds, Software Rebel (Twenty-First Century Books, 2001) 2001 – Steve Jobs Thinks Different (Twenty-First Century, 2001) Fiction 2001 – The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2003 – The Second Summer of the Sisterhood 2005 – Girls in Pants: The Third Summer of the Sisterhood 2007 – Forever in Blue: The Fourth Summer of the Sisterhood 2007 – The Last Summer (of You and Me) 2009 – 3 Willows: The Sisterhood Grows 2010 – My Name Is Memory 2011 – Sisterhood Everlasting 2014 – The Here and Now (Delacorte, April 2014) 2017 – The Summer Bed (previously published as The Whole Thing Together) 2025 – Westfallen (co-written with her brother and children's author Ben Brashares) References External links Official website Sisterhood Central biography Teenreads biography Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine Alumna profile at Barnard College New York Times profiles Brashares, her husband, and their renovated East Side carriage house, January 4, 2007 Ann Brashares at IMDb Ann Brashares at Library of Congress, with 16 library catalog records	Ann Brashares (born July 30, 1967) is an American young adult novelist. She is best known as the author of The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants series. Life and career Brashares was born in Alexandria, Virginia, and grew up in Chevy Chase, Maryland, with her three brothers. She attended elementary and high school at the Sidwell Friends School in Washington, D.C. After studying philosophy at Barnard College, she worked as an editor for 17th Street Productions. 17th Street was acquired by Alloy Entertainment, and following the acquisition she worked briefly for Alloy. After leaving Alloy she wrote The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (2001), which became an international best seller. It was followed with three more titles in the "Pants" series that were The Second Summer of the Sisterhood (2003), Girls in Pants: The Third Summer of the Sisterhood (2005) and Forever in Blue: The Fourth Summer of the Sisterhood (2007). The first book in the series was adapted into the film The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants in 2005. The sequel, The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2, based on the other three novels in the series was released in August 2008. Brashares' first novel for adults, The Last Summer (of You and Me) was released in 2007. The first companion book to the Sisterhood series, 3 Willows: The Sisterhood Grows, was published in 2009, and the second companion book, Sisterhood Everlasting, was published in 2011. Her second novel for adults, My Name is Memory was published in 2010 and has been optioned for film. Brashares' young-adult time travel novel, The Here and Now, was published in April 2014. She resides in New York City with her artist husband, Jacob Collins, and children Samuel, Nathaniel, Susannah and Isaiah. Works Brashares mainly writes for young adults. Besides the Sisterhood series and its two companion books, 3 Willows and Sisterhood Everlasting, she has contributed two 80-page biographies to the nonfiction book series Techies and has published two standalone novels for adults. She won the Indies Choice Book Award for Children's Literature in 2002, and won the Quill Award for Young teen/adult in 2005. Nonfiction 2001 – Linus Torvalds, Software Rebel (Twenty-First Century Books, 2001) 2001 – Steve Jobs Thinks Different (Twenty-First Century, 2001) Fiction 2001 – The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2003 – The Second Summer of the Sisterhood 2005 – Girls in Pants: The Third Summer of the Sisterhood 2007 – Forever in Blue: The Fourth Summer of the Sisterhood 2007 – The Last Summer (of You and Me) 2009 – 3 Willows: The Sisterhood Grows 2010 – My Name Is Memory 2011 – Sisterhood Everlasting 2014 – The Here and Now (Delacorte, April 2014) 2017 – The Summer Bed (previously published as The Whole Thing Together) 2025 – Westfallen (co-written with her brother and children's author Ben Brashares) References External links Official website Sisterhood Central biography Teenreads biography Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine Alumna profile at Barnard College New York Times profiles Brashares, her husband, and their renovated East Side carriage house, January 4, 2007 Ann Brashares at IMDb Ann Brashares at Library of Congress, with 16 library catalog records
Hartmann von Aue	Hartmann von Aue, also known as Hartmann von Ouwe, (born c. 1160–70, died c. 1210–20) was a German knight and poet. With his works including Erec, Iwein, Gregorius, and Der arme Heinrich, he introduced the Arthurian romance into German literature and, with Wolfram von Eschenbach and Gottfried von Strassburg, was one of the three great epic poets of Middle High German literature. Life Hartmann belonged to the lower nobility of Swabia, where he was born. After receiving a monastic education, he became retainer (Dienstmann) of a nobleman whose domain, Aue, has been identified with Obernau on the River Neckar. He also took part in the Crusade of 1197. The date of his death is as uncertain as that of his birth; he is mentioned in Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan (c. 1210) as still alive, and in the Crône of Heinrich von dem Türlin, written about 1220, he is mourned for as dead. Works Hartmann produced four narrative poems which are of importance for the evolution of the Middle High German court epic. The first of these, Erec, which may have been written as early as 1191 or 1192, and the last, Iwein, belong to the Arthurian cycle and are based on epics by Chrétien de Troyes (Erec and Enide and Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, respectively). While the story of Chretien's Yvain refers to events in Chretien's Lancelot, to explain that Arthur is not present to help because Guinevere has been kidnapped, Hartmann did not adapt Chretien's Lancelot. The result is that Hartmann's Erec introduces entirely different explanations for Guinevere's kidnapping, which do not correspond to what occurred in the shared literary tradition of Chretien's Arthurian romances. His other two narrative poems are Gregorius, also an adaptation of a French epic, and Der arme Heinrich, which tells the story of a leper cured by a young girl who is willing to sacrifice her life for him. The source of this tale evidently came from the lore of the noble family whom Hartmann served. Gregorius, Der arme Heinrich and Hartmann's lyrics, which are all fervidly religious in tone, imply a tendency towards asceticism, but, on the whole, Hartmann's striving seems rather to have been to reconcile the extremes of life; to establish a middle way of human conduct between the worldly pursuits of knighthood and the ascetic ideals of medieval religion. Translations have been made into modern German of all Hartmann's poems, while Der arme Heinrich has repeatedly attracted the attention of modern poets, both English (Longfellow, Rossetti) and German (notably, Gerhart Hauptmann). He was also a Minnesänger, and 18 of his songs survive. Editions and translations Tobin, Frank, Kim Vivian, and Richard H. Lawson, trans. Arthurian Romances, Tales, and Lyric Poetry: The Complete Works of Hartmann von Aue, Penn State Press, 2001 ISBN 0-271-02112-8 Hartmann Von Aue, "Iwein: The Knight with the Lion", translated by J.W. Thomas, 1979, ISBN 0-8032-7331-2. Hartmann Von Aue, "Erec," translated by J.W. Thomas, 2001, ISBN 0-8032-7329-0. References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hartmann von Aue". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Cormeau C (1981). "Hartmann von Aue". In Ruh K, Keil G, Schröder W (eds.). Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon. Vol. 3. Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. cols 500–520. ISBN 978-3-11-022248-7. Cormeau, Christoph; Störmer, Wilhelm (1993). Hartmann von Aue. Epoche - Werk - Wirkung (2nd ed.). Munich: Beck. pp. 160–193. ISBN 3-406-30309-9. Gentry, Francis G., ed. (2005). A Companion to the Works of Hartmann von Aue. Rochester, NY: Camden House. ISBN 1571132384. Jackson, W.H. (1995). Chivalry in Twelfth-Century Germany: The Works of Hartmann von Aue. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978-0859914314. Neumann, Friedrich (1966). "Hartmann von Aue". Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 7. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 728–731. (full text online). External links Works by or about Hartmann von Aue at the Internet Archive Roy Boggs and Kurt Gärtner: Hartmann von Aue (Knowledge Base) Portal Archived 2 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine "Aue, Hartmann von" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905. "Aue, Hartmann von" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.	Hartmann von Aue, also known as Hartmann von Ouwe, (born c. 1160–70, died c. 1210–20) was a German knight and poet. With his works including Erec, Iwein, Gregorius, and Der arme Heinrich, he introduced the Arthurian romance into German literature and, with Wolfram von Eschenbach and Gottfried von Strassburg, was one of the three great epic poets of Middle High German literature. Life Hartmann belonged to the lower nobility of Swabia, where he was born. After receiving a monastic education, he became retainer (Dienstmann) of a nobleman whose domain, Aue, has been identified with Obernau on the River Neckar. He also took part in the Crusade of 1197. The date of his death is as uncertain as that of his birth; he is mentioned in Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan (c. 1210) as still alive, and in the Crône of Heinrich von dem Türlin, written about 1220, he is mourned for as dead. Works Hartmann produced four narrative poems which are of importance for the evolution of the Middle High German court epic. The first of these, Erec, which may have been written as early as 1191 or 1192, and the last, Iwein, belong to the Arthurian cycle and are based on epics by Chrétien de Troyes (Erec and Enide and Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, respectively). While the story of Chretien's Yvain refers to events in Chretien's Lancelot, to explain that Arthur is not present to help because Guinevere has been kidnapped, Hartmann did not adapt Chretien's Lancelot. The result is that Hartmann's Erec introduces entirely different explanations for Guinevere's kidnapping, which do not correspond to what occurred in the shared literary tradition of Chretien's Arthurian romances. His other two narrative poems are Gregorius, also an adaptation of a French epic, and Der arme Heinrich, which tells the story of a leper cured by a young girl who is willing to sacrifice her life for him. The source of this tale evidently came from the lore of the noble family whom Hartmann served. Gregorius, Der arme Heinrich and Hartmann's lyrics, which are all fervidly religious in tone, imply a tendency towards asceticism, but, on the whole, Hartmann's striving seems rather to have been to reconcile the extremes of life; to establish a middle way of human conduct between the worldly pursuits of knighthood and the ascetic ideals of medieval religion. Translations have been made into modern German of all Hartmann's poems, while Der arme Heinrich has repeatedly attracted the attention of modern poets, both English (Longfellow, Rossetti) and German (notably, Gerhart Hauptmann). He was also a Minnesänger, and 18 of his songs survive. Editions and translations Tobin, Frank, Kim Vivian, and Richard H. Lawson, trans. Arthurian Romances, Tales, and Lyric Poetry: The Complete Works of Hartmann von Aue, Penn State Press, 2001 ISBN 0-271-02112-8 Hartmann Von Aue, "Iwein: The Knight with the Lion", translated by J.W. Thomas, 1979, ISBN 0-8032-7331-2. Hartmann Von Aue, "Erec," translated by J.W. Thomas, 2001, ISBN 0-8032-7329-0. References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hartmann von Aue". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Cormeau C (1981). "Hartmann von Aue". In Ruh K, Keil G, Schröder W (eds.). Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon. Vol. 3. Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. cols 500–520. ISBN 978-3-11-022248-7. Cormeau, Christoph; Störmer, Wilhelm (1993). Hartmann von Aue. Epoche - Werk - Wirkung (2nd ed.). Munich: Beck. pp. 160–193. ISBN 3-406-30309-9. Gentry, Francis G., ed. (2005). A Companion to the Works of Hartmann von Aue. Rochester, NY: Camden House. ISBN 1571132384. Jackson, W.H. (1995). Chivalry in Twelfth-Century Germany: The Works of Hartmann von Aue. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978-0859914314. Neumann, Friedrich (1966). "Hartmann von Aue". Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 7. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 728–731. (full text online). External links Works by or about Hartmann von Aue at the Internet Archive Roy Boggs and Kurt Gärtner: Hartmann von Aue (Knowledge Base) Portal Archived 2 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine "Aue, Hartmann von" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905. "Aue, Hartmann von" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
Jorge Semprún	Jorge Semprún Maura (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxoɾxe semˈpɾum ˈmawɾa]; 10 December 1923 – 7 June 2011) was a Spanish writer and politician who lived in France most of his life and wrote primarily in French. From 1953 to 1962, during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, Semprún lived clandestinely in Spain working as an organizer for the exiled Communist Party of Spain, but was expelled from the party in 1964. After the death of Franco and the change to a democratic government, he served as Minister of Culture in Spain's socialist government from 1988 to 1991. He was a screenwriter for two successive films by the Greek director Costa-Gavras, Z (1969) and The Confession (1970), which dealt with the theme of persecution by governments. For his work on the films La Guerre est finie (The War Is Over; Alain Renais, 1966) and Z (Costa-Gavras, 1969) Semprún was nominated for the Academy Award. In 1996, he became the first non-French author elected to the Académie Goncourt, which awards an annual literary prize. He won the 1997 Jerusalem Prize in Israel, and the 2002 Ovid Prize in Romania. Early life and education Jorge Semprún Maura was born in 1923 in Madrid. His mother, who died when Jorge was eight, was Susana Maura Gamazo, the youngest daughter of Antonio Maura, who served several times as prime minister of Spain. His father, José María Semprún Gurrea (1893–1966), was a liberal politician and served as a diplomat for the Republic of Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Émigrés and World War II In the wake of the military uprising led by General Franco in July 1936, the Semprún family moved to France, and then to The Hague where his father was a diplomat, representing the Republic of Spain in the Netherlands. After the Netherlands officially recognized the Franco government in the beginning of 1939, the family returned to France as refugees. Jorge Semprún enrolled there at the Lycée Henri IV and later the Sorbonne. During the Nazi occupation of France, the young Semprún joined the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans – Main-d'Œuvre Immigrée (FTP-MOI), a Resistance organization made up mostly of immigrants. After joining the Spanish Communist Party in 1942 in France, Semprún was reassigned to the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP), the Communist armed Resistance. In 1943 he was arrested by the Gestapo and deported to Buchenwald concentration camp for his role in the Resistance. He deals with the experiences in two books: Le grand voyage (1963) treats the journey to Buchenwald, and Quel beau dimanche! (1980) his camp experiences. In 1945, Semprún returned to France and became an active member of the exiled Communist Party of Spain (PCE). From 1953 to 1962, he was an important organizer of the PCE's clandestine activities in Spain, using the pseudonym of Federico Sánchez. He entered the party's executive committee in 1956. In 1964, he was expelled from the party because of "differences regarding the party line", and from then on he concentrated on his writing career. Semprún wrote many novels, plays, and screenplays, for which he received several nominations, including an Academy Award in 1970, and awards, including the 1997 Jerusalem Prize. He was a screenwriter for two successive films by the Greek director Costa-Gavras, dealing with the theme of persecution by governments, Z (1969) and The Confession (1970). For his work on Z, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay but did not win. He was a member of the jury at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival. In 1988 he was appointed Minister of Culture in Felipe González's second government, despite being neither an elected MP nor a member of the Socialist Party (PSOE). He resigned the post three years later after publishing an article openly criticising the vice-president, Alfonso Guerra, and his brother Juan Guerra. In 1996, Semprún became the first non-French author to be elected to the Académie Goncourt, which awards an annual prize for literature written in French. In 2002, he was awarded the inaugural Ovid Prize in recognition of his entire body of work, which focuses on "tolerance and freedom of expression". Jorge Semprún served as the honorary chairman of the Spanish branch of Action Against Hunger. He lived in Paris. In 2001, while giving a conference at the Lycée Frédéric Mistral in Avignon, France, he inspired young Pablo Daniel Magee to become a writer. Magee went on to write Opération Condor, prefaced by Costa Gavras. Marriage and family Semprún married the actress Loleh Bellon in 1949. Their son, Jaime Semprún (1947–2010), was also a writer. Later Semprún married the French film editor Colette Leloup in 1958. They had five children: Dominique Semprún, Ricardo Semprún, Lourdes Semprún, Juan Semprún and Pablo Semprún. He is the brother of the writer Carlos Semprún (1926–2009). Style and themes Semprún wrote primarily in French and alluded to French authors as much as to Spanish ones. Most of his books are fictionalized accounts of his deportation to Buchenwald. His writing is non-linear and achronological. The narrative setting shifts back and forth in time, exploring the past and future in relation to key events. With each recounting, events take on different meanings. Semprún's works are self-reflexive. His narrators explore how events live on in memory and means of communicating the events of the concentration camp to readers who cannot fathom that experience. His more recent work in this vein also includes reflections on the meaning of Europe and of being European, as informed by this period of history, including how Buchenwald was reopened by Soviet forces as Special Camp No. 2 of the NKVD, and then largely razed and planted over by East Germany to hide the mass graves from this second dark episode. Semprún's writing in Spanish deals with Spanish subject matter, and includes two volumes of memoirs: Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez, about his clandestine work in and later exclusion from the Spanish Communist Party (1953–64), and Federico Sánchez se despide de ustedes, which deals with his term of service as Minister of Culture in the second Socialist government of Felipe González (1988–91). A novel in Spanish, Veinte años y un día, is set in 1956 and deals with recent history in Spain. Works Semprún's first book, Le grand voyage (The Long Voyage in English; republished as The Cattle Truck in 2005 by Serif), was published in 1963 by Gallimard. It recounts Semprún's deportation and incarceration in Buchenwald in fictionalized form. A feature of the novel, and with Semprún's work in general, is its fractured chronology. The work recounts his train journey and arrival at the concentration camp. During the long trip, the narrator provides the reader with flashbacks to his experiences in the French Resistance and flash-forwards to life in the camp and after liberation. The novel won two literary prizes, the Prix Formentor and Prix littéraire de la Résistance ("Literary Prize of the Resistance"). In 1977, his Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez (Autobiography of Federico Sánchez) won the Premio Planeta, the most highly remunerated literary prize in Spain. In spite of the pseudonymous title, the work is Semprún's least fictionalized volume of autobiography, recounting his life as a member of the central committee of the Spanish Communist Party (PCE), and his undercover activities in Spain between 1953 and 1964. The book shows a stark view of Communist organizations during the Cold War, and presents a very critical portrait of leading figures of the PCE, including Santiago Carrillo and Dolores Ibárruri. What a Beautiful Sunday (Quel beau dimanche!), his novel of life in Buchenwald and after liberation was published by Grasset in 1980. It purports to tell what it was like to live one day, hour by hour, in the concentration camp, but like Semprún's other novels, the narrator recounts events that precede and follow that day. In part, Semprún was inspired by A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, and the work contains criticism of Stalinism as well as fascism. Literature or Life was published by Gallimard in 1994. The French title, L'Ecriture ou la vie, might be better translated as "Writing or Life". Semprún explores themes related to deportation, but the focus is on living with the memory of the experience and how to write about it. Semprún revisits scenes from previous works and gives rationales for his literary choices. Semprún's essays and public lectures, published in Spanish in the collection Pensar en Europa and, somewhat less comprehensively, In Franch in Une Tombe au Creux des Nuages, include reflections on the legacy of Jewish Europeans, whether German-speaking such as Sigmund Freud, Gustav Mahler, or Edmund Husserl, or French, such as Alfred Dreyfus or Léon Blum, as well as the political and social conflicts from World War II to the Cold War and beyond into the twenty-first century Semprún's plays are less well-known than his film scripts and prose works but offer noteworthy treatments of his key themes, such as Buchenwald and the Nazi legacy, Jewish lives in Europe before and after the Shoah, the persistence as well as perishability of memory. Of his plays, only Le Retour de Carola Neher (The Return of Carola Neher) was published in his lifetime by Gallimard in 1998. It was commissioned by director Klaus Michael Grüber and staged in German as Bleiche Mutter, Zarte Schwester (Pale Mother, Gentle Sister), a title that alludes to two poems by Bertolt Brecht, in the Soviet military graveyard near Buchenwald to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the liberation of the camp inmates in April 1995. Two other plays were published posthumously: Moi, Eléanor, FIlle de Karl Marx, Juive (I, Eleanor Marx, am Jewish) in 2014 by Gallimard, and Gurs: une tragédie européene written in French but published in Spanish translation in Teatro completo de Jorge Semprún in 2021. Books Grand voyage (Paris: Gallimard, 1963) Long voyage, translated by Richard Seaver (New York: Grove Press, 1964) Évanouissement (Paris: Gallimard, 1967) Deuxième mort de Ramón Mercader (Paris: Gallimard, 1969) Second death of Ramón Mercader, translated by Len Ortzen (New York: Grove Press, 1973) Segunda muerte de Ramón Mercader: novela, traducción por Carlos Pujol (Barcelona: Planeta, 1978) Repérages: Photographies de Alain Resnais, texte de Jorge Semprun (Paris: Chêne, 1974) Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez (Barcelona: Planeta, 1977) Autobiography of Federico Sanchez and the Communist underground in Spain, translated by Helen Lane (New York: Karz Publishers, c1979) Desvanecimiento: novela (Barcelona: Planeta, 1979) Quel beau dimanche (Paris: B. Grasset, c1980) What a beautiful Sunday!, translated by Alan Sheridan (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, c1982) Algarabie: roman (Paris: Fayard, c1981) Montand, la vie continue (Paris: Denoël J. Clims, c1983) Montagne blanche: roman (Paris: Gallimard, c1986) Netchaïev est de retour-- : roman (Paris: J.C. Lattès, c1987) Le Retour de Carola Neher (Paris: Gallimard, 1998) Pensar en Europa. Ensayos. (Barcelona: Tusquets, 2006) Une Tombe au Creux des Nuages: Essais sur L'Europe (Paris: Climats, 2010) Moi, Eléanor, Fille de Karl Marx, Juive (Paris: Gallimard, 2014) Teatro completo, Ed. Manuel Aznar Soler (Seville: Renacimiento, 2021) See also List of Spanish Academy Award winners and nominees Calle Mayor (film) References Sources Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, La obra de Jorge Semprún. Claves de interpretación, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Oxford, Wien, Peter Lang, vol. 1: Autobiografía y novela (2012); vol. 2: Cine y teatro (2015). Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, Las Dos Memorias de Jorge Semprún y los documentales sobre la Guerra Civil Española, Sevilla, Renacimiento, 2021. Céspedes Gallego, Jaime (University of Orleans, ed.), Cinéma et engagement: Jorge Semprún scénariste, nº 140, CinémAction, Corlet Éditions, 2011. Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, «André Malraux chez Jorge Semprún: l'héritage d'une quête», in Revue André Malraux Review, n° 33, Michel Lantelme (editor), Norman, University of Oklahoma, 2005, pp. 86–101. Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, «La dimensión biográfica de Veinte años y un día de Jorge Semprún», in Tonos. Revista Electrónica de Estudios Filológicos, n° 10, University of Murcia, 2005. Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, «Un eslabón perdido en la historiografía sobre la Guerra Civil: Las dos memorias de Jorge Semprún» Archived 10 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, in Cartaphilus. Revista de investigación y crítica estética, n° 5, University of Murcia, 2009. Drakopoulou, Eugenia. «The Revivification of Baroque Paintings in the Novels of Jorge Semprun», in Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art: Collection of articles. Vol. 8. Ed. S. V. Mal’tseva, E. Iu. Staniukovich-Denisova, A. V. Zakharova. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg Univ. Press, 2018, pp. 701–707. ISSN 2312-2129. Johnson, Kathleen A. "The Framing of History: Jorge Semprun's «La Deuxieme Mort de Ramon Mercader", in French Forum, vol. 20, n° 1, January 1995, pp. 77–90. Fox Maura, Soledad, «Jorge Semprún, The Spaniard Who Survived the Nazis and Conquered Paris», Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies / Sussex Academic Press, 2017. Benestroff, Corinne. Jorge Semprún entre résistance et résilience. Paris: CNRS, 2017 External links Lila Azam Zanganeh (Spring 2007). "Jorge Semprún, The Art of Fiction No. 192". The Paris Review. Spring 2007 (180). Jorge Semprún at IMDb Portrait of Jorge Semprún by Braun-Vega.	Jorge Semprún Maura (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxoɾxe semˈpɾum ˈmawɾa]; 10 December 1923 – 7 June 2011) was a Spanish writer and politician who lived in France most of his life and wrote primarily in French. From 1953 to 1962, during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, Semprún lived clandestinely in Spain working as an organizer for the exiled Communist Party of Spain, but was expelled from the party in 1964. After the death of Franco and the change to a democratic government, he served as Minister of Culture in Spain's socialist government from 1988 to 1991. He was a screenwriter for two successive films by the Greek director Costa-Gavras, Z (1969) and The Confession (1970), which dealt with the theme of persecution by governments. For his work on the films La Guerre est finie (The War Is Over; Alain Renais, 1966) and Z (Costa-Gavras, 1969) Semprún was nominated for the Academy Award. In 1996, he became the first non-French author elected to the Académie Goncourt, which awards an annual literary prize. He won the 1997 Jerusalem Prize in Israel, and the 2002 Ovid Prize in Romania. Early life and education Jorge Semprún Maura was born in 1923 in Madrid. His mother, who died when Jorge was eight, was Susana Maura Gamazo, the youngest daughter of Antonio Maura, who served several times as prime minister of Spain. His father, José María Semprún Gurrea (1893–1966), was a liberal politician and served as a diplomat for the Republic of Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Émigrés and World War II In the wake of the military uprising led by General Franco in July 1936, the Semprún family moved to France, and then to The Hague where his father was a diplomat, representing the Republic of Spain in the Netherlands. After the Netherlands officially recognized the Franco government in the beginning of 1939, the family returned to France as refugees. Jorge Semprún enrolled there at the Lycée Henri IV and later the Sorbonne. During the Nazi occupation of France, the young Semprún joined the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans – Main-d'Œuvre Immigrée (FTP-MOI), a Resistance organization made up mostly of immigrants. After joining the Spanish Communist Party in 1942 in France, Semprún was reassigned to the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP), the Communist armed Resistance. In 1943 he was arrested by the Gestapo and deported to Buchenwald concentration camp for his role in the Resistance. He deals with the experiences in two books: Le grand voyage (1963) treats the journey to Buchenwald, and Quel beau dimanche! (1980) his camp experiences. In 1945, Semprún returned to France and became an active member of the exiled Communist Party of Spain (PCE). From 1953 to 1962, he was an important organizer of the PCE's clandestine activities in Spain, using the pseudonym of Federico Sánchez. He entered the party's executive committee in 1956. In 1964, he was expelled from the party because of "differences regarding the party line", and from then on he concentrated on his writing career. Semprún wrote many novels, plays, and screenplays, for which he received several nominations, including an Academy Award in 1970, and awards, including the 1997 Jerusalem Prize. He was a screenwriter for two successive films by the Greek director Costa-Gavras, dealing with the theme of persecution by governments, Z (1969) and The Confession (1970). For his work on Z, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay but did not win. He was a member of the jury at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival. In 1988 he was appointed Minister of Culture in Felipe González's second government, despite being neither an elected MP nor a member of the Socialist Party (PSOE). He resigned the post three years later after publishing an article openly criticising the vice-president, Alfonso Guerra, and his brother Juan Guerra. In 1996, Semprún became the first non-French author to be elected to the Académie Goncourt, which awards an annual prize for literature written in French. In 2002, he was awarded the inaugural Ovid Prize in recognition of his entire body of work, which focuses on "tolerance and freedom of expression". Jorge Semprún served as the honorary chairman of the Spanish branch of Action Against Hunger. He lived in Paris. In 2001, while giving a conference at the Lycée Frédéric Mistral in Avignon, France, he inspired young Pablo Daniel Magee to become a writer. Magee went on to write Opération Condor, prefaced by Costa Gavras. Marriage and family Semprún married the actress Loleh Bellon in 1949. Their son, Jaime Semprún (1947–2010), was also a writer. Later Semprún married the French film editor Colette Leloup in 1958. They had five children: Dominique Semprún, Ricardo Semprún, Lourdes Semprún, Juan Semprún and Pablo Semprún. He is the brother of the writer Carlos Semprún (1926–2009). Style and themes Semprún wrote primarily in French and alluded to French authors as much as to Spanish ones. Most of his books are fictionalized accounts of his deportation to Buchenwald. His writing is non-linear and achronological. The narrative setting shifts back and forth in time, exploring the past and future in relation to key events. With each recounting, events take on different meanings. Semprún's works are self-reflexive. His narrators explore how events live on in memory and means of communicating the events of the concentration camp to readers who cannot fathom that experience. His more recent work in this vein also includes reflections on the meaning of Europe and of being European, as informed by this period of history, including how Buchenwald was reopened by Soviet forces as Special Camp No. 2 of the NKVD, and then largely razed and planted over by East Germany to hide the mass graves from this second dark episode. Semprún's writing in Spanish deals with Spanish subject matter, and includes two volumes of memoirs: Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez, about his clandestine work in and later exclusion from the Spanish Communist Party (1953–64), and Federico Sánchez se despide de ustedes, which deals with his term of service as Minister of Culture in the second Socialist government of Felipe González (1988–91). A novel in Spanish, Veinte años y un día, is set in 1956 and deals with recent history in Spain. Works Semprún's first book, Le grand voyage (The Long Voyage in English; republished as The Cattle Truck in 2005 by Serif), was published in 1963 by Gallimard. It recounts Semprún's deportation and incarceration in Buchenwald in fictionalized form. A feature of the novel, and with Semprún's work in general, is its fractured chronology. The work recounts his train journey and arrival at the concentration camp. During the long trip, the narrator provides the reader with flashbacks to his experiences in the French Resistance and flash-forwards to life in the camp and after liberation. The novel won two literary prizes, the Prix Formentor and Prix littéraire de la Résistance ("Literary Prize of the Resistance"). In 1977, his Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez (Autobiography of Federico Sánchez) won the Premio Planeta, the most highly remunerated literary prize in Spain. In spite of the pseudonymous title, the work is Semprún's least fictionalized volume of autobiography, recounting his life as a member of the central committee of the Spanish Communist Party (PCE), and his undercover activities in Spain between 1953 and 1964. The book shows a stark view of Communist organizations during the Cold War, and presents a very critical portrait of leading figures of the PCE, including Santiago Carrillo and Dolores Ibárruri. What a Beautiful Sunday (Quel beau dimanche!), his novel of life in Buchenwald and after liberation was published by Grasset in 1980. It purports to tell what it was like to live one day, hour by hour, in the concentration camp, but like Semprún's other novels, the narrator recounts events that precede and follow that day. In part, Semprún was inspired by A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, and the work contains criticism of Stalinism as well as fascism. Literature or Life was published by Gallimard in 1994. The French title, L'Ecriture ou la vie, might be better translated as "Writing or Life". Semprún explores themes related to deportation, but the focus is on living with the memory of the experience and how to write about it. Semprún revisits scenes from previous works and gives rationales for his literary choices. Semprún's essays and public lectures, published in Spanish in the collection Pensar en Europa and, somewhat less comprehensively, In Franch in Une Tombe au Creux des Nuages, include reflections on the legacy of Jewish Europeans, whether German-speaking such as Sigmund Freud, Gustav Mahler, or Edmund Husserl, or French, such as Alfred Dreyfus or Léon Blum, as well as the political and social conflicts from World War II to the Cold War and beyond into the twenty-first century Semprún's plays are less well-known than his film scripts and prose works but offer noteworthy treatments of his key themes, such as Buchenwald and the Nazi legacy, Jewish lives in Europe before and after the Shoah, the persistence as well as perishability of memory. Of his plays, only Le Retour de Carola Neher (The Return of Carola Neher) was published in his lifetime by Gallimard in 1998. It was commissioned by director Klaus Michael Grüber and staged in German as Bleiche Mutter, Zarte Schwester (Pale Mother, Gentle Sister), a title that alludes to two poems by Bertolt Brecht, in the Soviet military graveyard near Buchenwald to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the liberation of the camp inmates in April 1995. Two other plays were published posthumously: Moi, Eléanor, FIlle de Karl Marx, Juive (I, Eleanor Marx, am Jewish) in 2014 by Gallimard, and Gurs: une tragédie européene written in French but published in Spanish translation in Teatro completo de Jorge Semprún in 2021. Books Grand voyage (Paris: Gallimard, 1963) Long voyage, translated by Richard Seaver (New York: Grove Press, 1964) Évanouissement (Paris: Gallimard, 1967) Deuxième mort de Ramón Mercader (Paris: Gallimard, 1969) Second death of Ramón Mercader, translated by Len Ortzen (New York: Grove Press, 1973) Segunda muerte de Ramón Mercader: novela, traducción por Carlos Pujol (Barcelona: Planeta, 1978) Repérages: Photographies de Alain Resnais, texte de Jorge Semprun (Paris: Chêne, 1974) Autobiografía de Federico Sánchez (Barcelona: Planeta, 1977) Autobiography of Federico Sanchez and the Communist underground in Spain, translated by Helen Lane (New York: Karz Publishers, c1979) Desvanecimiento: novela (Barcelona: Planeta, 1979) Quel beau dimanche (Paris: B. Grasset, c1980) What a beautiful Sunday!, translated by Alan Sheridan (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, c1982) Algarabie: roman (Paris: Fayard, c1981) Montand, la vie continue (Paris: Denoël J. Clims, c1983) Montagne blanche: roman (Paris: Gallimard, c1986) Netchaïev est de retour-- : roman (Paris: J.C. Lattès, c1987) Le Retour de Carola Neher (Paris: Gallimard, 1998) Pensar en Europa. Ensayos. (Barcelona: Tusquets, 2006) Une Tombe au Creux des Nuages: Essais sur L'Europe (Paris: Climats, 2010) Moi, Eléanor, Fille de Karl Marx, Juive (Paris: Gallimard, 2014) Teatro completo, Ed. Manuel Aznar Soler (Seville: Renacimiento, 2021) See also List of Spanish Academy Award winners and nominees Calle Mayor (film) References Sources Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, La obra de Jorge Semprún. Claves de interpretación, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Oxford, Wien, Peter Lang, vol. 1: Autobiografía y novela (2012); vol. 2: Cine y teatro (2015). Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, Las Dos Memorias de Jorge Semprún y los documentales sobre la Guerra Civil Española, Sevilla, Renacimiento, 2021. Céspedes Gallego, Jaime (University of Orleans, ed.), Cinéma et engagement: Jorge Semprún scénariste, nº 140, CinémAction, Corlet Éditions, 2011. Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, «André Malraux chez Jorge Semprún: l'héritage d'une quête», in Revue André Malraux Review, n° 33, Michel Lantelme (editor), Norman, University of Oklahoma, 2005, pp. 86–101. Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, «La dimensión biográfica de Veinte años y un día de Jorge Semprún», in Tonos. Revista Electrónica de Estudios Filológicos, n° 10, University of Murcia, 2005. Céspedes Gallego, Jaime, «Un eslabón perdido en la historiografía sobre la Guerra Civil: Las dos memorias de Jorge Semprún» Archived 10 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, in Cartaphilus. Revista de investigación y crítica estética, n° 5, University of Murcia, 2009. Drakopoulou, Eugenia. «The Revivification of Baroque Paintings in the Novels of Jorge Semprun», in Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art: Collection of articles. Vol. 8. Ed. S. V. Mal’tseva, E. Iu. Staniukovich-Denisova, A. V. Zakharova. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg Univ. Press, 2018, pp. 701–707. ISSN 2312-2129. Johnson, Kathleen A. "The Framing of History: Jorge Semprun's «La Deuxieme Mort de Ramon Mercader", in French Forum, vol. 20, n° 1, January 1995, pp. 77–90. Fox Maura, Soledad, «Jorge Semprún, The Spaniard Who Survived the Nazis and Conquered Paris», Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies / Sussex Academic Press, 2017. Benestroff, Corinne. Jorge Semprún entre résistance et résilience. Paris: CNRS, 2017 External links Lila Azam Zanganeh (Spring 2007). "Jorge Semprún, The Art of Fiction No. 192". The Paris Review. Spring 2007 (180). Jorge Semprún at IMDb Portrait of Jorge Semprún by Braun-Vega.
Giovanni Battista Casti	Giovanni Battista Casti (29 August 1724 – 5 February 1803) was an Italian poet, satirist, and author of comic opera librettos. Life He was born in Acquapendente near Viterbo. He entered the priesthood after studying at the seminary of Montefiascone and became a canon in the cathedral of his native place, but gave up his chance of church preferment to satisfy his restless spirit by visiting most of the capitals of Europe. In 1784, after the death of Metastasio (in 1782), he failed to be appointed Poeta Cesareo, or poet laureate of Austria, and he left Austria in 1796. In 1798 he moved to Paris and was able to publish works that had been unacceptable in Italy – the ottava rima Poema tartaro (1797), which satirizes Russia and Catherine II, and the philosophically materialist and often licentious Novelle galanti (definitive edition 1802), satirizing relations between the sexes. In Paris he also wrote his most famous work, Animali parlanti (1802), a poem in twenty-six canti of six-line stanzas, which uses the classical fable to depict the political battle between the aristocracy and democracy then under way. Though it attracted stinging criticism, it was lauded by Leopardi, who treated it as a model of political satire. Casti spent the rest of his life in Paris, where he died in 1803. Works Casti is best known as the author of the Novelle galanti, and of Gli Animali parlanti, a poetical allegory, over which he spent eight years (1794–1802), which excited so much interest that it was translated into French, German and Spanish, and (very freely and with additions) into English, in William Stewart Rose's Court and Parliament of Beasts (London, 1819). Written during the time of the Revolution in France, it was intended to exhibit the feelings and hopes of the people and the defects and absurdities of various political systems. Some of Goya's print series The Disasters of War drew from the Spanish translation of 1813. The Novelle Galanti is a series of poetical tales, in the ottava rima metre largely used by Italian poets for that class of compositions. One merit of these poems is in the harmony and purity of the style, and the liveliness and sarcastic power of many passages. Operas for which he provided the librettos include: Il re Teodoro in Venezia (music by Giovanni Paisiello, 1784) La grotta di Trofonio (music by Antonio Salieri, 1785) Prima la musica e poi le parole (music by Antonio Salieri, 1786) Cublai gran kan de' Tartari (music by Antonio Salieri, 1787) Catilina (music by Antonio Salieri, 1792) References Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Casti, Giovanni Battista". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 474. External links Nigro, Salvatore (1979). "Casti, Giambattista". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 22: Castelvetro–Cavallotti. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-88-12-00032-6.	Giovanni Battista Casti (29 August 1724 – 5 February 1803) was an Italian poet, satirist, and author of comic opera librettos. Life He was born in Acquapendente near Viterbo. He entered the priesthood after studying at the seminary of Montefiascone and became a canon in the cathedral of his native place, but gave up his chance of church preferment to satisfy his restless spirit by visiting most of the capitals of Europe. In 1784, after the death of Metastasio (in 1782), he failed to be appointed Poeta Cesareo, or poet laureate of Austria, and he left Austria in 1796. In 1798 he moved to Paris and was able to publish works that had been unacceptable in Italy – the ottava rima Poema tartaro (1797), which satirizes Russia and Catherine II, and the philosophically materialist and often licentious Novelle galanti (definitive edition 1802), satirizing relations between the sexes. In Paris he also wrote his most famous work, Animali parlanti (1802), a poem in twenty-six canti of six-line stanzas, which uses the classical fable to depict the political battle between the aristocracy and democracy then under way. Though it attracted stinging criticism, it was lauded by Leopardi, who treated it as a model of political satire. Casti spent the rest of his life in Paris, where he died in 1803. Works Casti is best known as the author of the Novelle galanti, and of Gli Animali parlanti, a poetical allegory, over which he spent eight years (1794–1802), which excited so much interest that it was translated into French, German and Spanish, and (very freely and with additions) into English, in William Stewart Rose's Court and Parliament of Beasts (London, 1819). Written during the time of the Revolution in France, it was intended to exhibit the feelings and hopes of the people and the defects and absurdities of various political systems. Some of Goya's print series The Disasters of War drew from the Spanish translation of 1813. The Novelle Galanti is a series of poetical tales, in the ottava rima metre largely used by Italian poets for that class of compositions. One merit of these poems is in the harmony and purity of the style, and the liveliness and sarcastic power of many passages. Operas for which he provided the librettos include: Il re Teodoro in Venezia (music by Giovanni Paisiello, 1784) La grotta di Trofonio (music by Antonio Salieri, 1785) Prima la musica e poi le parole (music by Antonio Salieri, 1786) Cublai gran kan de' Tartari (music by Antonio Salieri, 1787) Catilina (music by Antonio Salieri, 1792) References Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Casti, Giovanni Battista". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 474. External links Nigro, Salvatore (1979). "Casti, Giambattista". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 22: Castelvetro–Cavallotti. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-88-12-00032-6.
Najaf Daryabandari	Najaf Daryabandari (Persian: نجف دریابندری; 23 August 1929 – 4 May 2020) was an Iranian writer and translator of works from English into Persian. Career Najaf was the son of Captain Khalaf Daryabandari, one of the first marine pilots of Iran. The Iranian Merchant Mariners' Syndicate held a commemoration ceremony for Najaf Daryabandari and awarded him a replica of Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions. He started translation at the age of 17–18 with the book of William Faulkner, "A Rose for Emily". He and his wife Fahimeh Rastkar, were also the authors of "The Rt. Honorable Cookbook, from Soup to Nuts" [literally in Persian "From Garlic to Onion"], a two-volume tome on Iranian cuisine that have collected the diverse dishes of the country. He worked as a senior editor at the Tehran branch of Franklin Book Programs. Death Najaf Daryabandari died on 4 May 2020, in Tehran at the age of 90 after a long illness. Selected list of works Persian Translations Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms and The Old Man and the Sea Kazuo Ishiguro's Remains of the Day William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily and As I Lay Dying (novel) Bertrand Russell's A History of Western Philosophy, Mysticism and Logic and Power: A New Social Analysis Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot Edgar Lawrence Doctorow's Billy Bathgate and Ragtime Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Mysterious Stranger Will Cuppy's The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody, 1972 under the title of Čenin konand bozorgān (چنین کنند بزرگان, Thus Act the Great). Ernst Cassirer's Philosophy of the Enlightenment and The Myth of the State Isaiah Berlin's Russian Thinkers Sophocles's Antigone Kahlil Gibran's The Prophet and The Mad Man Original works The Rt. Honorable Cookbook, from Soup to Nuts, [literally, from garlic to onion, in Persian] co-authored with his wife Fahimeh Rastkar. Selflessness pain: Review of the Concept of Alienation in the Philosophy of the West (1990) The Myth Legend (2001) In This Respect (2009) == References ==	Najaf Daryabandari (Persian: نجف دریابندری; 23 August 1929 – 4 May 2020) was an Iranian writer and translator of works from English into Persian. Career Najaf was the son of Captain Khalaf Daryabandari, one of the first marine pilots of Iran. The Iranian Merchant Mariners' Syndicate held a commemoration ceremony for Najaf Daryabandari and awarded him a replica of Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions. He started translation at the age of 17–18 with the book of William Faulkner, "A Rose for Emily". He and his wife Fahimeh Rastkar, were also the authors of "The Rt. Honorable Cookbook, from Soup to Nuts" [literally in Persian "From Garlic to Onion"], a two-volume tome on Iranian cuisine that have collected the diverse dishes of the country. He worked as a senior editor at the Tehran branch of Franklin Book Programs. Death Najaf Daryabandari died on 4 May 2020, in Tehran at the age of 90 after a long illness. Selected list of works Persian Translations Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms and The Old Man and the Sea Kazuo Ishiguro's Remains of the Day William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily and As I Lay Dying (novel) Bertrand Russell's A History of Western Philosophy, Mysticism and Logic and Power: A New Social Analysis Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot Edgar Lawrence Doctorow's Billy Bathgate and Ragtime Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Mysterious Stranger Will Cuppy's The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody, 1972 under the title of Čenin konand bozorgān (چنین کنند بزرگان, Thus Act the Great). Ernst Cassirer's Philosophy of the Enlightenment and The Myth of the State Isaiah Berlin's Russian Thinkers Sophocles's Antigone Kahlil Gibran's The Prophet and The Mad Man Original works The Rt. Honorable Cookbook, from Soup to Nuts, [literally, from garlic to onion, in Persian] co-authored with his wife Fahimeh Rastkar. Selflessness pain: Review of the Concept of Alienation in the Philosophy of the West (1990) The Myth Legend (2001) In This Respect (2009) == References ==
Heinz Erhardt	Heinz Erhardt (German: [haɪnts ˈeːɐ̯haʁt]; 20 February 1909 – 5 June 1979) was a German comedian, musician, entertainer, actor and poet. Life Heinz Erhardt was born in Riga, the son of Baltic German Kapellmeister Gustav Erhardt. He lived most of his childhood at his grandparents in Riga, where his grandfather, Paul Nelder, owned a music supply store at the current location of the Freedom Square. His grandfather also taught him how to play the piano. After World War I, his father emigrated to Germany. Erhardt lived with his stepmother in Wennigsen near Hanover, where he attended school, until in 1924 he returned to Riga. From 1926 he studied at the Leipzig conservatory; however, Erhardt's wish to become a professional pianist was not supported by his grandparents who wanted him to work as a merchant. In 1935, Erhardt married Gilda Zanetti, daughter of the Italian consul in Saint Petersburg. They had four children: Grit, Verena, Gero and Marita. Gero Erhardt became a film director and cinematographer, and his grandson, Marek Erhardt, became an actor. Working at his grandfather's business, Erhardt entered the stage as a cabaret artist in several Riga coffeehouses and in 1937 even appeared on the German RRG radio. The next year, Erhardt moved to Berlin, where he performed on a Kabarett stage on Kurfürstendamm. In 1939, he made his first TV appearance with his swing song Mein Mädchen in the film Bunte Fernseh-Fibel. The spectacle wearer and non-swimmer Erhardt was drafted into the German Kriegsmarine navy during World War II, but only on the third call-up; he served as a pianist in the Marine orchestra and only handled weapons during his basic training. In 1948, he started work as a radio presenter at the public NWDR radio station. By then he had moved to Wellingsbüttel, a quarter of Hamburg. He quickly became extremely popular and famous for his irresistible puns and countless nonsense poems. He also acted in films and on stage. In his films he usually played characters similar to his stage persona as an entertainer and comedian – impersonating polite, uptight characters with a tendency to slips of the tongue and uncontrolled outbursts, exposing the bigotry and insincerity of West Germany's post-war society. By the 1960s, he had become a household name. Still today, many family gatherings which include the older generation tend to end in spontaneous recitations of Erhardt's most famous pieces such as Die Made. Erhardt suffered a stroke in December 1971, which left him unable to speak or write. He was limited to reading and understanding the speech of others; these limitations ended his long career as an actor. As a belated 70th birthday gift, he was awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany four days before his death in 1979. Selected filmography References Sources External links Official website Heinz Erhardt at IMDb	Heinz Erhardt (German: [haɪnts ˈeːɐ̯haʁt]; 20 February 1909 – 5 June 1979) was a German comedian, musician, entertainer, actor and poet. Life Heinz Erhardt was born in Riga, the son of Baltic German Kapellmeister Gustav Erhardt. He lived most of his childhood at his grandparents in Riga, where his grandfather, Paul Nelder, owned a music supply store at the current location of the Freedom Square. His grandfather also taught him how to play the piano. After World War I, his father emigrated to Germany. Erhardt lived with his stepmother in Wennigsen near Hanover, where he attended school, until in 1924 he returned to Riga. From 1926 he studied at the Leipzig conservatory; however, Erhardt's wish to become a professional pianist was not supported by his grandparents who wanted him to work as a merchant. In 1935, Erhardt married Gilda Zanetti, daughter of the Italian consul in Saint Petersburg. They had four children: Grit, Verena, Gero and Marita. Gero Erhardt became a film director and cinematographer, and his grandson, Marek Erhardt, became an actor. Working at his grandfather's business, Erhardt entered the stage as a cabaret artist in several Riga coffeehouses and in 1937 even appeared on the German RRG radio. The next year, Erhardt moved to Berlin, where he performed on a Kabarett stage on Kurfürstendamm. In 1939, he made his first TV appearance with his swing song Mein Mädchen in the film Bunte Fernseh-Fibel. The spectacle wearer and non-swimmer Erhardt was drafted into the German Kriegsmarine navy during World War II, but only on the third call-up; he served as a pianist in the Marine orchestra and only handled weapons during his basic training. In 1948, he started work as a radio presenter at the public NWDR radio station. By then he had moved to Wellingsbüttel, a quarter of Hamburg. He quickly became extremely popular and famous for his irresistible puns and countless nonsense poems. He also acted in films and on stage. In his films he usually played characters similar to his stage persona as an entertainer and comedian – impersonating polite, uptight characters with a tendency to slips of the tongue and uncontrolled outbursts, exposing the bigotry and insincerity of West Germany's post-war society. By the 1960s, he had become a household name. Still today, many family gatherings which include the older generation tend to end in spontaneous recitations of Erhardt's most famous pieces such as Die Made. Erhardt suffered a stroke in December 1971, which left him unable to speak or write. He was limited to reading and understanding the speech of others; these limitations ended his long career as an actor. As a belated 70th birthday gift, he was awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany four days before his death in 1979. Selected filmography References Sources External links Official website Heinz Erhardt at IMDb
Rudolf Christoph Eucken	Rudolf Christoph Eucken (; German: [ˈʁuːdɔlf ˈɔʏkn̩] ; 5 January 1846 – 14 September 1926) was a German philosopher. He received the 1908 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life", after he had been nominated by a member of the Swedish Academy. Early life Eucken was born on 5 January 1846 in Aurich, then in the Kingdom of Hanover (now Lower Saxony). His father, Ammo Becker Eucken died when he was a child, and he was brought up by his mother, Ida Maria (née Gittermann). He was educated at Aurich, where one of his teachers was the classical philologist and philosopher Ludwig Wilhelm Maximilian Reuter. He studied at Göttingen University (1863–1866), where Hermann Lotze was one of his teachers, and Berlin University. In the latter place, Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg was a professor whose ethical tendencies and historical treatment of philosophy greatly attracted him. Career Eucken received his PhD in classical philology and ancient history from Göttingen University in 1866 with a dissertation titled De Aristotelis dicendi ratione. However, the inclination of his mind was definitely towards the philosophical side of theology. In 1871, after five years working as a school teacher at Husum, Berlin und Frankfurt, he was appointed Professor of Philosophy at the University of Basel, Switzerland, succeeding another of his former teachers at Göttingen, Gustav Teichmüller, and beating Friedrich Nietzsche in competition for the position. He stayed there until 1874 when he took up a similar position at the University of Jena. He stayed there until he retired in 1920. In 1912–13, Eucken spent half of the year as an exchange professor at Harvard University, and in 1913 he served as a Deem lecturer at New York University. During World War I, Eucken, like many of his academic colleagues, took a strong line in favour of the causes with which his country had associated itself. Ethical activism Eucken's philosophical work is partly historical and partly constructive, the former side being predominant in his earlier, the latter in his later works. Their most striking feature is the close organic relationship between the two parts. The aim of the historical works is to show the necessary connection between philosophical concepts and the age to which they belong; the same idea is at the root of his constructive speculation. All philosophy is philosophy of life, the development of a new culture, not mere intellectualism, but the application of a vital religious inspiration to the practical problems of society. This practical idealism Eucken described by the term "ethical activism" (German: Aktivismus). In accordance with this principle, Eucken gave considerable attention to social and educational problems. He maintained that humans have souls, and that they are therefore at the junction between nature and spirit. He believed that people should overcome their non-spiritual nature by continuous efforts to achieve a spiritual life, another aspect of his ethical activism and meaning of life. Later life and death Rudolf Eucken married Irene Passow in 1882 and had a daughter and two sons. His son Walter Eucken became a famous founder of ordoliberal thought in economics. His son Arnold Eucken was a chemist and physicist. Rudolf Eucken died on 15 September 1926 in Jena at the age of 80. Major works He was a prolific writer; his best-known works are: Die Lebensanschauungen der großen Denker (1890; 7th ed., 1907; 1918; Eng. trans., W. Hough and Boyce Gibson, The Problem of Human Life, 1909) (The Problem of Human Life as Viewed by the Great Thinkers) Der Kampf um einen geistigen Lebensinhalt (1896) (The Struggle for a Spiritual Content of Life) Der Wahrheitsgehalt der Religion (1901) (The Truth of Religion) Grundlinien einer neuen Lebensanschauung (1907) (Life's Basis and Life's Ideal: The Fundamentals of a New Philosophy of Life) Der Sinn und Wert des Lebens (1908) (The Meaning and Value of Life) Geistige Strömungen der Gegenwart (1908; first appeared in 1878 as Die Grundbegriffe der Gegenwart; Eng. trans. by M. Stuart Phelps, New York, 1880) (Main Currents of Modern Thought) Können wir noch Christen sein? (1911) (Can We Still Be Christians?, 1914) Present Day Ethics in their Relation to the Spiritual Life (1913) (Deem Lectures given at New York University) Der Sozialismus und seine Lebensgestaltung (1920) (Socialism: an Analysis (1922)) Other notable works are: Die Methode der aristotelischen Forschung (1872) (The Aristotelian Method of Research) Geschichte der philosophische Terminologie (1879) (History of Philosophical Terminology) Prolegomena zu Forschungen über die Einheit des Geisteslebens (1885) (Prolegomena to Research on the Unity of the Spiritual Life) Beiträge zur Geschichte der neueren Philosophie (1886, 1905) (Contributions to the History of the Newer Philosophies) Die Einheit des Geisteslebens (1888) (The Unity of the Spiritual Life) Thomas von Aquino und Kant (1901) (Thomas Aquinas and Kant) Gesammelte Aufsätze zu Philosophische und Lebensanschauung (1903) (Collected Essays on Views of Philosophy and Life) Philosophie der Geschichte (1907) (Philosophy of History) Einführung in die Philosophie der Geisteslebens (1908; Eng. trans., The Life of the Spirit, F. L. Pogson, 1909, Crown Theological Library) (Introduction to the Philosophy of the Life of the Spirit) Hauptprobleme der Religionsphilosophie der Gegenwart (1907) (Main Problems of the Current Philosophy of Religion) Other English translations of his work include: Liberty in Teaching in the German Universities (1897) Are the Germans still a Nation of Thinkers? (1898) Progress of Philosophy in the 19th Century (1899) The Finnish Question (1899) The Present Status of Religion in Germany (1901) The Problem of Human Life as Viewed by the Great Thinkers from Plato to the Present Time, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909. Back to Religion, 1912. Main Currents of Modern Thought: A Study of the Spiritual and Intellectual Movements of the Present Day, T. Fisher Unwin, 1912. The Meaning and Value of Life, A. and C. Black, 1913. Can we Still be Christians?, The Macmillan Company, 1914. Collected Essays, edited and translated by Meyrick Booth, T. Fisher Unwin, 1914. Knowledge and Life (translation), G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1914. He delivered lectures in England in 1911 and spent six months lecturing at Harvard University and elsewhere in the United States in 1912–1913. References Further reading Beck, Friedrich Alfred. Rudolf Eucken, Deutsche Buch-Gemeinschaft, 1927. Booth, Meyrick. Rudolf Eucken: His Philosophy and Influence, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913. Feuling, Daniel. "Rudolf Eucken's Philosophy," The Dublin Review, Vol. CLV, July/October, 1914. Gibson, W. R. Boyce. Rudolf Eucken's Philosophy of Life, A. & C. Black, 1915. Jones, Abel J. Rudolf Eucken: A Philosophy of Life, T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1913. Jones, W. Tudor. Rudolf Eucken: His Life and Philosophy, Haldeman-Julius Co., 1920. MacSwiney, Margaret Mary. Rudolf Eucken and the Spiritual Life, National Capital Press, 1915. H. Osborne Ryder, "Religious Tendencies in Eucken and Bergson", Social Science, 2(4), August/September/October, 1927, pp. 419–425. External links Media related to Rudolf Eucken at Wikimedia Commons Eucken, Rudolf Christoph at Nobel-winners.com Works by Rudolf Eucken at Project Gutenberg List of Works Works by or about Rudolf Christoph Eucken at the Internet Archive Works by Rudolf Christoph Eucken at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Newspaper clippings about Rudolf Christoph Eucken in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Rudolf Christoph Eucken on Nobelprize.org	Rudolf Christoph Eucken (; German: [ˈʁuːdɔlf ˈɔʏkn̩] ; 5 January 1846 – 14 September 1926) was a German philosopher. He received the 1908 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life", after he had been nominated by a member of the Swedish Academy. Early life Eucken was born on 5 January 1846 in Aurich, then in the Kingdom of Hanover (now Lower Saxony). His father, Ammo Becker Eucken died when he was a child, and he was brought up by his mother, Ida Maria (née Gittermann). He was educated at Aurich, where one of his teachers was the classical philologist and philosopher Ludwig Wilhelm Maximilian Reuter. He studied at Göttingen University (1863–1866), where Hermann Lotze was one of his teachers, and Berlin University. In the latter place, Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg was a professor whose ethical tendencies and historical treatment of philosophy greatly attracted him. Career Eucken received his PhD in classical philology and ancient history from Göttingen University in 1866 with a dissertation titled De Aristotelis dicendi ratione. However, the inclination of his mind was definitely towards the philosophical side of theology. In 1871, after five years working as a school teacher at Husum, Berlin und Frankfurt, he was appointed Professor of Philosophy at the University of Basel, Switzerland, succeeding another of his former teachers at Göttingen, Gustav Teichmüller, and beating Friedrich Nietzsche in competition for the position. He stayed there until 1874 when he took up a similar position at the University of Jena. He stayed there until he retired in 1920. In 1912–13, Eucken spent half of the year as an exchange professor at Harvard University, and in 1913 he served as a Deem lecturer at New York University. During World War I, Eucken, like many of his academic colleagues, took a strong line in favour of the causes with which his country had associated itself. Ethical activism Eucken's philosophical work is partly historical and partly constructive, the former side being predominant in his earlier, the latter in his later works. Their most striking feature is the close organic relationship between the two parts. The aim of the historical works is to show the necessary connection between philosophical concepts and the age to which they belong; the same idea is at the root of his constructive speculation. All philosophy is philosophy of life, the development of a new culture, not mere intellectualism, but the application of a vital religious inspiration to the practical problems of society. This practical idealism Eucken described by the term "ethical activism" (German: Aktivismus). In accordance with this principle, Eucken gave considerable attention to social and educational problems. He maintained that humans have souls, and that they are therefore at the junction between nature and spirit. He believed that people should overcome their non-spiritual nature by continuous efforts to achieve a spiritual life, another aspect of his ethical activism and meaning of life. Later life and death Rudolf Eucken married Irene Passow in 1882 and had a daughter and two sons. His son Walter Eucken became a famous founder of ordoliberal thought in economics. His son Arnold Eucken was a chemist and physicist. Rudolf Eucken died on 15 September 1926 in Jena at the age of 80. Major works He was a prolific writer; his best-known works are: Die Lebensanschauungen der großen Denker (1890; 7th ed., 1907; 1918; Eng. trans., W. Hough and Boyce Gibson, The Problem of Human Life, 1909) (The Problem of Human Life as Viewed by the Great Thinkers) Der Kampf um einen geistigen Lebensinhalt (1896) (The Struggle for a Spiritual Content of Life) Der Wahrheitsgehalt der Religion (1901) (The Truth of Religion) Grundlinien einer neuen Lebensanschauung (1907) (Life's Basis and Life's Ideal: The Fundamentals of a New Philosophy of Life) Der Sinn und Wert des Lebens (1908) (The Meaning and Value of Life) Geistige Strömungen der Gegenwart (1908; first appeared in 1878 as Die Grundbegriffe der Gegenwart; Eng. trans. by M. Stuart Phelps, New York, 1880) (Main Currents of Modern Thought) Können wir noch Christen sein? (1911) (Can We Still Be Christians?, 1914) Present Day Ethics in their Relation to the Spiritual Life (1913) (Deem Lectures given at New York University) Der Sozialismus und seine Lebensgestaltung (1920) (Socialism: an Analysis (1922)) Other notable works are: Die Methode der aristotelischen Forschung (1872) (The Aristotelian Method of Research) Geschichte der philosophische Terminologie (1879) (History of Philosophical Terminology) Prolegomena zu Forschungen über die Einheit des Geisteslebens (1885) (Prolegomena to Research on the Unity of the Spiritual Life) Beiträge zur Geschichte der neueren Philosophie (1886, 1905) (Contributions to the History of the Newer Philosophies) Die Einheit des Geisteslebens (1888) (The Unity of the Spiritual Life) Thomas von Aquino und Kant (1901) (Thomas Aquinas and Kant) Gesammelte Aufsätze zu Philosophische und Lebensanschauung (1903) (Collected Essays on Views of Philosophy and Life) Philosophie der Geschichte (1907) (Philosophy of History) Einführung in die Philosophie der Geisteslebens (1908; Eng. trans., The Life of the Spirit, F. L. Pogson, 1909, Crown Theological Library) (Introduction to the Philosophy of the Life of the Spirit) Hauptprobleme der Religionsphilosophie der Gegenwart (1907) (Main Problems of the Current Philosophy of Religion) Other English translations of his work include: Liberty in Teaching in the German Universities (1897) Are the Germans still a Nation of Thinkers? (1898) Progress of Philosophy in the 19th Century (1899) The Finnish Question (1899) The Present Status of Religion in Germany (1901) The Problem of Human Life as Viewed by the Great Thinkers from Plato to the Present Time, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909. Back to Religion, 1912. Main Currents of Modern Thought: A Study of the Spiritual and Intellectual Movements of the Present Day, T. Fisher Unwin, 1912. The Meaning and Value of Life, A. and C. Black, 1913. Can we Still be Christians?, The Macmillan Company, 1914. Collected Essays, edited and translated by Meyrick Booth, T. Fisher Unwin, 1914. Knowledge and Life (translation), G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1914. He delivered lectures in England in 1911 and spent six months lecturing at Harvard University and elsewhere in the United States in 1912–1913. References Further reading Beck, Friedrich Alfred. Rudolf Eucken, Deutsche Buch-Gemeinschaft, 1927. Booth, Meyrick. Rudolf Eucken: His Philosophy and Influence, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913. Feuling, Daniel. "Rudolf Eucken's Philosophy," The Dublin Review, Vol. CLV, July/October, 1914. Gibson, W. R. Boyce. Rudolf Eucken's Philosophy of Life, A. & C. Black, 1915. Jones, Abel J. Rudolf Eucken: A Philosophy of Life, T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1913. Jones, W. Tudor. Rudolf Eucken: His Life and Philosophy, Haldeman-Julius Co., 1920. MacSwiney, Margaret Mary. Rudolf Eucken and the Spiritual Life, National Capital Press, 1915. H. Osborne Ryder, "Religious Tendencies in Eucken and Bergson", Social Science, 2(4), August/September/October, 1927, pp. 419–425. External links Media related to Rudolf Eucken at Wikimedia Commons Eucken, Rudolf Christoph at Nobel-winners.com Works by Rudolf Eucken at Project Gutenberg List of Works Works by or about Rudolf Christoph Eucken at the Internet Archive Works by Rudolf Christoph Eucken at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Newspaper clippings about Rudolf Christoph Eucken in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Rudolf Christoph Eucken on Nobelprize.org
Paul Gerhardt	Paulus or Paul Gerhardt (12 March 1607 – 27 May 1676) was a German theologian, Lutheran minister and hymnodist. Biography Gerhardt was born into a middle-class family at Gräfenhainichen, a small town between Halle and Wittenberg. His father died in 1619, his mother in 1621. At the age of fifteen, he entered the Fürstenschule in Grimma. The school was known for its pious atmosphere and stern discipline. The school almost closed in 1626 when the plague came to Grimma, but Paul remained and graduated from there in 1627. In January 1628 he enrolled in the University of Wittenberg. There, two teachers in particular had an influence on him: Paul Röber and Jacob Martini. Both of these men were staunch Lutherans, promoting its teachings not only in the classroom but in sermons and hymns. Röber in particular often took his sermon texts from hymns. In this way Gerhardt was taught the use of hymnody as a tool of pastoral care and instruction. Gerhardt graduated from the University of Wittenberg around 1642. Due to the troubles of the Thirty Years' War it seems he was not immediately placed as a pastor, and thus moved to Berlin where he worked as tutor in the family of an advocate named Andreas Barthold. During his time in Berlin his hymns and poems brought him to the attention of Johann Crüger, the cantor and organist at the Nicolaikirche in Berlin. Crüger was impressed by Gerhardt's hymns and included many of them in his Praxis pietatis melica. The hymns proved popular, and Gerhardt and Crüger began a collaboration and friendship that continued for many years. In September 1651, Gerhardt received his first ecclesiastical appointment as the new Probst at Mittenwalde (a small town near Berlin). It was during his time in Mittenwalde when he composed most of his hymns. Also while there he married Anna Maria Barthold, one of the daughters of Andreas Barthold. Their first child was born there in 1656, but died in infancy; a memorial tablet in the church shows their grief. While Gerhardt was a devoted pastor in Mittenwalde it appears he missed Berlin. In 1657 he was called to be a Deacon (Associate Pastor) to the Nikolaikirche of Berlin. He seems to have had some hesitancy about leaving Mittenwalde since it was only after long deliberation that he accepted the appointment. When Gerhardt came to Berlin he found a city full of strife between the Lutheran and Reformed clergy. The Elector at the time was Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg, who was Reformed. He wanted to make peace between the clerical factions, but being Reformed himself, he concentrated most of his efforts on making his lands more Calvinist. He placed only Reformed pastors into parishes, removed the Lutheran professors from the University of Frankfurt and forbade students from his lands to study at the University of Wittenberg. He also sponsored a series of conferences between the Lutheran and Reformed clergy in the hopes of having them arrive at some consensus, but the result was the opposite: the more the two sides argued, the further apart they found themselves. Gerhardt was a leading voice among the Lutheran clergy, and drew up many of the statements in defense of the Lutheran faith. At the same time he was renowned for acting fraternally not only with the Lutherans but also with the Reformed clergy; he was respected and very well liked by all. His sermons and devotional writings were so free from controversy that many among the Reformed attended his services, and the wife of the Elector, Louisa Henrietta, was a great admirer of him and his hymns. The Elector, however, was growing impatient with a lack of success at his conferences. He put an end to them in 1664 and published his "syncretistic" edict. Since the edict disallowed the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran Confessions as contained in the Book of Concord, many Lutheran clergy could not bring themselves to comply with the edict. Gerhardt was thus removed from his position in 1666. The citizens of Berlin petitioned to have him restored, and owing to their repeated requests an exception to the edict was made for Gerhardt, although his conscience did not allow him to retain a post which, it appeared to him, could only be held on condition of a tacit repudiation of the Formula of Concord. For over a year he lived in Berlin without fixed employment. During this time his wife also died, leaving him with only one surviving child. Ironically the edict was withdrawn a few months later, although by this time his patroness, Electress Louisa Henrietta had died as well and so he was still without a position. In October 1668 he was called as archdeacon of Lübben in the duchy of Saxe-Merseburg, where, after a ministry of eight years, he died on 27 May 1676. Gerhardt is considered Germany's greatest hymn writer. Many of his best-known hymns were originally published in various church hymn-books, as for example in that for Brandenburg, which appeared in 1658; others first saw the light in Johann Crüger's Geistliche Kirchenmelodien (1647) and Praxis pietatis melica. The first complete collection is the Geistliche Andachten, published in 1666–1667 by Ebeling, music director in Berlin. No hymn by Gerhardt of a later date than 1667 is known to exist. The life of Gerhardt has been written by Roth (1829), by Langbecker (1841), by Schultz (1842), by Wildenhahn (1845) and by Bachmann (1863); also by Kraft in Ersch's und Gruber's Allg. Encyc (1855). A short biography was also done by William Dallmann, reprinted in 2003. The best modern edition of the hymns, published by Wackernagel in 1843, has often been reprinted. There is an English translation by Kelly (Paul Gerhardt's Spiritual Songs, 1867). Commemoration Paul Gerhardt is commemorated on 26 October in the Calendar of Saints used by some Lutheran churches in the United States, on which day the achievements of Philipp Nicolai and Johann Heermann are also commemorated. A plaque in Wittenberg marks his lodgings, close to the university. Hymns Johann Sebastian Bach used several single stanzas of Gerhardt's hymns in his church cantatas, motets, Passions and Christmas Oratorio. The hymn "Ich hab in Gottes Herz und Sinn" is the base for Bach's chorale cantata BWV 92. Hymn texts by Gerhardt, listed with a translation of the first line, associated hymn tune, base, liturgical occasion, the number in the current German Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch (EG) and the Catholic Gotteslob (GL), use in Bachs works (BWV numbers between 1 and 200 are cantatas, BWV 245 is the St John Passion, BWV 244 is the St Matthew Passion, BWV 248 the Christmas Oratorio, BWV 439–507 appear in Schemellis Gesangbuch), and/or notes: References External links Paul Gerhardt 1607–1676 from The Cyber Hymnal Theodore Brown Hewitt. Paul Gerhardt as a Hymn Writer and His Influence on English Hymnody New Haven: Yale University Press. 1918 Works by Paul Gerhardt at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Paul Gerhardt at the Internet Archive In Behalf of Paul Gerhardt and the Elenchus Paul Gerhardt's Spiritual Songs, trans. J. Kelly, 80 pages, 1867. "Gerhardt, Paul" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. "Gerhardt, Paulus" . New International Encyclopedia. 1906. Paul-Gerhardt-Gemeinde Mannheim	Paulus or Paul Gerhardt (12 March 1607 – 27 May 1676) was a German theologian, Lutheran minister and hymnodist. Biography Gerhardt was born into a middle-class family at Gräfenhainichen, a small town between Halle and Wittenberg. His father died in 1619, his mother in 1621. At the age of fifteen, he entered the Fürstenschule in Grimma. The school was known for its pious atmosphere and stern discipline. The school almost closed in 1626 when the plague came to Grimma, but Paul remained and graduated from there in 1627. In January 1628 he enrolled in the University of Wittenberg. There, two teachers in particular had an influence on him: Paul Röber and Jacob Martini. Both of these men were staunch Lutherans, promoting its teachings not only in the classroom but in sermons and hymns. Röber in particular often took his sermon texts from hymns. In this way Gerhardt was taught the use of hymnody as a tool of pastoral care and instruction. Gerhardt graduated from the University of Wittenberg around 1642. Due to the troubles of the Thirty Years' War it seems he was not immediately placed as a pastor, and thus moved to Berlin where he worked as tutor in the family of an advocate named Andreas Barthold. During his time in Berlin his hymns and poems brought him to the attention of Johann Crüger, the cantor and organist at the Nicolaikirche in Berlin. Crüger was impressed by Gerhardt's hymns and included many of them in his Praxis pietatis melica. The hymns proved popular, and Gerhardt and Crüger began a collaboration and friendship that continued for many years. In September 1651, Gerhardt received his first ecclesiastical appointment as the new Probst at Mittenwalde (a small town near Berlin). It was during his time in Mittenwalde when he composed most of his hymns. Also while there he married Anna Maria Barthold, one of the daughters of Andreas Barthold. Their first child was born there in 1656, but died in infancy; a memorial tablet in the church shows their grief. While Gerhardt was a devoted pastor in Mittenwalde it appears he missed Berlin. In 1657 he was called to be a Deacon (Associate Pastor) to the Nikolaikirche of Berlin. He seems to have had some hesitancy about leaving Mittenwalde since it was only after long deliberation that he accepted the appointment. When Gerhardt came to Berlin he found a city full of strife between the Lutheran and Reformed clergy. The Elector at the time was Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg, who was Reformed. He wanted to make peace between the clerical factions, but being Reformed himself, he concentrated most of his efforts on making his lands more Calvinist. He placed only Reformed pastors into parishes, removed the Lutheran professors from the University of Frankfurt and forbade students from his lands to study at the University of Wittenberg. He also sponsored a series of conferences between the Lutheran and Reformed clergy in the hopes of having them arrive at some consensus, but the result was the opposite: the more the two sides argued, the further apart they found themselves. Gerhardt was a leading voice among the Lutheran clergy, and drew up many of the statements in defense of the Lutheran faith. At the same time he was renowned for acting fraternally not only with the Lutherans but also with the Reformed clergy; he was respected and very well liked by all. His sermons and devotional writings were so free from controversy that many among the Reformed attended his services, and the wife of the Elector, Louisa Henrietta, was a great admirer of him and his hymns. The Elector, however, was growing impatient with a lack of success at his conferences. He put an end to them in 1664 and published his "syncretistic" edict. Since the edict disallowed the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran Confessions as contained in the Book of Concord, many Lutheran clergy could not bring themselves to comply with the edict. Gerhardt was thus removed from his position in 1666. The citizens of Berlin petitioned to have him restored, and owing to their repeated requests an exception to the edict was made for Gerhardt, although his conscience did not allow him to retain a post which, it appeared to him, could only be held on condition of a tacit repudiation of the Formula of Concord. For over a year he lived in Berlin without fixed employment. During this time his wife also died, leaving him with only one surviving child. Ironically the edict was withdrawn a few months later, although by this time his patroness, Electress Louisa Henrietta had died as well and so he was still without a position. In October 1668 he was called as archdeacon of Lübben in the duchy of Saxe-Merseburg, where, after a ministry of eight years, he died on 27 May 1676. Gerhardt is considered Germany's greatest hymn writer. Many of his best-known hymns were originally published in various church hymn-books, as for example in that for Brandenburg, which appeared in 1658; others first saw the light in Johann Crüger's Geistliche Kirchenmelodien (1647) and Praxis pietatis melica. The first complete collection is the Geistliche Andachten, published in 1666–1667 by Ebeling, music director in Berlin. No hymn by Gerhardt of a later date than 1667 is known to exist. The life of Gerhardt has been written by Roth (1829), by Langbecker (1841), by Schultz (1842), by Wildenhahn (1845) and by Bachmann (1863); also by Kraft in Ersch's und Gruber's Allg. Encyc (1855). A short biography was also done by William Dallmann, reprinted in 2003. The best modern edition of the hymns, published by Wackernagel in 1843, has often been reprinted. There is an English translation by Kelly (Paul Gerhardt's Spiritual Songs, 1867). Commemoration Paul Gerhardt is commemorated on 26 October in the Calendar of Saints used by some Lutheran churches in the United States, on which day the achievements of Philipp Nicolai and Johann Heermann are also commemorated. A plaque in Wittenberg marks his lodgings, close to the university. Hymns Johann Sebastian Bach used several single stanzas of Gerhardt's hymns in his church cantatas, motets, Passions and Christmas Oratorio. The hymn "Ich hab in Gottes Herz und Sinn" is the base for Bach's chorale cantata BWV 92. Hymn texts by Gerhardt, listed with a translation of the first line, associated hymn tune, base, liturgical occasion, the number in the current German Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch (EG) and the Catholic Gotteslob (GL), use in Bachs works (BWV numbers between 1 and 200 are cantatas, BWV 245 is the St John Passion, BWV 244 is the St Matthew Passion, BWV 248 the Christmas Oratorio, BWV 439–507 appear in Schemellis Gesangbuch), and/or notes: References External links Paul Gerhardt 1607–1676 from The Cyber Hymnal Theodore Brown Hewitt. Paul Gerhardt as a Hymn Writer and His Influence on English Hymnody New Haven: Yale University Press. 1918 Works by Paul Gerhardt at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Paul Gerhardt at the Internet Archive In Behalf of Paul Gerhardt and the Elenchus Paul Gerhardt's Spiritual Songs, trans. J. Kelly, 80 pages, 1867. "Gerhardt, Paul" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. "Gerhardt, Paulus" . New International Encyclopedia. 1906. Paul-Gerhardt-Gemeinde Mannheim
Moshe Greenberg	Moshe Greenberg (Hebrew: משה גרינברג; July 10, 1928 – May 15, 2010) was an American rabbi, Bible scholar, and professor emeritus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Biography Moshe Greenberg was born in Philadelphia in 1928. Raised in a Hebrew-speaking Zionist home, he studied Bible and Hebrew literature from his youth. His father, Rabbi Simon Greenberg, was the rabbi of Har Zion Temple and one of the most important leaders of the Conservative movement. Moshe Greenberg received his doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania in 1954, studying Bible and Assyriology under E. A. Speiser; simultaneously, he studied post-Biblical Judaica at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTSA), where he was ordained as a rabbi. Greenberg was married to Evelyn Gelber and had three sons. He died in Jerusalem after a long illness. Academic and literary career Greenberg taught Bible and Judaica at the University of Pennsylvania from 1964-1970. He held a chair in Jewish studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, an institution at which he had taught since 1970. He also taught at Swarthmore College, the JTSA, the University of California, Berkeley and the Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies. Greenberg was editor-in-chief of the Ketuvim section of the Jewish Publication Society of America's new English translation of the Bible. He was the author of ten books and numerous articles. From 1994-1995 he held a fellowship at the Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, doing research in Historiography. Scholarship Greenberg was the first Jewish Bible scholar appointed to a position in a secular university after World War II and had an important influence on the development of Biblical scholarship. He focused on the phenomenology of biblical religion and law, the theory and practice of interpreting biblical texts, and the role of the Bible in Jewish thought. In the area of prayer, Greenberg studied the development of biblical petition and praise, which he portrayed as "a vehicle of humility, an expression of un-selfsufficiency, which in biblical thought, is the proper stance of humans before God" (Studies, 75-108). He showed that the prose prayers embedded in biblical narratives reflect the piety of commoners, and reasoned that the frequency of spontaneous prayer strengthened the egalitarian tendency of Israelite religion which led to the establishment of the synagogue. In the area of biblical law, Greenberg argued that "the law [is] the expression of underlying postulates or values of culture" and that differences between biblical and ancient Near Eastern laws were not reflections of different stages of social development but of different underlying legal and religious principles (Studies, 25-41). Analyzing economic, social, political, and religious laws in the Torah, he showed that they dispersed authority throughout society and prevented the monopolization of prestige and power by narrow elite groups (Studies, 51-61). In his commentaries on Exodus (1969) and Ezekiel (1983, 1997), Greenberg developed a "holistic" method of exegesis, redirecting attention from the text's "hypothetically reconstructed elements" to the biblical books as integral wholes and products of thoughtful and artistic design. Greenberg's studies of Jewish thought include studies of the intellectual achievements of medieval Jewish exegesis, investigations of rabbinic reflections on defying illegal orders (Studies, 395-403), and attitudes toward members of other religions (Studies, 369-393; "A Problematic Heritage"). He argued that a Scripture-based religion must avoid fundamentalism through selectivity and re-prioritizing values. Awards In 1961, Greenberg was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. He was also awarded the Harrison Prize for Distinguished Teaching and Research. In 1994, he was awarded the Israel Prize in Bible. Greenberg also taught at Beyt Midrash leShalom, the Peace Study Center sponsored jointly by the Israeli Religious Peace Movement Netivot Shalom and by Tikkun Magazine. Published works Hab Piru, 1955 Introduction to Hebrew, 1965 Understanding Exodus, 1967 Biblical Prose Prayer as a Window to the Popular Religion of Ancient Israel, 1983 Ezekiel in the Anchor Bible Series 3 volumes, 1983, 1997 (third volume was to be completed by Jacob Milgrom, who died June 5, 2010) Torah: Five Books of Moses, 2000 See also List of Israel Prize recipients References Bibliography Moshe Greenberg: An Appreciation," and "Bibliography of the Writings of Moshe Greenberg," pp. ix-xxxviii in M. Cogan, B.L. Eichler, and J.H. Tigay, eds., Tehilla le-Moshe. Biblical and Judaic Studies in Honor of Moshe Greenberg. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997 S.D. Sperling, ed., Students of the Covenant: A History of Jewish Biblical Scholarship in North America (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992), index s.v. "Greenberg, Moshe." Pras Yisra'el 5754 (Israel Prizes, 1994). Israel: Ministry of Science and Arts; Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports, 1994), pp. 5–7 (in Hebrew)	Moshe Greenberg (Hebrew: משה גרינברג; July 10, 1928 – May 15, 2010) was an American rabbi, Bible scholar, and professor emeritus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Biography Moshe Greenberg was born in Philadelphia in 1928. Raised in a Hebrew-speaking Zionist home, he studied Bible and Hebrew literature from his youth. His father, Rabbi Simon Greenberg, was the rabbi of Har Zion Temple and one of the most important leaders of the Conservative movement. Moshe Greenberg received his doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania in 1954, studying Bible and Assyriology under E. A. Speiser; simultaneously, he studied post-Biblical Judaica at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTSA), where he was ordained as a rabbi. Greenberg was married to Evelyn Gelber and had three sons. He died in Jerusalem after a long illness. Academic and literary career Greenberg taught Bible and Judaica at the University of Pennsylvania from 1964-1970. He held a chair in Jewish studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, an institution at which he had taught since 1970. He also taught at Swarthmore College, the JTSA, the University of California, Berkeley and the Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies. Greenberg was editor-in-chief of the Ketuvim section of the Jewish Publication Society of America's new English translation of the Bible. He was the author of ten books and numerous articles. From 1994-1995 he held a fellowship at the Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, doing research in Historiography. Scholarship Greenberg was the first Jewish Bible scholar appointed to a position in a secular university after World War II and had an important influence on the development of Biblical scholarship. He focused on the phenomenology of biblical religion and law, the theory and practice of interpreting biblical texts, and the role of the Bible in Jewish thought. In the area of prayer, Greenberg studied the development of biblical petition and praise, which he portrayed as "a vehicle of humility, an expression of un-selfsufficiency, which in biblical thought, is the proper stance of humans before God" (Studies, 75-108). He showed that the prose prayers embedded in biblical narratives reflect the piety of commoners, and reasoned that the frequency of spontaneous prayer strengthened the egalitarian tendency of Israelite religion which led to the establishment of the synagogue. In the area of biblical law, Greenberg argued that "the law [is] the expression of underlying postulates or values of culture" and that differences between biblical and ancient Near Eastern laws were not reflections of different stages of social development but of different underlying legal and religious principles (Studies, 25-41). Analyzing economic, social, political, and religious laws in the Torah, he showed that they dispersed authority throughout society and prevented the monopolization of prestige and power by narrow elite groups (Studies, 51-61). In his commentaries on Exodus (1969) and Ezekiel (1983, 1997), Greenberg developed a "holistic" method of exegesis, redirecting attention from the text's "hypothetically reconstructed elements" to the biblical books as integral wholes and products of thoughtful and artistic design. Greenberg's studies of Jewish thought include studies of the intellectual achievements of medieval Jewish exegesis, investigations of rabbinic reflections on defying illegal orders (Studies, 395-403), and attitudes toward members of other religions (Studies, 369-393; "A Problematic Heritage"). He argued that a Scripture-based religion must avoid fundamentalism through selectivity and re-prioritizing values. Awards In 1961, Greenberg was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. He was also awarded the Harrison Prize for Distinguished Teaching and Research. In 1994, he was awarded the Israel Prize in Bible. Greenberg also taught at Beyt Midrash leShalom, the Peace Study Center sponsored jointly by the Israeli Religious Peace Movement Netivot Shalom and by Tikkun Magazine. Published works Hab Piru, 1955 Introduction to Hebrew, 1965 Understanding Exodus, 1967 Biblical Prose Prayer as a Window to the Popular Religion of Ancient Israel, 1983 Ezekiel in the Anchor Bible Series 3 volumes, 1983, 1997 (third volume was to be completed by Jacob Milgrom, who died June 5, 2010) Torah: Five Books of Moses, 2000 See also List of Israel Prize recipients References Bibliography Moshe Greenberg: An Appreciation," and "Bibliography of the Writings of Moshe Greenberg," pp. ix-xxxviii in M. Cogan, B.L. Eichler, and J.H. Tigay, eds., Tehilla le-Moshe. Biblical and Judaic Studies in Honor of Moshe Greenberg. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997 S.D. Sperling, ed., Students of the Covenant: A History of Jewish Biblical Scholarship in North America (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992), index s.v. "Greenberg, Moshe." Pras Yisra'el 5754 (Israel Prizes, 1994). Israel: Ministry of Science and Arts; Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports, 1994), pp. 5–7 (in Hebrew)
Amy Clampitt	Amy Clampitt (June 15, 1920 – September 10, 1994) was an American poet and author. Life Clampitt was born on June 15, 1920, of Quaker parents, and brought up in New Providence, Iowa. At nearby Grinnell College and later in the American Academy of Arts and Letters she began a study of English literature that eventually led her to poetry. Clampitt graduated with honors in English from Grinnell College in 1941, and from that time on lived mainly in New York City. To support herself, she worked as a secretary at the Oxford University Press, a reference librarian at the Audubon Society, and a freelance editor. Not until the mid-1960s, when Clampitt was in her forties, did she return to writing poetry. Her first poem was published by The New Yorker in 1978. In 1983, at the age of sixty-three, Clampitt published her first full-length collection, The Kingfisher. In the decade that followed, Clampitt published five books of poetry, including What the Light Was Like (1985), Archaic Figure (1987), and Westward (1990), the latter of which was selected by critic Harold Bloom for inclusion in his Western Canon. Her last book, A Silence Opens, appeared in 1994. Clampitt also published a book of essays and several privately printed editions of her longer poems. She taught at the College of William and Mary, Smith College, and Amherst College, but it was her time spent in Manhattan, in a remote part of Maine, and on various trips to Europe, the former Soviet Union, Iowa, Wales, and England that most directly influenced her work. Clampitt died of cancer in September 1994. An Amy Clampitt Residency was established in Lenox, Massachusetts at Clampitt’s former home. Awards Clampitt was the recipient of a 1982 Guggenheim Fellowship, a MacArthur Fellowship (1992), and she was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the American Academy of Poets. Works Poetry collections Multitudes, Multitudes (Washington Street Press, 1973). The Isthmus (1981). The Summer Solstice (Sarabande Press, 1983). The Kingfisher (Knopf, 1983). ISBN 0-394-52840-9. What the Light Was Like (Knopf, 1983). ISBN 0-394-54318-1. Archaic Figure (Knopf, 1987). ISBN 0-394-75090-X. Westward (Knopf, 1990). ISBN 0-394-58455-4. Manhattan: An Elegy, and Other Poems (University of Iowa Center for the Book, 1990). A Silence Opens (Knopf, 1994). ISBN 0-679-75022-3. The Collected Poems of Amy Clampitt (Knopf, 1997). ISBN 0-375-70064-1. "A Homage to John Keats" (The Sarabande Press, 1984) Prose A Homage to John Keats (Sarabande Press, 1984). The Essential Donne (Ecco Press, 1988). ISBN 0-88001-480-6. Predecessors, Et Cetera: Essays (University of Michigan Press, 1991). ISBN 0-472-06457-6. Biography Willard Spiegelman, Nothing Stays Put: The Life and Poetry of Amy Clampitt, Knopf, 2023. References External links The Amy Clampitt Fund Clampitt's Academy of American Poets page Poetry Foundation page "Clampitt, Amy: Introduction" Poetry Criticism. Vol. 19, edited by Carol T. Gaffke (Thomson Gale, 1997). Robert E. Hosmer (Spring 1993). "Amy Clampitt, The Art of Poetry No. 45". Paris Review. Spring 1993 (126). Catherine Cucinella, ed., Contemporary American Women Poets: An A-Z guide Archived March 26, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Collection on Amy Clampitt, 1938-1998 SMU Amy Clampitt's Papers are housed at University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections & Archives	Amy Clampitt (June 15, 1920 – September 10, 1994) was an American poet and author. Life Clampitt was born on June 15, 1920, of Quaker parents, and brought up in New Providence, Iowa. At nearby Grinnell College and later in the American Academy of Arts and Letters she began a study of English literature that eventually led her to poetry. Clampitt graduated with honors in English from Grinnell College in 1941, and from that time on lived mainly in New York City. To support herself, she worked as a secretary at the Oxford University Press, a reference librarian at the Audubon Society, and a freelance editor. Not until the mid-1960s, when Clampitt was in her forties, did she return to writing poetry. Her first poem was published by The New Yorker in 1978. In 1983, at the age of sixty-three, Clampitt published her first full-length collection, The Kingfisher. In the decade that followed, Clampitt published five books of poetry, including What the Light Was Like (1985), Archaic Figure (1987), and Westward (1990), the latter of which was selected by critic Harold Bloom for inclusion in his Western Canon. Her last book, A Silence Opens, appeared in 1994. Clampitt also published a book of essays and several privately printed editions of her longer poems. She taught at the College of William and Mary, Smith College, and Amherst College, but it was her time spent in Manhattan, in a remote part of Maine, and on various trips to Europe, the former Soviet Union, Iowa, Wales, and England that most directly influenced her work. Clampitt died of cancer in September 1994. An Amy Clampitt Residency was established in Lenox, Massachusetts at Clampitt’s former home. Awards Clampitt was the recipient of a 1982 Guggenheim Fellowship, a MacArthur Fellowship (1992), and she was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the American Academy of Poets. Works Poetry collections Multitudes, Multitudes (Washington Street Press, 1973). The Isthmus (1981). The Summer Solstice (Sarabande Press, 1983). The Kingfisher (Knopf, 1983). ISBN 0-394-52840-9. What the Light Was Like (Knopf, 1983). ISBN 0-394-54318-1. Archaic Figure (Knopf, 1987). ISBN 0-394-75090-X. Westward (Knopf, 1990). ISBN 0-394-58455-4. Manhattan: An Elegy, and Other Poems (University of Iowa Center for the Book, 1990). A Silence Opens (Knopf, 1994). ISBN 0-679-75022-3. The Collected Poems of Amy Clampitt (Knopf, 1997). ISBN 0-375-70064-1. "A Homage to John Keats" (The Sarabande Press, 1984) Prose A Homage to John Keats (Sarabande Press, 1984). The Essential Donne (Ecco Press, 1988). ISBN 0-88001-480-6. Predecessors, Et Cetera: Essays (University of Michigan Press, 1991). ISBN 0-472-06457-6. Biography Willard Spiegelman, Nothing Stays Put: The Life and Poetry of Amy Clampitt, Knopf, 2023. References External links The Amy Clampitt Fund Clampitt's Academy of American Poets page Poetry Foundation page "Clampitt, Amy: Introduction" Poetry Criticism. Vol. 19, edited by Carol T. Gaffke (Thomson Gale, 1997). Robert E. Hosmer (Spring 1993). "Amy Clampitt, The Art of Poetry No. 45". Paris Review. Spring 1993 (126). Catherine Cucinella, ed., Contemporary American Women Poets: An A-Z guide Archived March 26, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Collection on Amy Clampitt, 1938-1998 SMU Amy Clampitt's Papers are housed at University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections & Archives
Ted Kooser	Theodore J. Kooser (born April 25, 1939) is an American poet. He won the Pulitzer Prize in Poetry in 2005. He served as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 2004 to 2006. Kooser was one of the first poets laureate selected from the Great Plains, and is known for his conversational style of poetry. Biography Early life Ted Kooser was born in Ames, Iowa, on April 25, 1939. Growing up, Kooser attended Ames Public Schools for elementary and middle school. When Kooser arrived at Ames High School, his interest diverted from the library, and it went to cars. He joined the Nightcrawlers Car Club and became secretary of the group in 1956. His motivation for writing in high school can be in part credited to one of his teachers, Mary McNally, who encouraged him to continue writing essays and poems that reflected his life. Education Kooser graduated from Ames High School with a class of 175 students and enrolled at Iowa State University, the alma mater of his uncles. He began writing short nonfiction stories for the Iowa State student literary magazine. He also joined the Iowa State Writer's Round Table, which he credits for fine-tuning his writing skills; Iowa Senator Tom Harkin was also a part of the group. In 1961, Kooser moved to Marshalltown, Iowa, to student teach English classes. The following year he graduated with a BS in English education from Iowa State University and moved to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, to live with his parents. He was offered a graduate readership opportunity at the University of Nebraska and in 1963, he and his wife moved to Lincoln, Nebraska. After winning the Vreeland Award for poetry in 1964, he soon after lost his graduate readership from the University for his poor GPA. In 1967, he received his MA from Nebraska. Career After earning his MA, Kooser worked at Bankers Life Nebraska. He eventually went on to work for Lincoln Benefit Life (a subsidiary of Allstate), an insurance company, for 35 years before retiring as vice president at the age of 60. He wrote for an hour and a half before work every morning, and by the time he retired, Kooser had published seven books of poetry. Kooser taught as a Presidential Professor in the English department of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and is currently a Professor Emeritus. On August 12, 2004, he was named Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry by the Librarian of Congress to serve a term from October 2004 through May 2005. In April 2005, Theodore J. Kooser was appointed to serve a second term as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry. During that same week, Kooser received the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his book Delights & Shadows (Copper Canyon Press, 2004). Edward Hirsch wrote: "There is a sense of quiet amazement at the core of all Kooser's work, but it especially seems to animate his new collection of poems, Delights & Shadows." Kooser's most recent books are Kindest Regards: New and Selected Poems and Red Stilts (2020). He founded and hosted the newspaper project "American Life in Poetry". In 2020, Kooser chose Kwame Dawes, a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets, to be his successor as of January 1, 2021. Kooser also edits the Ted Kooser Contemporary Poetry series published by the University of Nebraska Press. Midwest Poetry Renaissance Ted Kooser was part of the Midwest Poetry Renaissance in the 1960s and 1970s. The Midwest Poetry Renaissance drew on elements of Rural America through a five-state swath of the Great Plains region. Poets of the Midwest were respected among artists throughout the country due to being informed of larger societal forces, such as the distrust of a media-driven culture. More small presses opened up in that time, and Midwestern poets began publishing more work. Warren Woessner regards the catalyst of the MPR to be the anthology Heartland in 1967. The movement began to develop after that point, along with the works of Ted and other poets such as Victor Contoski, Mak Vinz, David Steinglass, Gary Gildner, James Hazard, Greg Kuzma, Judith Minty, and Kathy Weigner (as well as many others) who exemplified the rural subject matter and conversational tone. Most of the poets were in their twenties or early thirties and published their first books. Ted was in his late twenties and thirties during the decade the Midwest Poetry Renaissance occurred. He published his first book through the University of Nebraska Press at age 30, titled "Official Entry Blank." Ted's first full-length book was already out of print by the early 1970s, at which time he became more of a small press poet like many other poets in the Midwest. Ted continued to receive publication of individual poems within anthologies and published several more books in small presses. He also began to edit The New Salt Creek Reader, which had six anthologies by 1974. According to Warren Woessner, a poet during the Midwest Poetry Renaissance, the movement ended in 1975 with the publication of Heartland II. Poetic Style Ted Kooser is known for his conversational style of poetry that is accessible to a nonliterary public. Critic Dana Gioia, in his book Can Poetry Matter?, describes Kooser's style as "drawn from common speech, with subject matter common to the Midwest." Kooser's early and contemporary work involves both troubles for Midwesterners, and observations from everyday life. Recurring themes include love, family, place, and time, but he does not consider himself a regional poet. Personal life Kooser lives on an acreage near the village of Garland, Nebraska. Kooser has served on the Lincoln Library Board. He was founding president of The Nebraska Literary Heritage Association. Kooser is married to Kathleen Rutledge, former editor of the Lincoln Journal Star. They have one son and two grandchildren. Awards & Honors Bibliography Books Kooser, Ted (1969). Official Entry Blank. —— (1971). Grass County. —— (1973). Twenty Poems. —— (1974). A Local Habitation and a Name. —— (1976). Not Coming to Be Barked At. —— (1980). Sure Signs: New and Selected Poems. —— (1985). One World at a Time. —— (1986). The Blizzard Voices. —— (1994). Weather Central. —— (1995). A Book of Things. —— (1999). Riding with Colonel Carter. —— (2001). Winter Morning Walks: One Hundred Postcards to Jim Harrison. —— (2003). Braided Creek: A Conversation in Poetry. Copper Canyon Press. —— (2004). Delights and Shadows. Copper Canyon Press. —— (2004). Local Wonders: Seasons in the Bohemian Alps. —— (2005). Flying at Night: Poems 1965–1985. —— (2005). Lights on a Ground of Darkness: An Evocation of Place and Time. —— (2007). The Poetry Home Repair Manual: Practical Advice for Beginning Poets. —— (2008). Valentines. University of Nebraska Press. —— (2010). Bag in the Wind. —— (2012). Pursuing Blackhawk. Cedar Creek Press, Mason City. —— (2012). House Held Up by Trees. —— (2014). Splitting an Order. Copper Canyon Press. —— (2016). The Bell in the Bridge. —— (2018). Kindest Regards: New and Selected Poems. Copper Canyon Press. —— (2020). Red Stilts. Copper Canyon Press. —— (2022). Cotton Candy: Poems Dipped Out of the Air. University of Nebraska Press. —— (2024). Raft. Copper Canyon Press. Poems References External links Official website Ted Kooser: Online Resources from the Library of Congress American Life in Poetry, Kooser's syndicated newspaper feature Author interview in Guernica Magazine (Guernicamag.com) Ted Kooser biographical summary Linton Weeks, Washington Post, "Poet Laureate's Prized Words", April 5, 2005, page C1 A review of Delights & Shadows by Ted Kooser. Fresh Air radio interview – 4 April 2005 Television Profile of Ted Kooser – NET Television John Cusatis, Charleston Post & Courier, Q & A with Ted Kooser, January 5, 2025	Theodore J. Kooser (born April 25, 1939) is an American poet. He won the Pulitzer Prize in Poetry in 2005. He served as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 2004 to 2006. Kooser was one of the first poets laureate selected from the Great Plains, and is known for his conversational style of poetry. Biography Early life Ted Kooser was born in Ames, Iowa, on April 25, 1939. Growing up, Kooser attended Ames Public Schools for elementary and middle school. When Kooser arrived at Ames High School, his interest diverted from the library, and it went to cars. He joined the Nightcrawlers Car Club and became secretary of the group in 1956. His motivation for writing in high school can be in part credited to one of his teachers, Mary McNally, who encouraged him to continue writing essays and poems that reflected his life. Education Kooser graduated from Ames High School with a class of 175 students and enrolled at Iowa State University, the alma mater of his uncles. He began writing short nonfiction stories for the Iowa State student literary magazine. He also joined the Iowa State Writer's Round Table, which he credits for fine-tuning his writing skills; Iowa Senator Tom Harkin was also a part of the group. In 1961, Kooser moved to Marshalltown, Iowa, to student teach English classes. The following year he graduated with a BS in English education from Iowa State University and moved to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, to live with his parents. He was offered a graduate readership opportunity at the University of Nebraska and in 1963, he and his wife moved to Lincoln, Nebraska. After winning the Vreeland Award for poetry in 1964, he soon after lost his graduate readership from the University for his poor GPA. In 1967, he received his MA from Nebraska. Career After earning his MA, Kooser worked at Bankers Life Nebraska. He eventually went on to work for Lincoln Benefit Life (a subsidiary of Allstate), an insurance company, for 35 years before retiring as vice president at the age of 60. He wrote for an hour and a half before work every morning, and by the time he retired, Kooser had published seven books of poetry. Kooser taught as a Presidential Professor in the English department of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and is currently a Professor Emeritus. On August 12, 2004, he was named Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry by the Librarian of Congress to serve a term from October 2004 through May 2005. In April 2005, Theodore J. Kooser was appointed to serve a second term as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry. During that same week, Kooser received the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his book Delights & Shadows (Copper Canyon Press, 2004). Edward Hirsch wrote: "There is a sense of quiet amazement at the core of all Kooser's work, but it especially seems to animate his new collection of poems, Delights & Shadows." Kooser's most recent books are Kindest Regards: New and Selected Poems and Red Stilts (2020). He founded and hosted the newspaper project "American Life in Poetry". In 2020, Kooser chose Kwame Dawes, a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets, to be his successor as of January 1, 2021. Kooser also edits the Ted Kooser Contemporary Poetry series published by the University of Nebraska Press. Midwest Poetry Renaissance Ted Kooser was part of the Midwest Poetry Renaissance in the 1960s and 1970s. The Midwest Poetry Renaissance drew on elements of Rural America through a five-state swath of the Great Plains region. Poets of the Midwest were respected among artists throughout the country due to being informed of larger societal forces, such as the distrust of a media-driven culture. More small presses opened up in that time, and Midwestern poets began publishing more work. Warren Woessner regards the catalyst of the MPR to be the anthology Heartland in 1967. The movement began to develop after that point, along with the works of Ted and other poets such as Victor Contoski, Mak Vinz, David Steinglass, Gary Gildner, James Hazard, Greg Kuzma, Judith Minty, and Kathy Weigner (as well as many others) who exemplified the rural subject matter and conversational tone. Most of the poets were in their twenties or early thirties and published their first books. Ted was in his late twenties and thirties during the decade the Midwest Poetry Renaissance occurred. He published his first book through the University of Nebraska Press at age 30, titled "Official Entry Blank." Ted's first full-length book was already out of print by the early 1970s, at which time he became more of a small press poet like many other poets in the Midwest. Ted continued to receive publication of individual poems within anthologies and published several more books in small presses. He also began to edit The New Salt Creek Reader, which had six anthologies by 1974. According to Warren Woessner, a poet during the Midwest Poetry Renaissance, the movement ended in 1975 with the publication of Heartland II. Poetic Style Ted Kooser is known for his conversational style of poetry that is accessible to a nonliterary public. Critic Dana Gioia, in his book Can Poetry Matter?, describes Kooser's style as "drawn from common speech, with subject matter common to the Midwest." Kooser's early and contemporary work involves both troubles for Midwesterners, and observations from everyday life. Recurring themes include love, family, place, and time, but he does not consider himself a regional poet. Personal life Kooser lives on an acreage near the village of Garland, Nebraska. Kooser has served on the Lincoln Library Board. He was founding president of The Nebraska Literary Heritage Association. Kooser is married to Kathleen Rutledge, former editor of the Lincoln Journal Star. They have one son and two grandchildren. Awards & Honors Bibliography Books Kooser, Ted (1969). Official Entry Blank. —— (1971). Grass County. —— (1973). Twenty Poems. —— (1974). A Local Habitation and a Name. —— (1976). Not Coming to Be Barked At. —— (1980). Sure Signs: New and Selected Poems. —— (1985). One World at a Time. —— (1986). The Blizzard Voices. —— (1994). Weather Central. —— (1995). A Book of Things. —— (1999). Riding with Colonel Carter. —— (2001). Winter Morning Walks: One Hundred Postcards to Jim Harrison. —— (2003). Braided Creek: A Conversation in Poetry. Copper Canyon Press. —— (2004). Delights and Shadows. Copper Canyon Press. —— (2004). Local Wonders: Seasons in the Bohemian Alps. —— (2005). Flying at Night: Poems 1965–1985. —— (2005). Lights on a Ground of Darkness: An Evocation of Place and Time. —— (2007). The Poetry Home Repair Manual: Practical Advice for Beginning Poets. —— (2008). Valentines. University of Nebraska Press. —— (2010). Bag in the Wind. —— (2012). Pursuing Blackhawk. Cedar Creek Press, Mason City. —— (2012). House Held Up by Trees. —— (2014). Splitting an Order. Copper Canyon Press. —— (2016). The Bell in the Bridge. —— (2018). Kindest Regards: New and Selected Poems. Copper Canyon Press. —— (2020). Red Stilts. Copper Canyon Press. —— (2022). Cotton Candy: Poems Dipped Out of the Air. University of Nebraska Press. —— (2024). Raft. Copper Canyon Press. Poems References External links Official website Ted Kooser: Online Resources from the Library of Congress American Life in Poetry, Kooser's syndicated newspaper feature Author interview in Guernica Magazine (Guernicamag.com) Ted Kooser biographical summary Linton Weeks, Washington Post, "Poet Laureate's Prized Words", April 5, 2005, page C1 A review of Delights & Shadows by Ted Kooser. Fresh Air radio interview – 4 April 2005 Television Profile of Ted Kooser – NET Television John Cusatis, Charleston Post & Courier, Q & A with Ted Kooser, January 5, 2025
Alfred Vogel	Alfred Max Vogel (October 26, 1902 – October 1, 1996) was a Swiss herbalist, naturopath and writer. Life Alfred Max Vogel was born in 1902 in Aesch, Basel, Switzerland. At the age of 21, he moved to Basel to manage a health store. In 1927, he married Sophie Sommer; together they had two daughters. In 1929, he started publishing a monthly magazine, Das Neue Leben ("The New Life"). From 1941, this became A. Vogel Gesundheits-Nachrichten ("A. Vogel Health News"). From 1935, he operated a spa/guesthouse in Trogen where he produced extracts. Vogel then relocated to Teufen in Appenzell to open a clinic and he went on to found health stores in Zürich, Solothurn, and Bern. In 1963, he founded Bioforce AG (Roggwil, Thurgau) to scale production, where he continued adjusting recipes to evolving pharmaceutical standards into the early 1990s. Vogel was an avid traveller and enjoyed visiting new countries and meeting new cultures. He was especially interested in meeting indigenous peoples in a close relationship with nature. From the 1950s onward, he travelled extensively through Africa, North America, Oceania, and South America. On one of his travels he met and stayed with the Sioux in the United States. The story goes that he befriended Ben Black Elk, son of medicine man Nicholas Black Elk, who Vogel says, taught him about the Native American herbal tradition. However, Ben Black Elk was known to be merely earning his bread as an actor by having taken pictures of him with tourists near Mount Rushmore for money, also starring in the 1962 film How the West Was Won. Upon Vogel's departure, Ben Black Elk allegedly gave him a farewell present: a handful of seeds of Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower). Back in Switzerland, Vogel began cultivating and researching the plant, eventually creating Echinaforce, which would become his flagship product. Histories of Swiss complementary medicine credit him with helping to popularize Echinacea and advance fresh-plant industrial phytotherapy. Being a member of Jehovah's Witnesses, Vogel preached that God prohibited blood transfusions. He died in 1996 in Feusisberg at the age of 93. The New Zealand-based bakery and cereal company Vogel's is named after him. Criticism For years, Alfred Vogel was falsely known as Doctor Vogel or Dr. Vogel. According to some sources, however, Vogel received an honorary doctorate (doctor honoris causa) in botanical studies in 1952 from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), allowing the styling Dr. h.c. Vogel. Jan Willem Nienhuys claimed that he obtained his honorary degree from California University of Liberal Physicians (CULP) situated in Los Angeles, an institute that was dissolved long ago and whose legitimacy of its diplomas is disputed. Because he was not a physician, but did sell 'natural medicines', the title Doctor or Dr. Vogel implied an invalid association. After a complaint in 1981 at the Dutch Advertising Standards Authority (Dutch: Reclame Code Commissie), he and his products were gradually no longer called Doctor. On October 14, 1982, Dutch teacher, presenter and comedian Ivo de Wijs published an article in the science section of NRC Handelsblad on this matter, in which he branded Vogel a quack. Vogel was criticized for justifying his opposition to blood transfusions by claiming that they could lead to a change in character in older editions of Der kleine Doktor (published in English as "The Nature Doctor"). During a November 2014 episode of the satirical television show Zondag met Lubach, Vogel's "invention" of Echinaforce was criticised and mocked. Institutions, awards, and legacy Alfred-Vogel-Stiftung (Foundation) established 1984; Alfred-Vogel-Museum opened 1991 in Teufen; exhibitions in Aesch document his life Recognitions reported by Swiss biographical references include the Priessnitz Medal (1982) and honorary membership of SAGEM (1984) Selected publications Kleiner Wegweiser für die Lebensreform ("How to Reform Your Life") (1926) Die Nahrung als Heilfaktor ("Nature as a Healing Factor") (1935) Erblehre und Rassenkunde in bildlicher Darstellung ("Heredity and Racial Science in Images") (1938) Der kleine Doktor ("The Nature Doctor") (1952) Die Leber als Regulator der Gesundheit ("The Liver as a Regulator of Health") (1960) Gesundheitsführer durch südliche Länder ("Health Guide to Southern Countries") (1972) Krebs – Schicksal oder Zivilisationskrankheit? ("Cancer – Fate or the Disease of Civilisation") (1982) References External links www.avogel.ch www.avogel.com	Alfred Max Vogel (October 26, 1902 – October 1, 1996) was a Swiss herbalist, naturopath and writer. Life Alfred Max Vogel was born in 1902 in Aesch, Basel, Switzerland. At the age of 21, he moved to Basel to manage a health store. In 1927, he married Sophie Sommer; together they had two daughters. In 1929, he started publishing a monthly magazine, Das Neue Leben ("The New Life"). From 1941, this became A. Vogel Gesundheits-Nachrichten ("A. Vogel Health News"). From 1935, he operated a spa/guesthouse in Trogen where he produced extracts. Vogel then relocated to Teufen in Appenzell to open a clinic and he went on to found health stores in Zürich, Solothurn, and Bern. In 1963, he founded Bioforce AG (Roggwil, Thurgau) to scale production, where he continued adjusting recipes to evolving pharmaceutical standards into the early 1990s. Vogel was an avid traveller and enjoyed visiting new countries and meeting new cultures. He was especially interested in meeting indigenous peoples in a close relationship with nature. From the 1950s onward, he travelled extensively through Africa, North America, Oceania, and South America. On one of his travels he met and stayed with the Sioux in the United States. The story goes that he befriended Ben Black Elk, son of medicine man Nicholas Black Elk, who Vogel says, taught him about the Native American herbal tradition. However, Ben Black Elk was known to be merely earning his bread as an actor by having taken pictures of him with tourists near Mount Rushmore for money, also starring in the 1962 film How the West Was Won. Upon Vogel's departure, Ben Black Elk allegedly gave him a farewell present: a handful of seeds of Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower). Back in Switzerland, Vogel began cultivating and researching the plant, eventually creating Echinaforce, which would become his flagship product. Histories of Swiss complementary medicine credit him with helping to popularize Echinacea and advance fresh-plant industrial phytotherapy. Being a member of Jehovah's Witnesses, Vogel preached that God prohibited blood transfusions. He died in 1996 in Feusisberg at the age of 93. The New Zealand-based bakery and cereal company Vogel's is named after him. Criticism For years, Alfred Vogel was falsely known as Doctor Vogel or Dr. Vogel. According to some sources, however, Vogel received an honorary doctorate (doctor honoris causa) in botanical studies in 1952 from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), allowing the styling Dr. h.c. Vogel. Jan Willem Nienhuys claimed that he obtained his honorary degree from California University of Liberal Physicians (CULP) situated in Los Angeles, an institute that was dissolved long ago and whose legitimacy of its diplomas is disputed. Because he was not a physician, but did sell 'natural medicines', the title Doctor or Dr. Vogel implied an invalid association. After a complaint in 1981 at the Dutch Advertising Standards Authority (Dutch: Reclame Code Commissie), he and his products were gradually no longer called Doctor. On October 14, 1982, Dutch teacher, presenter and comedian Ivo de Wijs published an article in the science section of NRC Handelsblad on this matter, in which he branded Vogel a quack. Vogel was criticized for justifying his opposition to blood transfusions by claiming that they could lead to a change in character in older editions of Der kleine Doktor (published in English as "The Nature Doctor"). During a November 2014 episode of the satirical television show Zondag met Lubach, Vogel's "invention" of Echinaforce was criticised and mocked. Institutions, awards, and legacy Alfred-Vogel-Stiftung (Foundation) established 1984; Alfred-Vogel-Museum opened 1991 in Teufen; exhibitions in Aesch document his life Recognitions reported by Swiss biographical references include the Priessnitz Medal (1982) and honorary membership of SAGEM (1984) Selected publications Kleiner Wegweiser für die Lebensreform ("How to Reform Your Life") (1926) Die Nahrung als Heilfaktor ("Nature as a Healing Factor") (1935) Erblehre und Rassenkunde in bildlicher Darstellung ("Heredity and Racial Science in Images") (1938) Der kleine Doktor ("The Nature Doctor") (1952) Die Leber als Regulator der Gesundheit ("The Liver as a Regulator of Health") (1960) Gesundheitsführer durch südliche Länder ("Health Guide to Southern Countries") (1972) Krebs – Schicksal oder Zivilisationskrankheit? ("Cancer – Fate or the Disease of Civilisation") (1982) References External links www.avogel.ch www.avogel.com